THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

FRUIT-GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

OF

ONTARIO.

1898

{PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO.)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO.

TORONTO.

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Pbinters &c, 68 and 70 Front St. West.

1899.

CONTENTS

PAGE.

Letter of Transmittal 1

Officers for 1899 2

Committees 3

Frauds in Fruits at Fairs : A. M. Smith 3

Is Fruit Growing Conducive to Morality : F. G. H. Pattison 8

Observations on Russian Fruits at the Central Experimental Farm, 1898 : W. T. Macoun 10

Peach Borer : Martin Burrell 15

Greetings from Sister Societies , 17

Export of Fruit Pulp 18

Prospects for Export of Tender Fruit : J. W. Robertson 19

Transportation 30

Address of Welcome 34

The President's Annual Address 36

Manitoba and Northwest Markets : Dr. Wm. Saunders 39

Horticulture at the Ontario Agricultural College : Dr. Jas. Mills 48

Treasurer's Report 51

Revision of the Constitution 52

Cold Storage Officials and Inspection 55

Transportation of Fruit 57

Report of New Fruit Committee : Prof. H. L. Hutt 58

Grading Fruit as to Size : E. H. Wartman 63

Judges of Fruits at Fairs 64

The Little Peach , 65

Co-operation in Fruit Selling : Alex. McNeill 65

Notes on Experimental Spraying : W. M. Orr 69

Spraying for Orchard Pests : Dr. Jas. Fletcher 77

Should Ontario be Represented at the Paris Exposition ? 83

The Fruit Grower of the Future : E. Morden 84

House Plants : Wm. Gammage 86

Hardy Perennials Suitable for Cultivation in Ontario : W. T. Macoun 89

Report of Horticultural Societies for 1898 : Thos. Beall 93

Report of Committee on Fruit Exhibit 93

In Memoriam 94

List of Affiliated Horticultural Societies 95

THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.

1895.

To the Honorable John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture :

SIRj — I have +he honor to submit for your approval the Thirtieth Annual Report
of the Fruit Grower Association of Ontario. The discussions therein contained are
upon matters of great importance to the Fruit Growers of our Province, such as the
best export markets and the best and most economical methods of transportation.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

L. WOOLVERTON,

Secretary.

Grimsby, January, 1899.

1 F.G.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.

OFFICERS FOR 1899.

President — W. E. Wellington, Toronto.
Vice-President. — W. M. Orr, Fruitland.

Directors.

District No. 1 W. A. Whitney, Iroquois.

2 • • • - It. B. Whtte, Ottawa.

3 Geo. Nicol, Cataraqui.

* W. Boulter, Picton.

5 • Thos. Beall, Lindsay.

6 E. 0. Beman, Newcastle.

7 M. Pettit, Winona.

8 A. M. Smith, St. Catharines.

9 J. S. Scarpf, Woodstock.

10 J. I. Graham, Vandeleur.

11 T. H. Race, Mitchell.

12 Alex. McNeill, Walkerviile.

I3 G. C. Oaston, Oraighurst.

Auditors.— A. H. Pettit, Grimsby; Geo. E. Fisher, Freeman.

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[2]

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.

The annual meeting wa3 held in Court House, St. Catharines, on December ist and
2nd, 1898.

The President, Mr. W. E. Wellington, took the chair, after which the following
committees were duly appointed :

Fruit Exhibit : Messrs. A. H. Pettit, A. M. Smith and Edward Morris.

Resolutions : Messrs. M. Burrell and Thos. Beall.

New Fruits : Profs. H. L. Hutt, W. T. Macoun, the President and the Secretary.

Nominations : Messrs. Alex. McNeill and T. H. Eace (by the President), and
Messrs. Murray Pettit, R. B. Whyte and G. C. Oaston (by the Association).

FRAUDS IN FRUITS AT FAIRS.

By A. M. Smith, St. Catharines.

It has always been the mission and aim of this Association to advance the interests
of fruit growing and to encourage any object or project calculated to benefit the fruit
grower ; and the work that it has done in the past gives ample evidence that its mission
has not been in vain. When we compare fruit growing of to day with what it was forty
years ago in this Canada of ours, and see what rapid advancement it has made, and realize
that it has largely been accomplished by the efforts of this Association in introducing
varieties adapted to our country, and new methods of cultivation, fertilization and com-
batting insect enemies and diseases affecting fruit, and devising better methods of packing,
transporting and marketing, we can but wonder it has done so much ; indeed we almost
wonder if it can do any more, until we take up the programme before us to-day and see on
it such questions as " How can we prevent fraudulent packing 1 " " How can we punish
the dishonest packer 1 " and the subject assigned to me: "Frauds in Fruits at Fairs."
All this suggests that there is a moral side to this business that has not been sufficiently
cultivated, and which needs attention. I believe it is just as much the duty of this Asso-
ciation to introduce good morals among fruit growers and assist in their cultivation as it
is to develop good fruit, and it is as much their duty to point out and warn the public of
the evils of fraud and deception in packing, marketing and exhibiting fruit and trying to
prevent it as it is to warn the public of the danger from insect pests and fungoid diseases
and how to exterminate them. If we could devise some efltactual means of exterminating
these evils we would confer a greater good upon the public at large as well as on fruit
growers, than we have by any act in the past. I shall not attempt to answer the ques-
tions regarding dishonest packing, but would simply remark that a man who would show
fruit at a fair as his own that his neigh or grew, would be able, perhaps, to throw some
light on the question if so disposed, or at least be well acquainted with the business.

Although the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario does not give prizes at horticul-
tural exhibitions and fairs, it always takes a deep interest in them, believing if they are
rightly conducted they are a great means of educating the people in fruit growing and
they have taken great pains in formulating and publishing tables giving the relative value
of fruits for the guidance of judges at fairs ; and they have often recommended to direc-
tors of fairs suitable persons to act as judges, aftid it is with chagrin they see anything on

P]

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

the part of either directors, judges, or exhibitors that indicates unfairness to any one, or

might term professionals, who grow very little, if any, fruit themselves, but who buy, beg
or borrow — to use a mild expression — all the best samples the country affords, and go from
one fair to another showing them as their own production, and raking in the prizes —
sometimes they go singly, and sometimes they club together and divide the spoils. I have
even heard of their getting themselves put on as judges when, from some cause the
appointed judge was absent, and judging fruit they were interested in themselves. I think
it is one of the rules of all Agricultural Societies that the grain, vegetables and fruit must
be grown by the exhibitor, and he must swear or certify to that effect when making his
entries. Now, if a neighbor of mine shows fruit grown on my trees, no matter how he
comes by it, and signs a certificate that it is his own growing, what would you call it ? I
know many men do this who would not like to be called dishonest or guilty of fraud, and
they argue that they are not defrauding the Society, as they would have to pay the prizes
to someone in any case ; but they do not stop to think they are defrauding their neighbor
and obtaining money under false pretences. I fear that, in many cases, directors wink at
this kind of work and think it helps the show to get out these fine displays. I think they
make a mistake even in this regard, for this practice has become so prevalent that many
honest fruit growers will not bring out their fruit to compete against these professional
prize takers, and thus many of our best fruits are kept back from exhibition. If directors
of fairs are going to allow this sort of thing, let them amend their rules so as not to make
men swear falsely and encourage them in dishonesty. I have noticed, with pain, that
many of our young men are getting into this business. They are natural] y anxious to
attend fairs, and here is an opening to pay their way, have a good time and make a little
money out of it besides, so they fall into the temptation.

I do not know what means to recommend to exterminate this evil, but I think this
Association should at least enter its protest against such a state of affairs, and the officers
of all agricultural societies should so amend and enforce their rules that these frauds
may be suppressed.

Mr. Burrell, (St. Catharines) : I always understood it was a rule at fairs that vis-
itors should exhibit what they grow themselves. I understand, however, that at Toronto
Fair you have not to sign a declaration of that kind. It is very hard to refuse a neighbor
who comes in for some specimens as he is making up a variety. It is difficult when
there is a rule that exhibitors must sign a declaration that the fruit is their own
growing.

Mr. Smith : Of course there are certain collections open to the general public ; but
if there is not such a rule as that, and you do not have to sign a document of that kind, I
would like to know it.

The President : Being a Director, and also Chairman of the Fruit Committee of the
Toronto Fair, I would say that the rules and regulations are that all exhibits must be the
bona fide produce of or grown by the exhibitor. We do not go the length of asking every
man to make a declaration to that effect, but if we are shown on complaint of an exhibi-
tor or anyone in fact, that truit so exhibited at the Exhibition was not grown by the
exhibitor, that fruit would be ruled out and not be passed upon. It ia just the same way
in the naming of varieties. The rule is very strict in that respect, and it lies in the
hands of the judges to throw out any exhibit, no matter how meritorious it may be, if
there is one wrongly named plate in the collection, for instance. It seems sometimes a
little hard. The idea is to have all fruit exhibited true to name, because we wish as far
as it is possible to make the exhibition an educator in the fruit interests, and we think
that centered there in Toronto where the large exhibits are made everything should be cor-
rect • and the judges who are present in the room know that I have always, hard as the
case made be, insisted that the rule be strictly adhered to in that regard. Of course if it
were thought necessary, or in the interest of the fruit growers, that a declaration should
accompany every exhibit we would take measures to carry that out.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Mr. Orr, (Fruitland) : I think the object of giving awards for fruit exhibits is to
encourage growers to grow the very best fruit that they can grow. As far as Toronto Fair
is concerned, I think the fruit exhibited should be strictly the produce of the party exhi-
biting. Probably that does not apply to counties, at the Toronto and London Fairs where
we have people from all parts of the world, many from neighboring States, I think we
ought to have the very best possible exhibit irrespective of who is the grower. Whether
it would be desirable to have another class for exhibits of that kind I don't know, but I
don't think we should hamper having the very best possible exhibit gathered from where
you will, where so many people see the exhibit and see the products of our country.

Mr. Burrell : I think Mr. Orr's objection is well taken. I only spoke because I
think that if there is a stipulation of that kind, whether it is expressed in the way of
requiring a declaration on the part of the exhibitor or not, it should be made more emphatic,
because if a man is going to show what he does not grow when there is a rule against it,
then he may iust as well perjure himself right out by making a declaration, and that will
keep any man who feels a little dubious about doing it ; but I would have it right open
or else have him sign a declaration, and I would make it clear. The thing should be
stated either one way or the other. I think Mr. Orr's views are correct as far as Toronto
is concerned.

The President : I may point out that it does not prevent us from having an exhibit
that will really show what can be done in Oanada no matter where the fruit is grown,
because there is a class at present open to Societies. It is a class we have been trying to
encourage of late years. That of course enables them to gather the best specimens of
fruit in their district, and consequently in that exhibit you have the best the land pro-
duces, while in the other class where there is individual competition you have what I
think is only fair, the actual growth by the exhibitor. Of course I am your representa-
tive there, and if this meeting wishes that that clause should be done away with I could
take means to have it done, but with the open classes that there are at present I don't
think it would be advisable.

Mr. Burrell : The only open classes now are for Societies 1

The President : That is all.

Mr. Burrell : That has only led to two Societies, Oakville and Burlington, exhi-
biting, and that is over an immense range of fruits that no one man is likely to touch ; and
it is in the small selections where this thing is done. I think it should be thrown open —
either no declaration at all wanted, or a declaration wanted, so as to leave no half way.
Have no clause at all, or else have a clause expressly stating, and have a man sign it when
he makes his entry.

A. McNeill, ( Walkerville) : Would that it were possible to get back to the good old
classic times when they used to compete for the glory of the thing. I would like to see
the rules framed so as to throw more on the honor of the person exhibiting, and that lees
stress should be placed on the money question. It is not desirable even for the purpose
of securing a good exhibit of fruit that this class of men should be encouraged.

We as Canadians have a reputation which I think without undue modesty we can
claim, of being honest, and as far as the regulations can be f ranged to put down that kind
of thing and secure honesty in that respect the better. I think the Toronto people have
done well in putting a premium upon the exhibits of fruit from Horticultural Societies,
and more stress should be laid upon that. Horticultural Societies should look to the
educational value of these collections, and look upon it as part of their legitimate work
to make the exhibits and to make them educative. Less stress should be laid upon
the money side and more upon the credit of having a good exhibit for the individuals
and the societies and the country in they which live.

Mr. Orr : When we get rich and can do as they did in the classic land, where the
members of Parliament served without money, and it was all honor, and they could afford
to live for honor, all right ; but I am satisfied it would very seriously interfere with
our exhibits at the fairs if the prizes were done away with. I know men that go out in
their orchard, and up and down the country gathering fruits that no society would do,

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

and I know these men get together splendid exhibits that are a credit to our country,
and I do think it would be well to have a class just for that kind of thing.

Mr. A. M. Smith : You will often see men going through the country begging or bor-
rowing or buying fruit — an - they have the excuse, that they are gathering for certain socie-
ties— that there is a class, as there is in Toronto, open to the general public or any associa-
tion or society. They go through the country and gather up this selection of fruit, and
a very close observer will often find some of that fruit on a plate of private individuals,
shown as their own producing. I know what I am taking about, because I have seen
some of my own fruit shown in that way, that I h*d taken pains to fix so that I could
identify it.

Mr. Oaston (Craighurst) : Mr. Smith's paper was aimed at what may be called the
professional exhibitor, and we have a number of them. At the Industrial this fall one
of the experimenters told me that a party there wanted to purchase the best selection
of the fruit and offered him a pretty good figure for it, and he asked me what I
thought about it, and I said " The best thing is to sit on him and sit on him heavy
too.*" He was one of these professionals. They follow up the fairs as long as they last
daring the fall. It is a money business with them. If, as Mr. McNeill suggested, we
do away with the money prizes and have people exhibit for the honor of the thing in
the shape of medals or diplomas, there would not be that inducement to these profes-
sionals, as there would be no money in it for them. On the other hand, as Mr. Orr
suggests, we would not have as many exhibitors if the money prizes were withdrawn.
It is rather a troublesome question to deal with, and I hardly know how we are going
to get at that class to stamp them out.

Mr. Robt. Thompson (St. Catharines) : I don't think we can stamp them out. As
far as making a declaration is concerned, the rules of all societies at present are that
any person, any other exhibitor, can make a protest against one of these professional
men. How often is it done? When it is done, in 99 cases out of a 100 these profes-
sionals will take that declaration and swear that the article is their own growth and pro-
duced on their own place. If this declaration were made compulsory when they are
making the entry, Mr. Burrell would have some good fruit and of course he would
exhibit as his own. The professional will do the same thing. They have done it in the
past and will do it in the future. I am sorry we cannot confine it to the growers, but
with my experience of fairs I know that it is impossible to do it, and, as Mr. Orr says, it
would work detrimental to our fruit exhibit. I believe that all the large exhibits should
be thrown open and that clause done away with, because I am satisfied it will never
be observed. *

Mr. Burrell : I am inclined to think those ideas are right as far as the Provin-
cial show goes. I believe we can shut out all those men in the different localities,
because they are known and it is known what they grow, but at Toronto you will never
shut down on them altogether, and I would say either push it so as to make it very
stringent or else let it go. I would ask Mr. Smith his views on ringing grapes. Every-
one in Toronto who is a judge of grapes must know that the majority of the prizes in
Toronto go to the grapes that are ringed. We all know the process. Is that to be
upheld ? Lots of the prizes this year were to be given for grapes that any man knows
had been ringed. That is certainly a very unfair thing to the man that shows the grape
in its natural state.

The President : If the meeting feel that that should be looked after it would be a
very easy matter to stop it by giving the judges power and authority to throw out all
ringed grapes, which would soon bring that to an end. It is simply a question now
whether you think they should be thrown out.

Mr. Burrell : Many men do not ring their graspes because they do not think it is
a fair way of competing, and at the same time they know they will not get the
prize unless they do ring them. Eyerybody should understand that they will be
allowed to ring them. One judge told a competitor who was complaining that he did
not get a prize, " You ought to ring them."

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Mr. Caston : Do you think that the judges can always determine ?

Mr. Burrell : I do not say you always can. but there are many cases where there
is absolutely no doubt about it.

Mr. Caston : I should think it wonld be very difficult for a judge to decide.
Mr. Burrell : Sometimes it is very difficult, but it is sometimes very easy.

Mr. Huggard (Whitby) : If we were to adopt the system Mr. Burrell advocates,
the best in fruits would not be exhibited at all. That is, giving none of the prizes to
grapes that were ringed. It would apply equally to all manner of cattle, and horses, and
stock ; the better you feed it and the better you doctor it up, it would make it win a
prize all the sooner. I don't see any reason why, if a man goes to the trouble to ring his
grape vines and produce a few clusters of extra good grapes, it would not be equivalent
to another man who would pick most of the pears off his pear tree and bring in a few
choice ones of very extra ones. You would have to prevent the one just as much as the
other. My notion is to let everybody bring the best that they can possibly produce ;
but have a specific rule and see that it is carried out, that in the case of any one begging,
borrowing, or stealing fruit that is not his own, the prizes should be withheld. The
majority of the exhibitors send in their exhibits far the money value that is in the prize.
Our township people go there for the purpose of getting money out of the exhibitions,
and if they are awarded the prize and don't get it, no matter how trifling it is, you will
hear a great deal of squealing against the association or society. I think the best way
that an association can do is to encourage growing grapes of the largest possible kind,
whether ringed or otherwise, and the best of every kind of fruit that we are capable of
producing, and if a rule which is severe enough now is applied to these professionals who
collect fruit through the districts and exhibit it as their own, they will soon drop out.

R. B. Whyte (Ottawa) : It seems to be a question whether the ringed grapes are
the best. I think it is generally understood that they are bad in flavor, and would never
be bought by anybody in competition with other grapes ; therefore ringed grapes should
be prohibited. They are large and watery and of poor flavour. In our Horticultural
Society we had a little trouble with exhibitors by requiring every member in making his
entry to sign a declaration that all articles exhibited by him were of his own growth.
We have not had a bit of trouble this year. I cannot see any object in having an
exhibition at all if it is not the production of the individual grower. I do not think we
can take a better way of having a small exhibition than by allowing people to go about
and collect what they do not grow. There are some fruit men along the St. Lawrence
that gather up wherever they can. Our Horticultural Committee are trying to stop
that, but the fact in the past has been that the local fruit growers did not gather in
competition because they had no chance with those men that gather wherever they can.
It deterred so many people from exhibiting that it had the effect of making a smaller
exhibition than we otherwise would have.

A. H, Pettit (Grimsby) : 1 think every exhibitor in a local show should sign a
certificate that his fruits are his own product. I think it is very unfair to individual
growers who want to make an exhibit of their own products at the fair to come in com-
petition with those who come from all over the country ; but I do think it is quite
necessary to have in our exhibitions, particularly in Toronto, a sort of go-as-you-please
class, where a man can collect the products of the whole country if he wants to and show
them ; but I would put that exhibit in this way, that everything should be very correctly
named. We don't want a lot of fruits in this class exhibited to the public given fictitious
or other incorrect names. Why ? Because that is exhibited as an educator of the people ;
it is there for that purpose ; it is to show the resources of our country and the variety of
fruit we can successfully cultivate, and I think it is a good thing to have it, for the
reason that you get a big exhibit of this great Dominion of ours at that exhibition, and I
think that is what we want, but the Individual who is showing his own product wants
to be protected by this form of declaration that they are his own product. As to
the grape question, I have been a judge on several occasions, and I say that if you passed
a rule that ringed grapes are to be ruled out, there should be a very plain card placed on

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

every one of those plates, and the judge should write on that card in plain language that
they are ringed grapes ; for if the public passing by the tables and seeing the work that
you have left behind you, all the finest plates upon the table ruled out, want to know
what is the matter 1 They will tell you at once you do not understand your business.
The plates look a great deal better than those you have given the prizes to. Now, here
you are educating the people. Let us do it properly if you are going to do it ; let ringed
grapes be plainly marked so that people can see why judges rule them out. In an
exhibition to show what we can produce in this country I don't know that you should
rule out ringed grapes any more than you would an animal that was overly fat. You
see lots of animals shown at these exhibitions that we know are too fat for breeding pur-
poses, and your ringed grapes come the same way — they are a little too large in size to
have that quality and flavor that is so desirable. If we look at the exhibitions as an
educational institution, let us encourage them along the educational lines as much as we
can, and give a go-as-you-please class for Societies, requiring that every fruit in it be cor-
rectly named. Then if we protect the individual grower that has to come in competition
with this class of exhibitors I think you will come pretty nearly to the right thing.

M. Pettit (Winona) ; I have judged grapes for the last fifteen or twenty years, and
I defy any man to say in every instance whether grapes have been ringed or not. If a
vine has been ringed very early the grape will appeir very bloated and the flavor insipid,
but if you ring it later on you will increase the size and color and no judge can tell
whether it has been ringed or not, there are so many degrees of it, depending on the time
and the season at which the vine has been ringed. The prize list says " the best." My
experience in judging and working with other judges is that those very large overgrown
grapes do not always get the prize. For my own part I very often go for throwing them
out where there are better flavored and nice even grapes in the same class, and I have
just made it stand that way. It works all right. We show people fine fruit, and if the
judges do their duty they go there and show the people what good fruit is, and the kind
of fruit that should be put upon the market and upon the tables should be well colored,
well flavored fruit. (Applause.)

Mr. Burrell : I do not think it is quite fair to argue, as Mr. Huggard and Mr.
Pettit did, that ringing was a sort of natural process. I don't care whether grapes are
ringed or not in Toronto Fair as long as everybody is allowed to exhibit them ; but the
ringing of grapes is not an normal process like the thinning of fruit, or the fattening of
cattle. If I were to use a comparison I would say, suppose an animal eats a bushel of
grain and gets very fat, but it is going to die in twenty minutes, it would not be fair to
exhibit it. It is not an normal or healthy process.

Mr. McNeill : Nor a commercial process.

Mr. Burrell : No. If they admit ringing, all right, but let everybody ring, because
otherwise it is competing on an unfair basis.

The President : Unless you wish to take some definite action on the matter, which
I should judge from the discussion could hardly be done, we will have to close the ques-
tion here. Judges will have to take this matter into consideration, as they always do.

IS FRUIT GROWING CONDUCTIVE TO MORALITY?

By F. G. H. Pattison, Grimsby.

In introducing his paper the writer said : Before reading this paper, I would like to
say I do not wish it to be taken too seriously. It has been my misfortune sometimes,
notably at Kingston, to have my serious papers taken in a jocular strain. I don't wish
that to be taken in an opposite way — that a paper that is intended to be taken in a slightly
jocular strain should be regarded from a too serious standpoint. It is peculiarly fortunate

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

to the interest of this paper that I am about to read that Mr. Smith has already directed
your attention to frauds in fruit at fairs. In this Bhort paper, it is my object to throw
what I think is a new light upon the temptations and the difficulties surrounding the
business of fruit growing, and one which the general public, and also fruit growers them-
selves, have entirely ignored up to the present time. My proposition is this : That there
is an inherent original sin in fruit itself, which exposes those who plant it in the nursery,
those who grow it in the orchard, and those who sell it on the market, to peculiar trials
and temptations. On looking back to the earlier stages of the human race, we are told in
the story of the Garden of Eden how tlihe Devil, in the guise of a serpent, entered into,
not a cabbage, nor a potato, but an apple ; and since then, apparently, not only apples but
all other fruits, although pleasant to the eye, and seductive to the palate, have retained
that primeval devilishness. If this be not the case, how do we account for many well-
known facts relating to the fruit business 1 For example, the way in which the large
apples, peaches, strawberries, etc , find their way to the top of the basket, and the small,
wormy, and bruised ones to the bottom. The outside public say that the growers put them
there. I know this to be erroneous, because the growers have told me that they do not,
and I will undertake to say that if one of the outside public were to ask any fruit grower
in the whole Province if he put the large ones at the top and the little ones at the bottom
of a basket or barrel, he would reject the idea with scorn. But the public say that the
large apples, etc., do come to the top and the small etc., to the bottom. Are we then to
consider the public aa Kara 1 By no means. This seemingly inconsistent state of affairs
had long puzzled me, until I was led to make the following experiment. I collected a
basket of fruit and put it by itself in the fruit house, carefully placing the small and poor
specimens at the top, and the large fine ones at the bottom. It was then left by itself for
two or three dayk, without being watched or interfered with. At the expiration of that
time, upon examination, the large ones were all at the top and the little ones at the
bottom. This experiment has been repeated several times, with a similar result. It is
true that certain scoffers have suggested the children as the authors of this strarge meta-
morphosis, failing them that it was owing to rats. But to both of these objections I think
" rats " is the proper reply. I am forced, then, to the following conclusion, viz : That
if fruit in a basket or other package be left to itself and remain quiescent for a consider-
able period, that the big ones will work themselves to the top, and the small, wormy
ones to the bottom. Now to prevent this requires great watchfulness and care on the
part of the grower, added to high moral principle, and the purchaser little knows what
a struggle has been gone through, what a moral victory gained, when he remarks, on
examination of a basket of fruit he has purchased from the store, u Why, I have actually
got a basket that is good all through ! " But this same character follows the fruit into the
hands of the commission men and retail dealers. How else do we account for the marvel-
ous discrepancies between the actual sales and the growers' returns therefrom, of which
great complaints are being continually made ? No doubt the commission men are an
honourable body, but, unless the moral qualities ot people handling truit are unusually
strong, the innate devilishness of the fruit itself overcome them. For to the commission
man the fruit- devil whispers : " That was a splendid sale you made, but you need not
return the full amount to the grower. Ten per cent, is but a beggarly amount to receive
for a sale like that, owing to your energy and business capacity, besides he will be satis-
fied with much less." And too often this fruit-devil is listened to, the commissionman
falls, and the grower suffers.

Look at the number of "wet," " slack " and " wasty "returns that come back from
the old country. Think you that there is no fruit-devil at work there ? I am afraid that
the English commissionman too often, like his Canadian confrere, does not exhibit
sufficient moral fibre to withstand his temptations. Even in the nursery row fruit trees
exhibit their evil propensity, for which some blame the nurserymen, who are in the
main a fine body of men of more lofty principle, who would scorn of themselves to do
anything wrong, and yet, varieties first-class when planted, turn out but third class at
bearing time, ironclads fail to resist the slightest frost, and prodigious bearers decline to
bear anything. Plenty of other instances might be brought forward in support of my
discovery; but why take up more of your time 1 The more you study the matter, the

10 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

more you will see the truth of my discovery, and the more apparent it will be that high
moral principle is the first requisite for the fruit business ; and it is much to the credit of
the noble body of men now engaged in the business that matters are not worse than they
are, that occasionally the fruit at the bottom of a basket is not much worse than at the
top, and that sometimes there are no wormy or bruised apples at the bottom of a barrel.

What, then, should be done to remedy this state of affairs *? Firstly, gentlemen, Jet
us be thankful that this discovery has been made ; now that we know the real cause we
can take measures for its prevention and cure. Secondly, a board should be appointed
by the Government, selected from our highest and most moral citizens, to award certifi-
cates of moral character to anyone about to engage in handling fruit or fruit stock.
Thirdly, no one should be allowed to engage in growing or selling fruit or fruit stock
without such a certificate Fourthly, the writer should be president of the board at a
handsome salary. Fifthly, no fruit package should be left alone for any considerable
period. By the adoption of these measures we can, in time, attain to perfect honesty ;
and, instead of its being a matter of surprise for a private purchaser to receive an honest
basket of fruit, it will be the most ordinary, everyday occurrence.

OBSERVATIONS ON RUSSIAN FRUITS AT THE CENTRAL EXPERI-
MENTAL FARM, 1898.

By W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

It is a great pleasure for me to be with you this morning. It is the first time that
I have had the pleasure of attending a meeting of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.
Knowing as I do full well the high esteem in which you held Mr. Craig, the late Horti-
culturist of the Farm, I feel that without your sympathy and co operation the work that
I may do there will not be such as if I felt you were all my friends.

Before giving my observations on Russian fruits for 1898, let me relate the history
of these fruits as grown at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

A large number of Russian fruits have now been tested for ten years at the Central
Experimental Farm. In the year 1888 there were planted in the orchards 133 supposed
varieties of apples, twenty-eight of pears, eight of plum3, and thirty-eight of cherries.
Since that time others have been added at intervals, and notwithstanding those that have
been winter-killed, there are now about 160 supposed varieties of apples in the orchard,
eighteen of pears, twenty-eight of cherries, ana seven of plums. A few of the apple trees
planted in 1888 fruited in 1890. The trees did well and made vigorous growth up to the
year 1892, when blight appeared in the pear orchard and continued to spread throughout
the summer and autumn, notwithstanding all efforts to hold it in check. All the Russian
varieties of pears were affected, twenty-five trees being killed to the ground. The apples
were also affected that year, though not so seriously. In 1893 the disease appeared earlier
in the season and committed great ravages, both among the apples and the pears. Many
app^ trees were reduced to stubs, while the pears were still more badly injured than in
1892. This left these orchards in a very dilapidated condition. Some trees had died
altogether, others were reduced to stumps, and again others which had large diseased limbs
sawn off, had lost their symmetry. The trees were not so much affected in 1894 and
1895, but owing to the seventy of the winter of 1895 6 a large number were root killed ;
the last of the pear trees originally planted going at that time. Further injury from root-
killing occured in the winter of 1896-7. During the past two seasons, most of the apples
and pears which have been replaced, made good growth, and some of the apple trees which
were badly affected by blight are regaining symmetrical proportions. Out of about 288
apple trees planted in 1888, there are now 149 trees living, 139 having died, of which
104 died in the spring of 1896, twenty-seven in the spring of 1897, and eight this year.

FRU GR OWERS' ASSOCIATION. 11

The cherries did well at first, beginning to fruit in 1890. In 1896 a very fine crop
was produced, but during the following winter nearly all of the trees were root-killed.
This was owing, in a large measure, to their being grafted on tender stocks. Since that
time they have been propagated to some extent on Bird Cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica)
stock. Some trees propagated on this stock in 1891 continue to do well. An exception
to the almost general winter-killing of the cherries in 1895 6 was the Koslov Morello, sent
out by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association in 1890. Out of twenty-four trees only
five died from the effects of that winter. These cherries are, however, on their own
roots. The Russian plums planted in 1888 have all been winter-killed with the exception
of two trees, Early Red and Voronesh No. 102, although these two trees are not very
healthy. Other varieties have been planted of late years and some of these are still doing
fairly well.

Russian Fruits, 1898 : Last winter was not a hard one on trees and there were
scarcely any losses. Most of the trees in the Russian apple orchard, which were old
enough, produced a good crop of fruit this year. Owing to the extremely hot, dry
weather the summer apples — to which class nearly all the Russian varieties belong —
dropped very badly. The trees on the whole made fair growth. No blight was noticed.
About fifty varieties among those planted in 1898 and 1890 look thrifty, but some of
these are evidently synonyms, which would reduce this somewhat.

Of the varieties which fruited this year, the following seem to be the most promising:
Livland Raspberry, (Melonen). There seems to be no difference between these apples as
grown at the Experimental Farm. Tree, upright, fairly vigorous ; fruit, medium size,
roundish, conical ; skin, pale yellow, well splashed and washed with bright red ; flesh,
white, tinged with pink near skin, firm, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant flavor; good
quality. Ripe, August 3rd.

Switzer : The Switzer grown at the Experimental Farm does not color so highly
as that grown by Mr. R. W. Shepherd of Oomo, Que. Tree, moderately upright, fairly
vigorous; fruit, medium size, oblate; skin, pale green, almost white, firm, crisp, juicy,
sub acid ; good flavor with a high aroma ; very good quality. Ripe, August 10th.

Pointed Pipka (Summer Arabka, Broad Cheek, Throne, 135 M. Budd) : All the
trees under these names seem to be of the same variety. Tree spreading vigorous, fruit
above medium size, oblong, conical, ribbed ; skin, pale yellow, well splashed and streaked
with purplish-red ; flesh, white, rather coarse, juicy, mild sub acid, pleasant fla/or, good
q aality.

Romna (Hibernal, Apart, 244 Beadle, Longfield 56 M. — not Longfield as generally
grown — Silken Leaf) : These are all apparently the same apple, as grown at the Experi-
mental Farm. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; fruit, above medium size, sometimes large,
oblate, conical ; skin, greenish -yellow, streaked and splashed with purplish-red ; flesh,
yellow, tender, melting, juicy, acid; quality, medium. Ripe last week in September.
This is more valuable as a cooking aople than as a dessert fruit. It is one of the most
vigorous trees that we have, but not more so than McMahan White, which, in my
opinion, is a better apple.

Plikanof: Tree, planted 1893, vigorous, spreading. Fruited for the first time this
year, Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical ; skin, yellow, well washed with bright
red and splashed with a darker shade ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red, rather coarse,
fairly juicy, sub acid, good flavor ; good quality. Season, probably October.

Repka Winter : Tree, upright, fairly vigorous : fruit, above medium size, oblate, flat-
tened ; skin, yellowish-green lightly streaked and splashed with|purplish-red ; flesh,
white, crisp, fairly juicy, mild sub-acid ; quality, medium. Will probably keep until
February.

Antonovka Though sometimes favourably mentioned, this will, on account of its
lack of color — it being a yellow apple — probably not be a profitable^ variety.

Winter Arabka : Did not fruit here this year. It is considered one of the best of
the Russian varieties, and is a winter apple.

12 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

The Switzer arid Pointed Pipka ate the only two varieties fruiting this year which
can compare with dessert apples of their season in the best apple districts of Ontario.

Other varieties favorably spoken of by those who have tested the Russian varieties
in Canada are :— Stettin Red, Gipsy Girl, Titovka, Flat Aport, Amtmann, Boradovki,
Belin, and St. Peters.

In the year 1890 a Russian seedling orchard was planted comprising about 3,000
trees grown from seed imported from E. Goegginger, Riga, Russia. The seed from
which these were grown was supposed to be taken from apples grown North of Riga.
Of these there are now 1,016 remaining, the rest having been killed either by blight or
winter. These began to fruit last year, and this year about sixty trees bore fruit.
None of these apples are sufficiently promising to be worthy of special mention, but a
few of them are as good as the majority of the Russian varieties. These will be further
tested at Ottawa, and scions sent to the farms at Brandon and Indian Head, to determine
whether they are hardy there or not. The rest of the trees which fruited this year will
be cut out.

Pears : The Russian pears, planted since 1895, have done well and have not been
much affected by blight since that time. Only one variety, the Baba, fruited in the
pear orchard this year, but two others, Gliva Kurskays and Sapieganka — which have
borne heavy crops annually in the Director's experimental garden for some years — were
again loaded this year. The Russian pears yet tested at Ottawa are in season but a
very short period when they get soft and mealy. If used at the proper time, they are
fairly good to eat raw and are very nice when preserved, but are not worth planting
where other varieties will succeed.

Plums : The Europeans plums have not done well in the orchard at the Experi-
mental Farm. The situation is very exposed and the trees have suffered severely. This
year four Russian varieties fruited, namely, White Nicholas, Early Red, Voronesh (blue)
and Yellow Voronesh. All of these but Voronesh (blue) are of good quality. The Yel-
low Voronesh is almost as large as Yellow Egg and of somewhat the same shape, is
juicy, sweet, and of good flavor ; cling stone ; good quality. Ripe, August 22nd.^ Two
of the hardiest of the European class of plums yet tested are the Glass Seedling and
Richard Trotter.

Cherries : Of the cherries planted in the orchard from 1888 to 1895, the following
varieties have survived — Strauss, Minnesota Ostheim, Ostheim, Cerise d'Ostheim, No.
207, Koslov Morello, Heart-shaped Weichsel, Orel 24, Orel 27, Riga 18, Shadow Amar-
elle, No. 506, Orel 25, Griotte du Nord, Spate Amarelle, Brusseler Braun, June Amar-
elle, Lutovka, Amarelle Hative. Most of the trees of those varieties which were planted
in 1888 do not look as if they would live much longer. These trees are on tender stocks.
Trees of a number of varieties in a nursery row, propagated on Prunus pennsylvanica in
1891, are very healthy and produced a heavy crop of fruit this year, as did also most of
the other cherry trees which were old enough to bear. The best of the European and
Russian cherries ripened in the following order this year : Amarelle Hative, June 26th ;
June Amarelle, July 2nd ; Shadow Amarelle, July 3rd ; Heart-shaped Weichsel, July
8th j Griotte du Nord, July 8th ; Orel, July 25th ; Cerise d'Ostheim, July 12th ; Brus-
seler Braun, July 25th ; Koslov Morello, July 26th. These cherries gave a continuous
succession of fruit for about five weeks. The apparent gap between July 12th and July
25th is filled up by the Ostheim, the fruit of which ripened rather unevenly this year.

The Koslov bush Morello cherries, received from the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association in 1890, deserve special mention. These little, bush-like trees, after eight
years' growth, now average only about 5 feet 6 feet in height. There are 21 trees yet
living out of the original planting. Of these, 15 produced fruit this year, nearly
all of which appear to be different. This is the first year that they have
fruited to any extent, although planted for eight years. Most of the +rees pro-
duced fruit of inferior quality, some being bitter, and others very acid. Two of the most
promising, on account of their hardiness and lateness in ripening, are the following
Koslov Morello (R. 6, T. 29). Tree, bushy, height, 5 feet 6 inches. Heavy crop J fruit

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 13

large, long, heart-shaped, slightly flattened, firm ; stalk, very long, slender ; suture, rather
indistinct ; skin, deep red ; flesh, deep red, juicy, very acid ; pit, large, long. Ripe, July
20th. Would probably make a good preserving cherry.

Koslov Morello (R. 6, T. 27) : Tree, bushy, height 6 feet 6 inches. Fair crop ;
fruit, large, heart-shaped, rather deep red, firm ; stalk, long, stout ; suture, distinct ;
flesh, bright red, very acid ; pit, large, oval, flat. Ripe, July 26th.

The observations made this year, and the opinions drawn, are unbiased, and should
another year's experience change my views en the varieties mentioned I shall be glad to
express them.

The Secretary: I am very glad to know what Prof. Macoun says as to the Koslov
Morello cherry. I have five or six of those trees in bearing in the orchard, and I have
been very favourably impressed with the cherry. As he says, there is a great difference
in them. They are all grown as seedlings. Mr. Niemetz of Russia sent out 50 trees of
that cherry to me in the year 1889 ; of which those sent to the Experimental Farm were
a portion. He stated that the best way of propagating them was by the pit, and he
thought they would begin bearing about five years from the seed. They have done so
with me, although it is only the last two years that they have borne freely. As Mr.
Macoun says, they are only bushes, and I think they ought to be grown as bushes and
not as trees. I have mine about three feet apart in the row. I did not intend when I
planted them to leave them so near together, but it has just proved to me that they might
be grown in rows as we grow berry bushes, and cultivated as we do our berry crop, and
that an acre would produce a tremendous yield of fruit. By picking the pits of the best
fruit and planting them I believe we might continually improve on the quality and make
a very profitable thing of growing that cherry for the market. It is very late, the latest
cherry that I think I had in my orchard. Mr. Niemetz said that it was grown very
largely by peasants in Russia, and he thought it might be very valuable indeed for the
northern sections of Canada on account of its hardiness, and I also believe it would be
valuable for the southern sections. It is figured and described in our Fruit Experiment
Station Report of Ontario for 1897.

Mr. Macoun : The Russian cherries have a flavor of their own, and this flavor is
brought out distinctly when they are preserved. In the Ottawa local markets these
cherries are sought after by the people there more than any others they can get. They
always ask for these Russian cherries.

Mr. Huggard : You mentioned the Raba pear, considering it a hardy tree and a
good fruit.

Mr. Macoun : Th« tree that we have so far as I know fruited for the first time the
year. The tree is apparently quite hardy. I think it was planted in the spring of 1896.
The fruit is large ; it reminded me of the Bartlett ; to see it at a distance you would
almost take it for a Bartlett pear. The quality is medium. If you take it at the proper
time it is not bad at all ; it is not high flavored.

Mr. Huggard : I set out three of them in 1896, and one of the trees had fruit on
this year which was inferior to the Keiffer pear.

Mr. Orr : How does the blight show on these trees, and have the ordinary varieties
grown in Canada blighted as badly as the Russian varieties ?

Mr. Macoun : No, the standard varieties have not blighted as badly as the Russian,
although they have blighted considerably. It begins in the tips of the branches and runs
in a very short time down the main stem. The practice Mr. Craig followed was to saw
off the limb as soon as the blight appeared.

Mr. Whyte : Mr. Brodie is here as a delegate from the Quebec Horticultural Society,
and has had some experience in this line. We shall be glad to hear from him.

Mr. Brodie : My experience in cherries has been similar to Mr. Macoun's, and I
would like to recommend one variety, the Griotte d' Ostheim. The fruit is hardly
compared with the Early Richmond, while the Early Richmond could not resist t g* early

14 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

frostb in the spring. The Griotte d' Ostheim had a very hardy crop. I put it on the
hardy list of the fifteen varieties of cherries I had fruiting. My cherry crop this year,
both of Russian and our own varieties, started to ripen about the 21st of June, and I
had them right on in August, so that made a pretty long cherry season. With reference
to the Russian apples, there are two varieties I suggest to be placed on the list ; one we
call Golden White, a fall apple, in quality very much like the Northern Spy and about as
large, more conical in shape, fine, bright red color, and sells well on the local market.
Another variety is the Regal. The Mercanos are very much like the Canada Red, only
more conical in shape, a little larger than the Ben Davis, and quality very good. I think
it is the only really good Russian apple that I have fruited so far. The rest of them are
only comparatively fall apples. As to Russian pears, my experience is where you can
grow the Flemish Beauty like we can in Mod treal it is not encouraging to go into Russian
pears, but there were two varieties of Russians I thought might be well worth a trial.
Say Casa bianca, that I got from the late Charles Gibb, which was entirely different
from the one I got from Prof. Budd of Ames College, Iowa. My situation there is a
little more favorable to pear culture than the Experimental Farm at Ottawa. I am not
sure how it would be for hardiness.

Mr. C aston : I have been growing some Russian pears, and I think they are a very
valuable acquisition. I think they would succeed over a large section of Ontario. With
regard to Russian bpples, it was the late Chas. Gibb and Prof. Budd who gathered most
of those that were grown in a latitude 600 miles north of the City of Ottawa, and they
were grown as dwarfs, and the snow was very deep and they got protection in that way.
Seventy miles north of Toronto some of them have failed and were tender, but having
them propagated on a hardy root and growing as a dwarf in localities where the snow
remained deep they would succeed very far north. One of the troubles about those
Russian fruits is that I don't think we will find any good winter apples among them —
nothing e. g that comes up to our Northern Spy. They seem to be mostly all early
apples. For tbe most part they are hardy, — clean skinned and good bearers, and I
believe they would be valuable for grafting on. I think with Mr. Macoun that a number
are of the same variety with different names. I think it would be a good thing if they
could be Americanized. Those Russian names are jaw breakers. Mr. Gibb made an
attempt and published a pamphlet entitled " Nomenclature of the Russian Fruits," and
he endeavored to straighten it up a little, but it is a good deal of a tangle yet. I have
two varieties, one called the Hare Pipka, but they are close akin to the Alexander and
the WoJf River. I believe the Russian apples and cherries would be very valuable in
extending fruit culture farther north through this country. Most of them are hardy,
aiid the Russian cherries for canning can scarcely be equalled — and that is mainly what
cherries are grown for. They bear when they are young and they seem exceedingly
healthy. They do not seem to be so liable to the black knot as a good many of the old
varieties.

Mr. Armstrong, (Qaeenstown) : I would like to ask what protection those trees
that were winter-killed at Ottawa had during the winter.

Mr. Macoun: That winter there was a great scar it y of snow at the Experimental
Farm ; they had no protection trom snow covering. They simply had a clover cover crop,
which has been adopted at the Experimental Farm for some years. That year however
the clover was kilJed, and it had not near the same protect on that it would other winters
on that account, there were more trees killed than would otherwise be the case. That
was the winter of 1895-96.

Mr. Whyte: That winter there were many apple trees killed. It was the most
disastrous winter in the Ottawa district on account of there being no enow to cover the
roots.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 15

PEACH BORER.

By Martin Burrell, St. Catharines.

I have not had very much experience with the Peach Bark Beetle. As far as the
Peach Borer goes I have done a little experimental work in the last year or two, and as
we all know it is one of the worst insects we have to fight, especially on a sandy soil,
Probably most of you know a great deal about its life history. What we call the borer
is not the bark beetle, as most of the wood boring insects are, but is the larva of a moth
a good deal like a wasp. The female moth is f of an inch long, and is bigger than the
male The front wings are dark blue, and the hind wings quite transparent, and you
can always know it from the shape of the body, which is a darkish blue with one large
orange band around the abdominal segments. You cannot mistake it for any other
insect. The male is very much smaller and inconspicuous. The wings are transparent,
and there are some slight little marks about the body, but it is much smaller and less
showy insect than the female. In this latitude I found that the moth never emerged
before Jaly 15th or 20th. It was thought at one time that the moth began to emerge
very early in spring and commence laying, and it is rather an important point, as you
can see, because in hunting out these borers, whether you put on a wash to prevent them
laying the eggs, or put on papers, or whatever practice is adopted, it is necessary to
know what is the best time to go to work. It was formerly thought that they came out
very early, and it was necessary, in order to prevent them laying, to put on washes very
early. As a matter of fact in New York State they do not come out until about July
15 th, as Mr. Slingerman tells me at Cornell, and here I have never observed one out
before July 20th. This is important for the reason that you are always safe if you can
clear them out before that time, for you will destroy the crop for that year — that i& you
will prevent the moths emerging. If you use any wash to prevent the moths laying the
eggs, the greatest difficulty is to find a wash that will remain on the tree the whole
season, because the moths start emerging about the 20th July and keep on from that time
until the 20th of Ootober emerging and laying. There is only one brood a year. For
instance, in the case of the moth that lays the eggs July 20th, the larva hatches and gets
three-quarter grown by the late fall. It then passes the winter in the tree below the
ground dormant, and the next spring starts working, and then turns into a chrysalis
fairly early, about June, and remains about a month in the pupa stage. Those that
come out in September do not hatch out until about the following September. The
whole process is just about one year. That period of time extends very much longer
than some people thought, and it is all the more necessary if you are going to have a
wash to prevent the moth laying its eggs to cover the whole of that period from early in
July to early in October. There are very few washes that will stay on the tree during
that time intact, and if we go to the expense of two washes it makes the matter very
much more cumbersome. Mr. Smith, of New Jersey, told me that he found 600 eggs in
one moth, and Mr Slingerland has found 300 by examining them with the microscope
very carefully. They have found as many as 28 laid on one tree. I have taken out 14
borers on one tree, and of course the tree was nearly gone. The danger Is worst on the
smooth trees, because the tree of course is only about two inches through. If a half-
grown borer is there it can almost girdle it. Every man should examine peach trees
before he plants them, because there is many a time you get a borer in a nursery row. I
have often taken them out of the trees I had from the nursery, and taken them out
before I planted them. Those of us who hunt them regularly generally hunt them out
with a knife or a wire, and any time during the year ; but the best time to do it
would be once in the early spring before the larvae matured, and the next late in the fall.
I believe we get very much better results if we practice the application of some washes.
A year ago last spring I tried three different kinds of paper — tar pap^r, bunches of
wrapping paper, and ordinary newspaper, and also heaping up air-slacked lime around
the trees and Bordeaux mixture, with half the amount of lime and half the amount of

16 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

copper ; the wash of Prof. Saunders, that is, a saturated solution of soda ; and I also
tried hydraulic cement and skimmed milk mixed together, and hydraulic cement and
water ; also the wash they used up in Mr. McNeill's district of ashes and lime. After
hunting the trees, I put all these washes on before July 15th, and then observed the
condition of the washes and of the wrapping in different periods during the season to
see how long they lasted and the effect they had, and we came to the conclusion that
as far as wrappings went, the cheapest and most satisfactory one was the ordinary
newspaper wrapping, that is, just taking one ordinary newspaper to a tree and wrapping
it up the tree, unwinding it when the tree begins to swell, so that you will not girdle
your tree. We do not get any borers unless the moth gets past the newspaper. It
is an effectual stop, and will stay on for more than two months. Of course it
will not cover the whole period. None of the washes stayed on during the whole
season with the exception of the two cement washes. Prof. Smith, of New Jersey,
told me about both of them. The cement and water was just mixed up into a good
thick paste and put on with a whitewash brush about twelve inches from the foot
of the tree. About the middle of August the cement was just about as good as if it
was put on in July. By the end of August that one had very considerably cracked.
Skim milk and cement seem to make it more adhesive, and in September that wash
was as good as it was when put on in July. It is easily put on, and especially on the
young trees where the bark was not rough it was perfectly successful. I only found two
borers on the trees after putting the cement and skim milk on, and they were in little
spots, rough places where the cement had failed to cover. I would strongly advise
everybody to try that particular wash — just the hydraulic cement and skimmed milk
mixed up into thick paste and put on before that date.

E. Morden (Niagara Falls) : What about earthing up in the late summer %

Mr. Burrell : I would earth up earlier than that — just after I hunted. If I were
putting on a wash I would examine my trees during May or June, and then I would put
the earth after I examined early, and then the moths would have to lay above that point
where the earth was. I would do it before July.

Mr. Armstrong : As an old peach grower, the wash indicated by Mr. Burrell,
particularly that one described as hydraulic cement mixture, has a tendency to harden
tho new bark and hinder the sap coming up, especially in the young trees. I would not
recommend it, and the coal tar has another effect which is very injurious to the growing
trees, especially the young trees. I find the best wash I can get is simply the soft soap
wash. It not only protects the trees from the insects but it assists in cleaning and
clearing the bark.

Mr, Burrell : I cannot say I have observed any injury in that way. I took note
of all the washes I applied, and the Bordeaux and this lime and ashes and the cement
were all about in the same condition \ that is, they were smoother and shinier and in
better shape. I put cement on two years running, not a very thick coat, and noticed to
see if it would hurt. The peach trees were four years old. I saw no particular injury.

The President : Mr. Armstrong, you said you found coal tar was injurious to the
tree. In what way ? What is your experience 1

Mr. Armstrong : I have found that during the growing season the coal tar hardens
the bark. I got it in St. Catharines fifteen or sixteen years ago, and I discarded it after
a trial or two. I have found under the bark, instead of being thrifty and green and
sappy it had a tendency to darken and stiffen the bark.

Mr. Burrell : The cement is more or less porous ; the tar \tould not be as porous.

The President : Was it a light coating, or was it put on pretty heavy 1

Mr. Armstrong : It was in July I think I put it on. I put it on lightly with a
whitewash brush.

Mr. Orr : I have been using a mixture of lime and hardwood ashes. Last year,
after careful searching, we found six borers out of 400 acres ; this year we found five.
The trees were in almost perfect condition.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 17

Mr. Pattison (Grimsby) : I have been in the habit of using a composition of
ordinary washing soda and soft soap which acted fairly well. It has the fault of not
staying on as long as one might wish, but for a considerable period it acts very well.

Mr. Burrell : What soil is yours, Mr. Orr 1

Mr. Orr: Sandy.

Mr. Burrell : Were yoa ever troubled much with borers before 1

Mr. Orr : This is a young orchard. In the old orchard we were very badly
troubled with them.

Mr. Burrell : The satisfactory report may be because there were not very many
borers about.

Mr. Orr : We mixed it with skim milk. Besides that, slacking the lime with hot
water makes it more adhesive.

Mr. Gregory (St. Catharines) : Would you recommend laying bare the roots 1

Mr. Orr : No ; we get the collar entirely clean and then whitewash the limbs
right down to the roots.

0. M. Honsburger : The old adage " An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
cure," is a good one. I would like to Bsk Mr. Burrell what mode he would adopt in
finding borers in young trees ?

Mr. Burrell : You can only get at them by picking them out with a knife.

GREETINGS FROM SISTER SOCIETIES.

The President : We have to-day a representative from the Quebec Horticultural
Society, and I am sure every one in this room will hear him with the greatest of plea-
sure. We can always learn from those engaged in horticulture from other districts, and
we take it very kindly that the Quebec Society has thought fit to send us a delegate, and
I may say that in return, at the meeting of the Board last evening, representatives were
appointed to attend the meeting of the Quebec Horticultural Society, and also horticul-
tural societies in the States and at other points. I will now call upon Mr. Brodie,
representing the Quebec Horticultural Society.

Mr. Brodie : I have great pleasure in meeting you here this afternoon, and I
greatly regret that my confrere, Mr. Shepherd, did not come along with me, as he is a
much better speaker than I am. The first Horticultural Society in Quebec was started
at Abbottsford, the home of the late Charles Gibb. Abbottsford in Scotland is connected
with the name of Sir Walter Scott j here, in Canada, Abbottsford will always be con-
nected with a name just as dear to us, that of Charles Gibb. (Applause.) Our Society
comprises French Canadians as well as English speaking people, and it would do you
good to see how well we get on together. There is no rivalry ; everything is carried on,
although sometimes there is a little delay in translation and so on ; still we get on very
harmoniously. I find that being able to speak both languages is a real blessing, so if
you delegates come down to Quebec I hope you will not be disappointed if you hear a
little of our discussions in the French language. We have had a great deal of difficulty
in contending with severe winters. The winter of 1895-96 was most disastrous to us in
our fruit work. Whole sections of plum orchards in the L'Islet and Kamarouska were
destroyed with the exception of a few trees, and in my own orchard near Montreal I
lost between 50 and 60 valuable trees. I noticed coming up here how clean you have
your orchards. Well, we have to let the grass grow to be a protection to our orchards.
Another reason why I like to have a good coating of grass under my trees in an autumn
like this is that the apples ripen up very rapidly, and I had about 300 barrels of wind-
falls. We had a very wet October. If we had to pick up these windfalls out of the
mud we would have realized a pretty small price for them, while for tho3e we did gather
I got from $1.70 to $1.90 a barrel in the Quebec market. That is one reason why I
2 F. G,

18 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

think what would suit your country up here would not suit ours at all down in the St.
Lawrence Valley. Perhaps one reason is we have a greater rainfall down there ; we are
not subject to such great drouths as you have here. I believe in manure, and if we can-
not get manure, we get wood ashes or fertilizer. I am fortunate in being able to get
manure hauled on my place for ten cents a load. I can put a whole cartload on each tree,
and in that way am able to grow fairly good apples. The secret of a!l is to spray the
trees. I was surprised at the Ottawa Exhibition to see so many apples from the Ontario
districts spotted and stung with codling moth. Had it been in the Province of Quebec,
where we are not kings in horticulture like you are up here, I would not have been so
surprised, but I found out from those exhibitors there they did not believe in spraying.
Well, if they had only been at my orchard this year I think they would have gone home
convinced, for my neighbor's trees had hardly a decent apple on, and they shook off the
few they had, while I had 1500 barrels out of my orchard. I hope those who come to
Montreal will not be disappointed, because we cannot get a gathering like you have here
of representative horticulturists, but we will do the best we can to make it pleasant for
you. (Applause.)

Mr. Carpenter : rAs a Horticultural .Society we are progressing rapidly. Two
years ago we started with seventeen members, and now we have seventy four. We have
been spraying more extensively in our section this year, anal somehow we don't seem to
see much difference between those that are sprayed and those that are not sprayed. My
own crop would be about half culls. Others show very good results from sprayingv

0. W. Bunting being called on said : I am one of the officers of the Niagara Fruit
Growers' Association. Our President and Secretary are unavoidably absent to-day, but
on behalf of that Association I have great pleasure in welcoming to this peninsula the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, and I trust your visit in this place will be productive
of pleasant and profitable results to all the members who have made it convenient to
attend ; and I am sure I but echo the sentiments of the Fruit Growers of this section
in welcoming you here.

Mr. Morden : We have in Niagara Falls a system of spraying on a gigantic scale
nowhere else seen on the face of the earth — we have the Falls of Niagara. The fruit
growers emulate that system in spraying, but I cannot report very much in that direc-
tion, though I am satisfied that the future fruit grower will do more spraying. We are
getting on fairly successful. We have had a good membership and no doubt some good
has come from our Society there. When you go to the Falls in the summer I hope you
will come out and see us, and we will take you all through our fruit plantations, and let
you look at this beautiful fruit. (Pointing to the display of fruit on the table, amid
applause.)

The President read a letter from Mr. Walter Ross directed to Mr. Boulter, our
Director in Prince Edward County, from one of our valued societies, in which he speaks
most highly of the satisfaction given by the Canadian Horticulturist, and the good success
of their work at Picton.

EXPORT OF FRUIT PULP.

Mr. 0. 0. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, then read to the
meeting a series of letters on the export of fruit pulp, from Mr. Harrison Watson, Curator
of the Canadian Section of the Imperial Institute. These letters have already been pub-
lished and distributed and need not be reprinted here. Copies may be had by applying
to the Department at Toronto. A lengthy discussion took place of which the following
may be given here :

Prof. Robertson : I had the pleasure last summer of seeing Mr. Harrison Watson
and several large importers of fruit pulp in Britain. I found there is a demand usually
for raspberry pulp and apricot pulp only. The others are a very small trade and an

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 19

uncertain demand. The very top prices are about £40 per ton, rarely .£42, usually from
£18 to £26. Now, these prices would nett in Canada not more than 5 cents per pound
for the raw fruit at the very best, down to almost nothing when the pulp sells for £18
a ton ; so if the fresh fruit can be sold at all at anything like the common prices then it
would not pay to turn it into pulp for export. But sometimes there is a surplus of fresh
fruit that is unsalable either from very small siz9 or poor quality, and that might make
a fair quantity of pulp ; but at £40 per ton the 8 J cents per pound there wonld not nett
more than five cents per pound for the green fruit after taking off the cost of the pack-
age, the cost of the fruit, the commission and allowing 10% for shrinkage for the evapor-
ation of the fruit during the preserving process. When it gets down to £20 per ton,
the cost of the package, freight, commission and shrinkage reduces the account sales into
a cipher for the man who ships ; so that in the normal conditions of the market there is
not a cent a pound for our green fruit, and in the abnormal conditions which have
existed the last few years it would not be five cents a pound for the raspberries and the
apricots. If any of the fruit growers are anxious to try this business and will furnish
the pulp, our Department will take charge of the shipment oi such pulp and see that
they are put in the best markets of England, and give full returns for the fruit before
the trial is made. I am not hopeful that any large trade will grow up for that stuff from
Canada, since we have such a good market now for those two classes of fruit which are
wanted in the form of fruit pulp.

Mr .Boulter (Picton) : At £40 per ton it would not realize quite as much as Prof.
Robertson stated, that is, taking out ordinary charges. However, later on I will be able
to ship pulp, and if any members of the Association have large plantations of raspberries
that are any way convenient to Toronto it could be got very cheaply. I intend to give
this a thorough test the coming season. My theory is that unless a grower can get at
least four or five cents a pound for his raspberries in their natural state there is not a
great deal of money in it ; and unless it could nett that to the grower — which we have
always failed to do in our county — I would not advise a person going into it unless he were
skilled in putting it up. It costs considerable to get it up. It is a good idea that that invi-
tation came, because for the last two years raspberries have been a drug in Ontario, and they
have not been selling as they should have, for what reason I do not know. There is a
variety of raspberry that might be cultivated for pulp — the Shaffer. It is an enormous
bearer, much better producer than the Outhbert, but inferior in quality, and it will not
do for our business in Canada in what is called preserving, being too soft and going to
pulp. Cuthberts will stand up under the cooking necessary to be done. Possibly as
they could be grown for one to two cents a quart less than Cuthberts, and a success
might be made of them. I have sent some of them over to see if they would do as well
as the Cuthberts have. In the prices quoted, you must remember that a ton is a long
ton, not 2000 pounds, but 2240, which cuts quite a hole in the amount you expect to
receive. My own opinion at present would be that there is nothing in the pulp business
except for raspberries. Do not attempt anything else. Do not attempt strawberries.
This pulp is an experiment yet, but I intend to send over quite a lot next year if the
crops are good.

Committee. Messrs. W. Boulter, of Picton, A. McNeill, of Walkerville, and Rev.
W. J. Andrews, of Grimsby, were appointed a committee to investigate the subject and
make arrangements for some trial shipments.

Canners and others interested are requested to correspond with this committee.

PROSPECTS FOR EXPORT OF TENDER FRUIT.

Prof. J. W. Robertson, Commissioner of Agriculture, said : Mr. President and
Gentlemen : Before I say much for the prospects for an export demand for tender fruits
I would like to make a few observations on the present status of the business of growing

20 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

tender fruits in Canada. In thinking over why many people went into fruit growing,
one is soon led to the conclusion that the general fall in the prices of cereals a while ago
made many give up grain farming, in which they had had experience, and for which they
had natural fitnesa, and go into fruit growing, without either the special knowledge or
personal aptitude for making a success of that business. Great areas of Canada are
devoted to fruit growing for that reason. When the ordinary operations of farming did
not pay well, there was general discussion as to whether fruit growing would not pay
better. There was a great deal of information of the most indefinite kind diffused over
the Province in regard to the benefits and advantages and profits of fruit growing, and
the consequent agitation led a great many men into that business. That was a good
thing for agriculture and a good thing for those men, because for a while the fruit grow-
ing business paid very well — much better than the land which was devoted to it had paid
the occupiers through ordinary farm work.

Glutted Markets. That leads one in looking over the fruit growing
business, particularly in Ontario, to examine into the kind of fruit that these
people have been growing and why they grow the kinds they do grow. Most
of the men have planted the kinds that can be grown easiest, with least
risk, and that yield largely without regard to whether there would be a per-
manent or large enough demand for that class of fruit. In addition to growing the
kinds that I have alluded to, they have grown a great many kinds, and still grow them
just because they have some interesting characteristics, and because the cuts of them look
well in some nice book or catalogue. Just go over a fruit farm and find the kinds that
are growing and why they are being grown, and while my statements are rather unpalat-
able, they are quite true in regard to most farms where fruit growing is carried on. That
has led to this state of things in Canada, that the Canadian fruit growers are growing
more tender fruits than their home markets take care of. I do not say that they are
growing more tender fruits than the people of Canada can and would readily consume if
they got the kinds they want in the condition they like them, because we import more ten-
der fruit from California than would fill the pockets of a great many Ontario fruit grow-
ers with all the profits they could expect from their business The markets are glutted
not because the Canadian appetite is satisfied with Canadian fruit, bub because Canadian
fruits have not been of the sort or put up in the way that the Canadian consumer wants ;
and if not suitable for the Canadian, how much less for the ten times more fastidious
Englishman ? I want to have you think of that before I speak of the prospects for an
export trade in tender fruits.

If one grows a great many varieties of any sort of fruit, his only chance to make
any money is by having what I will call a particular personal market. The grower can
go direct to the home eater and meet his needs But if a man has to put his products on
an open market of this country or Britain, or the general market, then he must not have
a whole promiscuous assortment of fruit, but he must have a few definite varieties that
they like. Otherwise he cannot make it pay. In promiscuous growing he does not grow
any variety on a large enough scale to have his expenses low enough, and he does not
have enough quantity of any one kind to attract attention in a good market. Confirma-
tion of my judgment on this subject from the bulletin just published by Prof. Bailey of
Cornell University that came to my hands even after I had my subject thought out for
this meeting. He makes this very clear in his bulletin, that the kind of fruit-growing
which a man may follow with profit, for the personal market where he supplies the fruit
to the homes in his locality, is quite different from the kind of fruit- growing a man may
follow who puts his fruit on the open general market.

That being so, if we have in Canada now considerably more tender fruits than our
own markets will take care of, can we find an outlet abroad at profitable prices for these
varieties of fruit ? That is the problem ; and I will tell you a little of our experience.
A man who follows fruit-growing for his home market will find customers who pay special
prices for special quality, but the man who grows fruit for a general market can get only
the current prices for ordinary good quality. The two markets are quite different in
regard to returns the grower may get. More than that ; the man who grows fruit for

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 21

the home market may carry on the work on a small fruit farm, put a good deal of
expenditure into the carrying on of his business, and get paid for that by the specially
high prices that people will pay for just the particular things they want ; whereas if a
man throws his stuff on the general open market he has to take the price which the man
who grows fruit on a large scale with the least possible expense is willing to take. If we
are to have an export trade for the finer fruits we will have to confine ourselves to a few
staples in the fruit foods and get these produced of the best quality and at the lowest coat
to ourselves.

Demand. That brings me to the inquiry, " Is there any demand in Great Britain V
which I take to be the market for which we are catering, when we speak of an export de-
mand. Of pears, Britain usually imports about a million dollars' worth a year ; sometimes
more, sometimes less; of plums about a million and a quarter dollars' worth a year ; and of
grapes about two and a quarter million dollars worth a year from various countries. 1
have not mentioned apples because they do not come under the heading of tender fruits.
The British market does consume an enormous quantity of tender fruits. The market is
only opened for them. It is not by any means developed and supplied. In the past the
price of pears has been so high that the demand has not been one-tenth of what it may
be and will be if Canadians put their pears on the British market as abundantly as they
put their apples on the British market. There is a tremendous demand and market there
for high-grade pears, because pears enter into the food of the people, through cooking and
in many ways. That is an important consideration when you try to estimate the capaci-
ty of the market. On the contrary, grapes are always and only a dessert fruit — not a
food fruit ; and for them the demand is consequently limited, and also more fastidious,
because in a dessert fruit people want aomething particularly pleasing to their eye and
palate. They cannot mask the flavor by cooking or in any other way.

Some Essentials to Success. Then can an export trade in tender fruits be made
a success of from Canada 1 I suppose twenty times a month men write me problems
11 Will it pay me to do so-and-so 1 " Anyone who has done work of investigation can say,
whether a certain principle is applicable or not, or whether a certain statement is true in
regard to it coinciding with principles ; but no man can say of a business proposal, "That
will be successful," or, " That will not be successful." Success depends on the personality
of the man and not on the nature of the business. I do not know whether exporting
tender fruits can be made a success except as I laarn the kind of men who take it up.
There are principles and there are reasons, and as far as a man understands those and
applies them he can make it a success ; but the success depends on the person and not on
the opportunity, because the opportunity may have existed for twenty years, but so far
the person has not risen to make success out of the opportunity. It may have been for
want of information, it may have been for want of transportation conveniences, it may
have been for want of cold storage in the ships ; still that is the state of things to-day.
Can they be altered from this time on 1

Qualities Which Determine Value. The person who undertakes the shipping of
fruit to Britain must know the conditions that the British consumer and importer impose
on him. I have learned by experience that the British consumer and importer does not
care a snap of his fingers for the fancy names of the specially esteemed kinds of fruit.
He does not care a brown bawbee if it has been cracked up by every specialist in
the country. Soundness is the first consideration, then keeping qualities, then nice
appearance in regard to color, size and shape, and lastly he looks for as nice flavor as you
can give him. The latter is not a matter of the first importance at first in the commerce
of this business. Soundness, keeping qualities, appearance, and then flavor, is the order.
Too often the fruit-grower reverses that order and says, " Oh, but such a kind of fruit is
the most delicious and high-flavored." It may be, and may pay to grow for the personal,
particular market of the man who is going to pay a high price for special intrinsic quality;
but the British market will pay just the common price in the order of those qualities. I
want to repeat that over and over again ; it is the secret of the whole situation, sound-
ness and keeping qualities after the fruits are there, then nice appearance, and then a
flavor as good as you can get.

22 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

When trial shipments were made by the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa in
1898, we found those things that we had learned in 1897 were still further emphasized.
In 1897 the Department took charge of 7,141 packages of tender fruits and sent them to
Great Britain. In 1898 the Department took charge of 3,815 packages of tender fruits.
We sent in 1897 about 3| times more than in 1898. The less quantity was not because
the Department was 1< ss willing to take the fruits and test them in the British market,
but because for various reasons, mainly climatic, the shippers in the Grimsby district
were not able this year to provide as much fruit as they expected, or as the Department
wanted to carry on its trial shipments. The fruits shipped were practically the promis-
cuous gatherings from various farms. That was unfortunate. The arrangement with
the shippers was that the Department guaranteed a certain price at the shipping point,
and if there was a revenue above that, that also went to the shippers. The kind of pack-
age that was used was a comparatively small package, measuring inside 22 inches by 11 \
by from 4 to 6 inches deep according to the size of the fruit. The packages were light ;
they were open for ventilation and for cooling the fruit ; and they had an attractive
appearance, and also the good quality of being reasonably cheap, costing about six cents
apiece. They held all the way from 24 to 30 lbs. of fruit according to the size of the
individual fruits. Each separate fruit was wrapped in tissue paper, and the packages
were filled from the side so as to cause the least surface to be faced.

Ripeness. The condition of ripeness desired when the fruit was picked was that the
pears should be of full size and quite green and firm. The Oalifornia pears that go to England
are sold particularly well because the receivers there say they can keep them for two
weeks after they get them. Observe ! — soundness, keeping quality. Anybody in Canada
knows that a Bartlett is a joy to eat compared with a tough old tasteless pear from Cali-
fornia— (laughter) — still, the pears from California would fetch nine shillings a case
whereas our best would fetch only six shillings because the California pears would keep,
and the man who bought them did not fear lcsing them next morning. The same was
true in regard to the condition in which it was desired to have peaches picked ; but it is
exceedingly difficult in practice to tell when a peach is at the right stage of ripeness. I
do not know any means of determining that, and I have not found any fr ait- grower who
can. I went through the orchards in Grimsby and elsewhere and I found they told by
the appearance of the peaches and then by "the feel" of them. They were quite often
disappointed that way. A peach will ripen a great deal in half a day if the weather is
hot ; and it is practically useless to pick peaches at the same condition of ripeness as can
be observed in the picking of pears.

After the fruit was packed in the cases it was cooled down in the cold storage room
at Grimsby to between a temperature of 36° and 40Q Fahr. The cold storage could be
easily held at these temperatures, and as the packages were small the fruit was cooled to the
core to about 38 ° Fahr. at the time it was put in the railway car. The Railway Company
furnished refrigerator cars. They went forward to Montreal without loss of time, and the
fruit was delivered on the steamships in very good condition, with ihis exception to that
remark : that quantities of the tomatoes and some of the peaches were considerably too
ripe before they were put into the cold storage at Grimsby. A low temperature does not
seem to have the same power to arrest the ripening of tomatoes as it does to retard the
ripening of poars. I had pears put into cold storage at Ottawa ; and two months after
they were put in they were perfectly sound, firm and hard. Tomatoes put in under the
same condition became too ripe in ten days' time at a temperature of 36° and 38° Fahr.

Pears. The quantity of pears sent over was 2,208 cases. The cases were not weighed,
but were estimated to hold about one basket and a quarter, and they held from 26 pounds to
28 pounds — I think I found one weighing 30 pounds of fruit, which was quite exception-
al. Taking the prices at which the several lots were sold and averaging them these pears
realized on the average 73.6 cents per case at Grimsby after the freight charges and all
expenses were taken off. The shippers would realize 67 cents for that quantity of pears after
allowing for the cost of the package. Now I think that is a very good price. I do not
know whether you fruit growers would be satisfied or not with that price for pears —
{Voices, " Yes, yes ") — but that was a fair price, and includes two shipments when the

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 23

British market was said to be dull and glutted for pears. Now, all pears are not alike in
the British market ; the buyers won't pay the same price for all pears ; and the nett
Teturns at Grimsby showed a much greater difference than the selling prices in Great
Britain, because you have the very same freight charges, and the very same insurance and
other charges to take off the low-priced pears in England, as off the high-priced pears.
The first shipment of pears that went over realized all the way from one dollar a case at
Grimsby to forty six (46) cents a case at Grimsby ; that is, one portion of the same ship-
ment fetched a dollar and the other portion forty-two (42) cents. I took the average
of all the highest prices at which the pears in each shipment were sold, and then the
average of all the lowest prices. In the second shipment they netted from sixty- three
(63) to fifty-five (55) cents per case ; the third shipment from ninety-six (96) to seventy-
six (76) cents per case at Grimsby. The smaller sized pears fetched the lower prices I have
mentioned. This year, these pears were not creditable to Canada. I am not imputing
any blame to the shippers at Grimsby beyond saying that the pears this year were small,
and not creditable to Canada as showing what we can do usually. The weather was
unfavorable during part of the season, even to the extent that some shippers were not
able to send pears at all after the first shipment. If we could send forward the best
quality of Bartlett pears we would have an enormous market, I am sure, because the
people like them so well there is an almost unlimited demand under ordinary conditions
at the prices I have mentioned The very best prices that were gotten for any consider-
able quantity were six shillings and threepence (6s. 3d.) a case in England for these
small cases. That would nett at Grimsby one dollar and twelve cents ($1.12) cents a
case containing from 26 to 30 lbs The difference in price between the varieties was
hardly noticeable. In one case the Duchess fetched from four shillings and sixpence
(4s. 6d.) to four shillings (4s.) ; and in another case the Keiffers fetched from four shil-
lings (4s.) to three shillings and sixpence (3s. 6d.).

The English market likes not a monster pear, bat a large pear, or rather a large medium
size ; about 70 pears to the case weighing 28 pounds were a fine size. They would weigh
about three to the pound. Those would be pears of first-rate size.

Peaches. I want to deal next with the matter of peaches. We sent altogether 324
cases of peaches. For one small shipment we realized one dollar and fifty cents ($1.50) a
case nett at Grimsby, and for a great many other shipments we realized 32 J cents less than
nothing at Grimsby. That was a loss of the total expense of carrying them to England,
because they sold for nothing there, in fact were condemned by the health inspectors.
They were carried in the same refrigerator car, in the same part of the ship, and at the
same temperature as our pears which fetched those prices I have mentioned. Those were
mainly the Bartlett and other tender pears. It was not that the cold storage was not
sufficient ; it was that the Crawford peaches sent from Canada had not the qualities in
them to let them be in good keeping condition in the English climate 20 days after they
left Grimsby by any system of cold storage we have yet devised. A few peaches each
time were excellent, and a few peaches each time were rotten, and a number of peaches
each time were pithy, dry and tasteless. There comes the difficulty of making a commer-
cial success of shipping peaches. If they are picked ju3t the least little bit too green
they have almost no flavor and are not mellow when they come out of the cold storage.
If they are just right they stay right ; but if they are a little too ripe they go to soft
rottenness on the other side the day after they come out of cold storage. In some cases
where the peaches were sold for good prices the purchasers brought them back next day
and demanded their money back saying they would get the health officer to condemn the
peaches unless they were settled with at once. There is the Jifliculty : unless you have
some means of determining just when the peaches are sufficiently ripe, and not too ripe,
you would have so many losses that they would take away all the profit from those that
were in good condition.

Mr. Burrell : Did you see anything of the African peaches, the Cape peach, because
I was told by friends in England that they had arrived in very good condition and
realized splendid prices.

24 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Prof. Robertson : The Calif ornian peaehes also arrived in good condition and realized
good prices. I did not see the African peaches myself. They come in after our spring
is about begun, but the Californian peaches arrived in some cases in excellent condition,
because they have toughness of flesh, and the shippers seem to have a better means of
getting a large quantity in the right condition of ripeness.

Tomatoes.J Of tomatoes we sent 428 cases. Most of them, I think, were a little too ripe
at Grimsby. One or two of the latter shipments I saw in Montreal were also too ripe in
appearance. Here is the difficulty with tomatoes, that they keep on ripening slowly at low
temperatures. When the tomatoes were taken from the cold storage in England, they often
looked fairly well, but they simply collapsed in two days in most cases. Tomatoes that
go into England from outside markets do not go in cold storage ; they go on the decks of
the ships, where the ventilation is thorough. They are allowed to ripen gradually, and
they do ripen very well during the period of ten days ; but longer than that makes it ex-
ceedingly difficult to have them delivered safely. If they were picked green, then cooled
at once and gradually warmed to 50, or 60, Fahr. before they were exposed to the air in
England, they might fetch a good price, but the price they would fetch would hardly
tempt anyone to lay himself out to grow tomatoes in Canada for the English market. A
few cases realized thirty-seven (37) cents at Grimsby, a few thirty six (36) cents, and
nearly all the rest were failures to the extent of realizing nothing and causing loss to the
extent of the freight paid on them. They went in the same cold storage chambers as the
pears that we landed in first-rate condition and at the temperature that the Californian
shippers keep their fruit at viz., from 38 to 40 degrees, on the way across.

Quinces. Fourteen cases of quinces realized fifty-nine (59) cents, but I do not know
that we have exact information enough in regard to quinces to give any information as to
whether they may be carried safely as a rule or not. Some of the 149 cases were landed
in good condition and some were not. That seemed to be owing to the condition of the
quinces when they were put in the cases at Grimsby.

Apples. Of apples in those small packages, 254 cases were sent. They realized forty
cents at Grimsby, but the reports all said, " Do not send any more apples in such small
cases ; larger sized cases will pay you very much better. " Apples of tender sorts, that
cannot be sent at all without cold storage, have been sent to England in the very best of
condition through cold storage, and they realized very fair prices. Mr. Brodie of Mon-
treal was telling me this morning of some apples he shipped from Montreal in cold storage
that netted him fair prices this year.

Apples like the Duchess, that could not at all be sent to England hitherto, can be sent
in excellent condition in cold storage if they are properly packed ; but a discussion of that
will come under the head of Transatlantic Transportation.

Mr. Brodie : This shipment of mine was sent direct to London. It was 20 days
from Montreal to London. That was a long voyage to remain in cold storage.

Prof. Robertson : What did they realize at Montreal 1

Mr. Brodie : About $2.25 a barrel ; but the dock charges were something tremendous;
also cartage 15 shillings on 30 barrels of apples from the London dock to Oovent Garden
Market — about 12-^ cents a barrel. For 2^ cents we can get apples carted from one end
of the city to the other in Montreal.

Prof. Robertson : I think anyone who has large experience in consigning small
shipments to England will agree with Mr. Boulter, that the English commission merchant
has wonderful facility and thoroughness in devising new items of expenses that he can
add to account sales and in making a long, long list of charges.

Grapes. I have a few observations to offer on the trial shipments of Grapes. There
were 441 cases forwarded. Twenty packages that were sent to Glasgow realized seventy
(70) cents at Grimsby for about 18 pounds to the case ; twenty-five packages realized (41)
cents per case, sixty-two packages realized nineteen cents (19) cents per case; but the
other grapes did not fetch anything at all worth mentioning.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 25

Mr. Pattison : With the grapes that were successful, was it a matter of varieties or
of condition that they arrived in 1

Prof. Robertson : It wa« a question of the market they happened to strike The
grapes that were sent to Bristol were landed in first-class condition ; there was no fault
to find, but simply the people did not like the flavor and would not pay a price. Grape s
from other countries were so low in price that they would not take any risks with the
new thing.

Extracts From Letters.

Pears. In the matter of pears, the first extract I have to mention is from a letter
Oct. 18, by an agent of the Department in Great Britain, who writing about the
California pears, says :

" Pears— (and these went by way of Montreal from California by our cool route) — sold from 7s.
to 9s. 6d. per case of from 18 to 20 pounds of fruit ; and plums sold from 6s. 6d. to 12s. per case of
from 18 to 20 pounds of fruit. The fruit was all in fine condition, having been picked green ; in fact
some pears will not be ripe for some weeks, but they sell well for keeping sbock.

Seven shillings to nine shillings and sixpence because they had keeping qualities ;
the keeping qualities are what they pay for in England in the meantime. That fruit
was landed from the ship's cold storage at from 38 to 40 degrees. The next short ex-
tract I have in regard to pears is in a letter also from Mr. Grindley, of Oct. 22, in regard
to the shipment of fruit in one of the steamships :

" I am glad to say it is turning out in regard to condition much better than the first three con"
signments. Pears very good, Peaches in very fair condition, some cases still too ripe. Tomatoes
sound and still green."

Those were the tomatoes that two days after they were sold collapsed and would not
keep after they came out of cold storage.

Then there is a letter of Oct. 4 from the firm of Elder, Dempster & Co., the steam-
ship owners, and also the men who sold the fruit. They have developed an enormous
trade for the distribution of fruit in England. They say :

" Pears have made what we consider a goed return, and the shipmeuts received since have been
in better condition than the. first, and we show considerably bttter results by these." Mr. C. W.
VanDuzer's pears very fine, and should advise shipping large quantities to this market.

I happened to see two of these lots of pears that were selected, — about the size and
shape and quality to throw on the open market. The next quotation I want to make is
from Elder, Dempster & Co., speaking of pears again :

" Packing of pears satisfactory, but we should like them a little greener than they have been.
Tomatoes absolutely useless, and we should prefer that this packer sent no more to this market."

Mr. McNeill : May I enquire whether that Canadian packer had any experience
locally in shipping tomatoes ?

Prof. Robertson : I suppose that this man had, because all seem to grow tomatoes
and ship them to the local markets in Canada. We find that tomatoes will do very well
carried in a ventilated space but do not seem to keep well in cold storage. The toma-
toes that we put to the test in Ottawa seem to have gene in the same way. This is
from Thomas Russell, a fruit merchant in Glasgow, to whom a shipment was sent :

" The pears sold well, especially as at the time of their arrival our market was in a manner
glutted with French pears which were being sold very cheap."

I have this further to say before I leave the pear subject : That you will see from
the reports even from the last observation, that the pears from Canada this year did not
strike any special catch market. On three different occasions the report was, " The
market is rather glutted and dull from large arrivals from the continent."

Mr. Pattison : Can you tell us anything as to the varieties of pears ?

26 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Prof. Robertson : They do not give us any statements of preference for any par-
ticular variety. The reports are for soundness, keeping quality and appears nee, and then
for variety or flavor after that.

A Delegate : Do you know if there were any Kieffers sent ?

Prof. Robertson : Yep, in the last shipment, and they were sold at from 4s. to 3s.
6d. per case of about 28 pounds j that would bring from 59 to 47 cents nett at Grimsby,
and that was at the time when the price was lowest in England.

Mr. Smith : Are we to understand there is no preference for any variety of pear ?

Prof. Robertson : The Keiffers were sold for within twelve cents a case as much as
the Duchess. So iar as our testing of the English market goes, the price paid is accord-
ing to the soundness, the keeping quality and the appearance, and then the flavor is
considered. California pears were sold at much higher prices than even our Bartletts,
because they had keeping qualities. The flavor and other eating qualities must be fair.

The Secretary : Last year one shipper who received a case of Keifler pears in
Great Biitain said that he did not care to buy a second box.

Mr. Brodie : Do they rise that Kieffer pear for table decoration or for use ?
/'Laughter.)

Prof. Robertson : I am unable to say that. Some kinds must be used for table
deooration, but that is not the kind that should be sent. While soundness and keeping
qualities and appearance are things wanted now, in the course of a few years they will
begin to discriminate, and if we have given them good pears with fair keeping qualities
all along we will have the first place in the market. In the meantime their money is
paid only for the fruit having soundness and keeping qualities ; so let us get our fruit
there in that condition, and of the best flavor and flesh we can. We will then have the
preference in the market in the long run when the keener competition comes.

Peaches. The following are a few extracts from letters in regard to Peaches :

" Peaches turned out six over ripe in eleven cases and 40 cases are now in Elder, Dempster & Co.'s
back yard completely rotten."

These went in cold storage at from 36 to 38 degrees. The second says :

" Peaches already shipped have the appearance of having been chilled, besides, on being exposed to
warm temperature, they gather mo;sture which hastens decay— some of the paper wrappings being quite

That is, from being very cold, moisture from the English atmosphere was condensed
on them j and that hastened their decay. The next quotation on that matter is in a
letter from Eld6r, Dempster & Oo., of 4th October. They say:

" ^aches.— We would advise you to stop shipments of these as they will cost senders more money than
they will realize. Your Mr. Grindley has seen fchese goods, and, we understand, he is advisine you to stop
shipments of them."

Then on October 24 the same firm writes :

" Peaches realized much better prices than we anticipated, but since selling these by auction we have
received numerous complaints with enquiries for money to be returned. They arrived here in a condition
which we are unable to put into words, namely : Dry. They being absolutely useless for dessert fruit. We
should advise this packer not to ship any more of these in cold storage, and if you can pack in smaller
packages, containing about two dozen peaches, wrapped in wool, and picked green, so that they can ripen
on the voyage, we are sure you should make a good market here."

That would seem to indicate that they would like trial shipments, not in cold storage
but in ventilated space. The peaches I put in cold storage kept all right, but those that
we put in green became dry and almost quite tasteless. The difficulty is to get the
peaches just at the right condition of ripeness for shipment.

Plums. Then there is a remark about Plums :

" Plums were in very bad condition, they being picked when a little too ripe. Apples in good condi
tion, but packages are too small to pay for voyage."

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 27

Grapes. The quotations I have next are about Grapes.
From Mr. Grindley, Oct. 7 :

' ' I have cabled and written to you several times regarding the unsatisfactory condition in which the
peaches and tomatoes are reaching here, and should advise the stoppage altogether of consignments of both
peaches and tomatoes, and I might also add grapes, for although they arrive in fair condition, there is no
demand for them owing to the flavor."

Then on October 18 :

"I noticed in Bristol one large fruit dealer was selling our grapes (card in window) as 'Choice Cali-
fornia.' They told me nobody wanted ' Canadian Grapes,' but they sold some as Calif ornians."

I am giving you the facts without being able to account for all the mysteries of
English commerce and of the English palate. The varieties shipped were mostly Rogers
Red, Rogers Black, Lindley and Niagara ; and I think only a few Concords. I think
the bulk of them were Rogers Red and Rogers Black. I think the grapes this year
were representative of the best grapes in the Niagara Peninsula at the time the shipments
were made.

Mr. Gregory : Have you a statement of what the grapes sold for per pound ?

Prof. Robertson : Most of them fetched no price at all ; they were nearly all given
away. The four shipments from Mr. Linus Woolverton illustrate the rest. In the first
shipment of grapes there were sent ten cases which netted twenty three (23 9) cents a
case at Grimsby ; that would be about sixty (60) cents over there. The next netted 19 \
at Grimsby ; the next lot were a complete loss ; and also the fourth a complete loss,
leaving the freight and other expenses to be paid on the last two shipments, in addition
to the loss of the fruit and the packages.

Mr. Gregory : Was that in the same market ?

Prof. Robertson : The same market. After the first two shipments, they would
not buy them. There was not any complaint as to the condition of the grapes. They
were not mildewed or soft or out of condition by falling off the stems.

The next extract in regard to grapes is from Glasgow, in which the salesman says :

" Grapes— The demand for these were very slow on account of the peculiar kflavor which they have
and which is not relished as yet by our countrymen."

In these cases the grapes were Wilder, Agawam, Lindley and Niagara. They were
sold all the way from five shillings and eightpence per case, the highest — (that is, $1.36
per case over there) — down to eightpence per case (that is 16 cents per case over there).
There were a few Wilder grapes sold for four shillings and eightpence — (that is $1.12
over there). That would realize about 72 cents at Grimsby. Nine cases of Agawams
were sold for three shillings and eightpence ; Lindleys for two shillings and one shilling
and threepence. Twenty-eight other cases of Lindleys were sold for four shillings and
fourpence. Niagara grapes were sold for from two shillings down to eightpence per
case. Thirteen boxes of Red Rogers were sold for four shillings and eightpence, and
seven boxes of Black Rogers were sold for five shillings and eightpence. These were
all sold in Glasgow. The grapes which were sent to Bristol in the last two shipments
were simply given away.

Tomatoes. Another extract from Elder, Dempster & Co.'s letter :

" As we have previously told you the grapes and tomatoes are useless to us, and we are bound to c aim
from you any money which may be due for freight on them."

The next letter is from Mr. Grindley, the agent of the Department, dated November
10, in which be says :

1 ' I examined tomatoes from Canary Islands packed in peat dust, and brou ht here as deck-loads, and
they were in perfect condition."

That is where England gets most of its tomatoes from abroad. Then from the fruit
salesman October 4.

" We are not satisfied by your putting theBe goods in cold storage, as the low temperature is detri -
mental to the shipment, 'especially for peaches and tomatoes."

"Tomatoes— These have deteriorated considerably, as have peaches, owing to their being in cold
storage, and we have had continual complaint from our customers of them. When they have been placed

28 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

on show they melt into water, and 24 hours after being bought they are in a useless condition, and we have
been compelled in many caseB to return the money that was made at sale.".

Then from Glasgow there comes the report :

' ' Tomatoes — There was no great demand for these on account of ,the cold weather, and the plentif u
supply of local grown fruit. "

Now, Mr. Chairman, I have come to the end of the extracts, and also to the end of
my remarks, except these few things I have to say in conclusion. I think the prospect
for a profitable trade in the exportation of Canadian pears is very good. We have the
conditions for producing abundantly this class of fruit which the British public are both
able and willing; to pay good prices for.

A Delegate : How would quinces be 1

Prop. Robertson . So far we find them sometimes being sold well and sometimes
being given away.

Mr. Pattison : Is there any prospect of putting plums on that market in good
shape ?

Prop. Robertson : I think little prospect of making them pay well, because of
the suitability of their own climate for growing them in most years. I think we might
have a " snap market " occasionally.

A Delegate ; What is the method of cold storage ?

Prof. Robertson : Mechanical refrigeration by the use of ammonia to a tempera-
ture of 36 to 40 Fahr.

Prop. Mills : Do California apples, tomatoes, plums and peaches reach there in
good shape 1

Prof. Robertson : Their main trade has been in pears, and they were at it four or
five years before they made a success of it. This year they have added peaches. They
had failures for two years, the shippers were said to have lost $200,000 in one year.
After they had learned to pack and carry pears successfully they have gone into the
peach business, and apparently are making a success of that.

Prof. Mills : Have they done anything with tomatoes and grapes 1

Prop. Robertson : I think not with tomatoes. They have with grapes ; their
grapes have thick skins and tough flesh.

A Delegate : Did you send any Sultana plums ?

Prof. Robertson : No, and as far as I could learn on the spot from talking with
merchants, the English grown plum is usually sufficient for their own needs at fair
prices, and we have not any chance of getting a demand for our plums at a profit.

With regard to peaches it does not seem to me that we can expect a profitable trade
in exporting peaches from Canada to Great Britain by means of cold storage, nor can we
expect a profitable trade at all in sending over Crawford peaches from Canada to Eng-
land. The fruit is so tender that unless picked at a particular hour of the day, when its
development is just right, there would be a risk of loss so great that no commercial man
would take up the venture on a large scale.

With regard to tomatoes the position is still doubtful, but the increased production
in the south of England and the Canary Islands is putting the price down there so low
that counting our extra expense and our extra risk I am not hopeful we will have &
trade in tomatoes. Even if they could be carried safely it is doubtful if we could make
it pay as against these other competitors.

I do not think we need look for trade of large volume in grapes.

A Delegate : Could you give us the month in which the peaches were shipped.

Prof. Robertson : I think the first shipment of fruit went out on the 7th September.

A Delegate : Do you know if any Smock peaches were shipped ?

The Secretary : There were a few.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 29

Prop. Robertson : An effort was made through Mr. Woolverton's own enterprise
in sending thirty cases of grapes to one of the jam-makers, and he reported that they
were entirely useless for his purposes.

In the case of the more tender sorts of apples I think a very large trade can be
developed, and only developed by shipping them in cold storage.

General Conclusions.

My conclusions so far as they can be stated with any satisfaction to myself with
some sense of the responsibility under which I say them, is that Canadians may have a
continuously growing trade in the exportation of pears ; that there is a possibility of get-
ting a trade that may leave a living profit from shipping tomatoes; that there is no
likelihood of making a success of sending over Crawford peaches ; and that the demand
for Canadian grapes does not exist, and it is a question to be considered whether it
would pay us to send about one carload a week of our best sorts to further try to create
a demand or not. Other tender fruits such as raspberries and currants and things of
that kind could only, I think, be sent across profitably in the form of pulp, and that
may or may not be profitable just as there is a scarcity or a large crop of these small
fruits in Great Britain for the year. If the crop there is large the price goes so low that
there will be no profit in sending them over from here.

The Secretary : Why could not Crawford peaches be sent in pulp ?

Prop. Robertson : The price of all fruit pulp, except rasberry pulp, is from .£18 to
X22 per ton. I asked if they could take anything but raspberry pulp, and they said
other things would have to create a demand for themselves. At £2 1 per ton, after tak-
ing off the costs of preparing the cost of packages, transportation and com missions, I do
not think there would be enough left for the fruit to induce our people to provide it.

Mr Gregory : What is the charge per ton for transportation and for freight for
grapes and pears ?

Prop. Robertson : The freights from Grimsby to Montreal are 33 cents per hundrsd
pounds. The freight on the ship is by measurement, usually about tweaty shillings per
forty cubic feet in cold storage. The total expenses for transportation this year comes to
34 cents per case.

Mr. Gregory : Per case of 28 pound?

Prop. Robertson : Yes ; that was the whole expense — transportation and dock due8
and everything on the other side excepting the item of commission, which was only three
per cent, on these shipments.

Mr. President : Now, I am sure that the time the Professor has taken up has been
well spent indeed, and before we take up the next subject, which we might take up
jointly with this the privilege will be given of asking the Professor any question you
wish Jto ask.

Mr. Caston (Craighurst): There is more profit in the growing of early apples than in
any other crop if you can get a maket for them, but they come in at a time when it was
very hot. I would like to ask in regard to the ventilation of the barrel. There seems
to be a difference of opinion a3 to how they should be shipped on board the car.

The President : That will come up under the head of transportation.

Mr. Caston — Then^I will confine myself at present to asking the Professor this
question: Does he find the tender variety of apples deteriorate very fast on the other
side 1 That is what the commission men tell us ; they are trying to discourage the ship-
ment of apples in cold storage.

Prof. Robertson : The reports I have are that when apples are taken out of cold
storage in warm weather mo sture forms on them, and that causes them to deteriorate.
Without cold storage they cannot be sent at all. A Montreal shipper shipped Duchess
without cold storage and they were a complete loss.

30 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Rev. W. Wye Smith : Would the Professor tell us whether the Canadian manufac-
turers have any good prospects for canned fruits in the Old Country ?

Prof. Robertson : I saw a gocd many samples of Canadian canned fruits in Britain.
I spoke of them as favorably as I could at the Board of Trade, when I met merchants,
and 1 examined some cans in the hands of merchants there, who said they were pleased
with them. I think that is a growing trade. Just how profitable it is I do not know.
There is no ohance at all cf Canada jutting up sweet preserves or jams and sending these
from Canada to compete with those made in Britain. The cost of the sugar and the
cost of the glass and the tin packages are so much greater here than there we are
out of that trade.

Mr. Brodie : I might mention one matter in connection with shipping apples in
cold storage. The moment they are taken ofl the trees and put in a barrel they should
be put in cold storage immediately, because if they are left even a couple of days the
ripening process goes on and they will be a total loss to the shipper.

TRANSPORTATION.

The President : As the questions seem to come in the line of transportation I
think it would be well to take that subject up now ; and as you have had so much
to do, Prof. Robertson, in the transportation of fruit, I would ask you to open the dis-
cussion, and then Mr. Catton and others who are desirous of speaking on that subject
will be gladly heaid.

Prof. Robertson : What I have to say on this subject will be rather Buggestive than
didactic. The more quickly an apple ripens the more quickly it rots. Ripening of
apples goes on only when the fruit is held at a high enough temperature. If the
temperature be put down low the ripening process practically stops. Now, unless some
external means are taken to reduce the temperature, the ripening process goes on,
and the ripening itself produces beat, and therefore makes the ripening go on still faster.
I did not know one of the main uses of cold storage until 1 learned this morning
from the paper read in the convention that the cause of the ever-increasing heat in apples
was traceable to the actual presence of the devil in the fruit. (Laughter). Then I
began to see that the devil himself, accustomed to a warm place, could not go on
working in a very cold room. The reduction of temperature would certainly destroy the
works of the devil, and that is said to be the highest use of human talent. Apples in
ripening do create heat, and there must be a chance for letting the heat that is.
generated escape, and also a means of stopping the production of heat.

The early ripening apples should be cooled down below 50° just as soon as possible
after they are taken off" the trees; and then they should be cooled down as
low as 40° as soon as may be after that. By that means even the very earliest ripening
sorts could be landed in Great Britain in first rate condition. Now, if they are put in
barrels at even 60° Fahr. and headed up close they will get up to 70° Fahr. in the centre
of the barrel in a short time. If they are put in the hold of the ship, the whole
place gets above 70° Fahr. in a short time, and then the applea all arrive as " wets " and
"slacks." In 1897 a lot of over 500 barrels was sent, and the half that went in cold storage
sold for 18s. a barrel and the half that went not in cold storage went for 8s. a barrel
at the same time. There is no way of carrying these tender apples across except
in cold storage.

Our large apple trade, saying nothing of the tender and early-ripening and early-
decaying sorts, is not in a good way ; it is not on a good basis. I think I am quite within
the mark in saying that 60 per cent, of the apples that go to Great Britain fetch less than
two-thirds the price they could fetch if they were properly graded and properly and
safely carried across the sea. Now, the grading and the packiDg and the carriage should

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 31

not cost any more when done properly than in the haphazard way that has been allowed
in the pa3t. Juit a word in regard to grading. It will pay any man who grows
apples to feed all the small, mis shapen and in any way blemished apples to his pigs,
and not to try to sell them in barrels — particularly if for the British market. Half
a barrel of good apples well selected, well assorted and safely carried will fetch more
money than half a barrel of good apples plus half a barrel of poor apples ; and the expense
of carrying the poor apples has to be charged against the price of the good apples. To
protect ourselves — we will have to get some way of rousing the growers to a realization
that they must not allow any man to pack their apples unless he does so in the best possible
way. If tbe growers allow the other practice to prevail they are simply cutting off the best
market, because the British public won't pay the price for mixed apples that they will pay
for graded app'es.

The English merchant sells on commission, and he says, " Send in barrels," because he
can sell more in barrels than in boxes ; and the commercial man of to-day does not take any
trouble if he can help it. Now, I would send apples across in bushel boxes and let the
commission man fume for a while. A while ago they said, u You can't send any eggs here
except in large cases." Now they all say our Canadian egg cases are the best on the market.
Retail merchants tell me, " We can sell a small box of apples when we could not sell a
barrel." It would pay a locality to have a cold storage into which the apples would
go for three da^s before they are shipped. The steamship owners, without any contribu-
tion from the Government, have engaged this autumn to put in what they call
ventilated cool storage in the ships ; and apples will go better this way than in
cold storage. It is provided by a duct to carry fresh cold air to the hold where the
apples are. There is a cowl on top to catch the wind. Another dust leads from the top
of hold to allow the warm air to escape. That makes a nice cool draught through
the hold and allocs the heat to escape. I think the apples should be cooled at the
starting point, then carried in cool cars and in ventilated places on the steamships.

Dr. Mills : Would your recommendations apply to all varieties of apples \

Prof. Robertson : All apples that are moved in hot weather. If every apple is
cooled down before it is shipped it simply gives it so much better keeping quality when
it gets to England.

A Delegate : What line of steamers is it that is going to put in these ventilators ?

Prof. Robertson : The Allans to Glasgow and London \ Elder Dempster k Co. to
Bristol ; Thomsons to London ;]the Donaldsons to Glasgow, the Dominion Line to Liver-
pool, and others. There are several big lines out of Montreal arranging to have them for
the carriage of apples. Without them apples and cheese were being carried in such bad
condition that the trade was being imperilled. I think if the Fruit Growers' Association
of Ontario and the Fruit Growers of Canada do not take hold of this transportation pro-
blem and bring about better methods and facilities, they may as well go out of the busi-
ness. The fruit-growing has been done very well, but there has been so much loss and
damage and dissatisfaction from the spoiling of frurt on the way to the markets, both for
our home and foreign markets, that the matter must be taken hold of and corrected. It
would pay every fruit locality to have a special cold storage building and a special agent
to look after the transportation.

Mr. Boulter : The cattle men have spent a great deal of money and did succeed in
impressing the Government with the necessity of having a man in Montreal to see that
those cattle were properly sh/pped 8t Montreal on those vessels. Now, has the Fruit
Giowers' Association any more interest than they have 1 And I want to ask, has any-
one been appointed by the Government to look after the storing of fruit in the vessels
and see that it is properly put on ?

Prof. Robertson : We have a special cold storage Inspector in Montreal, who looks
after the cold storage on the ships, because the Government contributes part of the ex-
pense. I think the Government would not be willing to interfere — " Interfere " with
a capital " I " — unless the trade ask them to ; but if the fruit-growers ask to have a man

32 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

at Montreal and St. John, N. B., to look after the proper storing of fruit, in the steam-
ships I think the asking would likely be the receiving. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. Boulter : I am sure something of that kind should be done. On the 8th or 10th
an article appeared that our High Commissioner, Lord Strathcona, was in hopes of being
able to get our evaporated apples in the British navy as ship stores. Now he has just
arrived in Canada, and I think if he was waited upon by a deputation, something perhaps
might be done. If that could be done there is an inexhaustible demand for our evapora-
ted apples. We could thus use the immense quantity of apples that are not fit to ship
to the Old Country. I think it is very important that some definite action should be
taken by this Association to look after that while Lord Strathcona is in Canada.

A. H. Pettit : I would like to ask what is the prospect of capacity in cold storage
on board our steamships : A great many want to know if there is space enough for them
to ship?

Prof. Robertson : I am not able to answer the question just yet, beoause negotia-
tions are pending for a enlargement of the cold storage in the ships that now have it and
the putting of it in the new steamships that are coming out. During this last season the
cold storage chambers were more than filled from about the end of August. The appli-
cations for room in them were greater than the capacity of the cold storage from about the
first week of September onwards ; and the steamship companies are now offering to put
in larger cold storage apartments on certain conditions, but the negotiations are not yet carried
to a conclusion. The probability is there will be enough cold storage accomodation next
year for all the tender fruits that are ready to go, and a better ventilated cool storage
space for some variety of apples that are half way between the very tender ones and the
fall ones.

Mr. Gregory : Is there any prospect of a more speedy transit of fruit across the
Atlantic being obtained in the near future 1

Prof. Robertson : The ships that are fitted with cold storage now are what they call
nine and ten day boats from Montreal.

Mr. Gregory : I notice the time you gave in your report was seventeen to twenty-
one days. It seems to me that is longer than necessary from the time of its r eceipt on
the ships till its arrival in the Old Country.

Mr. Brodie : My experience is in shipping to Britain that when the market is glutted
there are many slacks and wets, but when the market is firm the prices are good. I notice
there are a great many commission men over here from the Old Country buying apples.
Montreal is a great fruit centre. I think the best plan will be to have them come here
and buy apples in Montreal. They cannot do without Canadian apples. American
apples have no keeping properties, except Newtown Pippins, which bring better prices
than some of our Canadian apples, but Canadian apples lead in price. I was speaking to
one of our shippers in Montreal, and he told me there were more men from the other side
buying apples than ever before, and he expected in the near future to see them all come
over here to buy ( Hear, hear).

Mr. Caston : We have such a big country ourselves, we have a very large market
within our owa Dominion if we can land the apples there in a proper state. Great
complaints come from Winnipeg and the Northwest about Ontario fruit arriving in such
terribly bad condition., and the immense quantity of California fruit used there to the
exclusion of ours. That is a very bad state of things. We require to study up the
question of transportation within our own Dominion as well as across the ocean. I would
like to ask the Secretary a question about the ventilated barrel There is a difference of
opinion as to whether the fruit goes best in a refrigerator car, in a close barrel, or in a
ventilated barrel. Some here have used the ventilated barrel, the Sacretary among
others, and I would like to know what his experience is in that respect. It is nearly
always hot weather when the early fruit is packed, and if it is put in a close ear I do
not see how you can expect it to get to the Northwest or any distance in good shape.
The temperature of a good refrigerator car with three or four tons of ioe is about 45

FKUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 33

deg., but it would carry fairly well in that. The question is, would it be well to have a
ventilated package even in the refrigerator car, or have an ordinary close barrel ? This
is an important question, because there is a country from the head waters of the Ottawa
to the Rocky mountains with a large mining as well as agricultural population, and in
that stretch of country they will never be able to produce any of our fruits ; and the
farmers in the Northwest want our apples for cooking purposes at harvest time. (A
voice : " That is right "). The transportation problem is in the way. The charges are too
high. If we begin with the Duchess and follow that with our fall apples and lay them
down so that the farmers could buy them, there is an immense outlet for our apples
that is going to increase and grow. They grow No. 1 wheat and bring it down to
compete with us, and we can retaliate with an article that they cannot grow. It is
largely a question of transportation I think nearly everyone is aware that there is a
great reduction coming in force in the year 1898 in the freight charges to the Northwest
of 33 per cent.

Mr. Boulter : It is not in force yet.

Mr. Caston : That reduction in freight with quick transit facilities ought to give us
a great outlet for our fruits, I think the same thing would be true about grapes up
there, but transportation charges are so high as to put them out of the reach of the
ordinary consumer. I think the fruit growers ought to take some action to see that
there are proper intervals for re-icing those cars. I have known a man losing $100 on
a car because the Railway Company would not undertake to re-ice the car. If these
things are all in good order I do not see why our tender fruit should not be laid down
in our own Dominion at a reasonable price to the consumer.

The Secretary : I think it is quite settled that the ventilated package is the only
package for eold storage transportation. I have found that in my experimental ship-
ments, and I have this summer sent some Astracans and Duchess across in a ventilated
package with perfect success. This small package of Red Astracans has sold as high
as five shillings for a case which only holds about a basket and a third, so you see that
was exceedingly satisfactory. With regard to the ventilated barrel, I have «sed about
1,500 of the Kerr Patent Ventilated Barrel. I was very glad after the last was shipped,
because the reports from England were that the ordinary tight barrel was the best,
but that was not in cold storage. I believe for ordinary conditions the tight barrel is
the best, but for cold storage I am satisfied you must have the ventilated package.

Mr. Boulter : Last year 1 was in hopes that some of our own fruit was working its
way into Winnipeg. The bulk of all the fruit in Winnipeg is from Missouri and Oregon, and
complaint was made to me by one of the largest dealers that they could not get good early
apples from Ontario. They want the apples out there in August, because they are commenc-
ing to work then. There is an unlimited demand for our early apples, but there are two
very important items against them — first, the C.P.R. do not seem to understand it would
be a great benefit for the people of Ontario to get apples into that country — it costs
near $2.00 to get a barrel of apples to Oalgary ; then in the shipping of them they
claim that they are not properly packed, and perhaps they are justified in the com-
plaint. Why are not the apples properly b hipped ? The trouble is the C.P.R. discrim-
inates. Sometimes I have had the same rates by rail as I have had lake and rail. If we
could ship our apples there in a refrigerator car and get them all rail it would be very
helpful. Last year I sent good Northern Spys to Ro3sland, and you would be surprised
at the fine remarks I got as to them. A party I heard from came from Petprboro, and
he said he had not seen a Northern Spy for the last six years in Calgary. It is a shame
we cannot supply that country with our own Ontario apples. There is going to be a
wonderful demand for our fruits in British Columbia. But we talk these things over
and get very nervous and excited about them, and the thing collpases, there is nothing
done ; we appoint a committee, but what is everybody's business is nobody's. Let a little
money be spent by some practical business men in seeing that arrangements are made to
get these goods out there.

Dr. Saunders : I would just like to say somewhat in extenuation of the position

3 F. G,

34 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

of the railway and express companies, that during the last year the express company
reduoed its rates from British Columbia to all points in the Northwest from $4 to $2.25.
It was a big drop, and I believe the railway has also made some reduction in that direc-
tion, and I have no doubt the same rates, if they have not already been obtained, could
be obtained in Ontario. That was a point I was going to bring out to-night, and I did
not want to anticipate.

The President : I would like very much to hear from the representatives of the
steamship lines, and if they are present we will take time to hear them, with pleasure.
(Hear, hear.) Is Mr. J. D. Hunter present ? Is there a representative of the Reford Com-
pany present] (Hear, hear.) It is evident they are not in the building, and it is very
unfortunate they should leave the building just at a time when their subject is under
discussion.

Mr. M. Pettit : Unless the question of better transportation facilities in apples to
Great Britain is discussed again I think we should not let these drop without taking
some action. (Hear, hear.) Prof. Robertson has told us that if we ask for an Inspector,
or whatever he may be called, to look after the better shipping facilities at the shipping
ports, that we will likely get it. Well, I think we should appoint one or more delegates
from this Association, and have our Secretary correspond with the Quebec Horticultural
Society, and also the Nova Scotia Society, and have a delegation go to the Federal
Government and urge strongly upon them the importance of having something done
in this way. There is no question but there are hundreds and thousands of barrels of
apples that are shipped"across the ocean that are ruined on shipboard by being put in
the wrong place, and if better facilities were brought about in this way it would be one
of the greatest works that this Association has ever accomplished.

Mr. McNeill : I quite agree with that view of it if it is a motion.

The President : You simply anticipated me in this matter. Acting on the hint
that Prof. Robertson gave us I immediately named a committee to take action in the
matter. It is one that I think is very important, and to save time I would appoint the
Secretary, Mr. A. H. Pettit, and the Vice-President, Mr. Orr, as a committee to memor-
ialize the Government and if necessary to act as a delegation to the Government and if
possible to get them to appoint a man to see after the safe storage on ships and proper
ventilation of holds.

Mr. M. Pettit : It is right so far as it goes, but I think we should authorize our
Secretary to urge upon the other societies the importance of joining with us in asking that
this be done ; it would strengthen us very much.

The President : I will ask you to appoint this Committee, and I will ask you to
draw up a resolution to pass this evening giving them proper instructions. Will that be
satisfactory ? (" All right.")

The President read a letter from the Allan Steamship Company regarding cold stor-
age, addressed to Mr. Hunter, and also a letter from the Reford Company to the Secre-
tary of the Association.

The President : As a representative of the steamship companies are not here I do
not see that we can do anything further. Meeting adjourned at 5.50 till 8 p.m.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

The Mayor of the City, Mr. Gilleland, said: It affords me a great deal of pleasure to
meet so large and influential a body of men as compose the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario, and to extend to you on behalf of the citizens of St. Catharines a cordial and hearty
welcome. The industry represented by this Association is one that in the last few years has
been making very rapid progress. It is not so very many years since it was a rare thing
to find upon farms, even in the most favored localities for fruit growing, any fruit of any
great variety. Of course we had the old standard apple, and in this section we wish we

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 35

had more of it this year as we are a little short. But of late years it would be almost
impossible to find a farm but has plenty of fruit growing upon it. While I would not
be favourable to putting a farm entirely in fruit, it is important to have fruit. The
methods adopted have been very much improved of late years. We see here in the
corridors machines for spraying fruit and bringing it to its greatest perfection. We think
it is very fitting that this Association should meet in the old Niagara district — a district
that his been noted for raising fruit and good fruits for so long a time. We who live in
the County of Lincoln think we have the choice locality for fruit, although there are
other localities heard from, and that favorably. When it was decided to hold your
meeting here we were very pleased to hear you had done so. We knew full well the
benefits to be derived from meetings of the Association to those engaged in this locality
in the business who might not have had opportunities of any Association meetings previ-
ously. We knew it would be interesting to hear the topics discussed by those who were
so competent to deal with them. I can only say we are glad to have you with us. I
trust your Association will continue to make such favorable progress as you have in the
past. I am told by a member of the Association that not a great while ago your meet-
ings were comparatively small, but of late years they have been growing so much in
interest that the Association has been gradually growing larger. I will only repeat my
hope that you will enjoy the meeting here, that you will find it pleasant and agreeable,
and I can assure you that anything that can be done by the members of the Council of
the city and by the inhabitants generally to make your visit pleasant and agreeable will
be done, and I trust that you will never have cause to regret having fixed your place of
meeting in the city of St. Catharines. We welcome you, hope you will have a good
time, and will be glad to have you repeat your visit at any future occasion. (Applause.)

The President : I am sure on behalf of the Fruit Growers' Association that very
few words from me are necessary in reply to your address, because if you will look into
the countenances of the officers and directors of this Association you will see that they
are pleased already with their visit to this city. We are convinced, too, by the intelli-
gent audience before us that the efforts of the Association are appreciated. A few years
ago the work of this society was on very different lines from what it is in the present
day. Then fruit growing was profitable without labor, I may say — that is, the labor that
is now expended upon the industry. At the present time the efforts of the society have
been directed not only to the prevention of the ruination of our orchards by disease,
fungi and insects, but to meeting the problem of over-production of our local markets
and towards finding other markets for our products. That always is a very important
matter, and one of deepest interest to everyone engaged in the fruit-growing industry,
because having invested their means in the growing of fruit, they naturally wish to fol-
low the occupation out on those lines. It is not an easy matter to chaDge from a fruit
grower to a grain grower. It is very much easier for a grain grower to go into the
fruit business. Having trees coming into bearing, and having fruit maturing each year,
there must be an outlet for that if they are to continue in the business, and to go out of
it would mean a heavy loss in capital and time. I am happy to say that the efforts of
the fruit growers in that direction are bringing about happy results. We have received
the greatest consideration from not only the local Government but the Dominion Gov-
ernment in that line. They have responded to our requests most nobly in every way
where we have brought our troubles under their notice, and we are happy to say that
with their efforts we believe we are now working on the lines which will bring us safely
over the troubles I have indicated. But as far as St. Catherines is concerned, and the
county of Lincoln, and indeed the whole Niagara Peninsula, everyone recognizes that in
no part of this continent is there a more desirable situation for this industry, taking it
from every point of view. It has flourished in the past, and while for a few years the
outlook was rather poor, I believe we have a bright future before us. We certainly feel
grateful to the city of St. Catharines and yourself and the Council for the hearty man-
ner in which they have welcomed us. We are trying to do good. We labor in this
institution without pay or favor, and labor for the common good ; and the greatest grati-
fication and the best pay that we can have as members of the Association is to know
that our efforts shall be crowned with success.

36 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.

By W. E. Wellington, Toronto.

It is always a source of gratification, when the head of a corporation c»n meet
his Board of Directors, with a satisfactory balance sheet. The President's address is then
one of a congratulatory nature, and the work is necessarily much lighter than when he
has a long list of losses to explain in justification of his management. While we are not
working for, or looking forward to dividends, in the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association,
we are all much interested in the success of our Society, both from a financial point of
view, and the accomplishment of the work that we give our time and thought to.

I am proud to say that I am able to congratulate the officers and members of the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, on a successful year's work. Financially, I think
the Society now stands higher than ever before in its history, and I believe the work of
the Association is of the greatest benefit to the fruit growers of Canada.

Our monthly journal, under the able and industrious efforts of our Secretary and
editor, is constantly improving, and is highly thought of, not only in Canada, but in
many parts of the neighboring republic. While I do not think we have yet reached
that point of excellence and superiority we should be ambitious to attain, we certainly
are improving, and if we continue to improve in the next few years, at the same rate as
the past year, we may look forward to soon publishing a journal that will take high rank
with the best horticultural journals in America.

A few facts and figures will speak more eloquently than any words I can command.
Last year, we reported $3,325.17 paid in fees, and this year we are able to report
$4,147.13 paid in fees. The number of paid members in 1897 was 3315, while for 1898
we have 4,151 paid members, and in addition 375 members still unpaid, and this we
look with confidence to receiving within a very short period of time.

The total receipts in 1896 have reached the magnificent sum of $6,585.94, and after
paying all expenses, we are able to report a balance in hand of $784.96. This I think will
be very gratifying to every member of the Association, and with this balance in hand, I
would strongly recommend that for the incoming year efforts should be made to increase
the size of the Journal, and also to increase again the subscription list. In fact, I believe
if the size of the Journal is increased, and made at least one-third larger than at present,
there would be little difficulty in securing additional members enough to carry on the
work profitably, and also increase the benefits to every member of the Society in a practi-
cal way.

I wish particularly to draw attention to the numerous photogravures which illustrate
the " Canadian Horticulturist", and which I think very materially increases its attractive-
ness. This is a decided improvement on the old style colored plate illustrations, and I
think we can well afford to continue on these lines in the future.

Turning from the financial success of the Society, I would call your attention to the
practical work of the Association, which I believe has been correspondingly successful.

The local horticultural societies are an interesting feature of our work, and are
looked upon with great favor by the Department of Agriculture. These affiliated socie-
ties, are far more successful in their operations than tha old agricultural societies, which
benefited only a few professional prizB-winners. Our plan is that every member should
receive an equal benefit, either in literature or in plants. The number of Societies
reported last year was 27. Now we have 36. In addition to this, there is the prospect
of several more uniting with us during the present month. The Frait Growers' Associa-
tion has agreed to send a lecturer once a year, to each of these societies This will keep
them in touch with us, and us with them, besides carrying out one ot the most important
conditions of the Agriculture and Arts Act.

I would call the attention of my hearers to the article on page 438 of the November

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 37

number of the " Canadian Horticulturist " which describes the meeting of the Orange"
ville Horticultural Society. This is only a sample of the meetings held by the different
societies with which we are affiliated, and will carry a very good idea of the interesting
work that is being done. The enthusiasm which is awakened at some of these local
meetings, is most gratifying, and encourages me to suggest that the work in that direc-
tion should be considerably extended the coming year.

Another work which may well be placed to the credit of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association mainly, is the efforts to stamp out that terrible pest, the San Jose Scale. As
you well know, a delegation from this Association was sent to Ottawa, to confer with the
Minister of Agriculture regarding the importation of American stock, which has been so
largely infested with this pest. On behalf of myself and colleagues who visited Ottawa, I
wish to publicly thank the Hon. Sydney Fisher, for the courteous manner in which he
received the delegation, and also for the prompt way in which he responded to our
wishes. We found the Hon. Mr. Fisher had become fully alive to the importance of our
mission, and his subsequent prompt action, shows that in him we have a man, who has
thoroughly at heart the interests of the fruit growers of Canada.

The Local Legislature has in every way seconded the efforts of the Dominion
Government in stamping out the San Jos(3 Scale. I believe they have followed the work
with vigor and energy, and are now able to show a comparatively clean sheet, and thus
avoid the danger which threatened our fruit growers, of having their fruit excluded
from the best foreign markets. Now, while Germany has excluded California fruit,
there is no . bar to that from Canada We can now reasonably hope, that with the
measures that have been adopted, the dreaded pest of the San Jos6 Scale will be kept in
subjection in Canada, and we can only hope that at an early day, our neighbors across
the line, who have now become very thoroughly awakened to the danger to fruit-growing
in that country, will be able, by their efforts, to stamp out the pest, and that commercial
relations may soon safely be resumed between the two countries.

Another important department of work, which has been largely brought about
through the agency of our Association, is the Fruit Experimental work. I need not go
into details of this work, because you are probably as familiar with it as I am. The
reports printed by the Government are very full, and will give every member the fullest
details as to the work of the different Stations. I think this work will prove of the
greatest possible benefit to the Fruit Growers of Canada.

Not only have Stations been established in the well known fruit-growing districts of
the Province, but the Board of Control have established Stations in the more exposed
districts of Canada, where fruit-growing has never been successfully carried on.

At the last meeting of the Board of Control the Hon. Minister of Agriculture for
Ontario, suggested that the Government Farm in Algoma might be used for experimental
work, and it was decided to accept the offer, and plantings of the hardiest varieties of
trees known to the Board will be sent to Algoma in the spring, and thoroughly tested.
An experimental station will also be started at St. Joseph Island in Algoma, which is
confidently hoped will be of estimable value to the settlers in northern districts.

At our southern stations efforts are being made to test nut culture for profit ; also
new varieties of fruits, that otherwise might be lost to notice, and which, if of merit, we
hope to bring into prominence.

In connection with the work of the Board of Control, a descriptive work on fruits
of Ontario is being compiled by the secretary. Photographs of the different fruits are
taken from year to year, as they can be obtained, and accurate descriptions written, so
that at no distant date, we hope to present a work to the public, that will be reliable and
of the greatest possible value to the fruit growers of tnis Province. We are also mak-
ing the attempt this year to prepare a catalogue of fruits adapted to all parts of onr
Province.

Another important feature of the work of the Association is the plant distribution.
Not only are the plants and trees distributed, of value to the subscribers, but sent as they

38 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

are, to all parts of the Province — in fact, to all parts of the Dominion of Canada — it sub-
mits the different varieties to a test that will show their adaptability to the section in
which they are planted. To give you an idea of the work that this distribution entails,
and the interest with which the members of the Association regard it, I give you a list
of the plants and trees distributed for 1898. They were :— 430 Paeonias j 1,582 Crim-
son Rambler Rose; 292 Gault Raspberry; 171 Victoria Black Currant; 1,151 Wickson
Plum

Still another important feature of our work, is the encouragement which has been
given to the export of fruit in cold storage to Great Britain. Especially has this been
beneficial to fruit growers, in giving them practical knowledge as to the proper way in
which to pack and prepare tender fruit for shipment in cold storage to Great Britain.
Plans were formed by this Association, and submitted to the Minister of Agriculture,
which have been carried out by him, and which are likely to prove of the most vital
importance to the fruit growers of our country. Our own markets were beginning to be
so over- stocked, that remunerative prices were no longer received for our produce, and
our fruit growers were becoming discouraged, and were beginning to feel that they would
have to give up the business.

Now, after two years of experiment, we have demonstrated clearly, that our pears
can be exported to Great Britain, with the greatest success, and also bring to the grower
the old prices which made fruit growing so profitable an industry in the past. Also that
tender apples, such as Astrachan and Duchess, can be exported with success, and bring
long prices in the British markets. Tomatoes also, with proper carriage, and if picked in
a green state, can be safely exported, and will pay hansomely. I believe too, that in the
near future, we shall find a profitable market for peaches, especially if varities are grown
that are not so soft as the Early Crawford.

The experiments of two years, have on the whole, been attended with very gratifying
results, and as we gain experience we shall soon be able, I feel certain, to land our best,
and even some of our most tender fruits, in the British market, where prices will be
realized that will be encouraging and profitable to our fruit growers. This work of the
Society is of inestimable value to the fruit grower generally.

I might go more fully info facts and figures, but do not consider it necessary, after the
article that appeared in the August number of the Horticulturist, on page 303. This
article alone, with its accompanying illustrations, is worth many many times the expense
attending the membership of this Society.

I might still further enlarge my address by referring to the crops of the different
fruifcs in Canada and the United States, but this I think is needless because all such
information is furnished in our magazine and other horticultural journals published on
this continent.

We all know that for the past two years the apple crop has been rather light in
most sections as compared with 1896, when the crop of apples from Canada and the
United States was 69,879,000 barrels, which decreased in 1897 to 41,536,000, while this
year the total crop is only 27,681,000 barrels. Nova Scotia this year is fortunate in
having a crop of superb quality and fair proportions — the famous Annapolis Valley yield-
ing 75 per cent, of the full crop, or three time3 the number of barrels produced last year.
The quality is fine, and dealers are readily paying $2 per barrel.

The Ontario crop is decidedly short, Western Ontario having the best, but the heavy
fruit belt from Buffalo around the head of Lake Ontario has a light crop, and the sur-
plus for export will be comparatively small.

It is interesting to note that the number of apple trees planted in Ontario over
fifteen years of age is 6,221,000, and under that age the number is 3,459,000. Probably,
in round numbers, 10,000,000 of apple trees are growing in the Province of Ontario.

The apple crop in Europe being short, prices there will probably average higher than
for many years past. I think on the whole the outlook for the fruit grower is encouraging .

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 39

I have as briefly as possibly gone over the main points of the work of this Associa-
tion, and I trust that the members will agree with me that the year's work has been very
satisfactory, not only financially, but that the practical work of the Association is such
as to give it the confidence of the fruit grower ; and I believe I am safe in stating that in
no other way can as much be obtained for one dollar as by becoming a member of this
Association and subscribing to the Canadian Horticulturist, issued by the Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario.

I have now completed my second year of the presidency, and resign the work to the
hands of the incoming president and officers, with every confidence that the good work
will continue and that each year progress will be reported.

I wish to thank the officers and also the members of the Association for the help
they have given in reaching the present gratifying position which the Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario holds.

MANITOBA AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES AS MARKETS FOR
ONTARIO AND BRITISH COLUMBIA FRUIT.

By Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director Experimental Farms, Ottawa.

In vie w of the fact that Ontario is increasing so rapidly in the volume of fruit which
it produces annually, it becomes of the greatest importance that we should look around
for new markets, and that we should take advantage of every opportunity afforded us of
increasing our sales in every direction. Although we now produce large quantities of
fruit, we grow but a tithe of what we could grow provided we could find sufficiently large
markets for our surplus. This subject has been given me, I presume, for the reason that
travelling as I do across the Dominion every year, and sometimes twice a year, I have
opportunities of becoming fairly familiar with the country and its products.

Extent op Country. — I shall first call your attention to the extent of this
country. Manitoba extends 320 miles along the 0. P. R., and has its two additional
southern lines running parallel ; it has also a line running north in the Dauphin Lake
territory. A very important point in connection with the demand in any country for
fruit is the number of villages, towns and cities to be supplied. Winnipeg now has a
population of 40,000, Brandon 6,000, Portage la Prairie 4,500, and besides these larger
towns there are many small places with a population varying from 200 to 1,000
or more in each. In addition there is a large population of farmers scattered through
the country, and most of them, owing to the good crops which have be6n grow a there for
some years past, are very well to do, and as far as I know the people there are exceed-
ingly fond of fruit and willing to pay almost any reasonable price for a good article. The
cheaper it is, however, the larger the consumption will naturally be. Passing on to the
Territories, we have a further stretch of settled country for 200 miles beyond the Man-
itoba boundary until we reach what is known as the Moosejaw district, where the gen-
eral settlement of the country practically ends. Beyond that, for another 400 miles,
until you reach the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains the country, is more or less arid,
and while agriculture is quite possible where irrigation can be practised the greater
part of the country is bare of any attempts at cultivation, and is mostly used for ranch-
ing, bands of cattle and horses being kept at different points. As you approach within
fifty miles of the Rocky mountains, you reach the town of Calgary, another important
centre of population with about 4,500 people. It is also a railway centre, having a line
running north for 200 miles to Edmonton, passing through many villages and small
towns on the way to the terminus, and another line running south to Fort McLeod,
which connects with the Crow's Nest Pass Railway at that point, and carries supplies to
the population in the mining districts. So you see, taking those sections of the Terri-
tories together with the eastern part, Regina with its population of 2,200, Qa'Appelle
with about 1,000, and Broadview 800, and a number of other small places along the main
line, together with the branch line running from Regina to Prince Albert 250 miles, you

40 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

have a stretch of country which although as yet sparsely populated is filling up with a
fair amount of rapidity, many thousands of new settlers coming in every year, some from
Europe and some from the United States. Throughout this whole region there is a grow-
ing demand for fruit which will admit of a consumption far exceeding anything we have
at present any idea of, provided we can get the surplus stock which can be easily pro-
duced in Ontario landed there so as to be sold at reasonable rates. Talking with a
gentleman from Prince Albert Borne time ago on this subject of fruit, he said, " Why, we
have been so accustomed to pay about fifteen cents a pound for fruit that now it has got
down to eight and ten cents a pound it seems to be a comparatively cheap article of diet,
and we are making use of it very freely."

Fruit Growing in the North-west Country.— I shall next call your attention to
another aspect of the subject, and consider what these people living in this district, extending
for a thousand miles from east to west, and 350 from north to south, are able to do for them-
selves in the way of growing fruit. The cultivation of strawberries has been tried at a
great many different points in this part of our country, and it has not been attended with
much success. Strawberry vines are hardy, but in the autumn, about the time when the
young runners begin to root, the ground in the North- West is usually so dry that for an
inch or two the soil becomes almost like ashes, and the winds are so frequent that the
vines are rarely still, and the runners are blown about from point to point and never stay
long enough in one place to send out roots, and for that reason there is seldom much
success in propagating the strawberry. Where irrigation can be practised that diffi-
culty can be overcome. Under such circumstances plots of strawberries may be
grown with a fair measure of success as far as multiplication of the plants are concerned.
But there is another difficulty to contend with. In the springtime it often happens that
heavy frosts occur in the morning and a hot sun shines during the day. This occurs
usually in April and sometimes in the early part of May, after the strawberries are in
flower, and you know the effect of severe frost on strawberry blossoms — it destroys them
completely, and so lessens the crop that strawberry growing cannot be relied on any-
where as a profitable industry, and this fruit is chiefly grown by amateurs. Raspberries
are cultivated more successfully, and some fairly good crops are grown in some parts
of Southern Manitoba, and also in the neighborhood of Winnipeg, but there is not a
sufficient supply to give the general public what they want in this line. Black cap
raspberries are less hardy, and blackberries are usually too tender. Red and white
currants can be grown very successfully all over Manitoba and the Territories, provided
there are no severe spring frosts to injure the crop after the blossoms open ; in that
case they can be depended on as a tairly reliable crop. The same may be said of black
currants, all the varieties of which are hardy and succeed well, and, barring the effect
of frosts, where they get a favorable season the crops are usually good.

Among the large fruit no success in a general way has attended the efforts to grow
apples, pears, such plums as we grow in the east, or grapes. At the Experimental
Farm at Brandon — and similar experiments have been carried on 200 miles further,
west at the Experimental Farm at Indian Head — we have tested over 200 varieties of
Russian apples of the hardiest sorts that can be found. We have also tested all tha
hardy varieties of pears, plums and cherries, and have also tried a large number of small
fruits. None of the larger fruits have succeeded, although we have been working on this
line at Brandon and Indian Head for more than ten years. We have sent thousands of
apple trees to these farms but have never yet succeeded in producing an apple. Hence,
as you see, we have not had much encouragement thus far. Near Morden iD Manitoba,
which is in the Red River Valley and south of Winnipeg, at an altitude very much the
same as that of Winnipeg, that is about 700 feet, or nearly 500 feet lower than the ex-
perimental farm at Brandon, there is one farmer who has an exceptionally sheltered spot
who has grown fair crops of crab apples on a few trees, and he has also produced a few
larger apples of several Russian varieties. This is considered quite a feat in that coun-
try, and is chronicled in the newspapers, and specimens are photographed and made
much of, showing that it is a feat not often or very easily accomplished. I visited this
plantation several years ago. It is owned by Mr. Stevenson, who is an enthusiast in this
work. There have also been a few crab apples produced in the neighbor-hood of Winni-

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 41

peg, and a few more in Southern Manitoba, and that is about the extent to which these
fruits have been grown in that country thus far. I visited Edmonton, 200 miles north of
Calgary, several years ago, and almost the first person I met when he knew who I was
and where I came from said, " Oh, you must go and see Mrs. So and-So's garden; she has
got a Tetofsky apple on a tree, and you must see that before you go." So I went over to
see this prodigy, and there happened to be an American friend travelling with me with a
camera, so I asked him to come along and take a photograph of this wonderful fruit.
When we got there we found that the apple was not a Tetofsky apple at all, but a
Whitney Crab. (Laughter.) As there was but one specimen on the lower part of the
tree, and it was pretty well covered with foliage and the lady was much disappointed
when it was pronounced to be a crab, we left the place without taking a photograph of
this fruit. Altitude in the Northwest country often makes more difference and
stands more in the way of success ii the growing of trees and shrubs than latitude ; hence
in going west, as you rise higher and higher the difficulties increase. At Brandon, where
the altitude is 450 feet greater than it is at Winnipeg, we have had no such success as
that I referred to as having been had by Mr. Stevenson near Morden. The only variety
of fruit that can be called an apple which we have yet produced at Brandon is the berried
crab Pyrus baccata, a small crab which grows wild in the northern part of Siberia. This
fruit, which is about as large as a cherry and with a stem almost as long, would scarcely
be recognized in this country as an apple — yet it is valuable for making jelly, for most of
you no doubt know that jelly comes chiefly from the core, seeds and under the skin of
the apple, and as these little apples are nearly all core, seeds and skin they make more
jelly per pound than the larger apples would, and it is just as good. We are, however,
trying some experiments at Ottawa which I hope may result in increasing the size of this
apple. The Pyrus baccata has been crossed with such apples as Tetofsky, Duchess, Yellow
Transparent, Fameuse and Ribston Pippin and quite a number of other varieties, includ-
ing some of the hardier Russian forms, and we have now growing at Ottawa 750 of these
young cross-bred trees, each one of which is a distinct variety, and we are hoping, by mul-
tiplying the chances in this way, to produce something good eventually, and trust that in a
few years we shall be able to thus improve this small, wild Siberian crab and increase its
size so as to make it a tolerably useful apple to the people in the Northwest country. We
do not expect to produce such varieties as will be competitors to any extent with the fruit
that Ontario could ship there, but if we could grow an apple equal to the Transcendant
crab and produce it in abundance it would be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars to
that country. In many districts remote from railways the people seldom taste fruit at
all. and to be able to grow fruit as palatable as the Transcendant crab would be something
to be proud of. Householders would rejoice in such a production to an extent which
these of you who are privileged to be surrounded by beautiful fruits can scarcely under-
stand. Besides, the growing of such apples in that country would not only add largely
to the comforts of the householder, but would give the climate of the country an addi-
tional recommendation As you go further westward the altitude increases, and by the
time you reach Calvary you have attained an elevation of 3,388. If so little can be done
at Brandon at a height of 1,150 feet, but little success can be expected in the higher
altitudes. In Manitoba in the river valleys, in the lower altitudes, the wild plum is
common and usually fruits well, but the quality of the fruit is very variable. A large
proportion of the trees produce inferior fruit. Some of them, however, have fruit which
is very acceptable to the people, and it varies in color as the wild plum does in the east,
from yellow to red. The trees are generally hardy, and they will not only grow
in the river valleys, but when transplanted to higher altitudes most of them will
grow and bear well. The Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila, is also found throughout most of
that section of the Dominion, growing in many localities as far north as Prince Albert,
where the fruit is produced in considerable abundance. The fruit of this shrub
varies also, like the wild plum, very much in its quality and character. Some bushes
produce cherries that are quite a good size. I have seen them nearly as large as the
English Morello ; then again you find them but little more than a skin stretched over the
stone, with no pulp at all worth speaking of, and not only astringent but bitter. By
selecting the best of these varieties of Sand Cherry, as has been done at Brandon,

42 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

and growing seedlings from them and propagating these by layers and distributing them
among the people, we are doing a work which is much appreciated. Should the experi-
ments now being tried on the Pyrus Baccata prove successful, and the further work of
producing good varieties from the wild plum and the Sand Cherry by careful selection
meet with good results, we have along the3e three lines of work some promise of useful
fruits for this western country in the near future.

Some Native Fruits. — In some districts wild strawberries are found, but not
to any extent — the wild raspberry is much commoner. The fruit of the wild
black currant is also common, and is used very generally, though it is rather strong
in flavor. The Saskatoon berry is another favorite fruit in that country, and in plentiful
years it is collected in large quantities and dried. The fruit is very much like what we
know in the east as the Shad bush or June berry, and reminds one somewhat of the
Blueberry in its flavor, and is a very good berry, especially if you are fruit hungry and
cannot get anything else of that sort to eat. The Pin Cherry, Prunus Pennsylvanica^
which grows in the east also has a very small fruit, yet it is regarded there with favor by
many people, who gather it and make jams and jellies from the little pulp there is over
the stone ; and by gathering plenty of the fruit one can succeed in getting a reasonable
amount of jelly. These smaller fruits, with the wild plum, the Sand Cherry, and further
east down towards Rat Portage the Blueberry, make rather a meagre bill of fare. Hence
there is a very large demand for good fruit, most of which Ontario and British Columbia
could supply, but up to the present time about eighty per cent, of it has been
supplied by the United States, Borne of it coming from California, some from Oregon
and Washington, and some from the Western States of Illinois, Michigan and
Minnesota. It seems scarcely creditable to the enterprise of our fruit growers
that four-fifths of all the fruit that is at present used over this whole stretch of
country, populated at present probably by nearly 250,000 people, is sent in from
the United States. Here is a market that Ontario should do something to capture.

Fruit Growing in British Columbia. — Let us see what British Columbia is do-
ing, and what she can probably supply. Crossing the Rocky Mountains at a height
about 5,000 or 6,000 feet you descend on the other side into what is known as the
Columbia Valley, where the first crossing of the Columbia River occurs. In this valley,
from Golden to Donald, which is at an altitude of about 2,530 feet, and much sheltered
by high mountains, some experiments are being carried on in fruit growing, and although
they have not been conducted long enough to demonstrate much, still there seems to
be fair prospects of success with some of the hardier fruits in that valley. The Col-
umbia River flows north at the first crossing, and makes a great bend above the base of
the Selkirk range of mountains, and then flows south, so that after crossing the Selkirks,
which form the second range of mountains at about the same altitude as that at which
the Rockies are crossed, you descend into another valley where the Columbia is crossed
the second time, and there the altitude is less. At that second crossing, at Revelstoke,
it is only 1,475 feet — about 300 feet higher than we have at Brandon — and much more
sheltered. There the climate is milder, and along that river valley from Revelstoke
down to Rossland there have been within the last three or four years some very success-
ful efforts made in the way of growing small fruits, and there are a few old-timers who
have been there a number of years who have had apples and other trees which have been
producing of late fairly good crops of fruit. Hence that may be taken as the beginning
of the fruit growing district, or the eastern extremity of the fruit growing districts of
British Columbia. After the third range of mountains known as the Gold range, is crossed,
which is not nearly as high as either the Rockies or Selkirks, you strike another series of
valleys at a point which you will find on the railway guide marked as Sycamous, a station
which is 1,300 feet above the sea level, and stands at the head of what is called the
Spulmacheen valley which extends south about 30 miles, and south of that lies
the Okanagan valley, which most of you have heard of as a fruit growing district, where
Lord Aberdeen has a large ranch, and has a 200 acre apple orchard which is
coming into bearing very nicely. There is quite a large number of apples pro-
duced in that valley, but they get prices such as you would not dream of
getting here. I travelled through that district in August last and visited Lord

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 43

Aberdeen's ranch at Coldstream, which is in the upper part of the Okanagan Valley, and
another orchard which he has near the town of Kelowna, situated about the middle of the
valley. At Kelowna the manager told me he had sold all his apples to a firm in that
town at three cents a pound. All he had to do was to pick them and take them in
in boxes, not packed in any way, and they undertook to pack them and ship them to the
mining districts, and were doing fairly well with them, buying them at that figure. At
the other ranch the manager said he was not willing to take such a low price, that he was
doing better by shipping them direct to the mining districts. $1.80 a bushel would be
considered a pretty good price for apples in this neighborhood, but there it was not
regarded as anything extraordinary. Such prices are mainly due to the difficulties of
getting fruit in from the outside on account of the great distance from the points of pro-
duction and the expense of transportation. In the Okanagan valley there are large
numbers of varieties of apples grown, and they do very well, and bear abundantly. There
are also a number of pears produced, such as the Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Anjou,
and other good sorts, and these also bear well. Plums bear abundantly and cherries
also have good crops, but the season is not long enough there for the ripening of grapes.
The season is too short also in the Ooast climate of British Columbia to permit of grapes
ripening well ; so that as far as grapes are concerned Ontario has no competitor in this western
country as far as the Dominion is concerned. California is the only country which c»n
compete with you in that particular. I was surprised on going through the Okanagan
valley last year to find in several places quite a number of peach trees in bearing. I had
heard of peach trees down there doing wonderfully well, but bad never before seen any
trees with fruit on them, and as this was my third visit to the valley I began to think
that possibly they never bore; but this year there was a considerable quantity of peaches
of good quality, some of which I had the pleasure of testing on the trees, which sold in
the orchards at five cents a pound, and must have netted their owners very good returns.
Fruit in the Ooast Climate. — Starting from the terminus of the Canadian
Pacific Railway at Vancouver, and coming east again, we have between Van-
couver and the Ooast range of mountains — which is the last range you cross in
going to the Pacific Ocean — about 100 miles of territory in which there are a large
number of valleys where the land is rich and the country sheltered by mountains, and the
climate is very much like the climate of England. Here apples, pears, plums and
cherries can be grown in the greatest abundance. Plums I have never seen grow so
abundantly anywhere as in that region, and the apple trees also bear very heavily.
Throughout this whole territorry a great deal of enterprise has been shown of late years
in fruit growing, aud orchards are being planted in every direction. During tha past
year, 1898, the weather has been warmer than usual, and at Agassiz, where the Experi-
mental Farm is located for that Province, which is 70 miles east of Vancouver, we have
succeeded in ripening quite a number of varieties of grapes, including the Delaware, Aga-
wam, Brighton, and a number of other sorts, some of which have not ripened on that
farm in any season before. The experience of this year shows, however, that in favor-
able years a limited quantity of grapes, such as people can eat, may be grown, but they
are not thoroughly ripened or such as you wouM call fully ripe in this section of the
country; they are, however, quite eatable and are in demand there. The quantity of such
fruit available, nevertheless, even in a favorable season, is quite insufficient to supply
the home market, and the crop is too unreliable to induce extensive planting.
British Columbia, however, may be expected to be a formidable competitor of Ontario in
the production ot plums, apples, pears and cherries, and every year as the new orchards
come into bearing — and they are coming into bearing very rapidly — the quantity of fruit
produced will be increased very much. In point of distance, taking Winnipeg as the
great distributing centre, which it is, Ontario has an advantage, for while Vancouver
is 1,464 miles from Winnipeg, Ottawa is only about 1,300, and Toronto would be some-
what nearer. For Calgary, however, and Regina, and the lines running north, British
Columbia is nearer, and would have some advantage in supplying those districts. The fruit
growers in British Columbia have been very much handicapped by the heavy rates whioh
have been charged in past years for transportation. Four years ago six cents a pound
was charged to carry fruits by express from Vancouver to Winnipeg, subsequently it was

44 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATIOM.

reduced to five cents, and the year before last it come down to four cents ; but as fruits
began to be produced in considerable quantities and the surplus had to be shipped some-
where the growers could not afford to pay four cents per pound to send plums to Winnipeg
— it made the price too high to permit of the consumption becoming very large — so they
organized and formed an Association, and made arrangements with the railway for cheaper
rates by freight, and sent a man through with each carload of fruit, who landed a certain
number of boxes at Caleary, other lots at Regina and other points, taking the remainder
of the car through to Winnipeg. They had the privilege of thus unloading as they went
along, all at the same rate. This reduced the cost of transportation to something less
than two cents, but it delayed the distribution ot fruit very much, and by the time the
car had reached Winnipeg with all the delays incident to the journey, the fruit which was
left was usually in bad order. In the meantime the express company found they would
have to do something m the way of reducing rates, if they were to secure any part of this
business, so this year negotiations were opened between the Association of Fruit
Growers of the Fraser Valley and the Dominion Express Company, and the
Company very generously brought the rate down to $2.25 from Vancouver or
any point in British Columbia to Winnipeg or any point in the Northwest. This great
reduction has given a wonderful impetus to fruit growing in that Province, and has
given the growers courage, so that they are trying to make the best of their opportunities
and are doing remarkably well. In connection with their shipping association they have
meetings to discuss the best kinds of packages, and instead of shipping their fruit in clumsy
rough boxes as they used to do two or three years ago, they are using the California pack-
ages now, those small light boxes with four baskets in a box, and all their plums are seat to
market in that way. They are also paying more attention to the selection of their fruit,
which is a matter of great moment if a profitable business is to be done. In that Asso-
ciation every grower must put his name on every box of fruit he ships, so that
the careless packing is easily traced to its source, and the man gets such a rubbing
down from the secretary who looks after the affairs of the Association that he is very apt
to mend his ways in a short time ; hence a much better condition now exists than for-
merly. Fruit reaches the consumer in about three days from the time of shipment by
this arrangement with the express company and usually in good condition.

An Opening for Ontario Fruit. — Ontario could secure a large part of this
trade with Winnipeg and the west for apples and pears, alro a considerable part of
the trade in plums and cherries as far west as Regina, and as far as the grape
trade is concerned, as I have already remarked, the whole of that is open to
Ontario growers. Here is a market for our own fruits where the tastes of the
people do not require to be educated to appreciate the flavor, for instance, of our
grapes. Indeed, many of the people having been brought up in the east will prefer, —
and I have been surprised at this — the Ontario grown grapes to the California grapes,
which to my mind are very much better than those of Ontario ; but having acquired a
fondness for the musky flavor found in many of our grapes they will give the preference
even at the same price to Ontario fruit. At present, Ontario fruit has not a very high
reputation in Winnipeg, largely it is said, for the reason that in the past it has been
very carelessly shipped. To put a lot of baskets of grapes in a freight car and have
them bumped and thumped against other freight cars for four or five days on the way
to Winnipeg, generally shakes the baskets of this fruit to such an extent that a large part
of the grapes are reduced almost to a condition of pulp. When bruised in that way,
they soon get mildewed, and in a closed car, unless the car is iced, the chances of get-
ting fruit of that character to Winnipeg in good condition in such packages as you use
to send them to Toronto is not very great. Indeed, there must be a very thorough
reformation in that particular, and the interests at stake will warrant the taking of any
reasonable pains to bring success, and I do not think that any form of package yet
devised is better adapted for this purpose than that used by the British Columbia fruit
growers, which is the California package. In this there are four baskets, each holding
about 6 pounds, the whole package weighing about 25 pounds, a weight which is easily
handled. I have no doubt that arrangements could be made by Ontario fruit growers
with the express company whereby they would get at least as good rates as are given to

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 45

British Columbia people, and by this route fruit could be delivered in three days from
time of shipping to any part of that country on the main line as far as Regina, and
Ontario grapes if well put up and carefully handled should stand that length of time in
transportion and reach their destination in perfect order. A word to the wise, it is said,
is sufficient. I hope that some Ontario fruit growers, although they may have made un-
successful attempts in the past, will use their best efforts towards capturing some fair
share of this market. It will not do to run away with the idea that any sort of fruit
will suit the Winnipeg people. In talking recently with the largest fruit merchant
there, he said: "If you have at any time the opportunity of talking to the large fruit
growers in Ontaria, impress upon their minds the fact that nothing is too good for Winni-
peg, and that it won't pay them to ship inferior fruit." He said "It is disagreeable for
us to handle it, we have so many complaints, and it gives no profit whatever to the ship-
per, because so much of it has to be rejected " A demand for Ontario fruit once estab-
lished in the Northwest country would be an ever-increasing one as the population multi
plies, and would in a short time, I am sure, get to be a trade quite well worth looking
after. Through the kindness of the manager of the Macpherson Fruit Company at
Winnipeg I have been furnished with some particulars as to the quantity of fruit handled
by that one firm during the past year, from that source. Mr. Scott tells me that they have
handled of British Columbia plums this season about 10,000 cases of about 20 pounds
each, besides small experimental shipments of 200 cases of strawberries and 25 cases of
cherries. Many of the earlier shipments of plums he says, came in bad order,
but the later shipments were all right. In regard to Ontario fruit, he said, " We
have not had good results yet from plums or peaches, and we are inclined to think that
it is a difficult matter to ship these two varieties of fruits to this point at a profit." He
says it takes some time in a comparatively small market like that to dispose of a car load
of fruit, and in the meantime the perishable varieties depreciate very rapidly. Grapes,
however, he says, tomatoes and pears in baskets, or packed in boxes as the California
pears are sent in, come in perfect condition, and if shipped in good refrigerator cars well
iced, there would be no difficulty in carrying any quantity from Ontario to that market.

I might also speak of the demand further east, and nearer home, where there is
another town of importance, Rat Portage, with 4,000 to 5,000 people, and some other
smaller places between that and the fruit-growing districts of Ontario, which can scarcely
be said to extend much further west than Pembroke. Beyond that you may say that
fruit-growing is largely experimental, and the quantity of fruit produced is entirely
insufficient for supplying the needs of the people. The residents in the west are hungry
for fruit, and continually wondering why it is that with such vast quantities of fruit in
Ontario, much of which is said to be sold at unremunerative prices, they should be
debarred the privilege of disposing of large quantities of it at reasonable rates. I hope that
some arrangement will be reached in the near future whereby the large surplus, which is
an accumulating one in Ontario, will be made available to these fruit hungry people in
the Northwest.

Mr. McNeill : I am sure a few remarks will be in order just here without wait-
ing for an invitation. I have been waiting for this opportunity for some time. I am
really pleased to have a chance now to express myself plainly and clearly. I am sure
that we must all have been pleased as fruit-growers with the earnest efforts of Dr.
Saunders in this direction of making markets for us. It is that end of the fruit-growing
business that must be attended to, and we are extremely obliged not only on this occa-
sion, but on every other occasion, when he has had the chance to do something for us.
At the same time he has given an opportunity to-night of saying a few plain things
which I hope will reach the people of Manitoba. Here we are, fruit-growers of Ontario,
with any amount of fruit, anxious to sell it and willing to give them the very best, and
here are the people of the Northwest anxious to get it. But we cannot get our
money out of it when we send it up to them. There are the plain facts of the case.
Surely there is intelligence enough in this Association to get at the reason, and find out
why it is that there should be such a discrepancy between the fruit-grower and the fruit-
eater. These remarks come a little personal from the fruit men in Winnipeg to myself.
I have shipped these last two years something like ten car loads of fruit to the Winnipeg

46 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

market, and I know this, that many of the people in our section who have shipped very
largely up there positively retuse to let one pound of fruit go to Winnipeg unless they
got their money before the fruit left the station. Now, those are the hard facts of the
case. I do not believe that every fruit merchant and every commission merchant is a
rogue, but 1 do say we have been rascally swindled by some of the people of Winnipeg.
They have spread reports about the manner of packing our fruit, and about the condi-
tion in which it got there, and I have every reason to believe — and I say this with the
feeling that I shall be reported in Winnipeg — that the reason the reports were sent out
were simply that tbey might have an excuse for sending us a less return than they other-
wise would. Now our dealings with Winnipeg this year were much more satisfactory
than usual, because most of us said, "Show us the color of your money before we send the
fruit," and in most cases they did so. The fruit that went up from our section to Winni-
peg— and we appear to be a little better situated than you are here in Niagara District
for shipping of small lines of frait, I don't know why — went up, the most of it having
been paid for before it left our section ; and strange to say, there were no bad reports, or
very few bad reports, of any carloads that were paid for before they got there; but as to any
carload that went up there that was net paid for before it got there, there was the most ter-
rible muss with that car — it was mildewed, rotten, poorly packed, and everything that
was bad about it. (Laughter). I do not mean to Fay but what that there was some
foundation for these reports of badly packed fruit, but I say it is not all the fault of the
packing. I personally packed a very large number of cars of fruit that have gone to
Winnipeg, and we have packed those in freight cars, it is very true. I might say in that
respect that we like nothing better, having tried refrigerator cars, and they were not at
all satisfactory. We have tried it over the Northern Pacific, the Canadian Pacific, and
we have tried the ordinary grain car, and we found that the best results came from the
ordinary C.P.R. car with open windows in each end. We packed the grapes, for instance,
in 10-lb. baskets, packed them in two layers, that is in two baskets five high, then put a
heavy platform that separated the next tier of five high. Those were all packed in so
securely that they could not move in any direction, and yet not so close but that the
air could circulate freely through it. You can easily see that those baskets were
packed so carefully that not even the ingenuity of the trainmen could stir them
from their position ; and yet they were not so tightly packed but that when the car was
in motion there was a current of cool air — especially when they got up north —
constantly passing through these baskets, and they got up there in good condition,
where we had an independent report of it. Now, I have seen those cars packed. With
any information I have from years of shipping up there I cannot suggest any better mode
of packing the baskets than the method which is adopted ; nor can the merchants them-
selves suggest to us any improvement. We have asked them personally to suggest some
way by which we could pack our fruit more satisfactorily, and there has been no sugges-
tion that came down from them that has not been adopted that proved good, and I think
it is time that these reports of the bad packing of the Ontario people should cease.
(Hear, hear). With regard to tomatoes there is no difficulty whatever in shipping
our ordinary tomatoes up there, and in those years when they have no crop up there
— which is about three years out of five — it is a very profitable trade indeed ; but it is a
trade that is rather delicate to handle, because it requires considerable experience to
select the tomatoes that are fit for shipping. In regard to peaches, they are a little
more difficult to ship ; but with regard to pears there is no difficulty whatever, and
the people of Winnipeg this year I know personally were supplied with pears, ton
after ton of them, from our own section, and the returns we made were about thirty
cents per bushel. Now, if the people of Winnipeg are not satisfied with pears that
return to us only about thirty cents per bushel, they cannot be very fruit hungry —
and the very best of pears at that. However, let it be understood that we are
extremely obliged to Dr. Saunders, who has always been one of the best friends of this
Association, and we hope he will do more of this missionary work for us.

Dr. Saunders : I suppose human nature is pretty much the same all over the
world. We heard these reports this afternoon from even such good people as the British
people, that under certain conditions the apples were all slacks, and I suppose there are

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 47

such people in this country perhaps, and under conditions where they are tempted
financially to do so they make things appear worse than they really are. However, I
may say that in coming through Winnipeg about the end of August I spent a day there,
and spent a good part of it among the fruit shops, and I was shown three cars of fruit
that came from Washington that had just been opened up, and some from California. I
was also shown quantities of fruit from British Columbia, and some from Ontario.
I suppose Mr. McNeill in his remarks refers principally to apples.

Mr. McNeill : I have been engaged more largely myself in grapes and pears.

Dr. Saunders : I did not see any Ontario grapes this time. The market seemed to
be bare of them just at that particular period. I must say that I saw some very fine
apples exhibited there for sale, and they were getting five dollars a barrel for them
and they were going off very rapidly. Just at that time also there was a
large quantity of Duchess apples that had been sent from Ontario, that had
evidently been very ripe when they were sent, and they came in there on a Sat-
urday afternoon, and in order to get rid of them they were obliged to sell them
at about twenty to twenty-five cents a basket, which would not return anything to the
shippers ; but they were so far gone, if they had not been sold at that price they would
have been dumped out on Monday morning, showing there are two sides to this question.
While I saw some very good fruit, I saw also some that should not have been sent in such
quantity and so far gone in ripeness. The fruit from British Columbia also was
very variable. I found in many packages of plums perhaps three or four large
plums on the top, and then mixed through some that would not be more than half
the size, and here and there a partly decayed one. Such fruit as that does not
impress a buyer favorably. If you have got a lot of small apples, grade them and put the
small ones all in one box. If a man buying a box of plums sees one or two
large plums, he naturally thinks they all ought to be that size, and then he says, " These
others are inferior." Many of those California and Oregon plums that I saw were rather
small in size, but they were all the same size in the same box, and hence did not give rise
to any question or thought in the purchaser's mind about being inferior. I have no doubt
a large part of the discredit that has attached itself to the shipment of Ontario grapes in
the Winnipeg market arises from the fact of their being sent forward by freight instead of
by express. Freight cars will take six or seven days at least.

Dr. Saunders : I have travelled up very often with an express car, and it is only
two and a half days from Ottawa. Toronto would be about the same. Well, three or
four days makes a wonderful difference to fruits of that texture when they are really
ripe, and makes all the difference sometimes between getting them there in first-class order
and very poor condition ; and if you have ever ridden in a freight car, — I have had some
of that experience, too much of it — and been subject to the jarring and jolting that nearly
knocks you off your feet when the cars collide, you would not wonder at the fruit being
mashed in four days of that kind of jarring.

Mr. McNeill : But the fruit by express was put into exactly the same car, only it
was attached to a passenger car.

Dr. Saunders : Exactly, but the passenger train is not jolted about the way fruit
cars are. When you have an opportunity take a ride 50 miles in a freight car, and you
will be perfectly satisfied my remarks are not fiction. (Laughter.) I believe the plan
that would lead the fruit-growers of Ontario to the greatest good would be to make some
arrangement with the express people, and I fancy they would be just as approachable
to the Ontario people as they are to the people of British Columbia, and it is far better
to pay 2Jc. a pound to get your fruit through in good order than to pay a cent a pound
and get it through in poor condition.

Mr. Gregory : I do not believe it is altogether the fault of the growers or the fault
of the commission men in Winnipeg why we do not receive better prices for our fruit. I
believe one of the principal causes of that may be remedied if an effort is made by this
Association. I think one of the crying evils of the fruit-growers of this country is the

48 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

kind of cars in which we have to ship our fruit to the Northwest Territories and other
noints The railway people have promised various times to build us ventilated cars such
as are required to successfully ship grapes and fruits of that kind to the Northwest and other
distant points, and they have neglected or refused to do so to the present time. I believe
it is practically impossible for us to ship fruit with the cars that are now being provide d
as box cars are totally unfit for the service. I do not see why the railway people should
not build cars the same as the Northern Pacific people have built for California, lhe
industrv has grown here to such enormous proportions that it certainly would pay them
to provide cars of a suitable kind to carry the fruit. I believe there is something in the
package but with the package such as suggested by Dr. Saunders, placed in suitable cars,
we can send grapes by freight to get them through for one and a half cents. Their being
on the road four or five days will not deteriorate them. They go through in good condi-
tion if it takes them five days to go through, This Association could take steps to induce
the railway company to build cars suitable for the through trafiic.

The President : This discussion is getting very interesting, but I am sorry to be
obliged to shut it off at this time, but it would not be courteous to Dr. Mills, ofGuelph,
who&is to follow, if we kept it open any later at present. The hour is already advanced,
and while I recognize the importance of this discussion I do not think we had better con-
tinue it to-night any longer, but to-morrow morning if any member wishes I will arrange
it so that the discussion can be resumed. Meantime think it over, and if there is any
wav vou can suggest by appointing a committee to attend to it, embody it in a resolution
and then we wifl put it in practical shape. The Fruit Growers' Association are only too
glad to do anything of that kind ; that is their work.

HORTICULTURE AT THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
By Dr. James Mills, President O. A. C, Guelph.

President Mills, of Guelph, conveyed greetings from the Agricultural College and
congratulated the people of Ontario on having so great a variety and such an abundance
of delicious fruit. . Few people, he said, were better off in ^\™f^'>^^™™T
could not forget the record made by Ontario in the fruit competition at the World s fair
in Chicago-more points than Michigan, Ohio or New York, more even than California
or any other state in the Union. Surely this was something worth recalling from time
to time, and the facts of the case indicated how we should proceed in order to be success-
ful in the future. Our natural advantages were not so great as in some states across the
line ; but the intelligence of Canadian farmers and fruit growers was of a high order, and
that was the most potent factor in production. So our hope for the future must rest on
the wise and thorough training of the rising generation. We could ^ot °^ny our aoil
or climate, but we could do much to increase the industrial skill and aptitude of our peo-
ple By general and technical education, we could make them more skillful, progressive
and successful workers-better mechanics, stock raisers and fruit growers ; keener
shrewder and more prosperous merchants and manufacturers. Much depended on the
general education and special training of our young people In general education
Ontario has done and was doing well j but in the matter of industrial training, she was
far behind. He would like to speak on the need and importance of having a good indus-
trial High School in each county ; but time and place forbade. *»29

A fruit grower nesded to be an intelligent, wide avrake man,— a man 01 good educa-
tion who had learned how to use his head, his eyea and his hands,-* chemist, geologist
botanist and entomologist, a very keen observer and a man of sound jadgment. lhe
time Tad certainly oome°when fruit growers should understand the use of the microscope

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 49

and be well versed in botany and enioujoiogy. The loss of crop from fungous diseases
in the United States was from $150,000,600 to $200,000,000 a year. The proportion of
loss from this cause in Canada was quite as great — from rust, smut, apple scab, bla^k
knot, pear blight, peach yellows, leaf curl, ripe rot, mildew, anthracnose, and many otb:r
diseases — all caused by minute vegetable organisms. How important, then, that far
mers generally and especially fruit growers should be familiar with that branch of botany
which deals with these low but very troublesome forms of plant life 1 The annual loss
from insects, including San Jose scale, was perhaps greater, and it went without saying
that fruit growers should be practical entomologists, men who know the character and
habits of troublesome insects and could avail themselves of the best known methods of
preventing their ravages.

At the College, they were giving horticulture more prominence than formerly. This
was true as regards both teaching and practical work. Students of all the years had lec-
tures, with a fair amount of practical instruction in [fruit growing, vegetable gardening
and greenhouse work. A new orchard had been set out, their vineyard has been enlarged
and a great number of variety tests had been made. The tests during 1898 J^pd oeen
with 15 varieties of red raspbarries, 15 of black raspberries, 9 of blackberries, 13 of cur-
rants, 13 of gooseberries, 219 of strawberries, 11 of tomatoes, 270 of geraniums, and 30
of coleus. The results of these tests would be found in the next annual report of the
College. The department had a complete set of greenhouses with an extensive collection
of plants for use in lecture room and laboratory practice. The work done was abreast of
the times ; and it had reached a stage when they thought that they might say that it
was of considerable practical value to the students at the College and to farmers and
to farmers and fruit growers throughout the Province.

The College and the Fruit Growers' Association conjointly had charge of the Fruit
Experimental Stations of the Province. Two representatives of the former and four of
the latter constituted the Board of Control. At present there were thirteen stations,
and two more would be established after the next meeting of the legislature. The new
stations would be in the northern part of the Province, one on St. Joseph's Island and
the other on the Government Farm at Dryden, about eighty miles east of Rat Portage.
These stations were doing excellent work for the Prcvince in testing varieties of fruit on
different soils and under different climatic conditions, and in preparing a description o
the Fruits of Ontario, a most valuable work containing good cuts, and a clear, reliable,
description, with the strong and weak points of every variety of fruit grown in tbe Pro-
vince. The next annual report of the Board would contain this description as far as
it had gone.

The Fruit Growers' Association had done good work for Ontario in testing varieties,
giving information about planting and cultivation, and keeping the subject of fruit grow-
ing before the people ; but he was inclined to think that it had not done all that it was
capable of doing and ought to do in the way of rinding satisfactory markets for the fruit
of the Province. It was important to grow good fruit, but no less important to find
good markets for it ; and this latter part of the problem demanded the most searching
investigation and vigorous action by the Asssociation at the present time ; for was it not
a fact whenever there was a really good crop of any variety of fruit in the Province, it
was impossible to sell it so as to make anything like fair returns for the labor and capi-
tal invested. The grower very often had to choose between being robbed by commission
men and letting his fruit rot on the trees. Was it not so in the case of both small and
large fruits 1 If one had a special or permanent market, it was his interest to look care-
fully after it ; and he could give it direct personal attention \ but most growers had to
place their fruit on the open market or markets of the country and rely upon the machin-
ery of trade to dippose of it. All such needed the help of some organization or associa-
tion to look after their interests — to direct their attention to the best markets, negotiate
for cheap, rapid and suitable transportion, and work for the enactment of such rules and
regulations as would be likely to secure something like a fair and honest disposal of the
fruit sent to commission men. What about the northern parts of Ontario, the Province

4 F.G.

50 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

of Manitoba, and the Province of Quebec ? Could any of our fruit be disposed of in
these places, without allowing express companies and commission men to absorb the
whole product 1 Could information be given to fruit growers through the press or by
private circulars as to markets during the selling season 1 Here was a field for some
committee or individual to be appointed by the Fruit Growers' Association — here was
room for the exercise of the best business talent in the Association ; and he took the
liberty of commending the matter to their prompt, earnest and most careful consideration.

The President : I am sure we have listened to Dr. Mills' address with the greatest
of pleasure, and I quite recognize that the points he brought out are points that should
be taken into consideration and acted upon in a vigorous manner by the Fruit Growers'
Association. I may say that while we may not have done as much as should have been
done in the past in that regard, it is only within the last few years that the subject has
been impressed upon our minds that we had over-production in fruit. There are a great
many difficulties to be overcome in carrying out the suggestions which Dr. Mills has
made, and time will hardly permit of my answering it altogether at the present time,
although before the meetings close I hope we will find time to have a little further dis-
cussion of that subject, because it is one of vital importance, and there are points to be
brought out to show that the officers of the Fruit Growers' Association have not been
negligent in this respect. One point I will call attention to, and that is the fact that we
have not had in the past years at our command any money with which to go about or
undertake the fight which Dr. Mills has suggested. It takes money to do that sort of
thing, and also it necessitates the cooperation of every member of the Association.
(Hear hear.) It cannot all be laid upon the Directors. You must understand, too, that
the Association is only allowed a certain amount, and that it has devolved upon us
to exercise the greatest of care as to every dollar we expend, and until we are in such a

position which we are rapidly obtaining, I am glad to say — we have not felt that we

were able to undertake the contest that has been urged upon us ; but I believe that before
this meeting closes means will be taken to enter into this matter, and that good will be
brought about. I am very glad that the Doctor has so emphatically brought the matter
before the members of the Fruit Growers' Association ; but I want to say to you, do not
leave it all on the officers. It is in your power ; it is to you that the hints were thrown
out by the Doctor to bring before the Association every point that you can think of, and
also bring results before the Association, and your officers will act upon them. (Hear,
hear.)^

p'^The Secretary read minutes of last meeting held in Waterloo in December, 1897 ;
also letter from Rev. E. Burke, Prince Edward Island ; also letter from Winnipeg re
Western Horticultural Society ; also letter from M. M. Black, regretting that he could
not supply the paper asked for ; also from Mr. A. McD Allan, of Goderich, regretting
inability to be present, he having been invited to speak on preparation for the Paris
Exposition, 1900 ; also letters of regret from J. A. Morton, of Wingham, and Mr. Nicol,
of Kingston.

The President : I am sure we are very much pleased to receive such correspond-
ence, showing that the influence of the Society is extending to sister provinces.

The Secretary : I thought best this year, in order to give as much information as
possible to all the members of our Association, to have a detailed account of the expend-
itures printed for distribution at the meeting. The premiums last year were larger and
better than before, and a part of the money paid to Mr. Beall was due him for work
done last year.

Mr. Scarff (Woodstock) moved the adoption of the Report as read.

The motion was seconded by Mr. Murray Pettit, and carried.

Mr. A. H. Pettit, as one of the auditors, read the Auditors' Report, finding a
balance of 1784.96, to which the bank's voucher is attached. He moved the adoption of
the Report, which was seconded by Mr. Orr, and carried. The Report is as follows :

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

51

TREASURER'S REPORT, 1897-98

Receipts.

Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1897 $ 266 02

Government grant 1,800 00

Membership fees 4,147 13

Advertisements 337 92

Bound Vols, and binding 16 05

Back Nos. and samples 7 37

Miscellaneous 11 45

$6,585 94

Expenditures

Canadian Horticulturist $1,941 87

Salary secretary, editor and assistant.. 1,200 00

Commissions 670 00

Premiums 455 78

Illustrations 305 98

Affiliated societies, organization and lec-
ture course 385 07

Directors' expenses 203 75

Printing and stationery 139 13

Postage and telegrams 135 86

Committees 115 92

Reporting 112 95

Express and duty 45 50

Auditing 31|00

Collection and discount 27 24

Book binding 26 45

Care of rooms 3 00

Balance on hand 784 94

$6,585 94

Details of Exenditurers, 1897-8.

Canadian Horticulturist—

Dudley & Burns, Toronto, November '97, $163.78 ; December, $134.07 ; index '97, $30.00 ;
January '98, $154.15 ; February, $181.17 ; March, $176.00 ; April, $184.86 ; May, $177.10 ;
June, $L46.73; July, $L47.15 ; August, $147.06; September, $153.40; October, $146.40. $1,941 87

Salary—

Secretary-Editor, Assistant and Treasurer 1,200 00

Commissions—

December '97, $20.83; January '98, $49.80; February, $20.95; March, $24.00; April,
$24.60 ; May, $22.60 ; June, $8.50 ; July, $1.80 ; August, $4.95 ; September, $184.35 ;
October, $247.10 ; November, $61.00 670 00

Premiums—

Morris, Stone & Wellington, $385.91 ; R. A. Nelles (postage for premiums) $28.36 ; L.
Woolverton, (cost of packing premium plants and trees) $47.51 455 78

Affiliated Societies—

Organization, Thos. Beall, $170.90 ; Lecture Course, Wm. Bacon, $51.37; M. Burrell,

$29.80 ; Wm. Gammage, $22,50 ; G. C. Caston, $6.95 ; A. McNeill, $103.55 385 07

Illustrations—

Grip Engraving Co., $278.06 ; Gardening Co., $5.80 ; Times Printing Co., $5.05 ; Globe
Printing Co., $10.82; Stecher Lith. Co., $5.25 305 98

Directors' Expenses—

H. Jones, $23.50; G. Nicol, $20.35; W. Coulter, $20.35; Thos. Beall, $15.30; W. E.
Wellington, $6.00 ; T. H. Race, $.9.00 ; R. B. Whyte, $23.85 ; A. M. Smith, $6.50 ; L.
Woolverton, $8.00 ; W. M. Orr, (Kingston Meeting) '96, $2.00 ; Zimmerman Hotel,
Waterloo, (L. R. Taft) $1.60 ; A. McNeill, $15.70; J. S. Scarff, $10.80; M. Pettit,
$11.90; R. L. Huggard, $11.00 203 75

Printing and Stationery—

A. M. Mill ward, (Printing) $109.75 ; R. A. Nelles, (Stat.) $8.30; J. A. Livingston,
Printing) $17.00 ; Wm. Forbes, (Stat.) $1.20; Buntin, Gillies & Co., (Stat.) $1.20;
A. F. ,Hawke,l(Stat) 43c. ; Martin Bros., (Stat.) $1.25 139 13

Postage andJTelegrams.

R. A. Nelles, (postage) $99.70 ; Bell Telephone Co., $13.25 ; G. T. R. Agent, (telegrams)

71c. ; C. P. R. Agent, (telegrams) $1.97 ; stamps transferred from cash, $20.23 135 86

52 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Committees—

W M Orr (Tariff Guelph) $7.05 ; W. E. Wellington, (San Jose Scale, Ottawa) $21.10 ;
A* H* Pettit, (Ottawa) $23.05; M. Burrell, (Ottawa) $29.55; E. D. Smith, Ottawa)
$27 92; W. M. Orr, (Finance) $2.15; M. Pettit, (Finance) $2.10; A. M. Smith,
(Finance) $2 . 00 115 92

Reporting—

Thos. BeDgough 112 95

Express and Duty—

R A Nelles, (Express and Duty) $41.19; J. S. Randall, (Freight) $2.90; J. Blair,
(Freight) $1.91 ; L. Woolverton, (Cartage) 50c 46 50

Auditors—

G, E. Fisher, $11.00 ; A. H. Pettit, (two years) $20.00 31 00

Collection and Discount—

Bank of Hamilton, (Collections) $8.79 ; Bank of Hamilton, (Discount) $18.45. 27 24

Binding "Canadian Horticulturist"—

26 45

o ros

Care of Rooms at Annual Meeting—

I. Hoffman, (Waterloo) • 3 m

$5,800 98

We the members of your Finance Committee, have carefully examined the accounts
for expenditure made by the Secretary-Treasurer for the current year. And we beg to
report that they were made in the best interests of the Association.

We have pleasure in stating that we found the accounts in perfect order for mspec-

tion* (W. M. Orr,

Committee -< M. Pettit,

A. M. Smith.

REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

Considerable discussion arose over the proposed changes in the constitution and
bv laws Amendments were made to articles 2, 4, 6 and 7 of tht constitution and
clause 1 of the by-laws was amended and made article 9 of the constitution A new
clause was adopted as article 10. Clauses 3 and 4 were adopted as articles 11 and 12
resDectively A new clause was adopted as article 13.

Mr Race moved that the following clauses and the closing recommendation of the
committee be adopted as amended, and that the clauses of the amended and revised con-
stitution and by-laws be numbered consecutively from the beginning, removing all
« constitution and by-laws " distinction. (Carried.)

The constitution and by-laws as amended are as follows :

CONSTITUTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.

1 The Association shall be called " The Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario."

9 Ttfl obiect shall be the advancement of the science and art of horticulture in all its branches i and the
«2«wZt of ^tree growing by holding meetings for the discussion of all questions relative to horticul-
ture and Vestry! by c?lleXl arranging and disseminating useful information, and by such other mean,
as may from time to time seem desirable. L „ . ^ ,

3. The annual meeting of the Association shall be held at such time and place as shall be designated,
by the Association.

4 The officers of the Association shall be a president, vice-president, a secretary and a treasurer, or a
secretary treasurer, and thirteen directors and two auditors, to be elected at each annual meeting.

5. Any person may become a member by an annual payment of one dollar, and a payment of ten dol-
rs shall constitute a member for life. ,_,«.,

6 ThUooMtitution may be amended as provided for by section 82, subeechon 1, of The Ontario
Agriculture and Arts Act

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 53

7. The said Officers and Directors shall prepare and present at the annual meeting of the Association
a report of their proceedings during the year, in which shall be stated the names of all the members of the
Association, the places of of meeting during the year, and such information as the Association shall have
been able to obtain on the subjects of horticulture and forestry in the Province during the year. There
shall also be presented at the said annual meeting a detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements
of the Association during the year, which report and statement shall be entered in the journal and signed
by the president as being a correct copy ; and a true copy thereof, certified by the secretary for the time
being, shall be sent to the Minister of Agriculture within forty .days after the holding of such annual
meeting.

8. The Association shall have power to make, alter and amend By-laws for prescribing the mode of
admission of new members, the election of officers, and otherwise regulating the administration of its affairs
and property.

9. The Board of Directors at its first meeting shall appoint from among its own members or otherwise
a Secretary and a Treasurer, or a Secretary-treasurer.

10. The President, the Vice-President and Secretary or Secretary-treasurer shall be ex officio members
of the Board of Directors ; and the President, or in his absence, the Vice-President an ex officio member of
all committees.

11. The President, Vice-President and Secretary shall constitute the Executive Committee of this
Association, whose functions it shall be to manage the affairs of the Association, to control the finances and
make the necessary disbursements throughout the year, and to bring a report of the same before the Board
of Directors at each annual meeting for approval.

12. The Directors may offer premiums to any person originating or introducing any new fruit adapted
to the climate of the Province, which shall possess such distinctive excellence as shall, in their opinion, ren-
der the same of special value; also for essays upon such subjects connected with horticulture and forestry
as they may designate, under such rules and regulations as they may prescribe.

13. The Secretary shall prepare an annual report containing the minutes of the proceedings of meetings
during the year ; a detailed statement of receipts and expenditure, the reports upon fruits received from
different localities, and all essays to which prizes have been awarded, and such other information in regard
to horticulture and forestry as may have been received during the year, and submit the same to the Directors
or any Committee of Directors appointed for this purpose and, with their sanction, after presenting the
same at the annual meeting, cause the same to be printed by and through the Publication Committee, and
send a copy thereof to each member of the Association and to the Minister of Agriculture.

14. Seven Directors shall constitute a quorum, and if at any meeting of Directors there shall not be a
quorum, the members present may adjourn the meeting from time to time until a quorum shall be obtained.

15. The annual subscription shall be due in advance at the annual meeting.

16. The President (or in case of his disability, the Vice-President) may convene special meetings at
such times and places as he may deem advisable ; and he shall convene such special meeting as shall be
requested in writing by ten members.

17. The President may deliver an address on some subject relating to the objects of the Association.

18. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the Association, keep a correct account thereof
and submit the same to the Directors at any legal meeting of such Directors, five days' notice having been
previously given for that purpose.

19. The Secretary shall keep a correct record of the proceedings of the Association, conduct the corres-
pondence, give not less than ten days' notice of all meetings to the members, and specify the business of
all meetings to the members, and specify the business of special meetings.

20. The Directors, touching the conduct of the Association, shall at all times have absolute power and
control of the funds and property of the Association, subject, however, to the meaning and construction of
the Constitution.

21. At a special meeting, no busiuess shall be transacted except that stated in the Secretary's circular.

*22. The order of business shall be : (1) Reading of minutes ; (2) Reading of Directors' report ; (3)
Reading of Treasurers' report ; (4) Reading the Auditors' report ; (5) Reading reports of Standing Com-
mittee"? ; (6) President's Address ; (7) Miscellaneous business.

23. The by-laws may be amended at any general meeting as provided for by section 32, sub-section 1,
of the Agriculture and Arts Act.

24. The election of officers shall take place at the morning session of the last day of the annual meet-
ing in each year, the newly-elected officers to assume their respective duties and responsibilities at the close
of the said meeting.

25. The reasonable and necessary expenses of directors and officers in abtending meetings of the Board
of Directors and Committees, shall be provided from the funds of the Association.

26. It shall be the duty of the officers and directors of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario to
encourage the formation of local fruit growers' horticultural societies in affiliation with the Ontario
Association.

27. On the receipt of such members, with the required fees, the secretary of such local affiliated society
may transmit their names and post office addresses, together with the sum of eighty cents for each to the
Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, who will enter their names as members of tha
society, entitled to all its privileges, providing the initial number of such names be not less than twenty-
five,

28. Each local society so affiliating with a membership ot not less than twenty-nve shall be entitled to
a visit from some member of the Board of Directors or other prominent horticulturist once a year ; it being
understood that the railway expenses of such speaker shall be paid by the Ontario Society, and the enter-
tainment provided by the local society.

54 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

29. The proceedings of such horticultural societies Bhall, on or before the 1st day of December of each
year, be forwarded to the secretary of the Ontario Society, who may cull out such portions for the Annual
Report of the Minister of Agriculture for the Province, as may seem to him of general interest and value.

30. Each local affiliated society is fuither expected to send at lea one delegate to the annual meeting
of the Fruit Growers' Association.

The Director of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, for the Agricultural District in which such
society is formed, shall be ex officio a member of the Directorate of euch local society and receive notices of

all its meetings.

By-Laws fok Affiliated Horticultural Societies.

{Prepared by Mr. Thomas Beall and Mr. L. Woolverton, as ordered bp the Board of Directors of the Fruit

Growers' Association of Ontario.)

This Society, known as the Horticultural Society of the ^ of , ^^^^Ireet

provisions of the Agriculture and Arts Act of the Province of Ontario. Chap 43, R.S O. 189 7, agree j
to conduct its affairs in accordance with the several provisions of the said Acts, and with the following
by-laws and regulations.— Sec. 13. ,

1. The members of this Society for any year shall be residents and ratepayers of this f™™^* *>
the number of at least fifty, and also others, who shall have paid one dollar into the funds of the society as-
membership fee for that year.— Sec. 7, s.-s. 1 (b).

2. The objects of this society shall be to encourage improvement in horticulture, and to secure to each
member equal encouragement therein.— Sec. 9, 8.-s. 2.

3. There shall be at least public meetings in each year for discussing local horticultural matters,
and for hearing lectures on improved horticulture. — Sec. 9, s.-s. 2, (a).

4. At any public meeting there may be an exhibition of such plants vegetables, '^ «dftJ°^"B "
may be in season ; and wherever such an exhibition . is held there shall be P^ent at e«t one expert
gardener who shall give such information and instruction appertaining thereto as may be required , but no
prizes of value shall be offered for competition by the society at such meetings.— bee 9, s.-b. *, \fi).

5. The annual meeting, and all other public meetings shall be open to the public free of charge. But
members only sball have the right to vote at any meeting.

(a) When exhibitions are held at such public meetings, the public shall be «^d to exhibh s ^h horti-
cultural products as may be thought suitable for the occasion by a committee appointed by the Board to
superintend such exhibitions.

(b) This committee shall take such means as they think proper to secure exhibits for the occasion, and
also procure proper conveyance for collecting and returning the same free of expense to exhibitors.

(c) These exhibitions shall be open to members and other exhibitors free of charge.

(6) A sum of money not to exceed dollars may be offered in prizes in any one year for essays

on any question of scientific enquiry relating to horticulture. -Sec. 9, s.-s. Z, (d).

7. Each member shall be given by this society a free membership in the Fruit Growers' Association.-
Sec. 9, s.-s. 2, (b).

8. There shall be procured for each member, trees shrubs, plants, bulbs or seeds .of new and yataaWe
kinds in each year, sufficient in quantity to exhaust the funds of this society after allowing for necessary
working expenses. — Sec. 9, s.-s. 2, (a).

9. The annual meeeing shall be held at half past seven iu the evening of the second Wednesday ^
January, when there shall be elected a president, a first vice-president, and not m0Jf8Othpa1nctn^0dl^ t°0^
who together shall form the board of directors. At this meeting, the society shall also elect two auditors
for the ensuing year. — Sec. 7. s.-s. 1 (e). '

(a) At this meeting, only those members who have paid their subscription for the ensuing year shall be
entitled to vote. —Sec. 10, s.-s. 1.

(b) At this and all subsequent public meetings, ten members shall constitute a quorum.-Sec. 10 s.-s. 1 (e).

10. The board of directors at its first meeting shall appoint a secretary and a treasurer, or a secretary-
treasurer. — Sec. 7 s.-s. 1 (f).

(a) Five directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.— Sec. 14.

(6) Subject to these by-laws, the directors shall have full power to act for and on behalf of the society
and all grants and other funds shall be expended under their direction.

At each annual meeting the directors shall present a detailed statement of the ^^ ^^ot
tures for the preceding year, and also a statement of the assets and liabilities of the society at the end
the year, certified to by the auditors.— Sec. 11, s.s. (c).

11. The said statements shall, when approved by the meeting be Placedon Permanent record in the
books of the society, and such portions thereof, together with what is further ^required by sub. sec. la,
Sec. 11, shall be sent within one month to the Department of Agriculture. -bee. 1J.

tisement.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 55

Agricultural Divisions.

1. Stormont, Dundac, Glengarry, Prescott, and Cornwall.

2. Lanark North, Lanark South, Renfrew North, Renfrew South, Cai leton Russell, and the City of
Ottawa.

3. Frontenac, City of Kingston, Leeds and Grenville North, Leeds South, Grenville South, an i
Brockville.

4. Hastings East, Hastings North, Hastings West, Addington, Lennox, and Prince Edward.

5. Durham East, Durham West, Northumberland East, Northumberland West, Peterborough East,
Peterborough West, Victoria North (including Haliburton), and Victoria South.

6. York East, York North, York West, Ontario North, Ontario South, Peel, Cardwell, and City of
Toronto.

7. Wellington Centre, Wellington South, Wellington West, Waterloo North, Waterloo South, Went-
worth North, Wenbworth South, Dufferin, Halton, and City of Hamilton.

8. Lincoln, Niagara, Welland, Haldimand, and Monck.

9. Elgin East, Elgin West, Brant North, Brant South, Oxford North, Oxford South, Norfolk North,
and Norfolk South.

10. Huron East, Huron South, Huron West, Bruce North, Bruce South, Grey East, Grey North, and
Grey South.

11. Perth North, Perth South, Middlesex East, Middlesex North, Middlesex West, and City of
London.

12. Essex North, Essex South, Kent East, Kent West, Lambton East, and Lambton West.

13. Algoma East, Algoma West, Simcoe East, Simcoe South, Simcoe West, Muskoka, Parry Sound
East, Parry Sound West, Nipissing East, Nipissing West, and Manitoulin.

R.S.O., 1897, c. 43, Schd. A.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The report of the Nominating Committee was read by Mr. Race, and, on motion was
unanimously adopted. The list of officers will be found on page 2.

COLD STORAGE OFFICIALS AND INSPECTION.

Mr. M. Pettit moved " That the Secretary be authorized to communicate with the
Montreal and Nova Scotia societies, requesting them to appoint one or more delegates to
join a delegation appointed by this Association to interview the Government, and urge
upon them the importance of appointing officers whose duties shall be to see that proper
ventilation and greater care be given to the storage of apples and other fruit exported to
Great Britain on ocean steamers, and that the Secretary shall make all arrangements and
dates for meetings of such deputation." Mr. Pettit said : I regard this as very impor-
tant work for this Association, and I believe if it is fully pushed, it will mean thousands
of dollars to the fruit growers of this Dominion. This devil of Mr. Pattison's, that we
heard about yesterday has one of his hiding places in the holds of these ocean steamers, and
he can get up as much smoke, and steam, and heat there as any place else where it is
found, and I think it is the duty of this Association to try and chase him out.

Mr. Boulter seconded the resolution.

The Secretary. — It seems to me that the object of that Committee might be a little
bit enlarged. This Association has often asked the Government to do a little in the way
of inspection of fruit for export. It appears to me that it is practicable to do a little in
that line now, because we are beginning a new business in exporting fruit in cold storage,
and it is quite practical that everything that goes in this cold storage compartment
should be inspected by a Government official. As a matter of fact, it has been done
alrf ady in a small way. The special shipments that have been already made have all
been inspected by Government officials, and marked •' Inspected Canadian Fruit," and I
think, if that work could be made permanent, it would mark a new era in our export
trade. It is very important that the Government should be asked to act in this particu-
lar. Of course, we do not expect that every package will be inspected — they do not do

56 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

thai at the present time with our experimental shipments, but about one in ten is
opened, perhaps one in one hundred, if you like, at random, but a sufficient number is
opened to satisfy the inspector that the goods are up to the mark that is on the exterior
of the package. We have certain grades which should be observed, and I think that
evepy package should be guaranteed to be up to that grade, and it is very important that
this Committee should be charged with asking from the Minister of Agriculture some
provision in this particular. I do not suppose it is possible that all the outside general
business of exporting apples in barrels should be thus controlled, as it would be too great
an undertaking ; but I think, in the special export trade in cold storage such as the
Government has now adopted in cases, these could all be inspected, and it would be a
great advantage to fruit growers to have all their fruit placed on the British market as
inspected fruit. I would move that the words, " and to make provision for inspection "
be also added to the objects of this Committee.

Mr. A. H. Pettit. — You do not mean to make that compulsory?

Mr. Burrell. — Do you think that an inspection of them by opening them up when
carefully packed in tissue paper and so on would be advisable 1

The Secretary. — Yes, I think just as soon as this special trade is thrown open to
the public, a great many will put up fruit in improper shape. I do not know what pro-
vision could be made to prevent it, but I think we should ask the Department to make
some provision.

Mr. Huggard. — In the resolution Mr. Pettit has just now presented, I think he
hardly goes far enough in the way of invitation to these other societies to co-operate
with the Committee appointed by this Association in the transportation of goods.
Fruit growers know perfectly well that the rate of transportation, at the present time, is
neither fair nor satisfactory.

Mr. Burrell.— Excuse me, but I believe that question of transportation is coming
up in a separate resolution.

Mr, A. H. Pettit.— If the Secretary's clause in regard to fruit being inspected
when sent forward means that the work will be entrusted to a man whom the Government
might appoint to look after the shipment, and the matter made voluntary with those who
request it, it could be accomplished, but to make it a compulsory matter would be a
different thing.

The Secretary. — I only ask that some provision be made for the inspection ot fruit.
I would far rather that all my packages of fruit should bear the inspection mark than
have them shipped without that. I consider it a great advantage to me to have my
packages marked " Inspected Canadian Fruit ;" but I would like to know how it would
be possible for me to do that unless there is a Government official to do it. It would be
of no gain to the British purchaser to know that a fruit grower inspected his own pack-
age. If it is an advantage to me it is to every shipper to have some provision made by
which, at some expense even— for I would not object to paying a small fee for the
inspection of 100 packages— some provision should be made by which those who wish
their goods placed on the British market as inspected fruit might do so.

Mr. Burrell.— Does Mr. Woolverton think, for instance, that inspection will
attain the ends that he imagines 1 My view of a Government inspection is that it isno
good unless it is thorough— unless everything is inspected and inspected thorough. Tna*
is an impossibility, and if it is not thorough is it not almost valueless ? Would it not
be sufficient protection if every man was compelled plainly to brand his name on every
package as it went on, instead of having a partial and therefore inadequate inspection i
would it not defeat it own object?

Mr. M. Pettit.— I have amended the resolution so as possibly to meet the views of
the Secretary and others. (Resolution read as amended.)

The President.— I would suggest that you add " and branding." TI believe every
package of fruit sent cut to any market, even the local market, should bear thejlruit
growers' name.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 57

Mr. Bunting seconded the motion as amended.

The Secretary read the motion as finally propo3ed by Mr. Pettit, seconded by Mr.
Bunting, which was put to the meeting and carried.

The resolution was as follows : — " Resolved, that the Secretary be authorized to
communicate with Nova Sootia, Quebec, and other Provincial societies, requesting them
to appoint one or more delegates to j )in the delegation appointed by this Association to
interview the Government and urge upon them the importance of appointing officers,
whose duty it sha'l be to see that proper ventilation and greater care be given to the
storage of apples and other fraifcs exported to Great Britain in ocaan steamers, and that
the Secretary shall make all arrangements ani dates for meetings of said deputations;
and, further, this Committee shall discuss with the Minister the advisability of adopting
some system of inspection and grading."

TRANSPORTATION OF FRUIT.

Moved by G. C. Caston, seconded by M. Pettit, that we tha Frait Growers Associa-
tion of Ontario here assembled, believing that the transportation and marketing of raw
fruits is the most important question affecting our Association at the pres3nt time, and
that decisive measures to that end should be taken «by our Association, hereby resolve that
a Committee be appointed to be styled the Committee on Transportation and Markets, to
bo composed of the following gentlemen/ viz. . W. E Wellington (alternate W. M. Orr),
Alexander McNeill (alternate E. D. Smith), M. Pettit (alternate T. H. P. Carpenter), W.
H. Banting (alternate R. W. Gregory), and that an appropriation be made from the funds
of the Association, the limit of which shall be fixed by the executive to cover the necessary
expenses of the committee.

Mr. Caston, in speaking to the resolution, said that the reason for appointing
alternates was that something might occur to prevent a person nominated from attending
and it would be necessary that the locality particularly interested in this matter should
be represented, and therefore it was wise to provide alternates. There are a great many
details with which this committee will have to grapple. It is an old saying that corpor-
ations have no souls, and large corporations will have to be attended to; also the question
of fast freights. It will be necessary for this committee to get together before they inter-
view the railway and transportation companies so that there will be unanimity amongst
them. Then with regard to securing more favorable rates, the distinction between the
short and long haul is something enormous in this country. The competition is all over
now ; the two railway companies have embraced each other. Then there is the question
of re icing cars. I am told by a gentleman here that the cars are re iced at North Bay.
That is not the place. I have known instances where the ice was all melted before they
got to Winnipeg and the fruit was spoiled. They should be re-iced at Sudbury. Then
the charges for icing are too high. In places where they have no cold storage the rail-
way company should give a person a little chance. Where a man is willing to provide
his own ice it is necessary for the fruit to be cooled down immediately it is picked before
it is sent away. The railway company should give a person reasonable time to load, and
for the fruit to be cooled down before shipping. One of the anomalies existing in the rail-
way situation is that the competition between trunk lines is so keen that the business is
out down to small profits, and they calculate to make up for it on the short haul. I do
not know whether this Committee can do anything in regard to that, but that is really
the state of affairs, and the difference between the long and short hauls is simply out
rageous in this Province.

The resolution was then put and carried.

58 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NEW AND SEEDLING FRUITS

Prof. Hutt gave the report of the Committee on New Fruits as follows : Nearly hU
our cultivated fruits are variations or improvements upon some wild type. The many
choice varieties of pears now grown in our orchards or gardens have been brought about
by gradual development and improvement one after another upon a wild foi m, which
Downing speaks of as the " most austere of all fruits, the chcke-pear of our fields, which
seizes our throat with such an unmerciful gripe, really being a great improvement upon
this wild species." These variations, or new varieties, as we call them, may arise in two
different ways:

1. By bud-variacion j that is, when a single branch develops some striking difference
from the tree or bush upon which it is growing, an example of which we have in the
Golden Queen raspberry, which is supposed to be a bud variation from the Cuthbert.

2. By seedlings. This is by far the most productive source of all our new varieties.

Whenever a seedling or bud-variation appears which is possessed of any particular
merit, it can be propagated or increased almost indefinitely by such asexual means of
multiplication as taking cuttings, layering, budding and grafting. But on the other hand
when a variety so propagated is allowed to propagate sexually, that is from seeds, it gives
all sorts of varieties, or as we say, does not " come true from seed." It is this constant
tendency to variation, with the possibility of something of superior value appearing,
that gives to the woik of growing and fruiting seedlings such interest. To many persons
it is a work as fascinating and as exciting as a game of chance, and as usually carried on
it is but little more than such.

That there is so much uncertainty about it is because so few of the players under-
stand the game or put any skill into it. The great variety of the new varieties intro-
duced from time to time are " chance seedlings," or " fence-corner varieties," of unknown
parentage, brought up without care, and if they come into prominence it is because their
inherent qualities have attracted kindly notice. Some few are the product of seed which
has been selected and planted, and the young seedlings cultivated and cared for till they
come into bearing. In the production of such a variety some degree of skill has been
> ed, and knowing the variety from which the seed was obtained we have a partial
knowledge of its parentage. But those varieties upon which the greatest skill has been
bestowed are the offspring of crosses, where both parents have been wisely selected, with
a view to combining or improving in the resulting cross some of their particularly good
qualities. Of such breeding are the Roger grapes, the Ontario apple and the Dempsey
pear.

We do not wish to discourage the growing and introducing of chance seedlings,
for many of our choicest fruits can boast of no other pedigrees, but we believe that
much more would be accomplished, in a much shorter time, if greater attention were
given to plant breeding. Let him who has the time and taste for such work make a
study of the laws underlying plant breeding; let him not go at it hap-hazard, and
wait to see what may turn out, but let him get before his mind some reasonable ideal,
and then go to work systematically and make his ideal a reality.

It is during years of the greatest fruit production that the greatest number of
seedling fruits are brought to notice. The year 1896 will long be remembered as pro-
ducing the greatest apple crop on record ; and at our annual meeting that year nearly
forty seedling apples were reported upon. The past season has, in some respects, been a
fair one for fruit, yet it has not produced the abundance of other years, and the num-
ber of new fruits sent to your committee for inspection has been comparatively few.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

59

In the following table we give, with brief notes, a list of what has come before us
during the past year :

Sender.

Seedling Apples.

*Chas. Swinnerton, Barrie, Ont

*Dr. Saunders, C.E.F,, Ottawa

Rev. Prof. Campbell, Yoho Island,

Muskoka

Dr. J. S. McCallum, Smith's Falls,

Ontario

J. A. Mooney, Inverness, Que

John Joliffe, Rockwood, Ont

* Joseph Knight, Renfrew, Ont

(( «« (I u

Vames Rusk, Bracebridge, Ont

Seedling Pears.

*F. W. Glen, Brooklyn, N. Y

Samuel Nelles, Grimsby

John McLaren, St. Catharines

M. A. Reid, Pt. Dalhousie

Seedling Plums.

*A. W. Peart, Burlington

A. W. Walker, Clarksburg

John Mitchell, Clarksburg

*David Matheson, Ottawa

J. K. GordoD, Whitby

Harry Marshall, Hamilton

Seedling Peaches.

*Dr. Stewart, 152 Dowling Avenue,
Toronto

*Mrs. Fairbrother, 119 D'Arcy St.,
Toronto

*R. T. Smith, Hamilton

*R. T. Smith, Hamilton

Alex. Glass, St. Catharines

*M. Fitch, Grimsby, Ont

A. McLocklan, Guelph, Ont

*Mrs. J. T. Ross, King Street East,
Hamilton

Seedling Grapes.

*W. Bachus, St. Catharines, Ont...
*0. F. Wilkin s, Bridgeburg, Ont ...

Seedling Cherry.

*John Gormley, Pickering, Ont.

Remarks

Seedling of Duchess, but later.
" D'Arcy Spice" ; as Eng. russet.

A Muskoka seedling, like a medium-sized well-colored Greening.

A good sized winter apple, much like Canada Red.
Of Alexander type, but smaller and of inferior quality.
Seedling of Duchess, but later. Quality not equal to Duchess.

1. Resembling somewhat Scarlet Pippin ; of high quality for des-

sert ; season, October.

2. Med. size ; red ; good qualitv ; season, winter.

Large and handsome, resembling Duchess ; fair quality ; season of
Wealthy.

" P. Barry" ; like Clairgeau, but keeps till April.

Med. size ; color of Bartlett ; a little coarse, but good flavor.

Size and shape of Boussock, of bright yellow color and good quality.

Like a small Clairgeau, but brighter colored.

" Ireland's Seedling" ; med. size ; dark blue ; early, but too small.
Med. size ; dark maroon ; early; good quality; freestone. n^*'
" Drake's Seedling " ; size and color of McLaughlin; freestone

good quality.
" Cooch " ; large ; dark red ; fair quality ; September.
Size and color of Lombard ; good quality ; freestone ; August.
Med. size ; round ; red ; fair quality ; clingstone ; August.

Large ; yellow flesh ; good quality ; later than Late Crawford.

Large ; yellow flesh ; handsome color ; freestone ; season of Early
Crawford.

1. Large ; white flesh ; red cheek ; good quality ; freestone ; season

after Hale's Early. - t »

2. Very large ; 3 by 3 inches ; handsome ; good quality ; yellow

flesh ; freestone ; season of Rareripe.
Peach much like Foster.
Large ; yellow flesh ; freestone ; fair quality ; season September

10th to 15th.
Med. Size ; yellow flesh ; freestone ; fair quality ; September 15th.

Med. size ; 2\ by 2h inches ; vellow flesh ; freestone ; fair quality ;
October 20th.

White ; size and flavor of Concord ; early as Moore's Early.
White; about size of Concord; good quality season of Moore's Early.

Size and shape like Eng. Morello ; bright red
reau ; firm, and a long keeper.

flesh like a Bigar-

In the following paragraphs are given further descriptions of a few of the most
promising seedlings above noted. Unless a seedling has about it some particular quality,

60 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

superior to named varieties of the same season, we do not think it is well to recom-
mend that it be propagated and added to the already long list of named varieties.
Hence there are but few of the seedlings which can be so recommended.

Apples.

Seedling Apple. From Charles Swinnerbon, Barrie, Ont., January 26th, 1898.
A large, handsome apple. A seedling of Duchess of Oldenburg; much like its parent
in appearance and quality, but a longer keeper. The tree, like the Duchess, is an early
and heavy bearer.

D'Arcy's Spice or Baddow Pippin. Received from Dr. Wm. Saunders, January
24th, 1898, who received it from Ipswich, Suflolk, England. Mrs. Prof. Heaton, of the
British Association, says it is an apple held in very high esteem in Great Britain. The
apple is of medium size, with prominent ribs ; color yellow, nearly covered with greyish
russet ; stem, short in a small round cavity ; calyx, nearly closed in a shallow uneven
basin, with five prominent crowns ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy j flavor, rich, aromatic ;
condition, excellent. Scions of this apple were sent to Mr. A. W. Peart, Mr. Freeman,
and Mr. W. H. Dempsey, and several were grafted at Gravenhurst. Mr. W. E.
Wellington says, under date of January 28th, that the apple is so much like Sharp's
Russet that he does not think it would be worth adding to our already numerous collec-
tion of varieties.

mHWgEEDLING Apple, from Joseph Knight, Renfrew. Sample came to hand October
22nd, 1898. Has the quality of a first-class table apple. Fruit of medium size, beauti-
fully shaded with bright crimson on the sunny side, and light straw colour in shade
splashed and striped with light and dark red. Calyx closed in a small deep basin ; stem,
short and thick, in a small, deep cavity with five deep grooves, somewhat resembling the
Scarlet Pippin ; flesh, white crisp, tender ; rich, peculiarly delicious, half-sweet aromatic
flavour ; season, October-December ; quality, first-class for dessert. \

Seedling Apple, from James Rusk, Bracebridge, Ont. Received, November 1st,
1898. A large, handsome apple, most likely a seedling of the Duchess, as it somewhat
resembles that variety in size, shape, and appearance. Quality, fair j season of maturity
about that of Wealthy.

Pears.

The P. Barry. This is one of the promising new varieties which has been before
the public for the past few years, and is particularly valuable on account of its lateness.
Mr. Woolverton received samples of it this year on August 3rd from Mr. F. W. Glen, of
Brooklyn, N. Y., and makes the following remarks concerning it in the September number
of the Horticulturist :— " At first we thonght it like Beurre Clairgeau kept over in
cold storage, for it resembles that variety much in form and size. It is a winter pear,
ripening in April, very large ; orange yellow when ripe ; juicy, fine grained, and of
high flavour. Perhaps this will prove the very pear we want for export to Great Britain
in cold storage." It is now on trial at two or three of our Experimental Stations, and
will be reported on later.

Plums.

Seedling Plum, from A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont. Known in the Burlington
district as " Ireland's Seedling." We have noticed this plum in Mr. Peart's orchard for
two or three years past, and he has given us the following notes concerning it :— " Fruit,
medium sized, nearly round, distinct suture, reddish purple, thick bloom, juicy and rich ;
stone very small, flesh adhering slightly to it; season, last of August (this year
exceptionally early on account of drought) ; midway between Ogon and Bradshaw j has
tendency to rot as it ripens, and, therefore, has to be picked when firm." Tree, spreading ;
moderate grower ; close jointed j blossoms tender, variable in productiveness. In this
district, a crop perhaps once in three years ; not as satisfactory and as sure a cropper as
some of our standard sorts. Its extreme earliness insures fair prices.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 61

Seedling Plum, from David Matheson, Ottawa, Ont., who suggests that, if it is
entitled to a name, it should be called " Ooocb," after the man who grew it. Mr.
Woolverton gives a photograph, and the following description of it in the October number
of the Horticulturist : — " A plum of good size, measuring two inches long, If inches
in width ; somewhat one-sided, with a very distinct suture on one side. In form it is
somewhat broadened towards the apex. The stem is short, about half an inch in length,
inserted in a shallow cavity. Colour, a very dark red, with greyish bloom. Flesh,
greenish yellow, moderately juicy, soft of texture, moderately sweet. Quality, very good
for cooking and market purposes. Season, late. Sample photographed came to band
September 10th."

Peaches. J

Seedling Peach. — Raised by Dr. Stewart, 152 Dowling Ave., Toronto, and on
exhibition at the Industrial, Toronto, September 9th, 1898. As shown in the accom-
panying photograph, this is a large round peach, measuring about three inches in diame-
ter. The skin is light yellow with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, firm, of good quality ; free-
stone of the Crawford type. Originating in Toronto it may be that the tree will be
hardier than Crawford ; at all events it is well worthy of trial. Buds were secured by
Mr. A. M. Smith, St. Catharines, who is propagating it. This seedling will be tested as
soon as possible at a number of our Fruit Experimental Stations.

£"""* Seedling Peach. — Grown by Mrs. Fairbrother, 119 D'Arcy St., Toronto, and was
exhibited at the Industrial, September 8th, 1898. A large, handsome, yellow peach, with
bright red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy and of good quality ; freestone ; season of early
Crawford. Worthy of trial.

Seedling Peach, No 1, from R. T. Smith, Hamilton, Ont. Upon this Mr. Wool-
verton makes the following note in the September number of the Horticulturist : — " A
sample of this needling was shown us on the 25th of August, at a season when good
peaches are very scarce. 'Hale's Early' was just over, and ' Honest John' not yet ready.
It is large, with beautiful bright red cheek ; has a distinct suture, a deep cavity and quite
a depressed apex. The skin is easily removed without a knife. The flesh is white, very
tender, sweet, rich ard very juicy. A freestone and capital dessert peach."

Seedling Peach No. 2, from R. T. Smith, Hamilton, Ont. The following account
of this is given in the October Horticulturist : — " On September 27th Mr. R. T. Smith,
Hamilton, showed us another fine seedling peach of about the same season as Steven's
Rareripe, and just in advance of Smock. It is very large in size, 3x3 inches ; almost
round in form, with distinct suture; skin, yellowish green, with dull red blush on the
sunny side ; flesh, tender, juicy, fairly sweet ; freestone. A first-class dessert peach, and
one which on account of its large size should be valuable for market."

Seedling Peach, grown by Mr. M. Fitch, Grimsby. Sample shown September 13th,
1898. The following account of this appears in the October Horticulturist: — "A
beautiful peach, quite equal to Early Crawford in appearance, rounder in form ; size,
2^x2 \ inches; yellow, with deep red blush on sunny side, and partially suffused with
red in the shade; down very perceptible to the touch ; skin, thick and easy to separate
from the flesh; flesh, yellow, fine grained, juicy, but not quite so much so as Early Craw-
ford, melting ; flavor, lucious ; quality, first-class for dessert or canning ; value, first-class
for market, and probably a better shipper than Crawford ; season, September 10th-15tb,
immediately succeeding Early Crawford. A seedling worth testing-"

Seedling Peach, from Mrs. J. T. Ross, King St. East, Hamilton. Received October
20th. Medium in size (2Jx2J), greenish yellow skin, with faint coloring of red ; mode-
rate down; deep and narrow cavity ; distinct suture ; flesh, dark yellow, juicy and of good
quality ; freestone ; season, late in October. Promising as a late variety.

62 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Grapes.

Seedling Grape.. Grown by W. Bachus, St. Catharines. On exhibition at Indus-
trial, Toronto, September 6th — 10th, 1898. In size of bunch and berry, this seeding is
about the same as Concord ; in color it is like Niagara ; quality, excellent ; very early,
about the season of Moore's Early. Worthy of trial.

Seedling Grape, from 0. F. Wilkins, Bridgeburg, Ont. Received September 12th,
1898. Bunch of good size and form j berries, white, round, of medium size ; flavor agree-
able, somewhat foxy, but much sweeter and pleasanter than Concord ; skin thin and
tender ; pulp, tender and separates readily from seeds. Is said to ripen with Early Ohio.
Worthy of trial.

Cherry.

Seedling Cherry, from John Gormley, Pickering, Ont. Received July 22th, 1898.
The following note on this seedling appeared in the August Horticulturalist. " On page
317, Vol. 20, we referred to this cherry as being of great promise. To day, July 12th,
we have received another sample lot, and consider them even superior to those received
a year ago. Being of Canadian origin, no doubt the tree is very hardy, and would
succeed over a wide extent of country."

" The color is bright red like the Montmorency ; the form about that of the English
Morello, and the flesh like that of a Bigarreau, not very juicy; it parts easily from the
pit, without dropping its juice ; flesh, yellowish ; a wonderful keeper, and therefore a
good variety for distant shipment, Mr. Gormley writes, ' This is a seedling cherry-tree
about 25 years old. I remember the tree coming up in a fence corner. It has never
had any care, but has grown well under neglect. I would like to know if it is very
valuable, as the quality cannot be excelled, and it bears every year '."

Mr. Morris. I would like to make a suggestion. That Report deals only with
the seedlings of this country, and I suppose there is not one in a hundred that is worth
propagating. Now, I think that it would add to the usefulness of the Committee's work,
if they would extend their operations, and get every new fruit that nurserymen are offer-
ing for sale and report on them. I think that would be information that would be worth
ten times more to this country than information on seedlings that are never grown after-
wards or anything done with them. I think if they were to report on new fruits that
nurserymen put in their catalogue it would give people information and a guide in the
way of planting that would be valuable.

Mr. Hutt. That is a work of great value, which we are trying to do at our fruit
stations. These are being tested. It would be difficult to get fruit of all these varieties.
We might see a variety advertised in a nurserymen's catalogue, but the difficulty for this
Committee would be to get a specimen of that so that they could pass on the fruit itself.
We simply took note of any new Canadian seedling that came to our notice during the
year.

Mr. Morris. Of course the work is very good that is being done at these experi-
ment stations, but perhaps it will be six or eight years before we can have those fruits
put on our lists. I do not think it would be difficult to get samples of any new fruit that is
offered for sale by nurserymen. Perhaps the greatest hybridizer and the most successful that
has ever been on the continent is Burbank, of California. He sends samples of his new
plums to parties east whenever they are requested, particularly of this Japan class, and
there is quite a number of new varieties coming up, although not even in the nursery-
men's catalogue.

The Secretary. I am sure that the members of this committee are always pleased
and glad to receive samples of new fruits that are grown by nurserymen that are sent to
them. We shall always be pleased to receive them, and quite ready to report on them
as well as on any other fruits that are sent in by any private individuals who grow them.
I would move the adoption of this report for publication.

Mr. Hutt seconded the motion which was carried.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 63

GRADING FRUIT AS TO SIZE.

By E. H. Wartman, Kingston, Ont.

The grading of fruit as to size has been one of the chief difficulties of packers.
Having no staidard to go by, but eye measurement, it is not to be wondered that
we have so much irregularity in fruit grading ; and that we find stunted, medium and
suoerior size, all in the one package. But as the trade has recognized brands, designated
XXX, No. 1 and No. 2 and have so often been disappointed, finding some packers of
No. 2 equalled by other brands marked No. 1, and many a No 1 not equal to another
packer's No. 2 ; the question is asked, how can we remedy this state of affairs. The
remedy as to sizing all kinds of fruits properly, is simple, if the means are provided.
At present there are fruit graders on the market, that will do the grading as to the
size required in a most perfect manner, at perhaps a cost of lc. per bbl. Each
barrel is designated by a standard grade brand 2, 2J, 3 or Z\ inch diameter grade, or any
other size that may be required. These fruit graders are durable and cheap, and when
fruit sized by them is put on the market it will bear being poured out and a striking
uniformity is at once noticed. By the use of these machines, w j do not propose to say to
to the growers that we will not take their small fruit. We will be glad to get it and mark
it as to size, and it will demand its relative price. But we must remember that in a year
of an enormous crop we must set our standard higher than in a year ot scarcity. Let a
2h inch diameter apple be the smallest size put on the market in a plentiful season, so
that thousands of barrels being screened out, there will be a tendency to keep our mar-
kets steady. There are other ways of using our small apples more profitably than stuffing
the centre of packages with this inferior grade. This imposition and fraud should be a
thing of the past. Facing with large beautiful fruit, and putting inferior sizes in centre
of packages, has been in vogue long enough. Buyers no longer credit barrels or boxes as
to top facing, or being true to size throughout, but always pay a price for a second class
size to be on the safe side. If these beautiful facers, top and bottom, were put in cases
by themselves and marked as to grade, they would bring the top price in the market,
whereas, used as they are, they only bring a second class price.

Some may say, "Sizing is very well, but what about color and fungus spots?" If
apples are generally affected by spots, growers cannot afford to throw this class away ; but
grading this class to uniformity of size makes it very much more valuable to the trade.
As to off color, if fruit is graded according to the scale, this class is not objectionable and
will find a ready sale. In my experience of packing and shipping fruit for the last 25
years, the sizing has more often brought my stock into good repute than any other cause.

In trying to make sale of fruit, where you have no sample, the first question usually
a,sked is, " How is your fruit for size f1 If graded by a proper grader, and marked ac-
cordingly, how easily and truthfully is this question answered ! I have a 100 bbls.
Golden Russets 2| inch diameter grade. What does this mean 1 That there
is not one apple in the 100 packages under this diameter. Is this not more satisfactory
than saying they are a fair size, or average sample 1 For what one man may think extra,
another may only call ordinary. The question of rebating on fruit not up in size and
quality would be disposed of and all parties would be more satisfied with this way of
grading as a more profitable, scientific, etc., up-to-date method.

For packers to say they can divide their fruit into two sizes by eyesight and draw
the line as to size correctly is a mistake. You are always running too far towards small
sizes and dropping culls in with your be3t grade. Large size mixed with culls was a very
common occurrence in the old guess work style of graiding. Graders relieve the eye of
the task of measuring, so that the eye service can be devoted to picking out or detecting
defective fruit, wich no machine can dispose of. Oar old country market demands our
best graded fruits. Our Canadian shipments have often been spoken of as inferior as to
size, or as not strictly high class. Now, as we are living in the best province in the

64 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

world for high class fruit, why not have our best apples put up in the best manner of
grading, as well as put up in the best package for our English or foreign markets? And
by so doing we will hold our own iD all competition with other countries, and bring to
ourselves much credit as well as large profits. While eighteen days in Glasgow, Scotland,
watching auction sales of our Canadian Apples, I never saw our red varieties that were
well graded sold at a low figure ; always at from 15 shillings and upwards. But our
yellow and green are not so much in favor. In competition for a prize for the best 12
apples or any other class of fruit, one strong point is in favor of the lot that has been
graded as to uniformity of size and color. If size is uniform throughout the package, the
same price can be obtained per peck or dozen, throughout package, relieving the mer-
chant the trouble of grading after his purchase arrives in stock. It is hard to determine
what a package or barrel of ungraded apples, as to size will realize a merchant, when
put up by careless packers. As a proof that grading as to size combined with quality
demands attention as well as secures top prices in Glasgow, I may say that a lot graded
in this manner brought me a profit of over 100 per cent. The brokers who sold them,
in sending my returns said, "Your grading as to size is a phenomenal success, and if you
had sent them to our house in London your profits would have been larger." Some
would say putting all even sized large apples together it would be impossible to keep them
tight. But my experience in shipping Cabashea apples to London is to the contrary.
Very large, e\en sized apples were opened in that city by myself and found perfectly
tight and brought the top price in the market. I admit tnat this class are harder to-
keep tight than mediums, but long years of experience can overcome this difficulty. I
have shipped to Glasgow in quantities with returns of only 4 per cent slack.

In conclusion I would say, that for export, never ship apples of any sort under 2 j
inches in diameter ; and apples that generally grow larger, such as Kings, Spys, Green-
ings, etc., grade 3 inches in diameter, and you are most certain of success, as these sizes
denote superior growth and will not ccst more to export than inferior sizes. We, aa
fruit growers, packers and shippers, must remember we are living in an age of progress.
We understand how to grow fruit and the kinds to grow for profit ; but I am inclined
to think as to packages and grading, we will, in the near future make long strides in the
right direction, which will be a boon to growers as well as shippers and packers at large.
At all times let our motto be : —

We'll pack our best fruit,

In uniform size,
Never let top or bottom

Beguile or tell lies.

The Secretary : I have been sizing my pears this year. I sent 400 or 500 cases of
Bartletts to Great Britain this year, and graded them all for size. What we call No. 1
grade was the lowest grade of pears, and they were uniform from 2\ to 2J inches in
diameter. That meant just 100 pears in a case ; you can put no more and no less than
100 in a case, so any one buying that package would know exactly how many pears he
was getting. The next grade, A No. 1, measured in diameter 2J to 2| inches. That
took just eighty pears to a case. Extra A No. 1 was three inches in diameter and took
just sixty pears. On our apples a similar rule was observed. No. 1, 2 \ inches, average
about eighty apples ; A No. 1, 3 inches, about sixty apples ; and Extra A, 3J inchep, 48.
I believe it is going to be more and more an important thing to size our apples. Whether
we do it with a grader or not, we must have some way of making the grade uniform.

JUDGES OF FRUITS AT FAIRS.

Mr. Race read the Report of the Committee of Fruit Exhibit, giving a list of com-
petent Judges at Fairs, copies of this list to be sent to the Boards of the various Fairs.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 65

Your Committee would recommend as competent judges on fruits at the agricultural
fall fairs throughout the Province of Ontario the following : —

On Apples.— T. H. Race, Mitchell ; A. Mc. D. Allan, Goderich ; G. 0. Caston,
Craighurst ; A. H. Pettit, Grimsby ; E, Morris, Fonthill ; Dr. J. Harkness, Irena ;
Henry Robertson, Morrisburg ; Harold Jones, Maitland ; H. A. Brouse, Ottawa ; Walter
Dempsey, Trenton ; W. A. Whitney, Iroquois.

Pears and Plums.— A. Mc. D. Allan, Goderich ; A. M. Smith, St. Catharines ; A.
H. Pettit, Grimsby ; Dr. Beadle, Toronto ; Chas. Van Duzer, Grimsby ; R. L, Huggard,
Whitby ; E. 0. Beman, Newcastle.

Grapes and Peaches.— M. Pettit, Winona ; W. M. Orr, Fruitland ; Alex. McNeill,
Walkerville ; E. J. Woolverton, Grimsby ; W. W. Hilborn, Leamington ; A. M. Smith,
St. Catharines ; Walter Forward, Iroquois ; W. A. Whitney, Iroquois.

Mr. Caston : I suggest that this report be accepted as read.

THE LITTLE PEACH.

Mr. Carpenter asked if any of the gentlemen knew anything of the new disease
affectiDg the peaches seriously through the United States, particularly in Michigan. It
is called " The Little Peach." I cannot find out any cause or any remedy. I have had
a tree that had it last year similar to what is described in some of my papers in some very
large orchards in Michigan. I noticed a few peaches on one tree. They ripen before
they should naturally ripen, and they are very small, perfect in appearance in every
respect with the exception of the kernel. I do not know whether they destroy the tree
or what is wrong with it. I see by the papers they are cutting down large orchards of
trees in Michigan just from this source ; and it was stated through the pipers that some
people supposed it to be this rosette in the peach, but it was denied. 1 have seen the
rosette myself, and it is nothing like it.

Mr. Pettit : I would suggest that oar Secretary give us any information that he may
gain through the " Horticulturist." I fancy we will not be able to gain any more informa-
tion here to day.

CO-OPERATION IN FRUIT SELLING.

By Mr. Alex. McNeill, Walkerville, Ont.

I do not propose to take all the time that in justice might be allowed to this subject,
because there are other papers that must be heard, and I hope to reach you .through the
columns of the " Horticulturist," but I can assure you that this matter of co-operative
selling is one that has been forced upon us, and one that must receive attention, and I
hope that I at least will have the co-operation of my fellow fruit growers in this mcde of
sefling. Co-operation is absolutely necessary in mary things, but it is a good thing in
almost all our fruit growing associations. It is unnecessary for me to point out the many
advantages of it. In other lines of business co-operation has been found successful, and
certain branches of farming have been almost created through this spirit of cooperation.
Dairying, as we call it now in Ontario, would be almost an impossibility were it not for
co-operation ; and thai same spirit that has been so successful in connf ction with the pro-
duction of cheese I believe can be introduced among the fruit growers and be equally
successful there. Now it is an appeal for the development of this spirit of co-operation
that I make here this afternoon. ■ It is very true that to devise any system, any mechan-
ism by which this co-operation can take place with regard to the selling of fruit, is some-
what more difficult than in other branches of agriculture ; but I am perfeotly certain that
with the intelligence we have represented in this profession it is not altogether

5 F.G.

66 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

impossible. I am sure that among us we can devise some scheme that will he practicable
for us under our conditions. Of course it would be an easy matter for me to cite cases
where co-operation has been successful among other people in the matter of selling their
fruit. The peach growers in the nation to the south of us have long adopted this method
in various sections of the country as a means of disposing of their productions, and it has
been the universal testimony that where these co-operative associations have been worked
with any degree of intelligence they have been successful. The peach growers of New
Jersey ard Delaware would think it almost impossible to conduct their operations now
were it not for co-operation ; and I am sure we are all familiar with the great co-opera-
tive selling concerns of the fruit growers in New York State and Northern Ohio. The
co-operative societies of Michigan have not been quite as successful as those of their
eastern brethren, but even the Michigan men claim that co operation in selling has been
an immense advantage to them. The fruit growers of California, particularly the grape
grower, found that grape growing could be begun a few years ago only at a loss. Grapes
are cheaper there even than they are with us, and though we are suffering no* from the
effects of growing grapes at half a cent a pound, they were even worse than that at Cali-
fornia • but due almost solely to the efforts of these societies the grape growers ha?o
forced grapes during this last year and 1897 to a very fair price— $21 a tor, I believe,
was the average price in 1897, and 1 believe they realized quite good prices this year,
almost solely through the efforts of co-operative societies. I cite these cases simply to shew
that co-operation is possible with other people, and though the exact mechanism they
have adopted might not suit our needs, I believe we have that within us that will enable
us to devise the means that will suit us. The suggestion that I would make here this
afternoon is that the different localities should be organized into associations, without
any great amount of red tape or formality, but simply that the growers of a neighborhood
should unite and appoint from among themselves a seller or a manager of the association,
and should as largely as possible sell through this certain manager. Now that is just
the plan in its bald outlines. There can be any mechanism introduced that you wish.
You can incorporate if vou think it necessary. It is not necessary at all, and associa-
tions of that kind are conducted in different parts of the continent without any formality
except simply a meeting of the neighboring growers who ship from a certain railroad
station, and who sometimes appoint a manager who is given power to sell their
fruits. At other times the business is put in the hands of a committee of three or five
whose business it is to meet the buyers and to arrange sales and other business of that
sort • and I believe that that can be done here, and we have concluded in our section to
try this process next year, and we are willing to put our fruit in the hands of a manager.
We are limiting it for next year to a special class of fruit, which are grapes, because the
grape growers are not perhaps as numerous as the growers of other kinds of fruit, and
they are grown in larger quantities by each individual grower. While there is an
immense quantity of grapes grown in the aggregate in our section, the number of growers
is comparatively few, so that the circumstances under which we co-operate are somewhat
favorable. We propose to place the selling of our fruit in the hands of a certain indi-
vidual under the direction, so to speak, of a committe of three of us, and all sales will be
made through this manager and committee. We have drafted out a simple schedule on
which we propose to have patrons— that is, those who unite with us— agree to give us
the selling of this particular kind of fruit. It reads simply this way : " I hereby agree
to place (naming a certain quantity of fruit) in the hands of this association for sale.
The object of that is to know exactly how much we have to dispose of. We are
acquainted with each other very largely, that is one of the essentials of this co-operative
business Our local associations are supposed to know the needs of each individual
member, and as far as possible we unite in this matter for the sake of securing several
objects • largely for securing better prices, but incidentally there will be other advant-
ages—less competition among buyers, for one. Now in every neighborhood there are
certain advantages that induce buyers to come. Buyers come to our neighborhood to
buy grapes, perhaps not because we have better grapes there than anywhere else, though
we claim to have, but buyers have the advantage of a number of growers of grapes m
one neighborhood, and they come here to play off one grower against another. As a

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 67

matter of fact I have evidence, which I submitted to my fellow growers after a trans-
action was over, that one of these large men from Winnipeg simply played off four or
five of us in that way. He came to me and had an offer for grapes, asked me at what price I
would put in my entire crop of grapes, which I estimated to amount to sixty tons ; and
I made him an offer of $25 a ton in 10 lb. baskets. I am rather ashamed of the price ;
certainly we should not have to take such a price for our fruit ; but it was the best we
could get, and in my judgment, considering the competition all around me, I think $ 25
was the highest price I dared ask. He asked me if I would not take something less than
that, and when I demurred a little he said, M Well, I will see you again before I leave,"
and I knew exactly what the process was going to be. He was going to my neighbor,
Mr. Murgatroyd, and making the same offer and telling him that Mr. McNeil was going
to take $25, would not he go $24 1 And Mr. Murgatroyd did what I would do under the
circumstances — he took $24. Then he said to Mr. Murgatroyd that he would see him
before he would leave. Then he went to Mr. Bennett, another neighbor, and Bennett
agreed to put them in at $23. Then he came to me and said, " I would rather have these
if you can put them in at a trifle under $23;" and I said, "I will go it at $22 —
(laughter) — and $22 I got. Now, that is the history of an actual transaction, not a freak
of my imagination. I did not see him with the physical eye travelling around to these
people, but I could trace him just as distinctly as though I had been following him
around, and he came to me and saw me before he left, and he got satisfaction. If I
could have paid my creditors dollar for dollar he would have squeezed me down a few
cents less, but I thought I could not pay dollar for dollar at anything less that I took.
There were certain advantages by buying from us that he could not get from any other
people. For instance, he thought he could get a carload upon short notice. The agree-
ment was that we should ship him a carload within twenty-four hours of his telegram,
so that if he telegraphed this morning for a carload, ten tons, we expected to have it
start to-night for Winnipeg. If we had been together I would have said, " The selling
of this is in the hands of Mr. Murgatroyd." Mr. Bennett would have done the same,
and Mr. Ferry would have also sent him to Mr. Murgatroyd. If he had that kind of a
deal to go through then there would not be the competition of one against the other ; he
could not play one off against the other in that way, ao that there will be that advantage
in this co-operation. Another advantage would be the lessening of the cost of sales.
There are a certain number of expenses that must be undergone by each individual man.
If I am selling a certain quantity of stuff I have to have telegrams to know the state of
the market each day, These telegrams do not differ essentially. One would have done
for the whole or half a dozen ; and there is a certain amount of correspondence, and
when you sell a large quantity of fruit correspondence becomes a serious matter. Most
of us have not only to conduct the correspondence, but get out into the field and hustle
during the shipping time, and we cannot delegate this matter of packing fruit to anybody
else, and the correspondence in selling the ordinary crop of fruit is a serious matter,
which might be lessened considerably by co-operation. Then this co-operation, even in
this small way, would give us much better accommodation with the railway companies
in the matter of cars and so on. That is a larger subject that I need not dwell upon.
We all know that even where a dozen people are gathered together and are unanimous in
demanding one thing they can secure what no individual or all the individuals acting
individually could secure from the railway companies and truck companies and others
with whom they deal. Each locality, too, has a certain market. Now, that market can
be enlarged to a certain extent, but it is just possible it may cost considerable money to
enlarge the market. Those of us who have tried to extend the market for our fruits
have found that it did cost money to increase the market, and this increased cost could
be materially lessened even by this small co-operation of each neighborhood that I speak
of. It is a little too much to expect one man to open up a new field. Take, for
instance, the northern part of Ontario. Some years ago I spent considerable money and
time in opening up what I thought was a new market there, and I no sooner got a
profitable trade — and I think I was the first person, certainly the first in our particular
neighborhood, to take advantage of a certain freight rate that gave me access to three splen-
did towns, and I got a freight rate really where they had always been in the habit of paying

68 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

express rate— but no sooner did I get thit thing and spent considerable time and money
in getting arrangements completed that all my neighbors had the advantage of the whole
thing without any effort on their part I think I am a generous individual in most
cases, but I thought it was a little hardship in that case, and I think co-operation would
have been the grand thing if nothing more than to share the expense is such matters as
these. Those who have had experience of this chsracler are deterred sometimes from
making these ventures on account of the expease ; but when we know that the expenses
weie shared by the community it would pay the community handsomely to undertake
to open these new markets. These are only a few advantages of co-operation. There is
another very important one— it would secure greater uniformity in the packing and
grading of fruit. When these co operative methods are adopted it is positively essential
that there should be some understand in regard to the quality of the fruit ; and the fact
is as some would say perhaps that now we grade the lower and grade down, but then
the poorer fruit would be thrown out and nothing but the better class shipped ; the
tendency of the grading is always upwards in these co operative associations and not
downwards. That I consider a very important thing. The reputation of the association
as such cannot be shirked so readily as that of the individual sometimes, because the
whole mechanism is right at the criticism of the public. I would like to dilate further
on the advantages of co-operation, but my object this afternoon is rather to open up the
discussion and bring the thing before the members of this Association and see whether
we cannot stir up a sentiment in favor of further co-operation. Of course you see that
my obiect here is to endeavor to control the fruit at the shippers' end. Now it is a
pleasure for me to say that the Niagara District Stock Co., a co operative concern, has
done a <*reat deal for the fruit growers in one way or another ; but they have commenced
at the wrong end a little. They deal only with the sellers' end. Now, if these co-opera
tive societies and associations could work in conjunction with that, there we have a
mechanism by which we can control the fruit at the shippers' end, and it is the only
possible way of preventing gluts in the market. Unless we know and have some means
of finding out what to be shipped and where to be shipped to, we have no means of pre-
venting Sluts in the market ; but if this Convention should take up seriously this matter
of cooperation just as it has been taken up in the Dairymen's Association in connection
with their cheese factories and creameries, we could make this matter so general that in
a very few years we could develop a system of selling fruit by which we could control
almost completely the shipping of fruit, so that no market would be over-supplied with
fruit and no market would be under supplied. Now, I am sure there is not a fruit
grower but feels that is a consummation devcutedly to be wished j and I feel certain, if
we can only induce the various members to think about this matter, to read what is said
about co operative methods, and to so school themselves morally that they can work with
their neighbors, much can be done by this Association in that direction. Old Dr.
Johnston said, " There are some people that are so unclubable that it is almost impos-
sible to work with them." Let us introduce the missionary and the Sunday-school and
educate our neighbors to work co-operatively, and we have done a good thing. We can
work co-operatively with success when we give it attention. I do not believe it is going
to come suddenly— no good thing ever did— and I should depreciate a boom m co-opera-
tive societies of this sort, because then mistakes would be made ; but let us proceed
slowly let us see how one works this year and then proceed along several years improv-
ing year by year to work steadily for this particular object. I am sure any of you who
have read broadly along these lines must believe along with me that co operation must
come into our farm operations before we can get the benefit of our labors We are
sure that the ground principles are right. The only thing is the mechanism by which
we can secure them. If we believe the general principle is right, it is our buuness as
members of a community, as an association, to work for them carefully but energetically;
to avoid the errors that we may see each year and improve for the year to come ; not to
go ahead with the possible chances, with the certainty almost, of making very serious
mistakes on a large scale, but to proceed cautiously and work towards the end, not dis-
couraged by minor failures, but to proceed along the line knowing that we are right and

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 69

going ahead just as fast as we possibly can without danger I thank you for the atten-
tion you have given me, and hone that this may well receive your careful consideration.
(Applause).

Mr. Gregory.— I think that has been tried pretty well in this section. Mr. Bunt-
ing is best qualified to speak on that, and I would suggest his name.

Mr. Bunting.-I can only say, that during the past few years in this vicinity we
have endeavored to carry out some of the ideas that Mr. McNeill has expressed and that
we have met with considerable success, more particularly in connection with the railway
people. We have succeeded, I think, in placing our goods here, in the market, in better
way than before, and the returns received from the various markets where we have
shipped have almost been invariably good. (Hear, hear.) There are times when reports
that have come back have not been so favorable as we would have liked, but in looking
. at the details of the matter, we have been able to find out where the difficulty arose ;
and I think with Mr. McNeill, that co-operation is the true idea as far as fruit-growers
are concerned. In taking up the matter in the Committee appointed this morning, it
will be my duty to work this idea as far as I can, and in approaching the transportation
companies in that matter, we will bring as much influence to bear ar we can.

Mr McNeill —It is gratifying to have the first bit of experience in favor of this
particular plan. I hope, in the years to come, it will be so common that we will not have
to ask for experience along these lines.

NOTES ON EXPERIMENTAL SPRAYING IN 1898.
By W. M. Orr, Superintendent of Experimental Spraying, Fruitland, Ont.

One learns quickly by means of the eye, and an ocular demonstration is always the
most convincing. Spraying bulletins are excellent educators, but I fear the greater por-
tion of the bulletin is seldom read. However, let a farmer once see the work of prepar-
ing and applying the mixtures, and let him be shown the different species of injurious
insects on the trees, and the best method of dealing with them— and he will remember
more about it than he would if he read a bulletin a dozen times. Realizing this, the
Department of Agriculture for Ontario has for the past four years conducted a series ot
object lessons in spraying.

This year we worked at 30 points, covering the Province from Amherstburg to
Renfrew. An agent visited each point seven times, and his dates were announced by
poster, postal card, and in the press. The bulletin of 1897 was revised, and given to
those wishing them at the orchards, beside a great many requests were received tor them
by mail.

That the farmers appreciate this effort of the Department to benefit them and
demonstrate to them the best methods for caring for their orchards, is shown by the fact
that the attendance this year was 3,538, beside many who visited the orchards, when the
agent was not there, to see the results. This is about 700 more than attended last year,
and almost double the number that attended in 1896.

Although the work for 1898 has only just closed, 31 applications have been received
for the work next year, including two points where the work has always been done.
These latter say, that the farmers had not realized how important it was, and wished for
another opportunity to see the work.

Only one solution was used, Bordeaux mixture, according to the following formula:—
Copper sulphate, 4 lbs. ; fresh lime, 4 lbs. ; water, 40 gallons. To this in every case
was added four ounces of Paris green.

On account of the law which forbids the spraying of fruit trees when in full bloom,
and on account of rain, many applications were lost, as the work had to be done at the
date and hour named, so that the agent might reach his next point on time. However,
the results in most of the orchards were satisfactory.

70 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Allow me to give you a few of the actual results from this year's report. In esti-
mating the percentage of perfect apples a part of the tree was picked clean, and the fruit
carefully examined, every specimen which had a worm spot no matter how small, being
rejected as imperfect.

In the orchard of Mr. Hugh Black, Rock wood, W6 had the following results : —
Snow — Sprayed, 64 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 1 per cent, clean.
Ben Davis. — Sprayed, 100 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 28 per cent.
Wagner. — Sprayed, 26 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 2 per cent, clean.
Spy. — Sprayed, 100 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 36 per cent, clean.
Greening. — Sprayed, 88 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 24 per cent, clean.
Ribston Pippin. — Sprayed, 90 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 80 per cent, clean.
Canada Red. — Sprayed, 72 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, no clean fruit.

This orchard has never been sprayed before. Concerning the work in his orchard,
Mr. Black writes as follows, under date of Nov. 16th, 1898 : " In reference to the effect
of spraying this season, I feel in justice bound to give you my impression, which is at
follows : ' The effect on the foliage was plainly noticeable all season. The leaves were
fresh and had that glossy appearance which indicates growth. The bark was smooth
and looked like the bark of young trees, the moss and roughness on the bark almost
entirely disappearing, and the trees have made more new wood than for some years past.
The fruit was, on the sprayed trees, as nearly perfect as is reasonable to look for. In my
experience, I never saw, even years ago, before so many enemies came to stay, so entirely
good a crop of apples. I am safe in saying that in our Spys, which were sprayed, there
was not one barrel of culls to 100 barrels of good fruit. I am convinced that our
chances of growing apples profitably will largely be in proportion to the thoroughness
with which we spray. Good cultivation, plenty of barnyard manure, and careful spray-
ing will ensure us equally as good and abundant fruit crops as of yore. I might just add
that we had in one place in the orchard, two Greening trees, well loaded, and not a single
cull apple was found, neither worm, nor scab, nor mis-shaped. We cannot now grow
potatoes without using Paris green — we must also realize that we cannot grow good fruit
without spraying. The first spraying will almost entirely destroy the tent caterpillar. I
hope that our Ontario fruit growers will accept the situation and spray their apples and
other fruits thoroughly. Excuse the length of this letter. I am so convinced and satis-
fied I don't know where to stop praising it/ "

In the orchard of Mr. James Gray, Bolton, we had the following results : —

Snow. — Sprayed, 80 per cent, clean, heavy crop; unsprayed, 23 per cent, clean,
■about half a crop.

Fall Pippin.— Sprayed 76 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 4 per cent clean, one half
crop fallen.

Golden Busset.— Sprayed, 64 per cent, clean, this is the first clean fruit from these
trees in four years.

Talman's Sweet. — Sprayed, 64 per cent, clean : unsprayed, 24 per cent, clean.

Colvert.— Sprayed, 84 per cent, clean j unsprayed, 20 per cent clean, most of the
fruit is fallen.

Spy. — Sprayed, 54 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 20 per cent, clean.

Flemish Beauty Pear.— Sprayed, 90 per cent/clean; unsprayed, 10 per cent, clean.

This orchard has never been sprayed before.

On June 30th, the agent writes : " Here are four Snow trees, two sprayed and two
unsprayed, equally good last Spring and at blooming,^ standing side by side. Now, on
the sprayed ees, the foliage is beautiful and the trees are well loaded with good-sized fruit,
about 75 per cent, of which ia free from scab j while of the unsprayed trees, although the
tent caterpillar has been gathered three times, the foliage is almost ruined, the scab is
prevalent and the crop almost a failure."

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 71

In a letter written Nov. 15th, 1898, Mr. Gray says: "We noticed a marked
improvement this year on Flemish Beauty Pears and Snow Apples, especially. The
foliage on the sprayed trees was more luxuriant and stayed on longer in the fall. On the
unsprayed tree there was almost no fruit free from scab, and very few fit for market ;
while on sprayed trees there might be about 90 per cent, of good fruit. Indeed all
the varieties of apples sprayed showed a marked improvement when picking time came.
It is our opinion that if the spraying is continued, year after year, that the fruit will be
much improved, and that if this is not done very soon there will be little fruit worth
gathering. ,

Mr. R. Govanlock's orchard at Seaforth we have the following results :

Spy — Sprayed, 70 per cent, clean, heavy crop ; unsprayed, 20 per cent, clean, very
light crop.

St. Lawrence — Sprayed, 80 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 50 per cent, clean.

Snow — Sprayed, 90 per cent, clean, heavily loaded ; unsprayed, heavily loaded but
not a clean apple.

King — Sprayed, 75 per cent, clean ; unprayed, 50 per cent, clean.

Gravenstien — Sprayed, 100 per cent, clean ; no unsprayed trees.

Greening — Sprayed, 88 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 32 per cent, clean.

Flemish Beauty Pear — Sprayed, 50 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, no clean fruit.

Under date of Nov. 17tb, 1898, Mr. Govanlock writes as follows : "With regard to
my orchard prior to spraying, I may say that the fruit was badly spotted, misshaped and
full of worms, but this year after spraying there is scarcely a worm in the apples and they
are far more perfect in shape. I picked five sprayed Snow trees, and they packed 25
barrels, and left scarcely anything but the bruised apples, while the unsprayed trees were
worthless, good for nothing but cider. There was a marked difference on all the other
varieties. I consider the sprying a dirsct gain to me of least $50 in my small orchard.
Of course I sprayed the balance of my orchard, but not so thoroughly. I am convinced
that if every one would spray their orchard for a few years we could get rid of most of
the pests."

Under date of Dec. 29tb, Mr. Olaude McLaughlin writes : " In reply to yours with
reference to the spraying of my apple trees, I would say that in the fall of 1897 I was
completely discouraged with the result of my apple crop, so I made up my mind to cut
out all my trees (I have about 300). In fact I had cut some of them down, when I was
advised by a friend to give them one more trial and to try spraying. The following
spring I was making enquires about a spraying machine, when I received a notice from
Mrt Orr calling a meeting of those interested in fruit raising in this section, and stating
that it was the intention of the Government to conduct spraying experiments in different
parts of the Ottawa Valley. I attended the meeting, and was so much pleased with Mr.
Orr's explanations that I immediately offered my orchard for the experiments. Part of
the trees were sprayed and part left unsprayed. With the result of the spraying I am
more than delighted. The apples of the sprayed trees were sound and large, the foliage a
good rich color, and the trees made more growth than ever before in one season. In the
fall of 1897 I had no apples fit for use, all were small and scabby. In the fall of 1898,
on all trees sprayed, I had perfect, large and sound fruit, and although the past season
was an off year I had some of my trees propped they were so loaded. On the unsprayed
trees the fruit was poorer even than in 1897, and perfectly useless. I have bought the
machine with which the spraying experiment was conducted, and I intend using it next
season, when I expect even better results as my trees were in very bad shape from the
many insects that affected them. This fall they looked clean and healthy. I am fully
convinced that with good systematic spraying and ordinary care of the trees, we can raise
as good apples in this section of Canada, and better than in most sections. The spraying
experiment by the Government was of very great value to this section and was much
appreciated by the people."

72 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

In the orchard of Messrs. Freels Bros., Niagara- on- the-Lake, we had the following
results :

Baldwin — Sprayed, very heavy crop, 48 per cent, clean, 90 per cent, fit for barrel-
ling ; unsprayed, 4 per cent, clean, very light crop.

Snow — Sprayed, 16 per cent, clean, heavy crop, about 6 barrels fit to pack;
unsprayed, no clean fruit, about half barrel to the tree.

Aslrachan — Sprayed, 90 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 30 per cent, clean, dropped
very badly.

Duchess — Sprayed, 90 per cent, clean, heavy crop ; unsprayed, 30 per cent, clean,
dropped badly.

Fall Pippin — Sprayed, 80 per cent, clean, good crop ; unsprayed, no clean fruit and
crop very light.

Harvest — Sprayed, 80 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, no fruit fit for market.

Spy — Sprayed, 40 per cent, clean, good size and about 6 barrels on the tree fit for
packing; unsprayed, no clean fruit, and only about one barrel per tree.

Mr. Freels says : " The sprayed trees were selected in different parts of the orchard,
and that he had no right to expect a larger crop from the sprayed than from the
unsprayed trees, and that if all his orchard had been sprayed this year with the same
results as were obtained in the experimental trees it would have been worth over $1,000
to him.

Under date of Nov. 22nd, Messrs. Freels Bros, writes : "Your letter of the 12th
inst , received requesting information as to the benefit derived from the spraying of the
fruit trees. In reply thereto we have to say that the spraying of the trees did great
benefit to them, and the yield of fruit was much increased thereby. However, we think
that the spraying this year was not a fair test, owing to the wet and rainy weather, and
we are satisfied that with favorable weather, the spraying of the trees would be of incal-
culable benefit. Our crop this year under the most unfavorable circumstances, exhibited
increased yield, and, in comparison with orchards not sprayed, our showed the benefits of
spraying."

In Mr. Hugh G-ourlay's orchard, at Oarp, the following results were obtained :

Mcintosh Red— Sprayed, 100 per cent, clean ; no fruit unsprayed. This apple
spotted very badly other years.

Snow — Sprayed, 105 per cent, clean ; unsprayed, 10 per cent, clean.

Baldwin — Sprayed, 100 per cent, clean ; no unsprayed fruit.

Under date of Nov. 17th, Mr. Gourlay writes : "Your letter received asking for
information about my orchard, prior to the spraying and the result of this year's spraying.
Last year and other years the foliage was often spotted and not healthy looking, and the
tops of the limbs were often blighted. This year the sprayed trees presented a very
healthy appearance the foliage being very green and most luxuriant, the trees making
just about twice the growth they did other years. The fruit other years was more or less
spotted ; much of it being badly shaped from the bites of insects, more than half the Snow
Apples being unfit for sale. This year the sprayed fruit was much larger and better
shaped than ever before, nearly free from spots, nine-tenths of it being sold as first class
fruit. I sold all my first-class fruit at $3.00 per barrel. I attribute this all to the effects
of spraying. The benefits derived from spraying are almost incredible. Some of my
neighbors had their orchards striped bare by the tent caterpillar and were much pleased
to see the good effects of spraying on my trees. I had not the faintest idea that spray-
ing could produce such a marked improvement on an orchard in one season."

With a view to demonstrating that better results can be obtained where the work is
properly and systematically carried on, year after year, we have for the last three years
worked in Mr. Albert Pay's orchard, St. Catharines, spraying the same trees each year.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 73

In 1896 the results were good. In 1897 Mr. Pay said that if all his orchard was as
heavily loaded with as good fruit as were the trees which we had sprayed for two years,
it would be worth $2,000 to him with apples at $2 per barrel, as to the results in 1898,
writing under date of Nov. 25th, Mr. Pay says :

" In reply to yours of the 12th regarding spraying, I would say the row of trees
sprayed by you showed a very a decided improvement over the row next it which has
never been sprayed, both in foliage and fruit. This is the third season you have sprayed
the same row in my orchard, and the Greenings and Northern Spys in that row have had
a good crop every year and the Baldwins two good crops in three seasons. The Baldwins
had a very heavy crop, in fact too many to get a good size. I picked eleven barrels off
two Baldwins in the sprayed row, and not two barrels in the next row which were unsprayed.
There was hardly a marketable apple on the unsprayed trees, while fully 90 per cent, of
the sprayed fruit would class No. L The Greenings and Northern Spys would be about
the same. There has been a number of buyers through my orchard this fall
before the apples were picked, and some saw the fruit before packing and
they all spoke very highly of the stock and told me it was the cleanest and
brightest fruit they had seen this year. There can be no question in my opinion as to
the benefit of spraying, after the showing it made during the three years. I think,
however, it should be done successfully with less than six applications. However, even
with that many times, I fully believe it will pay to spray every year."

It is only fair that I should tell you of some of our failures as well as our successes.
I will give you in addition to the results, extracts from the agent's note book made at the
orchard on the days of spraying, so that you may be able to judge of some of the diffi-
culties we encounter and the causes of our failure.

In Mr. R. S. Lang's orchard, Exeter : —

1st application, April 22nd. — Rained all day, so that it was impossible to work.

2nd application, May 4th. — Cloudy, followed by an all night rain.

3rd application. May 16th. — Fine. Many of the trees in bloom. Sprayed only
some of the latter varieties. Bud moth and tent caterpillar bad on unsprayed trees ;
found only one tent on sprayed trees.

4th application, June 1st. — Fine, fall apples well set, winter apples are light.
Oyster-shell bark-louse, aphis, bud moth and tent caterpillar at work in his orchard.

5th application, June 13th. — Rained all day. Scab showing badly on Snows. Agent
writes on June 13th. " I am afraid that this orchard will be a failure. I have only had
one good spraying here."

6th application, June 25th. — Rain in forenoon, but cleared and afternoon was fine.
Found a few green fruit worms and Tussock moths. Foliage on sprayed trees decidedly
better than on unsprayed.

7th application, July 9th — Fine. Considerable scab but not many worms among
sprayed fruit.

I inspected Mr. Lang's orchard and found : —

Greening— Sprayed, 50 per cent, clean ; no unsprayed trees.

Ben Davis — Sprayed, 10 per cent, clean; unsprayed 10 per cent, clean.

American Golden Russet — Sprayed, 73 per cent, clean ; no unsprayed trees.

Snow — Sprayed and unsprayed about equal.

In a neighboring orchard I found American Golden Russet unsprayed 20 per cent, clean
and Greening unsprayed 20 per cent, clean. Mr. Lang says that he has never had any
first-class fruit off this orchard. All the fruit has been scabby or wormy and not fit for
packing. On Nov. 15th Mr. Lang writes, " Replying to your letter of Nov. 12th, would
say : — The spraying of my orchard was a success this year in the way of destroying
insects and worms There was scarcely an apple but was free from worms, something

74 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

very unusual for my orchard, but as for destroying the scab the spraying was not a
success this year. There was so many wet days when your operator called to spray, that
that may be the cause of the scab not being checked."

We had the common insect enemies to contend with this year. They were more
numerous than usual, the dry hot weather being favorable to their propagation. The
tent caterpillar was reported very bad on the 23rd of April. In many sections orchards
were entirely defoliated by them. At one station where no spraying was done except on
the experimental plot, they stripped the trees of their foliage, although the owner of the
orchards said he had gone over the trees three times and destroyed their tents. The agent
reported that the sprayed trees looked like monuments of mercy in the midst of sur-
rounding desolation. However they were controlled without difficulty on the experi-
mental trees.

The aphis was reported bad at some points a3 early as April 23rd, although it was
not nearly so bad as last year. I am thoroughly convinced that to secure the best results
we must begin treating the aphis and tent caterpillar much earlier than we have been
accustomed to do. At Fruitland we have discovered aphis on the buds as early as April
8th and tent caterpillar on April 15 th.

The green fruit worm a comparatively new-comer, and but little known here, is likely
to become a serious pest. Some growers report from 20 to 30 per cent, of their apples
and pears ruined by it. The agent reported on June 16th that it had destroyed much
fruit.

The rose-beetle was reported as doing a great deal of damage at Niagara-on-the-lake,
on June 11th. The agent says they were very destructive, especially on KiDg trees. He
savs there was hardly an apple without one or more, and that he had found as many as
six or eight on a single small apple. They had been in this orchard three years.
Prof. Saunders says that they are destructive to the leaf of the apple, plum, cherry and
apricot, but here they were working on the fruit and were especially destructive on the
King.

The codling moth, the oldest and most formidable enemy which the apple and pear
grower has to contend with, was very numerous this year, except in a few orchards in
North-eastern part of the Province, in one of which, at Oarp, twenty miles above Ottawa,
owned by Mr. Hugh Gourley, and comprising twenty acres, varying from ten to twenty
years old, not an apple injured by the codling moth could be found. Mr. Gourley says
he has never seen an apple in his orchard injured by the codling moth.

The owners of every orchard in which we worked this year, with one exception,
Mr. Ourwen of Goderich, report that the moth was largely controlled by spraying.

In the southern portion of the Province the moth was very numerous and continued
to propagate until the first of October. Early in this month, the young worm, scarcely
visible to the naked eye, could be detected just burrowing through the skin of apples that
up to that time were clean. As the last spraying was done about the middle of July,
these latter broods were not destroyed by it. Had the whole orchard been sprayed the
latter broods would not have been so numerous, as there was nothing to prevent the
moths, which had bred on the unsprayed trees, propagating on the trees in the experi-
mental plots, after the spraying had ceased early in July.

Mr. R. A. Dewar, of Fruitland, has a black Detroit apple tree eight inches in di-
ameter, standing near his buildings, the fruit of which has for years been badly infested
with codling moths. This year he sprayed it five times with Bordeaux mixture, adding
four oz. of Paris green each time. The first spraying was done before the tree blossomed,
and the other four at intervals of from twelve to fourteen days, ending about the 12th of
July. Up to this date not more than five per cent of the fruit was injured by a worm,
we examined the tree the 1st of August and found about 75 per cent of the fruit
wormy. On the 25th of August we made another examination and could not find a clean
apple. Many of the apples had three or four, and in one case five, worms in an apple. No
two of them had entered at the same place, neither had they burrowed into each others

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 75

tunnels. There appeared to be no choice as to the place of entering the fruit. On the
15th of May a large coarse sack was bound to the trunk of the tree to trap the larvae as
they were going up or down the tree. This was examined on the first of June but no
larvse were found. It was again examined on the 11th of August, and about 200 larvae
were found, most of them in cocoons and about 50 in the chrysalis. A large number of
empty cocoons from which the moth had emerged were also found. We put a number of
these chrysalis into a glass vessel and in a few days the moths began to appear. In eight
or ten days we had over twenty beautiful specimens of the moth. A number of eggs,
which appeared like creamy spots about the size of a small pin head, were deposited on
the glass. The bandage was replaced and left until the'27th of August, when it was ex-
amined and 261 larvse, mostly in unfinished cocoons and one chrysalis were found. It
was again put on and left until the 15th of November, when 191 larvae were found, all
cocoons. After a careful examination no larvse were found on the tree at this date, ex-
cept in the folds of the sack, and in the crevices of the bark under the sack. In all 703
larvae and chrysalis of the codling moth were taken from the bandage around this tree in
addition to which quite a number escaped as could be seen from the empty cocoons. On
October 1 1th we put socks on those trees where they were examined on the 29 th of Nov-
ember, sixteen larvse were found on them.

It appears from the result of experimental work carried on throughout the Province
that in the greater part of Ontario the codling moth can be controlled by spraying.
However, in the southerly sections, particularly under the mountain between Hamilton
and Niagara, they continue to do much damage after the regular spraying season is over.
They are much worse directly under the mountain than they are on the lake shore two
miles away or on the mountain. This is probably due to the large amount of fruit
grown aud the shelter afforded in that district. We propose next year, after the regular
spraying has caased, to continue the work in one or two orchards until picking time,
using Paris green mixture, that we may ascertain whether the latter broods can be des
droyed this way.

No doubt it would be advantageous to supplement spraying with bandages. It costs
but little, either for material or labor. Full instructions for doing the work may be
found in Prof. Saunders' excellent work " Insects Injurious to Fruit." From our own
experience we would consider it necessary to continue the work until the middle of
October. The first wormy apples reported were June 28th.

The black or dead spot on the limbs of apple trees is quite bad in some orchards and
appearing more or less all over the province. Mr. McGurn's orchard at Marysville is
very badly affected, several trees being killed by it. He expects that the orchard will be
ruined in a few years.

It appears from results obtained in experimental work, that from 65 to 80 per cent,
of perfect fruit can be secured, when spraying is regularly and properly done, and when
the conditions are favorable, such as an orchard standing high and dry or on well- drained
land, away from buildings or hedgerows, and the trees planted far enough apart so that
the limbs do not come within ten or twelve feet of touching, that they have an abundance
of sunshine and free circulation of air. It is also important that the trees be properly
trimmed, all rubbish removed and the land be properly fertilized, for it is a fact that two-
thirds of the orchards in Ontario are starving. With good apples at the price they have
commanded this year and last year, the orchard, if properly attended to, would be the
most profitable part of the farm.

We have a fertile soil, the climatic conditions are favorable and the apple attains a
degree of perfection in Ontario, not exceeded in any part of the world. We have an
unlimited market in Europe for first class apples. All that is necessary is that we treat
our orchards intelligently and give them the care and attention they require, thus secur-
ing annual crops and avoiding over-production alternate years, which gives inferior fruit
and taxes the trees. Then there will be no more difficulty of the market being glutted
by an over-production alternate years, and with careful and honest packing our success is
assured.

76 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Mr. Mills : Were all the res alts that you read from trees sprayed the same number
of times ?

Mr. Orr : Yes, these men reported from the points where we did the work.

Dr. Mills : You did this work that is reported on 1

Mr. Orr : Yes ; this is their own report of it apart from ours.

Dr. Mills : How do you account for the great differences in the immediate neigh-
borhood, in the same locality almost 1

Mr. Orr : We can account for the difference in the result3 from the location of the
orchards and the conditions they were in.

Mr. Mills : Are you sure the tops of the highest trees are always reached by the
rod?

Mr. Orr : We are sure sometimes that they are not. In some cases we have to do
the spraying off a stoneboat. The trees were 40 feet high, and it is impossible to do the
spraying in such a case.

Dr. Mills : What is the length of the rod you used 1

Mr. Orr : From 12 to 14 feefc. We had trees standing close together and interlacing
and needing trimming very much, and in such an orchard as that you cannot expect to do
perfect work.

A Delegate : Do you spray from one side of the tree, or both 1

Mr. Orr : We spray on both *s 3°s of the tree, and under it as well ; you get on a
waggon and drive it up and down \. ray.

Mr. Brodie : Do you not think if you used more Paris green you would have had
less codling moth ?

Mr. Orr : You will notice we have been very successful with the codling moth up to
the date that we ceased spraying. The principal damage done by the codling moth was
after the spraying had ceased.

A Delegate : That is the second brood.

Mr. Orr: I think it was one continuous brood from the 15th May to the 13th
October.

Mr. Oaston : The entomologists told us some years ago that there was only one
brood of them. We are finding out there are a good many, especially in the Niagara
Peninsula. 1 can corroborate what Mr. Orr has said about the sacking of the moths. I
had a little experience just there. I had a piece of sacking, and I put it in the branches
of the trees, and it remained there. Sometime about the beginning of November there
was a young tree of twigs that was just beginning to bear, not near a peck of apples, and
there would not be as many moths in the tree as in the larger tree, but I picked it up
and examined it, and it had over a dozen nice fat codling moths ; and I thought, would
not that be a good experiment to carry out, to take a few rags and put them in the trees
and then examine them from time to time 1 I believe that would be one of the most
successful ways of dealing with the codling moth. I do not think there is much of the
Paris green gets into the calyx. I think there is apt to be chilly weather at the time the
egg is deposited there, and the instinct of the insect leads it to deposit its egg in a protected
place, but I do not believe our spraying will kill many in the calyx of the apple. If you
find two apples lying close together on a limb you will find holes bored in from opposite
directions, and where there is a leaf covering the apple you will find one or two holes
under that, and this second brood is the most destructive of the whole. Another very
valuable thing would be the introduction of hogs. When an apple drops, in ninety-nine
cases out of a hundred there is a moth in it, and when the hog devours the apple that is
the end of the moth, too. I think the hogs and the spraying would work admirably
together ; two or three men have told me they do. I think we may congratulate our-
selves on the fact that our manufacturers in this country have produced excellent spraying
machines, and that in so short a time they have been so well perfected ; but I think there

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 77

is room for a slight improvement, that is providing for a vertical spray to get at the insect
that is on the under side, for example the aphis, because that is so destructive to the
tree, and then to spray in the ordinary way, and as those insects insert their bill and suck
the juice out of the leaf, Paris green is not of any use, and we have to apply something
that will kill them by contact ; we want something to get at them from the underside of
the leaf,

Mr. Brodie : My experience agrees exactly with Mr. Caston's in regard to hogs
being turned into the orchard. I turn in my cattle to eat up the refuse, and we have
hardly any codling moth. The only place where we have codling moth is where we
cultivate our trees. In these orchards that are old in sod, we have no codling moth
whatever.

SPRAYING FOR ORCHARD PESTS.

By Dr. James Fletcher, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

I heard Mr. Orr's report with a great deal of pleasure, and I believe it is a very
valuable one. It is valuable because he gives us facts, and does not try to make con-
clusions from them ; he gives us facts, which being true are scientific. I think it is a
pity he was not allowed to read all the facts, giving the percentages, which would have
showed fruit growers that it paid them to spray and to save crops in the best condition
they could ; but, of course, they know their own business best. Mr. Orr has given us
this year, as he gave us last year, a report of very great value indeed, and if there were
nothing else here to be discussed this afternoon, I think it would be one of the dis-
cussions that would mean more money in the pockets of the fruit growers than mai y
other discussions which take up a great deal of time. One of the points which Mr.
Orr asked about was the number of broods of codling moth in the course of a year.
This is an important question, because it has been supposed that the experience of the
first writers on the codling moth was going to be the experience of every experimenter
or fruit grower in other parts of the country. Mr. Oaston speaks of what the entomolo-
gists had told us. The entomologist, he told us, said there was one brood of codling
moth in a year, and they told us perfectly correctly. The writer who made the first
statement, which has been copied by thousands of writers since, was a New York man
who wrote with perfect accuracy about New York. A few years later, Mr. Saunders
wrote about London, and he wrote perfectly correctly fifteen years ago, when he said
there were two broods, practically continuous after the middle of June, of codling moth.
Later still, Prof. Cook, of California, says there was three broods; and they are all per-
fectly correct. According to the climate this insect changes its habits. The appearance
of the moth brood all during the season is only apparent and not actual. There are but
two broods, and if Mr. Orr would look through his notes, or if some one else would
make notes carefully next year, you will find thit the first brood of the codling moth
that lays the eggs appears just about the time when the young applen are formed. Mr.
Caston's criticism about the egg being laid in the calyx, unfortunately is not founded on
fact. The eggs are not laid in the calyx, and there is no reason why they should be.
The eggs are laid any place, and unfortunately on the leaves, but the insects crawl on
the apples, and the nearest channel by which they can obtain access to the interior of
the fruit is through the calyx and into the pips, which they generally tTy to get at first,
and where they do a great deal of their harm. The second brood, which appears in
Angust and lays its eggs, which give all the after trouble, is there prolonged in the
appearance of the moth. It is very much like the pe*ch borer. The moths begin to
appear after mid-summer, and keep on appearing right up till cool weather. It is all one
brood; it is not a succession of bro ds. Some people say, " Why, how should eggs laid
one time produce insects at another 1 " We cannot tell why, but we have proved it over
and over again that that is the case. I know only one, namely, the cater pilar, where

78 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

the eggs were laid on the 1st or 2nd July. They pass through three or four moults
before they reach maturity. Some of them pass one moult and then lay in lethargy,
and more remain in lethargy until next spring. Some of these caterpillars pass two
moults, and some pass three moults, and next year the insects will appear very much
sooner than those that only passed one. That will give several appearances, extending
a month over the time that the codling moth will appear. There are two broods of the
codling moth, but as they are brought out and appear during a long period, it makes the
appearance of the young caterpillars very much prolonged in time, and it is practically
the fact that young caterpillars may be found any time after the 1st of August until
late in the year ; but it does not matter to horticulturists and fruit growers particularly
what time these caterpillars appear ; they know that there is a certain danger- time in
the year that they have to protect themselves against, and if they find that fact out that
is all they want. It does not matter to the horticulturist where the codling moth lays
the egg — in the calyx or on the apple. They know that the caterpillar is going to get
inside the fruit and do harm. It is a matter for the entomologist to find out how it gets
there, and for the horticulturist to prevent it. Mr. Orr, and Mr. Pettit before him, has
shown in his report that a great deal of money can be saved by spraying. Spraying
pumps have been improved so that we have nothing to complain of in our times. There
are two sprayers here to day — the Spramotor and the Aylmer pump — excellent pumps,
as good as any man wants to use. 1 do not say they are better than aDy others, but I
3ay that they are all that a man wants. You need not stop spraying because you have
not got a good pump. You should get a good pump, and use it. You know if you spray
your trees regularly, and Mr. Orr's figures will show you the fact, that you are going to
save a large percentage of your fruit. I maintain it pays every man to spray his trees,
it does not matter whether he has two trees or two thousand it will pay him to spray
those trees so that they will give good fruit, which will give him a good return. There
are orchards in some parts of the country to-day which are not sprayed where hardly a
good barrel of apples can be got, and adjoining those orchards, separated only by a fence,
are orchards where fruit of Al quality can be picked and give the owners big returns
You are perfectly competent to know that by the very fact that you did not want your
time taken up by all the figures Mr. Orr was prepared to read to you, because you knew
that you could save from 60 to 80 per cent, of your fruit, and have it of the first quality
by spraying. I say that report which Mr. Orr has given us is a very valuable one.

There is only one omission that I saw in it, and that was that he said nothing about
the San Jose scale. We might infer from it that that San Jose scale was nothing to you
growers up here. There is nothing more important than to prevent the introduction of
the insect into the country. Your Government has put forth grand efforts to stamp it
out, and as you know this Association is doing a good work in stamping it out. Mr.
Orr last year drew attention to that pest and the enormity of it. It was of such import-
ance that the Ontario Government and Federal Government undertook to pass measures,
which were at first criticised, and which are now endorsed by the whole country, to stamp
out this pest. I am surprised there is nothing said about it ; nor do I see anything on
the programme about that insect which is doing so much damage, but which by the
efforts of the Government has been brought down verv materially, and to a greater degree
than aDy one hoped for last year. The efforts that have been put forth are enormous, and
the results, though they do not show now, will show, if they are kept up a little longer,
that an enormous good has been done to the whole country. From the fact that people
have not been ruined in the country some are arguing that too much fuss was made about
it. I say, gentlemen, not one word was said where a hundred ought to be said, for such
a pest as that is, can only be understood by going down to the southern orchards and see-
ing it. Last March I saw down in the State of Maryland acres and acres of magnificent
frr.it trees that had been killed as dead as possible in three years simply by that one
insect having been introduced — one large orchard of 28,000 trees wiped out in three years
— and yet people will say that too much fuss is being made about the San Jose scale. I
am thankful to say that our Government did put into execution these Acts, which were
discussed so fully in both Houses, and the good efiects have been enormous.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 79

Mr. Orr : I think there was no time of the year but what we could find a young
codling worm just boring into the apple.

Prof. Fletcher : That is after the middle of June ?

Mr. Orr : Yes.

Mr. A. H. Pettit : There are a number of people here who have trunks and
branches of peach trees affected with the borer, with the gum oozing out quite freely. If
you will give them a little life history and remedy it would be helpful.

Dr. Fletcher : The specimen on the wood that has been brought, and which when
an attack is present is indicated by a large mass of gum that is produced and oozes, is a
very small beetle, one of the bark borers, which only bores into the bark and not into the
wood. The best remedy is the Saunders wash with a little soda ash put into it — soft
soap made thin enough to use with a large brush, and washing soda and water, then add
to that carbolic acid sufficient to get a strong odor. It has been used by Mr. Karl Fisher,
of Qaeenston, with great success. Put the first wash on in March, after that two appli-
cations will be sufficient. One in March and the other about the end of May.

Dr. Saunders : I wish to offer my word to what has been said of appreciation of
this good work which Mr. Orr has been doing. I do not think there is any line of work
which the Ontario Government has taken up which is likely to produce more permanent
and lasting result than this work of spraying our fruit trees. The value of the apple
crop in Ontario depends very much on the cleanness of the fruit and its quality, and we
cannot have clean fruit now-a.days of good quality unless we adopt some regular system
of spraying. Fungous enemies and insect enemies are multiplying to that extent that it
is no use to look for good results as a rule unless the farmer and fruit grower will take
the pains to meet these enemies by which he is surrounded. I know you occasionally
meet with fruit growers who say, "I do not believe in spraying ; I have got just as good
apples as my neighbor, and I have not sprayed, and he has." There may be exceptional
cases of that kind. There are, no doubt ; because these people speak the truth. But
there is no rule that has not exceptions, and these exceptions can be explained in every
case without reflecting on the value of spraying. I was very much struck this autumn
when visiting the Industrial Exhibition with the excellent demonstration which Mr. Orr
made there on the value of spraying. I think thera is nothing appeals to the mind of
the ordinary and intelligent observer so strongly as a practical demonstration by object
lessons, and I think Mr. Orr hit on a capital method of bringing together a large number
of samples from different orchards where these experiments had been conducted, and
showing fair representative fruit from sprayed and unsprayed trees. Sometimes when
we get up to talk about these things at meetings, or talk about them to farmers individu-
ally, they think we are allowing our imagination to run away with our judgment, and
putting things in too strong colors ; but when they have the fruit put actually before
them they can judge themselves of the results and the methods used ; and I think it was
an admirable method of demonstrating the value of this most successful work. I think
it cannot be commended too highly, and it has evidently fallen into good hands and been
carried out very thoroughly. (Applause).

P/of. Macoun (Experimental Farm, Ottawa) : I listened with very great pleasure
to Mr. Orr's reports, and I would like to add what results we have had this year at the
Ottawa farm. In the Ottawa District we have not been very much troubled with scab ;
in fa^t it is very rare that I have seen a case of it this year. Our spraying for scab did
not improve the position to any great extent, but on spraying for codling moth, I observed
that our early apples up to the Duchess were almost free from codling moth. From that
time to the fall and winter apples were badly affected with codling moth. We sprayed
our orchard five times this year ; but I have come to the conclusion that if we are to rid
the orchard of codling moth, if we are to have clean fruit, that we must spray the winter
apples later on in the season. It is impossible of course to spray some apples that ripen
earlier, to spray them late on account of their color, but for winter apples I believe it
would pay us to spray late in the season. I had an excellent opportunity this season of
observing the good effects of spraying in Montreal. While there I had the pleasure of
visiting my friend Mr. Brodie's orchard, and saw there the immense advantage which he

80 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

had over his neighbors. Mr. Brodie has carefully sprayed his orchard for several years.
His trees are in a far healthier condition than his neighbor's, and this year he tells me he
produced 1,500 barrels of apples. Now, I saw the trees of his neighbor, and I saw there
was scarcely any fruit on them, and Mr. Brodie tells me that they were none of them
worth picking ; in fact the man had nothing in his orchard. I think this example alone
will show fruit growers how importaut it is to spray their trees thoroughly.

Mr Pattison: Some years ago, having some leisure about the 13th August, and
noticing that the codling moth, the second brood, was working badly, I took the trouble
to thoroughly spray the orchard with Paris green at that date I am sorry to say that
I found as far as I could see that it did no good whatever. I could not ascertain that
I had benefitted in the slightest degree from it, and I am afraid that spraying at that
time of year we do not seem to get at the insect sufficiently to do it any serious* damage.
Mr Huggard : I have a small orchard, about 80 apple trees, that I have sprayed
some six or seven vears. These last two seasons our first spraying was before tin buds
came out, and I consider is as important a spraying as there is the whole year for the
black spots Out of 130 barrels that we just shipped recently we did not have one
bushel of wormy apples. I attribute the whole thing to careful and intelligent spraying
at the right time.

Mr Tweddle • I had some experience this year as well as years before in spraying,
not only in my own orchard but in that of other parties, and I must agree with Mr. Orr
that it was of a great deal of value. I was so unfortunate that I had to take to the
road in selling spraying pumps. In my work I had a great deal of opposition from
people whom I tried to sell to, audit occurred to me that I would try to take some
means of convincing them from a financial standpoint that these things could be accom-
plished : so I arranged with a neighbor to spray his orchard and pick the crop for ^ one-
half He thought it was a good idea ; as he said " If you do not make anything I will
not have to pay you, and it won't cost me much ; if yoa make anything I will make
something." So he told me if I would spray his summer apples, Astrachan and Duchess,
for nothing, give them a couple of applications, he would give me one half of the
balance The orchard consisted of two parts of 10 acres each, both the same aged
trees about the same cultivation and the same kind of soil and everything alike as
near as I could tell The trees were not pruned sufficiently, or as thoroughly as I would
have done. The arrangement was made about the 7th May, and I sent a rig down to
work right away : we put on what we could. Some of the trees bloomed before we got
over it In all we gave it four applications; the last one was about the last of July
I think we finished on the 30th July, and when we picked the apples some of them had
the Bordeaux mixture on them. We used more Paris green and lime ; we used faiaanm
of Paris green, forty gallons of water, and six lbs. of lime. When I finished on the 30th
Julv the apples on both orchards, as far as size was concerned, seemed about alike and
in one orchard there seemed to be about as much crop as the other. I never went back
to the orchard till about the middle of September, and I went into the nearest one first,
and I was surprised to see the amount of fruit and the size and condition of them. I said
to mvself "Why, here is a bonanza for me as well as for the owner," and I felt very well
nleased ' When I went over to the other orchard, where I expected to see three times as
much fruit, I was very much disappointed in the quality and condition both in the variety
Td fruit. I could not understand ; I sprayed both orchards alike and they looked to
me iust alike as near as I could tell, and cultivated alike ; but I found that the first
orchard had been quite well manured with ashes and some barnyard manure, while the
other had been pretty badly neglected in that way. From that ^orchard-and it was ^the
offyear-I took about 225 or 250 barrels, and the other orchard instead of having three
times as many, there were only 150 barrels of first-class fruit-hardly first-class ; we called
it XX No. 1 and the other XXX. In the orchard which was not manured we took off
about two carloads of peaches and one carload of Duchess, and one carload of the other
L all about forty-six tons. In the other orchard we took off about 480 barrels That
does not seem a large number of No. 1 fruit, but the unmatured orchard rendered a very
small proportion of saleable apples ; there is where we had the loss. I may safely say

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 81

that had that orchard been manured it would have yielded a thousand dollars more this
year than it did. We shook down about fifteen tons of crop that were too small for sale,
and my share of that orchard was $680, ani it cost me about $275 or $280 for the spray-
ing and packing and picking up of this fruit, cullage, etc., which left me just about $480
clear for the operation. I think this is a practical illustration that might do as much as
any other illustration. There is nothing political about it. I got money out of it, and
am very well satisfied. (Applause and laughter).

R. W. Shepherd (Montreal) : The fruit growers in the Province of Quebec who
have tested spraying thoroughly are I think all quite unanimous that spraying must be
kept up and that it pays well to spray. In connection with my export business of apples
in cases, I have to purchase at outside places ; I grow apples in different sections of the
Province. I may say first of all that Fameuse is our leading apple in the Province of
Quebec. You call it the Snow. It attains to great perfection in the Province of Quebec,
and is our leading apple. It is by a long way the first and most profitable apple. It is
also perhaps the most affected by the spot of any apple ; therefore in our Province it is
an absolute necessity for us orchard men to continue spraying, and to spray well, and we
must not neglect it. In connection with my export business of Fameuse apples in cases,
I have to visit the different sections of the country in order to buy the fruit to fill my
cases in the different orchards, and in one section of the Province I visited one orchard
where a man of great experience had about 500 barrels of Fameuse. After going through
his orchard I said to him, " I don't think you will bo able to fill one of my cases out of
your whole orchard." He says, " No, I don't, think I will ; not good enough, not clean
enough. " I went to his neighbor on the next farm and he had sprayed bis orchard the
last three or four years and sprayed pretty thoroughly. I went through his Fameuse
orchard and found very good fruit. He filled fifty cases. Further on a man who
sprayed carefully filled 100 cases ; and it was only in the orchards that had been sprayed
that I could get good enough Fameuse for my business. My own experience is that
unless the spraying is kept up and thoroughly done every year the orchard men in the
Province of Quebec may as well give up growing Fameuse ; and I think Mr. Brodie will
bear me out in that, that in his section his orchard is in fine condition. His neighbors
mostly French Canadians, have not bothered themselves about spraying, and they are
cutting down their orchards. They found that Fameuse has become unprofitable, and
the result is they don't want to learn I suppose, and they are going to some other kind of
cultivation. That is the experience I had this year; in thB orchards that were not
sprayed I could not get good enough fruit for my business, in fact I had to give up buying
fruit because I could not get good enough in the sections where the spraying was not
done.

Mr. Carpenter : I would like to know, if Mr. Orr has experimented in some other

directions of spraying than apples % Many of us are interested in growing peara and

plums and peaches and no apples. Is there the same good done in spraying of peach
orchards ?

Dr. Saunders : I may eay in that exhibit in Toronto to which I referred, Mr. Orr
exhibited some samples of the Flemish Beauty pears which had been sprayed, and some
which bad been gathered without spraying, and the one lot that had not been sprayed
were badly cracked and diseased while the others were healthy. I have no doubt Mr.
Orr has carried on experiments of other varieties of pears besides Flemish Beauty.

Mr. Carpenter : Does the Government confine it to apples alone, Mr. Orr

Mr. Orr : Apples alone is our regular business. Of course I have been spraying all
my fruits for the last 13 years at home ; that is experience apart from what 1 am doing
in my regular work.

Mr. Carpenter : Would it not be a good idea for the Government to give us a little
benefit of the operation of spraying other fruit trees ?

Mr. Orr : Your crops are so regular and you make so much money out of them that
your case is not demanding much sympathy from the Government. (Laughter.) If time

6 F.G.

82 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

would permit I could tell you something of my experience at home, but I hardly feel like
taking up time when there are other papers on the programmes. I purpose giving my ex-
perience in spraying peaches in an article in the Horticulturist.

Mr. Cole (St. Catharines) : There has been nothing sa;d here to-day about the
spraying of grapes. We all agree with Mr. Orr that it is very essential for fruit growers to
spray their orchards. About six or seven years ago my vineyard — about 50 or 60 ton
vineyard — was badly injured with black rot, something new to us in this section of the
country ; but we were advised to spray, and we did so next year with a great deal of
benefit. My vineyard was hurt so badly that it took a great deal of time to repair it for
the market, and then my crops were not in a very good condition ; but I sprayed thor-
oughly that season, and out of 54 tons I am satisfied I did not have 500 pounds of culls,
and I attribute the whole thing to the spraying. Since that we spray our vineyards
thoroughly, which we feel it is a necessity to do in this vicinity in order that we may get
first-class crops. It is as essential to spray our vineyards as it is apples.

Mr. Orr : The instructions for spraying apple trees apply to all other fruits. The
necessity of spraying apples particularly is because we go over the whole Province,
in sections where they have never seen the work done. You spray pear, peach, vine
yards exactly in the same way and with the same material as apples I will tell you
what I did with my peach trees. I had heard that experimenters were spray icg with a
preparation of lime in the fall and winter to keep the buds back in the spring. They
calculated by having the trees white that it would not attract the sun, and delay the
blooming period a week or ten days. Last December I sprayed my peach trees thoroughly
with preparation of lime alone, and in February and March they looked as white as snow.
In the latter part of April and May, we sprayed the same trees with Bordeaux
mixture. We just sprayed 100 trees with lime, and in the spring we sprayed all
the orchard. The Bordeaux mixture I think was too strong for the narrow leaves or
willow leaf peaches ; after the spring came in they dropped the foliage and the crop, but
all the rest of my peaches bore a good crop. I think when the trees were dormant
that the Bordeaux mixture the regular strength did not injure them, but after the growth
commenced I think it injured the wood so that they dropped their foliage. However, they
got a new foliage and had agood crop of foliage later on, but they dropped their fruit. That
was simply a few narrow leaf varieties. Where the broad leaf varieties took the mater-
ial there was no harm done. I do not know of any peaches grown apart from what I
had, and I attribute it all to spraying, preventing curling of the leaf which in my own
case took the last leaf off the trees that were not sprayed.

A Delegate : What about the effects of the lime ?

Mr. Orr : I was away from home, and I cannot tell you accurately as to that.
Where they have been testing it for two years they claim they can hold buds back for a
week or ten days.

Mr. Pattison : Do you use any Paris green on peaches 1

Mr. Orr : No.

Mr. Pattison : What strength do you use if for plums ?

Mr. Orr : I use the regular Bordeaux mixture, adding 4 ounces of Paris green to
each 40 gallons of water for plums.

Mr. Caston : There is one difficulty I have known in spraying with Paris green ;
if you stop with half a barrel of mixture and go to dinner, that Paris green goes to the
bottom and I do not think there is an agitator made that would bring it up again if you
do not use something else besides the agitator ; and then when you come near the bottom
you will have a very strong mixture. I would like to know Mr. Orr's experience as to
that. When the Paris green mixes with the lime in the pump it forms a mass that you
cannot get at with any ordinary agitator.

Mr. Orr : We never allow our appetites to drive us away with half a barrel of
spraying (laughter) ; but if such a thing should happen I would not take the slightest
hesitation in going right on with the agitators.

FRUIT GROWERS* ASSOCIATION. 83

Dr. Fletcher : There is this trouble, as Mr. Oaston says, and even in spraying
with all care it is well to wash your barrel out or stir it up with a broom after about
three fillings. You can do it with a corn broom very well. In reply to the question as
to spraying Paris green in the mixture, that is a very important one. I have never
found it necessary to use any greater strength than one pound in 200 gallonp, and have
found excellent rt suits with that. Mr. Brodie asked if it would not be better to have a
stronger mixture than Mr. Orr uses. I would say it would be very dangerous to have it
ever stronger than that. I think it was a lack of patience. Paris green is a slow killing
poison, and it takes about two days to get the results.

Mr. Brodie : In the meantime they eat up the whole of the potatoes. Laughter.
I have heard from one of our Montreal fruit exporters that one of his farmers consigneed
apples to him sprayed with raw petroleum and water and Paris green. Have you heard
of such a mixture for preventing the apple scab, the fungi on the apple 1

Dr. Fletcher : Yes, there has been a recommendation made daring the last two
3? ears in the United States to use pure coal oil. At the present dale, both in the States
of Maryland and in JMew Jersey where it has been tried very carefully there are a great
many injured trees from the application of that remedy. There is a special pump made
by which the water and the coal oil are vaporized, broken up into very fine particles by
the same machine. If anything gets out of order you are apt to do a great deal of in-
jury, and hence they have not become very popular. The other remedy for the San Jose
scale was to spray with pure coal oil on a bright day with a very fine nozzle. Anyone
that has seen any spraying at all knows that if you have not fine weather the nozzle gets
out of order very easily. It is better to use a weak solution and repeat it than to use a
strong one and take the risk of losing all.

A Delegate : Tell us the solution for the San Jose Scale ?

Prof. Fletcher : Two experiments in the United States have shown that the only
remedy that has given what we may call even good results is this pure coal oil, which is too
dangerous for anyone to adopt, and the other is caustic potash or whale oil soap as strong
as two pints to one gallon of water, which is a very expensive application.

SHOULD ONTARIO BE REPRESENTED AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION?

Mr. McNeill : I am convinced that this Province should be represented at the Paris
Exposition of 1900. It is on the back of the programme, and should be attended to at
this session, as to-night is not a favorable opportunity, and I take the opportunity of
making a motion in regard to it and offering a few remarks. I am sure it needs no words
of mine to convince the people here that it would be to the advantage of everybody con-
cerned that there should be a representative at the Paris Exposition ; not that we care
particularly for our trade with the French people, but that we care with our reputation
with the world, and the world will be there. Therefore I take for granted that every
person in this hall to night would be glad if the Government would have a representa-
tive at this exposition. 1 therefore move: — "That the Provincial Government be re-
quested to make an exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1900." It is put very briefly, and
I presume that the Secretary will transmit this to the proper channels, and that the pro-
per means will be taken to make the opinion of this Association effective. I am perfectly
certain too, that we are very anxious that our fruit exhibit should be creditable to us.
We have a wonderful country here which has been misrepresented, and of late years
much has been done, and successfully done, to combat the old ideas in reference to Canada,
and the man who is put there to represent us will have a great deal to do with how
this country appears before the world. I would therefore add to this motion, " that this
Association recommend that William Orr be in charge as a representative of the fruit
men in Ontario." I do this because of his long experience in fruit growing, because of

84 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

his success in connection with the Chicago Exposition as far as he had charge of any part
of it, and because of the experience that he has got throughout the province in con-
nection with these spraying experiments. He has, perhaps more than any other man
that I could name at the present time a knowledge of the exact resources of the Province
in this line. I am sure you will all agree with me that no man is more worthy to repre-
sent us creditably there than the gentleman I have mentioned.

Mr. A. H. Pettit : Allow me to second that resolution.

The President : I do not think we have time for any general discussion unless
there is any objection to this resolotion, so I will just put it without discussion.

The resolution put and carried unanimously.

THE FRUIT GROWER OF THE FUTURE.

By E. Morden, Niagara Falls, Ont.

The fruit grower of the present is very often a failure. Very often he lacks scholas-
tic training ; very of ten, he knows little of the sciences that underlie his particular industry
He lacks practical knowledge ; he lacks mechanical dexterity ; his soil is often unsui-
table ', his location as respects markets is often wrong.

Often he is a city man, a business or professional man, a mechanic or a " transmogri-
fied," slip shod farmer. Fruitgrowers must compete with men who are favorably
situated.

The coming Fruit grower to succeed must be fully equipped. He will not be an
ignorant man j he will have a fair understanding of the Laws of nature that are operating
all around him. He will therefore study the sciences which underlie his business ; he
will know of the elements and their combinations as found in the soil, the atmophere and
the plants He will be familiar with effects of heat, light and electricty. He will have
a knowledge of insects of fungoid growths ; he will understand the insecticides and
fungicides ; the whys and wherefores in their use will not be mysteries to him.

He will actively aid legislative measures for stamping out insects and diseases ; he
will not stupidly refuse to destroy trees affected with peach yellows or other diseases
because he has inherited some past theory from his grandmother. His wife will doubt-
less know why milk sours and thickens and cream rises ; why the bread or cake rises.
through fermentation or the carbolic acid gas liberated from the carbonate of an alkali.
She will know all about fermentation ; the sweetest of women should know how to make
vinegar.

The coming fruit grower will have an accurate knowledge of fruits, their varieties cul-
ture and management. The coming fruitgrower will know how to handle his trees and do
his work • he will possess mechanical dexterity in his own particular line— very few, even
of farmers, can handle a hoe properly ; he will see that the right thing is done m the
right way and at the right season. He will not be a grower of weeds.

The coming fruit grower will not dabble much into other kinds of business, for
although the general farmer has many ad vantages over other men, he cannot well be a
general farmer and a general fruit grower. He may, however, successfully grow one or
two kinds of fruit, A poor farmer does not make a good fruitgrower.

The comin* fruit grower will operate with a suitable soil. He can buy good land
far cheaper than he can make it. A hard clay, a poor sand, or a swamp, will be dear at
any price.

The coming fruit grower will locate near to markets or shipping points. The
farmer from away back, who expects to team berries for many miles and compete with a
fully equipped fruit grower located near the city or town, courts disaster.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 85

The coming fruit grower will plant varieties that will yield large crops suitable to the
demands of consumers. Let us hope that the coming consumer will be educated to con-
sider quality in making his purchases. To get the required varieties the grower will deal
directly with responsible nursery men. He will when the fruit is produced hold that
responsible nursery man to strict account for wrong fruit trees or plants furnished to him.
The discouragements of present growers along this line should suffice for several genera-
tions.

The fruit itself will be reformed. The poorer samples will not cluster in the lower
portions of the packages while their fairer friends are pushed up to the top. By some
method of inspection or rejection the coming fruit will be what it seems.

The fruit commission-man will be reformed or extirpated. Growers cannot much
longer produce fruit to increase the joys of express companies and commission men. The
beautiful fruit which it has taken a lot of pickers' hours to prepare in good shape for
transport is dow shamefully and hopelessly bruised by express men in a few moments.
Cheaper, better and more varied means of transportation we must have. When the
future trolleys permeate our country in all directions reaching many villages and country
places, fruit will be better distributed. How many farmers in the clay portions of Lin-
coln and Welland are supplied with peaches and many other fruits that are almost or
altogether going to waste in the fruit growing sections.

We do not now reach the large home market in our own counties. In many of our
counties there is no large production of the fruits generally. Their townspeople pay a
pretty good price for the well bruised result of the express man's energy, while we pay
him a high price for bruising it.

In the rural sections of much of Ontario where at least during the summer months
fruit should constantly appear on the tables it is rarely seen. When the future farmer
lives up to his best interests in this connection there will be a marvellous expansion of
the home market. The commission man onght to become a direct buyer. In time his
agents will meet the fruit growers at the stations and buy directly. Near the large
American cities this system is in vogue. Growers there have had their fill of the com-
mission business. We have had our fill. Emptiness is perhaps the proper word. The
other fellows have been filled at our expense.

The coming fruit grower will recognize four principal points of the compass. The
present one knows only three — east, west and north. He has not learned that there is a
south which shelters millions of trained fruit eaters who, after their own season has
passed, must get fruit from the north. The idea that southern fruit may find a northern
demand is already well understood. The idea that later northern fruit may find a south-
ern demand has not penetrated the cranium of the Canadian fruit grower. It will do so
in time. From July 1st, 1893, until late in 1897, Canadian small fruit entered the
United States free of duty. In the year 1896 nearly $36,000 worth of small fruit entered
Buffalo. I have not the figures for Detroit and Niagara Falls, but I know that immense
quantities were entered at those points. Buffalo and Detroit by what we should call a
lucky chance are placed contiguous to the two principal fruit growing centres of Ontario.
This southward current of Ontario fruit was increasing in volume at a rapid rate. With
a free entry it would soon have counted many thousands and would have penetrated
further and further south. Who would have been hurt by this state of affairs 1 Not
the American fruit consumer ; not even the American fruit grower, because his season of
fruit production would be past. The Canadian fruit grower was liable to suffer ; he would
have been called upon to carry around a load of money which just now would be a queer
experience. He would have perspired freely in producing fruit for those who wanted it ;
now he perspires in his efforts to sell fruit to those who don't want it.

The effect of throwing back upon fully supplied local markets the $36,000 worth of
small fruit that found an outlet at Buffalo is of course disastrous to us. What were our
Canadian fruit growers doing during the fourteen years of free entry into the United
States? Clamoring for the exclusion of American fruits, and succeeding in their efforts.

86 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Competing with the Americans in their own markets and asserting that we could not com-
pete with thera here. At last our long-suffering neighbors gave us a dose of our medicine
and it was not good to take. When we come to the larger fruits we find th*t many of
the western states will never produce them largely. We can produce them. Our winter
apples are of good quality. They keep well. Our nearest and surest market is to the
west and south. Why should we refuse to occupy the markets that call for our fruit 1
Why refuse to accept ordinary fruits from the south which mostly arrive when we have
none. We have all along given a free entry to the fruits of the extreme south. These,
arriving at all seasons, have done us much more harm than has resulted or would result
from the influx of the more northern fruits. Housekeepers who can secure a cheap
supply of oranges and bananas do not, in most cases, can our summer fruits.

The coming fruit grower will not only enjoy free markets abroad, but will have a
free market at home. He will not be fined ten cents for feeding his fellow-countrymen
who happen to live in towns or cities. Just now in Ontario we find that hay, grain,
dressed hogs, lumber, laths, shingles, wool, and under certain circumstance*, butter, eggs
and poultry, are exempted from the operation of the market fee tax. Thus it will be
seen that the general firmer is exempted while the fruit and vegetable grower is still
taxed. This unjustifiable discrimination against fruit growing should be remedied
speedily. The future fruit grower will pay his own municipal taxes, but will not be
taxed by the town which he visits in order to sell his fruit. The future fruit eater will
not erect barriers to prevent himself from getting fruit to the very best advantage.

The fruit grower, in pursuit of his customers, meets with too many barriers without
contending with Legislative barriers.

The President : Before closing the meeting there is a paper I would like to have
read by Mr. William Armstrong of Queenston.

Mr. Burrell : That is an important subject particularly to this district, because in
spite of the talk of overproduction last year 1he peach industry is about the most
important in this district, and 75 per cent, of the whole of the peaches that we produce
were simply second grade peaches ; so we do not overproduce the good fruit, and this
question of training and pruning properly to get good fruit is a very important subject
to this section, and I feel that we should get that at once and properly explained by
Mr. Armstrong in ten minutes.

The President : I have hurried through the programme with the view of giving
Mr. Armstrong a place.

Mr. Armstrong then proceeded to show his method of pruning peach, using samples
of trees which he had brought in for the purpose. In the absence of illustrations it is
impossible to report his method.

HOUSE PLANTS.

By Wm. Gammage, London.

Fashions come and fashions go, but the fashion of cultivating plants and flowers is
pre-historic. It is ever on the increase, for as man's grosser wants are supplied, new
necessities arise which must be satisfied, and w hat we considered luxuries a few years
ago are the necessities of to-day. The production of flowering plants is a recognized
industry of the country. A vast amount of capital is invested in it, and large numbers
are employed in the production of nature's beauties. Plants and flowers are now as much
of a necessity to the complete furnishing of the modern home as are some of the more
useful articles. Nothing lends elegance to its surroundings or to the complete furnishing
of a room like a perfect specimen of the palm family ; and the ease with which they are

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 87

grown and cared for has not been generally known. Now that the public are becoming
more acquainted with the case of their culture, the demand has increased until it
requires thousands annually to supply the demand, where a few years ago dozens were
ample. Nor is the demand confined to the Palm alone for house decorating, but Ferns,
Ficus, Dracaena, Pandanus, Aspidistra, etc., each have their admirers. Failure or suc-
cess in growing house plants depends almost wholly upon the person in attendance ; situa-
tion, soil, water and pots are secondary considerations, but to be successful the peculiar
requirements of each species must be studied, and even varieties of one species. Iu the
ordinary living room the hot, dry atmosphere is certain death to most plants ; therefore
the cooler rooms should be selected. Do not attempt to grow flowering plants in a room
where much gas is burned, that is if you want them to bloom ; the amount of sulphur
in the gas will cause the bloom to either drop before developing or develop an off color
or a deformed flower. Gas has no effect worth mentioning on such plants aa Palms,
Ficus (rubber tree), Aspidistra, etc. Their only requirement is a sufficient and con-
stant amount of care in giving light, air and water.

In the care of decorative plants, such as the above mentioned, avoid the use of com-
mercial fertilizers, and that erroneous but widely practiced fad of dipping the plants with
castor oil. The injudicious use of fertilizers has killed more valuable plants than it has
ever been the means of benefiting. The use of castor oil, too, although not so quick in its
action, is sure death to the subject. In my experience as a commercial florist I have
found that when plants require feeding there is nothing like animal manures, and even with
this mild form of stimulant too much care cannot be exercised in its use. When mineral
or commercial fertilizers are used the time of application depends on the ingredients ; if
they contain nitrogen as the main manurial substance, they must be applied during the
growing season, as plants assimilate this substance immediataly ; if phosphoric acid or
potash is the main ingredient, then it should be applied before needed, or in other words
should be incorporated with the soil in the compost heap. As plants take this form up
slowly it is likely to remain in the soil until the roots take action upon them and make
them soluble. 1 6 is a well known fact that all plants take their food in the form of
solution, and almost exclusively direct from the soil by their roots. Nitrogenous manures
are needed only to induce free growth of wood and foliage, the phosphates and potash
give substance to the wood and color to the flower. In the preparation of the soil for
decorative plants I would recommend the following as a compost : 50 per cent, clay loam
sod, 20 per cent, jadoo fibre, 20 per cent, leaf mould, 10 per cent, well rotted cow manure.
This mixture will answer for almost all varieties of palms, ferns, soft and hard wood
decorative plants. For flowering plants, such as begonias, cyclamen, primuli, etc., a light
rich, fibrous soil is required. As a rule, hard wooded plants require a heavier soil ; also
geraniums, fuchsias, cinerarias, and all varieties of lilium, do better in a rich, heavy soil*
Oare should always be exercised to see that the soil is taken from some high and dry
land ; a rich pasture or unbroken ground always being preferable. The more fibre your
soil contains the less liable it is to sour, and the sooner your plants take hold of it.

Light, air, and water are indispensable to plants, as to man. Avoid the too frequent
habit of crowding or huddling a lot of plants together, and thus producing the poor, puny,
drawn, long-leggy plants that we see. Better to have a few, and have them sturdy,
robust, and well matured. Give all the fresh air possible. Once a week is not too often
to give them a total immersion, or to wash all the foliage. Perhaps the most important
of all in the cultivation of plants is the knowledge of how and when to water ; it is a
knowledge that can be gained only by experience. It is one of the greatest difficulties we
have to contend with in greenhouse work, to get men who thoroughly understand the art
of watering. It is always safe to be on the dry side, for once the soil is soured by over-
watering the growth is immediately checked, and will not again start, until chemical
action has again taken place in the soil. Care must also be taken to see that the pots
are not too large for the plants ; this is a common error, one that we meet with every
day. A customer will come to the conclusion that a plant needs repotting, and immed-
iately acts on the impulse of the moment, going out into the garden and taking the first
convenient soil ; next a pot is selected two, or three, or perhaps four, sizes larger than

88 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

the one from which the plant is to be removed ; no drainage is provided, but the already
sickly plant is put into the large pot with the poor and too often sour soil, and then
watered and watered ; then because it does not grow it is given stimulant in the way of
liquid manure, whereas most likely the only thing that the plant required was to remove
some of the soil, put it back into the same pot with fresh soil, and water sparingly until
Buch times as it had made a new growth.

Bulbs for house culture give excellent satisfaction, commencing with Roman
Hyacinths and paper white Narcissi, a succession of showy bloom can be had from
early November until the spring. No special preparation of soil is required ; they do
equally well in any kind of soil, or any situation. After being brought from the cellar
they require an abundance of water and a moderate temperature to produce the best
results.

Mr. Whyte : What proportion of jadoo do you use ?

Mr. i. Gammage : Twenty per cent.

Mr. Woolverton : Is it easily got ?

Mr. Gammage : Yes, from almost any seed house. It is sold at about three cents a
pound, or $27 or $28 a ton. It has the appearance of peat. It undergoes some chemi-
cal process. It is imported from England. Speaking of watering plants Mr. Gammage
said : Most people imagine that when a plant is potted in a large pot it needs plenty of
water. That is not the case. After re-potting give it a thorough watering and allow it
to dry sufficiently so that the roots will begin to work in it. If it is watered till the
soil is soured the organic acid that is in the roots does not have power to make sufficient
nutriment to take it up. People after watering plants think the soil is not rich enough
and they go and give it liquid manure. This will almost always kill the plant.

Mr. Brodie : Do you also attempt to use the bone meal as a fertilizer 1

Mr. Gammage : It depends on what you are going to use it for. We use tons of it
every year, but we mix it with our soil for months before we begin to use it.

Mr. Whitney : In potting lilies do you place sand around the bulb ?

Mr. Gammage : Not necessarily. We use a proportion of sand in the soil, enough
to cut it so that you can feel the sand.

Prof. Hutt : Mention the best dozen plants you consider most suitable for house
collection.

Mr. Gammage : In the way of decorative plants, the Palms, Ficus (rubber tree),
Pan d anus, Grevillea, etc. Here is one that will stand rough treatment in any situation
whatever — the Aspidistra. The Begonia gives a good deal of satisfaction. Coming
on at this time of the year we have the Cyclamen, and the Calla lilies. Nearly all the
varieties of ferns are hardy ; Pteris tremula is probably the best.

Mr. Whyte : You shook the flowers of the begonia to show the injury done by gas
light ; was all that damage done since the flower came into this room ?

Mr. Gammage : Yes.

Mr. Whyte : Was it not on account of the uneven temperature of the greenhouse %

Mr. Gammage : No : take one of these begonias and put it into a room where there

is a wood stove, and it will last for weeks and weeks without dropping either a leaf or a

flower, but place it in a room where a gas or coal stove is burning, and oftentimes two

hours will do it.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 89

HARDY PERENNIALS SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION IN ONTARIO.

By W. T. Macoun, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Flowers and fruit are so nearly akin that I think it is only right there should be one
or more papers in connection with the Fruit Growers' Association on flowers. They are
the most important, because if you had no flowers you could not have fruit. In travel-
ling through Eastern Ontario and the Province of Quebec I noticed that our farmers have
very few trees, shrubs or flowers growing on their farms. In olden times they began to
clear away their woods, not thinking that the time would come when they would be glad
of a few trees that they were so pleased to get rid of at that time. The result is that to-
day in a great number of cases you will find that the farmhouse stands alone in a field
without a tree for shade during the summer months, and with perhaps scarcely a flower to
gladden the hearts of the wife and children and perhaps the householder himself. Now,
I think this should not be, and it will be my aim always, whenever I have the opportun-
ity, to impress upon farmers and fruit growers of the country how important it is to have
some flowers in their place, and those of the best sort ; so that I am going to bring before
you this evening what I consider are the best hardy plants for this Province.

The plant which grows from the seed, flowers, produces fruit and dies the same
year ; or, in other words, an annual, does not possess, I think, the same charm as that
which we have watched and cared for, perhaps for five years, and which, as time goes
by, increases in size and beauty. Think of the old garden in which your younger days
were spent, and there will come up in your mind's eye some favorite flowers and plants
which had their places in some particular spot and which year by year appeared to
gladden your heart and make your garden gay.

Many of the flowers which held a prominent place in the gardens of our forefathers
are not to be surpassed to-day, but there are many more available since foreign countries
have been opened up for exploration by our botanists and florists, and enthusiastic work-
ers have produced others by selectiou and hybridization, until now we have a large and
varied store of beautiful and many colored flowers. From this large number we can
select those which please our fancy best and which are the most satisfactory.

It has been the aim at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, to test as many
species and varieties of perennials as possible, in order that the hardiest and best kinds
would become known and be recommended to the farmers and horticulturists throughout
Canada. The perennial border there is now more than half a mile long. It is on the
east side of an Arbor Vitae hedge, and is twelve feet wide. There are three rows of
plants — the latter being three feet apart each way. In this border there were living this
autumn almost 1,200 different species and varieties of perennials. Notes are taken dur-
ing the summer on the time of flowering, growth, color and other characteristics of the
flowers, and the most promising sorts marked. In my report for 1897 a list was pub-
lished of 100 of the best species and varieties that had up to that time been tested. A
select twenty-five of these were marked with an asterisk for the convenience of those
who had small gardens. There is reason to believe that this list has already proved of
considerable value to intending planters.

The snow has barely left our fields and gardens when the Spreading Pasque flower
(Anemone patens) throws up its flower stocks, at the ends of which are those large, deep,
purple blossoms, which in the month of April help to relieve the otherwise dull appear-
ance of the perennial border. Following this, in about two weeks, is the little Ox-eye
(Adonis vernalis) which, with its large lemon-coloured flowers and finely cut foliage, is
very attractive at this early season of the year. The Polemoniums or species of Jacob's
Ladder, closely follow and are all profuse bloomers with flowers of various and delicate
shades of blue. They flower in the following order :

Polemonium humile pulchellum^ P. Richardsoni and P. reptans. Polemonium coeru-
* hum, or true Jacob's Ladder, does not bloom until the second week of June. All of
these should be in every collection of 100 perennials*

90 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

The earliest white flower of note is the White Alyssum (Arabis alpina), which
blooms in the first week of May. Were this to bloom later, it would be overlooked by
lovelier flowers, but in the early spring its pure white blossoms are very attractive.

The most charming and graceful, perhaps, of all the early spring flowers, are the
Barrenworts or Epimediums. Of these, the best are Epimedium rubrum, E. pinnatum
(sulfureum) and E, macranthum. The brilliant coloring of E. rubrum and the bright
yellow of E. pinnatum make a fine contrast. The leaves of these pretty plants are also
very ornamental.

Most of our best composite flowers bloom in the summer and autumn, but the Leo-
pard's bane is an exception. During the second week of May the Caucasian Leopa-d's
bane (Doronicum caucasicum) begins to bloom. Its yellow flowers are very attractive at
that early season of the year. Following this is Doronicum plantagineum excehum,
which is taller than the last and has still larger flowers and is the better of the two.

The Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule) is now becoming more generally grown. Its
yellow, white, or orange flowers are very pretty. Other chief points of merit are earliness
and continuity of bloom, as the flowers appear early in the spring, continue through
early summer, and, after a short rest, open again in the autumn. The Oriental Poppy,
which is not in bloom until about three weeks later, is, I presume, well known to you
all. Its immense scarlet flowers of great brilliancy make it a very effective plant.

Among the most showy of the spring flowers and the most attractive of those that
bloom in the summer and early autumn are the Phloxes. The Moss pink (Phlox Subu-
lata Syn. P. setacea) is one of the old-fashioned perennials which is still used for bedding
or borders. Its deep pink flowers are very effective during the month of May. Other good
early floweiing sorts are : Phlox amoena and Phlox reptans. Phlox ovata, which begins
to bloom in the first week of June, is very desirable. The flowers are of a lovely *hade
of pink and keep open for a long period. Those perhaps which are most grown are the
varieties of Phlox decussata, usually known as the Hybrid Perennial Phlox. There are
now so many named varieties of this Phlox that it is not difficult to find some which are
satisfactory.

The old-fashioned but still popular flower, the Bleeding Heart (Dicentra spectabilis),
is very showy during the latter half of May. It begins to bloom about the middle of
the month and remains in flower for more than four weeks.

All the Columbines are lovely flowers, but there are a select few which are deserv-
ing of special note. The first to bloom of these is the Russian Columbine (Aquilegia
oxysepalaY distributed some years ago by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association under
the name of Aquilegia Buergeriana, which it was supposed to be at that ^ time, lne
flowers are large, deep purplish blue with yellow and blue centres. Following this are
A. glandulosa, deep blue with white centre ; A. Stuarti deep blue with white centre,
which is often a biennial, and A. Canadensis, our native wild Columbine Toward the
end of May, A. coerulea, one of the most delicately shaded and graceful species, is in
bloom The season of the Columbines is extended considerably by Aquilegia chrysantha,
Mhich does not bloom until about the fourth week of June. This is a magnificent species,
attaining a height of four feet. The flowers are bright lemon yellow and very showy.
There is a white-flowered variety of this which is also very fine.

With the opening of the pretty little dwarf Iris, (Iris pumila) during the third
week of May, there begins a succession of lovely and many coloured species and varieties
which go a long way to make our gardens attractive during the summer Olos4y
following Iris pumila is another dwarf species, Iris Chamaeiris, which is bright yellow
with brown marking. The Siberian Iris with its numerous varieties now follows, and
although these are not so graceful or pretty as some of the other sorts they have their
place in the rear of the border, for they attain a height of from three to four feet.
During the first week of June, Iris Jlavescens, a beautiful yellow species with brown
markings, begins to bloom, and following this are those wonderful and varied forms of
Iris germanica, L negleda, I. pallida, I. squalens, and /. variegata, which rival the

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

finest orchids in delicacy of colouring and grace of form. The Oris root (Iris florentina),
which blooms about the same time, is a very handsome species. The flowers are large,
pale blue or lavender, and sometimes white, and have a delicate perfume. This is one of
of the most desirable species. Following these and beginning to bloom when they are
almost gone, is the Golden Iris (Iris aurea). This is undoubtedly one of the most hand-
some species grown. The flowers are large and of a deep rich yellow color. These with a
height of from 3 to 4 feet, give it a stateliness and beauty unsurpassed by any other yet
tested at Ottawa.

The Japanese Irises, which are giving good satisfaction in a diversity of soils at the
Experimental Farm, have an entirely different form from any of those previously men-
tioned. They have not the grace of many of the other species and varieties, but their
colouring is exquisite, and they bloom during the month of July, when other Irises have
disappeared.

The Globe flowers, or Trollius, which remind one of a buttercup, but which are
larger and richer in colouring, begin to bloom during the third week of May and are
the among the best of spring flowers. Trollius Europasus, T% giganteus, and T. Ledebourii
are three of the best.

Time will not permit me to speak of other spring flowers, such as the Evergreen
Candytuft, Iberis sempervirens, the Prophet Flower (Arnebia echioides), the Li y of the
Valley (Convallaria majalis), p*nd others.

During the first week of June the Spiraeas begin to bloom and keep up a succession
of white, cream and pink flowers until well on in the summer. The best of these bloom
in the following order : Spircea Filipendula fl. pi., S. astilboides, S. palmata elegans, S.
Ulmaris, and S. Venusta. Of these, S. Filipendula flore pleno and S. Venusta are
deserving of special mention. The former has pure white double flowers and is about 2
feet tall j the latter, has deep pink flowers and is 4 feet or more in height.

During the first week of June the bright scarlet flowers of Heuchera sanguinea
begin to appear, and this charming and graceful plant continues to bloom until late in
the autumn.

Most of the hardy perennial pinks have comparatively small flowers, but in some of the
named varieties of Dianthus Plumarius flore pleno there are flowers which are almost equal
to the best carnations. Mrs. Sinkins is one of these. The flowers of this variety are large,
double white and highly perfumed. It is quite hardy and should be in every collection.

The Hemerocallis, or Day Lillies, contribute largely to the appearance of the peren-
nial border during the summer months ; the best of these are : Hemerocallis Dumortierii,
H. minor and H /lava, which bloom in the order given. A new variety from Japan, H.
aurantiaca major, promises to be a good introduction.

It is in June and July that most of the lilies are at their best, and there are so
many varieties of these beautiful flowers that it is necessary to limit oneself to the very
best. Lilium canadense, L. tenui/olium, L. elegans, L, tigrinum, L. superbum, L.
auratum and L. speciosum. make a succession of bloom from June until September.

There are several species of Coreopsis which enliven the flower border from the latter
part of June until autumn. Of these the most satisfactory tested at the Experimental
farm is C. lanceolata, the flowers of which are large and deep yellow. C. grandiflora is
very fine, but has not proved perfectly hardy at the Experimental Farm. There is a
variety of this Golden Glory which has been lately introduced, which we have not yet
tested. C. delphinifolia is quite different from the two preceding species, the flowers
having dark centres.

The Gaillardias are among the most satisfactory flowers as they continue to bloom
for such a long time. Beginning about the third week of June, there is a continuity of
bloom until late autumn. The flowers of G. aristata grandiflora are very large and of
fine colouring, the petals being of a deep yellow more or less tinged with erangp, and
orange at the base. Some of the named varieties of this are still better, such as Superba
and Perfection.

92 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Other fine flowers which begin to bloom in June are : Achillea Ptarmica florepleno,
Anthemis tinctoria kelwayi, Clematis recta. Dictamnus albus, Linum perenne, Oenothera
Missouriensis, and the hybrid Potentillas.

Most of the Campanulas begin to bloom in July Of these, some of the best are i :
Campanula carpatica, C. Persicifolia, and C. latifoha macrantha. The Platycodons,
which are closely related to the Campanulas, are very desirable plants with large, deep
blue, striped or white bell-shaped flowers. They are all varieties of P. grandijhra. The
beautiful Cashmerian Larkspur (Delphinium cashmirtanum) is deserving of special men-
tfon It begins to bloom about the first week of July, and its bright iblne flowers con-
tinne to be seen until autumn. There is a pale blue form of this which is also fine.
These Larkspurs only attain a height of from one and a half to two feet.

No garden is complete without a few paemies. There have been such great improve-
ments in these flowers of late years that the intending planter should make enquiries
before buying, so as to get the very best varieties.

Perhaps no plant of recent introduction has become so popular, and deservedly so, as
Rudbeckia laciniata, Golden Glow. Introduced only four years ago, this plant has now
become almost as common as many of the old varieties. Unlike mo t plants of great
merit, it multiplies rapidly, and it has thus been possible to supply all demands for it.
It begins to bloom about the latter half of July and continues until late m the autumn
The flowers are large, very double and of a bright lemon-yellow colour, almost equaling
a chrysanthemum of the same size and colour. It is a profuse bloomer and attains a
height of from six to eight feet.

Some other fine flowers which begin to bloom in July, and which there is not time
to take up individually, are: Aconitum Napellus. Eriqeron speciosus, Gypsophila pani-
culata, Helenium autumnale, Lychnii chalcedonica fl. pi, Rudbeckia maxima, Heliopsis
pitcheriana, Scabiosa caucasica and Statice latifolia.

During the months of August, September and especially October, the Michaelmas
Daisies, or wild asters, help to extend the season of perennials These flowers are now
so common in our woods and waysides that they are not valued as they sh ould be but
when brought into the garden they become most attractive during the an« fl».
The best of our Canadian asters is probably Aster Novae- Anghae roseus The flowers of
which are bright pink. Several species and varieties which were obtained outside of
Canada, and which are of the most exquisite shades of purple pink, white and lilac are:
Aster Amellus bessarabius, A. alpinus, A. Newry seedling, A. laeviagatus. A. undulatus,
A. turbinellus, the latter blooming until late m October.

There are a few other late blooming plants worthy of note, namely : Aconitum Fish-
cheri (autumnale), Funkia subcordata (grandiflora), Helianthus doromcoides, Helianthus
laetifiorus, and Hibiscus moscheutos.

Though perennials thrive best when given good soil and good cultivation a large
number of them will also succed with very little attention, and it is this fact which
makes them valuable to the busy man, the lazy man, and the man who only grows them
because he thinks it is the proper thing to have some flowers about his : place. Once
established, many perennials will hold their ground, though often shamefully neglected.

Mr. Gammage : I suppose the varieties you have mentioned are all perfectly hardy
at Ottawa 1

Mr. Macoun : Yes. The great secret of preserving some perennials is to give them
a good mulch of straw in the autumn when winter sets m. They can be got in the United
States, or be got still cheaper by sending to Holland for them, and anyone wishing ^to get
any of those San secure from me the names of firms in Europe or the United States who
will supply them. First of all I would recommend you to apply to our Canadian
nurserjmen. Dr. Saunders reminds me that the seed can be had of a great many of
them in the United States and in Europe.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

93

REPORT ON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES FOR 1898.

The number of affiliated societies in operation as reported at the annual meeting of
the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario in December last was twenty- seveii, with a
total membership of 2,076. I now find from the list as published in the last Annual
Report that the number of societies for the year 1898 is given as thirty-six, with a total
membership of 2,610. Omitting from this list Burlington society where the membership is
not given, and the Paris society, for sufficient cause, the true number of societies for
1898 is thirty-four and the membership 2,551. My work this year, which is now about
concluded, will I venture to hope add several new societies to the list for 1899, which, if
a corresponding aggregate is maintained, will make the membership from these societies
something over 3,000 for the year 1899.

As the yearly aggregate and the yearly average of membership of each of the affili-
ated societies will be an increasingly interesting item for comparison with future years,
I add the following comprehensive table commencing with the year 1895, which should
be continued, or added to, for many a year to come :

Year.

No. of societies
in affiliation.

Aggregate of
membership.

Average per an-
num for each
society.

1895

11
17

27
34

798
1.197
2,076
2,551

72.5
70.4
77.0
75.0

1896

1897

1898

I wish also to call the attention of the Board to the desirability of having a skeleton
draft of by laws suitable for the guidance of the horticultural societies prepared as
quickly as possible, and that a copy with the necessary instructions for their adoption
be sent to each society.

Most of these societies are doing excellent service for our country and are deserving
of every encouragement and assistance that can be given by the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation of Ontario.

Thos. Bball.

In accordance with this suggestion, the directors afterward appointed Mr. Beall and
the secretary a committee to draft the by-laws. (See page 54.)

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS ON EXHIBITION.

We, your committee, find on exhibition the following fruits :

Shown by T. R. Merritt, St. Catharines : Two varieties of Rogers, Niagara and
Yergennes grapes in a good state of preservation and of fine quality ; fine samples of
Columbia, Clairgeau and Lawrence pears ; Rhode Island Greening, Rox. Russett, Ben
Davis, Baldwin and Fall Pippin apples , also a fine display of hot-house plants, including
two specimens of Australian ferns.

A. M. Smith, St Catharines, has fine samples of Duchess d' Angouleme, Anjou,
Lawrence, Josephine de Malines pears ; Champion quinces and Sutton Beauty apples ,,
the latter a new claimant for public favor.

E H. Wartman, Kingston, shows thirteen varieties of apples grown by Jas. Russell,.
of Wolfe Island, namely, Cayuga Red Streak, Colvert, Blenheim Orange, Cabashpa, R. L
Greening, To) man Sweet, Baldwin, Gilliflower, Snow, Seek-no-Further, Grimes Golden,
all of excellent quality.

94 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Robert Thompson, Grantham : Extra fine samples of Pomme grise and Baldwin
apples.

Mr Thomas Beall, Lindsay, shows fine Hulbert, Snow, Lawver, Ontario, Swazie
Pomme 'grise, Ben Davis, Baldwin, Red Cathead, Nodhead and a Snow apple that
appeared to be a relative ef the Duchess, but late ard larger, of good quality, and
evidently worth propagating.

Martin Burrell St. Catharines, shows fine Vandevere apples, Lawrence and Duchess
de Bordeaux pears,' also a specimen of native of Japan chestnuts, showing a marked
difference in size. _

W. M. Orr, Fruitlaud, shows an excellent sample of Vergennes grapes, also Kieffer,
Duchess and Clairgeau pears of the finest quality.

Tas Scarff Woodstock, has Talman Sweet, Bellflower, Baldwin, Wagner, Spitzen-
ber- King, Spy, Blenheim Orange, Russett, Snow, Cabashea, R I. Greening apples ;
also&'fine samples of Duchess and Clairgeau pears.

The Experimental Farm, Ottawa, shows twenty-two varieties of hardy apples, most
of them of Russian origin and particularly adapted to northern sections.

R L. Huggard, Whitby, has eight varieties of apples and twenty-two of pears, most
of them of fair quality.

Hugh Gourley, Carp, Ont., shows a fine collection of apples for that northern lati-
tude consisting of Winter St. Lawrence, Mcintosh Red, Colvert, Canada Baldwin, Snow
Wolf River, and four varieties, names unknown, but of fine appearance, and several
seedlings of Snow very similar to their parents.

There are also fine plants from the green-houses of Mr. L. D. Dunn St. Catharines,
and an oiange tree in fruit from James Danlop & Son, St. Catharines, also three plants
from Mr. Groom, grocer, St. Catharines.

There was also shown a sample of Hawthorn jelly, exhibited by Mr. F. G. H.
Patterson, Grimsby. ^rm.

A. H. Pettit.

IN MEMORIAM.

Moved by Thos. Beall, seconded by M. Bdrrell,-" That we, the members of the
Fruit Growers' Association, desire to place on record our sense of the loss the Ass^.at.on
has sustained by the death of Mr. James Lockie, of Waterloo, and of Mr. Richard Trotter
of Owen Sound7 Mr. Lockie, as President of the Waterloo Horticultural Society did
much to develop the growth and usefulness of that organization and by his knowledge
Td enth„siasmPcontributed largely to the promotion of a healthy interest ,n horticulture
generally. t

« The late Mr. Trotter accomplished much useful work in the direction of organizing
and testing varieties of fruit. He was also the leading spirit in organizing the Owen
Sound Horticultural Society.

« We desire not only to testify to the sense of our own loss, but to express a very
sincere sympathy with the relatives of these two highly-esteemed members of our
Association."

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 95

LIST OF AFFILIATED HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

No. of
Name. President. Secretary. members,

1898.

Arnprior Claude McLachlin G. E. Neilson 55

Belleville W. C. Reid W. J. Diamond 66

Brampton A. Barber Henry Roberts 115

Brockville Samuel Reynolds Geo. A. McMullen 85

Burlington A. W. Peart W. F. W. Fisher

Campbellford J. B. Ferris E. A. Bog 56

Carleton Place A. H. Edwards J. A. Goth 57

Cardinal Wm. Beddie E. E. Gilbert 58

Chatham W. D. A. Ross G. E. Massey 80

Cobourg J. D. Hayden H.J. Snelgrove 91

Durham Chris. Frith Wm. Gorsline 97

Grimsby Mrs. E. J. Palmer E. H. Read 51

Hagers/ille Wm. Harrison S. W. Howard 57

Hamilton A. Alexander J. M. Dickson 115

Iroquois . . W. A. Whitney A. E. Overell 65

Kemptville Angus Buchanan T. K. Allen 55

Kincardine T. W. Perry Joseph Barker 99

Leamington J. D . Fraser E. E. Adams 51

L'ndsay Alex. Cathro F. J. Frampton 113

Meiford O. Boden A. McK. Cameron 71

Midland , Frank Cook Miss M. Tully 56

Mdlbrook T George Sootheran ... W. S. Given 56

Napanee Mrs. W. H. Wilkison James E. Herring 59

Niagara Falls South W. P. Lyon , fT. J. Robertson 75

Oakville T. C. Hageman W. W. Paterson 128

Orangeville John McLaren Wm. Judge 75

Owen Sound Ven. Arch. Mulholland D. R. Dobie 57

Paris A. G. H. McCormick Gordon J. Smith 55

Picton J. R Brown W. T. Ross 75

Port Colborne W. W. Kinsley A. E. Augustine 52

Port Dover James Symington W. J. Carpenter 74

Port Hope H. H. Burnham A. W. Pringle 131

Sarnia Hon. Alex. Vidal T. J. Gordon 67

Seaf orth Wm. Ballantyne . ' F. G. Neelin 79

Simcoe H. H. Groff Henry Johnson 77

Smith's Falls J. S. McCallum W. M Keith 110

St. Catharioes Judge E. J. Senkler W. C. McCalla 59

Stirling Mrs. Jas . Boldrick David Sager 53

Thornbury *J, G. Mitchell *Miss H. Henman 53

Trenton W. S. Jacques S. J. Young 52

Waterloo A. Weidenhammer J. W. Winkler 167

Woodstock D. W. Karn J. S. Scarff 98

Windsor Stephen Lusted J. R. Martin 68

* Clarksburg P. O. f Magara Falls P. 0.

INDEX

PAGE.

Affiliated Horticultural Societies .... 54, 95

Agricultural Divisions 55

Antonovka

Apples for Export 24, 40

Apples, Seedling °9

Arabka Winter , - • H

Beall, Thos 93

Baba 12

Burrell, Martin 5 5

Canadian Horticulturist 36

Cherries, Seedling 69

Cherries -^

Codling Moth, Trapping 76

Cold Storage 55

Committees 3, 19, .34

Constitution 52

Co-operation in Selling Fruit 65

Election of Officers 2, 52

Experimental Spraying 69

Export of Tender Fruic 19, 29

Fairs 3

Fletcher, Dr. James 77

Frauds in Fruits at Fairs 3

Fruit Grower of the Future 84

Fruit Pulp 18

Fruits of Ontario Described and Illus-
trated 37

Fruits on Exhibition 93

Gamm ge, Wm 86

Gormley's Seedling Cher< y 62

Grading Fruit ..... 63

Grapes, Export of 27

for Manitoba 47

v ' Ringing of 7

" Seedling 59

Hardy Perennials for Ontario 89

Horticultural Societies, Report of 93

House Plants 86

Halt, Prof. H. L 58

In Memorium 94

Jadoo Fibre 8S

Judges of Fruits at Fairs 64

Kieffer Pear for Export 26

Koslov Morrello Cherry
Little Peach

McNeill, Alex

Macoun, W. T 10

Manitoba and the N. W Marke's

Mdls, Dr. James

Morden, E

Ontario Agricultural College

Ontario Fruit for Paris

Orr, W. M

Pattison, F. G. H

Peach Borer

Peaches for Export 22, 26.

Peaches, Seedling

Pears for Export 22, 26,

Pears, Russian

Plikavofi

Plums, Russian

Plums for Export

" Seedling

Pointed Pipka .

Quinces for Export

Repka

Revision of Constitution

Ringing Grapes 7,

Rnmna

Robertson, Prof. J. W

Russian Fruits

" Pears

S^preganka

San Jose Scale

Saunders, Dr. Win

Seedling Fruits

Smith, A. M

Spraying for Orchard IVta 77,

Spraying Peach Treed

Switzer Apple

Tomatoes for Export 24,

Transportation 30,

Treasurer's Report

Tweddle's Experience in Spraying

[91]

Wartman,
Wellington

E. II . .
. W. E

12

65

65
89
39

48
84

48

69

8
15
28
59
28
12
11
12
26
59
11

24

11

52
8
11
19
10
12

12

37
39
58
3
78
82
11

27
r>7
51

80

63
36

FIFTH1* ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

ONTARIO,

UNDER THE JOINT CONTROL OF THE

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH

AND THE

RUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO
1898.

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO:)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO:
W ARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Printers and Bookrinders, 68 and 70 Front St. West

1S99

FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

ONTARIO FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

1898.

To the Honorable John Drydeu, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario :

Sir,— We beg to submit to you the Fifth Annual Report of the Ontario Fruit Experiment
Stations. You will notice the gradually increasing value of the reports of our experimenters
as the various fruits come into bearing. We also submit to you the first compilation of work
to date on " Fruits of Ontario," a volume which in the course of years is intended to contain
reliable information and exact description of all fruits that are of interest to Ontario fruit
growers.

We have the honor to be, Sir,

Your obedient servants,

JAS. MILLS,

Chairman.

L. WOOLVERTON,

Secretary.

BOARD OF CONTROL, 1899.

REPRESENTING THE COLLEGE.

James Mills, MA LL.D., Guelph Professor of Horticulture

H. L. Hutt, B.S.A., Guelph

REPRESENTING THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION FOR 1899.

St. Catharines.

A.M.Smith ..Walkerville.

Alexander McNeill

W. E. Wellington

L. Woolverton, M. A., Secretary «

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Chairman— James Mills, M.A., LL.D. •

Secretary — L. Woolverton, M.A.

Official Visitor— Prof. H. L. Hutt, B.S.A.

THE ONTARIO FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

.Toronto.
Grimsby.

Name.
1. Southwestern .

Specialty. Experimenter.

Peaches W. H. Hilborn, Leamington, Ont.

Tender Fruits Martin Burrell, St. Catharines, Ont.

2. Niagara

3. Wentworth Grapes . . -Murray Pbttit, Winona, Ont.

} Blackberries ) a ^ pEART, Freeman, Ont.
Burlington J and Currants J

5 Raspberries and ) A E Sherrington, Walkerton, Ont.

5. Lake Huron | Commercial Apples [ "

a n ■ t*q„ Plums John G. Mitchell, Clarksburg, Ont.

6. Georgian Bay Jriums

„ «. i Hardy Apples and ) q q Qaston, Craighurst, Ont.

7. Simcoe } Hardy Cherries )""

(Pears and / .R. L. Htjggard. Whitby, Ont.

8. East Central Commercial Apples f

9. Bay of Quinte ,

10. St. Lawrence -j Hardy Plums

11. Strawberry sub -station

Apples W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont.

Hardy Pears. j .Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont.

E. B. Stevenson, Guelph.

12. Gooseberry sub-station Stanley Spillett, Nantyr.

13 Cherry station and gen-

^leTc" w°orkr.UitSCherrie9 L. Woo.v.KTOK, Grin>Sby.

[iv]

FRUITS OF ONTARIO,

DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED BY

L. W00LVERT0N, M.A.,

SECRETARY OF THE ONTARIO FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

1898.

1 FS.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

Described and Illustrated by Mr. L. Woolverton, Secretary of the Ontario

Fruit Experiment Stations.
1898.

Fruit growing has become so important an industry in the Province of Ontario, that it
deserves every encouragement at the hands of the Department of Agriculture. The Canadian
farmer who contemplates growing fruit asks for information on two points in particular, viz.,
(1) What fruits shall I plant, and (2) how shall I cultivate them % The latter of these questions
it is the province of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association to answer through the Canadian
Horticulturist and the Annual Report, while the former question is one that can be solved only
by years of patient experimental work by our fruit experiment stations.

Of equal importance is some means of identifying all varieties now grown in our Province,
and of knowing with some degree of exactness the size, color, general appearance and real value
of these varieties aside from the catalogues of the nurserymen. To meet this latter need, the
Secretary, with the advice and approval of the Board of Control, has begun the work of illus-
trat;ng and describing the fruits of Ontario , and in this work he desires to acknowledge the
valuable aid of the various fruit experimenters, and in particular the work of Mr. E. B. Steven-
son, Freeman, Ontario, in describing strawberries. The illustrations are all new and original,
having been engraved from photographs made the exact size of the fruit samples, except where
otherwise specified, and in this way there will in time be made accessible to the Ontario fruit
growers a complete guide to all the fruit grown in the Province. Such a work necessarily must
be sluw and tedious, but it is all important that it should be characterized by scientific accuracy,
and the writer invites notes or criticism from pomologists generally.

Note.— In the following pages an attempt has been made to use the words instead of figures to describe
quality and value according to the following scales : —

Quality.— 1, very poor ; 2-3, poor ; 4-5, fair ; 6-7, good ; 8-9, very good ; 10, first clas3.

Market Value— 1-3, 4th rate ; 4-6, 3rd rate ; 7-8, 2nd rate ; 9-10, 1st rate.

[3

APPLES.

ALEXANDER. (Emperor Alexander.)

Flesh, yel-
lowish white,
crisp, not very
fine, moderately
juicy; flavor,
subacid, pleas-
ant.

Season, Sep-
tember to Nov-
ember.

Quality, des-
sert, third class;
cooking, first
class.

"Value, home
market, first
class ; too ten-
der for foreign
shipments e x -
cept in cold
storage.

Adaptation.
Quite general,
the tree being
hardy.

m

Section of Alexander.
[5]

Origin, intro-
duced into Eng-
land from Rus-
sia in 1817.

Tree, hardy,
spreading, vig-
orous, fairly
productive ;
b- ars early.

Fruit, very
large size ; form,
round, ovate,
conical ; skin,
greenish yellow,
russet dots,
streaked or
splashed with
red ; stem, f
inch long, set in
a deep cavity ;
calyx, large,
nearly closed,
set in a deep,
even basin.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BALDWIN. (Steele's Bed Winter.)

The Baldwin originated in the State of Massachusetts and was for many years the most
popular winter apple for either home or foreign markets. The average yield each alternate year

was about eight barrels per tree,
and in some instances much larger.
Large orchards of this variety were
in consequence planted in the apple
growing counties of middle and
southern Ontario, but unfortunately
for many years now these orchards
have been almost barren, and many
of them are being dug out as worth-
less. The cause may be poverty of
soil, the lack of pollen of other
varieties to fertilize the blossoms,
or the prevalence of apple scab.
If it is the latter, it may be over-
come with the Bordeaux mixture ;
if lack of potent pollen, by grafting
in other varieties here and there
through the orchard.

Baldwin.

Tree, upright, spreading, vigorous grower, formerly very productive.

Fruit, large, roundish, ovate ;
skin yellow, shaded and splashed
with crimson and red, dotted
with some russet dots ; stem
heavy, three-quarters of an inch
long, in a broad cavity ; calyx,
closed, in a deep plaited basin.

Flesh, yellowish white, ten-
der, sub-acid ; <[uality, second
class.

Season of use, January to
March.

Adaptation. Not very hardy

at Simcoe station or in North

Ontario county ; further south

and along the borders of the

lakes this apple may be grown

to perfection, if the scab can be

kept off the trees.

Section of Baldwin.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

BEN DAVIS.

One of the most popular market apples in the southwestern and western states because of
its great productiveness, hardiness, good color and its keeping and shipping qualities. Highly
valued in some commercial orchards in Canada, but condemned by some growers on account of
its inferior quality.

Ben Davis.

At the World's Fair in 1893, some of the finest apples shown by Iowa, British Columbia
and Oregon were the Ben Davis. It is a profitable market apple.

Origin, brought from North
Carolina to Kentucky with a lot
of other seedling apples by Mr.
Ben Davis. Scions taken from
Kentucky to Southern Illinois
about 1820.

Tree, spreading, fairly vigor-
ous and very productive.

Fruit, medium to large,
roundish, truncated conical, un-
equal ; color, yellow, striped and
splashed with red, having scat-
tered areole dots ; stem, slender,
one to one and a half inches long
in a deep cavity ; calyx, erect,
partly closed in a deep, wide
basin.

Flesh, white, tender, mild,
sub-acid.

Quality, dessert, poor ; cook-
ing, fairly good ; home market,
good ; foreign market, very good,
. -"Season, January to May.
(Bay of Quinte station.)

Section of Ben Davis.

Adaptation. Succeeds remarkably well at t he Georgian Bay and Bay of Quinte stations.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CABASHEA. (Twenty Ounce Pvppin).

Origin, un-
known.

Tree, vigor-
ous, spreading,
unproductive.

Fruit, large,
3x4 inch, round-
ish, oblate,
slightly conical ;
skin, yellowish
green, shaded
with dull rf d on
the sunny side ;
stem, § of an
inch long, stout,
in a wide cavity
of moderate
depth ; c al yx
open in a wide
shallow basin ;
core medium.

Flesh, white,
firm, c o arse,
sub-acid, only
fair for cooking,
useless for des-
sert.

Season, Oc-
tober to Decem-
ber. At Bay of
Quinte station,
season g iven
from December

Section of Cabashea.

Not worth
planting in On-
tario. Through
confusing its
name with that
of the Cayuga
Red Streak,
often called
Twenty Ounce,
this apple has
been widely
planted in our
Province. The
tree is unpro-
ductive and the
fruit, though
large and fine in
appearance,
drops early and
is poor in qual-
ity. Twenty
trees, at Maple-
hurst, twenty
years planted,
yielded about
ten barrels of
apples in 1895,
the best so far.

to February. *■

Tested twenty years, at Maplehurst, Grimsby.

Cabashea.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

CANADA RED.

(Baltimore of Downing.)

This apple is grown quite widely in Ontario under the name of Canada Red, and is valued
as a profitable commercial variety, especially where Baldwin, Spy and Ontario do not succeed ;

for although only medium in size, it
yields abundantly and the fruit is deeply
colored, regular, clean and firm. There
is an old variety of this name, which is
now little grown, if at all, in Canada and
which, though somewhat similar, is in-
ferior to this variety, and consequently
is undeserving of description.

Origin. Unknown.

/

Tree. Vigorous, hardy and very pro-
ductive.

Fruit. Medium, roundish, slightly

conical, regular ; color, greenish yellow,

almost covered with red, sometimes

splashed or slightly striped with darker

Canada Red. recl5 having numerous large prominent

greenish areole dots which are smaller towards the apex ; stem, half an inch long in a small,

deep, and often russeted cavity ; calyx small, closed in a shallow slightly corrugated basin.

Section of Canada Red.

Flesh, greenish white, fine grained, firm, moderately juicy ; flavor, fair, mild, sub-acid.

Season, December to May.

Quality, dessert, medium ; cooking, medium ; home market good ; foreign market very
good.

Adaptation. Reported hardy as far north as our St. Lawrence station near Prescott ;

succeeds at Peterboro' and throughout all middle and southern Ontario.

10

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CRANBERRY PIPPIN.

An apple that is worthy of being planted in southern Ontario as a fancy variety for export.
Though the quality is ordinary and not suitable for dessert, its extreme beauty when opened in
mid-winter, its large and even size, usual freedom from blemishes and the productiveness of
the tree every alternate year, make it a desirable variety.

Section of Cranberry Pippin.

At Maplehurst, Grimsby, in 1895, fifty trees of this variety, about twenty years planted,
yielded 200 barrels of high grade apples, and in 1893, when other varieties were almost worth-
less, nearly the same quantity. Sometimes, however, this variety is subject to warts and knot
which mar its beauty.

Origin, accidental on a farm, near Hudson
River, N. Y.

Tree, very vigorous, healthy, spreading,
productive.

Fruit, medium to large, roundish, oblate ;
skin, smooth, yellow shaded and striped with
two shades of red ; stem, slender, one one-
eighth inches long in a deep cavity ; calyx closed
in a wide, wrinkled basin.

Flesh, white, firm, crisp, moderately^juicy,
sub-acid.

Quality, fair.

Season, November to February

Cranberry- Pippin. (Reduced.)
Adaptation. Southern porfcions'of the Province, especially along the shores of the lakes

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

11

EARLY HARVEST.

The best apple of its season both for dessert and cooking, but of late years rendered worth-
less in Ontario by scab, which not only spoils its appearance but lessens its size and injures its
flavor. The Early Harvest and Fall Pippin are the two apples which seem to be least able to
resist this terrible fungus, and which most favor its spread. Unless therefore this fungus is
checked by spraying with the Bordeaux mixture, this apple must soon be left out of the list of
desirable varieties.

i

Early Harvest. (Reduced.)

Section of Early Harvest.

Origin, United States.

Tree, only medium in vigor, never attaining a large size, old trees averaging from one-half
to two-thirds the size of Greening trees of the same age ; upright and spreading ; productive,
considering the size of the tree and the fruit ; yield of full grown trees averages about four
barrels every alternate year.

Fruit, medium round, oblate ; skin, smooth, bright straw color when ripe, with a few faint
dots ; stem, short, one-half to three-quarters of an inch, in a medium cavity, often russeted ;
calyx closed in a shallow, sometimes slightly plaited basin.

Flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, crisp, tender ; flavor, rich, sprightly, pleasant sub-acid.

Season, first w?ek in August ; in 1896, the last half of July.

Quality, dessert, best; cooking medium; home market, very good; foreign market,
useless.

Adaptation Thrives well on sandy loam in Ihe Niagara district.

12

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

FAME USE.
(Snow, Fomme de Neige).

The most highly valued of all table apples, and but for one fault the Fameuse would be the
most profitable of all to grow for profit, especially in the latitude of Montreal, where it attain,
its highest perfection. The fault is that it is quite subject to the apple scab, so that in some
places the fruit is entirely worthless.

Origin, Province of Quebec, pro-
bably from seeds brought from
France ; it is often called Snow,
from the color of its flesh, and its
proper name signifies a famous
apple.

Tree, moderately vigorous, mod-
erately productive ; hardy.

Fruit, medium size, roundish ;
skin, light green, striped and
shaded with two shades of red,
often nearly covered with deep
red ; stalk, slender, half an inch
long, in a small deep cavity ; calyx,
small, segmen' s often recurved, set
in a shallow, slightly plaited basin.

Fameuse.

Flesh, snow white ; texture,
tender, very fine grained, breaking,
juicy, aromatic.

Quality, dessert, first-class ;
cooking, poor.

Value, first-class for all markets,
when perfect in form and free from
spots.

Season, October to December

Adaptation. General in On-
tario.

Section of Fameuse.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

13

GIDEON.

A very pretty apple, of about same season as Duchess, and less desirable, because it is

inclined to rot at the core ;
it is also less highly colored.
These faults will prevent its
being popular as an export
apple.

Origin, by Peter M. Gideon,
Excelsior, Minn., U.S.; of
\ same parentage as Wealthy.

Tree, vigorous, hardy,
holds fruit well, productive.

Fruit, large, 3 inches by
3^ wide, round or slightly
conical; skin, white, with
bright red cheek shaded with
deeper red splashes ; dots,
white, obscure ; cavity,
broad, deep, regular or
slightly corrugated ; stalk,
1 inch, slender ; calyx half
closed, in a small, corrugated
basin.

Flesh, white, flaky,
tender, almost melting, yet
crisp, fine, juicy, and of
good flavor.

Season, September to
November.

Quality, dessert poor,
cooking fair.

Value, for home market,
first ; foreign, fourth rate.

Adaptation. Succeeds
well on north shore of Lake
Huron, in Algoma, and in
Northeastern Ontario ; trees
loaded with fruit were found
near Thessalon in 1898.

I

14

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

GREENING.

One of the staple varieties for profit in Ontario orchards. No one variety, except the Bald-
win was Ire wid ly planted in our Province previous to 1875, but since that time it has been
wm, was more wiuery P ^^ ^ &c&h gome seasonS)

especially in cases where proper
spraying is neglected. Its color
is against it in foreign markets,
and yet, as it becomes known,
the demand for it increases. It
has a tendency to drop early,
especially south of Lake Ontario,
and, therefore, needs to be
gathered in good season, about
the first of October, as a rule.
Remarkable instances of pro-
ductiveness have been reported.
One large tree at Maplehurst,
Grimsby, nearly one hundred
years planted, yielded twenty
barrels one season, and fifteen
barrels another.

Origin, Rhode Island.

Tree, very vigorous, spread-
Greening. ing5 a crooked grower, fairly

hardy very productive, succeeds well on a great variety of soils.

Fruit, large, roundish, sometimes a little flattened, regular, unless overgrown; color,
green, becoming lighter as it
ripens, often showing a blush
when "well exposed to the sun ;
dots light gray, areole, numer-
ous toward the apex; stem,
seven-eighths of an inch long in
.a smooth, narrow cavity ; calyx
partly closed in a nearly » mooth
shallow basin.

Flesh, white, with a greenish
tint, yellowing as it matures ;
texture, fine grained, crisp,
juicy ; flavor, rich, slightly aro-
matic, pleasant, sub-acid.

Season, December to Febru-
ary.

Quality, dessert, medium ;
-cooking, best ; home and foreign
markets, good.

Adaptation. Succeeds every-
where, except in northern sec-
tions.

Section of Greening

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

15

KENTISH FILLBASKET.

pale yellow,
sometimes al-
most white,
and on sunny
side splashed
and striped
with bright red;
stem, stout,
short, J inch,
set in a large
cavity ; calyx
closed, set in a
large plaited
basin.

Flesh, line,
grained, tender
and juicy ; fla-
vor, mild, sub-
acid.

Season, Oc-
tober to De-
cember.

Q UALITY ,

poor for des-
sert, good for
cooking, good
for home mar-
ket, and poor
for foreign
market.

Adaptation. North shore Lake
photographed was grown at our Bay

An old Eng-
lish variety of
great beauty of
appearance and
enormous size,
often exceeding
four inches in
diameter. It is
not, however,
much grown in
the commercial
orchards of On-
tario, being a
fall apple, ill
adapted to ex-
port, unless by
cold storage, and
of very ordinary
quality.

Origin, Eng-
land ; tree, vig-
orous, fairly pro-
ductive, semi-
hardy.

Fruit, very
large, three by
four inches, glo-
bular, slightly
ribbed ; color,
smooth, shiny,
light green or

/

Kentish Fillbasket.

Ontario and Erie, east shore Lake Huron,
of Quinte station in 1896.

The sample

16

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

KING. (King of Tompkin's Countij.)
WA to have originated in New Jersey. On account of its excellent quality for cooking, its
,JftteA2SK m beauiul appearance and l^--^g-£ «£*£

apple markets of the world.
Unfortunately the tree is a
poor bearer, and consequently
unprofitable as an orchard
variety, unless under excep-
tional circumstances. Top-
grafted on Talman Sweet, it
is said to be more productive.
For home use it is excelled
by no apple.

Tree, a vigorous grower,
of spreading habit, but not
long-lived.

Fruit, large, roundish,
uneven; skin, yellowish,
shading off from red to dark
crimson; stem, short and
stout, inserted in a wide,
deep, somewhat irregular
cavity ; calyx closed in a
broad, shallow, slightly cor-
rugated basin.

Flesh, yellowish, white,
crisp and juicy, moderately
firm ; flavor rich, agreeable,
aromatic ; quality first-class.
Season, October to Feb-
King. ruary in Southern Ontario ;

reported at the Simcoe station October to March for Northern Ontario.

Adaptation. Not hardy at Simcoe station unless top grafted on Talman Sweet, or some

Section of King.
other hardy stock, and, therefore, it is not recommended for general planting in northern
sections.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

LADY.

(In France, Api.)

A beautiful little apple for the amateur's collection, and very highly valued where known
for a dessert apple, hiving a pleasant flavor and great beauty. In Europe the apple is known
as Api, but in America it has became known as the Lady apple. Some say it was so called
because from its small size and beautiful color, it seemed just suited to a lady's mouth.

Origin, France.

Lady.

Trek, upright habit and bears fruit in clusters, vigorous, only fairly hardy and productive.

Fruit, very small, flat oblate. Color, green turning to yellow, half covered with a rich
red cheek, and many tiny dots which are more numerous toward the apex.jff Stem, slender, half
an inch long, set in a deep regular cavity. Calyx closed in a small wrinkled basin.

Section of Lady.

Flesh, greenish white, fine grained, crisp and juicy ; flavor, pleasant.

Season, December to May.

Quality, dessert, best ; cooking, too small to be of any value ; market, high value in
special markets.

Adaptation. Successfully grown as far north as the Bay of Quinte station.
2 F.S.

18

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

MANN.
The Mann apple is not very highly recommended for extended orchard planting in Ontario,

because of its rather unat-
tractive green color in
shipping season in Octo-
ber. The tree has the
merit of being a produc-
tive variety and an early
bearer, but the fruit is
inclined to drop early, and
to be small, when not
thinned,

Origin, New York
State, a chance seedling.

Tree, hardy, vigorous,
spreading, with slender
branches; an early and
regular bearer, inclined to
overload.

Frx;it, of large size
when thinned and well
cultivated, n x3| inches;
form, roundish, oblate,

regular ; skin, dull green,
Mann & . ,

yellowing at maturity, nearly covered with light green dots ; stalk half an inch long m a large
slightly russeted cavity ; calyx closed in a large plaited basin.
= Flesh, yellowish, moderately firm, juicy, agreeable, sub-acid.
Season, January to April.

kction of Mann.

%±? "JZm:^S:L*., but M co,or is not M*. ta best price.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

19

ONTARIO.

This is a native of Ontario, as its name indicates, having been raised by crossing Wagener

and Spy by the late
Charles Arnold of Paris,
Ontario. Its early and
abundant bearing, the
good quality and even size
of the fruit, are the rea-
sons why it is rapidly
gaining in favor as an ex-
port variety. It has been
tested in a commercial
way for some years at our
Bay of Quinte station,
where it is counted one of
the best for profit.

Origin, Province of
Ontario.

Tree, fairly hardy,
moderately vigorous,
somewhat spreading, very
productive, an early
bearer.

Ontario.

Fruit, large, 2\ x 3£
inches, "f oblate, slightly
ribbed, sidesjunequal; skin
yellowish, nearly covered
with bright red, with a few
scattered small white'dots
with blush^bloom ; stem,
seven-eighths of an inch
long, in a deep, russeted
uneven cavity ; calyx
closed in a moderately
deep, corrugated basin.

Flesh, white with green
tint, yellowing slightly as
it ripens ; texture, tine
grained, tender, juicy ;
flavor, mild, sub-acid,
sprightly, aromatic.

Season, January to
April.

Quality, very good
for all purposes.

Section of Ontario

Adaptation. Southern Ontario to north shore of Lake Ontario,
well at Bay of Quinte station.

Succeeds remarkably

•20

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

RED ASTRACHAN.

s. j r a a^ f« EWl«nH in 1816 and widely planted in Southern Ontario for a

^mXSke^PPU Scarce Se" apple of its season^uals it in beauty of appearance

Section of Red Astrachan.

Red Astrachan (Reduced).
Tree, upright ; very vigorous ; begins bearing early ; very productive.

Flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, becoming mealy when over-npe ; add, almost too tart
to be counted first-class for either dessert or cooking ; quality, second class.

Season, 1st to 20th August. ..,„,,

hardy in northern paits of Ontario county.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

21

ROXBURY RUSSET.

(Boston Russet.)

One of the staple export varieties in many parts of southern Ontario, because of its long-
keeping qualities. It resists scab well, but is subject to the codling moth, unless well sprayed,

and is inclined to drop early from
the trees, resembling the Greening
in this respect.

Origin, Massachusetts.

Tree, fairly vigorous, spreading
like Greening, but flatter in form
of top.

Fruit, medium, roundish, ob-
late, sides not equal ; skin tough,
green, nearly covered with russet,
and having a brownish red cheek
when fully exposed to the sun ;
stem, half to three-quarters of an
inch long in a medium sized, regu-
lar cavity ; calyx closed in round
medium sized basin.

Flesh, yellowish white, almost
coarse grained, moderately juicy ;
flavor, mild, sub-acid, pleasant.

Roxbury Russet.

Season, January to June.

Quality, dessert, fair ; cooking, good ; home and foreign markets, good.

Section of Roxbury Russet.

Adaptation. Long tested in the Niagara district and found to be well adapted to it. As
hardy as the Greening.

22

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SPITZENBURGH.

(Esopus Sfjitzenburgh.)
One of the finest dessert apples for late winter use, and widely planted by early settlers
throughout southern Ontario. It has proved to be unprofitable as a commercial apple, because

the tree is liable to disease, and "yields
small crops in consequence.

Origin, Esopus, on the Hudson
river.

Tree, lacking in vigor, often show-
ing dead or feeble wood ; upright,
spreading, with drooping limbs when
in bearing ; fairly hardy.

Fruit, size, medium to large, ob-
long, slightly conical : skin, straw
color in shade, but usually nearly
covered with bright red, and dark red
in sun, with a few stripes, and many
obscure gray dots ; stalk, seven-eighths
of an inch long in a narrow deep cavity;
calyx, nearly closed, set in a narrow
basin of medium depth, slightly corru-
gated.

Flesh, yellowish white ; texture,
crisp, juicy, breaking ; flavor, brisk,
rich, delicious.

SPITZEN BURGH.

Season, December to March.
Quality, first class for all purposes.

t

\

Section of Spitzbnbuugh.
Adaptation. Succeeds well on smdy loam in southern Ontario.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

23

SPY. (Northern Spy.)

The Spy stands in the very first rank of Canadian apples, whether for home or foreign mar-
kets. Originating in New York State on the line with the southern portion of the Province of

Ontario, it succeeds here
to perfection. Its beauty
of coloring, half shaded
by its delicate bloom, and
its great excellence of
quality for all purp oses,
justly claim for it its wide
popularity. In Chicago,
Canadian Spys are more
sought for than any other
variety, but, owing to
tenderness of skin, which
shows the slightest bruise,
it is less popular for ex-
port to Great Britain than
some other varieties. The
tree is late in coming into
bearing, often being fif-
teen years planted befoie
yielding a crop, and this
renders the variety some-
what unpopular with
planters. Probably for
fancy packages, selected
Spys would be among the
best.

( )rigin, near Roches-
ter, N.Y.

Tree, upright and
spreading in habit ; fruit
spurs on interior boughs
very vigorous, late in coming into bearing, but afterwards fairly productive in alternate years ;
blossoms late in spring and ho'ds its fruit late in the autumn ; requires high cultivation
and good fertility.

Fruit, large to very
large ; form, roundish,
slightly conical ; skin,
thin, light green, or pale
yellow, sprinkled with /

light pink, striped and
shaded with pinHsh red, /
and thinly covered with
thin whitish bloom ; stalk /
slender, three-quarters of |
an inch long, in a wide.
deep, sometimes russeted
cavity ; calyx, small,!
closed, in a n a r r o w,
moderately deep, abrupt, I
irregular basin.

Flesh, white, finegrain-
ed, crisp, tender, juicy ;
flavor, rich, sprightly, sub-
acid, fragrant.

Season, January to May.
Quality, dessert and
cooking, first class ; home
market, first-class ; a little
tender for distant ship-
ments. SwmOH of Spy.

Adaptation. Sandy or clay loams in southern and middle Ontario ; found tender at Sim
coe Experiment Station and at the St. Lawrence Experiment Station.

Spy.

24

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SWAZIE POMME GRISE.

(Pomme grise d'or.)

There is no choicer winter dessert apple for the months of December and January than the
Swazie Pomme Grise, especially when kept in a cool, dark cellar, as that its crisp texture and
excellent flavor may be preserved. Unfortunately,. It is not very productive, and, consequently,

Swazie Pomme Grise.

not profitable. One large tree at Maplehurst, seventy-five years planted, yielded only an aver
age of four barrels each alternate year. It is well worthy of a place in the amateur collection.

Origin, probably with Col. Swazie, near Niagara.

Tree, upright, fairly vigorous and not very productive.

Fruit, small, round, oblate conical ; color, deep yellow, well colored with cinnamon rusaet
and many whitish dots ; stem, three-quarters of an inch long, set in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed
n a moderately^deep, slightly corrugated basin.

\

Section of Swazie.

Flesh, white, fine grained, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor, aromatic mild sub-acid, pleasant.
Season, December to March.

Quality, dessert, first class ; cooking, third class ; value for home market, poor ; value for
foreign market, poor.

Adaptation. Succeeds in southern Ontario, especially in the Niagara district.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

25

SWEET BOUGH.

(Large Yellow Bough of Downing. )

An excellent dessert apple, ripening about the same season as the Early Harvest ; not sub-
ject to scab, and a favorite with those who prefer a sweet to a sour apple. Not profitable to
grow for market, but it deserves a place in every collection for home use. Baked whole it is
delicious eaten with cream.

Sweet Bough. (Reduced.)

Origin, United States.

Tree, of medium vigor, never
attaining a large size, and, there-
fore, even with a full crop, not
very productive. Bears full every
alternate year ; head, compact.

Fruit, large, ovate, conical ; skin
smooth, greenish yellow ; stem one
inch long, in a narrow, deep, regu-
lar cavity; calyx open, in a shal-
low, irregular basin.

Flesh, white, fine grained, ten-
der and juicy ; flavor moderately
sweet, rich and agreeable.

Season, July 25 to August 10.

Quality, dessert very good ; cooking poor, except for roasting.
Value, home market, poor to good, foreign market, useless.
Adaptation, succeeds well in Niagara district.

26

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

WEALTHY.

This beautiful apple was distributed among the members of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association in 1882 for trial, and has won for itself a good reputation in every part of the Pro-
vince as a dessert apple of excellent quality, while in the northern portions it is especially

desirable on account of its
hardiness. Mr. A. A.
Wright, of Renfrew, says
the tree endures 40° be-
low zero without injury,
and he advises planting
this variety freely at the
north. Mr. R. W. Shep-
herd, of Montreal, has
grown it in that vicinity
for years with success for
export.

Origin, St. Paul, Min-
nesota. By Peter Gideon.
Tree, vigorous, very
hardy, over productive.

Fruit, medium, round-
ish, oblate, regular ; skin,
smooth, greenish ground,
changing to pale yellow,
rich red cheek, with
stripes and splashes of
red in the sun. sometimes
nearly covered with crim-
son ; stem, one-half to
three-quarters of an inch
long in a deep regular
cavity ; calyx, nearly
closed in a deep, abrupt
basin.

Wealthy.

Flesh, white, fine
grained, tender, juicy,
sprightly, pleasant sub-
acid.

Season, early winter.

Quality, dessert, very
good ; cooking, good.

Value, for home mar-
ket, very good ; for for-
eign market, very good.

Adaptation. Succeeds
at Simcoe, Bay of Quinte,
St. Lawrence and Niagara
stations, also at Ottawa
and Montreal

Section of Wealthy.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

27

YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

An apple which may prove a substitute for the well-known Early Harvest, which is so sub-
ject to apple scab. This variety seems to be proof against fusicladium, both in leaf and fruit.

Origin, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Imported by the U. S. Department
of Agriculture in 1870.

Tree, hardy, vigorous, upright,
annual bearer, productive, began
bearing at four years at Craighurst
station.

Yellow Transparent.

Fruit, above medium, roundish, oblate, inclined to be conical ; skin, 'clear white, yellowish
white when very mature ; dots, light green, obscure ; stalk, medium, in large cavity ; calyx
closed in medium, slightly corrugated basin ; fruit hangs well on the tree.

•

Flesh, white ; firm till very
ripe, then tender ; quality,
second class.

Season, August 1st to 15th.

Adaptation. Tested atMaple-
hurst, Grimsby ; at Simcoe sta-
tion, distributed widely by
Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion in 1886, and succeeds every-
where.

Yellow Transparent. (Section.)

CHERRIES.

Yellow Spanish— Fruiting Branch in 1896.

[28]

CHERRIES.

Classification.

In describing the cherries the following general classification is followed, though for con-
venience the varieties are arranged in alphabetical order. In some cases it is impossible to
place a variety because of the crossing of one variety with another, which renders the classifica-
tion almost useless.

I. Prunus Cerasus (Sour Cherry Class).

(a) Kentish — Pale red with uncolored juice.

(b) Morellos — Dark red fruits, with dark colored juice.

II. Prunus Avium (Sweet Cherry Class).

(a) Mazzards — European seedling cherries, of vigorous habit.

(b) HearU — With soft-fleshed, heart-shaped fruit.

(c) Bigarreaus — Hard-fleshed, mostly light colored skin, and heart-shaped.

(d) Dukes — Tree of upright, vigorous growth, leaves fastigiate, fruit mostly acid or sub-acid.

BLACK EAGLE.

A very excellent dessert cherry, well deserving a place in [the home garden, but not
sufficiently productive to be recommended for the commercial orchard. The average annual

yield of large trees at Maplehurst is from twenty-
five to thirty quarts. The fruit is usually in
scattered clusters, and often borne singly, making
the gathering expensive. In England this
variety is more productive than in Canada.

Origin, England, 1810, by Miss E. Knight,
of Downton Castle, from Bigarreau and May
Duke.

Tree, second rate in vigor, of a round
spreading habit, third rate in productiveness ;
group Bigarreau.

Fruit, medium to large, averaging about
|| long by ^| of an inch wide; form, obtuse
heart-shaped, almost roundish oblate ; skin,
dark red, becoming almost black ; stalk, slender,
1^ to If inches long in a medium cavity ; suture
obsolete ; stone, small.

Flesh, dark purple ; texture, tender and
juicy; flavor very sweet, rich and delicious.

Black Eagle. (Reduced).
Season, July 8th to 15th (1897).
Quality, first-class for dessert.
Value, first-rate for near markets

second rate for distant markets because it soon decays.
[29]

30

FKUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BLACK TARTARIAN.

Of all our black cherries, this is one of the choicest, whether for market or for dessert on
the home table. Of large size and delicious flavor, it is relished by all cherry lovers, and, being
somewhat soft fleshed, it is very subject to the ravages of birds. On this account it is often
necessary to harvest and ship it a little on the green side. It is not so productive as some
others, but it makes up for this by bringing a higher price.

Origin, Russia and Western Asia, introduced into England in 1796, and thence to
America.

Black Tartarian.

Tree, erect, vigorous, attaining large size, fairly productive.

Fruit, very large, £xl inch, heart-shaped, of somewhat irregular outline ; stem, If inches
long ; skin, bright purplish black.

Flesh, dark purple, tender and juicy ; flavor, rich and delicious.

Season, June 22nd to 30th.

Quality, dessert, first class.

Value, market, first-iate.

Adaptation, South of Lake Ontario, and in sheltered places a little further north.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

31

BELLE DE CHOISY.

(Ambree grosse " LeRoy")

The most delicious of all dessert cherries, and one that should be planted in every amateur's
garden, but of no value in the commercial cherry orchard, because not productive, and the tree
is often short lived.

Origin, Choiay, near Paris, 1760.

Belle de Choisy.

Tree, Duke, upright, foliage dark, hardy, not
very productive.

Fruit, medium to large, § x f , obtuse heart-
shaped ; skin, transparent, showing the structure
of the flesh and the cells of juice within ; color,
bright cornelian red in sun, pale red to amber in
shade ; stem, slender, two inches long ; suture marked
by a delicate line.

Flesh, very pale red, texture, soft, juicy; flavor,
sweet, very delicious.

Season, June 24th to July 1st.

Quality, dessert, first-class.

Value, market, fair.

Adaptation, Southern Ontario.

CLEVELAND.

One of the finest Bigarreau cherries for dessert purposes, being of high quality and not too
firm in texture. A good variety for commercial orchards, because of its high color and earliness
of season, but not yet fully tested in
this Province.

Origin, by Prof. Kirtland, Cleve-
land, Ohio.

Tree, vigorous, of stout spreading
habit, productive, fruited after three
years planting at Maplehurst.

Fruit, large, |x}f of an inch; form,
heart-shaped, sides unequal ; color,
bright red moroon, on yellowish ground,
dark rich red in the sun ; stem, stout,
l£ inches long in a broad, uneven
cavity ; suture, broad, half way round.

Flesh, light cream in color ; tex-
ture, almost tender, juicy, sweet, rich
and delicious.

QU4LITY, first-class for table.

Value, home market, first-rate; dis-
tant market, first-rate.

Season, June 15th to 25th.
Adapatation. Southern Ontario.

Cleveland.

32 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

COE.

(Coe's Transparent).
A good variety for the home garden, but altogether too tender to be popular for the Com-
mercial orchard.

Origin, in Connecticut, with Curtis Coe, of
Middleton.

Tree, healthy, fairly vigorous, with round
spreading head, third rate in productiveness ;
group, Heart.

Fruit, medium to large, about one inch long
by one inch broad, round and regular in form ;
skin, thin, bright shiny amber, nearly covered
with rich cornelian, marked with peculiar mottled
blotches ; stalk one and a half to two inches long
set in a medium wide cavity ; suture obscure.

Flesh, very pale yellowish tint ; texture very
soft and tender, juicy ; flavor sweet and very good
if not left hanging too long.

Season, July 7th to 14th (1897). Coe,s ^^

Quality, good for dessert.

Value, second rate for home market, fourth rate for distant market.

Adaptation, south of Lake Ontario.

KOSLO V - MORELLO.

Fifty trees, small seedling trees, of this cherry were sent to the Secretary of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association by Jaroslav Niemetz, of Winnitza, Podolie, Russia, in 1889, and by

him distributed among the directors.

Some of these trees were planted at Maplehurst,

0^ and, although still only bushes, they bore quite freely

/ in 1897. Mr. Niemetz claims that it will endure

/ almost any degree of cold, and that it begins bearing at

/ the age of four or five years from the pit, which he

/ claims is the best method of propagating it (see C.

/ Hort., 1869, p. 218). They might well be grown in

rows, 5 or 6 feet apart, just as we grow raspberries

and currants. The fruit closely resembles that of the

V Morello (English).

\ Tree, bush form, very slow grower, slender ; hardy ;

jfc m | very productive ; Morello.

I I Fruit, fairly large, round, pointed at apex, dark

red, turning black at maturity ; stalk 1£ inches long
in a slight depression ; suture, barely traceable.
^^ Flesh, red, turning dark red at maturity ; texture,

tender, juicy, acid, becoming milder as it hangs.
Quality, good for cooking.
Season, July 20th to August 20t h.
Koslov-Morello. Adaptation, the northern limit of cherry culture.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 33

EARLY PURPLE.

(Early Purple Guigne.)

The earliest cherry is the Early Purple, a foreign variety known in France as the Early
Purple Guigne. The tree is a vigorous, upright grower, and becomes quite productive as the
tree acquires age. A tree at Grimsby, about thirty years planted, yielded in 1896, 144 quarts.
They were harvested on the 11th of June, and sold in the wholesale market at an average of
twelve cents per quart. This is the tree's best record, for usually the birds destroy the fruit
before it matures, and if gathered as soon as colored red, it is little more than " skin and bones. "
The last few days of growth it fills out wonderfully, and becomes almost a so-called ' ' black
cherry." The branch which we photographed was taken from the tree above referred to and
shows the habit of fruiting.

Early Purple.

Tree, upright, vigorous, healthy, productive when full grown.

Fruit, medium size, roundish heart-shaped ; skin dark red to purple ; stem two inches
long in a shallow cavity ; suture obscure.

Flesh, red to purple ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor sweet and pleasant.

Season, June 13th to 25th, south of Lake Ontario.

Quality, dessert, good.

Value, market, 2nd rate.

Adaptation. Grown at Grimsby for thirty years and quite hardy ; fairly hardy in Maine
and Michigan ; recommended for trial north of Lake Ontario.

3 F.S.

34

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

GOVERNOR WOOD.

This variety has proved itself a most satisfactory cherry for both dessert and market pur-
poses. It is a very productive variety, and, though somewhat tender in flesh, is not nearly so
subject to ravages by birds as Early Purple or Black Tartarian. Originated by Prof. Kirtland
of Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.iV.

Governor Wood.

Tree, upright, spreading, healthy, vigorous and hardy wherever the peach succeeds.
77 ruit, medium to large, roundish-heartshaped ; skin, light, yellow, shaded with light to
deep red : stem 1£ inches long in a broad deep cavity ; suture, distinct on one side.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic and delicious.
Season, June 16th to June 25th.

Quality, dessert, 1st rate ; home market, very good ; distant market, good.
Value, market, 1st to 2nd rate.
Adaptation. Wherever the peach succeeds.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

35

HORTENSE.

(Reine Hortense.)
One of the finest flavored of cooking cherries, and one which deserves the first place in the
home garden, it is not as productive as the May Duke, but from its habit of fruiting singly is

less subject to rot than that excellent variety.

Origin, France, in 1832, by M. Larose,
Neuilly ; first fruited in 1838.

Tree, of Duke habit, a vigorous and hand-
some grower and fairly productive : Duke.

Fruit, large to very large, roundish, elong-
ated, sides slightly compressed ; skin, thin,
light, shining red mottled with darker red,
becoming richer in color the longer it hangs ;
stock, slender, about two inches long.

Flesh, creamy yellow, nettled, very tender,
juicy, ; flavor, slightly sub-acid, excellent.

Season, July 10th to 15th in 1897.
Quality, first-class for cooking.
Value, 1st to 2nd rate for market.
Adaptation, succeeds perfectly south of
Lake Ontario.

KNIGHT.

Hortense.

(Knight' $ Early Black).

A delicious early; black cherry, ripening about a week in advance of Black Tartarian. It is
a regular and even bearer, the~average yield being* from seventyfive to 100 quarts per annum.
The fruit is borue singly or, occasionally, in pairs, "and
therefore is not gathered as rapidly as those varieties
which grow in clusters. It is one of the most valu-
able dessert cherries, but not as productive as the
Tartarian.

Origin, England, by T. A. Knight, in"1810, from
Bigarreau crossed with May Duke.j

Tree, healthy, fairly vigorous, with spreading
head, second rate in productiveness ; Heart.1

Fruit, medium to large, obtuse, heart-shaped,
uneven ; skin, dark red or purple, becoming almost
black if allowed to hang ; stalk two inches long in a
rather large cavity.

Flesh, dark red to purple ; texture, tender and
juicy, but firmer than Tartarian ; flavor, sweet, rich
and delicious ; stone, small.

Season, July 1st to 6th (1897).

Quality, first-class for all purposes.

Value, for market, first-rate.

Knight's Early Black.

36

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

MAZZARD.

Black Mnzzard (Downing), Merisier (Leroy), Corone (Hoqg).

The common English black cherry, which is indigenous to the continent of Europe, and has
now become naturalized in North America, is the original species from which the excellent heart
cherries have originated. Seedlings of this class of cherries are grown extensively by nursery-
men as stock upon which to propagate the finer varieties, as standards.

Mazzard.

The fruit of these seedlings varies considerably, often being small and rather bitter in
flavor, and consequently of no value for market ; but occasionally we find one large enough to
be worth cultivating, and of fairly good quality.

Origin, Europe.

Tree, very vigorous and healthy, often reaching thirty feet in height and spreading over
an area as many feet in diameter ; Heart.

Fruit, small, heart-shaped, or round, a little flattened ;
shiny black, thin ; stalk, inch and a half to two inches long.

Flesh, soft, melting, juicy, often somewhat bitter.

Season, July 10th to 25th.

Quality, very poor for dessert, poor for cooking.

Value, fourth rate for all purposes.

Adaptation, southern part of the Province.

suture evident on one side ; skin,

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

37

MEZEL. (Mo)istreuse de Mezel, Bigarreau of Mezel.)

One of the finest of the late black cherries, of large size and great productiveness. Though
a Bigarreau it has not the fault of its class of being especially subject to rot ; it is not so black

in color as the Elkhorn, but dark enough a red to
be classed with the black cherries.

Origin, Mezel, France ; first introduced in 1846.

Tree, upright, spreading, a very vigorous grower ;
one tree at Maplehurst forty years planted was thirty
feet in height in 1897, and covered an area about the
same number of feet in diameter ; first rate in hardi-
ness and in productiveness ; group, Bigarreau.

Fruit, very large, fiftt en-sixteenths of an inch
long by one inch in width ; obtuse heart shaped,
slightly flattened, with a clearly-defined suture on one
side, ending in a slight nipple ; skin, dark red at first,
changing to dark purple at maturity ; stalk, two inches
Jong, slender, set in good sized cavity.

Flesh, firm, juicy, breaking ; flavor, sweet, good.

Season, July 12th to 20th (1897).

Quality, for dessert, first class.

Value, for market, first rate.

Mezel.

MORELLO.

Downing thinks the name Morello is

(English Morello.)

An old reliable variety for cooking purposes, known in England for nearly three hundred
years, and deserving of wider cultivation in Ontario.
from Moms, the Mulberry, from the dark purple color
of its juice, which resembles that of the mulberry ;
a profitable market variety.

Tree, habit, spreading, slender ; hardy and very
productive ; vigor, medium ; Morello.

Fruit, fairly large, roundish, nearly heart shaped,
somewhat flattened on one side, with a slightly trace-
able suture.

Skin, red, turning dark red or purple towards
maturity ; stalk about If inches long, inserted in a
shallow cavity ; stone small, slightly cling.

Flesh, very dark red, texture, tender, juicy, acid,
becoming more subacid and agreeable the more it
matures.

Season, July 20 to August 10, in 1897.

Quality, dessert, very poor ; cooking, first class.

Value, home market, second rate.

Morello.

38

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

NAPOLEON.

Napoleon Bigarreau, Royal Amu of California.

A valuable variety of foreign origin. Perhaps the most productive variety known, yielding
fruit of the very largest size which is in good demand and, therefore, one of the most desirable
varieties for the commercial orchard. It has one serious fault, namely, it is very subject to the
rot, especially in wet seasons, and sometimes the whole crop of this variety is ruined by it.

Napoleon.

Tree, upright, spreading, vigorous, hardy on the~south shore of Lake Ontario. ^Very pro-
ductive.

Fruit, very large, oblong heart shaped ; skin, yellow ground, light in shade. rich>d
cheek in the sun, sometimes mottled ; stem, 1J inches long ; suture plainly traceable.

Flesh, yellowish white, very firm, meaty, fairly juicy, good flavor, much esteemed for can-
ning because it looks well in the jars and bears cooking well.

Season, July 8th to 16th.

Quality, dessert medium ; market, very good to best.

Adaptation, the southern part of the Province of Ontario.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 39

MAY DUKE.

(Early Duke, Royal Hative.)

The staple variety of cooking cherry in its season, both for home use and market. The
great productiveness, health and vigor of tho tree, the mild acid of the fruit ripening over a
considerable season, all tend to make this a favorite variety in all cherry-growing districts. . The
fruit is rather tender for distant shipments.

Origin, Medoc, a Province in France, from whence
the name is said to be a corruption.

Tree, upright, of fastigiate head, a haMt especially
noticeable in young trees ; vigorous, [hardy, [and pro-
ductive ; Duke.

Fruit, roundish, obtuse, heart-shaped, with trace-
able suture, and distinct indentation to ;apex ; [grows in
clusters ; skin, bright red turning darker at full maturity ;
stalk 1^ to 2 inches long^; stone small.

Flesh, red, tender, very juicy ; flavor, sub-acid, and
very good.

Season, June 12th to 20th (1897).

Quality, good for dessert' ; first class for cooking.

May Duke

OLIVET.

From tests in the experimental orchard, we judge the Olivet to be a valuable variety for
the home garden. The tree is a fine grower, and the fruit large and attractive, with a mild
acid flavor, while in season it immediately succeeds the Reine Hortense.

Tree, of French origin, usually classed
with the Dukes, fairly vigorous ; hardy ;
productiveness, second rate.

Fruit, large, f by J, obtuse heart-
shaped, almost round ; color, dark rich
carmine ; stem, 1 to 1| inches, in a broad
cavity, often in pairs.

Flesh, reddish ; texture, soft, melting,
very juicy ; juice stains red ; flavor, very
mild, pleasant acid.

Olivet.
Quality, dessert, fair ; cooking very good to first-class.

Value, not yet determined in Ontario.

Season, June 24th to July 10th.

40

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

OSTHEIM.

(Griotte d' Ostheim.)

This and the Vladimir were distributed throughout the Province of Ontario a few years ago
by the Fruit Growers' Association. The Vladimir is of little or no use, but the Ostheim is a
fair srze, productive enough to be profitable, and good for all purposes. Its hardiness should
make it a special favorite in the colder sections, to succeed the Montmorency.!

Ostheim.

Origin, South of Spain, brought to Germany early in the 18th century, and cultivated
near Ostheim, in Saxe-Weimar, whence its name.

Tree, third rate in vigor, almost a dwarf, first in hardiness, and second rate in productive-
ness ; Morello.

Fruit, medium, about & x tf of an inch in length and breadth. The variety must vary,
since Dr. Hogg describes it as large, and LeRoy describes the stalk two inches long set in a
pronounced cavity. Round, slightly depressed at the side ; color, very dark purple, almost
black when ripe ; stalk, one and three-eighths inches, in ones and twos ; suture not traceable ;
pit, small, cling.

Flesh, very dark purple, tender, juicy, almost sweet when ripe, agreeable.

Season, July 18th to 30th, or even longer, improving in flavor the longer it hangs.

Quality, poor for dessert ; fair for cooking.

Value, for market, third rate.

Adaptation, quite general ; found fruiting freely in St. Joseph's Island, Algoma, in 1898.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

41

VLADIMIR.

A Russian variety from Vladimir district, distributed by the Ontario Fruit Growers

Association in 1887. It has been growing for these ten years at Maplehurst, and reckoned

^^^ unprofitable. The fruit is very scattered, smaller than the

^^^^^&000^^ ordinary seedling Mazzard, and very subject to curculio. It is not

'<4a* **tfp*&***~ to be compared in value with the Ostheim which is of the same

^^^^!BN season or a trifle later.

Tree, slow, weak grower ; rather a bush than a tree ; unpro-
ductive : Morello.

lty

Fruit, small, round ; skin dark purple, almost black at matur-
stalk If inch long, in very shallow cavity ; stone very small.

Flesh, tender, purple, colored juice ; texture, melting, juicy ;
flavor slightly sub-acid, fair.

Season, July 15th to 25th (1897).

Vladimir. Quality, very poor.

Value, fourth rate for either home use or market.
Adaptation, general.

WINDSOR.

A valuable late cherry for either home use or market, its firm flesh making it a better
shipper than most dark colored cherries. Indeed, from the middle to the end of July, when
this cherry is at its best, there is no other to compete with it, the Elkhorn being just over.
The tree is not an early bearer, and the
fruit is subject to the curculio, but otherwise
the Windsor stands among the very best.

Origin, by James Dougall, Windsor,
Ontario.

Tree, a vigorous, upright, symmetrical
grower, healthy, very hardy and productive.

Fruit, large, \% inch long by 1 inch
wide ; form, round, obtuse, heart shaped :
color, dark red turning darker as it hangs ;
stem, \\ inches long, set in a moderately
deep cavity ; in twos and threes ; suture,
obscure.

Flesh, yellowish, with reddish tint ;
texture firm, moderately juicy ; flavor, rich
and sweet.

Season, July 10th to 20th.

Quality, dessert, good ; cooking, good.

Value, first-rate for all markets.

Adaptation, farther north than most Bigarreau cherries,

Windsor.

42

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

YELLOW SPANISH.

Of all the Bigarreau cherries this^is one of the finest, both on account of its great size and
its delicious flavor. The tree grows to a very large size, surpasssing in this respect any other
cultivated variety with which we are acquainted. It does not average very productive, because
the fruit often blasts and drops, or is destroy-
ed by Monilia. When, however, it does
mature a good crop, the yield is enormous.

The variety is of European origin, and
was introduced into the United States in
1800.

Tree, very vigorous, of large growth,
spreading, productive.

Fruit, very large and of a oeautiful
waxy lustre ; form, round, obtuse, heart-
shaped ; skin, clear amber, nearly covered
with red when exposed to the sun ; stem,
stout, 1^ inches long in a wide cavity ; suture,
traceable.

Flesh, pale yellow ; texture firm, juicy,
breaking ; flavor, sweet, delicious when well
ripened.

Season, June 25th to 30t h in 1896.

Quality, dessert very good.

Market Value. First-class.

Adaptation. Succeeds in peach sections, on well drained sandy soil.

Yellow Spanish.

CURRANTS.

CHERRY.

{Bed Imperial, Fertile a" Angers— ■" LeBoy."

The principal red currant grown in
Southern Ontario [for [commercialjfpur-
poses. Its large size, fine color and earli-
ness, combine to make it the most satis-
factory of all varieties for market, and
many acres have been set out for this pur-
pose. When well cultivated and well
pruned back, a plantation of Cherry
currants will continue very productive for
at least twelve or fifteen years.

Origin, Europe.

Plant, vigorous, a stout stocky grower ;
productive ; begins bearing the second
year after planting ; foliage thick, dark
green.

Bunch, usually short, ibut sometimes
long and tapering ; average length, two
inches.

Berry, very large, globuler, \ inch in
diameter ; bright red in color ; acid.

Cherry. Season, June 25th to July 25th.

Quality, fair.

Value, first-class for market and for jellies.

Adaptation, general, but succeeds better on clay'loam'than upon light sand.

[43]

44

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

FAY.

A variety that has been much advertised as superior to the Cherry, but, as a matter of fact,
is very similar in fruit and in productiveness.

Origin, New York State.

Bush, vigorous, but sprawling, and
somewhat subject to the borer where the
shoots are not frequently renewed.

Bunch, moderately close, loose to-
ward the base ; length 2 to 3| inches.

Berry, very large, globular, \ inch
in diameter ; bright red ; juice, sub-acid.

Season, June 25th to July 25th.

Quality, good.

Value, first-class for market.

Adaptation, General

Fay.

HOLLAND.
( White Holland \ Long Bunched Holland. )

The best bunched and the most showy of the
white currants.

Bush, vigorous, healthy and quite productive.

Bunch, four to five inches in length ; loose
at base of racemes, close toward apex.

Berry, § inch long by \ inch broad ; globular ;
skin, thick, white ; flavor mild acid.

Season, July 10th to 30th.

Holland.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

45

MIDDLESEX.

{Saunders1 No. 12.)

Among a collection of seedling black currants sent to Maplehurst by Dr. Saunders of
Ottawa in 1896, we notice one which gives promise of greater productiveness than the others.
Not only are the berries a good size, but, what is of greater importance with a black currant,
the branches are full and hang pretty closely along the branch. If this variety continues its
good qualities, we shall propagate it as being of sufficient importance to be distributed among
our experimenters for farther test.

Origin, Dr. Saunders, Ottawa, Canada.

Bush, very vigorous, healthy, very productive for three successive years, viz., 1896, 1897,
1898.

Bunches, about lj inches in length, compact.

Berry, round, about half an inch in either diameter ; skin, jet black, thick ; flavor, good.

Season, July 8th to 16th, or later in Southern Ontario.

Value, first-class for cooking and market.

Adaptation, general.

Middlesex. (Slightly reduced).

GOOSEBERRIES.

DOWNING

This has been the most popular gooseberry of American origin for some years (1897) unless
we except the Pearl, a variety of Canadian origin, very similar in size and appearance. It is
very widely known and planted all over the
continent of North America. It is not sub-
ject to mildew, and succeeds splendidly
everywhere.

Origin, with Chas. Downing, Newburgh,
N.Y\, a seedling of Houghton.

Plant, healthy, first-rate in health
and vigor '^andj productiveness ; an upright
grower.

Fruit, size, medium, | inch by f broad,
sometimes reaching fx^f, when allowed to
hang, not too heavily loaded ; form, round,
often somewhat narrowed toward apex ; skin,
smooth, transparent green with! distinct light
green ribs, and a thin whitish bloom.

Flesh, light green, tender, sweet and
good.

Season of| maturity, July 18th to 25th
(1897.)!

Value, for market, third-rate.

Downing. (Slightly reduced.)

[46]

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

47

PEARL.

The Pearl gooseberry lias been widely planted in the commercial gardens of Canada and the
United'States. It is certainly a magnificent cropper, but it is very difficult indeed to distinguish
the berry from the Downing, except that it averages a trifle larger.

Origin, London, Ontario,
with Mr. Saunders, a cross
between Houghton and Red
Warrington.

Plant, healthy, not sub-
ject to mildew ; upright,
spreading ; first-rate in vigor
and in productiveness.

Fruit, medium, measuring
1 inch long by 1 inch in
breadth; round, often narrow-
ed toward the apex ; skin,
smooth, transparent green,
with thin whitish bloom and
light green ribs.

Flesh, light green, tender,
sweet and good.

Season of maturity, July
18th to 26th, (1897).

Value, market very much
the same as Downing.
. Adaptation, nearly every

^ part of Ontario. *

-i

**Fearl.

Note. — The sample branch of
Pearl from which our engraving
was taken was grown by Mr.
Thoa. Beall of Lindsay, in July,
1898. The same engraving may
stand for both Pearl and Down-
in?, with the exception that the
latter variety is a trifle smaller
in size. Mr. Beall writes under
date of September 22, 1898 :
" The Pearl averages larger size;
I have them growing side by
side here at Lindsay. It is much
more productive. I can find no
difference in flavor until near or
at maturity, at which time the
Downing loses its flavor and
becomes quite insipid, while the
Pearl retains its good qualities
to the end. The two varieties
are so nearly alike that I think
it almost impossible to distin-
guish individual berries ; yet,
when in quantities — say bask* t-
fulls— the varieties are easily dis-
tinguished. The Pearl is larger,
brighter in color, and, if well
grown, a larger proportion of the
Pearl berries will be somewh&t
elongated and decidedly pointed
at the calyx end.

48

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ENGLISH GOOSEBERRIES.

There are very few English varieties of gooseberries which are successful in Canada,
chiefly on account of the mildew, which the American seedlings are much better able to resist.

Mr. A. Morton of Brampton has been testing these English gooseberries for many years,
and has sent us samples, with notes, and from these we condense the following descriptions,
with photographs.

CATHARINA.

Cathakina.
Adaptation, grown successfully for some years at Brampton.

An excellent table berry, highly recom-
mended for family use by Mr. A. Morton of
Brampton.

Bush, medium size, vigorous, spreading,
makes slender wood, fairly productive.

Berry, large, long, yellow ; skin, a little
hairy ; flavor, first-rate.

CROWN BOB.

A profitable gooseberry.

Bush, inclined to overbear, and thus exhaust its
vitality ; drooping in habit.

Berry, oblong, very large, especially if thinned
before it is full grown ; skin, thin, hairy ; color, red ;
of very good flavor.

Crown Bob.

DUKE OF SUTHERLAND.

Duke of Sutherland.

A first-class gooseberry.

Bush, vigorous, large, spreading ; wood, long
and slender ; foliage, dark green ; very produc-
tive ; grown free of mildew by Mr. A. Morton,
Brampton.

Berry, very large, oblong ; skin, dark green,
smooth ; flavor, fair.
Season, late.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

49

WHITESMITH.

One of the best of the English varieties for cultivation in Ontario ; succeeds best on clay

land, with northern aspect. On the sandy soil of the Niagara district it is much affected by

mildew.

Origin, England.

Plant, upright, fairly productive, fairly vigorous.

Fruit, large, often 1| to ly1^ inches ; oval, downy,
with distinct regular veins ; green, and when ripe sweet
and agreeable.

Season, July 20th to August 10th.
Quality, first-rate for home uses.
Value, first rate for market.

Whitesmith.

tive.

LARGE SCOTCH RED

Bush, a free grower, healthy, large, produc-

Frcjit, large, sub-acid ; a favorite table berry.

ONE OF THEM.

Large Scotch Red.

Bush, very vigorous, with healthy foliage, mod-
erately productive.

Berry, very large, dark red when fully ripe.
Quality, first-elass.

One op Thkm.

TWO TO ONE.

A desirable variety for family use. It is
among gooseberries what the cherry is among
currants in mode of growth.

Bush, fairly productive ; growth straggling.

Berry, of the very largest size; fresh, tender;
flavor good.

4 F.8.

Two to One.

GRAPES

CONCORD.

The principal out-door grape grown for market in the Province of Ontario. Probably more
than half the vines in the Urge commercial vineyards of the Niagara district, as well as in Essex
and other parts of southern ( hitario are of this variety.

The reason of this is (1) its comparative freedom from mildew, (2) its vigor of vine, (3) its
productiveness. Four tons to the acre is not an uncommon yield, so that, even when it sells as low
as H cents per pound, there is yet a fair return for the investment. Still it is an open question
whether in the near future it will not pay the grower better to plant varieties of higher quality
that will bring a higher price, though they may be less productive.

Origin, Concord, Mass., by E. \V.
Bull. First exhibited by him in 1853.

Vine, hardy, healthy, strong, vigor
ous grower, very productive, resists botl
insects and fungi well. Species, Labrusca

Bunch, large, shouldered, fairly com-
pact, five to six inches in hmgth.

Berry, large, round, black, covered
with heavy blue bloom ; skin, medium
thickness, tender, sometimes cracks open ;
flesh, pulpy, tender, moderately juicy ;
flavor, sweet when fully mature, appe-
tizing.

Concord.

Season, middle of September and October ; not a good keeper.
Quality, dessert, fair.

Value, near market, 2nd rate ; distant market, 3rd rate ; of no value for export.
Adaptation. Tested at Wentworth, Niagara, Southwestern and Bay of Quinte stations, in
all of which it ripens well in the open air.

[50]

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

5 I

DELAWARE.

Universally acknowledged to stand at the head of all American grapes in point of quality.
For the home garden a few vines of this variety are indispensable, for it is the most excellent of

dessert varieties. It is also one of the highest
priced grapes in our markets, often bringing
more than double the price of the Concord. It
is, however, not very much grown in our com-
mercial vineyards, because the foliage is badly
subject to thrip and the yield is only moderate.
On rich deep soils, well drained, however,
with high cultivation, thinning and close
pruning, it is productive and profitable. It
should be planted much closer than the Con-
cord. Vines of the latter variety are usually
planted ten feet apart, while the Delaware
may be set five or six feet apart.

Origin, unknown. Name from Delaware,
Ohio, where in 1855 it was first brought into
notice, though not disseminated until ten
years later. It was first found in a garden in
Frenchtown, N.J. The Bushberg Catalogue
thinks it a natural cross between Labrusca
and Vinifera, a native American and a Euro-
pean variety.

Vine, moderate grower, foliage delicate,
subject to thrip ; wood slender, hardy, regu-
lar, sometimes an abundant bearer.

Bunch, small, compact, usually shouldered.

Berry, small, round ; skin, thin, beautiful
light red, with whitish bloom, translucent ;
pulp, sweet, sprightly, aromatic ; juice abun-
dant, sweet, vinous.

Season, September.
Quality, dessert, 1st class.
• Value, dessert, 1st rate ; market, 1st rate,
Delaware.
Adaptation. Succeeds at the Niagara, Wentworth, and Bay of Quinte stations, and
throughout the southern and middle portions'of the province generally.

PEARS.

ANJOU.

[Beurre d'Anjou, Ne Plus Meuris of Le Boy.)

A tine market pear, succeeding admirably on the quince, but on the pear the cree is not so
productive, nor the fruit so large. Its fine size, and melting, buttery texture, make it a favorite
market pear for the month of December, and the experience of 1897 proves it a desirable
variety to export to Great Britain.

Origin, Louvain, Belgium, about 1823 ; named Ne Plus Meuris, after Father Meuris.

Tree, a vigorous, strong grower ; productiveness scarcely first rate even on the quince,
third rate on the pear.

Fruit, large, some samples in 1897 measuring 4^ inches long by 3£ wide ; form, obovate,
blunt pyriform, sides often uneven, and samples not very uniform ; skin, thick, yellow at
maturity, with greenish patches and brown dots, brownish red on sunny side ; stem, scarcely
half an inch long, stout and fleshy ; calyx, open, set in a shallow basin ; core small, seeds few,
if any.

Flesh, white, fine grained, buttery, melting ; flavor, pleasant, perfumed, not very sweet.

Season, November and December

Quality, table or cooking, gooa.

Value, home market, 1st class ; foreign market, very good.

Adaptation, succeeds admirably south of Toronto.

[52]

54

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

Bartlett.

and ordinary stock for $2 and $3
a barrel.

Origin, Berkshire, England,
1770, propagated by Mr. Williams,
near London. Introduced into
America and disseminated by Enoch
Bartlett of Boston.

Tree, healthy, vigorous, half-
hardy, overcomes blight better than
most varieties, 'Tery productive.

Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse,
pyriform. Color, yellow, with very
numerous minute brown dots, often
russetted at the apex. Stem, 1^
inches long, in a small irregular
cavity. Calyx, open in an irregu-
lar basin.

Flesh, creamy white, fine grain-
ed, very buttery and juicy ; flavor,
sweet, perfumed, vinous.

Season, September 1st to 15th.

Quauty, dessert, very good,
market, best.

Adaptation, succeeds admirably
in southern Ontario, and as far
north as our Bay of Quinte station.

\

BARTLETT.

(In England, Williams'
Boncretien. )

No pear of the same season
equals in popularity the Bart-
lett, for either dessert or
canning. Indeed, while it is
in the market, no other pear
compares with it in price or
brings as much profit to the
grower. ( >f late large orch-
ards of this one variety have
been planted in Canada and
the northern States, and im-
mense quantities of this
pear are also shipped in car
lots from California to our
eastern cities, often causing
the price to rule very low.
In 1896 first-class Bartletts
were sold in Toronto during
a great part of September at
from 30 to 40 cents a basket,

JL

/

Section of Bartlett.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

55

BOSC.

(Beurre Bosc, Downing.)

The Bosc pear is not as widely
known among cultivators in Canada as
its merits deserve. Though a russet,
it yellows as it ripens ; the pear is
large in size, and uniform on the tree
as if thinned purposely ; and the tex-
ture is such that it can be exported in
fine condition. In quality, a well
grown Bosc is first-class. On the
whole, we would place this pear among
the valuable kinds for planting for ex-
port to the foreign markets.

Origin. A chance seedling found
in France, and dedicated to M. Bosc,
the eminent director of the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris, about the year 1835.

Tree. A vigorous grower, and a
regular bearer, carrying its fruit singly

m

ta£ta^^^Hiiljiiiiiiii

Section of Bosc.

and not in clusters as is the habit
of some varieties.

Fruit, large, 4 inches long by 3
inches broad, elongated acute pyri-
form, covered with slight indenta-
[ tions ; color greenish yellow ground
H nearly covered with cinnamon rus-
I set ; stalk, ]^ to 2 inches long,
I stout and usually curved, inserted
| without a cavity ; calyx open in a
- shallow basin.

Flesh, white ; texture, fine,
breaking, juicy; flavor, sweet, rich,
delicious.

Season, October.
Quality, first-class for dessert.
Value, first-class for either home
or foreign markets.

Adaptation, southern Ontario.

mm

56 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BUFFUM.

Formerly this pear was much in favor as a profitable orchard variety, because of its produc-
tiveness and the wonderful hardiness and vitality of the tree, but of late years it is much less in
favor with pear growers on ace mnt of its small size and ordinary quality. Some trees of this
variety at Maplehurst, forty years planted, have never shown the slightest tendency to blight,
and have attained a great height, more resembling Lombardy poplars than pear trees.

Origin, Rhode Island.

Tree, remarkable for its vigorous, symmetrical, erect habit of growth ; it is regularly and
fairly productive, but unless gathered early the fruit drops badly ; not subject to blight.

7

/

^*k,.

Buffum. (Reduced.) Buffum. (Section reduced.)

Fruit, medium size, obovate, slightly oblong, sometimes 2| inches long by 2\ inches wide ;
skin, rough, yellow at maturity, with bright or dull red or russet on sunny side ; dots, small*
brown ; stalk, f inch long in small cavity ; segments of calyx small, in a small basin.

Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, not fine, not juicy, sweet with pleasant flavor.
Season, September.
Quality, dessert, fair ; cooking, fair.
Value, home market, poor , foreign market, very poor.

Adaptation, counted hardy in Bruce and Huron Counties ; slightly tender in North
Ontario County.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

57

CHAMBERS.

The Chambers pear has been grown at Maplehurst for about ten years on dwarf stock and
commends itself as a fine market variety the beginning of August, for it is a good quality, large,
and the tree is productive. Commended in Kentucky.

Origin, brought from Maryland to Kentucky by Judge Wm. Chambers.
Tkee, moderately vigorous, very hardy, productive.

.* . .-'"'' %■

Chambers. (Reduced.)

Chambers. (Section, full size.)

Fruit of medium size, 2| inches long by 2^ inches in diameter ; form obtuse, obovate,
pyriform ; color, pea green, turning yellow when fully mature, with numerous brown and green
dots, and reddish brown cheek on sunny side ; stalk, stout, 1 inch long, set on an angle in a
flat cavity, often one shoulder prominent ; calyx, small, half-open ; seeds, few.

Flesh, white, half fine, tender, fairly juicy ; flavor, aromatic, sweet and pleasant.

Season, August 1st to 10th.

Quality, good.

Value, for a near market, first rate.

58

fruit experiment stations.

CLAIRGEAU

with splashings and dots of
russet, which completely cov-
ers it about the stalk and
about the calyx ; orange red
on sunny side ; stalk, | inch
long, stout, fleshy at the base,
usually set at an angle with
the axis ; calyx, small, open,
in a shallow furrowed basin.

Flesh, white, coarse grain-
ed, juicy, with sweet, aro-
matic and vinous flavor.

Season, Oct.
to January.

Value, home
or foreign mar-
ket, first rate.

Quality, cook-
ing, good : des-
ert good.

Adaptati on,
succeeds admir-
ably as far north
as Thornbury ;
and east as far
as Prescott.

As a commercial pear, es-
pecially for a distant market,
we know of no variety of the
same season that is superior
to this variety. Its large
size, and the beautiful cheek
which it take3 on during the
month of October, its excel-
lent shipping and keeping
qualities, all these combine
to make it a profitable var-
iety, and one that is easily
grown, either as dwarf or
standard, though usually
large and tine sized as the
former. The quality is vari-
able according to the condi-
tions of growth ; in France
it is counted first quality ; in
England, third quality ; with
us, when well ripened, it is
second rate.

Origin, Nantes, in France,
With a gardener named Clair-
geau, about 1834.

Tree, first-class in vigor,
hardiness and productive-
ness ; wood, stout, and up-
right in habit of growth ;
branches, numerous, grown
as a dwarf can be trained to
make a fine pyramid ; an
early bearer.

Fruit, large, 4^ inches long
by 3tj inches in width, one-
sided, pyriform ; skin, green,
turning pale yellow at ma-
turity, almost overspread

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

59

CLAPP'S FAVORITE.

Clapp's Favorite is a beautiful
pear where well grown and well
colored. It is also of good quality,
so that it is well fitted to be a pro-
fitable market pear ; with one fault,
that it soon passes out of prime
condition, and, if allowed to ripen
on the trees, it will rot at the core.
On this account the fruit must be
gathered as soon as full grown and
well colored, and shipped while
firm.

Origin. Raised by Thaddens
Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass., U.S.

Tree, upright, vigorous grower,
somewhat spreading, forming a
symmetrical top ; bears fruit of
uniformly large size, pretty evenly

'.■ , ■.■ : ■ ■ ■'■■

.

Section or Clapp's Favorite.

Clapp's Favopite.

distributed ; productive ; succeeds
well as a dwarf on rich soil.

Fruit, very large, pyriform, obo-
vate, usually symmetrical, sometimes
with unequal sides ; skin pale green
changing to yellowish green, with dull
red on sunny side, which becomes
bright crimson at maturity, somewhat
resembling the coloring of the well-
known Louise ; stalk, stout and fleshy,
obliquely inserted without cavity ;
calyx, large, half open, in shallow
basin.

Flesh, creamy white, fine, tender,
juicy, with very agreeable flavor ; good
to very good.

Season, August 20 to September 1.

Quality, good for dessert and
cooking.

Value, good for home market.

Adaptation, hardy.

60

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

DEMPSEY.

;

The Dempsey was originated
near Trenton in Prince Edward
County, by Mr. P. C. Dempsey >
the late well-known Director of
our Association for that district.
It was produced from a seed of
a Bartlett, fertilized with Duch-
ess d'Angouleme. The tree is a
good grower and quite produc-
tive. The fruit is firm and con-
sequently would ship well.

A Plate of Dempsey Pears (reduced

Description : Fruit large,
oblong, obovate, pyriform ; skin
smooth, yellowish-green, with
brownish-red cheek in sun ;
stem about one inch long, set
in a fleshy base, and with almost
no cavity ; calyx nearly closed
in a moderately deep uneven
basin, core small. Flesh white,
fine grained, tender, almost
melting, with sweet delicious
flower. Season, last of Oc-
tober. November.

Section of Dempsey Pear.

FEUITS OF ONTARIO.

61

DIEL.

A pear of ordinary appearance as grown in Southern Ontario, but of such size and excellent
quality that it deserYes a place in every collection, whether for home use or market.

Origin, a chance seedling near
Brussels, Belgium, named in honor
■of Dr. Diel, a German pomologist.

Tree, very vigorous, hardy and
productive.

Fruit, large to very large ; obo-
vate ; stem pale green, turning
yellow at maturity, with numerous
large brown dots and patches of
russet ; stem, curved, stout, from
1 inch to lj inches long, set in an
open uneven cavity ; calyx, open,
in a basin of moderate depth and
not very regular.

Beurrk Djel.

Flesh, cream color, mod-
erately fine, except at the
core, juicy, buttery, aro-
matic, sweet, and when well
grown and well ripened very
delicious.

Season op use, November
and December, just preced-
ing the Lawrence.

Quality, dessert, very
good.

Value, home market, sec-
ond rate, because lacking in
color ; foreign market, pos-
sibly first rate, because it
carries well and has fine
flavor, but not yet tested in
this respect.

Adaptation, n o t
proved (1897).

yet

Beurre Diel (Section).

62 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

DUCHESS.

(Duchess d'Angouleme, LeRoy and Downing ; Angouleme, American Pomological Society ;

Duchesse, common name in France.)

For many years this pear was counted among the best and most profitable varieties in
Ontario, especially when grown on quince stock, and. in consequence has been largely planted ;
but since 1890 the Canadian markets for fruit have been overstocked, and -prices for this pear
have ruled low, even if held until December ; and the fruit itself has been inferior m size,
and much knotted with curculio stings. Prime samples are excellent stock for export, carried
in cold storage.

ORIGIN Angers, France, in 1812, a chance seedling. In 1820 Andusson, the propagator,
sent a basket of the fruit to the Duchess d'Angouleme, who authorized him to bestow her title
upon the pear as its name.

Tree, a strong grower, succeeds best on the quince : variable m productiveness.

Fruit exceedingly variable in size, from three to five inches in either diameter, sometimes
weighing a pound and a quarter ; form, obovate, large at the base ; surface, uneven, sometimes
knobbv° skin, light green, patched with russet, and numerous grey dots ; stalk, stout, curved,
one inch long, often swollen at point of attachment, deep set in an irregular cavity ; calyx,
small, closed, in an uneven, often russeted basin.

Flesh, white ; texture, tine when well grown, but often coarse grained, melting, juicy, and,
when properly matured, of a sweet and excellent flavor.

Season, October and November.

Quality, dessert, very good ; cooking, good.

Value, very good for either home or foreign market.

Adaptation. Hardy in southern Ontario, but only half hardy in Grey and Bruce, York,

etc.

r.

a

o

64

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

FLEMISH BEAUTY.
(Fondante des Bois of "LeRoy.)

Flemish Beauty.

almost first in productiveness ;
an early bearer.

Fruit, large, often measuring
3| long by 3£ inches broad, aver-
aging about 3 inches either diam-
eter ; form, obovate, obtuse
pyriform ; skin, light yellow
when ripe, with frequent patches
of brownish red on sunny side,
with scattered minute dots ;
stalk 1 inch to l£ inches long,
set in a narrow, deep cavity ;
calyx open, segments short, in
a small round basin.

Flesh, civamy white, melting,
buttery, juicy ; flavor, rich,
sugary, delicious.

Season, September 15 to 30.
Should be gathered before quite
ripe or it will drop and waste.
Quality, first class.
Value, first class where well
grown, but counted second class
on account of its being subject
to fungus.

Adaptation. Quite general ;
fine samples are grown at- our
Georgian Bay station and at our
St. Lawrence station.

/

i

t

A variety that has been a
jareat favorite in Europe ever
since the beginning of the
eighteenth century, as is evi-
denced by the thirty-five
synonyms which have been given
it as shown in " Dictionaire de
Pomologie par Andre LeBoy."
This and the Bartlett were
among the first imported varie-
ties of pears planted in Ontario,
and it has been w idely tested.
In the northern sections, where
it succeeds, it is a most popular
variety, but in southern Ontario
it has been of late so subject to
scab and cracking of the fruit,
that it has lost favor with
growers, notwithstanding its
excellent quality.

Origin, discovered by Van-
Mons about the year 1810 in
Eastern Flanders, and distribu-
ted among his friends.

'J ree, first class in hardiness ;

\

^

/

Section of Flemish Beauty.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

65

HOWELL.

One of the best market pears of its season for southern Ontario, especially where grown on
a standard. Its vigor of tree, regularity of bearing, clear skin, and good size and quality make
it a desirable variety for the commercial orchard.

Flesh, creamy white, juicy, melt
ing, granular near the core ; flavor
agreeable, vinous ; a little tar\

Season, middle September to roidul
of October.

Tested twenty-five years at Mapl
hurst, Grimsby.

Origin, New Haven, Conn. Named
after the originator, Thomas Howell.

Tree, upright, healthy and vigorous,
an early bearer, productive.

Fruit, large, obovate pyriform ;
skin, yellowish green, waxen, reddish
dots on sunny side, russet dots in
shade ; stem one and three-quarter
inches long ; no cavity, sometimes
lipped ; calyx partly open in a deep
russeted basin ; core small ; seeds few\
small.

5 F s.

Section of Howell.

66

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

KIEFFER.

There is perhaps no pear about which a greater diversity of opinion exists ; some fruit men
condemning it because of its lack of quality, and others insisting that its beauty of

appearance, its enormous
productiveness, and its
wonderful health and
vigor of tree make it a
profitable market variety,
and that when properly
grown and ripened it is
quite a desirable kind,
especially for cooking.
Ceitainly the tree sur-
passes every variety in
our collection for pro-
ductiveness and vigor of
growth ; while the fruit
is always uniformly per-
fect in form, free from
blemishes, and, when the
tree is cultivated and
manured, large in size.

Kieffer Pear— Exteriok.

Origin, by Peter KiefTer, Roxbury,
Pa., a seedling of Chinese Sand pear.

Tree, wonderfully vigorous and
healthy ; an early and extraordinary
bearer, often being laden with fruit
after two years planting.

Fruit, medium to large, averaging
about 3 x 2J inches ; form, ovate,
tapering at both ends, widest at
middle, and narrowest toward stem :
skiu, light golden yellow, with bright
cheek, and very numerous brown
russet dots ; stalk, one inch long,
fairly stout, in a one-sided cavity ;
calyx, half open, in a medium sized
irregular basin.

Flesh, yellowish white, half tender,
half melting, not very fine, tuicy :
flavor, moderately sweet, poor.

Season, October, November and
December to January.

Quality, dessert, very poor ; for
cooking good ; valuable for canning.

Value, second rate for all markets.

Adaptation, very hardy.

Kieffer Pear— Section.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

PETITE MARGUERITE.

Among the desirable varieties of dessert pears for the home garden we would certainly
include the Petite Marguerite, a pear of the highest quality for table use. At Maplehurst the
tree has proved itself an abundant bearer and a good grower. The fruit is not large, but as size
is not an object in a dessert pear, this is not a fault. Its season is immediately after the Giffard
and just before the Clapp and the Tyson. As a market pear it is hardly to be commended,
because of its small size and color ; and it will be a long time before we can convince the aver-
age dealer that size and color are not the chief considerations in a fruit.

/

(Section reduced.) Petite Marguerite (reduced).

Origin, Angers, France, in nurseries of Andre LeRoy.

Tree, second rate in vigor, and first rate in productiveness : succeeds as either standard or
dwarf, but more vigorous as a standard.

Fruit, medium size, about 2| in either diameter ; form, oblate, obtuse pyriform ; skin,
light green, often tinged and mottled with bright red on sunny side, yellowing somewhat at
maturity ; stalk, 1^ inches to 1| inches in length, set in a narrow cavity, of which one side is
often much higher than the other ; calyx, partly open, in a shallow corrugated basin.

Flesh, white, yellowish at core ; texture, fine, melting, juicy ; flavor, sweet, vinous, agree-
able.

Season, August 20 to 30.

Quality, first rate for dessert, good for cooking.

Value, home market, second rate.

68

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ROSTIEZER

A small unattractive looking pear, of very high quality. It is the best of its season in
quality for dessert purposes, and should have a place in the home garden. What the Seckel is
in October, this pear is in August. Packed in small packages and labelled " extra quality
dessert pears," the writer was able to sell them at a fancy price, but usually the pear sells far
below its value on account of its ordinary appearance.

/

ROSTIEZER,

Section of Rostiezer.

Origin, foreign

Tree, healthy, vigorous, sprawling habits, shoots few, and need shortening in.

Fruit, small to medium, obovate, oblong pyriform ; skin, green, sometimes turning
yellowish, with reddish-brown cheek ; stem slender and nearly two inches in length : calyx
open ; basin small.

Flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, very delicious, of very finest quality.

Season, middle to end of Augu&t.

Tested twenty years at Maplehurst.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

69

SAPIEGANKA.

A Russian pear of fine appearance, scions
of which were sent out to the Secretary of the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association in 1892, by
Mr. ^Jaroslav [Niemetz, of Winnitza, Podolie,
Russia. It fruited at Grimsby in 1895 and
1896, ripening August 12th to 20th. Its
fine appearance is in its favour, but its quality
is inferior to other varieties of its seasrn, and,
unless it should prove desirable on account of
its hardiness, would not be worthy of general
cultivation. Mr. Niemetz says, "In its home
in Lithuania, old and large trees are met with
which have endured many and severe winters
in the Tamboff Government, it is the most
hardy of all pears there grown, and, therefore,
^ is certainly a hardy variety. The flavor of the
flesh depends upon local conditions, for, though
it is tasteful enough in the warmer districts, it
is sometimes harsh ; when grown in the north
is juicy and buttery." Unfortunately the tree
is subject to blight.

Sapieganka.

Tree, hardy, productive but subject to
blight.

Fruit, medium size, oblate, often some-
what flattened ; color, brownish yellow,
with brownish red in sun, with numerous
small dots ; stem, long in small cavity ;
calyx, sergments large, partly open in a
broad, wrinkled base.

Flesh, white texture coarse, some-
what firm and juicy ; flavor, sweet and

Season, August 12th to 20th (1896.)

Quality, dessert, poor : cooking, poor.
Value, home market, fairly good ; distant
market, poor.

Adaptation, succeeds well at Grimsby.
Tested by the Dominion Experimental Farm
system and found tender in Manitoba and
the Northwest, but perfectly hardy at Ottawa
and in Muskoka.

Section of Sapieganka.

70

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SHELDON.

( hie of the most delicious of dessert pears, if eaten just at the proper time. Worthy of a
place in every home garden, but not productive enough to be planted for market.

Section of Sheldon.

Origin, accidental on farm of Norman Sheldon of Huron, Wayne Co., N.Y.

Tree, vigorous, erect, not very productive, late coming into bearing.

Fruit, above medium in size, roundish, obtuse obovate ; skin, yellowish-green, covered
with thin light russett, brownish crimson in sun, russet dots ; stalk, short, stout, in a narrow
cavity ; calyx nearly open, in a broad basin.

Flesh, creamy, buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic.

Season, October.

Tested twenty years at Maplehurst.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

71

SUMMER DOYENNE.

Doyenne d'Ete — Hogg; Doyenne de Juillet — Le Roy.

For the home garden this pear is most desirable, not only for its good quality for desseit
purposes, but because it has no competitor in the last half of July. It should be gathered
before it is mellow to preserve its juiciness, for, if ripened on the tree, it becomes mealy and
insipid. Its very small size makes it undesirable in the commercial orchard, especially now
that we must compete with larger varieties from California which ripen earlier in that climate
than they do with us

Origin, Dr. Van Mons, Professor at Louvain, Belgium, about 1823, at which time he had
on his grounds about 2,000 seedlings of merit.

Tree, vigorous young shoots, light yellowish brown, of upright slender habit, an early and
abundant bearer ; dwarf trees two years planted beginning to fruit ; succeeds as dwarf or
standard.

Fruit, small, about lfx2 inches ; form, roundish, obovate ; color, green to lemon yellow
with brownish red cheek on the sunny side, and numerous grey dots ; stalk about an inch long,
stout, attached in a very slight depression ; calyx, small, half open, in a shallow plaited basin.

Flesh, white ; texture, fine, tender, juicy ; flavor, sweet and pleasant with slight aroma.

Quality, dessert, very good ; too small for cooking.

Value, too small for a market pear, except in limited quantities.

Season, 15th to 30th of July.

Adaptation, hardy in Southern Ontario : fairly hardy in Bruce and Huron.

PEACHES.

ALEXANDER.

The earliest peach grown in the Niagara district and in Essex county. It is a clingstone, of
poor quality for dessert purposes, and poor also for cooking, so that, in competition with yellow-
fleshed Elbertas and Crawfords from southern peach orchaids, it sells at a low price in our
markets.

Alexander (reduced).

Origin, chance seedling, Mount Pulaski, 111., on farm of A. O. Alexander.
Tree, vigorous, hardy, productive.

Fruit, medium, globular, sides unequal ; color, greenish, suffused with dark and light red
suture, broad ; apex, slightly sunken.

Section of Alexander.
Flesh, greenish white, firm, juicy, half melting, clings to stone ; flavor, sweet and fairly good
Season, July 20 to 30 (1896).

Quality, dessert, poor ; cooking, poor ; home market, poor ; distant market, very poor.
Adaptation. Succeeds at Niagara and Southwestern stations.

[72]

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

73

EARLY PURPLE.

For home use, as a dessert peach, this is one of the best of its season. Between 1860 and
1870 this variety was grown as the earliest market
peach in Southern Ontario, but its extreme ten-
derness of flesh and rapid softening after maturity
led to its giving place to other varieties.

Tree, thrifty, vigorous, hardy, fairly pro-
ductive.

Fruit, size 2^x2 inches ; form, irregular,
ovate, one-sided ; skin, bright red, downy ; basin,
deep ; stone, almost free.

Flesh, greenish white in color ; texture, very

Early Purple (Reduced).

tender, very juicy, melting ; flavor, sweet, rich,
very agretable.

Season, August 25th to September 1st (in

1897).

Quality, dessert, very good, cooking, poor.

Value, near market, third rate ; distant
market, of no use.

E.arly Purple (Section reduced).

Adaptation, Southern Ontario.

74

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CRAWFORD'S EARLY.

Crawford's Early has long held its place at the head of the list of peaches both for home use
and for market. Its beautiful golden color, its large size, its free stone and rich flavor all unite
in giving it a just claim to this position. Its buds are a little more tender than those of some
other varieties, and, consequently, many growers hesitate to plant it, but where high cultivation
and plenty of fertilizer is given, fine crops of luscious fruit have resulted.

Section Crawford's Early.

Origin, Middleton, N.J., by Wm. Crawford.

Tree, vigorous, productive under favorable conditions.

Fruit, large to very large, oblong ; suture, shallow ; apex, prominent, swollen ; color,
golden yellow, with rich red cheek.

Flesh, yellow, sweet, rich, free from stone which often parts in middle when nearly ripe.

Season, September 1st to 12th (1897).

Quality, dessert and cooking, very good ; market value, best.

Adaptation, Niagara district and parts of Essex county.

STRAWBERRIES.

ANNIE LAURIE.

{Perfect blossom.)

This is a very late variety, also one of the best quality. It may be taken as a standard for
quality and flavor. A fine one for amateurs to pet.

Origin, a seedling grown by John F. Beaver, of Ohio, in
1889.

Plant, is very healthy and good grower, making plenty of
runners for a fruiting row. No rust ; moderately productive.

Fruit, berries are large and round, like the Jersey Queen,
with gold seeds prominent. A very bright glossy scarlet,
making fine appearance.

Flesh, pinkish white, of the very finest quality ; a fine
table variety.

Season, late.

Adaptation, does better in some soils than others.

S.

Annie Laurie.

AROMa.

(Perfect blossom. )

The Aroma is a good late one, taking the place that the old Gandy
occupied. The Aroma is more productive, a good pollenizer for large
late pistillates. Wherever grown it is a'favorite.

Origin. It was produced from seed of Cumberland by E. W.
Cruse, of Kansas.

Plant. It is a good vigorous grower, very healthy, no lust,
making a good stand of large plants, quite productive.

Fruit, is very large, bright dark red in color, fine looking berry,
keeps its size well to the last picking, quite firm.

Flesh, pink, solid, and good quality.

Season, medium to late.

Adaptation, does well in all soils and climates.

[75]

Aroma.

76

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BISMARCK.

{Perfect blossom.)

This is a seedling from Bubach, and in some respects
an improvement, in others not as good ; its color is not as
fine as Bubach. It is a good grower and productive.

Origin. It was grown from seed of Bubach crossed with
Van Deman, by J. C. Bauer, Arkansas.

Plant, very healthy, strong, vigorous, resembles Bubach
in color of leaf and style of plant ; it makes plenty of runners ;
its foliage is tine ; fruit stalk is strong and medium to short ;
Bismarck. plant quite productive.

Fruit, large to very large, round, resembling Jersey Queen, but more conical ; gold seeds
very prominent, light scarlet and bright looking ; sometimes hollow.

Flesh, pink in color, medium in firmness, good flavor.

Season, medium to late.

Adaptation, good accounts come from all places where it has been tried. S.

BOYNTON.

( Imperfect blosso m . )

This variety so closely resembles the old Crescent in its best days that it has been affirmed
by some that it is the Crescent under a new name.

Origin, said to be a cross between the Crescent and Sharpless.
Comes from Albany, N.Y.

Plant, is a strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, making a wild,
matted row ; very productive.

Fruit, is medium in size, light scarlet in color, medium in
firmness.

Flesh, pink, acid, but fair quality.

Season, early, medium.

Adaptation, does well anywhere.

J

.» • V ... -

Boynton.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

77

BRANDYWINE.

(Perfect blossom.)

Origin, originated in Pennsylvania, from seed of Glen-
dale, crossed with Cumberland, grown by E. Ingram. It
was introduced to the public by Mathew Crawford, of Cuya-
hoga Falls, Ohio, in 1894. It is a fine variety, it's only fault
is, it is not as productive as we would like.

Plant, one of the most vigorous growers, making a wide
matted row if allowed to do so, in fact it makes too many
plants for its own good.

Fruit, is large, heart-shaped, fine dark scarlet in color,
golden seeds quite firm.

Flesh, red, tartish, but very good quality.

Brandywine.

Season, medium to late.

Adaptation. It does well in most soils.

BUBACH.

(Imperfect blossom.)

This is a grand stand-by and is very widely grown, is one of the largest and finest of them
all. Plant is all that could be desired for fruit. Strong, deep rooted and healthy, one of the
best for near-by market.

Origin, it was grown by Mr. Bubach, of Illinois.

Plant, the plant is a strong and deep-rooted one,
dark red foliage ; no sign of disease of any kind ; makes
plants enough for a good fruiting row ; fruit stem is
short, strong and firm, productive and profitable.

Fruit, is wonderful for its size and color ; the berry
is bright and showy.

Flesh, pink ; medium in firmness and good quality.

Season, medium.

Adaptation. It does well in all soils. S.

Bubach.

JM

78

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CARRIE.

(Imperfect blossom.)

The Carrie would appear to have a bright future before it. It is one of the late sorts
bidding for public favor. It is a good one.

Carrie.

Originated from seed of Haverland, by Mr. Thompson, of Virginia.

Plant, is large, vigorous and healthy, making long and strong runners and plenty of them ;
it somewhat resembles Haverland ; not as proiuctive.

Fruit, the fruit is not so long as Haverland, very firm, almost as firm as an apple ; the
color, bright scarlet, with gold seeds.

Flesh, white and solid, good flavor.

Season, medium.

Adaptation. Has done well wherever tried.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

CLYDE.

{Perfect blossom.)

Originated in Kansas, from seed of the Cyclone, about 1890, by Dr. Stayner, the Cyclone
being produced from Crescent crossed with Cumberland. Thus we find out where the Clyde
gets its great hardiness and productiveness, viz. , from the Crescent. The first berries are as
large as the Bubach and very productive. It grows very much like its parent Cyclone, also like
the Haverland, but more vigorous than either. It has secured for itself very quickly a place
among the standards, if it does not stand first, which place many are claiming for it.

Plant, a strong and vigorous grower Perfect in every respect. No rust or trace of
■disease. Its fruit stalk is just the right length and strong enough to hold up the great load of
fruit. In color, light, like Haverland. Strong, and has many runners that take root easily.

Fruit, very large, as large as Bubach, roundly conical, bright dark scarlet in color, and
very firm.

Flesh, pinkish white, fine eating, very pleasant to the taste, quality first-class.

Season, second early.

Adaptation. Does well everywhere and in all soils. S.

^tsf

J <

&j>

I

'

Clyde.

80

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ELEANOR.

(Perfect blossom.)

The Eleanor is one of the extra early ones ; a good healthy vigorous grower ; fruit, good
size, fine shape ; in wet seasons it has a kind of mildew like on the
Michel's.

Originated in New Jersey, a chance seedling found by Mr
Coombe ; a good market berry.

Plant, very healthy, vigorous grower, small and slender, dark
in color, making many runners, quite productive.

Fruit, color, dark scarlet or crimson ; medium in firmness.

Flesh, red, white centre ; acid, but good flavor.

Season, one of the earliest.

Adaptation, does well in most soils.

Eleanor.

GEISLER.

(Perfect blossom. )

This is a very fine variety ; it is new as yet, only having been introduced

Origin, a chance seedling found in Michigan, somewhat
resembling the Seaford in shape and size.

Plant, it is a very strong plant, making plenty of runners.
The plant is very healthy, no sign of rust and quite productive.
The plant is a very early bloomer, one of the first.

Fruit, is large, bright dark scarlet, round to oblong in shape,
berry is solid.

Flesh, light pink in color, medium in firmness and of good
quality.

Season, early to medium.

Adaptation, seems well adapted for most localities. S.

in 180^

Geisler.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

8L

GLEN MARY.

{Perfect blossom.)

This is a variety of great promise, it is one of th > newer sorts. No doubt it will take a
place among the standards on account of its size and productiveness.

Origin, a chance seedling found by J. A. Ingram of Penn-
sylvania.

Plant, a very large, strong, vigorous grower, making plants
freely. No sign of any disease on it. Dark, rich foliage.
An ideal plant. Fruit stem, medium in length, strong
enough to hold up the very large berries. Very productive.

Fruit, very large — the largest, dark crimson in color,
ribbed like the Marshall, a hard, green seedy end that does
not ripen well.

Flesh, pink to white, fair quality, inclined to acid.

Season, medium to late.

n,™ tvt.^,. Adaptation, it has done well wherever tried. S.

brLEN Mary. '

GRENV1LLE.

( Imperfect blossom. )

The Grenville is one of the best of the Pistillate or imperfect blooming kinds ; in some
respects it is an improvement on the Bubach. It is
a healthy, vigorous grower and quite productive, mak-
ing it a good market sort.

OriCxIN, it is a chance seedling found in Ohio by Mr.
Beuchly.

Plant, very heavy and vigorous grower, making plants
freely, very productive.

Fruit, dark scarlet in color, large in size, heart shaped,
medium in firmness and fine looking.

Flesh, pink to white, somewhat hollow, good quality.

Season, medium.

Adaptation, does well in all soils. S. Grenville.

6 F.s.

82 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

HALL'S FAVORITE.

{Perfect blossom.)

Hall's Favorite.

When this variety was introduced it was claimed that it was as large as Bubach. It has
not proved to be so. It is a fine, large berry.

Origin, a chance seedling found by J. W. Hall, of Marion Station, Md.

Plant, the plant is a good grower, healthy, vigorous, no rust, and makes plenty of plants ;
medium in productiveness.

Fruit, is large, not so large as Bubach, is firm, scarlet in color, the berry is solid.

Flesh, is a light scarlet, good quality.

Season, it is a medium season.

Adaptation. Does well wherever tried.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

83

HAVERLAND.

{Imperfect blossom.)

Originated in Ohio by Mr. Haverland. Parentage unknown. Widely planted, and is one
of the most productive. Its only fault is that in a wet season the fruit is somewhat soft. On
the whole it is somewhat soft.

Plant, very healthy. Vigorous grower, sending out strong runners. Its foliage is mag-
nificent. Fruit stalk is very long and often not able to bear up the immense load of fruit the
plant matures. Light in color of leaf.

Fruit, large to very large, long, bright scarlet, medium in firmness.

Flesh, pinkish, sAveet and good quality.

Season, it is one of the first to ripen and continues all through the season.

Adaptation. It succeeds well everywhere and all soils suit it. g%

Haverland.

84

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

&&

V/,Oti

♦o**1

«

'S'

*

Jersey Queen.

JERSEY (M'EEN.

(I in/x r/icf bloSSOm.)

Origin, unknown. This is one of the best late varieties,
frequently being the highest price. The berries are large
and fine looking.

Plant is a good one, very healthy one, no sign of rust
ever appearing on it ; grows close to the ground, the foliage
always fresh and green ; when well fertilized quite produc-
tive.

Fruit is large, round and very bright scarlet in color
with gold seeds, medium in firmness, very attractive in
appearance.

Flesh, white to pink, solid and fair quality.

Season, late to very late.

Adaptation, does well in most soils. S.

LOVETT.

(Perfect blossom.)

This is a great favorite in many places ; is a standard as a shipper and is thus favored by
market growers.

Origin, a seedling of Crescent and Wilson by J. H. Norris, of
Kentucky.

Plant is a good grower ; strong runners ; the plant sometimes
rusts ; is (piite productive.

Fruit is large dark crimson, somewhat irregular ; somewhat
resembling the Williams, but a better berry than the Williams ; a
good market berry because it is firm.

Flesh is red, solid, good quality though a little acid.

Season, medium.

Adaptation, it seems to do well in most places.

S.

LOVETT.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

85

u

Margaret.

MARGARET.
(Perfect blossom.)

Origin, the Margaret is a good one, will be a standard.
It originated in Ohio, was sown from the seed of the Craw-
ford by Mr. Beaver.

Plant, the plant is large and strong, sending out the
largest runners of any sort, plant is very healthy and quite
productive/

Fruit is large, very regular, crimson in color, seeds
golden, solid and firm.

Flesh, red, inclined to tartness but good quality.

Season, medium.

Adaptation, will suit most soils. S.

MARSHALL.

(Perfect blossom,.)

This variety has perhaps received more favorable notice than most others of recent intro-
duction. It is vigorous in growth, leaves very large and produces a quantity of very large,
beautiful, dark crimson berries of fine quality.

Origin, it is a chance seedling found growing on a
stone heap by Mr. Ewell, of Massachusetts.

Plant, a vigorous grower, large leaves, somewhat
tender both in foliage and blossom and subject to rust,
medium in color, first growth being yellow, fruit stem
strong and able to bear up the immense berries, medium
in production.

Fruit, is of the largest size, dark crimson, firm and
fine looking, quite regular in shape, I.e., each berry is of
same shape, but ribbed and tough seeds imbedded.

Flesh, red, with dash of white in centre, solid, fine
quality, one of the best for dessert.

Season, early to medium.

Adaptation, only does its best in some soils and under
highest cultivation ; a fine one for amateurs. S. Marshall.

86

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

> I

MICHEL'S EARLY.

(Perfect blossom.)

This has been grown over a very wide extent of territory, but in
many places it has been a failure.

Origin, chance seedling, thought to be from Crescent, by J. G.
Michel, of Judsonia, Ark.

Plant, a very vigorous grower, making too many plants ; a
rampant grower ; sometimes in some soils very little fruit is set, in
some soils it is fairly productive.

Fruit, is medium in size to small ; dull reddish color ; has a
withered appearance ; quality is good, the berry is tough and
leathery and so carries^well.

Flesh, is pink, thejlqualityjs^good, medium in firmness.

Season, extra early.

Adaptation, does well only in some places and on some soils. S.

Michel's Early.

MASTODON.

(Imperfect blossom.)

This is very like Bubach both in plant and fruit, it is a good one, quite as good as
Bubach. The plant is large and stony.

Origin, it is also called Salzer's Late Mastodon, intro-
duced by James Lippincott, Jr., Mount Holly, N.J.

Plant, the plant is strong, large dark foliage ; very
healthy ; makes plants freely enough for a good fruiting row ;
fruit stalk is short and thick and strong.

Fruit, the cherry is very large and bright crimson and
very showy.

Flesh, is pink, medium as to firmness and good quality.

->on, medium.
\[»vptation, suited for all soils. S. Mastodon.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

87

Nick Ohmer.
Season, medium to late.
Adaptation, it seems to do well in most localities.

NICK OHMER.

(Perfect blossom.)

This is one of the best of all varieties lately introduced :
it promises to be a standard.

Origin, a seedling of Widdifield by John F. Beaver, of
Ohio.

Plant, is a strong and stocky grower, sending out plenty
of strong runners that root easily ; very healthy ; dark
foliage.

Fruit, is large ; bright crimson in color with gold seeds ;
fine in appearance ; smooth and regular in shape.

Flesh, is pink at outside and white in centre ; solid and
very firm and of best quality.

S.

RUBY.

(Perfect blossom. J
This gives promise of taking a first place in many places, it has been an improvement on the
Bubach. %\1

Origin, this sort is thought to be a seedling of Crescent and g> |8^| vx-w,

Sharpless by Mr. Riehl, of Illinois. j/M SjU

Plant, is a strong vigorous grower ; under some conditions
it rusts some but it makes plenty of plants and productive.

Fruit, is large andjplenty . of it ;|crimson in color ; quite
regular in shape.

Flesh, is red in color, firm and best quality.
Season, mid-season.

Ruby.

Adaptation, good reports come of it from many places.

88

FftUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

RIDGEWAY.

\

•iWom

RlDGEWAY.

(Blossom perfect <tn<l large.)

The Ridgeway is a good medium. It somewhat resembles
the old Cumberland, it is darker.

Origin, a seedling of Jersey Queen and Parker Earl, by
Mr. Ridgeway, of Indiana.

Plant, strong and healthy, stools out, would be a good one
for hills or narrow rows, foliage free from rust, is quite produc-
tive.

Fruit, the fruit is medium to large, highest scarlet color,
prominent golden seeds, fine looking berry, medium in firmness.

Flesh, the flesh is red, solid and very good quality, fine
flavored.

Season, mid-season.

Adaptation. Good reports of ic come from wherever it has been tried.

S.

SAUNDERS.

(Perfect blossom.)

This is one of the best market sorts, producing a good crop of
large fine looking berries. The better it is known the more it is
grown, taking the place of the old Wilson.

Origin, it was originated by John Little of Ontario.

Plant, is a vigorous grower, making many plants and healthy.
Sometimes a little rust appears when grown under unfavorable
conditions. Quite productive, blooms late, thus often escapes
spring frosts.

Fruit, is large to very large and firm ; color, bright crimson.
Flesh, red, firm, and very good quality, fine for table.
Season, medium to late.
Adaptation. Has done well wherever it has been uried. S

s.

Saunders.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

89

SEAFORD.

(Perfect blossom.)

Skaford.

The Seaford is a very good, medium season berry, one of
the best. It is very productive, of large, bright, fine looking
and better tasting berries.

Origin, a chance seedling, and introduced by Slaymaker &
Son, of Dover, Del.

Plant, the plant is strong, vigorous grower and healthy,
producing large clusters of fine fruit. It is also a good runner,
making many plants, very productive.

Fruit, is large and fine looking, bright crimson, with gold
seeds imbedded. The berry is very solid and firm.

Flesh, is scarlet in color, very firm and of very good
quality.

Season, early to medium.

Adaptation. It seems to do very well on all soils, it has
been tried over a wide extent of territory. S.

SHARPLESS.

(Perfect blossom.)

The Sharpless has been before the public for a long
time. In some parts it is still told to be one of the best,
but in other places it is not productive enough to make it
profitable for market.

Origin, it was grown by Mr. Sharpless.

Plant, a strong, vigorous grower, plant large and
healthy, no rust, quite productive on some soils.

Fruit, is very large, light scarlet in color, glossy,
gold seeds prominent, does not color well.

Flesh, white to pink, firm and very best quality,
fine for the table.

Season, medium.

Adaptation. Does very well in some places. S.

Sharpless.

90

FPUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SUNRISE.

s^mtBSPSS^b^

Sunrise.

(Perfect blossom. )

There are other kinds that are more profitable than this to grow.
It does very well in some places.

Origin, a seedling of Crescent and Sharpless from Massachusetts.

Plant, is quite a vigorous grower, making a good row, quite
healthy, medium in productiveness.

Fruit, is scarlet, roundly conical, gold seeds, berry solid and of
good size.

Flesh, is white, medium to soft, acid and fair quality.

Season, medium to late.

Adaptation. Does well in some places, not in all. S.

STAPLES.

(Perfect blossom.)

This is one of the extra early kinds that will make it profitable for market, having a perfect
blossom. It is a good color and quite firm and good quality.

Originated from seed of the Warfield by the late Mr.
Staples of Ohio.

Plant, quite healthy, making plenty of runners for a wide
row, if needed, quite vigorous in growth, a good early staminate
to fertilize early Pistillates with.

Fruit, dark crimson in color, firm and good flavor. Color
very like Warfield. Size, medium to large ; large for so early a
berry.

Flesh, pink and solid, good flavor, somewhat acid yet
spicy.

Season, extra early.

Adaptation. It seems to do well in most places. S. Stapled

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

91

Tennessee Prolific.

TENNESSEE PROLIFIC.

{Perfect blossom.)

This has a fine record, has become a standard wherever
grown.

Origin, a seedling of Crescent and Sharpless ; grown by
Capt. J. C. Hodges, of East Tennessee.

Plant, is a vigorous, healthy grower, making many strong
runners, very productive, an early bloomer.

Fruit, is a bright crimson, medium to large in size ; the
berry is sometimes double at the point, but quite firm.

Flesh, is red, very good quality and quite firm.

Season, early medium.

Adaptation. It does well wherever grown. S.

VAN DEM AN.

{Perfect blossom.)

This is one of the earliest ; seems to do better in some places than others, some growers
having discarded it while others look upon it as the best early.

Origin, it conies from Arkansas, having been originated by J.
C. Bauer, of Judsonia, Ark., from seed of Crescent crossed with
Capt. Jack.

Plant, is a vigorous grower, rusting somewhat in some soils ;
fruit stalk is medium strong, able to hold up fruit ; dark in foliage ;
quite productive, not a heavy picking at any one time but continu -
ing through the season.

Fruit, bright crimson in color, gold seeds ; very attractive,
conical ; ripens and colors all over at the same time, best extra
early for this.

Flesh, pink, very firm and very best quality.

Season, ripen with the first and continues to mid season.

Adaptation. Does better in some soils than others. S. Van Deman.

92

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

War field.

WAR FIELD.

(Imperfect Blossom.)

This variety has been a great favorite in many places. Noth-
ing else was thought by some to be as good for ;i market crop.
Where there is plenty of moisture it does well.

Origin. Supposed to be a cross of Crescent and Wilson found
growing wild by B. C. Warfield of S. 111.

Plant, is a vigorous grower ; in some seasons it rusts some-
what ; the plant cannot stand hot, dry weather ; does not mature
its crop ; it is very productive, one of the most productive of all the
varieties.

Fruit, is dark crimson, very firm, medium to large in size,
regular in shape, a good shipper.

Season, early medium.
Adaptation. Does well in all soils

Flesh, is red, firm and good quality though somewhat acid.

S.

WM. BELT.

{Perfect Blossom. )

Origin, this berry comes from Ohio, having
been originated by Wm. Belt, of that State. It is
being grown largely as a fancy berry ; large conical
berry, the first berry being sometimes very large
and very irregular.

Plant, the plant is large and strong one, but
rusts sometimes very badly ; is quite productive.

Wm. Belt.

Friit, large to very large, conical ; bright scarlet in color,
medium in firmness.

Flesh, pink slashed with white, nice mild flavor, fair quality.

Season, medium to late.

ADAPTATION. Seems to do well in many different soils thus
well suited for all sections. S.

Wm. Belt.

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

93

Williams.

WILLIAMS.

[Perfect Blossom. )

This is a great favorite, in some localities prefer it to all others;
it has some serious faults.

Origix, a seedling from Sharpless, of Canadian origin, by Mr.
Williams of Hurford, Ont.

Plant, is a vigorous grower, runners abundant, short, thus
placing plants close together, rusts badly in some places ; is quite
productive.

Fruit, is large, crimson, seeds imbedded, does not color well
at the point, having white tip, berry firm.

Flesh, red, fair quality ; the berry sometimes hollow.

Season, Medium to late.

Adaptation, seems to do well in moist soils, especially when
it does not rust. S.

WOOLVERTON.

(Perfect Blossom. )

Originated in Ontario by John Little, of Granton, about
1889, and sent out by him, it is now widely known as one of
the best, not perhaps as productive as some, but the fruit is
of the largest size and quite firm.

Plant, a strong healthy grower ; plant is large and deep
rooted ; dark in color ; makes runners freely and root easily.

Fruit, very large, as large as Bubach ; crimson red
seeds ; flesh, red and solid.

Flesh, red, milk flavor, no acid.
Season, late.

Adaptation. It seems to do well everywhere ; good
accounts of it coming from all quarters.

S.

WOOLVERTON.

QUINCES.

ORANGE (OR APPLE.)

The leading market variety of Quince in Canada. Previous to 1870, this and the Ajigera
wer<the only varieties of quinces known in Ontario, the former as a stock for budding dwarf
pears", and the latter as a standard market variety. The Orange quince succeeds admirably in
the Niagara'peninsula, ripening well, taking on a beautiful rich golden color, and reaching a

r

fine large size, either on clay or sandy loam. In old days this variety brought $6 or $7 per
barrel in Toronto market, but in 1897 twenty-five and thirty cents per twelve quart basket was
a common price.

Origin, Southern Europe.

Tree, a slow grower, bushy, seldom attaining a height of more than twelve or fifteen feet ;
hardy, will endure neglect but responds well to good cultivation and manure ; delights in moist
land, without standing water ; fairly productive.

Fruit, large and weighing from eight ounces to a pound ; form, somewhat like an apple,
but with protuberance about the stem instead of a depression ; skin, golden yellow at maturity,
with often a little greenish or russett color about the stem, which is set in a narrow cavity;
calyx, large segment, which are leaf like, in a large deep, corrugated basin.

Flesh, tender : flavor good.

Season, October 1st to 15th, sometimes end of September.

Value, limited demand in Canadian markets.

[94]

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

95

CHAMPION.

A'variety introduced betwen 1880 and 1890, ptdbably raised from the Orange quince.
It grows to a larger size than the Orange, and ripens later. Season about the 20th of
October.

Thisr variety usually ripens well in Southern Ontario, but would be too late farther north.
Where it succeeds it is of more value for market than the Orange, on account of its large
size,>nd freedom from blemishes. Not yet tested sufficiently for a full description.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF ONTARIO.

MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL

At the annual meeting of the Board, held at Zimmerman House, Waterloo, Decem-
ber 14th, 1897, it was decided to send zinc labels to each experimenter for out-door use,
because lead pencil marks on zinc are almost indelible ; to make a full exhibit at the
Industrial ; and to send Prof. Hutt and Mr. L. Woolverton as a delegation to Algoma to
consider the advisability of locating a fruit experiment station there.

Other business details were also considered.

On Monday, the 21st of February, the Board met at Toronto for the consideration
of the estimates for 1898, the whole amounting to about $2,600. New forms were agreed
upon for the experimenters.

It was also agreed that in view of the great number of varieties of trees and plants
already distributed to the stations, the planting in the spring of 1898 should be confined
to novelties such as are being offered in Canada, and to such stock as may be needed
to fill vacancies.

On Friday, the 18th of November, 1898, the Board of Control met at the Walker
House, Toronto. After reading of the minutes and correspondence, and other routine
business, the report of the Visitation Committee to Algoma was read by Prof. Hutt, who
explained that the report was a joint one, the part referring to St. Joseph Island having
been written by Mr. L. Woolverton and that about the mainland by himself.

ALGOMA AS A FRUIT COUNTRY.

Your Visitation Committee left Toronto for Algoma on Saturday morning, July
23rd, having first called on the Minister of Agriculture for detailed instructions.

Reaching Richard's Landing, on St. Joseph Island, on Monday, the 25th, we were
met by three representative men of the section, viz., G. Hamilton, Crown Lands Agent ;
Chas. Young, President of the Farmers' Institute, and Mr. Richards, after whom the
village was named.

About three days were spent on St. Joseph Island, in order to study its capabilities
for fruit growing. Almost every orchard we could hear of was visited, and inquiries
made regarding the varieties that are grown, and the success attending them. We
found the soil on the island quite varied, from heavy clay to clay loam on the north side,
to sand and sandy loam on the southwestern side. There is a good deal of limestone
in the soil, and it responds well to good cultivation and manure. Although the ther-
mometer often drops to 40 below zero in the winter, there are very few summer frosts,
and the heavy snows of winter are a wonderful protection to the roots of trees, all of
which showed a vigorous healthy growth, especially on the clay loam where well
cultivated.

The forest growth on the island is vigorous, consisting largely of poplar, maple,
larch, arbor vitse, beech, bosswood, yellow birch, oak, white spruce, hazel, etc., the
latter being heavily laden with nuts ; but the reckless destruction of forests prevails here
as everywhere else in Algoma.

The Pin cherry grows wild everywhere and produces its small red fruit in great
abundance. The High Bush cranberry is common, also two or three varieties of goose-
berries, wild currants, red and black, and red raspberries. Summer frosts do not prevail

[97]
7 F.S.

98 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

that of July 10th, which did so much mischief even in southern Ontario, was not
felt except on low ground in St. Joseph Island. Of course the summer season is shorter,
and only the earlier varieties of grapes could be expected to ripen, but the heavy snows,
which cover the ground the whole winter, have much to do with the present capabilities
of the island for fruit growing. This condition of things may be largely changed unless
the people are instructed in the importance of forest protection which prevents the snow
from being drifted off the land. As it is now, the ground seldom freezes, owing to the
great depth of snow protection.

The following is a report of some of the orchards visited, and the varietiea which
have proven hardy in the island :

Chas. Young, Richard's Landing. The soil is clay loam, on high land, overlooking
the lake. Mr. Young showed us fine trees of Transparent, Duchess, Alexander, Whitney
No. 20, Charlemoff, Walbridge, and Longfield, all heavily laden with fruit. The trees
were about five years planted, and so far were uninjured by winter, though often much
affected with borer.

Mr. Young also had Late Kentish, Early Richmond and Ostheim cherry trees doing
well and bearing abundantly. He has even planted a Yellow Spanish, and the tree has
endured one winter, but it remains to be seen whether its fruit buds will endure the
winter. Of grapes he has ripened the Janesville and found it quite productive.

Mr. Young has one hundred acres in his farm, and has a fine piece of ground sloping
down toward the water, which he intends to devote to fruit culture.

A. Raines, Sailors' Encampment. On the west side we visited the orchard of Mr.
A Raines, on the slope toward the west passage between the Sault and Mackinac. At
his door we found dahlias in bloom, July 26th, and a tree loaded with common blue
plums Mr. Raines has clay land, well manured, and he has about one hundred apple
trees, five years planted, growing vigorously, many of them laden with fruit, especially
the Transparent, Duchess, Wealthy, Wolf River and Haas He said the Hyslop does
particularly well, and one season he sold $8 worth of fruit off a single tree, twenty-
ffve years old. He showed us a Kieffer pear tree making vigorous growth. He had
planted trees of Baldwin, Greening, Spy and King but had found them a complete failure,
not being sufficiently hardy.

Wm Dunn. On the south side we visited Mr. Wm. Dunn, whose farm is situated
on a highland overlooking Mud Lake. Mr. Dunn's father settled in this section about
eighteen years ago, and had united with our Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario,
whose literature has been received every year since. Bringing a taste for horticulture
from Scotland, he had at once begun gardening, and had made the mountain side attrac-
tive with fruits and flowers, now more or less neglected. Mr. Dunn says, however, that,
if he could be relieved of his farm work, he could make some money growing fruit for the
Sault if only there were a nearer landing for the steamers. As it is, he loses the best
part of a week whenever he takes a yacht load of fruit to that market. He has tested a
good many varieties and finds the following to endure the winter and produce fruit .
Apples. Transparent, Duchess, Wealthy, Alexander, Golden, Russet, Walbridge,
Scott's Winter, Pewaukee, Charlemov, Borsdorf, Gipsy Girl.
Plums Duane's Purple, Moore's Arctic and Lombard.
Cherries. Early Richmond and Ostheim.

drapes. Janesville, Lindley and Delaware, all of which had ripened.
Pears. Flemish Beauty.

Mr. Dunn's apple trees were badly affected with the bark louse, which seems to in-
crease very rapidly on them.

A Eddy, Hilton. On the east side of the Island we visited the orchard of Mr. A.
Eddy, of Hilton, whose son attended the O. A. C, Guelph, session of 1897-8, and who
has six hundred acres of land on the Island. He planted an orchard of two hundred
trees in 1897, all of which are growing well. The varieties are Duchess, Wealthy, Golden
Russet, Snow, Longfield, Stark, Ben Davis and Scott's Winter.

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100 ERUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Throughout the Island we found a good many moie small orchards, from fifty to one
hundred young trees — for example, that of

Mr. A. Clifford, on the A Lme, who has two hundred and fifty acres, four and a
half miles from Richard's landing. Here, in addition to the varieties above mentioned,
we found the Montreal Peach apple in bearing, the Lombard plum heavily laden, though
only two years planted, the Weaver plum, and, to our surprise, also the ShiDper's Pride
and the Abundance. The latter has withstood the climate for two years. The other
plums were fi^e years planted.

Mr. Reesor has a tiny orchard under good cultivation. In addition to the apples,
he has the Lombard plum, Early Richmond, Vladimir and Ostheim cherries, and the
Delaware, Niagara, Concord and Moore's Early grapes.

Near by we saw the finest black currants we ever saw, grown by Mr. Fish on clay
soil. Never elsewhere have we seen this currant so productive, and we would judge
that this fruit would be very profitable.

Messrs. Amos and John Oheer have heavy clay farms two miles north of Richard's
landing, and have each about one hundred apple trees two years planted, some of which
are already showing fruit. The varieties are Transparent, Duchess, Wealthy, Gideon,
Stark, Walbridge, Ben Davis and Mann.

One of the peculiarities of the apple in this northern region is its ear line ss of bear-
ing, probably resulting from a slower habit of growth than with us.

The great drawback to the fruit interests of the Island is the ignorance concerning
suitable varieties. During the last fifteen years, thousands of dollars have been squan-
dered on the Baldwin, Greening, King, Spy, etc., varieties altogether too tender, and
whi^h succumbed to the cold within a year or two after planting. Unscrupulous men
have also done much harm, palming off novelties upon a too confiding public. The
Deacon Jones apple, for example, was largely sold for 75 cents per tree throughout St.
Joseph Island as a most desirable variety, and just now another kind is being pushed
called the Arctic ; both untested varieties.

All agree in hoping that a fruit experiment station may be established to save them
from such waste of money, and direct them in their future purchases.

On the mainland, or north shore as the islanders call it, we went over a central
stretch of country about fifty miles long, from Bruce Mines east through Thessalon,
Sowerby and Iron Bridge to Dean Lake Station — wheeling through country lying some
distance back from the lake. Generally speaking the mainland is not so well settled or
improved as St. Joseph Island, although a large portion of the land is evidently well
adapted to farming. The principal crops grown are hay, oats, peas, spring wheat and
barley. Nearly all of these were looking well. At the time of our visit farmers were
in the midst of haying, which goes to show that their season is two or three weeks later
than that»in the southern parts of the Province.

The people, as a rule, seemed contented wiih their lot and prospects, and were hopeful
for improvements. In the matter of barns many of them are ahead of their friends in
the older settlements. Mo3t of the barns now being put up are large and built on
modern plans.

The soil on the mainland is not much unlike that on St. Joseph Island, but is gener-
ally inclined to be somewhat heavier. Just here it may be well to mention that the
tourist passing through on the steamers and seeing the rock -bound shores, is apt to get a
very wrong idea of the value of the land in this country for farming. There is, of course,
plenty of rooky and hilly land to be seen inland, but there are also great stretches of
fertile level land and rich valleys.

Some idea of the nature of the soil may be had from the character of the timber
^rowing upon it. In the lowlands may be seen miles of tamarac, white spruce and white
cedar. The original pine, for a number of miles back, has been cut off, and may be
seen in immense lumber piles on almost every northern wharf. On the best loamy high

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 101

lands the hard maple grows plentifully along with white birch and oak, but the tree seen
most abundantly is the white poplar. This has sprung up wherever the original timber
has been burned off.

Forest fires have been one of the greatest depredators in this northern section. The
waste of valuable timbar through fire has been deplorable, and even yet there is more or
less waste from this cause every year. At one place we rode alongside of a fire about
half a mile long, which had just started that morning.

The hazel, which is abundant everywhere on St. Joseph Island, is not so abun-
dant on the mainland, but in its place may be seen acres upon acres of blueberries, the
principal fruit crop of the Indian.

The climate on the mainland bordering the shore is not unlike that of St. Joseph
Island, but as we go inland it becomes more severe. We were told that the thermome-
ter often registered ten degrees colder on the mainland than on that island. Forty
degrees below zero, however, is not an unusual temperature for either the mainland or
islands.

One point claimed for the winters in this section is that they are steady, and that
there is no January thaw and attendant loss of snow, which is often so injurious to vege-
tation in the more southern parts of the Province. The snow comes early, and is usually
so deep that the ground beneath is seldom frozen. This naturally makes the country
well adapted to the growing of strawberries and the low-growing bush fruits. The late
spring and early fall frosts, which so frequently do great damage in other parts of the
Province, are said to be not at all common in this district. We were surprised that none
of the effects of the frost of July 10th, which did so much damage in inland parts of
the Province this year, were to be seen in this northern section. In many gardens
were to be seen good growths of potatoes, tomatoes, squash, cucumbers, etc., which would
naturally be the first to show the effects of a frost.

In growing the fruit trees — apple, pear, plum and cherry — the settlers on the main-
land have not as a rule attempted so much as their neighbors on the island. Many of
them have not yet planted anything, but we found orchards enough to convince us that
they can easily grow plenty of the more hardy varieties for their own use and home
market, and probably in time also for the north-west market.

Moat of the trees planted have been put out within the past four or five years, the
extent of each orchard usually being from two to four dozen apple trees, and two or
three odd trees of pears, plums and cherries.

Two of the finest orchards found in our travels were adjoining each other at Sower by,
several miles inland and about twelve miles east of Thessalon. In each of these were
about 200 trees, which had been planted about six years ago. Among the varieties of
apples in these orchards were Duchess, Transparent, Astrachan, Alexander, Wealthy,
Snow, Wolf River, Gipsy Girl, Talman Sweet, Scott's Winter, Gideon and Longfieid, and
Martha and Whitney crabs. The Duchess, Transparent, Wealthy, Gideon and Longfieid
appear to do extra well in this section, and wherever been were usually heavily loaded
with fruit. Even little trees two or three years planted were to be seen bending under
their load. In some cases the fruit had been thinned to save the trees, but more often
the trees were propped to save the fruit. In one of these orchards we were surprised to
find a Gueii plum tree, five years planted, quite as large and as heavily loaded as one
would expect to find in a southern orchard. Mr. B A. Hagan and Henry McMillan,
owners of these orchards, have promised to send a small collection of samples for exhibi-
tion at the winter meeting of the Fruit Growers' Association, to show what apples can be
grown in Algoma

Near Iron Bridge, about twenty miles east of Thessalon, we found a young man,
David Tait, who has started a nursery for the propagation of the hardier varieties of
fruits for this section. He has two or three acres in nursery, and is budding and graft-
ing his own trees on imported stocks He has a good collection of the hardy varieties of
apples, pears, plums and cherries. The trees were well cared for and looked thrifty and
healthy. We were pleased to find this, because many in this northern section who have

102 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

bought trees from the agents of southern nurseries have been greatly disappointed with
the results owing to the difficulty of getting trees in good condition. A nursery in their
own district, supplying good trees of the hardy varieties, will be a great help towards
successful fruit growing in Algoma.

All spoken to on the subject, weie agreed that an experiment station, which would
give them some idea of the most suitable varieties for this northern section, would be a
great boon to all settlers. The general impression was that St. Joseph Island would be
as suitable and as central a spot as could be selected, and that the results obtained tnere
would be of value to all of the Algoma district.

L. WOOLVERTON,

H. L. Hutt.

The report was received and adopted, and it was agreed to recommend to the
Department of Agriculture the advisability of locating a fruit experiment station at
Richard's Landing.

A letter from the Hon. John Dryden was read suggesting the advisability of testing
hardy fruits on the Pioneer Farm at Wabigoon. It was agreed to adopt this suggestion,
and utilize the Pioneer Farm for this purpose.

INSPECTION OF THE ONTARIO FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
By Prof. H. L. Hutt, Official Visitor, O.A.C., Guelph.

Since the establishment of the first stations five years ago, it has devolved upon me,
as the representative from the College, to make an annual tour of inspection to each sta-
tion, and to report upon the same to the Board of Control.

In previous reports I have made mention of the kinds of fruit which are being most
extensively grown at each station, of the nature of the soil, of the capabilities of the men
for carrying on the work, of the additional planting which has been done, and the care
and attention which have been given to the work. Many of these points need not again
be touched on. In this report, therefore, I have dealt more particularly with the progress
of the work at each station, with the care taken of the stock sent for test, and with the
condition of the crop upon which the experimenter has to base his report.

Previous to the enactment excluding American nursery stock the stations had been
pretty well supplied with all the leading and promising varieties to be had from American
as well as Canadian nurserymen. Consequently there was but little additional planting
done this year at any of the stations, the little stock that was planted coming altogether
from Canadian nurseries.

As far as possible each station was visited at the most opportune time for seeing at
maturity the fruits specially under test. On account of the close attention which had to
be given to our own experiments during the strawberry season I had not an opportunity
of getting away to see Mr. Stevenson's plantation. Mr. Woolverton, however, spent a day
with bim and took photographs of a number of his leading varieties.

All particulars as to the value of different varieties I have left to be dealt with in
the reports of the experimenters, where they can be more fully and properly given. 1
shall mention each station in the order in which they were visit, d during the season,
beginning with the raspberries early in July, and ending with the grapes during the latter
part of September.

The Lake Huron Station.

Visited July 12th, 1898. At this station we have now under test a large collection
of varieties of raspberries, and in addition quite a number of varieties of apples and plums
most likely to be of value in the section. Mr. Sherrington has been propagating from his

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 103

stock of raspberries and setting out a new plantation, having a 20-foot row of each variety
To prevent the suckering varieties from mixing, he is alternating these in the row with
those which are propagated from tips.

Seme varieties, like Shaffer, Gregg, Sm ith's Giant and Superlative, were more or less
winter-killed last winter. Such points will be more fully noted in Mr. Sherrington's
report, along with a record of the yields from the different varieties under test.

All of the plum trees, among which are several of the Japanese varieties, have so far
come through the winters uninjared. These, and the young apple trees sent for trial, are
making a good growth.

In the bearing apple orchard, the crop this year was light. The Northern Spys,
however, were carrying a fair load.

All trees and plants sent to this station are being well cared for.

The Simcoe Sub-station.

Visited July 22nd, 1898. The collection of gooseberries under test at this station
is nob large, but it includes most of the American varieties and a number of the most
promising English varieties. For the past two seasons Mr. Spillett has been hanng a
very severe fight with the mildew, and in spite of repeated sprayings with the Bordeaux
mixture it is still very bad oq many of the English varieties. So far Pearl and Downing
are the most satisfactory varieties in the collection.

The Georgian Bay Station.

Visited August 3rd, 1898. — At this station we now have a fine collection of plums,
made up of about 140 varieties. Eighteen of these have been bearing since the station
was established. Thirty-five varieties put out three years ago are now beginning bearing.
Among those most heavily loaded this year were Burbank, Abundance, Arch Dufee,
Saunders and Golden Prolific.

In another year or two the greater part of this large collection of varieties will be in
bearing, when some valuable reports may be looked for.

So far all varieties of plums, as well as a number of varieties of pears and peaches,
have come through the winter uninjured.

Mr. Mitchell is a first-class cultivator, and all of his trees have been well cared for.

On account of the severe drouth up till the time of my visit, it had been useless to
sow crimson clover for the fertilizer experiment in the orchard, but after the rain at that
time it would be sown at once.

The Simcoe Station.

Visited August 4th, 1898. This being the most northern of all the stations it was
thought wise to send here for trial a number of other fruits besides the specialties.
Accordingly we have here a number of varieties of pears, plums, apricots, and a general
collection of the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries and
strawberries.

The apple crop through this section this year is light, the winter varieties bearing
little or nothing, but as usual there is a beautiful crop of Duchess and Wealthy, every
tree of these varieties being heavily loaded.

The cherry crop was all off before the time of my visit, but Mr. Caston is much
pleased with a number of the new varieties which begin bearing this year, and which will
be dealt with in his report.

All the young trees set out four years ago, when this station was first established,
have made a good growth, and a number of varieties, particularly among the plum trees,
are beginning to bear.

104 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The small fruits are now in full bearing, and will be reported on in Mr. Caston's
report. % The cultivation and attention given is all that could be desired.

The Burlington Station.

Visited August 6th, 1898. With reference to this station we might say that it is as
well stocked and as well managed as any fruit farm to be found in the country. Besides
the raspberries, blackberries and currants, upon which Mr. Peart has been reporting, he
has a good collection of varieties of grapes, plums, pears, peaches and apples.

As this station is situated in a section where fruits of all kinds are extensively
grown, and where the conditions are quite different to those on the southern side of the
lake, and from many of the other experiment stations, we think it would be well to
enlarge Mr. Peart's specialty and ask him to report also on grapes, pears and plums.

His annual allowance should, of course, be proportionately increased, as he is at
present barely paid for the full and excellent reports which he has been sending in.

Careful records have been made during the year of raspberries, blackberries and cur-
rants, a full account of which will appear in Mr. Peart's report.

The Southwestern Station.

Visited August 26th, 1898. Mr. Hilborn's peach orchard is now probably one of
the largest and finest in the Dominion, being over 100 acres in extent, and containing
trees of over 150 varieties.

The peach crop in that section this year was said to be only about half an average
crop, but, with the excellent cultivation given, Mr. Hilborn's orchard was doing much
better than that. Very few of the young trees in the experimental plots are yet in bear
ing, although a great number of them should begin to bear next year.

The report from this station this year will, therefore, be based more particularly
upon the yields from trees which were planted before the station was established.

The East Central Station.

Visited August 28th, 1898. The crop of apples and pears in this section this year
was good, and Mr. Huggard's trees were generally well loaded.

The cultivation in the bearing orchard has not in the past been uniform. Part of
the orchard has been given bare cultivation ; another part has been cropped with roots ;
and a portion of it has been in sod for several years. Mr. Huggard is now convinced
that early, clean cultivation is the best, and intends to give this in the future, using
crimson clover as a cover crop, the seed of which will be sown about the beginning of
August.

The young trees set out in the experimental orchard have been well cared for and
have made a good growth. Some of them are already bearing a few specimens of fruit.

The Bay of Quinte Station.

Visited August 29th, 1898. At this station we have the largest collection of varie-
ties to be found in the Province, and the reports from here should be of value to apple
growers over a wide section of the country.

The young trees in the experimental orchard have been well cared for and have made
a good growth. The older orchard has also been given first class cultivation all summer,
but the scab came on very early in the season and the foliage on many varieties were so
injured that they bore but little fruit. On account of the extremely severe drouth in
this section for about two months all of the trees had suffered severely, and in many cases

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 105

the fruit was not half its usual size. The varieties making the best show were Duchess,
Alexander and Ontario. All the trees of these varieties were heavily loaded with very
fair fruit.

Some of the grafts of new varieties put in three and four years ago are now begin-
ning to bear.

The St. Lawrence Station.

Visited August 31st, 1898. The young trees sent here during the past two years
were planted in good rich soil, have been well taken care of, and have made a remarkable
growth. So far most of the varieties have come through the winter uninjured.

In his bearing apple orchard Mr. Jones had a nice crop of Snows and Scarlet Pip-
pins. There was some scab, but it had been pretty well held in check by spraying. The
Scarlet Pippin was making a fine showing, and seemed less liable to scab than the Snow.

There had' been more rain in this section, and the country looked much better than
further west.

The Niagara Station.

Visited September 20th, 1898. At this station we now have a large collection of
the more tender fruits, including peaches, plums, cherries, apricots, nectarines, grapes,
etc., and a number of the most promising new varieties of nut trees, such as Japanese
chestnuts, English walnuts, filberts, etc.

Everything at this station receives the very best attention. The trees have all been
well cared for, and most of them have made a good growth. The nut trees have, so far,
been the most unsatisfactory to transplant and grow. Mr. Burrell has been budding a
number of the Japanese chestnuts upon seedlings of our native variety.

Very few of the experimental trees are yet old enough to bear fruit, but in the bear-
ing orchards and vineyard there was a fine crop of fruit.

Crimson clover, as a cover crop in the orchards, has always given excellent results
in this section, and Mr. Burrell usually succeeds in getting a good catch of it.

The Cherry Station.

Visited September 21st, 1898. The expsrimental cherry orchard set out three years
ago now presents a fine appearance. The trees have made a fine growth, and promise
well for fruiting another year. Some varieties of the Morello typs began bearing this
year. Full notes on the growth and fruiting will be found in Mr. Woolverton's report.

The Wentworth Station.

Visited September 22nd, 1898. The young experimental vineyard set out here
during the past three or four years is now pretty well established. The vines have all
been trellised, and are beginning to bear. So far there are but few of the newer varieties
that show signs of being equal to the old standard varieties.

In the old vineyards there was as usual an excellent crop. The cultivation and care
given are all that could be desired. Some valuable reports on grapes may now be looked
for from this station.

REPORT OF SOUTHWESTERN STATION, LEAMINGTON.

The peach orchards in Essex county gave but a partial crop of fruit this season. The
trees ripened up both wood and fruit buds to perfection last autumn. They came through
the past mild winter in perfect condition, and gave promise of a very large yield of fruit
at the bloDming period. Every variety was full of blossoms, none of which appeared to
have been injured by the winter. The weather during spring was unusually cold for a

106 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

length of time, thus retarding vegetation to a considerable extent. This condition of the
weather was conducive to the growth of the curl leaf, and much injury resulted from this
cause. Some varieties were injured much more than others. The same kinds suffered
much more in some portions of the orchard than in other parts. As an instance, Barn-
ard's Early in the south-west* rn part of the orchard was injured to such an extent that
they produced only about a dozen baskets to 100 trees. In the north-eastern portion of
the same orchard, sixty roads away, 300 trees of that variety planted at the same time (six
years) and receiving the same treatment throughout, produced a full crop of the finest fruit
The former lot of trees were on a somewhat higher elevation, and more exposed to the
cold south west wind. This was the only cause I could detect to make the difference
between the two lots of trees.

Among the varieties most injured are Champion, Elberta, Tyhurst, Lewis, Early
Michigan and several others nearly as much affected. Young trees, three to four years
planted, of nearly all kinds, were sufficiently injured to cause them to drop their fruit.
Very little fruit was grown on trees less than five to six years planted. Among the
kinds least injured may be named, Alexander Early, Rivers, Fitzgerald, Golden Drop,
Hales' Early, Lemon, Smock, Longhurst, Hill's Ohili and Salway.

During the time Early Rivers and Hales' Early were ripening the weather was
warm, wet and showery, hence much injury resulted from the peach rot (Monilia).

As stated above, trees not more than four years planted produced no fruit, there-
fore those planted for experimental purposes were not old enough to produce fruit this
season. All varieties have ripened up well this autumn and go into winter quarters in
good shape.

Alexander is the first to ripen. It is very productive and has been planted in such
large numbers in all peach-growing districts that the supply is greater than the demand.
It being a cling stone and put on the market in such large quantities it injures the sale
of later and better sorts. Those early cling-stone varieties are not good until they have
been thoroughly ripened on the tree, and then they are not firm enough to carry to a
distant market For this reason most of them are sent to market in a half ripe condi-
tion, and are fit only for cooking, and for this purpose they are then of but poor quality.
It would appear to be a mistake to plant many of those white fleshed early cling stone
kinds. No doubt it would pay to take out a large portion of those already planted and
substitute later and better varieties. The demand now is for large yellow flesh highly
colored sorts. Of this type the fallowing may be named as among the most satisfactory
market varieties, named in order of ripening : Crane'd Yellow, St. John, Brigden, Craw-
foid Early, Fitzgerald, Yellow Rareripe, Hinman, New Prolific, Engol's Mammoth,
Longhurst, Late Crawford, Smock, Banner and Salway. The last named is too late,
except for highly favored localities.

The Elberta is a very fine market peach, but has been so badly injured with curl
leaf the past two seasons that it has had hard work to live.

Golden Drop has been one of the most profitable kind this season. It isonly of medium
size and not highly colored. It, however, produces such large c.ops of medium, even
sized round clean fruit, that for canning or evaporating it has few equals.

Wager is a good p ^ach when grown on healthy young trees. As the trees grow older
they are liable to overbear, when the fruit spots and cracks to such an extent that it is of
little value.

Lemon Free has in the past been one of the most satisfactory kinds gro *n.
This season the f uit dropped bodily just before it was ripe enough to gather. This may
be the result of the injury done by the curl leaf. While there was not sufficient
injury to cause the fruit to drop while it was small, the indications are that the pre-
mature dropping at time of ripening was caused from that fungus.

Crosby gave a good yield of medium to large size fruit, of fine appearance and good
quality on' trees five and six years planted. On older trees it has a tendency to over-
bear, then the fruit is not so large or well colored.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 107

Hinman is a very promising yellow flesh variety, ripening just after the Early Craw-
ford. This is equally well colored, of as good quality, more hardy and will average larger
than that old standard sort named above. This sort is well worth an extended trial.

Brigden is another of the Crawford type, ripens a little earlier, larger and equal to
and surpassing that sort in all respects. Worthy of an extended trial.

Banner is a new variety originating in this (Essex) county. The fruit is large and
round, skin bright yellow with red cheek, flesh fine grain and of the best quality of any
variety of its season, which is with or just after Smock. The tree is hardy and very
productive, one of the most promising late market varieties grown in this its native home.
Well worthy of an extended trial.

W. W. Hilborn,

Experimenter.

REPORT OF NIAGARA STATION, ST. CATHARINES.

I beg to submit the following report of the work carried on at this station during the
past season. As none of the trees planted on the experimental plots fruited this year, I
am unable to present anything in the way of description of varieties. With the exception
of the chestnuts, the trees generally have made a good growth, and under favorable
conditions a large number of varieties should bear fruit next year.

I had intended to carry on again some experimental work in the thinning of peaches,
but the failure of the crop rendered such work impossible. Last year the results of some
experimental work against the peach ' borer ' were included in the report, and below will
be found some additional notes on the same subject.

As the question of crimson clover is an important one for the horticulturist of the
Niagara peninsula, I have embodied in this report the result of the work done here with
this clover.

There were added to the experimental blocks this year three Japanese Walnuts, all
of which have made a thrifty growth, also three seedling peaches from Georgia, and three
of the variety ' Connecticut ' ; also, one each of the following varieties of plums : Large
Golden, Lombard Improved, Stark's Gage, Normands, Coe's Violet, Bleeker's Gage,
Moyer Seedling, and Glass Seedling No. 2.

Leaf Curl. — Owing partly to unfavorable climatic conditions and partly to the
disease known as " curl leaf " the peach crop of this section has been largely a failure
this year. Smocks and Late Crawfords yielded a fair crop in some orchards, but most
varieties were very light indeed. Careful notes were taken here at the time "curl
leaf " was at its worst, with the view of ascertaining what varieties were chiefly affected.
The notes are the results of an examination of three trees of each variety, the trees being
in their third year.

Very Badly Attacked. Crosby, Champion, Elberta, Early Barnard, Honest John,
Jacques Rareripe, Golden Drop, Lord Palmerston, Late Crawford, Morris White, Old
Mixon, Red Cheek Melocoton, Steven's Rareripe, Stump, Troth's Early, Tyehurst,
Yellow St. John, Yellow Rareripe, Wagcr.

Moderately Attacked. CoDkling, Early Crawford, Early Canada, Early Richmond,
Fitzgerald, Hortense Rivers, Ostrander Late, Susquehanna.

Slightly Attacked. Early Rivers, Foster, Hale's Early, Hynes' Surprise, Garfield,
Longhursfe, Smock, Salway, Shumacher, Waterloo, Wheatland, Wonderful. Although a
number of peach trees were sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture, partly to determine the
effect on the curl leaf fungus, practically no difference was observed between sprayed
and unsprayed trees. As a good deal of light has been thrown on this matter by recent
investigations at Cornell, and at the Ohio Experiment Station, fresh experiments will be
undertaken here next year. Professor Selby, of Ohio, and the assistant botanist at
Cornell, have both obtained good results from the use of Bordeaux mixture, applied

108 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

before the blossoms opened. Professor Craig also informs me that in Pennsylvania, Ohio,
and California satisfactory work against leaf curl has been accomplished by the use of
lime, and I hope to test this agency also in 1899.

The cherry crop of this district was lighter than usual. Common sour cherries bore
a very small crop, and the sweet varieties suffered badly from rot, and were injured to
a considerable extent by the black aphis. The better kinds of sour cherries, such as
Early Richmond and Montmorency yielded a full crop.

Plums. — Plums, with the exception of Lombards, Imperial Gage, Prince's Yellow
Gage, and English Damsons, were a failure here.

Pears. — Pears, with the exception of Sheldon, bore well. Bartlett, Clapp's Favorite,
Seckel, Beurre Clairgeau, Beurre Bosc, Duchess d'Angouleme and Lawrence may be
especially mentioned.

Grapes — Grapes were a good crop, and generally a clean sample. The varieties I
found most profitable this year were Worden, Roger 44, Roger 9, Delaware and Niagara.

A seedling grape of unusual promise was recently brought to my notice. It is a
white seedling of the Brighton, and probably fertilized by Moore's Early, a vine of which
was near the parent Brighton Mr. Backus, the originator, lives about a mile from this
station. He reports the grape to be ripe at least a week earlier than Moore's Early.
The bunch is compact, not shouldered, berries as big as Lady, skin thickish, quality good.
Vine not a rank grower, with slender, dark red wood, not unlike Pocklington. A few
grapes had been left on the vine till October 10th, and I found no sign of shrivelling or
cracking.

Spraying Experiments.

Grapes — Mildew. Six vines were selected in a row of Brightons, which have always
been more cr less been subject to mildew. Two were left as check vines, two were sprayed
with the 4, 4, 40 formula of Bordeaux mixture, and the remaining two received a light
sprinkling of sulphur. There were three applications of both sulphur and Bordeaux
mixture, the first on June 6th just before the blossoms opened, the second on June 24th,
the third on July 9th.

The fruit was picked with following results : —

Total grapes. Badly mildewed. Slightly mildewed.

Sprayed vines : — 24 lbs , 8 oz. 6 oz. 9 oz.

Sulphured vines : — 25 lbs. 5 oz.

Unsprayed :— 35 lbs., 8 oz. 3 lbs., 14 oz. 5 lbs., 4 oz.

The " slightly mildewed " were marketable, but not first-class. There was no brown
rot on these vines, only the powdery mildew, against which sulphur would of course be
far more effective than against the "downy" mildew. Lumping both "badly" and
"slightly" mildewed, and reducing it to a percentage basis, the result would be — with-
out going into decimals : —

Sprayed :— 96 per cent, clean ; Sulphured :— 99 per cent.; Unsprayed :— 74 per cent.

Cherries — for Rot. The May Duke variety was selected for experiment. Formula
used " 4, 4, 40/' with the addition of 4 oz. of Paris green. Three sprayings were given
on April 28th, May 31st and June 9th.

Total weight. Sound cherries. Unsound. Weight of good fruit.
Sprayed tree— 54 lbs. 4,058 2,020 39 lbs.

Unsprayed tree— 47 lbs. 2,974 2,385 27 lbs., 8 oz

Sprayed trees : — 72 per cent, sound ; Unsprayed trees : — 58 per cent, sound.

]f four sprayings instead of three had been given better results would probably have
been secured. Climatic conditions were extremely favorable for the spread of the
monilia fungus this year on cherries and plums.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 109

Plums. These were sprayed four times, but on Imperial Gage and Lombards the
rot was exceptionally bad. A marked difference, however, will be noticed in the treated
trees.

Imperial Gage : —

No. unsound.

No. good.

Weight of sound fruit.

Sprayed —

330

465

28 lbs.

Unsprayed —

596

246

17 lbs.

Sprayed tree : — Sound, 71 per cent.; Unsprayed tree : — Sound, 41 per cent.

The spraying has also had a marked effect on the foliage of the trees. At the pre-
sent date (Oct. 18th) the sprayed trees retain nearly all the foliage, while those untreated
have been practically bare of leaves for two weeks.

Insects.

Pear Slug (Selandria cerasi). Either from climatic causes, or an abundance of
parasites, there was practically no sound brood of this injurious insect last year. This is
probably the reason for the scarcity of the pest this year. I have not observed any
serious injury from its work in this section.

Aphidce. The currant aphis and black aphis of the cherry were both destructive
during the past season, though the attacks of the latter were not so severe as in 1897.
Good results were obtained here from a whale oil soap solution, 1 pound to 7 gallons.
The solution is most satisfactorily made when the water is very hot, I would strongly
urge those who have valuable sweet cherries to make an application even stronger than
the one I mention before the blossoms open. It is an impossibility to thoroughly control
this insect when it once gets established inside the leaf.

Peach Borer (Sannina exitiosa). — In the report of 1897 will be found the details of a
number of experiments carried out against this enemy to peach trees. It was shown
that the moths do not emerge in this latitude till about July 15th, and that eggs are laid
from that time till well on in October. It was also demonstrated that no washes, except
those of cement, will remain on the trees long enough to prevent the moth ovipositing. For
this reason only the cement and skim milk wash was used this year. The use of paper
wrapping was successful last season, but the slight additional expense and labour in put-
ting them on, as compared with the washes, led me to discard them this year. There is
also danger of " girdling " the trees by the wire or string with which they are tied on.

The cement and skim milk was applied to 45 trees this year on July 11th, all borers
having been first removed. The trees were of various ages from three years to twelve
years. On October 7th an examination was made and the wash found to be in fairly
good shape. There were found —

On treated trees (45) : — Two very small borers evidently not very long hatched, one
in a small cavity where the cement had failed to penetrate and the other where the wash
had recently cracked.

On untreated trees (45) : — Nine borers were found, most of them half grown, and a
considerable amount of damage had been effected.

The peach-borer has not been plentiful this season in the orchards here, otherwise I
feel confident that results would have been still more marked. On the whole, I believe
the cement wash to be the most satisfactory application that we yet know of to repel
this destructive insect. Professor J. B Smith of New Jersey writes, under date
October 14th : "The cement has been used quite considerably in our State this year,
and, in general, with very good results." In making the wash it might be well to add
enough crude carbolic acid to give a decided odor, the scent of carbolic being repugnant
to a large number of insects.

110 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Orimsok Clover.

After an experience o£ four years with this clover, during which time it has been
sowntn plots of various sizes, from a third of an acre to two acres m extent, embracing
different kinds of soil, I feel like strongly urging its claims on the fruit growers of this
section It provides the cheapest possible way of obtaining a large and valuable supply of
humus and nftrogen which our fruit lands too of ten lack, and, in spite of occasiona failure
I am convinced that it would pay to sow as much ground as possible every year. Last
vear a series of plots were experimented with, some of which were treated with manure,
others wTth fertiliser, some with no manure of any kind, and some with crimson clover in
?uU b oom P owed under. Corn and potatoes were planted, and, ihough the details (pub-
ishedTn the Montreal Weekly Star for July 5, 1898,) are too lengthy to insert here I
may say that the results were highly satisfactory, as showing the fertilising value d th s
plant With the exception of sowings in 1895 I have had no total failure during the last
four years, and the fall of 1895 was exceptionally dry, and therefore unfayorab le ' This
year I have three plots on which dense mats of clover stand, from four to eight inches m
height now (Oct. 18). One is on a two acre block from which oats were cut for hay and
clover "own on July 28th ; the second on a strawberry patch turned under directly the
fauftwas pkked, and the third on ground from which old peach trees were removed last
wfoter. A few conclusions from the four years experience may be helpful to those who
wish to sow another year.

1 The best time to sow, if a really good stand is required, is from July 25th to Aug-
5th-thisTs after a trial of dates ranging from the middle of July to the middle of Septem-
ber.

2 This clover is unlikely to succeed on clay soil, chit fly from the lack of moisture at
the necessary time. A sand, or light loam provides the best conditions.

3 Twenty to twenty -five pounds of seed to the acre is none too much-preferably the
larger amoTJ The seed is nearly twice as big as the ordinar y clover, so this quantity is
not as much as it seems.

i It will thrive much better where the soil contains lots of potash and lime, because
the mkro organisms, which secrete the nitrogen on the roots, flourish only when there is an
abundance ogf those constituents in the soil. For this reason we have never failed to get an
excellent crop of clover on an old strawberry bed to which we always give a liberal supply of
hardwood ashes.

5 In sowing in orchards it is advisable to leave a clear space of at least two feet next
the tree rows "th'erwise, in plowing under rank cop the following spring, more or less injury
will undoubtedly be done to the roots.

6. It will pay to have the seed-bed in fine order, and put a light smoothing harrow or
roller over the ground directly after sowing.

I might add, with reference to the chestnuts, that the " Spanish " chestnuts have made
a much more vigorous growth this season than heretofore From other peoples' experience
an" frorZt gaTned here during the last two years, it is evident that chestnuts thrive very
sfowy after transplanting. I hale about eighty seedling chestnuts i growing, many of which
wew budded tWs fall with Paragon, E. Reliance, and Spanish. Budding is usually un uc-
Tssfol and I fear Lot many have^akV: those on which the buds fail will be crown grafted
Text spring, and it is hoped that a careful transplanting of the trees later on may be fol-
lowed with good results.

Martin Burrell,

Experimenter.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Ill

REPORT OF WENTWORTH STATION, WINONA.

The past season has been a favorable one for grape growing, the crop has been a good
average, and the vines comparatively free from disease.

Grapes. — Many of the newer varieties which have fruited are very disappointing, and
not worthy of a longer trial than next year, being far inferior in vigour, productiveness,
appearance and quality to many of the old reliable kinds.

Eight varieties have not proved true to name. Those marked Berckmans, Concord
Ohasselas, Ooncord Muscat and Grein's Golden, are Taylor, a small white wine grape of the
Olinton type. Rochester is Oatawba, Croton is Pocklington, Triumph is Lindley, and
Janesville is Noah. Some of the newer varieties worthy of notice are :

Brilliant, a dark red, medium size, of most excellent flavor ; productive.

Dr. Colliery a black grape of Concord type. Although quite productive, do not think
it could be grown as profitably as Ooncord.

Black Delaware, below medium size, fine quality with heavy blue bloom. The vine
lacks vigour.

Eumedal, large clusters ; good flavor ; productive.

Watt, a dark red or maroon color, a little below medium size and of the very finest
quality.

Mills, large black, goood quality, productive, and a very long keeper.

Moore's Diamond and Winchell are both early, productive white grapea of good quality,
and could be profitably grown for market.

Woodruff Red is very handsome, bright red, productive, medium quality.

The annual record, giving yield and selling price, will show that many of the new
varieties have produced a light crop for the age of the vine. This may be accounted for
by some of them being small, one year old vines when planted. A test of the keeping
qualities of about fifty varieties in open baskets in the cellar was made of last season's
crop. The Mills far surpassed them all. On April 1st they were in fair marketable condi-
tion, firm, crisp and sprightly. Vergennes and Agawam stood next, but had shrivelled
and lost considerable flavor. I would recommend planting the Mills for distant markets
or for winter use at home.

Peaches. — The experimental trees made a good growth last season and appeared in
fine condition this spring, and bloomed very freely ; but as soon as the leaves appeared
they were so badly affected with curl leaf that the crop was very light. Of those very
badly affected were Carlisle, Crosby, Willett, Elberta, Jersey Queen and Michigan No. 1.

Those least affected were Stewart, Hilborn, Pratt, Michigan No. 8, Mt. Rose, Foster,
Centennial and Early St John. After the weakening effect of the curl leaf the extreme
dry weather during the growing season caused the trees to make a short growth. Bows-
low's Late, Hilborn and Pratt were the most productive.

Plums. — The experimental plum trees have made a good healthy growth. Burbank,
Carduc, Ogan and Willard were the only varieties that fruited — Ogan, the earliest, ripen-
ing the last of July.

Spraying. — Beurre Giffard pears, sprayed before budding, and three times after at
intervals of about ten days, with Bordeaux mixture, yielded 20 per cent, more fruit, and
80 per cent, of that free from fungus, while the unsprayed had 30 per cent, clean. The
same experiment with Flemish Beauty pears gave a higher percentage of olean fruit, but
very little increase in quantity. Wiih the same experiment on Lombard, Washington,
Bradshaw and Yellow Egg plums, there was considerable rot on all after the spraying
was discontinued, but much worse on the unsprayed trees; while the leaves remained
green and fresh for nearly three weeks longer on the sprayed trees.

M. Pettit,

Experimenter.

112 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

REPORT OF BURLINGTON STATION, FREEMAN.

There are now under cultivation at this statian over two hundred and twenty five
varieties of fruits. Trees and bushes are, almost without exception, in a healthy, growthy
condition. Upon the whole the season was not favorable to the production of much fruit.
There were strawberries in abundance ; grapes also were a good crop, but with these
exceptions the output was very light. An almost unprecedented drouth set in early in
June, which practically was unbroken for three months. In consequence fruit suffered
severely, both in quality and quantity.

Raspberries and blackberries. The season was very unfavorable for these fruits,
many varieties literally drying upon the bushes, and amounting to nothing. Among the
former the red varieties stood the ordeal the best, and the black and purple the worst ;
while, of the latter the Kittatinny, Gainor, Early King and Early Harvest seemed to
have the most strength. Wilson Junior is peculiar in its h*,bit of growth. Like the
black raspberry, its canes are long and slender, trailing more or less upon the ground ;
but unlike most raspberries and blackberries it appears to propagate by both tips and
suckers. Child's Tree also slightly shows the same tendency. Reliance and London
both promise well. The Japan Wineberry canes were frozen to the ground. Young
suckers rapidly pushed up from the parent root, and bore some small, very acid scarlet
colored fruit, the sole merit of the variety appearing to lie in its novel, oriental appear-
ance. Among the medium and late blackberries the Gainor and Kittatinny took a first
place. The Marlboro and Loudon probably fruited the heaviest and withstood the
drought the best of all the raspberries.

Currants. The crop was very light, although the quality was good. Cherry still
leads among the older varieties, while Raby Castle and Red Victoria promise well. The
Belle de St. Giles gave a few remarkably fine large berries. Among the black varieties
Champion takes first place, with Naples and Lee's Prolific but little behind. Collin's
Prolific thus far has given a rank growth of wood with but little fruit.

Pears were also a light crop of rough uneven quality. The Kieffer only bore heavily.
There was very little blight and scab, the Flemish Beauty alone suffering from the latter,
The young trees, however, made a fair growth of wood.

Apples, too, were very light and poor in quality. The codliDg moth was very busy,
Baldwins, Greenings and Roxbury Russetts suffering the most. Upon the whole the
fruit was distinctly undersized. The Wealthy (a new variety here) is a fine early fall
apple, but, unfortunately, like the Anjou Pear, it is not tenacious enough, dropping too
easily.

Plums were a light crop of excellent quality. Very rarely indeed have they colored
up and been so showy as they were this year. Among the Japan varieties the Satsuma
is rather a curiosity, having a dark red flesh and a dull reddish skin. It is an oblong-
conical plum, medium to large in size, flesh firm, but ot inferior quality. It matures
nearly two weeks later than the Burbank, ripening this year about the 7th of September.
The Reine Claude is one of the best and most satisfactory plums grown here. There was
considerable rot, many varieties having to be picked on the firm side in order to save
them.

Peaches were very scarce.

Grapes were a good crop of fine quality. The Concord, Worden, Moore's Early,
Moyer, Catawba, Delaware, Vergennes, Niagara and Wyoming Red especially, gave a
fine vield of excellent fruit. Insects did but little damage, but the Brighton and Lindley
were considerably damaged by mildew.

Fertilizing experiment. The crimson clover sown on one-half acre of apple orchard
in 1897, passed through the winter without injury by frost. When vegetation was
renewed it grew rapidly and on the first of June was a thick, splendid mass of showy
crimson blossoms, beautiful to behold. It stood from fifteen to twenty-four inches high,
and was, for about a fortnight, the Eden of bees and all nectar-loving insects. On the

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. lia

6th of June the plot was sown with 50 lbs. of muriate of potash and 100 lbs. of bone
meal. The clover and fertilizers were then plowed tinder. The ground was next rolled
so as to compact the soil, check the escape of moisture, and accelerate the decomposition
of the clover. It was then harrowed lightly, in order to fill up spaces and level generally,
then occasional surface cultivation to prevent weed growth and retain moisture. Four-
teen lbs. of crimson clover were again sown upon the same plot on the 9th of July, 1898.
The seed was harrowed in and the ground rolled, thus completing the circle. The season
was too dry and hot for a good catch of seeds, and at this date (Oct. 27th) there is a thin
setting of young plants about four inches high.

By next year I hope to be able to give some relative results as between this method
and my usual treatment of an orchard.

A. W. Peart,

Experimenter.

REPORT OF LAKE HURON STATION, WALKERTON.

The season of 1898 has been on the whole a very favorable one for the fruit grower.
The apple crop was comparatively light, and very much scattered ; but the crop was
much b-tter than was expected in the fore part of the season. While some orchards
carried a full crop, others had less than a half and some none at all. The failure in the
crop was, I think, owing to the heavy rains and cold weather during the blooming period.
But the crop has been much better than las^ year, and the quality far superior. The
winter of 1897-1898 was much colder than the winter of 1896-1897, the coldest being
13° below zero in the case of the former, while last winter it dropped to 20° below zero*
My report as to hardiness of plants is based on that of 20° below zero, without pro-
tection.

There have been added to this experiment station this year eleven varieties of apples
nine of pears, one plum, one apricot, one grape, five currants, one gooseberry, making a
total of 61 varieties of apples, 28 of plums, 9 of pears, 12 of cherries, 1 apricot, 3 of
grapes, 9 of currants, 6 of gooseberries, and 67 of raspberries and blackberries. All
trees and plants are growing and doing well with the exception of one or two chefrry
trees.

Insects were very numerous this season, especially the tent and forest caterpillar —
so much so that some of the orchards were entirely stripped of their foliage. A great
many remedies were resorted to, coal oil being one of them, but to little efiect ; spraying
with Bordeaux and Paris green was perfectly satisfactory. The codling moth has been
bad ; also one-third of the applet in some orchards are wormy.

Fungi. — These diseases in their various forms have not been so destructive as last
seasjon, the apple spot being the most prevalent There was some anthracnose on rasp-
berries and a little of the red rust. These diseases I never saw here untett I received
plants for the experimental work. The raspberries were all sprayed twice, once before
growth started and again jfast before blooming, Bordeaux being used at each spraying
with satisfactory results.

Apples — The crop, as stated in report, was very scattered, some varieties, as the
King, Blenheim Pippin, Twenty-ounce Pippin, were better than usual and the quality good.
The Ontario is still giving great promise of becoming a first-class shipping apple. Fruit,
large, of good form and free of s$)ot. A few samples kept in an ordinary cellar until
August.

Pears — Were a fair crop, quality better than last year. The varieties chiefly grown
here are Clapp's Favorite, Flemish Beauty, with quite a few other varieties in smaller
quantities. Some very good samples of Kiefier and Duchess wejre shown at some of the
fall fair 8.

Plums. — Were a light crop. A few of the young trees are commencing to bear>
but not worth reporting as to yield. All of the Japan varieties stood the winter without
8 F.S.

1U FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

iniurv at 20° below zero. The Abundance and Burbank ripened a few plums of large size.
The Abundance measured 2 inches long, If wideband 5£ in circumference. I b « ^a very
thin skinned plum, and of fine flavor. Burbank is nearly as large as A bundan^ bnt not
of as good quality. They are all very vigorous growers, Burbank making over four feet of
growth this season.

Cherries -Were light but the quality -as good. Some of the young trees were
full of bloom but failed to set any fruit ; but if the black knot is not looked after and
the law made a little more strict there will not be a tree left m this district. It 8hould
be made imperative for township councils to appoint inspectors

Raspberries -The raspberry crop was very good considering the season, which was
very dry, there being r o rain from the 25th of June until the middle of August After
the crop was harvested quite a number of varieties were damaged by the winter frost,
making the yield much less than etherwise would have been.

The Red Raspberries under experiment are grown on the hedge row system Each
variety occupying 18 feet long of row and 2 feet wide, and the yield from the Blackcaps
Ts givJn in pounds and ounces! Estimating a pound to a box it will be readily under-
stoods as to the yield per variety.

All-Summer has not fruited any as yet at this station j it is of dwarfish growth,
foliage large and healthy ; will give it another year's trial,

Brandywine is a red berry. So far it has proved to be hardy ; not very vigorous
but early and stands record in yield ; berry small and rather soft, but owing to its
earliness it is a desirable variety for home market.

Brinckle's Orange. A yellow berry, medium size, soft, rather poor quality, not profit-
able. , . . • •
Cuthbert. Is without a doubt the best red raspberry under cultivation ; it is
vigorous and hardy, good crops of large size berries, quality beat.

Caroline. Plant vigorous ; hardy and a heavy yielder ; berry medium size ; color
orange ; very soft and poor quality ; although this variety gave the largest yield it is not
worth cultivation owing to the fruit being so soft.

Conrath. This is a blackcap of great promise j plant very vigorous ; appears to be
hardy and healthy ; fruit large and quality first-class.

Columbia. Is not holding its reputation as a vigorous grower ; the plant is not as
vigorous as some of the blackcap varieties, it is a little tender but yields well when not
injured by the winter frost; berry, large ; quality very good ; hangs well on the bush.

Golden Queen Plant healthy ; fairly vigorous and hardy ; color, orange ; medium
size ; quality very good ; the best light colored variety.

9 Gregg. A blackcap; strong grower; a little tender; fruit, large and of good
quality ; covered with a heavy bloom.

Gault Is not doing as well as expected at first. Plant fairly vigorous ; canes very
large, bat do not grow laterals enough ; fruit, large and firm ; quality very good ; color,

Hilborn The plants that I have under test of this variety 1 think are not correct
They are the poorest growers and weakest of those that are under test while a row of
Hilborns that was planted a year or two before are vigorous growers and good yielders.
The berry is of medium size ; quality good ; color, black.

Hansell A very early red variety. Plant about the same as Brandywine, a little
earlier but as good a cropper ; berry, small and soft ; only good for near market.

Johnston's Sweet. Plant of the poorest growth and subject to disease. Berry, very
small ; is not worth growing.

Kansas. Is a very promising variety ; plant, healthy .nd hardy, vigorous grower of
strong canes ; it gave the largest yield among the blackcap varieties ; fruit, large, firm
and of good quality.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 115

Lovett. Plant, healthy ; poor grower ; fruit, black ; medium size ; quality fair :
reason, medium.

Lottie. Plant, hardy j fairly vigorous, but not as productive as it might be j quality,
very good ; color black.

Louden. Plant, healthy and hardy ; not so vigorous as some of the other varieties ;
berry, large, of good quality ; color, red ; needs further trial.

Marlboro'. An early red variety ; plant, healthy and hardy \ dwarfish habit ; fruit,
fiim ; quality, medium ; yielded a Utile less than Cuthberfe.

Miller. A red variety of vigorous growth, hardy and healthy ; season, medium ;
berry, firm ; quality, only fair but does not yield well ; needs further trial.

Mammoth Cluster. The name is the best part of this variety ; it is simply worthless.

Ohio A blackcap ; vigorous ; a little tender ; fairly productive ; season, medium ;
berry, medium size ; quality, fair.

Pioneer. Plant, fairly vigorous ; hardy and productive ; berry, medium size ;
quality, very good ; color, black ; profitable.

Phcenix. Plant, moderately vigorous; healthy and hardy; foliage, good; berry;
large ; quality, good but not productive enough to make it profitable.

Reliance. Plant, not so vigorous as some others, but hardy and healthy ; berry,
rather small and soft ; color, red ; early ; quality, medium.

Rancocas. An early red variety; medium grower; healthy and hardy; berry,
rather small and soft ; quality, not quite as good as Reliance.

Red Field. Plant, vigorous ; hardy and healthy ; fruit, small, soft and of rather
poor quality. This seems to be a cross between red and black, being purple in color.

Shaffer. Plant, very vigorous; tender; subject to disease; fruit, large, firm;
quality, very good ; color, purple ; a good canning berry but not profitable.

Smith's Giant. A vigorous grower ; a little tender, but healthy ; berrry, large, firm ;
quality, best ; color, black. This is a very promising variety if it will only stand the
winter. It was damaged a little here last winter.

Superlative. Plant, rather weak and tender, but it has a beautiful foliage when
Wealthy ; berry, very large and firm ; quality, very good ; color, red ; needs further trial.

Strawberry Raspberry. This is supposed to be a native of Japan. Plant, hardy
and healthy ; the plant die s down to the ground every fall, growing up a^ain in the
spring in increased numbers to the height of twelve to eighteen inches; the bloom comes
out on the end of the canes ; the flowers are large and white, similar to the blackberry ;
berry is red in color, large and of a handsome appearance ; the quality is of the poorest ;
no use only as an ornament.

Turner. A very hardy variety, but not as vigorous as it might be ; healthy and
of fine appearance ; color, red and quality good, but does not yield enough to make it a
profitable variety.

Taylor. A blackcap ; plant, hardy ; fairly vigorous and healthy ; fruit, small ;
quality, good ; but not profitable.

Thompson. A very early red variety ; plant, healthy and hardy, but not as vigorous
as it should be ; berry, soft and small ; medium quality ; good for home use or near
market

White Champlain. This is the lightest colored berry of its type; poor grower;
fairly hardy, but not productive ; quality, fair.

Zetler. This is a local berry of great promise ; vigorous and hardy. The season is
about the same as Outhberr, or a little earlier ; berry, large, firm ; quality, second rate ;
•color, red.

Fertilizing Experiment. — This experiment was commenced in 1897 by selecting
toalf an acre of the bearing orchard containing a number of varieties. In the month of

116 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

August 25 bushels of ashes were applied, and 11 pounds of red clover seed sown.
Later on 100 pounds of bone meal was also applied. The fall being very dry the clover
did not make much growth, but stood the winter well, and was plowed under after attain-
ing growth of ten to twelve inches. On the first of August of this season instead of the
ashes I applied 50 pounds of muriate of potash, and 100 pounds of bone meal and Im-
pounds of crimson cWer seed. At date of writing this report, November 4th the
clover has attained a growth of six to eight inches. This I shall plow down this fall, as
I fear the clover will not stand the winter. No perceptible difference can be seen as to
the t fleet on the growth of trees as yet.

A. E. Sherrington,

Experimenter.

REPORT OF GEORGIAN BAY STATION, CLARKSBURG.

There are now in test at this station HI varieties of plums, including most of the
leading Japans. All are doing well with the exception of a very few whose nature may
possibly be to grow slowly.

This season's experience fully confirms tiat of the past two, that to make plum rais-
ing profitable, we must grow only the large and showy varieties Even quality will not
compete against size and appaarance, as the actual sales have fully proved.

Plums.— The best selling plums this season were Bradshaw and Washington for
early ■ Glass, Quackenbos, Gueii and large Lombards for mid-season ; and Pond Seedling,
Ooe's Golden Drop, Yellow Egg, Reine Claude, and German Prune for late varieties.

Arch Duke. A rather slow grower; habit upright; a great bearer of uniformly
large, dark, handsome fruit, with a heavy blue bloom ; a good shipper and keeper. Will
make* a valuable acquisition to our late varieties.

Abundance has done well with me this year for the first time Three year old trees
bore a fnll crop of most beautiful fruit. Size, medium to large. Shape, nearly spherical
to distinctly sharp pointed. Color, yellow or amber, overlaid on the *™1"**™^1**
and splashes of red, and in some cases, where most exposed, nearly covered with a deep
blu*h red. Flesh, yellow, extremely juicy, with a peculiar sweet delicious flavor, lrea
strong, upright grower. Fruit; ripe this year ten days before Lombard.

Burbank. The most vigorous, spreading and sprawling grower in the 'orchard. ^ A
great bearer of strikingly handsome fruit. Seven eleven qiart baskets were taken from
t8hree three ye*r old tree! It is only a few days later than Abundance here, and strongly
resembles that variety in shape, but will average larger and rather better quality.

Diamond. A fine, large, late, dark plum ; good shipper j tree moderately vigorous •
upright grower ; bears young ; very promising.

Grand Duke. Tree a moderately upright grower ■ bears young. Fru ^ large « dark
purple, as large as Ooe's Golden Drop, but a few days later. Will be a good shipper.
Very promising.

Moore's Early. Valuable for its extreme hardiness. A regular bearer Tree spread-
ing with rather a scrubby top. Fruit medium size ; grows in clusters ; dark P W ™"}
hXvy blue bloom. Thin skin; fine flavor. Stone very small, and almost free. Good
for j-llies, jums and preserves.

Golden Prolific. Tree very vigorous, upright grower. Fruit medium size. Skin,
yellow with a light bloom. Stone, cling. Very productive, but a poor shipper. Qual-
ity, best.

Prune dAgm. A foreign variety of excellent quality. Tree of moderate growth ;
branches smooth. Apparently very productive Fru.t me di.a> >«**>?£>■ J££h
necked ; suture small ; skin violet purple, covered with a thick bloom F1«ah> f ~
yellow, juicy, rich and delicious, slightly adherent to the stone. Beet quality. Late
September.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIuNS. 11

Japan Plums. — Contrary to my expectations, the Japan plums are proving themselves
very promising. They all wintered well and several fruited a few plums, notably
Abundance, Wickson, Red June, Chabot and Burbauk, the latter setting fruit so thickly,
that one could scarcely see the branches.

Apples — The most profitable are the best varieties of commercial winter apples*
What is wanted is high colored stock of good quality. The following do exceeoingly
■well here, viz , Baldwin, Ben Davis, Northern Spy and King. The latter should be
top-grafted. They will then bear regularly and abundantly.

Pears. — Until recently pear growing here has b< en confined to but one or two
varieties, viz., Flemish Beauty, Bartlett and Duchess. We have fruited successfully this
season, Flemish Beauty, Bartlett, Clapp's Favorite, Bel'e Lucrative, Beurre Clairgeau,
Duchess, Beurre d'Anjou, Howell, Kieffer and Wilder, and we have a number of others
quite promising.

Cherries. — This was a good season for cherries. Everything we had did well, except
Windsor, which made a wonderful show at first, but the fruit gradually shrank up and
dropped off, so that very few matured. Only once in three or four years do we £et a
good crop of Windsor. Ostheim, a Russian variety, which for the past two years bore
rather lightly, this year produced a very full crop. Montmorency, English Morello, May
Duke, Wragg, and Yellow Spanish are varieties of much promise.

Peaches — About seventeen varieties in test at this station. The wood wintered
well to the last bud, and several bore a few stray fruits, notably, Bowslaugh's Late,
Tyhurst Wonderful, and Smock. The peach " leaf curl " made its appearance here this
spring on young Crawfords and Champions. We sprayed rather heavily with Bordeaux,
which seemed to check it, for in about three weeks the trees appeared as healthy as ever.

Insects — We were exceptionally free from insects the past season. Ourculio and
codling moth were all we had to contend with. The usual -remedy, Bordeaux and Paris
green, was applied.

Fertilizer Experiment. — This experiment was tried on one -half acre of bearing
plums. Soil, deep eandy loam, in perfect condition. About July 1st, 1897, I spread about
twenty-five bushels of unleached ashes and one hundied pounds ground bone. On 12th
July I sowed ten pounds red clover. It was nicely up by July 20th. It made thick
growth from eight to twelve inches high with a very heavy growth of roots. Plowed
under Nov. 23rd. Re3ult : tieesthis summer had a heavier and darker foliage ; fr?:it
rather larger ; better color and more bloom than on those not similarly treated.

This experiment has been continued this year on the same half-acre, crimson clover
being used in place of red. Farther observations will be given in next report.

J. G. Mitchell,

Experimenter.

REPORT OF SIMCOE STATION, ORAIGHURST.

I received this year for planting six standard apple trees, three standard pears, seven
half standard cherries, one plum, one apricot, three currants, one grape vine and one
gooseberry, twenty-three varieties in all, comprising the following varieties :

Apples : American Pippin, Aitken's Red, Peter, Winesap, Scarlet Cranberry, Yates*
Red. Three of these are duplicates of varieties already growing in experimental grounds.

Pears : Bartlett Seckel, Dempsey, Eastern Belle.

Cherries : Kirsch, Orel 23, Russian 207, Red May, King Amarelle, Straus Weischel,
Schattan Amarelle.

Plum: Gold.

Apricot : Harris.

118 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Currants : Pomona, Victoria, Prince Albert.
Gooseberry : Red Jacket, Grape, Campbell's Early.

These have all lived, and although the season was very dry, have made a satisfactory
growth. None of the experimental varieties of fruit have failed this year, but all are-
thrifty and doing well so far.

Strawberries : Many of the new and much lauded varieties are failures under ordin-
ary field culture. While they may produce large specimens under special care and treat-
ment, when they come into competition with some of the old well tried sorts they are not
in it. The best all round berry I have tried, since the days of the Wilson, is the Williams.
It is firm, withstands drouth well, is healthy in foliage, and maintains its size well to the
close of the season. It is also a fairly good bearer, and barring its white tip, it comes
well up to the mark as an all round up to date berry. Crescent is still the best bearer,
with Haverland a good second. One of the best of the large varieties I have tested here
is Little's 44. It has the healthiest foliage ; it beats Bubach in this respect. It has a,
large, strong, vigorous plant, and a good bearer of very large berries ; is a trifle soft, but
of fine quality. Afton and Warfield are of poor quality, and total failures in a dry sea-
son. Hunn, a new variety from New York State, is a very late berry of fair quality and
large size, but it is a pistillate, and there is no staminate variety late enough to fertilize
it with. Under these circumstances it is handicapped, and only bears a few specimens.
It only gets a little pollen from a few late blossoms of some staminate variety. But
with a staminate variety beside it, late enough to fertilize it properly, I believe it would be
quite an acquisition, as it would extend the season. It was beginning to ripen this year
when other varieties were done.

Raspberries : The Cuthbert is still qu en of the market, though I believe Louden and
Miller will come pretty well up to it. They have not been sufficiently tested here yet,
however. This wa3 an off year for raspberries They may be said to have been almost
a total failure, owing to the extreme heat and severe drouth. The Columbian was badly
winter killed. It is a rampant grower, and does not ripen its wood sufficiently to stand
our cold winters. It is not as hardy as Shaffer. I would advise planters in northern
sections to go slowly on the Columbian. Turner is a worthless scrub berry. There are
better ones growing wild. I am plowing mine under. Of the blacks, Smith's Giant is
still to the fore as one of the best black caps tested here. Though the berry does not
come up to the Older or Hilborn in quality, yet it is larger and firm. The canes are
healthy, hardy and vigorous and a good bearer.

Blackberries : Agawam and Eldorado are the best tested here so far. Several new
varieties have not fruited yet.

These, like the raspberries, suffered from the heat and drouth. I hope that next
year we shall have enough in bearing for comparative purposes.

Currants : Fays, Che rry, Yarsailles and White Grape give the best results. As to
the black varieties, I am not sure as yet that the new varieties are any improvement on
the older sorts.

Cherries.— Of all the varieties of fruits planted here, none seems better adapted to
the soil and climate of this section than the Russian cherries. Some of those will no
doubt turn out worthless as to quality, but experience so far has proved that there are
many excellent varieties among them. The fruit is large and fine looking, and although
very few of them will ever rank as dessert quality, they can hardly be excelled for canning
and other culinary purposes. They are, both in tree and fruit, remarkably free from
disease. Nine varieties planted in 1894 bave not as yet shown any signs of black-knot,
though there is plenty of it in the neighborhood. I believe in this connection that cherry
aDd plum trees that are kept well sprayed over both limbs and trunk with Bordeaux mix^
ture so as to cover the bark of the limbs well, will be little affected by the knot. One of
the enemies of the cherry is a kind of slug that eats the leaves. It is easily destroyed with
Paris Green. The green and black aphis is a more troublesome pest, as it sucks
the juices from the leaves They are on the under side of the leaf and it is difficult to
get at them. I would suggest an improved nozzle made to throw an upright or vertical

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 11»

spray so as to strike on the under side of the leaf. These insects can only be destroyed
bv spraying with something strong enough to kill by contact, such as kerosene emulsion, .
whale oil soap, tobacco water, etc. But the trouble is that these pests are at their worst
at the time when the fruit is nearly ripe. This is especially true of the cherries, and I
have found that spraying with kerosene emulsion at this time, in a dry season when there
is no rain to wash it oft again, leaves a very disagreeable taste on the fruit. The upper
surface of a leaf may be covered with Bordeaux, yet the aphis will still thrive on the
under side.

Plums. — In 1894, quite late in the spring, a bundle of sixteen plum trees were sent
to me for planting, each a different variety. Though late and growth well advanced, they
all lived, made satisfactory progress, and this year most of them came into bearing. We
found little trouble with curculio. The chief enemies to contend with were slugs, aphis,
shothole fungus, and, worst of all, plum rot. The variety most affected with rot
was the Gueii. Fully a third of this variety was lost through this cause. The others
were affected only slightly. Descriptive lists of those which fruited this year are given
below.

Of the Japan plums tested here, Burbank is far the best so far. The trees
of these, two years planted, have nearly a basket of very fine plums, and the growth of
new wood on the leading branches measured thirty-two inches.

Abundance has not done very well, seems tender. Shensi also seems too tender for
this section. Willard, Satsuma and Ogon promise well. Early Botan (mentioned in my
report last year) bore a heavy crop this year, but the frait was very small, and its main
fault is in prematurely dropping from the tree. None of the plums planted here have
failed, except three trees of Abundance and one of Shensi. There are several other tkat
have not been planted long enough to describe.

The following plums fruited this year :

Burbank. Bloom on May 20, ripe Aug 30. Fruit conical, large. 1J by If in.
diameter. Skin purple, covered with a delicate bloom turning dark red when ripe.
Suture, obscure : basin broad, shallow ; stalk short. Flesh, yellow, tender sweet, juicy,
rich agreeable flavor ; stone, small, cling. A very promising variety. Tree healthy, vig-
orous, spreading habit of growth ; soil, warm loam cultivated with hoe crops, roots and
small fruits between the trees. Fertilizer, stable manure and ashes. Planted in 1894.

Arch Duke. Tree spreading, healthy, moderately vigorous. Fruit large, If x 1J
inches diameter, oblong, irregular skin dark blue covered with a thick bloom ; cavity
narrow ; stem J- inch ; suture deep distinct. Flesh slightly coarse, medium quality.
Stone medium, cling. In bloom May 24th. Ripe Sept. 7 oh.

Middleburg. Tree upright, healthy, vigorous. Fruit large 1 J x 1 J inches diameter,
oblong, slighdy rounded at apex; skin purple, covered with a delicate bloom ; cavity,
small; stem stout, f inch long; suture obscure. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. Stem,
medium. In bloom May 24. Ripe Sept. 10th.

Staunton. Tree spreading, healthy, vigorous. Fruit medium to large. 1J inches
diameter, nearly round. Skin dark blue; cavity medium; suture none; stem stout, |
inch; flesh whitish, juicy, agreeable flwor, very good; stone medium. In bloom May
26th. Ripe Sept. 7th.

Black Diamond. Tree spreading, heahhy, vigorous. Fruit, oblong, irregular, inclined
to be lob sided, medium to large, 1J x 1 J inches diameter. Skin dark blue, covered with
thick bloom ; cavity narrow ; basin small ; suture obscure ; stem J inch.

Flesh, whitish, juicy, agreeable flavor, very good.

In bloom May 20th. Ripe Sept. 10th.

In the above descriptions of plums, nothing is said of productiveness, as these were
planted in 1894, and fruited for the first time this year, many of them only bearing a few
specimens. They will require to be several years in bearing in order to determine their
respective or comparative merits in regard to yield. Also, it must not be understood
that these, or any of them, are recommended for planting in this district. That can only

120 FRUIX EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

be determined by several year's trial. A very severe winter may kill most of them. I
only describe them a9 they are this year, four years from planting. But they must have
further trial before recommending them.

Gueii. Tree, healthy, vigorous. Fruit medium to large, slightly oblong. Skin
daik blue covered with thick blue bloom. Suture obscure, lj inches diameter. Batin
shallow. Stalk J inch, slender. Flesh sweet, tender, dry, agreeable flavor. Stone;
medium, free. In bloom May 20tb. Ripe Aug. 30th. Very badly affected with plum
rot, fully a third of the fruit rotted, though sprayed with Bordeaux several times. Tree
very productive.

Union Purple. Tree upright, vigorous, healthy. Fruit large, If inches diameter
oblong ; suture, wide, shallow, obscure : stem J inc^, stcut, set in a deep narrow cavity ,
basin shallow ; skin, dark purple covered with a purple bloom. Flesb, greenish yellow,
juicy, rich melting aromatic; stone, large, cling. In bloom May 20th. Ripe Sept. 1st.
The best in point of quality yet tested.

Peter's Yellow Gage. Tree upright, vigorous, healthy. Fruit large, 1J inches
diameter, oblong, roundish ; >kin, greenish, deep yellow when fully ripe; stem 1 inch ;
cavity shallow: Suture, deep, distinct. Flesh greenish, yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; stone
large, cling. Very good to best. In bloom May 24th. Ripe Sept. 4th.

Prince of Wales. Tree upright, healthy, vigorous. Fruit large, \\ inche3 diameter,
rourded, slightly conical. Skin, white, overspread with pink, and covered a delicate
bloom, Oavity, broad, shallow ; suture obscure ; stem J inch Flesh, greenish-yellow,
sweet, juicy, agreeable ; flavor very good. Stone medium, cling. In bloom May 24th.
Ripe, Sept. 4th.

Pears. — For a number of yf ars little attention has been given to pears in this dis-
trict, owing to the belief that they, or most of them, were too tender to succeed here.
While this is true to a certain extent yet I believe pears can be grown here quite
successfully. Flemish Beauty is quite hardy here, and I am trying the experiment of
top grafting more tender varieties on them.

The Russian varieties growing here, viz., Baba, Bessemianka, and Bergamot, seem
as hardy as a Duchess apple. The fruit of these varieties I judge will not be up to the
mark in quality. One, the Bessemianka, bore a few specimens this year. They were
small and of poor quality. The others may be better, but I do not expect much in the
way of quality from Russian pears. Their value will be in their hardiness, and suita-
bility as stocks for top grafting. I am working on these, and a number of Flemish
Beautys planted for the purpose. Such varieties as Bartlett, Anjou, Sheldon, Lawson,
Lawrence, Clapps, Duchess, etc., and so far the experiment is provirg successful.

Duchess, grown here as a dwarf on quince roots is not satisfactory. Nurserymen
should never use quince roots for pears intended for Northern districts.

Apples, — Several varieties of apples fruited for the first time this season, descrip-
tions of which are given. One new variety, the Duchavoe, a Russian, is not described,
for the rr ason that it so closely resembles the Hare Pipka, described in a former report,
that I fail to see any difference in the two varieties. These two, with the Wolf River,
are all akin to the Alexander. They have the same size and color, same texture of flesh
and of about the same quality. Wolf River is if anything a little later. But all are
apparently of the same origin. They are all fine, large, clean, attractive looking fruit
of good cooking quality, and will be valuable as fall market apples.

There seems to be no new winter varieties that are likely to supersede such old tried
varieties as N. Spy, Baldwin, Greening, King, etc., in public favor, and 1 would strongly
advise those who are now planting out apple orchards in this section to plant such varie-
ties as Tolman Sweet, Gideon and Haas, and top graft them with the above varieties, as
they will in this way get the best and most valuable results in the line of winter apples.
The Spy is the most popular winter apple to-day in Canada and the States, and we can
never grow too many of them. They will never go begging for a market, and we are not
likely to get a winter apple that will ever supersede it. At the same time there is more
money in the Duchess than any winter apple, provided a market can be found for

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 121

them, e ven if sold for a low price ; I have had more profit from the Duchess than any
apple I have grown. And as long as I can find a market for them I will continue to
grow them. But we must have winter varieties as well, and the advice given above with
respect to varieties and the best and most profitable way to grow them is given from
practical experience.

Mcintosh Red, Fruit, rounded oblate, 2| by 3 inches in diameter, color dark red
when fully ripe slightly mottled with small light dots, stem short, set in a wide shallow
cavity, calyx closed, basin small. Flesh white tender juicy mild sub-acid. Oore small.
Resembles the Fameuse somewhat but much larger. The specimen here described is
probably above the average size being grown on a young tree.

Wolf River, Fruit large to very large, 3 \ by 4 \ inches in diameter ; roundish
oblate, slightly ribbed, skin greenish-yellow overspread with crimson when fully ripe,
with a few very small white dots. Stalk short, set in a deep russet cavity. Oalyx
nearly closed. Basin large deep often uneven. Flesh, white rather course, tender, mild,
subacid, good for cooking. Season a little later than Alexander of which it is said to be
a seedling, and which it r<sembles so closely that it is difficult to distinguish between
them. A very fine handsome apple valuable for market

Magog Red Streak, Fruit, medium to large, 3 by 3 \ inches, conical, slightly oblong.
Skin, greenish yellow, marked with minute black dots and partly shaded and streaked
with red. Stem short, stout, set in a medium cavity. Oalyx closed. Basin deep, cor-
rugated. Flesh yellowish, coarse, moderately juicy, sub-acid. Core medium.

The above fruits were grown on scions top grafted on seedlings and other trees and
would likely be larger than the same fruit grown under ordinary conditions. But the
shape, texture, flavor, etc., would be the same.

It must be remembered that the measurements given in these descriptions of fruit
&re of specimens grown on young trees and are no doubt larger than the same variety
would be when the tree gets older and begins to grow heavy crops. Therefore the
measurements here given, must not be taken as a true index ot the average size of the
fruit.

Also in giving the measurements of the season's growth of the varieties, the average
growth is given as near as possible of the present year. While this will give a fair idea
of the health and vigor of a tree, yet it is not always a sure index of the character of the
tree, as a tree of open spreading habit, will have longer growths on the leading limbs
than a closely brushy tree with fine willowy limbs, though perhaps not more vigorous.

G. C. Caston,

Experimenter.

REPORT OF BAY OF QCJINTE STATION, TRENTON.

There are several of the new and old varieties of pears and apples, the scions of which
were top grafted on bearing trees, that are fruiting, on which I give a few notes.

Apples.

Boiken. Top grafted on Royals Jennett in 1895, first fruit last year, large, 3 J B. 2f
H. Yellow, some ripe Nov. 20, and some did not mature until April. First fruit very
uneven in shape ; some fairly true, others ribbed. This year the shape is more true, color
light straw with a little flush cheek in sun ; numerous russet dots. None ripe up to this
date. Think they will keep better and mature more evenly. Abundant bearer.

White Pippin, grafted on Royals Jennett in 1895 ; fruited this year. Fruit whitish
yellow ; numerous grey dots, very firm yet ; subject to apple spot ; has not made very
-strong growths.

)Sf FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Scott's Winter, top grafted in 1894 ; first fruit in 1896 ; fruit not good. 1897 fruit
medium, true in form. Stored in fruit house, kept until April 15th, 1898. Fruit roun-
dish conical, striped, splashed with red, numerous russet dots ; pleasant sub-acid ; rather
small to be of much value.

Cooper's Market, top grafted in 1895. Two imperfect samples this year.

Peck's Pleasant, top grafted in 1895. One specimen.

Jefferis, top grafted in 1896.

Washington Strawberry, top grafted in 1895, and only one apple.

Akin, top grafted in 1895.

Bismarck, tree planted in 1896. One apple.

Utter 's Red, top grafted in 1895. First fruit in 1897, round ovate, whitish yellow,
with but very little streaks of red on side next sun, but not enough to attract attention-
Quality poor ; may improve, but the fruit is the same this season. Ripe now, Nov. 7 th.

Longfield, planted in 1894. First fruit last year. This year 15 apples, ripened in
September ; very good ; whitish yellow with red on side next the sun.

Winter Banana, top grafted in 1896. A few onesided specimens this year.

Wolf River, top grafted in 1894. About one peck of imperfect apples this year.

Switzer, top grafted in 1894. One apple ripened in September.

Pears.

Dr. Jules Guyot, two trees planted in 1895. One pear in 1896 ; one half peck in
1897. Similar in form to Bartlett, and nearly the same in color. Flavor clear sub acid,,
good. Did not fruit this year.

Manning's Elizabeth, three trees planted in 1895. Two specimens in 1897 ; six this
year. Fruit small, ripened in August.

Duchess Precoce, top grafted in 1895. Fruited in 1897, and this year a heavy crop
of fine, large pears ripened by September 20fch. Very promising.

Dorset, top grafted in 1895. Fruit this year, large, fine; not ripe yet (November 7th.>

P. Barry, top grafted 1895, fruited this year, medium size, a winter pear.

Idaho, top grafted 1895, first fruit 1897, large, a fair crop this year of large pears.
Some blight on limbs.

Plums.

Burbank is the only one fruiting, planted in 1895. Exceedingly rapid grower, and
formed fruit buds on the main body of the tree within one foot of the ground, and from
there all the way to the top of the branches. Game into bloom 2nd May ; fruit large,
fine, very attractive. Ripe 1st September.

Fertilizer Experiment.— In regard to the fertilizer experiment, the half acre | of
orchard selected in 1896 for fertilizer experiment is a mixed block, containing Greenings,
Baldwins, Seek no-further, Gravenstein, and one White Doyenne pear tree, all planted
seventeen years, and fruiting. The whole of that part of the orchard received in 1895 a
fair coating of bone meal, in 1896 the £ acre received 100 lbs. of bone meal. July,
crimson clover seed ; it came up good, but made very little top.

In the spring of 1897 all the clover was dead, plowed in May, sowed 100 lbs. bone
meal. In July sowed red clover seed ; it came up fine, made a good cover. On May the
20th plowed it under, clover two feet high, sowed 100 lbs. bone meal. July 20th sowed
50 lbs. muriate of potash together with crimson clover, but the weather was so dry that
the clover did not come up till the last of August, the ground is well covered at present,
November 4th.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 123

The surrounding block had in 1897 a thin coating of stable manure, in 1898 a light
dressing of ashes, about 40 bushels to the acre. Both blocks received the same thorough
cultivation up to time of sowing clover seed. The surrounding block was cultivated twice
after.

Results : The foliage was a little better color on the plot, no difference in growth,
fruit yield the same, the only difierence I could see was an added brightness in the fruit.

W. fl. Dempsey, Experimenter.

REPORT OF ST. LAWRENCE STATION, MAITLAND.

For 1898 I beg to acknowledge the receipt of the following trees and plants, viz . —

Apples. American Pippin, Parlin's Beauty, Rome Beauty, Starr, Scarlet Cranberry,
Winesap.

Pears. Bartlet Seckle, Eastern Belle, Petite Marguerite, Wilder.

Plums. Blood, Berckmans, Coe's Yiolet, Lombard Improved, Yellow Prolific, Nor-
mands, Stark's Green Gage, Seedling, Gold.

Apricot. Harris.

Grapes. Campbell's Early.

Currants. Pomona, Victoria Rd., Prince Albert.

All of which lived and made fair growth.

All the apples now on test, numbering about sixty varieties, have lived well and
made satisfactory growth with the exception of one tree of Downing's Winter Maiden's
Blush that was killed through accident. Yellow Transparent, planted 1896, and Magog
Red, planted 1897, blossomed and set a little fruit, but it did not reach maturity.

In my commercial orchard Fameuse, Scarlet Pippin, Golden Russet and Tolman
Sweet set well and gave a fair crop of well grown fruit.

Canada Red and Yellow Belleflower were white with bloom, but did not set two
per cent, of fruit. Other varieties did not bloom with me this year.

The annual record attached to this report shows very promising for plums and pears.
They are making a wonderful growth and have withstood the effects of two winters
without injury, with the exception of one or two cases of blight as shown in report.

The insects were the worst on record this spring. Tent caterpillars destroyed so
much foliage in unsprayed orchards that they looked as though they had been swept by
fire. Bud moths were so thick that they destroyed the opening buds on young trees,
killing them outright in some cases. Oyster shell bark louse are so thick that they
overlap completely, covering the limbs on many trees and even the fruit was covered in
the worst cases. Cigar case bearer and codling moth not bad. The black spot fungi
about as bad as in 1897.

Spraying Record for 1898.

April 18, 19. Sprayed Bordeaux and Paris green; buds opening.

May 11, 12. Sprayed Bordeaux and Paris green ; blossoms opening.

May 27, 28. Sprayed Bordeaux and Paris green; blossoms fallen, bud-moth doing
serious damage.

June 9, 10. Sprayed Bordeaux mixture and Paris green ; apples set fairly well,
spot showing badly on fruit, particularly on east side of tree.

June 16. Bordeaux ; spot checked and apples growing rapidly.

124 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

July 11. Bordeaux ; spot made no further development since June 10th.

July 11. Unsprayed apples all badly spotted around blossom end.

Results of being sprayed six times :

Fameuse. Sixty to 75% clean, well grown and colored; unsprayed, none clean,
small and misshapen.

Scarlet Pippen. One hundred per cent, clean, large and colored ; unsprayed, 50%
clean.

Golden Russet. One hundred per cent, clean ; unsprayed 60°/o clean.

Canada Red. Ninety per cent, clean ; unsprayed 30o/° clean.

Fameuse. Sprayed three times ; last spraying, made May 27, 10o/° clean.

Tent caterpillars were all destroyed with first and second sprayings and bud moth
checked, but the Bordeaux had no effect upon the oyster shell bark louse, the sprayed
trees are as badly infested as the unsprayed. The trees on the half acre of bearing apple
orchard that has been treated with twenty-five bushels wood ashes, 100 pounds of bone
meal and sown with ten to fifteen pounds of clover annually for two years are in a very
healthy condition and are making fair wood growth and setting fruit buds annually.

I can see no difference in the results between the above treatment and the plot under
annual cultivation with the application of five tons per acre barnyard manure in the late
fall. But both the above mentioned plots are in far better condition than the plot in
sod ; the bark is cleaner, wood growth more vigorous and foliage is of a dark green color,
and nearly double the size of the leaves on the trees in sod and a dry summer or fall
does not affect the foliage on the cultivated ground whereas the foliage on the trees in
sod turn yellow and drop off in many cases before frost. There is the same difference
to be noticed in the fruit, with the exception that the fruit in sod is higher colored than

on cultivated ground.

Harold Jones,

Experimenter.

REPORT OF STRAWBERRY SUB-STATION, FREEMAN.

The season of 1898 was very favorable for a good crop. The crop was an immense
one, and on account of this, no doubt, and strawberries having for two or three years
paid the best of all small fruits, an enlarged acreage was planted. Prices were low, but
the fancy berries brought a good figure. The fall of 1897 was favorable to the growth of
plants, so that very wide rows were made. These rows, if not thinned out and harrowed,
would produce a very large crop cf medium to small sized berries. The standard varieties
have held their place, while one or two new varieties have made a very favorable showing.

The Clyde did very well and easily stands at the head, the very best reports coming
from all places where it is grown and no unfavorable ones. In the list of those that did
the best with me I would place : Bubach, Haverland, Saunder's, Woolverton, Margaret,
Seaford, Nick Ohmer, Tennessee Prolific, Brandywine, Bisel, VanDeman, Beder Wood,
Glen Mary, Spleidid, Bismarck.

Among the new ones fruited for the first time are the following :

Bird. Imperfect blossom. A seedling of Manchester and Mount Vernon by W.
F. Bird, of Ann Arbor, Michigan. The plaut is quite healthy and a good grower, making
runners freely ; berry medium to large in size ; roundly conical ; scarlet in color ; flesh
pink, medium in firmness ; fine quality and quite productive. Worthy of a trial.

Cobden Queen. Imperfect blossom. A seedling of the old Wilson by John McOaf-
fery, of Oobden, Illinois. Is a good strpng grower, a good runner, but has some rust at
times. The berry is round, crimson in color, seeds red, flesh pink and medium in firm-
ness, fair quality, quite productive. No better than many others.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 125

Benoy. Perfect. Seedling of Bubach and Jessie by Mr. R. Benoy, of Indiana
Plant a strong robust grower, somewhat like Sharpless ; makes runners freely and free
fiom rust ; berry large as Sharpless, crimson; seeds red and imbedded, fljsh red, solid,
firm and good quality. Worth trying.

Earliest. Perfect blossom. Very much resembles the Michel's Early in every
respect, both in plant and fruit and season. If it is not the Michal's Early under a new
name it is a seedling so closely resembling the Michel's Early that I cannot distinguish
between them.

Geisler. Perfect blossom. Fine healthy plant and a good runner ; blooms very
early. The berry is large, bright dark scarlet ; flash light in color, medium in firmness,
and good quality ; oblong in shape. Worth a trial.

Hall's Favorite. Perfect blossom. A chance seedling grown by J. W. Hall, of
Maryland. Plant healthy, a good grower, plenty of runners. Berry medium to large in
size ; scarlet ; flesh light scarlet, solid and medium in firmness ; obtuse at end something
like Crescent : quality good ; medium in productiveness.

Jerry Rusk. Perfect bloom. Seedling from Bubach and Jessie, by Mr. Ran. Benoy,
of Indiana. Plant a good strong grower, healthy and free fro u rust, makes many plants.
The berry is rounding conical ; bright crimson ; golden seeds ; flesh red, medium in
firmness ; good quality and quite large and productive. Worth trying.

Jersey Market. Imperfect bloom. Introduced by J. T. Lovett, of New Jersey. This
variety was not in a good place, had not a fair chance, would not like to judge it by what
it did with me under unfavorable conditions.

King's Worthy. A seedling of E. W. Cone. The plant resembles the Bubach ;
healthy ; some 6ne large berries, but not productive enough.

Kyle No. I. Perfect bloom. A chance seedling ; plant small and does not stand
dry weather. The berry small and irregular, with neck. Not valuable.

Leheigh. Imperfect bloom. A good grower, coming from Pennsylvania, by W. B.
K. Johnson. Only medium in size ; quite productive. Not valuable here with me.

May-flower. A second Michel's Early ; about as good, no better.

Man-well. Perfect bloomer. Supposed to be a cross of Sharpless and Orescent by-
Allen D. Manwell, of Vinton, Iowa. The plant is a strong, healthy grower ; no trace of
rust j the berry is large, scarlet ; seeds pink,, imbedded ; the first berries sometimes
double and hollow ; medium in firmnese, quite productive and worthy a trial.

Mastodon. Imperfect bloomer. Sent out by Mr. Saltzer. Plant a stroDg, robust,
healthy plant, resembling the Bubach very much. & second Bubach in fact in all points
Berry is very large, beautiful bright scarlet, mediuifUn firmness. In looking at a box of
them you would say they are Bubach. I cannot distinguish between the two. It must
be a seedling very closely resembling irt?s parent Bubacn.

Sixteen Nick Ohmer. Perfect bloomer. A seedling of Middlefield. The grower is
Mr. €r. Beamer of Ohio. The plant is a strong, vigorous, healthy grower, making runners
freely, thus making a good row. 3The berry is large, roundly conical, bright crimson,
gold seeds prominent a beautiful looking berry ; flesh pink and firm ; very good quality
i«ad quits productive. A good one and worth trying.

Perfection. A seedling sent out by Mr. Saltzer. The plant is healthy and a good
grower ; the berry Is fair sized, with a neck ; very good quality j somewhat rough ;
medium in productiveness ; not very desirable.

Ponderosa* This is another seedling, I believe, of the Bubach. Plant healthy and
a good runner, making many plants. The berry is quite large, but rougb, resembling the
Glen Mary a good deal; dark crimson^ seeds golden and imbedded^ fleeh red; berry
solid and firm and of good quality ; quite productive. The berry is tike the Glen Mary.

126 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Seaford. Perfect bloomer. A chance seedling. The plant is a strong, vigoroup,
healthy grower, a good runner, making plants freely. The berry is large, crimson in
color, with golden seeds ; solid and firm ; flesh scarlet, very firm and very good quality.
A good one and should be tried by all strawberry growers.

Shire. Imperfect bloomer. The plant is healthy and is a good strong grower.
The leaves curl back like the Grenville The berry is medium to large; dark scarlet;
round in shape ; nVsh red, firm and good quality. Quite productive.

Seek-no- Further. Perfect bloom; by Mr. J. M. Wickiz-r. Another of the Babach
type, but not so good by a loDg way. I desire to give a further trial before finally pro-
nouncing upon it.

Two Teft Seedling. A good plant maker. A strong, healthy grower. Tha berry
is medium in size, round and somewhat irregular; scarlet is color with gold seeds pro-
minent ; flesh pink, of fair quality and medium in productiveness. There are many
others better.

Stahelin, Fred. Imperfect bloomer. A chance seedling found by F. C. Stahelin,
of Bridgeman, Micb. The plant is very vigorous and healthy, making plants very freely.
The berry is large, roundly conical ; bright light crimson in color with gold seeds ; flesh
pink ; medium in firmness, good quality and quite productive. Worth a trial.

Planters cannot go astray in planting any of the above varieties as recommended
worth a trial. The plants have not mado as vigorous a growth this season as last year
on account of the long, dry and very hot season. The rows are much narrower than
usual, but I expect the fruit will be finer and larger on that account.

E. B. Stevenson,

Experimenter.

REPORT OF GOOSEBERRY SUB-STATION, NANTYR.

The severe scourging the bushes received in 1897 when the foliage rotted early in
the season affected the fruitfulness this year and most varieties bloomed very sparingly.
Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl and Oregon Jumbo were less affected than any others and
bore a nice crop this year, Autocrat also escaped fairly well and bore a large crop of fine
berries. For eating, when ripe, this berry is hard to excel.

Spraying was commenced this year on March the 25th, by using four pounds of blue
stone to forty gallons of water. Spraying with Bordeaux and liver of sulphur was kept
up till fruit was fully grown, five sprayings being given.

No difference could be detected between those sprayed with Bordeaux and those
sprayed with liver of sulphur, all being affected upon foliage and some spots upon fruit.

Being convinced that spraying for mildew must be largely preventive, I shall spray
this fall with pure blue stone water, four pounds to forty gallons, and again in spring
before leaves come out.

In spraying with Paris green in Bordeaux for gooseberry worm, I find four ounces
of green to fory gallons not strong enough, so increased to six and to eight ounces to
forty gallons, or a coal oil barrel full before it had the desired affect. Foliage was not
injured.

Of the newer varieties under test, Red Jacket and Oregon Jumbo, which seem to be
identical, are cert*in]y the most vigorous, but so far aL'e not equal to Pearl in productive-
ness. Success and White Crystal and a variety called Red Champion are too small.
Crosby's Seedling is certainly a monster and a red one at that. It has vigor, too, which
is shown by its bearing a nice crop this year after the experience of 1898. Dominick
made a nice growth of wood but did not give a berry. Qieen, Ohautaaqua and White-
smith bore a few berries, each very much alike.

All my bushes made a fine growth of wood this season.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

127

In spraying nursery stock of gooseberries for mildew upon foliage, I find it is no use
spraying if mildew is permitted to get hold, as it turns the leaves affected black and they
soon rot and fall off. Prevention is not better than cure in this case, but is the only cure.

The Champion, when not affected by mildew, is tlje most productive variety yet
tested, and is fit to use green (for those who choose to use this fruit in this condition), at
least two weeks earlier than any other. It was badly affected with mildew in 1897, and
killed badly last winter as did Triumph.

S. Spillett,

Experimenter.

Sir, — I beg to report size and weight of some of the leading varieties :

Variety.

Autocrat

Ohautauqaa .......

Crosby's Seedling .

Champion

'Cook's Eagle

Downing

Green Chisel

Ingram's Ocean. . . .

London

Lancdolet

Red Jacket

Ontario

Pearl

Oregon Jumbo ....
Winham's Industry
Chance Seedling...

Size in inches.

Weight of 12 berries.

inches.

ozs.

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128

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

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FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

131

APPLES.

Kesults of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying, at Bay of Qainte Station, 1898.

Varieties.

Downing's Winter
Maiien's Blush . .

Shackleford

Barry

Western Beauty . . .

Walbridge

'Sultan's Beauty . . .

Star

Walter Pease

Beauty of Bath ....
Dudley's Winter. . .

Talman Sweet

Bismarck

Boiken

Peter

Newtown Pippin . .

Lankford

Aiken's Red

Milding

Yates' Red

Scarlet Cranberry .
Gano

When
planted.

May, 1896

May,

1897

May, 1898

Soil and cultivation.

Fertilizers used.

Sandy loam with clay sub- One quart bone meal

Pruning.

Results.

Date, me
thod & per-'.S

centage of Ixi
wood growth

removed.

soil ; cultivated till July
12th then sowed to buck-
wheat.

to each tree.

Apl

pd.

S 3

O

Co

OH
2frH
>

2\
20
25
23

26

in

13

30

30 !

32

20

12

20

17

14

IS

17

16

20

APPLES (Crabs). Tested at Simcoe Experiment Station.

T3
<u

S3

13,

a
©

£

95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95

96
96
96
96
96
96

Soi! and
cultivation.

Loam clean.
(<

t<

<«

u
(<

Loam c-ean.

( c

((
H

Fertilizers
used.

Pruning.

Insects.

to

<D

■s

t

o
u

13
14

18
14
15
11
13
18
15

Varieties.

Date, method and

percentage

of wood growth

removed.

Name.

Treatment.

©

1

GO
U

o
to

>

Crab Apples.

Telfer Sweet

Martha

Stable and
ashes.

(<
<<

<<

Stable and
ashes.

«<
(<
<<

June ; about one-
tifth removed.

Tent cater-
pillar, web
worm.

Bordeaux &
Paris grreen

6

7
9
7
7
5

Whitney

Paul's Imperial. . . .

Minnesota Winter..

Van Wycke

Picta Stricta

6

Quaker Beauty

9

Orion

7

Apricots.
Apricots . . .

Purple ,

15
16
22
21
22

7

8

10

Alexander

Alexia

Gibb

10
10

Nicholas

Apricots not troubled with either insects or fungi.

132

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

APPLES.

Tested at Simcoe Station.

O orS-e • P purpleTph., purplish Pa , pale ; R., red ; Rus„ russett ; Sp splashed or splashes
St" rtripSd'; »tr! ■ Btwaked ; Sta,,1 stained : San., sunny side ; Spo , spotted ; V., violet ; W., white ,.
Wh\, Whitish ; Y., yellow ; Yh., yellowish.

Varieties.

Uuchavoe

Mcintosh Red

Okabina

Magog Red Streak
Wolf River

Origin.

Ru^sja

Canada

Rusda

Vermont, U.S.
Wisconsin, U.S.

Fruit.

i — I OD

02

W

3 x3|
2|x3
2£ x 8ft
3 x3£

3ix4|

Foim.

Con ....
Rh.,Oh

R

Con. Obi
Rh. Ob.

Skin

Stem.

Yellow, overspread with Short, stout.

red.
Da. R Shorb

Lieht yellow, splashed with

red
Gh. Y., & haded and ttreak-

ed with red.
Gh. Y., ©verspread with

crimson.

Long, slen-
der.
Sh

Sh

Tested at Simcoe Station. — Continued.

Varieties.

Cavity,

Duchavoe

Mcintosh Red

Okabina

Magog Red Streak
Wolf River .. ...

Calyx.

D., N.. P. C...

.. c......

Sh.

Sh,

N.

D

....

Basin.

C

c

Partly closed

PI ...

Small
Sh...
Deep.

Fruit.

Large
deep rib

Core,
stone,
seeds.

Med .
Small
M ...
M ...
M ...

Flesh.

l Color.

Texture.

Flavor.

White
W ...
White
Yh.W
W ...

Coarse

Tender, juicy. . .

Tender, pleasant

Coarse, moder-
ately juicy.
Coarse

Sub-acid.
Mild, sub-acid
Sub-ac'd.
Sub-acid.
Mild, sub-acid.

FRTJET EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

133

*0T-I ai«os 'joSi^

050i»»XCOOOOOOCe000 3'.OC0505ffiN»OCOOO(»0>a5CO©00©00
HHHrtH iH rH i— 1 i— 1 tH

•saqoui m q^A\oj£)

!>COOOCOt>OONCOOOOlOO(DOlOOOO'*COOCO'*COOOOOiONCCOMOO
HrHHHHH(N(N(MlMNHWH?)HlMN(MHHrlHHHHHHHH(NH(NN

to

oo

1—1

d
.2

DO

CO

Healthy foliage ; no
damage fiom Tent
Caterpillar or other
leaf-eating insects ;
slight damage from
aphis .

Bore a few samples of
very fine, clean fruit.

A very strong grower.

'So

a

S3

fl •

CO •
CD *

ts ;

o •

CD .

ES.

ing, spraying, at Simcoe St

cd

s

T3-G
OS _

o £
fa fl

00

o

CD

03

a

M

e3 53
<U (D

Bordeaux

with Paris

green.

CD

s

Tent cat-
erpiller.
Aphis.

APPt

cultivation, prun

bi

'3

a
fa
fa

Date, method and

percentage of wood

growth removed.

•June ; pyramid
forms ; about J,
afterwards a few
twigs annually.

.2

00
■43

B

fa

cd

r^ ®
u P

fa

Stable and
ashes.

&

X
<x>

o

QQ
43

03

4S

Soil and cultivation.

Warm, rich loam,
with a retentive
sub-soil, or'ginally
very stoney ; small
fruits and other
hoecrops are grown
between rows of
trees.

m9
'fa

>

. o

1st

<3MCQ

a
\S

5
pq

81

pa§

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CD Q

Ah O
CD C

CQO

► 1

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fa

Gravenfetein

Gideon

Gano

Hastings

fl

CD

c

3

e

h-

2

Loogfield

Orel Not (Russian) . .

Ontario

Primate

• CD

• o

JS

CD O
fatf

Sweet Bough

Salome

Sherwood's Favorite

T3
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a
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13

134

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

An experiment showing comparative results with three leading varieties of apples

Four trees of each variety were selected, the Duchess as the leading early apple, the
Though I could not get them all of the same age, for the obvious reason that the Spy
them. Still it serves to show something of the comparative merits of the varieties.

APPLES. — Yield and selling price of three

Age.

-Q

a ti

03
03 O

ho

H

Cud

a

a

o

O
03

S

a

a

*o

03

4a

Q

Jai

a

'S

03

43
-u
eS

bt)

o

03
i

2

Id

Grade
per cent.

Variety.

1-i

03

1

3

CO

a
o

CO
00
09

eS

o

Four trees, Duchess

" " Wealthy ...
" " Northern Spy

11 yrs., planted in '87.
10 " " '88.
17 " " '81.

....

May 18...
May 25. . .
May 30. .

Aug. 20.
Sept. 25.
Oct. 15.

Aug. 20.
Sept. 25.
Oct. 15

4 bbls.
4 bbls.
8 bbls.

95%
50%
90%

5%
25%
10%

25%

All received same treatment as to

CHERRIES.

Habit.— D, Drooping; S., Spreading; U., Upright. Suture.— D., Distinct; L, Large; Ob., Ob-
Oblate; Ov., Ovate; Obo., Obovate ; Obi., Oblong; Obt , Obtuse; Pyr., Pyriform ; R., Round; Rh.,
row ; Sh , Shallow. Basin.— Ab., Abrupt ; Ang., Angular ; D., Distinct; Ev., Even ; Fur., Furrowed ;
Brownish; Bl, Blush; Bio., Bloom; Blot, Motched ; Br., Bright; C, Crimson; Clo., Clouded; D.,
ous; O., Orange; P., Purple; Ph., Purplish; Pa., Pale; R., Red; Rus., Russet; Sp., Splashed or
W., White ; Wh., Whitish ; Y., Yellow ; Yh , Yellowish.

Origin.

Fruit.

Varieties tested at Simcoe
Station .

+3

tr

Size in inches
of length and
breadth.

Form.

03

E
3

W

Skin.

Grenner Glass

Russia

.....

S
S
S

s

D
D

s

D

S

its
t

ftxH
U

R

Ob.

":

Da. R '.

R

Da. R., nearly black . .

Shattan Amarelle

R

Litham

Ob

R

Vladimir

English Morello

Slightly con.
R

Br. Red

Da. R

Red

Red

Ostheim

Germany . .
Russia

Bessarabian

R

R

Slightly con . .

Orel 24

Dye- House

Red

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

135

was made this year.

Wealthy as the leading fall apple and the Northern Spy as the leading winter variety,
would not be in bearing at the same age as the others, and I had to take them as I had
The results will be found in the tabulated statement. G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

varieties of Apples at Simeoe Station, 1898.

Storage.

>
CD

Q

Average price.

Place.

1

U

CD

a

Remarks on condition of cultivation, spray-
ing, manuring, etc.

$1.25, net$l perbbl.
net, $1.25 per bbl...
net, $2.00 per bbl . . .

sprayed with Bourdeaux, cultivated, manur-

ed with clover and ashes,
trees overloaded, and half the fruit too small

shipped in October

to be salable,
very fine samples of fruit, very clean and
large.

cultivation, fertilizing, etc., etc.

CHERRIES.

Bcure ; Obs , Obsolete. Form.— A.O., Acute; An., Angular; Con, Conical ; Cor., Corrugated; Ob.,
Roundish; Tur., Turbinate. Cavity —Ac, Acute; Acu., Acuminate; B., Broad; D., Deep; N., Nar-
Pl., Plaited ; Rib., Ribbed; Wr., Wrinkled ; W., Waved. Color.— A., Amber ; B., Brown ; Bh.,
Dots; Da., Dark ; F., Fawn ; G., Green ; Gh., Greenish ; Mar., Marbled ; Mot., Mottled ; Nu., Numer-
Splashes; St, Striped; Str., Streaked; Sta., Stained ; Sun., Sunny Side; Spo., Spotted; V., Violet;

Fruit.

I .-a

i >

Sh...

M

M .
M .
Sm
Sm
M .
M .
M .
Sm
M .

Color.

Da. R..
Da. R. .
Da. R.
Da. R..

R

R

Wh....

R

Wh. R .

Texture.

Juicy
Red, juice,

Firm

Flesh.

Flavor.

Sour.

Pleasant.

Fair to small.

Juicy, sour.

Pleasant when fully ripe.

Mild sub-acid.

Firm, mildly acid.

Sub-acid.

136

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

HO) »C N t£>

H« HttHN

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FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

137

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138

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BLACKBERRIES.

Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying, at Burlington Station, 1898»

A. W. Peart, Experimenter.

Varieties.

Agawam

Ancient Briton . . .

Child's Tree

Dorchester

Early Cluster

Early Harvest. . .

Early King

Eldorado

Erie

Gainor ...... .

Kittatinny

Lovett'a Best

Maxwell

Minnewaski

Ohmer

Snyder

Stone's Hardy.

Taylor

Wachusetts ......

Western Triumph
Wilson's Early . . .
Wilson Junior . . .

When
planted,

1895
1897
1897
1896
1895
1895
1896
1896
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1897
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1896
1897

Soil and
culti-
vation.

.Sg

be-
ll s

S 3 ti

!?§■

g §M

d

iH

iH

<D

Fertili-

a

is

zers

JS

09

used.

o

p

bo

o

>
9

7

5

7

5

7

7

9

7

9

5

7

5

7

<£

6

8

fi

7

9

a

eB

a

8

9
10

XI

6

8

-2

3*

5

eB

43

6

8

72

7

9

5

7

54

7

7

9

7

9

n

9

5

7

8

10

Fruniog,
date, method
and per-
centage of
wood growth
removed.

.s © s s

a>.£2 3

^Oboo
2 bc> «

H fl o 5j

w is a^o

Sfg §~

.3.2 A««
§5*13

-CO <» 05

d5

Results.

Yield and selling price of varieties of blackberries at Burlington Station, 1898.

Varieties.

a

a

eB

a

o

o

O

<d bib

a.s
p

June 8
" 8
" 8
" 7
■• 11
" 11
«• 8
•' 6
" 13
" 13
" 10
" 11
" 11
" 10
" 11

9
" 8
" 8
11 8
" 6
" 13

4

it

CJ
eB

a

"o

II?

July 27
" 27
" 20
" 23
" 25
" 13
" 12
" 23
" 23
■• 23
11 23
»' 30
" 20
" 25
11 23
" 18
" 23
" 23
M 23
" 23
11 20
" 20

Date of gather-
ing berries
(first and last).

Ju'y 27— Aug. 10

M 21— " 5

■■ 20— " 6

11 23— " 6

" 25— " 10
i. 13_ « 1

" 12— " 1

" 23— " 5

" 23- " 5

•« 23— " 5

" 23— " 15

" 30— " 10

" 20— " 1
i. 25_ «, 5

11 23— ■« 5
" 18— " 1

" 23— " 5

ii 23_ «« 5

" 23— " 10
" 23— " 5
" 20- " 5
" 20- " 5

IS

u

6
o
'u

CJ

be
2

>

<

Remarks on condi-
tions of cultivation,
spraying, manur-
ing, etc.

Agawam

1895
1897
1897
1896
1895
1895
1896
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
1896
1897

Sib.

very few
<(

1

1
$

I

very few
t«

I

i

very few

6

"7*
7

'*8'
8

"6
"7

this district
atiher— three
skberry crop
many varie-
The Early
v, Agawam,
ardy seemed
ted the best;
full crop.

Ancient Briton

Child's Tree

Dorchester

Early cluster

Early Harvest

Early King

«5j8^ . £M'3 «

Eldorado

Erie

Gainor

Kittatinny

0 rain i
ntil Sep
'eneral b
berries (
3 bushes
Kitt-itii
Stone's
ty and f r
cent, of

Lovett's Best

,. „ ©J3t3 c fl 5 S

Maxwell

Minnewaski

Ohmer

Snyder

Stone's Hardy

Taylor

Wachusetts

S |1 ?* 1 1 1 1

«- O O eS S^ — \T 0

Western Triumph

Wilson's Early

Wilson Junior

h

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

139

CHERRIES.

Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying, at Simcoe Station, 1898.

43

a

<D

1894
1894
1894
1894
1894

1894
1894
1894
1896
1896
1896

Soil and
cultivation.

Fertilizers used.

Pruning,

i

rO

a
a
A

-*3

2

18

Variety Dwarf Cherries.

Date, method and percentage of
wood growth removed.

©

1

r-t

1

m

c
>

Clay loam

Stableand ashes.

a t<

it («

(1 {<

May ; dwarf ; thinned out about Jth

9

Brusseler Braum

18

9

Griotte Du Nord

20
19
18

16

0

Luetuvka

9

Orel 24

9

Half Standard
Cherbies.

May ; dwarf ; thinned out about &th

8

15 7

(<

18 9

<(

15 7

it

16 8

Orel ..

««

;i7i 8

140

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CHERRIES—

HlRrT n Dmnninff- S Soreadine : U., Upright; St., Stout; SI., Slender. Sdture— D., Distinct;

^B^7^^S^hBiSTo^OYaitoiPol, Ovate'; Obo., Obovate ; Obi Oblong ; Obt. Obtuse ;
R Broad- D Deep- N, Narrow; Sh., Shallow. BASIN-Ab., Abrupt ; Ang Angular ; D,
Color-A ' Amber b'., B own; Bh. Brownish; Bl., Blush; Bio., Bloom ; Blot,, Blotched ; Br.,
Moroon • Mar Marblerl ; Mot., Mottled; Nu., Numerous; 0., Orange ; P., Purple ; Ph., Purplish ;
S^n.^ V., Violet; W., White; Wh., Whitish ; Y„ Yellow ; Yh., Yel-

Varieties tested
Maplehurat .

Origin and class .

Centennial
Cboisy

Cleveland

Coe

Dwarf Rocky Mt

Dye House

Eagle

Early Purple . . .
Elkhorn

Elton

Eugenie _.

Governor" Wood

1 ; Duke .

Ohio; Big.

Habit of
tree.

up., fas.

Fruit.

Size in

inches of

length and

breadth.

Form.

Suture.

ob.,h iod

st., sp |gx 15-16 ..

!r., sp

England; Big.

Europe ; B . . .
Eur. ; Big....

Cleveland, Ohio

Hortense

Kentish (late) .
Koslov Morello

Late Duke

Magnifique —

May Duke

Mazzard

Mezel

Montmorency

Montmorency.Ordinaire. .
Napoleon

u., s. .

U., St.

u., fas.
r., reg,

13-16 x 15-16
|x|, ...

h., sides unequal
r , reg'r

d .
obs

# x 3-16

e. to m .

Ohio .
Olivet.

England or France

Bigarreau (of Mezel),

Europe .
Montmorency, France

Ostheim ,

Philippe

Richmond . .
Rockpo't . .
Royal Duke.

Schmidt

Spanish

Tartarian
Windsor .

obt., h. ..

acute, h

h., hollowed at
apex.

h., irreg,
obt., h.

obs

r., flattened.

15-16x1.
m. to 1 .

Russia

si. , sp

Morellobush

Europe

Europe to America, 1800

Wragg

Ontario, Canada.
Waukee, Iowa. . .

r . , obt. , h
r.,h

obt , h., uneven

r . , flattened at
base.

ob

lxl obt., h.

trac'able

11-16 xf.

s. to m. .

sp.

r., slightly flat- obs

tened.
r.,obt ..-.

obs .

I x 11-16 .. r., obt., h

I

15-16x1....
m

r., obt., h
r

ob.

obs

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

141

DESCRIPTIVE TABLES.

L., Large; Ob., Obscure; Obs., Obsolete. Form— Ac, Acute; An., Angular; Con., Conical ; Cor., Cor-
Pyr., Pyriform ; R., Round ; Rb., Roundish; Tur., Turbinate. Cavity— Ac, Acute ; Acu., Acuminate;
Distinct; Ev., Even; Fur., Furrowed; PI., Plaited; Rib., Ribbed; Wr., Wrinkled; W., Waved.
Bright; C, Crimson; Clo., Clouded; D., Dots; Da., Dark; F., Fawn; G., Green; Gh., Greenish; VI.,
Pa., Pale ; R., Red ; Rus , Russet ; Sp , Splashed or Splashes ; St., Striped ; Str., Streaked ; Sta., Stained;
lowish.

Fruit.

Stem.

Cavity .

Flesh.

Skin.

Color.

Texture .

Flavor.

•

car . „

br. r. m., dark rich red in

sun.
b. shining a., nearly covered,

b. r. blotched.

st. 1 J to li
H

d

b. d. corr. . .
m . b

1. r

1. cream

pale yh

soft, juicy

tender, juicy . . .
soft, juicy

sweet, very rich,
with delicate "ro-
ma, most deli-
cious.

sweet, delicious

d. r., becoming almost blk.

d. r. to b

dark moroon

14 to if . .
*k

u

s

large, even .

d. P

r. to purple

dark crimson . . .

tender and juicy

tender, juicy

firm, juicy

very sweet, rich,
and delicious.

sweetand pleasant.

sweet, rich, pleas-
ant.

br. carmine

1. y. marbled aiid shaded
with 1. to d. r.

si. n

1 to n . . .

d

b

1. r Jfcoft, juicy

yh .tender, juicy

mild, acid, sgr'able.
sweet, aromatic,de-
licious.

b. r

m

tender, juicy. . . .

very acid.

b. r. to d. r. ,

i| to 2 ...

r tender, very juicy

sub-acid, very good-

b

long and
slender.
Hto2....

li to H,

sh

d. r. to b

b. to d. r

m. d

m. d

r

yh

firm, breaking

juicy,
soft, very juicy. .

sweet and good.

sprightly, tart, mild:
when very ripe.

a., blotched or suffused with

li

very pale yellow

firm, meaty, fair-
ly juicy.

sweet, agreeable.

bright r.

dark rich crimson

11

11 tol|...

b

1. r

soft, juicy

tender, juicy,
melting.

mild, acid, ague-
able.

almost sweet when
ripe, agreeable.

red to dark r

d. r. cling

b. to d. r

1

yh .soft, very juicy .

sprightly, tart.

clear waxen a., nearly cov-
ered with r. sun.

11 to 2....

b

pa. y ....firm, breaking

juicy.

sweet, pleasant, de-
licious.

d. r. to b

b. r. growing almost b. at
maturity.

n

If to 2

m. d

yh. with rh. tint very firm, mod-
d. r 1 . . . .

rich, sweet, excel-
lent.

142

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

il«B

"5 £ ©2

cd

3
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FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

143

Maturity, Season and Yield of Oherries at Maplehurst, 1898.

Age since
planting.

2 yrs

>>

p

4a

Season.

2

Grade
per cent.

a5

o

ft

>
<

8

Varieties.

1-5

CO
03

5

03

m
cS

o

Remarks on conditions

of cultivation, spraying,

manuring, etc.

June 15 to 25

Choisy

Dyehouse

Eagle . . .

2 yrs . . .

June 22 to July 2 or 4
June 20 to ....

3 yrs. . .

July 8
" 15

July 4 to

Elkhorn

40 yrs ... .
20§ yrs...

July 11 to

Early Purple . . .

June 12 to 20 .

12 its

8

4

With cultivation and spray-
ing, one of the best late
varieties for market .

g taken by bugs, g by birds
and rot.

Knight's Early .
Late Duke

3 yrs

June 26 to July 10 (no
worms)

2 yrs

May Duke

July 15 to July 6 . . .

Mezel

30 yrs ...

July 2 to 15

July 2 or 3

108

100

A grand cherry if w41 cul-
tivated and enriched.

Montmorency . .

M. Ordinaire . .

July 2 or 3

Ohio

3 yrs

June 16 to July 4 . . .

Olivet

June 24 to July 5 . , .

Richmond

3 yrs

June 24 to July 4. . .

Royal1 Duke. . . .

June 30

Tartarian

3 vrs

June 28 to July 6 . . .

9

Windsor

30 yrs

July 6

Wood

30g yrs...

June 20 to 30

g thinned by cherry rot
while very small ; con-
trolled bv Bordeaux.

144

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

VIGOR OF CHERRY TREES.

As thown af^er three season's growth at Maplehurst, 1898.

RocUoott Bigarreau
Eikhorn

Elton

Yellow Spanish
Empress Eugenie
May Duke
Sehmitz Bigaireau
Early Purpie
Governor YVood
Winds
Cleveland
Ohio Beauty
Belle de Choisy

Ida

Black Tartarian

Black Tartarian Improved

Downer's ;.at9

Reine Hortense

Royal Duke

Late Duke

Black Eagle

Montmorency

Olivet

Englsh Morello

Wrag£

Belle Magnifique

J3entenni. 1

Montmorency Ordinaire

AGE OF BEARING FRUIT.
First fruitage of cherry trees in the experimental orchard at Maplehuist.

Two yeara planted.

Clevelaivd.
Dyehouse.
English Morello.
German Ostheiin.
King's Amarelle.
Suda Hardy.
Spat-} Amarelle.
Wragg.

Three years planted.

Black Tartarian.
Black Eagle.
Belle Magnifique.
Belle de Choisy.
Empress Eugenie.
Elton.

Governor Wood.
Late Duke.
Montmorency.
May Duke.
Ohio Beauty.
Oh vet.
Purple.

Heine Ho. tense.
Royal Duke.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

145

5a

£J2

a> o

a *■*

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Fine . . .

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Very ac
Acid . .
Fine . . .
Very aci

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146

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CURRANTS.

Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying, at Burlington Station, 1898.

A. W. Peart, Experimenter.

Variety.

a

-a

I*

Belle de St. Giles 1896

Black Victoria. ]]&*>

Brayley's Seedling 189b

Champion

1895

riViprrv •• ;1896

Colling Prolific |1896

Fay's Prolific jl896

Lee's Prolific '1896

Naples

New Victoria

North Star

Pomona

Raby Castle

Red Cross

Red Dutch

Red Victoria

Saunders

Versailles

White Grape

White Imperial

Wilder

1897
1896
1897
1896
1896
1897
1896
1897
1896
1896
1896
1896

-?oil and
culti-
vation.

^ O c3 S
Dp 8 u,

-fi a a ss

,s*s a

an Q K,«*n
0) ■-> at c*

§ * S §

e8 6 3

°- S - o

^ o 5 o

Fertili-
zers
used.

Pruning,
date, method
and per-
centage of
wood growth
removed.

Insects.

Name

3

d S3 O

■ssfS

03 CO > ©
03 e8 gj CO

O oo +3 C5

S B =3 ^
"^ 05 03 -*a
05 ■£ tt3

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§ S3 * «

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Treat
ment

Fungi.

Name

Treat
ment,

K

eS 05

Q

CO a

5aS5

* fl 05

•« w .S-

S 2 a

a 05
«_ 0.' fl

Re-
sults.

O o

7
9
7

10
8

10
6
8
9
7
7
7
8
7
8
8
9
7

Yield and selling price

of varieties of currants at Burlington Station, 1898

Variety,

Belle de St. Giles
Black Victoria
Brayleys Seedling

Champion

Cherry

Collin's Prolific
Fay's Prolific
Lee's Prolific

Naples . .

New Victoria
North Star
Pomona
Raby Castle
Red Cross
Red Dutch
Red Victoria
Saunders
Versailles
White Grape
White Imperial
Wilder

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

147

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bf.^3

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148

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

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152

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PE4CHES.

k

Origin.

Tree.

Varieties tested at South-western
Station.

1
W. W. Hilborn, experimenter.

©

i—i

iH

H

& O

> i-H

tH *

3 ov 03

"2 *"*

P a «

be

.a

o §

<

Form.

Ill

9

8

8

8

9

8

9

9

9

8

8

8

9

7

8

8

8

9

8

7

8

9
8
9
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9

9

9

8

9

9

8

9

8

8

9

7

8

9

5

8

9

10

9

9

10

6

9

10

10

9

8

8

8

9

6

9

9

9

9

8

8

8

10

9

7

9

7

10

10

8

10

9

9

10

8

5

10

6

9

10

6

8

9

10

9

10

10

7

9

10

10

9

7

8

7

9

4

10

8

8

10

8

9

7

1.0

10

6

10

1

5-6

5-6

8-10

5-6

8-9

7-8

5-6

8-9

9-10

5-8

6-8

46

6-8

8-9

45

8-9

5-6

8-9

4-5

5-8

8-9

78

5-8

310

5-6

7-8

7-8

6-7

8-9

7-9

7-9

8-10

8-9

7-8

5-6

6-8

7-9

5-6

4-5

7-9

5-7

8-9

R

Barnard

Brigden

Ill

R

9

O

Mich

R

Ont

R

Mich

Ont

R Ov.

Canada Early

Crawford Early

Crawford Late

Crosby

Champion

N.J

N. J

Mass

Ill

ROv.
ROv.

R

R

9

R

Mich

R

Elberta

Ga

O

9

R

Ont

R Ov.

Mich

9

R

Hale's Early

Ohio

N. Y

N. J

Hill's Chili

Jersey Pride

Jacques Rareripe

Longhurst

ovc

ROv.

Mass

Ont

OVC

Ohio

ROV

Mich

R

Mas3

R.

B

N. J

R

New Prolific .

Mich

Am

R
R

River's Early .

Eng ,

R

N. J...

N. J

O V

ov

Eng

R

Mich

R

Am

N. Y

Ont ■.

Ohio

A.m

N. Y

N. Y

R

R

Tyhurst...

R

Toledo Early

R

Yellow Rareripe

R

OV

O V

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

153

PEACHES.— Con.

Fruit.

Skin.

Color.

WR

Y R

Y R

Y R

Y R

Y R
WR
YR
YR
YR
WR

Y

YR
YR
YR
YR

Y

Y Y
G W R

YR
YR
YR
YR

Y
WR

W
YR
WR
YR
WR
CW
YR
YR
YR
YR
YR
WR

Y

G W R

YR

Y
YR

Seeds or stone.

Flesh.

Color. Flavor.

Cling .
Free . . .
Free . . .
Free . . .
Free . . .
Free . . .
Cling . .
Free . . .
Free . . .
Free . . ,
S Cling
Free . . ,
Free . . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free . . .
Free . . ,
Free . . .
S Cling
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free . . ,
Free . . .
S Cling
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free .
S Cling
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
Free . .
S Cling
Free . .
Free . .
Free ..

W

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
W
Y
Y
Y
W
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
W
YR
Y
Y
Y
Y
W

w

Y
W
Y
W
W
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
W
Y
W
Y
Y
Y

Medium

Good

Good

Good

Very good

G^ood

Medium

Good

Good ,

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Very good. . .
Med to good .

Good

Medium

Med to good.

Good

Medium

Med to good .
Med to good .

Medium

Good

Good

Good

Very good . . .
Very good . . .

Good

Medium.

Medium

Good

Good

Very good . . .

Medium

Good

Medium

Good

Good

Good

Season.

Begin to ripen,
July 23 ... .
Aug. 29 ... .

" 18 ....

" 25 ... .

Oct. 1

Aug. 14 ... .

July 23

Aug. 24 ... .
Sept, 15....

" 10....
5....

" 8....

Quality.
Sca!e 1-10.

Value.
Scale 1.10.

"

8....

"

12.. .

(«

4...

Aug.

28 ... .

Sept.

19....

< i

4....

Aug.

14 ... .

Sept.

12....

(<

6....

< i

12....

i<

12...

<<

28....

Aug.

15 ....

Sept.

12....

Oct.

5

Aug.

24 ... .

Sept.

6 ....

"

1 ....

Aug.

5 ....

Sept.

30.... 1

Oct.

2

«(

10

Sept.

3 ....

Aug.

14 ... .

Sept

28....

•<

8 ....

Aug.

15 ... .

Sept

6 ....

it

8 ....

<(

1 ....

3-6
7-8

9
6-7
8-10
8-9
3-6

9

9

8
8-10
56
8-9
7-8
5-6

10
6-7
8-9
5-6
5-8
8-9
5-6
5-8
5-7

3
7-8
7-8
7-8
9-10
8-10
6-8
5-7
68
7-8
6-7

10
5-6

8
5-6
8-9
5-7
9 10

9

9
10

10

9

7

10

9

9

5

8

9

7

8

9

3

8

9

8

10

8

6

8

10

8
9
5
10

8
10

a s
o a

H

3
7

10
7

10
9
3
9

10
9
5
6

10
10
5

10
7

10
4
8

10
8
8
8
3
6
8
6

10
6-8
6

2

7

10

8

10

9

2

9

10

9

3

7

10

10

5

10

7

10

4

8

10

4
6
8
6
10
5-8
5

6

6

10

8

6

6

7

7

4

4

10

9

6

6

10

1(

154

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PEA.RS.

Habit.

D. — Drooping.
S. — Spreading.
U —Upright.

Form.

Ac. — Acute.
An.— Angular.
Con. — Conical.
Cor. — Corrugated.
FJa. -Flattened.
Ob.— Oblate.
Ov.— Ovate.
Obo. — Obovate.
Obi.— Oblong.
Obt.— Obtuse.
Pyr — Pyriform.
R —Round.
Rh. — Roundish.
Tur.— Turbinate.

Cavity.

B.— Broad.
D.— Deep.

N. — Narrow.
Sh.— Shallow.

Tested by E. C. Beman,

Basin.

Ab.— Abrupt.
Ang. — Angular.
D. — Distinct.
Ev.— Evpn.
Fur. — Furrowed.
Pi.— Plaited
Rib. -Ribbed.
Sh. -Shallow.
Sm. — Smooth.
Wr.— Wrinkled.
W.— Waved.

Varieties.

Origin.

Ananas d'Ete

Bartlett

Bergamot, Gansel's

Bergamot, Gansel's, late

Belle Lucrative

Beurre Assomption

Beurre Bosc

Beurre Bachelier

Beurre Baltet Pere

Beurre Clairgeau

Beurre d'Anianlis

Beurre d' Anj m

Beurre d'Aremberg

Beurre de Mortillet ....

Beurre Diel

Beurre Gris

Beurre Golden of Bilboa

Beurre Goubalb

Beurre Hardy

Beurre Oswego . ......

Beurre Robin

Beurre Superfine

Blanc Perne

Black Worserter

Bloodgood

Bonne d'Egee

Bon Chretien, Summer . .

Brandywine

British Queen

Buffum

Catillac

Calixte Magnot

Church

Clapp's Favorite

Comet

Dana's Hovey ....

Dearborn's Seedling. . . .

Dix

Doyenne Boussock

Doyenne d'Ete

Doyenne Goubalt

Doyenne Gris

Doyenne White

Duchesse d'Angouleme .... I

Duchesse de Bordeaux I

Duchesse Precoce |

Holland

England

England
England
Belgium . . .
France . .
Belgium. ......

France

Francs

Nantes, France

Belgium

France

Belgium

France

Belgium

France

Spain

France ,

Oswego, N.Y. ..
Angers, France
France

N.Y.

England . .
Long Island

France

France

Pennsylvania . . .

England

Rhode Island

France

France

New York

Dorchester, Mass

Roxbury, Mass
Boston, Mass .
Boston, Mass .

Belgium

Belgium

France

France

France

France

France

France

Fruit.

Size.

Large

XJ

L

Med
M
L
L
M
L
L
M
L
M
L
L
M
M
Sm
M
M
M
M
M
L

Sm
M
L
M
M

Form.

Skin.

obt.. pyr

obi., pyr . ..

obl.,fla

obi., r

obv., obt., pyr. .

obi., pyr

pyr., long neck .

obo., pyr .

obo., obt., pyr . .

pyr

obo

obt., pyr

short, pyr

obt., pyr

thick, pyr

obi , obo (yh., some rus

obo., pyr golden y

round, obo Igh., y

y.,bl

y

y.,b

g., rough

yh., g

y. and r

da , y. and rus. ....

gh., y

gh., y. with b. cheek.

yh., b. and r

dull yh., g

gh. rus , red'jsh cheek

&h-> 7-r-v

y., c. cheek

y., some rus

obo., pyr
obt., obo . ,

r , obi

rh., pyr . .
obo., pyr . .
I obo., pyr . .
tur., obo . .
obt., pyr . .
obi., pyr. . .

pyr

obo., pyr .
Sm jobl., obo. . .
L I broad, tur

obo., pyr . .

r., obi

obo., ov .. .

obo., pyr . .

obo., pyr . .

r., pyr

obi., pyr. . .

r., obo

r., obo

obo , pyr .

ov., obo . .

obt., obo. . .

obi., obo. . .

obt., pyr . .

pyr

gh., b. and rus.
gh. , y. and rus
gh., y. and rus.

Rh., y

gh., y

d , russety g. . .
y., some rus. . .
gh., y. and rus.

y., o , bl

gh , y

y. and rus

deep y and r. .
y., b. cheek. . . .

gh., y

gh.,y

pa.; y . and r. . . ,
rich y. and r . . . .
gh., y. and rus

light y

y. and rus

deep y. and r . . ,

y. and r ,

pa., y. and rus.
cinnamon ius. . ,
pa., y. and red. ,
gh., y. and rus..

y. and rus

lemon, y. and r.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

1 55

Newcastle, Ont.

A. — Amber.
B. — Brown.
Bh. — Brownish.
Bl.— Blush.
Bio. — Bloom.
Blot.— Blotched
Br.— Bright.
C. — Crimson.
Clo.— Clouded.
D.— Dots.
Da.— Dark.

F. —Fawn.

G, — Green,

PEARS.

Color.

Gh.— Greenish.

Mar. — Marbled.

Mot.— Mottled.

Nu. — Numerous.

O. — Orange.

P.— Purple.

Ph.— Purplish.

Pa— Pale.

R— Red.

Rus. — Russet.

Sh.— Shaded.

Sp. — Splashed or Splashes.

St.— Striped.

Str. — Streaked.
Sta. — Stained.
Sun. — Sunny Side.
Spo.— Spotted.
V.— Violet.
W.— White.
Wh.-Whitish.
Y.— Yellow.
Yh.— Yellowish.

Fruit.

1| stout

£ 8tOUt .
1

u

14

l

i

1 stout .

u

^ stout .

f stout ;

1 8tOUt .

l'J stout
l| stout

lj.. .
1J-. ..

1 atout .
| stout .

1*

1£ stout

1;

1

1;

1J stout

1
1

1 stout

ll

1

1

I!::::

1 stout

li ....

1

lit BtOUt

i::::::

Sh . ...

Sh

B

N ... .

: ..._

no cavity.
Sh. .
N ......

no cavity.

Sh

Sh

Sh

Sh

B

no cavity.

Sh

Sh

Sh.. ..

D

B

no cavity.

Sh

no cavity,
no cavity.

B

Sh

Sh

N

Sh

N

Sh

N

S

s

s

open

open

open, small,
large, open .
hort, open,
large, open .
small.

partly closed
iarge, open .
open, short,
open, broad,
small, open,
-.hort, small ,

S ...
B .
S ...
S ...
N...
S ...
D...
none
S ...

open

closed ....

closed

small, closed

large .

large, open .

closed

partly closed
partly closed

large

erect

open

small, open.

large

open

small

small

small

open

small. . .

closed

open

open

small

open

small, open

small

small, closed
small, closed

small

open .....
small

Flesh.

Color.

sh

sh., pi ,

br. , sh ,

sh

mad. depth

med

sh

h

med. depth

sh

sh

sh., smooth

d., n

sh

sh., br

sh

h

sm .........

sh

h

b

very sm...
sh

sh

sh

sh

sm

wide, deep.

sh

b.,sh

sh., pi

sm . . .

sh

sh

sh

sh

sh

sh ....
sh ....
uneven
med. . .
sh

yh....

yh....
wh

w

w

yh., w.
gh., w.
w

wh . .
yh., w.

yh., w.

yh

w

yh., w.

w

reddish

w

w

w

w

w

w

yh., w.
w

w

Texture.

Flavor.

buttery and melting, sweet, high flavor.
fine grained, buttery sweet, aromatic,
melting, juicy . . . sweet, rich.

juicy, granular vinous, astringent.

very juicy, melting. . sugary, rich,
juicy, half melting .vinous, acid.

juicy, buttery rich, sweet, aromatic.

juicy, ii elting vinous.

juicy, breaking
juicy, granular. .
juicy, melting
juicy, melting . .
buttery, melting
juicy, mrlting
coarse grained, juicy

sweet.

vinous, variable.
sweet, variable,
rich, vinous,
vinous, sub-acid-
sweet, aromatic,
sweet, rich.

melting, juicy |vinous, acid.

fine grained, melting

melting, juicy

melting, juicy

melting, juicy

coarse, juicy

juicy, melting

crisp, juicy

hard and coarse. . .

buttery, melting

juicy, melting

c >arse, juicy

juicy, melting

fine grained

buttery, rather dry . .

hard, coarse

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, melting .

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, granular

outtery, juicy

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

fine grained, melting
fine grained, melting
buttery, juicy. . . .
moderately juicy .
juicy, melting . . .

vinous, acid,
sweet, not rich.
sugary, vinous,
sweetish, vinous,
vinous, f-romatic.
vinous, sub-acid,
sweetish,
astringent,
rich, aromatic,
supary, rich,
sweet, musky
sugary, vinous,
sugary,
sweet,
very poor,
insipid,
sweet, rich,
sweetish, vinous,
very poor,
sugary, aromatic,
sweet, sprightly,
rich, sweet,
sweet, aromatic,
sweet, pleasant,
sweet

rich, perfumed,
rich, high flavor,
usually poor,
sweet, pleasant,
sub-acid.

156

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PEARS. — Continued.

Varieties.

Origin.

Flemish Beauty

Forelle

Fondante de Malines

Garber

Glcut Morceau

Goodale

Graslin

Harvard

Howell

Idaho

Jaminette

Jargonelle English

Jones

Josephine de Malines . .

Kieffer

Kirtland

King Sessing

Lawrence

Louise Bonne de Jersey

Madeline

Marshall

Madame Eliza .

Mons. Herberlin

Mount Vernon

Nouveau Porteau

Onondaga

Osband's Summer

Ott

Passe Colmar

Paradise d'Antomne . . .

Pitmaston

Pound

Pratt

Rostiezer I ;

Rutter I Pennsylvania . .

Seckel | Philadelphia, Pa

Sheldon I Wayne Co., N. Y

Mass.

Roxbury,

Belgium

Conn

New York

Pennsylvania

Belgium

Belgium

Pitmaston, England

Belgium

Ge»many

Belgium

United States ,

Belgium

Saco, Maine

France

Cambridge, Mass

New Haven, Conn . .

Idaho, U. S ,

Metz, France

France

Pentsylvania

Belgium

Pennsylvania

Ohio

Pennsylvania

Long Island

France

France .

U. S

Belgium

Rhode Island

Souvenier du Congress . . .
Steven's Oen^F-

St. Germ .a

St. Ghislain

Triomphe de Vienne.

Tyson

UrbanUte

Vicar of Winkfield . .

Washington

Winter Nelis

Wilmot ,

France

Livingston Co., N.Y.

France

Belgium

Pennsylvania . .

Belgium

France

Delaware

Belgium

Newcastle, Ont.

S
U
U

s

s

u

s

u

u.

u

s

s

u

s

u

s

u

s

u

u

s

s

u

s

s

s

u

u

s

s

s

s

u

s

s

u

u

u

s

s

u

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

Size.

L

M

M

L

L

L

M

M

L

M

L

L

S

M

M

M

L

M

L

M

M

L

L

M

L

L

S

S

M

L

L

L

M

S

M

S

M

L

M

L

M

L

S

M

L

M

S

M

Fruit.

Form.

Skin.

obt. , pyr

obi.,

obo.

ov

obt.

obi.

ov. .

pyr

pyr

obo., pyr

pyr

obo., ov

obi., pyr.

rh., pyr .

ob

obo ... .
long, pyr

obo., pyr y and rus

r., obi igh., y. and rus

ov deepy

obt, obo ly and rus.. ..

pa., y. and red b.. ..

y. and r

pa., y. and vh. rus. .
lemony,, sh. withr.

gh-> y---v,.

pa., y. and bh. r

gh., y. and rus

olive, y. and rus

ligH y. and r

&£., y---,-

gh., y. and ius

gh., y. and b

obt., pyr

obt., pyr

obi., pyr

obo., pyr ......

r., obo

pyr

obt., pyr

obt., pyr

obo., pyr

obt., oval, pyr

obo., pyr

obo

obt., pyr

pyr

obi., obo

pyr

obt., pyr

obi., pyr

r. , pyr

obo

obt., obo

obt., pyr

obt., obo

long, pyr ....

pyr

pyr

acute, pyr

obo., pyr

long, pyr

obo

r- pyr

obo

gh. andy

pa. y -

yh., g. and b

yh, g....-

deep y. and rus

., yh., g

y. and r

y., ph., rus

g. and rus

rich y

y. and r

gh., y. and rus

yh., s. and rus

rich, y. and rus

y. and rus

yh., g. andb

gh-, *■•••■;

dull y. and b

gh., y. and rus. .....

yh., b

gh., y. and b

y. and r

y

yh., g. andb

y,-

yh., rus

deep y. and r

pa., y. and rus

pa., y. andb

pa., y. and red dots,
yh., g. and grey rus.
y. and some rus

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

157

PEARS —Continued.

Fruit.

li

1 slendei

u

if

stout . .

Ji

1 stout . .
1J stout
1 stout .
1 stout .

If

!!::■:::

pi:

If!.'!!.!

£:::::

i

1£ stout

if-1::::':

li

li

2

li

If

l|

if

3

4:

it.:.:

l

l*

ft:::::

1

n

II::::::

li

o

N

S

Sh ..... .

D

Sh

D

Sh

none

Sh

Sh

none ....
none ....
none ....

Sh

N

Sh

B

Sh

none ....

N

B

none

N

none

Sh

Sh

N

Sh

Sh

none

N

none

N

none
Sh . .

Sh

D

Sh

Sh

none

none

none

none

B

none

Sh

N ,

Sh

open

short,
*mall
large, open
large, open
large, open
small, closed

open

small

open

open

open, small.

open

open

Hmall, open.

open

opan

closed

open

open

small

open .
small.

small, round

n

am

deep

irr

deep

sm

n

uneven

sh

med

sm

sh

b

n., pla

sh

sh

b

sh

sh

sh

sh

op9n

small, closed

closed

small, closed
partly closed

open

open

open

open

crumpled . .

open

open

closed

small. .

open

open

open

open

open

open

closed
large, open

small

open

open .

sh

sh.
n .

Q .

b.,

sh

sh

sm . . . .

sh

sh

sh

sm

sh

sh

b ....
sh., pi.

sh

sh

sh ....
sh

sh

a

sh

sh....
sh . . . .
sh....

Flesh.

Color.

yh., w..
w

Texture.

Flavor.

w ...
w ...
w ...
yh...

w ...

w . .

wh. . .

w ...
yh., v*
yh ...
pink'hw

wh . . . .

w .

yh., w
w ....

wh

w

w

yh ....

w

wh . . .

w .

wh . . .
yh., w.
w ....

wh

w

wh

wh

w

w

VV

wh . . .

w

w . ...

gh., w.

w

yh., w.

w

juicy, melting

buttery, melting ....

juicy, melting

juicy, granular

fine grained, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, buttery .

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, buttery

juicy, granular

jui«y, granular

buttery, granular . . .

juicy, buttery.

juicy, granular

juicy, melting

melting, granular . .

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, buttery

buttery, melting

juicy, buttery

juicy, granulated . . ,

huttery, j uicy

juicy, granular

juicy, melting ....

juicy, melting

juicy, buttery

juicy, buttery

juicy, buttery

firm, solid

j uicy, melting

juicy, melting

juicy, granular

j uicy, buttery

j uicy, melting

juicy, melting

half melting

juicy, granular

juicy, buttery

juicy, buttery

juicy, melting

juicy, melting

j uicy, buttery

juicy, melting

juicy, melting .....
juicy, breaking ....

sweet, rich,
vinous, not rich.
sweet, perfumed,
sub-acid,
sweet, variable,
sweet, vinous,
sweet.

sweet, variable,
brisk, vinous,
sweet, perfumed,
sweet, pleasant,
sub-acid, variable,
sweet, brisk,
sweet, aromatic,
sub-acid,
sweet, aromatic,
sweet, perfumed,
sweet, aromatic,
rich, sub-acid.

sweet, variable,
sweet.

sweet, perfumed,
vinous, aromatic,
sweet, vinous,
rich, vinous,
sweet, pleasant,
sweet, rich, aromatic.
sweet, aromatic,
vinous, aromatic,
sub-acid, pleasant,
harsh, astringent,
sweet, vinous,
rich, sweet, perfumed,
sweet, vinous,
sweet, spicy, rich.
sweet, vinous, rich.
sweet, musky,
sweet, aromatic,
sub-acid, variable,
sprightly, variable,
sweet, aromatic,
rich, sweet, aromatic,
rich, sub-acid,
sub-acid, astringent,
sweet, perfumed,
sweet, aromatic,
sweet, brisk, vinous.

158

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PEARS.
Results of experiments in Cultivation, Pruning,

Varieties under test by R. L. Buggard,
Whitby.

Bartlett

Buffum

Belle Lucrative

Beurre Clairgeau

Beurre d'Anj-»u

Beurre Supeifine

Beurre Antoine

Brockworth Park

Clapp's Favorite

DoyeDne d'Ete

Ducheps d'Arjgouleme .

Flemish Beauty

Glout Morceau

Grey Doyenne

Graslin

Goodale

Howell

♦Idaho

Josephine d'Mahnes . .

Keiffer

King Sessing

Louise Bonne d' Jersey

Lawrence

Mt. Vernon

Laconte

Pres. Drouard

Ritson

Rostiezer

Sheldon

Souvenir de Congres . .

Seckel

Winter Nelis

1887

1889

1889

1891

1889

1887

1889

1889

1887

1889

1887

1887

18-7

1889

1889

1889

1889

1890
1887
1889
1887
1889
1889
1890
1889
1892
1887
1876
1887
1894
1889

Soil and cultivation.

Fertilizers used

clay loam

clover sod

clean cultivation,

clover sod

clean cultivation .

none

stable manure

stable manure
stable manure

clover sod

clean cultivation . .

clover sod

clean cultivation,

stable manure

ashf s

stable manure
none

ashes

stable manure

clover sod .......

clean cultivation

clean cultivation

clover sod

none

stable manure

none

ashes

stable manure

stable manure

none

stable manure

'Top grafted in 1894.

PEARS.

Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying, at East Central Station, 1898.

New varieties planted 1896 that fruited this season, having from three to a dozen samples each.

Varieties tested by R. L.
Huggard, Whitby.

Rutter

Krull

Cornice

Winter Nelis

Idaho

Japan Gold Russet

Easter Beurre

P. Barry

1896
1896
1896
1896
1896
1896
1896
1896

T3 d

S-2

TO 4J

02

o m .
71 8 ^

>i ? a;

e8 £ P.

■S3

Pruning.

Date, method
& percentage
of wood
growth re-
moved.

be bo

a a

U e ®
-£-d

. d u
ja'~ d

o -e e8

U f3 Jh

c« Oil

3

.SrH X O

OJ © M

XJ1

Reniarkp.

large deep preen, excellent,
resembles Keiffer's.
large yellow and fine,
small and dark color,
very fine and large. [ity.
beautiful ruseet flavor, qual-
only medium, not No. 1.
disappointingly Email.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

159

PEARS.

Spraying, at East Central Station, 1898.

Pruning.

Date, method and percentage of wood
growth removed.

March

young wood cut out. . ,

no pruning

cutting back

young sprouts cut out
no pruning needed

cutting back

na pruning required

thinning sprouts

cutting back

no pruning done

cutting back

no pruning done

thinning

cutting back. .
none required

thinning

none required .
cutting back. . .
no pruning ....
thinning shoots
none

Results.

gcod, clean fruit,
light crop.

fair crop.

no crop.

1£ bushels to tree.

1* "

medium crop.

3£ bushels to tree.

2 bushels.

2

1\ "

H "

2

\ bushel.

4 bushels.

1^ bushels per tree.

U "

5 "

no crop.

4 bushels per tree.

\ bushel "

no crop.

\ bushel.

2 bushels per tree.-
no crop.

\ bushel.

3 bushels.
\ bushel.
\\ bushels.
~ bushel.

160

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

•ajn^jadtnaj,

•aoi3[j

3 3 ,8

<A><Xr # mmz&&?

:pq

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'S ssisiO

£3 <h

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t- ■ 00 00 t~ © 00 00 t^ t~ OS SO OS t- 00 os so

c8

W

w

4^

fr

08

<

m

W

a

Ph

(V

«4H

o

■PI9!A

P-

,S

HIM HlNi-W
TJHrHrHlO

. h|m HM-Wr:WH|<M
CO r-1

•jtauaqtivd jo 8^q

•«sS2a

• 00

Q.+3 -1-3

coOO

&.+?

~ ® i? - ^ i

<3 i-a O m O i-s O

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•^IJU^'BUI JO 9^^Q

• o -io

• c oHP

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1-5 CO

rf bO >»
?3

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■ P

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,T3 o o o

;£fr

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05 05

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13 &gg 05 g-a oQ-S o
g-^bp.2-So«-=o

SS"3

P^

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§ &&§ § o S S § °3 g«-2 § S J 05 £ 2^J^ § 8g

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

161

PEARS.

Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying at Bay of Quinte Station, 1898.

Varieties tested by W. H.

Dempsey, experimenter,

Trenton.

White Doyenne

Giffard

Duchess d'Angouleme

Louise

Dorset

Ansault

Lady Duke .....

Pound

Fred Clapp

Souvenir d'Esperen. . .

Andre Desporte3

Summer Doyenne

Kieffer

Easter Beurre

Manning's Elizabeth.

Brandy wine

Dr. Jules Guyot

Barry

Fred Beaudy

Lady Clapp

Winter Nelis

Duchess Precoce

Lincoln

Wilder

Koonce

Seneca

Margaret

Petite Margaret

Bartlett Seckel

1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1897
1897
1897
1898
1898
died

Soil and cultivation.

05 '- o

O OT3
w no q)

oS

>>>»*» if

'°^F3 o
2 o 5 p.

Fertilizers
used.

q c3

gq

17
23
14
12
10
14
36
14
18
26
13
12 !
36 I
14

12 I
15
16
14
16
16
20
16
30
21
20
22
22
3

PruniDg.

° a o

P o

c3 C3

11 F.S.

162

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

J

QQ

3J

CD
O

I

d

CO

CO

p

H3 J3

o o

a .3 .

J2 . >•■£ >>

"£ IB 43 43 -

be u a u eg

•H +) J) 0 »

1 &

-o S -S

<v be

fcO o T3 do
®.a k:

*f 43^ fl

a> ^+! » o) «

2 5

£a

C3C«il)C8'^e8©r2e8

WoMhHtrlo W

a «

a a a:

3 o o

o

a

0 be

J_3 /J

S-T-'

°*

H3 CD

<s a

,^.a

a o o

09

£fa:
.3 °
02^

*'

: §

-o ■

3

o

a 5Pa

o a o

eS.S «S
30 3

be

a

a

a-

oz

2 w

o

a

.3
§

a
•c

CP
CD

CP

•saipni ui q^MOjQ

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•saijjaqAVBJ^s aj uqijay saqse pn« amuBin p.re.£
•sao^qod o; pa^irsjd uai{A\ eanamu pa^aa-eg.

•uorpjAiipio treap ugaiS pu«
'sao^od ptre satjaaqM'e.i+s 03 pa^tre^ -areoj A'sp "[iog

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CO CO CO CO tD CO
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.■§!■■§ §5

FRUIT EX PEE I ME NT STATIONS.

163

PEARS.

Result of experiments in Cultivation, Pruning and Spraying, at Burlington Station, 1898.

By A. W. Peart, Experimenter.

Varieties.

1. Anjou

2. Bartlett

3. Beurre Bosc

4. Beurre Giffard

5. Buff am

6. Clairgeiu

7. CJapp's Favorite ....

8. Doyenne Boussock . .

9. Duchess

10. Easter Beurre

11. Flemish Beauty

32. Howell

13. Idaho

14. Josephine d'Malines,

15. Kieffer

16. Lawrence

17. Lawson

18. Louise Bonne

19. Osband's Summer. . .

20. Petite Marguerite...

21. President Drouard. . .

22. Seckel

23. Sheldon

24. Souvenir de Congress.

25. Sudduth

26. Summer Doyenne. . .

27. Tyson

28. Vermont Beauty ....

29. Wilder

30. Winter Nelis

1880
1880]
1896
1896
18971
1896 i
1889,
1896
1889,
18971
1880,
1896!
1896.
1896;
1896,
1896
1896!
1897,
1897 1
1896
1897,
1897 1
1885
1896
1897
1896
1897
1896
1896
1896

Soil and
culti-
vation.

Fertil
izers
used.

fl la >
si oi

.2 ** «

u c3 ©

&-§«
s°l

— bo*

3§s°
.si

60 K.--H

S-s.-s

© J3

cS'

10 5
10 5
20, 9
20 9
10 5
15 7
15| 7
20 9
10 5

Pruning.

15
11
18
18
20
24 10
24 10
20 9
151 7
14 7!
24 10

Date, meth'd
and percent-
age of wood
growth re-
moved.

18 8

15 7

12, 6

15 7

20 9

20 9

18 8

18 8

u a

O cS

© _

^ ©

_ -G

©

be

8
II-

^ 5 °
O e3 ^

eg „ ©
bc^o

Ja*

W ©-£

Insects.

Fungi.

Name.

Treat-
ment.

Name.

Treat-
ment.

.St3

x

*- u

a

c3

c3

Pm a

M *•

©

o

. >>

T3

°le

BO 3

O

© bn

© c3
J3 ©

PQ

o<->

3^

©

o ?s

XI

d

o

3^
-1

■s

©

o

3

1

as

(4-1 -*0

oj3

00

O

© _*3

a

B0 ©

B c3

5t3 a
e3 ©

-4-3

^3

XI

S ©

© eS

O

Ph 4)

J- <D

-Q

a

bo

a

■5 5

0^3

© ...

■5 ©

O

be

a

T3

O

©* >>

as

Is o

a

bO

™ 5°

OB c3

,Q

J3

53

bc0

CO +=

Is

T3

a

o
be

.a ©

* § ©

2 *

S5

^2^

Pw£

o.*

&£

©

a

Results,

"§>

Yield and selling price of varieties of Pears at Burlington Station, 1898.
By A. W. Peart, Experimenter.

Age.

a

o
o

o1
© .

ag>

a

© .

Date of gather -

1 ing. (Berries,

1st and last).

©
©

u

u

©

"©

Grade
percent

©
o

Varieties.

CTJ

a
O

50
45

in

00

6

CO
w

OS

5

20
25

P

!

©

<

1. Anjou

18 years. ,
18 "

2 " ..

9 " ..

9 " ..
18 » ..

2 " ..

2 " ..

2 " ..

2 " ..

9 " ..

2 " ..

May 13 .
" 16 ..
" 16 ..
" 18 ..
" 14 ..
" 16 ..
" 13 ..
" 13 ..
44 17 ..
" 16 ..
" 13 ..
" 17 ..

Nov., Dec. .

Sept

Nov

Aug

Oct., Nov ..

Sept

Oct

Oct., Nov . .

Dec

Aug . ....

Oct. 5..
Sept. 5.
Oct. 6..

J bush .
i "

2

$3.50 per bbl.
3.00 "

2. Bartlett

3. Clairgeau

4. Clapp's Favorite

5. Duchess

6. Flemish Beauty

7. Howell

Aug. 25.
Oct. 1..
Sept. 6.
Oct . 7 . .

ibuah .

4

70
50
10

30
35
40

ii

50

45c. per bkt.
$2.50 per bbl.
25c. per bkt.

8. Kieffer

Oct . 7 . .

9. Lawrence

Oct. 15.

10. Petite Marguerite

11. Sheldon

Oct., Nov .
Dec

Oct. 5..
Oct. 15.

\ bush .

12. Winter Nelis

164

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PEARS.
Vigor of Pear Trees tested at St. Lawrence StatifeD.

Varieties.

J3

a

s 5-°

£ 2i c3

U c3

S'n.

fl &T3

>H

o .-<

Baba

Winter Pear . . . .

L. Lecteur

Sudduth. .......

Ritson

Lincoln Conless

Victorina

Lincoln

Bessemianka

Kieffer

Golden Russett

Bergamot

Vermont Beauty.

Howell

Dempsey

B. Hardy

Clapp's Favorite.

F. Beauty

Goodale

Idaho

B. Clairgeau

1897;36-U...

1897 32— U...

1897
1896
1896

5-U...
16— Up
19-U.S.

1896 30-S

1896

13-U .

1896
1896
1896
11897
1896
1896
1896 20-
1896)27-
1896 26-
1896 ' 20-
11896 16-
1896 15 -
1896 6-
11896 1—

-U.S.
-s ...
-u. .
-u .,

-S.D.
-U. .

-U.S.

-u. .

-U.S.
-U.S.
-U.S.

-u. .

U.S.

Diameters
of leaf.

x2^
xU
xll

x I
xl*

2ixli

l*xl

2£xl£
2x2

3£x2

5 x3i

2ixli
2^xli
3 xl|

3 xl£
2ixli

3^x2
2*xli
2|xlJ
2|x l|

2£xljf

Color
of foliage.

D.G

D.G. ...
D.G

Pale green.

L.G

D.G

D.G

L.G

L.G

D.G. . . .

L.G

Pale green .

L.G

DG

L.G

ID.G

Id.g

IL.G

D.G

Id.g

L.G

Young
growth.

Strong.

Poor . .
Medium
Strong .

Medium

Strong .
Poor . .

Medium.
Strong .

Medium
Poor ..

Condition.

Healthy.

Blight.
Healthy.

One tree healthy, 2
died in 1897 blight.

Healthy, 3 years from
the graft.

Blight.

Healthy.
(i

Blight and tender.

Blight.
<(

Healthy.

Healthy, fungi.

Healthy.

Blight.

Blight all 3 trees.

PEARS
Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying at Simcoe Station, 1898.

Varieties tested by G. C. Gaston,
Craighurst.

"6

a.

c

e3

a

OD

J3

Soil and cultivation.

Fertilizers used.

SQ

s

A

0

J

a
o

6

o"

1
B

J

00

O

Baba (Russian)

1895
1895
1895
1895
1895
1896

H3 O .

s-ci

Warm loam, originally
very strong. Hoe crops
grown between rows of
trees.

Stable and ashes.

20
17
22
18

18
15

32
20
S5
25
29
21

10

Bergamott (Russian)

Kieffer

9

10
10

Flemish Beauty

10

Sudduth

Bartlett on Flemish Beauty

8
10

Ogon do

10

Sheldon on Bessemianka Russian

Lawrence do do

Lawson do do

Winter Nelis do do

10

10

10

9

rOThe trees were pruned in June on the pyramid style, about 1.7 per cent, of wood growth being

removed.

1/1 ' Mla8ect3 found : slugs ; treatment : Bordeaux Paris Green ; results : very healthy in both foliage and

wood.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

165

_• .a

*«;aS

• ri O R«

OOof^

£ .a g

^

<D

O

•7"

>

s

*«8 a ^ 5 5 '3 &•-

CD

" " ' " 1 " '

a

* >» >> » >» J >> >>

-d

oa

<s

X
CD

fe.g.S 3.2 S.2.2

P^

ellow

ellow
ellow

h

• •>>•>,>>

O

• - • -M pd.d

o
O

,2-2-2.2 S°§§

l 1 i 1 i ' r— 1 CD i—i JJ 0>

4 'I i i h 41 u h

>>p*>>>5>5&c>>!5C&c

::::::: si

a

;•;:::« .2

o ^

gj -o

rf?7?

: : : :*«'►.

• • • • >, 53

£w

_ be be t>0 bcT br j3

»CDfifl(Sfi[t

O

£ o'oo'o a'o'w

s"

.c • -a _a -a x: -a js

o o o o o o o

0)

a a 3 a a c a

co

WW MH-w khcoHWHoo

©

" ' ' '££ "ft

■ ■'O • fta »-

a

(- . - a a o-

15

CO

Black
Amber
Cherry
Black .
Deep p
Dark p
Yellow
Violet

•aanimg

PQCOflQfiO

P

_• a pi,-.- • C J

Fh

^o>^^> >>>

o

O-jOOOCPmO

q^P'Ba

iq pure

d a a a a a-- a

q*»

I8J

JO

rtW-HCOHfM'-H-HrH rl f-l

seqoc

I UT

ezig

* * X * *p«nKH<-*N
N«NIN(NnnH

&0 .

o-b

W ~

bPxPPcXp^

<U ©

-a c

a
'5

o
o .

* a

.Sflfla.s« a©

TJ, e8 e« «8 "T- O O d

flc8«c8fl*i3h

os py

•-» p°

■°§5
Stgs

*-a a
o ■"=> a"

19J

o
'■s«a a

Q =! a a*-ljB»vrci

Mp« § ©13 £ § ©

2pO 5.2 "°^ S

166

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PLUMS.
Results of experiments in Cultivation, PrnniDg

Varieties tested by Harold
Jones, Experimenter,
Maitlacd. Ont.

When planted.

Soil and cultivation.

Fertilizers used.

Growth in
inches.

Abundance

Col. Wilder

1897

CI

Soil clay loam, planted to corn
and potatoes, and given clean
cultivation.

ii

it
i<
ci

(<

ci
ii

14
14

(4
II
II
41
II
II
II
(4
II
II
(1
(1
II
(1
(1

(I

Barn yard manure when planted to potatoes.

Barn yard manure and ashes when planted in strawberries .

42 ....
56 ....

Chas. Downing . . .

1896

20 ....

24 ...

Deaton

1897

29 ....

Field . .

40 ....

Forest Rose

(i

eo ....

Forest Garden

l«

36 ....

Gueii

1896

39 ....

Green Gage

1897

45 ....

Grand Duke

36 ....

Glass Seedling

1896 '.'.'.'.'..'.'.'..

18 ....

Hugh's Seedling

Lincoln

Lombard

36 ....

1897

1896

24 ....
31 ....

Milton

<(

36 ....

Moore's Arctic

(<

29 ....

Montreal

«<

24 .,..

Pond's Seedling

Prince of Wales

28 ....

1897

30 ....

Rockford

« <

36 ....

Shippers' Pride

ii

34 ..

Saunders

1896

(i

18 ....

Tatge

Whitaker .

31 ....
38 ....

Weaver .

ii

40 ....

Wolf

1897

24 ....

Wjant

Yellow Eerer

42 ....

46 ....

CHERRIES.

21 ....
20 ....

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

167

PLUMS.

and Spraying at St. Lawrence Station.

Pruning.

Date, method and percentage
of wood growth removed.

April, cut back | cf new wood.

Insects.

Name.

Cub back § new wood .
« i "

April, cut back § new wood

Out back £ new wood

No trimming

Out back i new wood

No trimming

Cut back h new wood

No trimming

Cut back A new wood

No trimming

Cut back b new wood

No trimming.

None.

Aphis

Aphis

Aphis

Slug

Treatment.

kerosene emulsion

kerosene emulsion

kerosene emulsion

Fungi.

Name.

Results.

None.

shot hole fungi,

shot hole fungi,
none

shot hole fungi
none

shot hole fungi,
none

healthy.

Growth checked by aphis
in early spring ; one
spraying removed the
trouble.

Very slight attack of f un-
fgi ; no treatment given.

h( . .thy.

The aphis attacks this
vai iety in the bud early
in the spring and de-
stroyed one tree before
it was noticed ; kero-
sene emulsion saved
the others.

healthy.

Blight.
non„ ..

Paris green.

healthy.

168

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

_fl
p en

*0 ao

fl fl
08""

is

■is oo
£ to

if

"0 "

©
3

'u

o

cu
o

■0

a

O

u

Bordeaux, Paris green

o3

a

eg

8 to
ft

*8

-^ <4_ 'o

© O 03

a °«5

I J9^UIM UT (JU9!JX9 8U108 0% 2p«q S[II}J

•Oi-T 8I«os 'joSja j S

O0!0005(»05O0505ai05C0O5DOC»Ol0

•saqoui ui u^moj*) |

023

•ps^u'Bid n8qA\.

COOOOOOCQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCXfOOOOOOCC

o

GJ4J

W 10

h

>>fl

.O-fl

IT*

w O

.20

s ro

-P -2d

CD Qli

oM"1

2 « p

3 0 ft

: §.2 "3 £-1

• 3

.* o

O bo > bo
3 »s So ^x^JE'O

I ISJiSsllISJil

fl >C .a es -5 .fl tc-2 J» »- «- oj £

h C9 m a 3 Q J0 ,3 S3 ?

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

169

PLUMS.

Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, sprayiDg at Bay of Quinte Station, 1898,

Varieties tested by W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont.

Imperial Gage ...

Jefferson

Italian Prune

Victoria

Orange Prune

Yellow Gage

Smith's Orleans

Burbank

McLaughlin

Willard

Eeine Claude . . . ,

Wild Goose

DeSoto

Hulings Superb

Reine Claude Violette . .

Wickson

Lincoln

Chabot ,

Spaulding

Grand Duke

Abundance ,

Gold

Harris (Apricot) ,

Yellow St. John (Peach)
Bessarabian (Cherry)

When
planted.

Soil and
culti-
vation.

1895

j_.

(C

■S3

((

H3

ID

c3

>

l(

3

o

,_*«

(«

9*

.

-2 ?

j3 be

S5 £

(«

K«

C5

(t

O

1897

a

(«

s

0

ft

(«

>.

•o

a

e8

m

1898

"I Sandy

(t

1 loam
[ culti-

<(

it

J vated

1

Fertilizers
used.

Stable

Stable

.8-8
s

O

16
16
12
20
12
24
16
40
30
21
18
36
36
24
18
36

7
36

6

15
20
12

8
20

6

7
7
6
7
6
8
7

10
9
8
7

10

10
8
7

10
4

10
4
7
7
6

4

7
3

170

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PLUMS.
Tables of Vigor, by H. Jones, St. Lawrence Station, Maitland.

Varieties .

Weaver

Lombard

Gueii

Montreal

Ponds Seedling.
Saunders
Hughes Seedling
Moore's Arctic. .

Milton

Abundance

Lincoln

Col. Wilder

Whitaker

Tatge

Communia

Hammer

Ohas. Dowing . .

Rockf ord

Wyant

Forest Rose

Forest Garden . .
Prince of Wales.
Glass Seedling . .

Wolf

Grand Duke

Field

Deaton

Green Gage

Yellow Egg-

Shippers' Pride.

T2

o

O .

>

1896

1896

1896
1896'
1896
1896
1896
1896
18971
1896
1897
1896
1896 1
18961
1896
1896
1896
1897
1897
1897
1897
18971
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897

inches.
40

31

39
24
28
24
36
28
36
44
22
56
38
31
21
36
20
36
42
60
36
30
18
24
36
40
29
45
46
34

Habit.

US

U ..
U ..

U ..

su

u ..
s ...
s ...
u ..
s ...
SD
S . .
US.

us.

us.

SD

US.

us.
us.
us.
u ..
s ...
s ...
u .
u .
u ..
u .

U .

u .

Girth.

Length,
& width,

inches.
44

44

6i
5

6|
5£

5

6*
6

5
4

3f

7

ik

5f
24
2|
84

f

4
2

»i

4

2|
5

44
4

Leaf.

inches.
4x2

3x14

4x2|

3x2|

34x2

3x2

3xl|

34x3

44 xi4

44 x2|

3x3

5x2

4x14

24xl|

3x14

5x2

4x14

4x2

4x2

5x24

44x2

4x3|

24 xlf

3^x2

3x24

3x24

24x2

4x24

4x24

24 xlf

Color.

Light green

DG

DG
LG
LG
LG
DG
DG
LG
DG
LG
LG
DG
DG
DG
LG
DG
LG
LG
LG
DG
DG
DG
LG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG

Vigor.

Fair,
slender

strong .

very strong,
medium . . .
strong ... .
medium . . .

strong

strong

strong

strong

poor

strong

strong

strong

medium . . .

strong

strong

strong

strong

strong

medium . . .

poor

medium . . .
m« dium . . .
medium . . .
medium ..

poor

strong

strong

strong

Notes on condition.

subject to attacks of
aphis and some-
times suffers from
twig blight.

on black knot in 1897,
aphis a id shot hole
fungi.

healthy.

healthy.

shot hole fungi.

aphis .

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

aphis, healthy.

aphis, healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

shot hole fungi.

shot hole fungi.

healthy.

healthy.

healthy.

shot hole fungi.

shot hole fungi.

healthy.

healthy.

shot hole fungi.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

171

STRAWBERRIES.
Yield and selling price of varieties of strawberries at St. Lawrence No. 10 Station, 1898,

2 ■

Remarks .

Varieties tested at Main-

Time of D
bloomirg.

abe of

gathering

is

t

land, Ont, by Harold

Age.

berries

(first

<*H 00

On condition of cul-

Jones, Experimenter.

and last).

sj

2

tivation, spraying,

.all

CD

>

manuring, etc.

>H

<

cts.

Aroma

1 yea:

May 19. Ji

ine 17,

July 4..

200

5^

7, and
g the
> grow
,nured
ure in
ing of
i ashes
! forty
it into
when

Beulah

L "

" 15..

1 13,

June 24 .

104

5^

Brandywine

1 "

" 20..

' 17,

" 30..

179

5|

Beauty

1 "

" 19..

■ 20,

" 30..

110

5i

rilof 189
n durin
lowed tc
1 was ma
ard man
n the spi
; of wood
e rate oi
worked :
l April,

Belle

1 "

" 19..

' 20,

" 30..

174

&§

Beder Wood

1 "

" 13

' 13,

July 4..

205

H

Clyde

i ' '

" 19..

11 15,

" 30..

87

H

Grenville

1 "

" 13..

' 15,

" 27..

85

54

Haverland

1 '*

" 18..

1 15,

M 27..

76

5§

Marshall

1 (<

M 19..

" 15,

" 30..

64

5|

Margaret

1 "

" 21..

' 17,

" 4..

40

5|

Maple Bank

i <i

" 23..

' 20,

" 4..

....

4

s -disc's8;?!

aunders

1 "

" 22..

' 17,

June 27 . .

94

n

Ten Proli6c

t "
1 "

" 21..
" 19..

' 20,
1 20,

" 30..
" 30..

89
132

5|

^°^iDft5^§2

Wm. Be!t .. .. .

1«s"11l-ss«cS

Warfield

1 "

....

" 19..

' 15,

11 27..

38

5*

«si**|~fl§-g

Woolverton

1 "

■■ 20..

' 17,

" 30..

194

H

Williams

1 k'

" 22..

1 17,

July 4..

282

5l

_£; bDao-S p+3i— -QJ3-W S

Van Deman

...

" 14..

' 13,

" 22..

13

5|

H

Aroma ga

ve20

[) ounces from

12 plantp, 200.

Beulah '

' 10

i

12 *

' 104.

Brandywine '

. 17<

)

12 ■

9.

Beauty

' IK

)

12 '

no.

Belle

' 17

!

12 '

« 174.

Beder Wood '

' 20

11 '

' or 223 ounces from 12 plants.

Clyde
Grenville '

' 8

7

10 *

104

12

1 8

5 "

12 ■

85

12

Haverland '

' 71

12 '

76

12

Marshall

■ 6

1

12 '

64

12

Margaret '

' 41

3

6 •

80

12

Maple Bank '

' 1

3 ■

' 64

12

Saunders

' 9-

1

12 '

94

12

Ten Prolific '

« 8!

J

5 '

2L2

12

• Wm. Belt

■ 135

2

12 l

132

12

Warfield ■

' 3{

3

7 '

65

12

Woolverton '

' 19^

t

12 '

194

12

Williams

' 285

I

12 '

282

12 "

Van Der

ran '

' i:

5

5 '

30

<(

12

172

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

RASPBERRIES.
Results of experiments in cultivation, pruning, spraying, at Burlington Station, 1898.

A. W. Peart, Experimenter.

Varieties.

1. All Summer ....

2. Columbian

3. Cuthbert

4. Golden Queen

5. Gregg

6. Hilborn

7. Japan Wine

8. Kansas

9. Kenyon

10. Lottie

11. London

12. Lovett

13. Marlboro

14. Miller

15. Mills

16. Ohio

17. Older

18. Palmer

19. Phoenix

20. Progress

21. Redfield

22. Reliance

23. Royal Church....

24. Shaffer's Colossal,

25. Smith's Giant....

26. Souhegan

27. Thompson

28. Winant

d

T3

09

QJ

jj

a

Soil and

Fertil-

a

3

ft

cultiva-

izers

a

z

a

tion.

used.

»

fa

0

-C

o

61

£

3

t>

1895

flfc

3.1,

6

1895

§ ®

<;.',

9

1894

II

8

10

L896

£ *

5*

8

1896

a£

ID

6

9

1895

5

8

1896

3S

6

8

1895

&D CU

6*

9

1897

A3

4

7

J 897

it's

5i

8

1896

^i*

5

8

1895

<a a

fa

4*

7

1894

^M

a

4

7

1897

a

S

3A

6

1897

T3 g

■H

8

1896
1895

tUDM

3

el

7
5i

9

8

1895

°'Z

02

t;

8

1897

fc'S

3

5

1895

fa

5i

8

1896

IS

5

8

1896

U

8

1897

SA

6

1895

>>fl

1896

7*

L0

1896
1895

3A

7
6

1897

3

3

5

Pruning.

Insects.

Fungi.

Date, method

and percent-

age of wood
growth re-
moved.

Name.

Treat
ment.

Name.

a"

Treat-
ment.

fa o

ba

c8 f-

s

0,-C

)fi

ning

and

ing.

>>

fa
fa

a

T3

2

a ^ a

-a

O

e3

fa§*

es

3

bi

00

C °° <3

a - 3

o

*"

a|c

-0

o

O

3 ® a

O

g

~r2"S

"0

03

" j< w

o

-u

fa

a

a

fa
o

■a

0)
c3

bC

2 2

j3

g

a* S

+»

02

"8

fa

&

T3

arly i
canes
nes re

c3
M

w

a

H tice3

§ a

a

bC° °

° S

c3

.2 §2

a >,o

"o

§1

08 .'rt

49

a

o
"fa

0*2

s

Annua
Augus
t later,

3

OB

Some
ansas a

a

°

a *a

M

Results,

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

173

Yield and selling price of Raspberries at Burlington Station, 1898.

Variety.

1. All Summer ....

2. Columbian

3. Cuthbert

4. Golden Queen...

5. Gregg

6. Hilborn

7. Japan Wine ....

8. Kansas

9. Kenyon

10. Lotta

11. London

12. Lovett

13. Marlboro

14. Miller

15. Mills

16. Ohio

17. Older

18. Palmer

19. Phoenix

20. Progress

21. Redfield

22. Reliance

23. Roy«*l Church...

24. Shaffer's Colossal

25. Smith's Giant . .

26. Souhegan

27. Thompson „

28. Winant

G

a

1895
1895
1894
1896
1896
1895
1896
1895
1897
1897
1896
1895
1894
1897
1897
1896
1895
1895
1897
1895
1896
1896
1897
1895
1896
1896
1895
1897

a> o

us

June

>>

US

July

Date of gather-
ing.

(Berries 1st and
last.)

July 8— Oct.

" 13— "

r« 13_ ««

" 5— "

« i3_ «

« 5_ «

" 25— "

" 5- "

" 12— "

" 10- "

" 13— "

" 10— "

c. 5_ ,<

" 12- "

" 9— "

" 3- "

" 8- "

« 1_ «

" i2— "

.< 3 _ <«

«• 10— »

" 3— "

" 13— "

" 10- "

" 13— "

" 8- "

" 8— "

" 10— "

Yield per

Aver-

hill.

age

price.

Very few

Hlb.

lib.

i lb.

Very few

if lb.

Very few

1§ lb.

Very few

ilb.

-e

Very few

e3

53

cr

2 1b.

Very few

ilb.

as

Very few

a

Dried up

Very few

Dried up

Very few

ilb.

Very few

lib.

ilb.

Dried up

ilb.

Very few

Remarks

On conditions of

cultivation,
spraying, manur-
ing, etc.

fi 2 ® f- © IS

1 03 3

2

a> 2-^13 * ©

•s £ o »

ftfi g «

Iris I a

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_ £ <D O w itf

M O O u *&

174

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

RA.SP

Size.
S— Small.
M— Medium.
L — Large.

Form.

R - Round.
C — Conical.
O— Ovate.

Color.

D— Dark. O— Orange.

R— Red. B— Bright.
P— Purple.

Varieties tested by A. E. Sher
rington, Walkerton, Ont.

All Summer ,

Brandy wine

Brinckles Orange

Cuthbert

Caroline

Conrath

Columbian

Golden Queen

Gregg ,

Gault ,

Hilborn

Hansell

Johnston Sweet

Kansas ,

Lovett

Lottie

Louden

Marlboro

Mammoth Cluster

Miller

Ohio

Pioneer

Phoenix

Reliance

Rancocos ]

Redfield

Shaffer's Colossal

Smith's Giant

Superlative

Strawberry Raspberry

Turner

Tang'er

Thompson

White Champlain

Zettler

Plant.

Origin.

Riverdale, N.Y.

Oneida, N.Y ...

New Jersey

Indiana

Ohio

Leamington, Ont.

Kansas

New Jersey

Janesville, Wis

Marlboro', N.Y

Ohio

New Jersey

Monroe Co., N.Y. .
St. Catharines, Ont.

Canes.

Ohio

Habit of
growth.

UP

UP

«P

strong, up.

up

strong, up

up

up

strong, up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

strong, up.
up, strong.

up

dwarf

up

up

up

up

up

Coloi

1. green
d. red.,
purple,
d. red..

r

brown .
red . . .
red . . .
d. red.

P

b

red .
d. red
d. red.,
d. red.,
d. red.,
d. red.,
red . . .
d. red.,
red . . .
brown .
d. red.,
d. red.,
brown,
red . . .
d. red.,
brown . |
d. red., i
brown

red . . .
d. red..
d. red..

o

d. red,.

S
2©

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

9

8

8
10

4
10
10
10
10
10

3
10

9

9
10

9

9
10

7
10

7

10
10

9
10

9
10

S....
S....
S....

s....
s....

tips .
tips .
S....
tips .
tips .
tips .
S....
tips .
tips .
tips .
tips .
S:...
S. . . .
tips .
S....
tips .
tips .
8....
S....
S ...
S & tips
tips .
tips .

S ...

S ...
S....
tips .
S....
8....
S....

Foliage.

rank, healthy.

good

heavy

good, heakhy.

plenty

good, healthy.

fair.

rank

good

fair

fair

good

poor ...
good, healthy.

good

fine

healthy

heavy, healthy

poor

good, healthy.

f.»ir

good

good, healthy.

fair

good

rank

good

good, healthy.

large

good, healthy,
large, healthy.

good

good

fair

good, healthy.

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

175

BERRIES

Flesh.
F.~Firm.
S.— Soft.

Season.
E.— Early.
M. — Medium.
L. — Late.

Berry.

Value
Scale 1-10.

Size.

Form.

Color.

Tenacity {i.e. to calyx
or receptacle).

Flesh.

o

>

Season .

Market.

Remarks .

M ....

R ...
SC...

C

R ....
R ....
R ....

C

R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
SC...
R ....

C

R ....
R ....
R ....
R ...
R ....
C

R ...

Y ....
R ....

Y ....
D ....
P ....

Y ....
D ....
D ....
D ....
R ....
D ....
D ....
D ....
D ....
R ....
B ....
D ....
R ....
D ....
D ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
P ....
P ....
D ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
D ....

R

0

R ....

free

S

S ....
F ....

S

F ....
F ....
M ....
F ....
F

F ....
M ....
F ....
F ....
F ....
F ...
F ....
F ....
M ....
MtoF.
F ....
F ....
F ....
M ....

S

S

MF„
F ....
M ....
F ....

S

S

s . ...

S

F ....

4-5 ..
6-7 ..
10 ..
2-3 ..

8-9 ..
8-9 .
5-7 ..
10 ..
6-7 ..
6-7 ..
6-7 ..
1 ...
8-9 ..
6-7 ..
8-9 ..
8-9 ..
8-9 ..
2-3 ..
6-7 .
4-5 ..
6-7 ..
8-9
4-5 ..
6-7 ..
1 ...
6-7 ..
10 ..
8-9 ..
2-3 . .
8-9 ..
4-5 ..
4-5 .,
6-7 ..
6-7 ..

E ...
M toL
L ....
M toE
M ....
L ....
L ...
L .. .
L ....
M ....
E ....
M ....
M ....
M ....
M ....
M ....
E ....
M ...
M ....
M ....
M ....
EL ..
E ....
E ....
L ....
M ...
L ....
M ....
ML..
E ....
E ....
E ....
M ....
ML..

7-8

4-6

9-10

1-3

9-10

7-8

4-6

9-10

7-8

9 10

4-6

1-3

9-10

4-6

4-6

7-8

7-8

1-3

7-8

7-8 ...

7-8

9-10

4-6

4-6

1-3 ....

4-6

9-10

9-10

1-3

7-8

4-6

4-6

4-6

7-8

M ....
L ....

M ,.,.

M to good

best red berry.

M ....

F

L ....

good .

very promising.

L ....

good

L ....

M

best yellow berry.]

L ....

F

L ....

M

M ....

M

M ....
S.....
L ....
M ....

M

F

M

F ,

useless.

best blackcap.

M ....

M

L ....

G

L ....
S

free

F

no good.

ML ..

M

M ....
S

F

F

MS ..

F

M ....

F

SM .,
S . ...

M ,

F

VL ..
L ....

F

M

a good one.

L ....

M

L ....

G ,

S

S

S

F

F

F

M ....

L ....

G

v ery promising red

o.A-T.A-:lo&tt:k:

OF THE VALUES OF

THE FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES OF ONTARIO

ALSO SHOWING

THEIR ADAPTABILITY TO THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE PROVINCE.

DESIGNED TO AID PLANTERS IN SELECTING SUITABLE VARIETIES.

SUBJECT TO ANNUAL REVISION.

COMPILED BY THE SECRETARY OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

AND

PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO

[177]
12 F.E.S.

178

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186

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.— PEARS.

Tested by E. C. Beman,
Newcastle, Ont.

Ananas d'Ete

Bartletf

Bergamot Gansels

Bergamot Gansels, late. .

Belle Lucrative

Beurre Assomption

Beurre Bosc

Beurre Bachelier

Beurre Baltet Pere

Beurre Clairgeau

Beurre d'Amanlis

Beurre d'Anjou

Beurre d'Aremburg ....

Beurre de Martiilet

Beurre Diel

Beurre Gris

Beurre, Golden of Bilboa

Beurre Goubalt

Beune Hardy

Beurre Oswego

Beurre Robin . -.

Beurre Super fin .. ..

Blanc Perne

Black Warserter

Bloodgood

Bonne d'Eyee

Bon Chretien, Summer. .

Brandy wine

British Queen

Buff um

Catillac

Calite Mignot

Church

Clapps Favorite

Comet . . "

Dana's Hovey

Dearborn's Seedling. . . .

Dix

Doyenne Boussock

Doyenne d'Ete

Doyenne Goubalt

Doyenne (iris

Doyenne White

Duchess d'Angouleme. . ,

Duchesse de Bordeaux .

Duchess Precoce

Flemish Beauty

Foselle

Fondante de Malines . .

Garber

Glout Morceau

Goodale

Graslin

Harvard

Howell

Idaho

Jaminette

Jargonelle, English

Jones

Josephine de Malines . .

Tree.

Sep., Oct

Sept

Sep., Oct..
Jan. , Mar.
Sep., Oct..

Sep

Oct., Nov.
Oct., Nov.
Nov., Dec.
Nov., Dec.
Sep ....
Nov., Dec
Dec, Jan.

Sep

Nov., Dec.
Sep., Oct..

Sep

Sep

Oct . .
Oct., Nov.

Sep

Oct .

Dec. Ap'l

Dec, Mar.

Aug.. ..

Sep, Oct.

Sep

Sep

Nov

Sep., Oct.

Dec, April

Nov., Dec.

Sep., Oct..

Sep

Aug

Nov,. Dec

Aug

Oct., Nov.

Sep., Oct.

July, Aug.

Dec, Mar.

Oct., Nov.

Oct .

Oct.

Jan

Sep

Oct

Nov., Dec.

Sept., Oct.

Nov . .

Dec

Oct

Oct., Nov.

Sep

Nov.
Mar.

Oct

Oct . ...
Dec, Mar.

Aug

Oct., Nov.
Dec, Feb.

H

Fruit.

S Quality.

20
25

'20
22
20
18
28
23
20
19
26
23
23
20
21
19
18
17
22
25
25

I 21

10

27

7

19

6

17

7

23

5

21

5

18

8

23

7

18

10

23

6

21

9

25

8

23

6

22

7

22

6

22

7

24

8

22

4,

14

7:

20

8

2*

8

18

6

20

10

25

9

27

6

17

8

19

10

27

6

15

9

26

8

22

7

24

9

23

8

23

8

24

7

20

10

26

8

22

o >

6
10
5
5
(3
7
7
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
7
6
6
5
6
5
5
6
6
4
5
6
8
4
6
5
6
4
5
8
4
4
6
6
6
4
5
6
6
6
6

10
7
4
6
8
6
7
6
5
7
8
6
5
5
6

10
5
4
6
8

10
6
6
8
4

10
5
7
7
5
6
3
7
5
6
6
4
2
5
5
5
5
6
5
3
3
6
9
5
5
5
6

22

29

18

11

20

21

20

IB

17

19

14

25

17

19

22

17

17

12

20

16

16

20

12

7

19

19

18

16

19

16

10

9

18

26

11

18

19

19

22

15

17

18

19

16

18

26

23

13

21

1!)

15

22

19

16

21

20

20

14

20

22

Remarks.

Very subject to blight.
One of the best forjmarket.

Not worth growing.
Very good, subject to blight.
Not sufficiently hardy
Very fine for market.
Not valuable

Very showy.

Not productive
Sometimes astringent.
Rots at core, handsome.|
Liable to i*ot.

Very valuable, usually' poor.
Very showy, but poor.
Not worth growing.

Spots and cracks.

Not worth growirjg.
Of no value.
Fine for home use.
Identical with Buckworth.
Spots and cracks.
Rots at core.

Subject to blight.
Beautiful but very poor.
Very fine for home use

Liable to spot and crack.

Spots and cracks.
Spots and cracks.
Season too short.
Good for home use.
Fine for market.
Spots and cracks.
Beautiful but poor.

Subject to blight.

Rots at core .

Very subject to blight
Good for long keeper
Subject to blight and
rots at core.

PEARS.

187

PEARS.— Continued.

Tested by E. E. Beman,
Newcastle, Ont.

Keiffer

Kirtland

King Sesring

Lawrence

Louise Bonne de Jersey

Madeline

Marshall

Madame Eliza

Mons. Haberlin

Mount Vernon

Nonreau Poiteau

Onondaga

Osband's Summer

Ott

Passe Colmar

Paradise d'Automne . . .

Pitmaston

Pound

Pratt

Rostiezer

Rutter

Seckel <

Sheldon

Souvenir du Congres. . .

Steven's Genessee

St. Germain

St. Ghislain

Triomphe de Vienne . .

Tyson

Urbaniste

Vicar of Wakefield

Washington

Winter Nelis

Wilmot

Dec.

Nov., Pec.

Sep

Sep

Nov., Jan.
Sep., Oct.

Aug

Sep

Nov

Sep

Nov.
Nov
Oct.,

Aug

Aug

Dec, Jan.
Sep.. Oct
Oct., Nov.
Dec, Mar.
Sep., Oct .
Aug., Sep.
Oct., Nov.
Sep., Oct..
Oct

Nov.

Dec
Oct..

Sep

Sep

Nov.

Sep.,

Sep

Sep

Sep.,

Nov.

Sep ;....

Dec Jan
Sep., Ojt.

Oct..
Feb.

7
7
9
7
7
(i
7
8

10
7
8
7
6

10

Tree.

Fruit.

CD

Quality.

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10

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7

6

21

6

7

22

7

6

5

18

8

5

20

7

7

6

20

7

8

22

9

7

7

23

7

9

23

7

9

7

23

6

7

20

6

4

5

15

8

7

22

6

5

6

17

8

8

25

5

6

5

16

6

5

18

7

6

6

19

8

7

23

8

6

7

21

6

8

21

6

7

7

20

6

7

21

6

6

7

19

7

6

19

7

5

4

16

6

8

21

9

5

5

19

6

8

22

7

6

5

18

7

9

24

8

6

7

21

6

8

21

6

8

8

22

7

6

20

1

6

4

11

7

9

24

6

6

7

19

7

6

21

9

5

6

20

7

8

22

6

5

7

18

9

8

24

10

6

7

23

8

7

24

9

7

9

25

6

7

20

7

8

8

23

7

8

22

6

5

6

17

7

7

20

6

7

5

18

7

8

22

7

5

5

17

8

9

25

8

7

8

23

9

7

26

10

5

5

20

7

6

20

8

7

8

23

6

8

22

2

8

6

16

7

9

23

8

5

6

19

7

8

21

9

5

9

23

10

10

30

8

6

8

22

Remarks.

Rots at core.
Unproductive.

Subject to blight.

Subject to blight.

Sometimes astringent

Variable in flavor.
Subject to blight.

Very fine for home use.

Best dessert pear grown.

Subject to blight.
Subject to blight.

Variable in quality.

Variable in flavor,5 some
times astringent.}

188

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

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TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

ONTARIO.

i8q8

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO.

TORONTO:
WARWICK BRO'S & KUTTER, Printers and Bookbinders, 68 and 70 Front St. West

1899.

CONTENTS.

Letter of Transmission .... 1

Officers for 1898-9 2

Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario •. . . 3

Report of the Council 4

Report of the Librarian and Curator 6

Report of the Botanical Section 6

Report of the Microscopical Section 7

Report of the Geological Section 7

Report of the Montreal Branch 9

Report of the Toronto Branch 11

Report of the Quebec Branch 12

Report to the Royal Society of Canada 15

Report of the Treasurer 16

Annual Address of the President : Henry H. Lyman 17

Some economic features of International Entomology : F. M. Webster 28

Notes on Papilio brevicauda, Saunders : A. F. Winn 36

The Conversazione 38

The Farmers' Garden and its Insect Foes : Rev. T. W. Ftzles 40

On the Nocfcuidre occurring at Toronto : Arthur Gibson 47

The Collector and his relation to Pure and Applied Entomology : F. M. Webster 51

Entomology in Schools : Wm. Lochhead , 54

Two Avian Parasites ; notes on their Metamorphoses : R. Elliott and J. Dearness 39

A bit of History : J. A. Moffat 61

The Gypsy Moth : E. H. Forbush 62

The Cotton Boll-worm in Canadian Corn : J. Dearness 64

Muskoka as a collecting ground : Arthur Gibson 65

Random recollections in Natural History : J. A. Moffat 67

The preparation of specimens for the Exhibition of Life-histories : Dwight Brainerd .... 70

The Brown-tail Moth : James Fletcher 72

Injurious insects in 1898 : James Fletcher .... 75

Notes on Insects of the year ; Division No. 1 : W. H. Harrington 87

Division No. 2: J D.Evans 90

" " Division No. 4 : A. H. Kilman 90

'• " Division No. 5 : R. W. Rennie 91

A few of the most troublesome insects of the past season : H. L. Hutt 93

Notes of the season of 1898 : J. A. Moffat 100

The Freezing of Insects : Henry H. Lyman 103

Odour of the San Jose Scale : F. M. Webster and T. D. A. Cockerell 104

Life history of the Sheep Scab-mre : C. P. Gillette 104

Obituary notices , ] 05

Book notices 107

William Hague Harrington 113

John Dearness , 114

Amendment of San Jose Scale Act and Regulations for Fumigating Nursery Stock 115

Index 117

WILLIAM HAGUE HARRINGTON, F.R.S.C.

President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1893-5

JOHN DEARNESS, I.P.S.

President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1895-7

TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO,

To the Honorable John Dry den, Minister of Agriculture.

Sir, — I have the tonor to present herewith the twenty-ninth annual report of
the Entomological Society of Ontario. It contains an account of the proceedings at
our annual meeting, which was held in the City of Montreal, on the 8th and 9th of
November last. The change from London, the usual place of meeting and the head-
quarters of the society, was made in order that the members generally might join in
the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the formation of the Montreal
Branch. The report includes the financial statement of the Treasurer and the reports
of the various sections, branches and officers of the society, as well as the papers
and addresses delivered during the course of the meeting.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine published by the society, has
now completed its thirtieth volume and begun the issue of the thirty-first. The
volume contains a large number ot valuable original papers contributed by the most
eminent writers in this department of science in Canada and elsewhere. Great
attention, it may be observed, has been paid to scale insects and a great many new
species from different parts of North America have been described.

I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE,

Editor.
Trinity College School,

Port Hope.

1 EN.

OFFICERS FOR 1898-9.

President Henry H. Lyman, M. A Montreal.

Vice-President Rey. T. W. Fyleb, D.C.L., F.L S South Qaebec.

. . .W. E. Saunders London.

Secretary

Treasurer J. A. Balkw.ll London.

Directors :

Division No. 1

<< 9

. W. H. Harrington, F.R.SO Ottawa.

. J. D. Evans Trenton.

3 Arthur Gibson Toronto.

4 A. H. Kilman Ridgeway.

5 R. W. Rbnnie London.

TProf.Wm. Saunders, LL.D., F.R.S.O., F.L.S.,

Director of Experimental Farms Ottawa.

Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C,

Head Master Trinity College School Port Hope.

James Fletcher, LL.D., F.RSO, F.L.S.,
Entomologist and Botanist, Experimental

Farms .Ottawa.

I^John Dearness, I.P.S London.

Director Ex-officio (Ontario ) pR0F Wm Lochhead ■ Guelph.

Agricultural College)....)

Librarian and Curator J. Alston Moffat London,

J. H. Bowman and W. H. Hamilton London

Directors ex-Officio (ex-Presi
dents of the Society)

mologist "

Editing Committee

Delegate to the Royal Society .
Delegates to the Western Fair

Committee on Field Days .

Rev. Dr. Bethune Port Hope.

Auditors

Editor of the " Canadian EntoA,

(Dr. J. Fletcher Ottawa.
H. H. Lyman Montreal.
J. D. Evans Trenton.
W. H. Harrington Ottawa.
James White Snel^rove.

. .Rev. Dr. Fyles South Quebec.

. . J. Dearness and W. E. Saunders London.

Dr. Woolverton, Messrs. Balkwill, Bowman,
• Elliott, Law, Percival, Rennie, Saunders,

and Spencer London.

Dr. Hotson Parkhill.

j Messrs. Balkwill, Bethune, Dearness, Mof-
Library and Rooms Committee | pA^ ftnd Sadnders>

[2]

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF ONTAKIO, 1898.

The thirty-fifth* annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held
at Montreal, in the Museum of the Natural History Society, on Tuesday and Wednesday,
November 8th and 9th, in order that the members might join in the celebration of the
twenty -fifth anniversary of the formation of the Montreal Branch. At the request of
the President, Mr. Henry H. Lyman, the chair was occupied by the^Rev. Dr. Bethuae,
of Port Hope.

The meeting was called to order at 2-30 p.m. on Tuesday, when the following mem-
bers were present : Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director, and Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist
and Botanist, Experimental Farms, Ottawa ; Messrs. John Dearness and W. E. Saunders
(Secretary) London ; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Toronto ; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope ;
Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton ; Rev. Dr. Fyles, South Quebec ; Messrs. H. H. Lyman, A.
F. Winn, J. T. Hansen, Lachlan Gibb, M. Waring Davis, G. C. Dunlop, D. Brainerd,
A. E. Norris, H. Brainerd, J. B. Williams, Chas. Stephenson, Rev. Dr. Campbell, and
others, Montreal.

The President read letters expressing regret at their inability to attend the meeting,
from the following prominent American entomologists : Dr. L. O. Howard, Director of
the Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.O. ; Rev.
Dr. W. J. Holland, Chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania, Allegheny,
Pa. ; Professor F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio ; Professor M. V. Slingerland, Cornell
University, Ithaca, N.Y.

The report of the Librarian and Curator, Mr. J. Alston Moffat, was read by the
Chairman, showing 47 additions to the Library, which make the total number of volumes
1,553, and satisfactory work in the increase of the collections.

The Chairman next read the report of the Treasurer, and explained that the large
balance in hand on the 1st of September last, when the books were closed, would be
greatly reduced by the payments that became due between that date and the end of the
year. A discussion upon cork and pins then ensued. Dr. Fyles exhibited a sample of a
substitute for cork that had been placed upon the market. Dr. Fletcher enquired
why the quality of the cork recently supplied by the Society was so poor. The Secretary
replied that he thought a better quality could be procured by paying a higher price for
it. Dr. Fletcher considered that we should hav the best obainable, as the present
supply was unsatisfactory. Mr. Lyman exhibited some specimens of Eaglish-made steel
pins, both gilt and black enamelled, and the Secretar was authorized to procure a
moderate supply in order that the members might use t em if they wished.

The Report of the Botanical Section was then read by the Chairman. Dr. Fletcher
made enquiries as to Cuscuta epithymum, a dodder which has been found upon clover
in the County of Middlesex. Mr. Dearne3s assured him that it had been correctly
identified. He then said that it was a true annua), growing from seed each year.

The Report of the Microscopical and Geological Sections were next read by the
Chairman, who remarked that London had become a headquarters of scientific research
for the western peninsula of Ontario, in consequence of the good work done by the
Society and its sections. It was certainly an unique matter that so many branches
devoted to different departments of science should be affiliated together in connection
with the Entomological Society of Ontario.

The Reports of the local Branches of the Society were next read ; that of the
Montreal Branch by its Secretary, Mr. Lachlan Gibb ; the report of the Toronto Branch

By an error it is stated in the last annual Report that "the thirty-fifth annual meeting " was held
n 1897. A.8 the Society was founded in 1863, this is manifestly a mistake.
i

[3]

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

also by its Secretary, Mr. Arthur Gibson; and the report of the Quebec Branch by its
President, the Rev. Dr. Fyles. These reports all gave evidence of much good work
accomplished, and steady progress in interest and numbers.

The Report of the Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada was read by Mr. John
D. Evans, of Trenton, who represented the Entomological Society at the last annual
meeting in May. It contained a brief record of the work that had been done during
the previous year.

The Report of the Council of the Society was read by the Secretary, Mr. W. E.
Saunders, of London, as follows :

Report of the Council.

The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario submits herewith its Annual
Report for the year 1897-8.

The Council is pleased to be able to report that the three Branches of the Society
in Montreal, Toronto, and Quebec, are in an active and vigorous condition, much good
work having been done in all of them during the past season. The membership of the
Branches, the meetings held, and the particulars of their work will be found in their
respective reports.

The twenty-eighth annual Report on economic and general Entomology was pre"
sented to the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, at the end of December last, and was
printed and distributed at the close of the session of the Legislature. It contained
one hundred and four pages, and was illustrated with fifty-8ix wood-cuts and two full-page
plates, in addition to an account of the proceedings at the last annual meeting. The
report contains the annual address of the President, Mr. John Dearness, and the fol-
lowing valuable and interesting papers : " The Locusts of the Bible," by Rev. T. W.
Fyles ; l< A Study of the Gryllidse (Crickets)," by Mr. Wm. Lochhead j " The Value
of Systematic Entomological Observations " and " Protective Resemblances," by Mr.
J. A. Moffat ; " On Butterfly Books, by Mr. H. H. Lyman ; " Some Household Pests,"
by Rev. 0. J. S. Bethune ; " On the Entomological Results of the Exploration of the
British West India Islands by the British Association for the Advancement of Science,"
by Dr. L. O. Howard; "The Work Against the Gypsy Moth, 1897," by Mr. A. H.
Kirkland ; " Notes on the Insects of the Year," by Messrs. Harrington, Bethune,
Moffat, Fyles, Gibson and Grant ; " The San Jose Scale," by Dr. James Fletcher; and a
short account of the proceedings at the annual meeting of the Association of Economic
Entomologists. The report on the whole contains a larger number than usnal of dis-
tinctly practical and popular papers that cannot fail to be cf great value to the com-
munity. These papers were specially prepared by members of the Society in order to
afford useful information on a great variety of insects, free as far as possible from scien-
tific and technical language, to farmers, gardeners, fruit-growers, and others affected by
the ravages of destructive insects.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine published by the Society, com-
pleted its twenty ninth volume in December last. Eleven numbers of the thirteenth
volume have been issued ; they contain 296 pages, and are illustrated with six full-page
plates, one of which is colored, and a number of original wood-cuts. Among the many
valuable papers may be mentioned a series of articles on "The Classification of the Horn-
tails and Saw-flies of the World," by Mr. William H. Ashmead, and " The Descriptions
of a Number of New Species of Scale Insects," by Mr. T. D. A. Oockerell, and others.

Friends of the Society will note with pleasure, that one of our officers, Mr. Wm.
Lochhead, has been appointed to the important position of Professor of Biology, in the
Ontario Agricultural College, at Guelph. The College is to be congratulated on having
made so wise a choice in filling the vacant position.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Since our last meeting, great efforts have been made by the Legislature of Ontario
and the Federal Government, to eradicate such colonies of the San Jose Scale as have
been found in Canada, and to prevent further introductions of this injurious pest. In
our last report will be found the Federal and Provincial Acts bearing upon this subject.
These Acts have been vigorously enforced during the past season, and orchards, in dis-
tricts where the Scale has been found, have been subjected to a rigid inspection. Excep-
tional efforts have been made by the Provincial Government, to wipe out all traces of
this pest, the increase of which, as everyone who understands the matter knows, would
be a national calamity.

The members of the Council are gratified to know that the excellent work of one of
its oldest and most esteemed members has been recognized by the University of Bishop's
College, Lennoxville, Que., the Kev. Thomas W. Fyles having received, at its hands, the
degree of D.C.L. The excellent work of Dr. Fvles in encouraging the public taste for
Entomology, by his popular papers on insects, and by the formation, in 1897, of the
Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society is well known to all our members.

The Council profoundly regrets the loss by death of Prof. Panton, of the Ontario
Agricultural College, at Guelph, who at the time of his decease was Vice President of
the Society. He was highly esteemed and respected by the members, both for the
efficient assistance he has rendered the cause of Practical Entomology in Canada, and
the agreeable and courteous manner which ever characterized his intercourse with all
who came in contact with him.

The Council has much pleasure in stating that entomological books can now be
imported into Canada free of all Customs duty, and that this concession was obtained
through the representations of our Society. Early in the year, the President called the
attention of the Council to the fact, that under item No. 464 of the tariff, books upon
the application of science to industries of all kinds could be imported free of duty, and
suggested that an effort should be made to secure the placing in the same category books
upon entomology, on account of the close connection between that science and the suc-
cessful prosecution of agriculture. This was unanimously approved by the Council and a
Committee consisting of the President and Drs. Bethune and Fletcher, was appointed to
prepare a memorial to the Government. The memorial having been approved, was signed
by the President and Secretary, and was duly forwarded to the Finance Minister on the
eve of the introduction of the budget, but owing to the pressure of other business was
held over until the prorogation of Parliament. It was referred to the Minister of Cus-
toms, who requested the President to .urnish more information, and to submit samples
of books. On this being done, the Hon. Mr. Patterson, at once decided that such books
should be admitted free under the item above referred to.

The Society was represented at the meetings in Boston, in August last, of the
Association of Economic Entomologists of North America, and the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, by its President, Mr. Lyman and the Rev. Dr.
Bethune.

The Council desires to express its entire satisfaction with the efficient manner in
which the Librarian and Curator, Mr. J. Alston Moffat continues to discharge the duties
of his offices.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

Henry H. Lyman,

President.

The adoption of the report of the Council was moved by Mr. Dearness, who also
said that it would be interesting to have inserted in the report of the Montreal Branch,
some details regarding their Saturday afternoon lectures for young people ; upon being
aeconded by Mr. L. Gibb, the motion was put to the meeting and unanimously adopted.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Report op the Librarian and Curator for the Year Ending 31st August, 1898

The bound volumes received in exchange from Government and public institutions
during the year were 9 : By gift — From Miss Ormerod, through Dr. Fletcher, Kollar'a
"Treatise on Insects Injurious to Gardeners and Farmers," and from Rev. Dr. Bethune,
" The Life and Adventures of Audubon." By purchase — u A Systematic Arrangement
of British Plants," and Grote's "Illustrated Essay of 1882." The number of volumes
bound was 34. The number of volumes added to the library during the year was 47.
The full number now on the register is 1,553. The number of volumes issued to local
members was 19.

Several valuable additions have been made to the collection of native lepidoptera
during the year by Mr. J. W. Bice, from his captures at electric light.

An important extension was made in the exotic collection by the receipt of a large
number of attractive Japanese butterflies and moths in excellent condition from the Rev.
H. Loomis, Yokohama, Japan.

Respectfully submitted,

J. Alston Moppat,

Librarian and Curator.

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION.

The President and Council of the Entomological Society :

Gentlemen, — During the season just past, the meetings of the Botanical Section
have been held with good regularity, beginning with April 20, and continuing every
second week until midsummer was over. The members have been actively engaged in
the study of the various departments and three plants new to the district of London
have been found and exhibited to the meetings, namely, Linaria minor, Galium cinereumt
Fraxinus quadriangulatus ; and others of particular rarity have been noted : — Asclepias
similar to Purpurea but whose species was not satisfactorily determined, Melissia offici-
nalis and Ranunculus bulbosa, Fleshy Fungi have been the recipients of considerable
attention on the part of some of the members and a more general interest has been awak-
ened in this branch.

Some points brought out at the meetings which are of sufficient interest to be men-
mentioned in our report are as follows : — Lactuca scaevola is reported from various quar-
ters and is said to be spreading throughout the County of Middlesex and others adjoin-
ing. It is said to be a pernicious weed and some farmers complain very much of its
abundance and troublesomeness.

Cuscuta epithymum, a dodder which has been found flourishing only on clover, and
of which there were several reports last year, was found again in the same localities this
year.

The lateness of the present summer season is also worthy of note. At the time of
writing (Oct. 22), wild specimens of Liatris cylindracea are in bloom, and in the garden
Anemone Japonica is full of buds and flowers, while the Phloxes, annual and perennial,
and also roses and carnations are still yielding flowers ; apple, pear and peach trees in
the gardens, maples, elms, and even the ash trees are still in almost full leaf, many of
them, particularly the three former, being quite green. Local records show that not for
17 years has there been so late and open a season.

Respectfully submitted for the Botanical Section,

I. Bond,

Chairman.

W. E. Saunders,
Secretary.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

REPORT OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.

The President and Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario?:

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to present the report of the Microscopical Section of
the Entomological Society of Ontario.

Meetings were begun in November, officers being elected as follows, Chairman, J.
A. Balk will ; Sec'yi W. E. Saunders ; Committee, Messrs. Rennie, Saunders and Balk-
will.

Nine meetings were held at which five sets of papers were given, a good attendance
recorded and much interest manifested. A good many slides were mounted by the mem-
bers and a great deal of interesting and instructive discussion on microscopical subjects
was engaged in.

The papers read comprised, —

Shine moulds, by J. Dearness, London.

Bacteria, by Dr. H. A. Stevenson, London.

Radiolaria, by R. W. Rennie, London.

Diatoms, by J. Dearness, London.

Marine Algae, by R. Lees, M.A., St. Thomas.

Submitted on behalf of the Section,

J. A. Balkwill,

Chairman.

W. E. Saunders,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

To the Entomological Society of Ontario :

The Geological Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs leave to present
the following report :

The section continued to meet weekly throughout the year. A special study of the
fauna of early geological time was made through the medium of fossils from the Silurian
and Devonian formations as developed in south-western Ontario, assisted by charts of
the characteristic organic life of these periods.

Special trips to interesting points in our western peninsula were made by various
members of our section, and reports of their observations were subsequently made.
Among other places visited were the following : — Kettle Point (Cape Ipperwash), by
Dr. Woolverton, the chairman of the section ; the Crystal Cave at Put- in Bay, Ohio, by
Mr. Percival ; the bituminous shales of Alvinston, Lambton Co., Ont., by Mr. Sangster ;
the new oil fields in Sarnia township, Ont. ; the Guelph formation as developed at Gait,
Ont., by Mr. Goodburn. The chairman of the section also visited the new oil fields at
Dutton. Commendable interest was manifested in the general study of geological
science.

Appended are abstracts of the reports made of field observations.

Dr. Wolverton's report on Kettle Point and its concretions :

" To the lover of natural history, and especially to the geologist, there is no place in
our western peninsula that is of greater interest than this.

" Kettle Point is composed of bituminous shales which overlie the Hamilton forma-
tion and which are here the highest member of the Devonian series. The chief feature
of this point is the large number of concretionary bodies strewn along the shore, washed

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

there from the shales which extend as shoals far into Lake Huron. These concretions
vary in size from a foot to five feet in diameter. Their composition is limestone, colored
by bituminous matter. They are crystalline and radiate from a centre. They resemble
fossilized wood. When exposed to the action of the air they usually divide through the
centre forming hemispheres.

" As they are being wantonly destroyed by visitors there should be legislative pro-
tection provided for these curiosities as soon as possible.

11 The shales here present a fine tesselated appearance. The vertical cleavage runs
in parallel straight lines at different distances, and the general appearance is much the
same as it would be had these shales been placed in position by skilled workmen. Quan-
tities of pyrites are found in these shales. The iron oxidizing tinges with red the boulders
along the shore.

" By decomposition of the shales, quantities of alum are produced. This the Indians,
from time immemorable, have used as medicine and a commodity for barter. Many years
ago fire raged among these shales and consumed a great Dart of the peninsula which pre-
viously had extended far into the lake."

Mr. Percival's report on the celestine grotto at Put-in-Bay :

"It having been reported to the section that a curious crystal cave had recently been
discovered on an island at the western extremity of Lake Erie, I decided to visit it and
report. The cave was discovered a year ago by workmen engaged in digging a well. At
a depth of about twenty feet a fissure was discovered at one side of the well, and further
excavation revealed a beautiful little cavern everywhere lined with crystalline strontium
sulphate (celestine). The owner having lighted the well by electricity the effect is very fine.
The crystals are rhombic, of a beautiful azure blue, and vary in size from one inch to twenty
inches in transverse axis. As the cavern is everywhere lined by these crystals it may be
considered a gigantic geode. The cave is semi-circular in form and about forty feet in
perimeter. The arch of the roof however is low owing to the vast deposit of crystals, said
to be more than twenty-two feet in thickness, on the floor of the grotto.

" Crevices at several points together with other indications lead to the opinion that
this is only one of a series of similar caverns in that vicinity. The owner proposes to
continue excavating during the ensuing winter, and probably next summer there will be
several grottoes open to the inspection of visitors.

" Strontium is a somewhat rare mineral and occurs nowhere else in large quantity.
The element was isolated about a century ago. It is whitish in color, oxidizes readily,
decomposes water with explosive violence, and never occurs in organic bodies. It gives
a remarkable band of light in the spectrum, by which it is readily detected. Strontium
was named after Strontian, in Argyle, Scotland, where it is found as a carbonate. It is
also found in Sicily in small quantity. Here however the quantity in sight is quite large.
Sr. nitrate is used to give a crimson tint to a flame, and is the chwf material used in
making Bengal fire (red). Strontium salts are also used in sugar refining to hasten the
crystallization of sugar."

Mr. Percival placed beautiful crystals in our geological cabinet in the Entomological
Society's rooms, where they may be inspected at any time.

Mr. Sangster's Report on Alvinston Shales.

The outcrop measures 1,400 feet in length, and borings made at various points prove
that the depth is sixty feet. The river has eroded the bed to a depth of about eight feet.
The shales are similar to those exposed at Kettle Point, but contain no concretions.
They are highly carbonaceous and contain much iron sulphide. The shales are capped
by a stratum of clay forty feet in thickness.

Experiments made with this shale prove it to be a most valuable material for the
manufacture of vitrified brick. A leading manufacturer of paving brick declared no

EMTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

better material for the purpose had hitherto been discovered on this continent. As a
company is being formed to manufacture brick from these shales, it is hoped that soon
they will rank among the developed economic products of this Province.

Mr. Sangster exhibited fine specimens of vitrified brick manufactured from these
shales.

Mr. John Law, who spent some time among the Catskills, southern New York

reported that veins of copper, also platinum, besides traces of gold and silver, had
been discovered ia these regions. He exhibited specimens of drift boulders from this
location ; gneiss appeared to be the predominating material. He also exhibited a photo-
graph of a famous drift rock called Eagle Rock. He thinks that prospectors would
find it a favorable field for exploration.

Mr. Goodburn visited Gait and reported as follows :

The rocks at Gait a?e dolomite (in some cases pure) and belong to the Guelph
group. They vary in colour, from a dirty yellow to a beautiful grey (the grey being
the lowest in the series), and are of a peculiar crystalline texture. They furnish excellent
building stones. The Guelph group varies here in thickness from 90£t. to 160ffc. The
underlying mass is the Niagara group. The upper portions of strata are much broken
up, and contained many specimens of the Megalomus Canadensis. This bed was about
15ft. thick. The lower bads were quite compact, and also contained many fossils. One
Meg. Can. which I secured is perfect, six inches in length, and larger than any figured in
Nicholson's Palaeontology. I also found a very good specimen of Megalomus cjm-
pressus four inches long and a little over one inch in thickness, a portion ot the outer
spiral and the whole of the inner cast of a Murchisonia Loganii. The quarry whence I
obtained my specimens is near the Grand Trunk track, and about 200 yards from the
Grand River.

The Chairman visited the oil fields at Dutton, Elgin Co., Ontario, and reported
that the pioneer company operating there had seven producing wells.

Mr. Kirk reported on another new oil field situated in Sarnia Township, Lambton
Co., Ontario. One company operating there had thirty producing wells scattered along
a line about two miles in length. These produce from 15 barrels per day downwards.
They propose to thoroughly develop this tract, and sink a well every 200 feet. The
producing area is about one mile in width. Another company working in an adjoining
neighbourhood have very recently obtained some good wells, one of which pumps 25
barrels a day. The producing wells are all situated along anti-clinal, wnich, however,
does not appear at the surface, being deeply covered by clay. Oil is obtained here at a
depth of about 475 feet. The borings pass through clay 100ft,, hard rock 15ft., shale
150 ft., upper lime 15 ft., shale 150 ft., lower lime and sandstone about 45ft. In order to
obtain oil each well must be torpedoed, the charge being from 20 to 50 quarts of nitro-
glycerine. These new oil fields seem to be a northwesterly extension of the petroleum oil
belt. The oil is found along a line trending northwest and southeast.

Geo. Kirk,

Secretary.

THE REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.

The 215 th regular and 25th annual meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Entomo-
logical Society of Ontario was held in the rooms of the Natural History Society of
Montreal, on May 10th, 1898.

The following members were present : Messrs. H. H. Lyman (President), A. F.
Winn (Vice-President), E. T. Chambers, J. B. Williams, D wight Brainerd, L. Reford,
O. Stevenson, G. A. Moore, and L. Gibb ; visitor, Mr. M. Waring Davis.

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The chair was taken by the President, and the minutes of the previous mteung
were read and confirmed, also the last annual report.

The President then submitted the following report of the Council for the past year :

In presenting their twenty-fifth annual report the Council have much pleasure in
being able to congratulate the Branch upon having enjoyed a continuous and fairly
prosperous existence for a quarter of a century. This, in view of the small number
interested in the pursuit of this particular branch of science, coupled with the fact that
in this country almost everyone has to work for a living, is, we think, a highly creditable
showing.

During the season eight meetings have been held, at one of which we had the
pleasure of the attendance of Dr. Fletcher, and at another of that of Rev. Mr. Fyles, and
the following papers were read :

Annual address of the President.

Notes on the Collecting Season of 1897 — Dwight Brainerd.

On the Food of the common Grass Snake — J. B. Williams.

A late Autumn Ramble on the Mountain — A. F. Winn.

On the Mounting of Lepidoptera — H. H. LymaD.

The San Jose Scale — Dr. James Fletcher.

Further notes on the Genus Chionobas — H. H. Lyman.

Our books and original papers — A. F. Winn.

Our native Pieridse, a theory — Dwight Brainerd.

Introduction to the Classification of Insects — Rev. T. W. Fyles.

An Arctian : what is it 1 — Rev. T. W. Fyles.

Life History of Taeniocampa alia, Gn — Rev. T. W. Fyles.

The Dytiscidse— A. F. Winn.

During the season a number of our members again took part in the course of short
lectures to young people on Saturday afternoons at the Natural History Museum. This
work is now fairly established, and should be productive of good results in the future.

Our small library, which had suffered greatly in the past through the Branch having
no permanent quarters, has received some valuable additions through the kindness of one
of our absent members, Mr. Jack, and the Cabinet of the Natural History Society has
been materially added to by two of our members, Messrs. Winn and D. Brainerd.

Our Branch has also presented a copy of Comstock's Manual for the study of
Insects to the library of that Society as a slight return for privileges accorded to our
Branch.

Steps have been taken to secure as far as possible the interchange of papers between
the different branches of the Society, that all may get the benefit of such papers.
Should this scheme be successfully carried out, it should add materially to the
interest of the meetings, and cause the several branches to take more interest in each
other's work.

At the last annual meeting of the parent Society our Branch was honored by
having one of its members elected to the presidency.

The Treasurer's report shows that the finances of the Branch are in a satisfactory
condition.

Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council,

Henry H. Lyman,

President.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11

The Treasurer then submitted his report, which showed an accumulated balance in
hand of $38.68.

Upon the motion of Mr. J. B. Williams, seconded by Mr. L. Reford, the reports of
the Council and Treasurer were received and adopted.

The President then read his annual address, giving: a resume of the past year's work,
and suggesting the holding of a conversazione in the autumn to mark the completion of
the 25th year of the Montreal Branch.

The followiDg officers were then elected for the ensuing year :

President — Henry H. Lyman; Vice President — A. F. Winn; Secretary-Treasurer —
Lachlan Gibb ; Council — G. C. Dunlop, J. B. Williams, Dwight Brainerd.

L. Gibb, Secretary-Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.

The second Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the Education
Department (Normal School) on Friday evening, the 1st April, 1898.

The following members were present : Messrs E. V. Rippon, President : Arthur
Gibson, Secy-Treas : H. D. Chipmar, C. T. Hills, C. H. Tyers, A J. Cherry, H. C.
Austen, S. R. Carter, E. M. Fen wick and Frank Welch.

The minutes of the previous regular meeting were read and approved.

Report op the Council : The Secretary read the following report of the Council
for the year ending 31st March, 1898.

The Council of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario take
pleasure in presenting the second Annual Report of the proceedings of tbe Branch for the
year ending 31st March, 1898.

Since our previous Annual Meeting one new member, Mr. E M.- Fen wick, has been
added to the roll of membership, and it is earnestly hoped that throughout the year now
commencing, the members will endeavor to obtain as many new additions to the roll as
possible.

During the year, eighteen regular meetings have been held, and the followicg papers,
contributed by the members, tended considerably to add to the interest manifested in, and
the success attending these meetings.

" Parasitic Forms of Insects " by Mr. E. V. Rippon.

" Collecting in and about Kings ville, Ont." by Mr. C. T. Hills.

" Some of the Insect Pests of the Niagara District " by Mr. H. 0. Austin.

11 Muscular Powers of Insects " by Mr. H. D. Chipman.

" The Mosquito " by Mr. A. J. Cherry.

11 On the Noctuidse Occurring at Toronto " by Mr. Arthur Gibson.

On the 23rd November last the Branch had the pleasure of contributing an illus-
trated lecture on " Our Friends and Foes of the Insect World ", through the kindness of
one of our members, Mr. T. G. Priddey, to the eleventh Section of the Boys' Brigade.
About 200 boys were present, most of whom took an interest in the discourse, and it is
hoped that some stray seed may have fallen into good ground.

During the collecting season three field days were held, viz., on the 24th May to
" Trout Creek", on the 19th June to "Trout Creek " and on the 1st July to Forks of
Credit.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Branch is indeed pleased to place on record the appreciation it feels towards the
Minister of Education (Hon. G. W. Roes) and the Education Department for Ontario, for
their kindness in granting the Branch the free use of a room, in which to hold meetings
and store the collection and library.

The report of the Librarian-Curator shows that during the year quite a large number
of valuable Government publications have been donated to the Branch, also that the col-
lection of insects is steadily increasing.

The Treasurer's report shows the balance carried forward to be on the right side.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

E. V. Rippon, President.

The report of the Treasurer was presented, as also that of the Librarian-Curator,
submitted by Mr. H. D. Ohipman. On motion of Mr. Hills, seconded by Mr. Austen,
the reports of the Council, Treasurer, and Librarian-Curator, were adopted as read.

The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows :

President— Mr. R. J. Crew ; Vice-President— Mr. C. T. Hills ; Secretary -Treasurer—
Mr. Arthur Gibson, (accl.) ; Librarian-Curator— Mr. H. D. Chipman j Members of
Council— -Messrs H. C. Tyers and E. M. Fenwick.

The retiring President, Mr. E. V. Rippon, then addressed the meeting. He referred
chiefly to the work done during the past year, and while pleased with the result, said he
would like to see the members take a more active interest in the work. As regards the
collection of insects he hoped the members would contribute as many specimens as they
possibly could during the coming season, and pointed out the advantage to all the members
in having a representative collection in the possession of the Branch. Of course, it would
not be expected that the members would neglect their own private collections, but with
a little extra work on the part of each member, he felt satisfied that much progress could
be made in the collection during the approaching season. He also referred to the reading
of papers at the meetings, and hoped that the members would make an eflort to contri-
bute more papers in future. During the past year only six papers were contributed by
the members. He encouraged those present to make more notes during the coming sea-
son, feeling sure that if such were done more papers would be contributed at the meetings.
He mentioned that the outlook for the Branch's future was much brighter than ever before,
as the Education Department for Ontario had very kindly granted the Branch the tree
use of a room in which to hold meetings, and store the collection and Library. He also
touched upon the membership and hoped that those connected with the Branch would
endeavor to have some new names added to the roll during the ensuing year.

The meeting then adjourned.

Arthur Gibson, Secretary.

REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH.

The annual meeting of the Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario
was held on the 26th of February, 1898. Eighteen members were present, the Presi-
dent, the Rev. T. W. Fyles, occupying the chair.

President's Report. The Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario
is to be congratulated on the success which has attended it during the first year of its
existence. Its numbers have increased, its meetings have been regularly held and well
attended, and considerable interest in natural history has been awakened in the com-
munity through its proceedings. The pleasures of its monthly meetings have been
enhanced by the hospitality of its members. This has been so far extended that its
gatherings have taken as much of a social as of a scientific character : though the objects
of the association have never been lost sight of — " Philosophy in sport" having been
made " Science in earnest."

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13

In the course of the summer a number of rare and interesting specimens were taken,
and these were afterwards exhibited and identified. Among them were some the names
of which were new to the Quebec lists.

The thanks of the members are due to the authorities of Morrin College for the
countenance and encouragement they have given to the association.

The Branch was represented by its President at the annual meeting of the Entomo-
logical Society of Ontario held in London, Ont,, on the 12th of October. On this occa-
sion many hearty good wishes for the prosperity of the Branch were expressed.

The parent society has reached the 35th year of its existence. Its 28th annual
report is now in the press. Its monthly organ, The Canadian Entomologist, which has
now reached its 30th volume, ranks as one of the leading Entomological publications of
the day, and has an extensive circulation, not only in Canada and the United States, but
in Europe and other parts of the world. Flourishing branches of the Society exist in
Toronto and Montreal. The Quebec branch will, we trustee no less prosperous than
these.

The Society has experienced a great loss by the death of its Vice-President, J. Hoyes
Panton, M. A., F. G S., Professor of Natural History and Geology, in the Ontario
Agricultural College, Guelph. He was the author of a useful handbook entitled " Our
Insect Foes and How to Destroy Them." His valuable article on " Entomology for
Rural Schools," which appeared in last year's report of the Society, is, no doubt, fresh in
the minds of many of you. His useful career was cut short while he w«s yet in his
prime. The American Entomological Society has also sustained a great loss by the death
of its President, Dr. George H. Horn. The Entomological News, of Philadelphia, thus
speaks of him :

" The entomological world has lost a shining light and American Coleopterology its
greatest votary. As a systematic coleopterist he probably did not have a superior in the
world. His large collection of beetles was considered the finest extant in the field he
cultivated. It, with his library, and five thousand dollars for the care of the former, he
willed to the American Entomological Society."

Entomology in the United States has made great strides. The Division of Entom
ology in the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. 0., has been of vast benefit to
the agriculturists and horticulturists of this continent. Its present able director, Mr. L.
O. Howard, and his efficient staff, are not merely supporting, but raising more and more
the high character that its services have won for it. Among the valuable bulletins that
it has lately issued are :

" The Gypsy Moth in America," by L. 0. Howard.

" Revision of the Tachinidse," by D. L. Ooquillet.

11 Some Little Known Insects Affecting Stored Vegetable Products," by F. H,
Ohittenden.

" Insects Affecting Domestic Animals," by Herbert Osborn.

The insects that are causing the greatest alarm in America at the present time are
the Gypsy Moth (Porthetria dispar) and the San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus}
Comstock. Specimens of the former species escaped in 1 869 from the residence of Professor
Trouvelot, at Medford, near Boston ; and for eight years the insects increased in
numbers without exciting much attention. The species has now extended its ravages
through a district of 220 square miles, and the State of Massachusetts has expended
$775,000 in the effort to exterminate it.

The pernicious scale insect was first noticed in the San Jose Valley, California. It
has now located itself in spots from Florida to Canada, and from Washington to New
Jersey. Its wide and rapid spread is owing to the fact that it has been * shipped ' with
fruit and with nursery stock in all directions, It infests deciduous fruit trees, and,
unless prompt measures are taken, an orchard attacked by it will be completely destroyed

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in a very few years. Our Canadian Department of Agriculture has taken the alarm,
and posters, drawn up by Dr. Fleteher have been widely distributed to draw the atten-
tion of fruit-growers to the danger.

Bat Entomology has not only to deal with insects, more or less obnoxious to man ;
it brings to our notice the beneficial labors of hundreds of other kinds It holds up to
our admiration the marvellous beauty with which the Creator has gifted many of his
lesser creatures, and it brings home to us the teaching that « His tender mercies are over
all His works." As it is in grace, so it is in nature, " He that seeketh findeth. lne
works of the Lord are great, sought out by all them that have pleasure therein.

Report of the Council In presenting this, the first annual report of the Quebec
branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, your Council finds that the branch,
although not eleven months in existence, has succeded very well m the objects for
which it was instituted, viz. : the inculcating and promoting a lively interest m ento-
mologv, the collection and classifying of specimens, and bringing the members together
in social intercourse, through entomological excursions, lectures and gatherings at each
other's houses.

Our membership is now twenty-six, viz. : eighteen adults and eight juniors. We
have grounds for hope that, during the present year, it will be largely increased.

Meetings have been held monthly, with exception of the midsummer months in
Convocation Hall of Morrin College, by kind permission of the College authorities, for
which courtesy our sincere thanks are due.

Papers have been read and lectures illustrated by diagrams, delivered in the same
Hall which have been numerously attended. Instruction has also been given as to the
killing, mounting and preserving of specimens, which has been much availed of; and we
are glad to see it, especially amongst our Junior members. Several nicely-mounted
specimens, taken daring the summer campaign by members of our branch, have been
shewn at our meetings and evince keen interest in the study of entomology on the part of
almost all.

Papers have been read and lectures given on land beetles, two winged flies, flesh
flies mvcetophylidse (mushroom flies), bombilidse, parasites, especially those infesting
cattle horses and sheep, and the beat means of their extermination (most useful informa-
tion to the farmer and grazier), as well as the tiger moths-Arctiid^-Colias interior,
etc The caterpillars have not been forgotten and our - woolly-bear friend < Phragma-
tobia rubricosa," as he sturdily scampers over the snowdrift, lets us know that life is by
no means lacking in even the smaller things of creation during a Canadian winter, for he
early shows himself, a harbinger of spring.

The want of a proper cabinet for the conservation of insects arose, and through the
kindness of a few of the members and friends of the Association a very handsome one
has been obtained, which is placed in Morrin College, and has already received its first
instalment of insects.

Before closing what must necessarily be but a brief report, owing to the short time
since the organization of the branch, we must call your attention to an item very interest-
ing to our hive of workers, viz : the treasurer's report, which shows that, after remitting
to the parent society the necessary honorarium and paying expenses, we have, out of our
subscription list, a balance in hand of $6.70.

Joseph Eveleigh Trepfry,

Secretary.

The officers elected for 1898 were :

President— Rev. Thomas W. Fyles ; Vice-President— Miss Macdonald ; Council—
Hon Richard Turner, Mr. J. Eveleigh Treffry, Prof. H. Walters, Mrs R. Turner, Miss
Bickell, Miss B. Winfield ; Secretary- Treasurer— Jut-Gol Crawford Lindsay ; Curator—
Professor H. Walter*.

y/NTTOMOT/)OTCAX SOCTETY. 15

Since the annual meeting in February the branch has held four regular meetings,
and five field-days. On the latter occasions very happy excursions to the Gomin, the
Island of Orleans (twice), and Beauport were made.

The branch now numbers twenty-eight adult members and fourteen junior.

Crawford Lindsay,

Secretary-Treasurer.
Quebec, Nov. 5th, 1898.

REPORT FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Having the honor to represent the Entomological Society of Ontario, I beg leave
to submit the following report of its work and proceedings during the past year.

The Society still maintains its former position as to its increasing membership. Its
Branches are doing good work, and have given a very considerable impetus to the study
of insect life. The Toronto Branch having been inaugurated, commenced its life with the
New Year, and later a Branch was formed in Quebec, under the most favorable
auspices. The Library has been augmented by an unusually large number of additional
volumes, numbering no less than eighty-eight ; the total number on the register now
being 1,506. Important additions were also made to the Society's collections of insects.

"The Canadian Entomologist," the official organ of the Society, maintains its
prestige among its class of literature. The twenty ninth volume of 306 pages was issued
during the past year (1897), its contributors numbering forty-four, of whom thirty reside
in the United States of America, one in Mexico, one in Germany, and the remaining
twelve in Canada. These contributed seventy-six articles, in which were described
twenty new genera, one new subgenus, ninety-one new spscies, and six new varieties.

The following are a few of the more important papers above referred to, viz. :

On the Mexican Bees of the genus Augochlora. — By T. D. A. Cockerell.

The Ooleoptera of Canada. — By Prof. H. F. Wickham. Continued through nine
numbers, and being also a continuation of a series of articles on the same subject which
have appeared during the past three years, making an extremely useful compilation for
students in Canadian Ooleoptera.

A Generic Revision of the Hypogymnidae (Liparidae) — By Harrison G. Dyar.

Catalogue of the Phytophagous and Parasitic Hymenopbera of Vancouver Island — By
W. Hague Harrington, F.R.C.S.

Some new species and varieties of Lepidopfcera from the Western U.S. — By Wm.
Barnes, M.D.

Descriptions of some new Genera and species of Canadian Proctotrypidse — By
Wm. H. Ashmead.

Synonymical and descriptive notes on North American Orthoptera — By Samuel H.
Scudder.

On rearing Dragon Flies — By James G. Needham.

Contribution to the knowledge of North American Syrphidae — By W. D. Hunter.

Preliminary Studies of North American Gomphinae. — By Jas. G. Needham.

A Generic Revision of the Hypocritidae — By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D.

Notes on the Life History of Colias Interior (Scud) — By H. H. Lyman.

The Life History of Epirranthis Obfirmaria, Hbn.— By Rev. Thos. W. Fyles.

16

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Notes on Grapta Interrogations Fabr. — By H. H. Lyman and A. F. Winn.

Also there appears a number of book notices, correspondence, etc., etc.

The thirty-fifth annual meeting of the Society was held in its new room in the
Young Men's Christian Association Building in London on Tuesday and^Wednesday,
October 12th and 13th, 1897.

The annual report published by the Society to the Department of Agriculture of the
Province of Ontario consists of 104 pages, in which is contained a full report of the pro-
ceedings of the annual meeting above mentioned, together with the annual address of its
President. (The reports and papers contained therein were here enumerated.

John^D. Evans,

Delegate.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st AUGUST 1898.

Receipts.

Balance on hand September 1 st, 1897 $ 575 52

Members' fees ... 335 13

Sales of Entomologist 196 46

Sales of pins, cork, etc 74 06

Government grant , 1,000 00

Advertisements 26 50

Interest 23 87

$2,231 54

Expenditure.

Printingl $ 597 85

Report and meeting experjses 214 OO

Library 35 92

Expense account, postage, etc 133 49

Rent 175 00

Salaries 310 00

Pins, cork, etc 36 03

Balance on hand August 31st, 1898 739 25

$2,231 54

We, the auditors of the Entomological Society of Ontario, hereby certify that we have examined the
books and vouchers of the treasurer and find them well kept and correct and that the above statement is in
accordance with the accounts.

W. H. HAMILTON, \A„,,.fnrB
J AS. H. BOWMAN, J Auditor*

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FROM SEPTEMBER 1st, 1898, TO

31st DECEMBER, 1898.

Receipts. Expenditure.

Balance on hand September 1st, 1898 $ 739 25

Members' fees 86 90

Sales of Entomologist 15 47

Sales of pins, cork, etc 11 58

Advertisements . 7 00

Interest 13 80

$874 00

Printing $ 206 45

Report and meeting expenses 155 73

Library 22 51

Expense account, postage, etc 22 53

Rent 100 00

Salaries 50 00

Pins, cork, etc 9 44

Balance on hand 31st December, 1898 .... 307 34

$874 00

J. BALKWILL, Treasurer.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.

By Henry H. Lyman, M.A., Montreal.

Gentlemen, — It is with much pleasure that I welcome you to the thirty-fifth annual
meeting of our society, and especially is this pleasure enhanced by the fact that our
meeting is held in this city in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the forma-
tion of the Montreal branch.

It is a subject for much congratulation that our society, which started from such
small beginnings, has grown to such a large number of members, with associate members
all over the world, and that its monthly journal takes so high a place in the field of
entomological periodicals. But I think that we in Montreal have some reason to be
proud of the fact that we are the third oldest entomological association on this continent,
and, without any monetary grant or assistance from Government, have been able to
keep our meetings up with great regularity through a quarter of a century.

Two hundred and seventeen meetings have been held, and over 200 original papers
have been read by our members, and about 80 of these have been published.

But, to turn to matters of more general interest, when an amateur entomologist,
with extremely little leisure to devote to this science, has the honor, or perhaps I should
say the misfortune, to be elected to the distinguished position of president of so
important a society, the question what he is to do for an annual presidential address
becomes at once a serious bugbear.

We amateurs have to take our science in so scrappy a fashion, in such small
mouthfuls, that it is generally impossible for us to follow out any continuous line of
investigation or experiment, and our work is of too fragmentary a nature to afford
material for an important address. True, by reading and study, we might familiarize
ourselves sufficiently with the work which has been done in some particular line by other
entomologists to enable us to give a fairly accurate review of such subjects, but that
seems hardly desirable, unless one can add something of interest from one's own
observations.

Many of my predecessors in this office have devoted much of their addresses to a
review of the principal injurious insects of the year, but I feel that this subject can
be so much better handled by those who are by profession economic entomologists that
I prefer to leave that task to them.

It has occurred to me that there are many subjects, some of them small in them-
selves, perhaps, but which for all that are not without their interest, and I have there-
fore determined to invite your attention to a sort of entomological omnium gatherum or
olla podrida.

But before taking up any of these subjects, it is my painful duty to refer to the sad
event which so early in the season, and in the maturity of his powers, deprived our
society of our highly respected vice-president. Prof. Panton was elected at the last
annual meeting, though unable to attend on account of illness, but I do not think that
any one at that time anticipated a fatal termination, and I, certainly, looked forward
with pleasure to meeting him at this annual meeting.

But the greatest loss to entomology in America, using the latter term in a wider
sense than our neighbors generally use it, which has occurred during the year was unques-
tionably that sustained in the death of Dr. George H. Horn, who since the death of Dr.
J. L. Leconte has been facile princeps among American coleopterists.

By the death of Dr. J. A. Lintner, American economic entomology has suffered a
great loss, and I am sure his memory will be cherished by all who had the privilege of
his acquaintance. He was a very able entomologist and a kindly, unassuming gentleman.

2 EN.

18 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Among other losses by death especial mention should be made of Prof. Kellicott, of
the Ohio State University, but whom I had not the privilege of knowing.

But to turn to less mournful subjects : If I were asked to state what I consider the
chief characteristic of entomologists, I think I should say their patience. Surely a man
deficient in this virtue would not continue long in the pursuit of this science. Are we
ever thoroughly discouraged 1 Does not hope spring ever fresh in our hearts 1 We
may secure the eggs of a Bpecies whose life history we are anxious to enravel, and
after carrying the larvae nearly through, and just when success seems about to reward
our patient care, a mysterious disease may sweep the whole brood away, and yet we only
say, " I must try it again ; better luck next time."

When I think of the myriads of species whose life histories are waiting to be
unravelled, of the comparatively few who are engaged in this work, of the few life histories
which we can work out in a single season, and of the very few seasons we have in which
to do this work, I am inclined to think that the way we go at this task is almost
sublime.

But this reflection leads me to what is perhaps a delicate question, and that is —
Would it not be better if some of our friends, when working out these life histories,
would give less time to debating as to more generalized and more specialized forms ?

Surely it will not be contended that a more specialized form is necessarily higher
than a more generalized one ? There is evolution downwards as well as upwards,
specialization towards degradation as well as towards advancement.

I confess that when I find able entomologists laying such great stress upon such
minutiae as one vein being slightly more appressed to another vein in one genus than in
some other genus, or the presence or absence of some minute veinlet, when it is admitted
that even individuals of the same species show variations in these matters, which fact has
to be accounted for on the convenient doctrine of reversion, or when it is proposed to
classify families as higher or lower chiefly upon the single characteristic of having or not
having the fore pair of legs aborted, my share of the patience to which I have alluded
tends to wear thin.

While not a champion of the New Woman, I certainly believe in the doctrine of the
equality of the sexes in the case of the Lycaenidae, and protest strongly against any
attempt on the part of the gentleman Lycaenid to lord it over his spouse on account of
his aborted fore legs. The bear has a plantigrade foot, and the domestic fowl is a biped,
but it is hardly probable that these facts would lead any systematist to place these
animals next to man in the order of classification. We shall never have a natural, and
therefore scientific and satisfactory classification of these creatures until we know them in
all their stages, when our classification will be based upon the sum of their characteristics.

There is one word which I would like to say to our professional friends, and that is,
that I think they might show a little more consideration for the amateurs in the way of
giving the reasons for any necessary changes of name. Amateurs have neither the time
nor the opportunity to keep up in detail with the tremendous output of entomological
literature, and when one takes up a number of a journal containing an instalment of a
" revision " of some group, and finds that some well-known name has entirely dis-
appeared, and after a protracted hunt finds, let me say, such an old acquaintance as
Euchcetes Collaris, Fitch, disguised under the name of Cycnia Tenera, Hiibner, and this
without a word of explanation of this wonderful discovery, one can hardly be blamed for
exclaiming " A plague on all your revisions."

In entomology, as no doubt in other branches of natural science, some men are
lumpers and others are splitters. To the latter I would say that the describing of new
species should certainly not be done on the chance of their proving distinct, and to the
former that once a form has been described as a new species it should not be lumped
except upon overwhelmning proof. As an example of most unwarrantable lumping may
be instanced the case of Euchcetes Collaris, Fitch, which on the authority of some wise-

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

acre was known for many years as " the common white variety of Euchcetes Egle" because,
forsooth, entomologists were too lazy or too stupid to secure the eggs and rear the species.
But I find a very curious tendency in many men to be both lumpers and splitters,
lumpers in dealing with the work of others, but splitters in their own work.

A man takes up some group with the view of monographing it, gathers specimens
from far and near, inspects all the types to which he can gain access, and finally
announces that what have passed for ha lf-a dozen distinct species are merely slight local
varieties of one world-pervading species.

Now this may be all right, though I think that such lumping might, perhaps, better
be deferred till the forms in question had been bred through all their stages. But look
what follows : among the material gathered together he finds one specimen slightly
different from any of the named forms, and two other specimens which agreeing together
differ slightly in some other direction, and upon these three specimens two new species
are founded, although the divergence does not appear to be greater than in the case of
the forms whioh he has just lumped ; and thus we have a patent lumper and splitter
combined.

What I have already said of the difficulty, especially for amateurs, of keeping up
with the literature of the subject leads me to suggest that it would be a great assistance
if an annual list of all the new genera and species of North American insects, with the
references as to where described, were published in the January number of the " Canadian
Entomologist," and I feel sure that our journal would thereby become of greatly
enhanced value to all working entomologists.

The insufficient indexing of some publications is a frequent source of vexation and
loss of time, and adds materially to the difficulty of those who need to refer to articles
some time after their publication. If the index of every journal were begun with the issue
of the first number, each article being cross indexed as soon as issued, the work would
not be heavy, and when the last number was in type a thoroughly satisfactory index
could be completed in a very short time. The late Dr. Lintner placed a very high value
upon a thoroughly complete index, and spared no pains to make the indexes of his Reports
as perfect as it was possible to make them.

From 1868 to 1873 inclusive we had an Annual Record of American Entomology,
edited by Dr. Packard, with a number of leading authorities in the different orders as
associate editors. It was a very useful work, and it is, I think, mucn to be desired
that we should have some sort of an annual index of American Entomology. The diffi-
culties in its way are, I know, very great, but if it were possible for it to be undertaken
by the Division of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, it would
be a great assistance to all the working entomologists of the continent.

Another point of great importance is the care of important collections, and especially
the preservation and accessibility of types. It is not reasonable for any one to expect
types to be lent for study as the risk of loss or damage is too great, but they should cer-
tainly be accessible to those who visit for this purpose the museums or private collections
where these types are preserved. It is certainly disappointing when one has made an
expensive journey for the purpose of examining a collection, or studying certain types, to
find that one's journey is wholly or partly in vain, either through the caprice of a museum
curator, or through the collection being in too crowded a condition to permit of an exami-
nation being made with safety.

To any one who augments his collection by either exchange or purchase, the different
styles of pinning and spreading specimens of Lepidoptera are matters of serious concern,
as one generally has to reset all specimens so obtained, unless one is willing to have one's
specimens at all sorts of heights, and spread in all sorts of ways. The late Mr. Morrison,
who collected so extensively for his patrons, used to insert his pins so that there was fre-
quently very little more than a quarter of an inch above the thorax, and as he used very
small sized pins, whioh bent easily, it was very difficult to handle the specimens without
knocking off the antennae.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

It was a great step in advance when all the principal makers of microscopes were
induced to accept the Microscopical Society's screw, as any objective could be used on
any stand. Is it too much to hope for, that entomologists on this continent should adopt
a standard length of pin, and a standard height at which to place the specimen on the
pin a standard spreading board for Lepidoptera and a standard style of setting 1 And
this brings me to the most important suggestion which I desire to make, and that is, that
North American entomologists might with advantage follow the example of the ornitholo-
gists and form a " Union " with a limited number of full members, and an unlimited
number of associate members, the full members to be chosen from the leading entomolo-
gists of the continent, but associate membership to be open to every entomologist.

The American Ornithologists' Union has been a marked success, and I see no reason
why a similar union should not work equally well among entomologists. There are many
subjects with which such a union might deal, and if its decisions were generally accepted,
as I have no doubt they would be, I am sure it would do a great deal to harmonize the
work in this branch of science.

To mention a very few of the things which might be dealt with in addition to those
which I have already mentioned I may suggest the capitalization or otherwise of specific
names the nomenclature or numbering of the veins in the wings, the designation of the
various segments of larvee, as well as all the questions in regard to nomenclature. If it
be objected that ornithology is practically one subject, while entomology is a whole
collection of subjects, I answer, » True, but the same principles apply to all the branches
Take the case of the capitalizing or otherwise of specific names. Some capitalize all
anecific names, as Mr. W. H. Edwards, with whom on this point I entirely agree, others
nse capitals for names derived from persons and small letters in other cases ; others, and I
am afraid the large majority, use the lower case letter in all cases Would it not, how-
ever be better in such a matter as this to waive our personal predilections and for the
sake of uniformity accept an authoritative ruling by such an organization as I have
suggested.

With regard to venation the question of uniform designation is of much greater
importance as it is impossible for an amateur to familiarize himself with all the systems
in voaue and hence many generic descriptions or articles on structure are quite unin-
t«lliJble' to many readers. The old system of named veins and veinlets or nerves and
nervures seems certainly preferable to me to the confused systems of nnmbenng now m
use by different authors, and surely this is a matter which could very profitably be se tied
hv such a body, while in the realm of general nomenclature the field is so vast that the
Union would have abundant material for business at its annual meetings for many years

to come.

Another point in the same connection may be mentioned, and that is in regard to
the official organ of such an association. There have been at different times so many
different entomological journals started and carried on for afew years only to die out again.
There are many entomologists who cannot afford to subscribe to more than one journal,
and it might be better if instead of so many journals with small circulations competing
for subscriptions there were fewer in the field, but those more generally subscribed to.

But lest I weary you with suggestions which may he regarded as savouring of pre-
sumption in an amateur, I would now invite your attention to a rapid glance at ; a portion
ofX work which is being carried on by some of the leading entomologists of the con-
Hnent While, as I said, I prefer to leave to others who are so infimtely better qualified
the task of giving a review of the insect depredations of the year, I can hardly avoid
referring somewhat briefly to some of those which have attracted the widest attention.

As Canadians we are naturally especially interested in the work which our own
official entomologist is engaged in. Dr. Fletcher is certainly untiring in his work, travel
Ung about the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific to attend meetings of farmers, fruit
growers and dairymen, for the purpose of interesting and instructing them in the impor-
tance of tconomk entomology, and in regard to the economic value of particular grasses,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

and the people are thus being brought to see that the aim of the experimental farms is
not the providing of handsome residences in a charming locality for a certain number of
scientific gentlemen, but that there is a very real money value to the agricultural interests
of the country in the work and investigations which are being carried on there. But
naturally from the large sums annually devoted by the Central Government at Washing-
ton and the various States to the prosecution of economic entomology by a large and
highly trained force of entomologists, the work in that country must necessarily
overshadow what we are doing in Canada, though I think it is also undoubtedly a fact
that from our more northern latitude we are much less subject to insect depredations of
a devastating character.

The attack which in recent years has caused the most widespread alarm on account
of the serious nature of the damage likely to result from it is unquestionably that of the
San Jose' Scale. This most injurious insect appeared in California late in the seventies, was
brought east on nursery stock to New Jersey in 1887 or 1888 and had by 1893, when its
presence in the Eastern States was discovered by Dr. Howard, spread through portions of
almost every one of the Eastern and Middle States causing the death of thousands of trees
before its presence became known. Naturally it soon became a subject of discussion at
all meetings of agriculturists and entomologists and has been the subject of legislation by
sixteen of the States.

From this very necessary publicity it was naturally to be expected that other coun-
tries would take alarm and endeavor to protect their agricultural interests from so great
a danger. The first country to do so was Germany, the German Emperor issuing a decree
on the 5th February last prohibiting the importation of fruits and plants from America,
which prohibition was subsequently restricted to living plants and fresh fruits which
might be found to be affected by living scale.

Following shortly after the action of Germany came the passing by our Canadian
Parliament of the San Jose Scale Act on the 18th March last, by which Act it was pro-
vided that nursery stock should be excluded when imported from sifch infected countries
as might be designated by the Governor- General in Council, and the United States,
Australia, Japan and the Hawaiian Islands were immediately so designated, the plants
not subject to the attack of the Scale being exempted from the operation of the Act.

A month later the Government of Austria-Hungary issued a decree barring out
living plants, grafts and layers, as well as the packings and coverings, but not excluding
fruit except such as might upon examination be found to be infected. Following this the
Government of the Netherlands sent an expert to the United States to investigate and
report, and Sweden also sent an expert partly for the purpose of making a similar investi-
gation.

The Legislature of Ontario has passed a law for the destruction of badly infested
trees and providing reasonable compensation for loss so incurred, while in the United
States a bill governing inter state commerce in nursery stock and providing for quarantine
in the principal ports of the country was reported favourably upon by the Committee
on Agriculture at the last session of Congress and will doubtless become law at an early
date.

In this connection attention may be directed to the obvious limitations of the use of
natural enemies of insect pests, the attempted introduction of Calif ornian beetles into New
Jersey in the hope of their multiplying and checking the San Jose' scale having proved
a failure, as has also the attempt to infect the scales with a parasitic fungus from
Florida.

The present year has been an important periodical cicada year, the broods occurring
this year being the brood XVII. of the Septendecim race and brood VII. of theTredecim
race. In this connection especial attention should be caUed to the very important pam-
phlet upon this subject prepared by Mr. C. L. Marlatt, First Assistant Entomologist at
Washington, and issued as Bulletin No 14 of the new series of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture. This paper extending to 148 pages copiously illustrated, is certainly the most

22

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

important contribution which has yet been made to our knowledge of this wonderful and

interesting insect

Last winter, the Legislature of Massachusetts appropriated $200,000.00, the fall
amount asked for, to continue the work of exterminating the Gypsy Moth, and as ** con-
sequence very remarkable progress has been made in this work during the past season,
and it now seems probable that if similarly liberal appropriations are continued for sev-
eral years longer this important, bat tedious, work will bs crowned with success. The
work of destroying the Brown-tail Moth has also been intrusted to the same force and is
being carried on in connection with the Gypsy Moth work.

Other work in Economic Entomology which may be referred to is the progress made
by the Division of Entomology at Washington in the accumulation of data concerning
the distribution of injurious insects in the United States.

Mr. Pergande, in furtherance of his investigations of the Lecanium scales affecting
the fruit trees, spent the summer in Europe and collected large material.

In the early spring, Dr. Howard visited Mexico to investigate the possibilities of
preventing the introduction of the Morelos Orange Fruit Worm into California.

Mr. R. A. Cooley, an assistant to Prof. Fernald, has beer, at work upon the genus
Chionaspis and has accumulated an enormous amount of material, and it is anticipated
that his paper, when published, will give more than twice the number of species formerly
known.

Fig. A. Operation of the first category. A compound pupa and a compound moth of P. Cynthia.
But while the economic side of the science is that which is of chief interest and
importance to the conmunity, I confess that my own interests lie rather in the direction
of the purely scientific side of the subject.

I^From this point of view the experiments of Mr. Henry E Crampton, Jr., of the
Department of Zoology of Columbia University, are of surpassing interest.
fr-^Mr. Crampton, following up the experiments of Mr. G. Born upon frog and toad
embryos, determined to try similar experiments in grafting upon Lepidoptera in the pupal
period and has obtained some truly marvellous results Mr. Crampton selected the pupae
of the large Saturnians, Cynthia, Cecropia, Promethea and Polyphemus as being the most
suitable, though he also experimented with success upon Vanessa Antiopa, but had no
success in his operations upon Danais Archippus.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

23

^.-_u The butterflies are not so well suited to these experiments as these large moths,
partly because of their status being higher than that of the moths, and in the case of those
which winter either in the larval or imago state, the chrysalis period is too short.

i&£7 Naturally, failure resulted in a good many cases, the average of successful operations
amounting to about ten per cent.

Fig. B. Operation of the second category.

Union in "Tandem" of P. Cynthia, anterior, and C. Promethea'
posterior.

The operations were of great variety, the anterior end of one pupa being joined to
the posterior end of another either of the same or of a different species, or they were
joined in tandems or in pairs back to back, while in one case the tip of the abdomen of
one moth was grafted to the upper side of the abdomen of another. One pupa had had
its head cut off and was still alive and the abdomens of some were cut off about the mid-
dle to see if any regeneration would take place. No cases have been successful where
the division has been made longitudinally through the centre of the pupae, and the nearer
this line is approached the fewer there are which are successful, and conversely the less
that is taken off the more likely are the subjects to survive.

The modus operandi is to slice the pupse with a razor and effect the junctions with
melted paraffin. The paraffin ring cannot be removed, as the coalescence is only effected
between the interior portions, the two portions of the pupa case never uniting. The
paraffin ring naturally tends to prevent the imagos emerging and they have to be helped
out when they seem, from the papery condition of the pupa case, to be ready for emer-
gence, the case being picked off bit by bit.

In general, the wings fail to expand and as a consequence the abdomen remains
distended by the hsemolymph. In some cases the wings, or a majority of them, expand
very well, one, perhaps, being aborted. In the case of a tandem junction, the anterior
one may expand and the posterior one not. In such a case the former had only lost the
tip of its abdomen, while the lower one had lost its head. In one case where two portions
of pupse were joined laterally, one eye in one part had coalesced with the neighbouring
one in the other part to form a common eye. As a rule, the operations greatly retarded
the development of the specimens.

24

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Fig. C. Operation of the third category. United pupse and united im agines of S. Ceeropia.

One of the objects of these experiments was to see what effect, if any, the unions
would have on the colours of the resulting moths, but the results were rather negative,
as nothing very definite was obtained.

ig. D. Operation of the third category. United pupae and united imagines of S. Ceeropia

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

Another object was to ascertain if it would be possible to breed from such monstros-
ities, but though some individuals had shown symptoms of desiring sexual connection, no
union had ever taken place, and so no eggs had been obtained, and as these operations
must greatly lower the vitality of the subjects, it seems very improbable that any
attempts at breeding from these monstrosities could ever be successful*.

Another man who is doing good work, though in a much less startling field, is Dr.
Otto Seifert of New York, in his experiments with heat and cold applied to the pupae of
butterflies and moths. following up the work of Dorfmeister, Weismann, Edwards,
Stange, Merrifield, Standfuss, and Eimer he has made extensive experiments upon a con-
siderable number of species.

Pyrameis Atalanta, which seems very susceptible to these influences, Papilio
Asterias, P. Turnus, Colias Philodice, Grapta Interrogationis, Melitsea Phaeton, Danais
Archippus, Limenitis Disippus, Vanessa Antiopa, Junonia Coenia, Arctia Arge, A. Nais,
Philosamia Cynthia, and Samia Cecropia have all been experimented upon with more or
less success.

The operations were carried on by means of an incubator and an ice chest, the
temperature in the former being maintained as nearly as possible at 38° C. equal to 100a
F. while in the latter it varied between 4° C. and 6° 0. equal to 39° F. and 43° F.

In summarizing his results Dr. Seifert informs me that the effect seemed to depend
more upon the susceptibility of the individual than upon the length of the exposure to
these artificial conditions, as in some cases chrysalides kept ten days on ice produced more
aberrant forms than resulted from others kept for thirty days on ice.

Cold and heat did not always have opposite effects in some particulars, as for instance
Limenitis Disippus exposed to heat was deepened in colour along the costa to the middle
of the wing, the mesial band of secondaries narrowing or being omitted altogether.
Subjected to cold the colour was turned darker also but in a different way, the darker
tone being chiefly produced by many black scales along the veins, and the mesial band on
secondaries being more marked.

While heat in general tends to produce a more marked or defined design, when
accompanied by an excess of moisture Dr. Seifert found a tendency to almost destroy the
colour but never to affect the design.

Heat and cold were also found to affect the shape of the wings, in some cases the
apex of primaries becoming more pointed, while in P. Turnus and G. Interrogationis
cold caused a remarkable development of the scallops and dentations of the wings.

Cold changed the rounded secondaries of Junonia Coenia to a form more elongated
towards the anal angle, while heat shapes the wings of Limenitis Disippus nearly to
those of Danais Archippus.

Pyrameis Atalanta was affected in the most interesting manner by cold, the red
transverse band on primaries above being broken up into four spots while below the
secondaries are much changed in appearance, the uuff tone of the lower two-thirds of
the outer margin being greatly strengthened and spread inwards, while a violet bloom
tends to spread over the wing.

In Arctia Arge the prominent black spots on the abdomen vanish entirely or are
much diminished by heat, and the black marks on primaries are also reduced.

By cold the black spots on the abdomen are enlarged, sometimes in the female be-
coming transverse bands, while on the secondaries blackish streaks originating from the
base spread outwards towards the margin.

Dr. Seifert also experimented upon eggs but could only find that heat hastened de-
velopment while cold retarded it. Eggs of Colias Philodice exposed to a temperature of

*The cuts illustrative of these experiments have been copied from those in "Biological Lectures,"
published by Messrs, Ginn & Co., of Boston, by the kind permission of Mr. Crampton, who delivered the
11th lecture at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood's Holl in the summer session of 1897.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

100° F. hatched in 36 hours, while cold if not carried too far, 8-10 days, merely retarded
the hatching, but eggs of A. Luna exposed to cold for 20 days were all killed.

The chief point which Dr. Seifert is seeking to elucidate is whether the variations
obtained can be transmitted to the offspring and become hereditary. This field of investi-
gation, while much less startling than that in which Mr. Crampton is working, certainly
seems likely to prove more fruitful.

Among the most important publications on the Lepidoptera of North America which
have appeared during the year must be mentioned Prof. Fernald's monograph of the
Pterophoridse, with its sixty-two pages of text and nine plates devoted altogether to
structural details, which work has been accorded the highest praise by those best able to
judge of its merits.

Mr. Beutenmuller has laid us under a further debt of gratitude by the issue of his
11 Descriptive Catalogue of the Bombycine Moths found within Fifty Miles of New York
City," which appeared last month. This is on the same plan as his previous catalogues
of Butterflies and Sphingidse, and extends to ninety six pages, with nine excellent plates.
One hundred and eighty-one species are described, of which ninety-three are illustrated,
but from lack of space the author had to omit all generic descriptions. At present this
work is only available to those having access to the " Bulletin of the Amerian Museum
of Natural History," or are so fortunate as to receive a copy of the author's edition, but I
am glad to be able to announce that Mr. Beutenmuller, on completion of the series, con-
templates re-issuing the whole in book form, which will then be generally available.

Mr. Beutenmuller, in addition to carrying on this important work, is also engaged
upon studying various genera of the Lepidoptera with a view to revision, and has
recently issued a review of the genus Euchloe or Anthocharis, to be followed later by
a paper on Argynnis.

Dr. Dyar has been carrying on his important studies on structure, especially of
larvae, and is engaged in conjunction with Dr. J. B Smith upon a monograph of
Acronycta, and is also at work upon a new catalogue or check list which, it is promised,
will render the Lepidoptera scarcely recognizable by those who have accustomed them-
selves to Dr. Smith's Check List of 1891.

Dr Ottolengui of New York has taken up the Plusia group and has gathered speci-
mens of nearly, if not quite, all the known North American forms, and has secured either
specimens closely agreeing with all types which he has not been able to see or, where this
was impossible, carefully executed colored figures of such types. He is thus in a position
to monograph the group, and has discovered some extraordinary errors which have been
current for many years. If I may be pardoned for saying so, his work has been carried on
on precisely similar lines to my study of the Callimorphas some years ago, namely, by
finding out first what each author meant by his description, fixing the types absolutely,
and then working from that basis, instead of taking things for granted and going by
guesswork, and this, I contend, is the only true method.

In Ooleoptera, as I am informed, the illness and death of Dr. Horn has produced
almost a standstill.

In Hymenoptera valuable contributions have been made chiefly by Mr. Ashmead,
aided by Dr. Howard, Mr. Marlatt and Dr. Dyar, the latter in Tenthrenid larvae, and the
growth of knowledge in this order has been almost phenomenal, while Dr. Smith has
been engaged in most interesting work on the underground forms, the Digging Bees, by
means of the plaster cast method.

In Diptera the works of Messrs, Coquillett and Johnson, especially the very
important "Revision of the Tachinidae " by the former, have added much to our know-
ledge, and it is encouraging to note the increase in the number of students in this order.

In Orthoptera the event of chief interest has been the issue of Dr. Scudder's most
important " Revision of the Melanopli," a work which must have involved an immense
amount of labor and research, extending as it does to over 400 pages, and illustrated by

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27

twenty-six plates. In connection with this order attention may be called to the interesting
discovery that the large Mantid, Tenodera Sinensis, Saussure, from China and Japan, has
been introduced into the United States and has been breeding for at least three years in
the vicinity of Philadelphia.

In regard to Hemiptera, I have already referred at some length to the San Jose'
Scale and the work in connection therewith, but mention should also be made of Prof.
CockerelPs pamphlet on the other scale insects closely allied to the San Jose" Scale and
liable to be confounded with it.

The completion early last year of Mr. W. H. Edwards's magnificent work on the
Butterflies of North America, which was undertaken in 1868, caused something like a
pang to those who for so many years had been receiving as they appeared the successive
parts of this splendid work, and the hope has been expressed on many sides that the
talented author might be willing to undertake the issue of a supplementary volume of,
say, twenty-five plates, for which he has ample materials, provided one hundred sub-
scribers at |1.00 per plate could be secured.

But if the closing of Mr. Edwards's labors produced a temporary lull in the issue of
beautiful illustrations of our North American butterflies, we are now about to see issued
a work which is surely destined to popularize the study of the Lepidoptera on this contin-
ent if anything can.

Dr. Holland, the talented Chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania,
who has amassed an enormous collection of Lepidoptera, including that of Mr. Edwards
with all that author's types, has undertaken the publication of a large edition of a
popular book on the North American butterflies, to be called "The Butterfly Book,
A Popular Guide to a Knowledge of the Butterflies of North America," and has
authorized me to make the following announcement in regard to it :

It will be brought out, probably about the end of November, by the Doubleday &
McClure Co. of New York,* and will be illustrated by forty-eight coloured plates
done by the same system of photographic reproduction and printing which has become
so familiar through the publication on Birds issued monthly by the Nature Study
Publishing Co. of Chicago and New York. These plates will repre3eat 526 species of
diurnal lepidoptera, in many cases giving both the upper and under sides of the insect.
The figures are, in the main, taken from the type specimens contained in the Edwards
collection, and many of the species are represented for the first time, having never
previously been figured. In addition to the representations given of the imago, Dr.
Scudder has most kindly granted permission to reproduce the plates contained in his
Butterflies of New England in which the early stages of these insects are represented.
There are, furthermore, to be about 200 cuts in the text, representing anatomical
details of structure which are useful in the determination of genera. A cut repre-
senting the neuration of each genus is given, and in some cases additional cuts showing
the subgeneric forms. Brief descriptions of the imago, egg, caterpillar and chrysalis,
when the latter are known, are given in the text. Interlarded in the somewhat dry
technical details are extracts from the writings of other authors, which are calculated
to interest the general reader, and quotations amusing and pathetic, gathered from
out of the mass of butterfly lore.

All this is to be put before the American and Canadian public in good binding
for the sum of $3.00, but it will be necessary to sell 7,000 copies of the book, unless
a monetary loss is to result, but surely among the 70,000,000 of the United States
and the 5,000,000 of Canada there should be no difficulty in disposing of 7,000 copies
of such a book at such a price.

A fair idea of the character of the plates can be obtained from the rough proofs
which Dr. Holland has sent to be shown at this meeting.

A Canadian edition has been published by Mr. William Briggs, 29-33 Richmond St. West, Toronto.

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In regard to the publication " Birds," which title has recently been enlarged to
" Birds and all Nature," and which has begun giving excellent illustrations of butter-
flies and mammals in addition to the plates of birds, it seems a great pity that with
such beautiful plates it is not considered worth while attempting to make the text of
some scientific value.

Another popular book under the name of " Every-Day Butterflies," from the facile
pen of Dr. Scudder, is announced and will contain familiar and fully illustrated
accounts of sixty or more of the commonest butterflies, taken in the order of the
season.

In conclusion I have to express my indebtedness to Dr. Howard, Dr. Smith and
Prof. Fernald for the kind manner in which they responded to my inquiries, and for the
valuable information afforded and suggestions offered, which have materially contributed
to any interest which my address may possess, and to you, gentlemen, my acknow-
ledgments are due for the patience with which you have listened to me.

Dr. Fyles, in rising to move a vote of thanks to the President for his valuable and
interesting paper, said that he approved of the address with one exception namely, that
when so good a worker, so good a collector, read so good a paper as the address just given,
he should not call himself an amateur. Dr. Wm. Saunders seconded the motion He
had listened with great pleasure to the address, so full of admirable suggestions showing
the keenest interest and deep insight into the needs of the active entomologist. He
called attention to the many interesting statements of the investigation now progressing.
Carried.

Mr. Lyman briefly acknowledged the vote, saying that as he was not a professional
entomologist he must be an amateur.

Mr. W. E. Saunders, referred to the President's suggestion of the formation of an
Ameiican Entomologists' Union, and spoke of the good work done by the American
Ornithologists' Union, in preventing needless changes of nomenclature and in other
important matters. Mr. A. E. Norris spoke on the importance of uniformity of setting,
strongly approving the President's suggestion of a Union to authoritatively settle all such
matters. He would favor the giving of greater attention by the societies to the working
out and making complete exhibitions of the life histories of insects, as such exhibits are
at once the most interesting and instructive.

A paper entitled " Some International features of Economic Entomology " by Prof.
F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio, was then read by Dr. Fletcher.

SOME ECONOMIC FEATUES OF INTERNATIONAL ENTOMOLOGY.

By F. M. Webster.

When that massive ridge of Archaean rock, the backbone, so to speak, of the future
American continent, was first laid down, stretching away from northwest to southeast, it
is hardly to be supposed that it was cut in twain from east to west by some huge chasm,
which, in future ages, was to separate from each other two distinct worlds of animal life,
with no inter-communication between them.

Nor is it more likely that, after the ponderous ice sheets of the Glacial Period had
plowed their way from the far north, crushing and grinding the solid rock and trans-
porting huge boulders from the area that we are now pleased to term Canada, far to the
southward, and depositing them along what is now the Ohio River, there should have
been thrown athwart this pathway an invisible barrier across which animal life could not
by any possibility make its way.

It was nature that hollowed out the beds of the great, turbulent lakes and furrowed
out the course of gigantic Niagara, but it was uncivilized man who first chose to make
these barriers between himself and his enemies ; and while civilized man has followed the

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

example thus set for him, this is no part of nature's handiwork. Though the Gross of
St. George may now proudly float from the one side, and the Stars and Stripes as proudly
respond to the northern breezes from the other side ; though there may be martialled,
armed hosts on either side, the coats of one being red and the other blue, this is but
following in the footsteps of the uncivilized aborigine, and not in the pathway of nature.

The feathered migrants of the air will, each rerurring spring, make their way from
the far south and rear their young in your woods and fields and along your inland lakes
and streams, gathering their progeny together and making their way southward again in
autumn, though a Queen might issue her edicts and a President promulgate his orders to
the contrary. Again, the finny tribes of the sea and lakes seek their food and deposit
their spawn wherever their inclinations and a favorable situation may tempt them, wholly
unconscious of the tribulations that they bring upon the enthusiastic angler from the
cities of the United States, who suddenly finds himself and his craft in the hands of
British law in case he attempts to follow them. The moose, the wild deer, the wolf and
the bear are no less free to go and come, roving northward or southward as their inclin-
ations prompt them, totally ignorant of the terrors lurking in invisible, arbitrary lines
and the questionings of custom house oflicers ; for these are the belongings of men and
not of nature.

In the light of what has been stated, then, it may be said that at present Canada
and the United States are separated by an imaginary, arbitrary, political line, which we
as subjects of two powerful nations are bound to respect in matters outside of natural
science, but it seems to me that the naturalist must be permitted to demand that this
condition is not allowed to extend farther. We are dealing with nature, and nature, as
has been shown, knows no national lines. With us, as entomologists, the fact that we
are all Americans must stand paramount to any other considerations. America is
separated more or less widely from other portions of the world by depths of sea, which
form a far more effective barrier to insect migrations than any that human minds can
conceive or human hands erect. Unaided by man or his agents, but few insects could
make their way from the eastern to the western hemisphere, or vice versa, though those
neo-tropical might and probably have, unaided by man, spread from thence northward
into the nearctic regions. Two illustrations of these last will suffice, one the Harlequin
Cabbage Bug, Murgantia histrionica (Fig. 1),
known to inhabit Central America and the West
Indies, has lately pushed its way northward, in
Ohio, to within twenty miles of Lake Erie, or to
about Lat. 30° 15' N, while the Chinch Bug, Blis-
sus leucopterus (Fig. 2, highly magnified), in all "pj ^

probability originally a neo-tropical species, has,
as you know, spread northward over a portion of the Dominion of
Canada, and while it has not as yet been known to depredate upon
your crop3 to any noticeable degree, yet it may do so in the future,
in which case it may be expected to first make its presence known
in your timothy meadows rather than in your grain fields, and quite
likely will work considerable injury before it is recognized by your
agriculturists. Another phase of this problem of insect migration is
illustrated by the Colorado Potato Beetle, Doryphora decemlineata, which at one time
was restricted to the country about the base of the Rocky Mountains, and its food-plant
consisted of vegetation having no economic value. But now came the eastern emigrant
farmer with his indispensable potato, a plant closely allied to the natural food-pUat of
this insect, and thus the potato patches of the settlers became as so many stepping-stones
to the beetles and en-ibled them to make their way eastward to the Atlantic coast and
Canada, transcontinental railways probably hastening their arrival, as they are shown to
have appealed along the lines of railways earlier than elsewhere. So much for this
aspect of the problem, but let us now tumour attention toward some o her phases of a
more international character.

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Many years ago, probably about 1856 or 1857, the Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapes
(Fig. 3), was introduced about Quebec, and possibly also again about 1891, since which
time it has spread westward and southward until it now extends from the Atlantic to the
Pacific and nearly to the Gulf of Mexico, even its

numerous parasites not being able to entirely pre- *V /~

vent its ravages. The Codling Moth, Carpocapsa
pomonella, was in all probability first introduced
into the United States, but Canada has as you all
know sustained her full share of injury from its
ravagei?. These two species have been brought to our
shores from the mother country, and they are by no
meaDS the only ones that have been introduced from
Europe or PaJsearctic regions, and, I fear, those ^'HnLW*^

that we now have with us will not be the last to
come this way. The latest and most serious introduction of all, the San Jose scale,
Aspidiotus perniciosus, is in all probability another contribution from the Palsewctic
region, as I have been able to prove almost conclusively that it came to us from Japan,
and we therefore received it from the west instead of the east. Recent experiences are
amply sufficient to show that it will destroy the orchards of Canada as well as those of
the United States, within whose domains it first made its unwelcome appearance.

The foregoing illustrations will certainly be sufficient to convince anyone that we
cannot by simple Legislative or Parliamentary enactment erect a Chinese wall, so to
speak, that shall keep Canadian insects, whether native or introduced from making their
way into the United States, or similar species escaping from the latter into Canada. We
in the United States are more likely to import more insect pests than you, and, owing to
our geographical situation, will suffer most from their depredations, bub, put the matter
as we will, we are much in the position of a large family threatened with an attack of
some contagious disease ; if one member contracts it all will be alike exposed, and to
attempt prevention by individual isolation, will result in no end of trouble and aggrava-
tion without accomplishing the end desired, precisely as we have found our State laws to
do. What we need, primarily, is an international quarantine measure that shall apply
uniformly to all North America. A judicious, properly enforced measure that shall
mean the same from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and
from there to Vancouver or the mouth of the Yukon, and as far beyond as is found
necessary. It is all very well for your Canadian law-makers to say that it is none of
Canada's affair what is done in the United States, and our politicians will make the same
plea, but we who are continually dealing with these problems of nature know better I
We know that there is a power higher than that of our combined nations, that rules
these natural elements, which power we cannot control, but, may oft' times utilize to our
advantage. International entomology and international insect legislation are matters
that we are being confronted with for the first time — matters of the future rather than
of the past — but the next century will see them brought to the front. There will arise
important questions which must be settled calmly, judiciously and justly, and entomo-
logists must be ready to advise and counsel in these matters. The Entomological Society
of Ontario ought and will have its influence in solving these international problems, as
these come up one after another for solution and in accordance with nature's unyielding
laws. I look for the time to come, and in the comparatively near future, when these
matters will become far more important factors in international law than they are at pre-
sent, as, indeed it seems impossible that the situation can be otherwise.

If we look about over the world at the present time, we find Cape Colony prohibit-
ing the importation of all American nursery stock, whether from the United States or
Canada. Several European nations have gone even farther and attempted to prohibit
American green fruits from being brought within their respective domains. Queensland
quarantines against New Zealand, South Australia against New South Wales, and Tas-
manian fruit is condemned and destroyed in Melbourne; British Columbia destroys infested
fruit from the United States as well as from other parts of British America, while

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31

Canada prohibits the importation of nursery stock from the United States ; at the same
time several of these States have enacted laws which enforced to the letter would be-
come quite prohibitory in their effects. The most of this trouble has come from the
appearance of that pernicious little pest the San Jose Scale, Aspidiotus pemiciosus, which
we, in all probability, first received from the west.

Now, this method of dealing with the problem of insect control cannot be said to be
all wrong, as some of it is quite necessary and proper, but there is certainly a great deal
of misdirected effort being put forth and commerce is suffering therefrom to a consider-
able extent. It is the beginning of insect legislation, and first attempts at anything are
usually more or less crude and capable of improvement. It is all right for Cape Colony
to protect her growing fruit interests by keeping certain fruit pests out of South Africa,
by prohibiting the importation of nursery stock, liable to infection, and keeping these
Acts in force until such time as the pests have either become exterminated or some method
discovered whereby the nursery stock can be effectually disinfected and rendered safe. If
the Australasian Colonies had, years ago, united on a uniform code that would apply to
all ports alike and admitted nursery stock and green fruits after an examination and dis-
infection, as has been done at the port of San Francisco, California, during the last
few years, they would not now be contending against each other. If we in America had
taken similar steps in the matter of insect legislation fifty years ago, we would in all
probability have escaped much of the insect depredations of the present, as the major
part of our seriously injurious species in this country are of foreign origin.

It is of course, too late, now, to prevent what has already been done, but it is not
too late to take measures to prevent further importations from both east and west. In
our efforts to suppress the insect pests that we already have with us, we are overlooking
the greater problem of prevention of future similar introductions. We are laying alto-
gether too much stress upon individual effort, as put forth by States, Colonies or Pro-
vinces against each other, and entirely losing sight of the international aspects of the
problem. We cannot seem to diabuse our minds of the idea that political lines have
something to do with the management of these natural organisms, and cannot apparently
grasp the idea that natural barriers may be utilized by one or more nations acting in
unity, and for the direct benefit of all thus acting. Sometime in the future, though
neither you nor I may live to see it come to pass, these arbitrary, imaginary lines will, in
problems of this sort, be lost sight of, and there will appear in their stead lines of another
sort, far less imaginary and more natural, and these will encompass not one nation alone,
but one or many as the case may be. We shall then designate these areas by a term now
unknown, except to scientific ears, viz., Zoogeographical Regions, and while these may
vary somewhat from the outlines laid down by Wallace, in his " Geographical Distribu-
tion of Animals," yet they will probably cover much the same areas as there indicated.
There will probably continue to occur cases like that of the Colorado Potato Beetle, where
a species may spread from one section of a Zoogeographical Kegion over, and become
destructive in, many portions of the remainder, yet these phenomena are likely to occur
but rarely. We may learn that the Almighty can make a better barrier, over or around
which insects cannot make their way, than the wisest of men or the mightiest of nations.
There are phenomena connected with the geographical distribution of insects for which
we cannot, with our present knowledge, account. There are boundaries beyond which
certain species do not make their way, though to the human eye and mind there are no
obstructions in the way of their doing so. The science of applied entomology is yet in
its infancy, and we have very much to learn even of our most common species of insects,
but we can even now see the unnatural and impractical methods that we are trying to
apply toward their control, as between one portion of the world and another. We try
to erect legal barriers where none exist in nature, and ignore those which nature has pro-
vided. All of this, of course, applies to protection from future importations, and not to
such as have already gained a foothold, these last being beyond the scope of my paper, as
I have restricted it, and the management of these will depend largely upon the energy and
care of the people inhabiting the territory over which such species are now distributed.
There is, however, a very important phase of the problem of controlling these pests,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

already imported from foreign countries, and which will be discussed later on in my
paper. While it has not been deemed best to discuss, in detail, legislative control of such
destructive species as have already been colonized here in this country, and many of them
widely diffused, yet their possible control in many cases at least, by the application of
nature's own forces seems to me to constitute a very important feature of International
Entomology.

Forms of both plants and animals, unaided by the influences of man, make their
way over the face of the earth but slowly if at all, and it is probable that a species often
becomes so influenced by the change that it loses its specific identity and takes on new
characters, so that the specialist rechristens it and gives it another name. The result of
all of this is that wherever a species makes its way, naturally, its enemies usually follow,
or else while undergoing the process of adaptation, new enemies come to exert their
influence. In other words, the difference between an artificial and a natural introduction
is much the same as suddenly dumping an iceberg into a pond, as against allowing the
same amount of water to make its way into the pond, from the same source, but through
a small spring or brook. In the former case both equilibrium and temperature are dis-
arranged, while in the latter the effect is too gradual to cause any radical changes.

The legitimate introduction of plant life from one country into another has come to
be a matter of vast commercial importance, and, adding as it does to our health, comfort
and pleasure, such introductions are in every way commendable. Accidental introduc-
tions may, however, not always prove so satisfactory. Now, all of this brings me to the
second phase of the subject of International Entomology, viz., the intentional, if not
indeed necessary, introduction of exotic insects in order to re-establish the equilibrium
that has been upset by the importation of plant life, or, as is sometimes the case, to
enable the plant introduced to become permanently established.

Of species of insects purposely introduced from one country into another, there are
those whose products constitute articles of commerce, of which the honey bee and silk
worm are well known illustrations. The importation of large quantities of the ova and
imagines of two species of American aquatic hemiptera, Gorixa mercenaria, Say, and
Notonecta americana, Fabr., from Mexico, where they are used for human food into
England, where they are to be used as food for birds, game, fish, etc., is another illustra-
tion of a different feature of this commerce in insect life.

The relations of insect to plant life are, however, so various and intimate ; and,
because of their reaching out over the face of the globe for the fruits, grains and orna-
mental vegetation of other climes, men are finding themselves more and more driven to
import insects foreign to their respective countries. In some instances it has beenfound
impossible to permanently establish an exotic plant without insect assistance. We all
remember how impossible it was to get the red clover plant established in New Zealand
until humble bees were also imported to fertilize the bloom, as the plant is not one that
will perpetuate itself indefinitely from the roots ; and at present we in the United States
are unable to grow the perfect Smyrna fig owing to a lack of the good offices of a little
foreign insect, Blastophaga pensens, which actually represents the male element in its
fertilization.

Lastly, we come to what appears to be the most important of all insect importations,
viz the introduction of foreign, carnivorous insects, whose office in their native country is
to prey upon and destroy those that are destructive, which last we have unintentionally
imported into this country on trees, plants and shrubs, or in the fruits and grains coming
to us from these same countries. That is to say, when we find that we have introduced a
destructive species of insect, we are to go to the native habitat of this and there secure its
native insect enemies, and introduce these to hold the former in check, as they do at
home.

Parasitism is nature's insecticide— one of the forces that is employed by nature to
restore equilibrium, so to speak, among natural organisms in point of numerical strength.
The observing entomologist may every year witness proof of this, for he will observe some
species to increase very rapidly during a short time, and, knowing of their fecundity, will

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

33

often be led to predict a serious outbreak. But at the opportune moment, Presto ! a
change ! and the species that was but yesterday, as it were, literally swarming, is now re-
duced to a minimum, while the dead are everywhere thickly scattered about. Two
instances of this sort have, the present year, come under my own observation. Early in
May, the females of the grain aphis, Siphonophora avence, appeared on the growing wheat
and were soon surrounded by their young. These insects were in a short time as plenti-
ful as they usually are, at that season, in years of excessive abundance, and there seemed
every indication of an outbreak of the pest. But now there appeared a little Braconid
parasite, Aphidius avenaphis, and within ten days there were few living adults to be
found, though the distended, brown bodies of those that had succumbed to their minute
enemy were everywhere plentiful. It was as if a Mighty hand had been stretched forth
accompanied by the command, Peace ! be still. During August and early September
there were great numbers of caterpillars
of Spilosoma virginica (Fig. 4, a cater-
pillar, b chrysalis, c moth) and to a less
degree of Arctia acroea, in Northern Ohio,
and, if they had all developed moths,
there would have been much injury caused
by the caterpillars next year. But this
was not to be, as by September 20th the
dead and dying were hanging to weeds,
grass and fences, in myriads, having been
attacked and killed by a fungous enemy,
probably Empusa aulicce, Reich., and
neither of these caterpillars will probably
be at all abundant with us next year. The
same phenomenon was noticed in Ohio
six years ago.

Scattered through our entomological literature, are hundreds of such illustrations of
the value of parasites in holding in check tne hordes of destructive insects that occur in
this country, and there is hardly a working entomologist who cannot add to these from his
own unpublished notes.

Of our most destructive insect pests nearly all have been brought to this country
from abroad. Lack of their natural enemies here, together with the fact that, in many
cases, these introduced pests are not known as such in their native homes, leads us to

conclude that we, in our importations, have left these
enemies behind. The case is much as though we were
to import from some foreign country a huge piece of
machinery, but on its arrival we find that the balance
wheel has been omitted, and in such a case what are we
to do 1 Cable back for the missing wheel, or attempt
,to run our machine without a balance wheel ? There
are, doubtless, instances where introduced species can
not be subdued in this manner, by the importation of
their ancient enemies, but, generally speaking, this
appears to be the rational method of accomplishing this
end. The history of the introduction of the Orange Scale,
leery a Purchasi (Fig. 5), from Australia into California,
is probably familiar to most, if not all, of those present.
The orange industry of the United States and, as was
afterwards learned, of other countries also, was threatened
with a most destructive enemy to citrus fruits. In Cali-
fornia orange groves were being destroyed to such an
extent that it looked as though the cultivation of this
fruit would have to be abandoned. But a natural enemy of this pest was discovered in
Australia and imported, artificially, into this country, and as a result the pest has been
subdued, and with us, before it had spread beyond the Pacific coast. Not only this, but
3 EN.

Fig. 5.

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

this natural enemy, one of the Ooccinellidse, has been sent wherever the Orange Scale has
been introduced and the effect has been the same as in this country. All of this has been
an object lesson in the application of Nature's forces in overcoming the evil results of man's
influences in the artificial diffusion of destructive insects. In North America, and also in
Australasia, men are at present wrestling with another important pest, allied to the
Orange Scale, and introduced into Oalifornia many years ago, but in this case probably
from Japan. I refer again to the San Jose* Scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, which has, with
us, spread over a vast range of country and already caused great losses. From all that
I have been able to learn by observation of this pest, both in the orchards of the United
States and on nursery stock immediately on its arrival from Japan, and also from the
writings of others, it would appear that the natural enemies of this pest have been left
in their native homes. Probably, as with the Orange Scale, these are Coccinellids whose
habits are such that it would be impossible to get them in connection with their hosts
at the time when the trees are packed for shipment to this country, as this is done at
the season of the year when these insects have finished their development and abandoned
the trees, if not wholly, remaining only in the adult state and would promptly desert the
trees on being disturbed. If there had been important internal or fungous enemies we
should certainly have gotten these with the host insect long ago. Now, it would certainly
seem that in the introduction of Aspidiotus and its suppression we have a problem in
applied international entomology, precisely like that presented by leery a, and it would as
certainly appear that, with our past experience, the very course of all others to pursue
would be to learn what the natural enemies of this insect are in its native home and then
introduce these as promptly and diffusa them as widely as possible, not only in one
state or province, not in the United States or British America alone, but in North
America * It is Americans that are suffering from the ravages of this pest, where they
are located, geographically or politically, does not matter in the least. International
boundary lines cut no figure in this problem whatever, and have no more influence on
these natural objects than they have on the winds. We should seek to introduce living
organisms from the Palsearctic Life Region into the Nearctic Life Region, no matter
what or how many nations may lay claim to the territory of either one or both of these
regions. What we are really trying to do is to help natural selection to keep pace with
artificial selection, and, if we accomplish anything in this direction, it will be by aiding
nature and not in any sense by attempting to circumscribe her by imaginary lines of
separation which have no existence in fact.

Now, lest I be misunderstood, let me say that true naturalists can only exist among
loyal men and women. We must, all of us, be true to the nation that protects us by its
wise and judicious legislation. Science stands for truth and right and honesty, and, for
this very reason we must stop whenever and wherever these national lines cease to repre-
sent the truth, and be guided by others. In matters political, we must respect political
lines, but in dealing with natural phenomena, we must abandon these and be guided by
such as have been laid down by the hand of the Creator, who outranks either Queen,
President or any other human potentate, Therefore, we must lose sight of national
boundary lines and unite upon those laid down by nature. Here, in North America,
there should be the closest relations between the United States Department of Agricul-
ture and similar Departments of the various Provinces of British America, and absolute
unity of action wherever this is possible This quarantining of one State, Province or
Nation against another may possibly do in cases of isolation, like New Zealand or Cuba,
or aa applied to some of the ilia that we already have with us, but this sort of work will
never protect in the sense that a combination certainly would, if we were to throw aside

*Note— Since the above was written I have received the following from the Rev. H. Loomis, of Yoko-
hama, Japan, which will be of interesb in connection with this paper. ''I see in the Canadian Entomolo-
gist, for July, an article in which you recommend that some one be sent to Japan to make a study of the
enemies of the San Jose Scale. I think it a most excellent suggestion. There are many varieties of Lady
Beetles here, and I am quite sure that it is due to them that the Scale is not more injurious in Japan. I
am strengthened in this opinion because the Gypsy Moth is found all over Japan, and yet it is not
especially harmful. This is entirely due to a parat-ite that feeds upon the larvae so universally as to pre-
vent its rapid increase. I have watched the results with great interest and would recommend that both
inEects be made a matter of careful study."

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

arbitrary lines and unite on others laid down by nature. This is a phase of international
entomology that will sooner or later be thrust upon us by the necessities of international
commerce in articles that harbor injurious insects. We must have broader measures of
protection than we have had in the past. We must take necessary precautions against
the introduction of injurious species, and, after the most thorough and searching investi-
gations, introduce the beneficial species. In all of these matters, Canada and the United
States are one, and, this being true, there must be no lines of separation between the
entomologists of these two countries. We must work together, shoulder to shoulder, and
God speed the day when we shall do this, to even a greater degree that we are now doing I
The coming century will be fraught with work for the entomologist, and his loyalty to
his country will be best shown by his careful, conscientious labors.

On concluding the reading of this paper Dr. Fletcher said that he thought it was
one of unusual importance and particularly so just at the present time when such great
efforts were being made to prevent the spread of the San Jose Scale, a danger the magni-
tude of which was by no means appreciated by the fruit growers and fruit consumers of
the Dominion. It was, too, eminently proper that the subject should be introduced by
the writer of the pages which he had had the honour of reading to the meeting, for few
people had done so much to present the subject to the public of America as Prof. Webster.
It was well pointed out that the political limits of the two great countries mentioned were
not recognized by the natural denizens of the faunal and floral zones which we had as
naturalists to study, although by accident owing to the great lakes this was somewhat the
case. International economic entomology was only in its infancy, but it was being rapidly
acknowledged at its right value of importance owing to the vast interests at stake. Dr.
Howard, in his letter regretting that he could not be with us to-day, had been good enough
to say that he considered the relations existing between the entomologists of the Dominion
and of the United States to be of an ideal nature. The speaker felt sure that all present
would agree with him that this was actually the case, and further, that this happy state
of affairs was largely due to the constant and unfailing courtesy of Dr. Howard himself
and his assistants at Washington, too numerous to mention now by name separately, but
well known to every student who required help with regard to any special family of insects;
to such men as the late Drs. Riley and Lintner, to Professors Webster, J. B. Smith,
Oomstock, Slingerland, Hopkins, Alwood, Johnson, Oockerell, Fernald, and many, many
others who were not only always ready to help, but had in the past frequently helped with
most valuable papers published in our reports and in the Canadian Entomologist. In his
official position he was brought frequently into contact with these gentlemen and found
invariably the utmost kindness and ready assistance. Last spring he had by invitation
taken part in a conference of economic entomologists, fruit growers and nursery men held
at Washington, for the purpose of laying before Congress the advisability of passing
legislation for the suppression of the San Jose Scale. A committee waited upon the Con-
gressional Agricultural Committee and explained the wishes of the conference and a
favourable report was made by the Agricultural Committee to Congress. Legislation
would undoubtedly have been enacted almost identical with our federal San Jose Scale
Act but for the unfortunate outbreak of the Spanish- American War — Canada however
had done her part and Dr. Fletcher believed tint this law was a most useful provision.
The Minister of Agriculture had considered the matter most carefully and the present
popular measure was due to the minister's careful enquiries and legislative skill. The
Hon. John Dryden had also put forth strenuous efforts for the protection of the fruit
interests of the Province of Ontario. Too much could not be said of the excellent work
of Mr. W. M. Orr the Superintendent of Spraying and of Mr. G. E. Fisher who had
pushed most energetically and tactfully the inspection of orchards for the San Jose Scale

Dr. Fletcher congratulated the members of the Montreal Branch on the splendid work
they were doing; he paid a well merited tribute to the persistent work which Mr. Lyman
the president had been doing during many years and characterized the many papers which
had appeared from his pen as being prepared with the greatest care as to detail, complete-

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ness as to research, and richness as to scientific facts they contained; his example had done
much to stimulate the other members of the Branch to continue the good work they were
doing for the Science of Entomology, particular attention being drawn to some of the
collections exhibited at the present meeting, as those of Mr. Dwight Brainerd, who had
prepared some beautiful cases illustrating the life-histories of several species of insects, of
Mr. A. F. Winn, Mr. Dunlop, Mr. Williams and Mr. Norris, all of which contained many
specimens of great interest. In conclusion the speaker begged to move a hearty vote of
thanks to Professor Webster for his suggestive, timely and valuable paper.

This being seconded by Rev. Dr. Fyles, was carried unanimously.

NOTES ON PAPILIO BREVICAUDA, SAUNDERS.

By A. F. Winn, Montreal.

This species is either extending its habitat or has always had a wider range than
credited to it, for I can now record its occurrence at Kamouraska, Que., a village on the
south shore of the St. Lawrence about 85 miles below Quebec. (Lat. 47° 33" N.)

Its locality as given in Scudder's Butterflies is " Newfoundland and the shores and
islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence both north and west," but I think Perce* (Gaspe Co.)
is the only recorded place on the south coast.

In July, 1889, a specimen was sent to me from Bic (Rimouski Co.) and arrived in a
battered condition, but during the many seasons that I have spent my fortnight's vaca-
tion at Metis, about 30 miles further down, I have never seen the butterfly on the wing.

Rev. Dr. Fyles stated that a specimen had been taken last summer on the Island of
Orleans, P. Q., by Mrs. Turner, of the Quebec Branch.

In 1896 I had not made up my mind where to spend my holidays and wrote Mr. L.
Reford at Metis, asking him whether he was finding any good specimens and whether
there was any hotel accommodation. He replied that he had taken a number of good
things, among others a Papilio larva, and that there were plenty more to be found on a
beach plant resembling celery.

I left for Metis on August 16th and found on my arrival that most of the larvae
were nearly full grown, but a few were in their third stage. Some that Mr. Reford had
in his house were just entering the chrysalis stage. We boxed all the mature larvae we
could find and left the younger ones to feed on the archangelica plants during our stay,
and before starting home gathered all we could find along with a supply of growing plants
in tomato tins. The plants stood the journey well and grew nicely in the garden and we
had no difficulty in getting all the larvae into chrysalis, but neither of us was successful
in breeding a butterfly. All of my chrysalids were attacked by the parasite, which des-
troys so many P. asterias chrysalids — Trogus exesoriua.

Thinking the species might be different I sent a specimen to Mr. Harrington of
Ottawa, who has kindly determined it as the dark form of T. exesorius.

From larvae obtained the following year (1897) Mr. Reford managed to get one fine
imago, which hatched in midwinter.

During the past summer I spent my vacation at Kamouraska, arriving there on Aug-
ust 13th and remaining until the 28th, spending part of 13th with Dr. Fyles at Levis.
Un the morning of the 14th while walking along the beach I noticed some rocks of the
same slate formation that we had found the food plant of brevicauda among at Metis and
after a few moments was pleased to find two or three plants but could find no larvae. A
few yards further on, however, there were a number of plants and on them several larvae
in their second stage, some in the first and some eggs.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

The eggs are pale yellow, smooth and spherical except that the base is considerably
flattened, and are attached mostly to the upper surface of the leaves, but sometimes to
the lower side and on the stem and a few were on surrounding objects including a stick
which lay across the rocks and on the rock itself.

Before hatching the egg becomes slate color. The larva has already been described
and is bo like P. asterias in all its stages that I could observe no points by which the two
species could be distinguished.

I sent some larvae to Dr. Fyles at Levis and some eggs to Mr. Brainerd of Montreal,
keeping a few eggs myself, and of these the first hatched August 15th and the first chrys-
alis was formed August 31st, making a larval period of 16 days — a remarkably short one,
as Scudder observes, for such a high latitude. A number of larvae and eggs were found
during the whole of my stay and when I examined the plants for the last time on the
28th the full grown larvae were crawling over newly laid eggs, and larvae of all sizes
were side by side.

The first butterfly I saw was on the afternoon of the 14th, a little way back from the
shore, but I afterwards found that the foodplant grew in a ditch in the same field. I
failed to capture this female, and saw no more until the following Sunday (21st) when a
party of us went to Tache's Point, a rocky promentary covered with trees, about a quarter
of a mile north of the church. Several broken males were caught, but not having my
net I could not catch the few that were in good condition. After lunch I returned with
my net and caught one male in fair condition, and a number that were otherwise. On the
22nd I took a run on my bicycle along the main road towards Riviere du Loup, and got
off at the bridge crossing the St. Paschel river, and followed the dyke, which the farmers
have built to keep the sea out of their fields, and along the dyke the Archangelica grows
in profusion. Eggs and larvae were plentiful, but in no case more than four larvae on one
plant. I put my net together and waited for butterflies, but a strong wind was blowing
which almost made me give up for the day, when a female flattered through the fields,
stopping to lay an egg here and there. I saw that the specimen was a damaged one, and
thought that it would be best to watch it for a while, so got into a ditch where the
food plant was most abundant, and the butterfly soon settled close to me and laid an egg
on the top of a leaf, then went underneath and laid another, and finally crawled down
the stem, or rather backed down, laying a third egg at the juncture of the three footstalks
of the leaves. As it was flying off I caught it and boxed the eggs. Two of these
hatched August 31st, the third did not hatch, although the larva was fully formed
within. The egg stage is thus about nine days, and from laying of eggs to chrysalis is
less than a month under favorable circumstances.

Regarding the feeding habits of larvae, Scudder says (authority Mead) that " they
are very susceptible to cold, prolonged darkness, or confinement of any kind, and
when not feeding they either rest on the leaves in full sunlight or bask on the hot
stones." My experience at Metis and Kamouraska does not corroborate these state-
ments, for not having any proper breeding cages with me I kept my larvae in the ab-
solutely light-proof boxes used for photographic plates, and though I had at times as
many as sixty in a box, I never had a healthier lot of larvae. The young larvae when
at rest certainly lie on the top of the leaves in the sunshine, though you will rarely find
a full-grown one in this position, but search the stem and the old ones are easily seen,
and smelt too. Several times I visited the plants before breakfast, about 6.30 a.m.,
and found that all were at work and none at all on the stems, and on August 26th
some were seen feeding at 8.30 p.m., though moonlight is not good for observation of
this kind.

In the chrysalis there are two distinct forms, the green and yellow, and the light
and dark brown, and I find that all my larvae which suspended themselves on stems of
the plant have produced green pupae, while those that crawled into boxes and shelters
that I provided for them have assumed the brown form.

The species is regarded as single brooded, quoting Scudder again, " flying in June and
the first half of July, and is most abundant the latter half of June. Eggs have been ob-

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tained from June 14th for a month, some chrysalids carried south gave out the butterfly
the same year, one in eighteen days."

If in the northern part of its range the butterflies fly through June and begin to lay
eggs before the middle of the month, it seems probable that it should occur in a warmer
region, such as Kamouraska, even earlier, and there would be ample time for a second
brood before the middle of August, but to settle this point it would be necessary to see
the butterflies on the wing and eggs laid in June, and chrysalids in July, and some mem-
ber of our newly formed Quebec branch could easily solve the matter. Finding the
species in so many stages at the same time seems to me to favor the idea that there are
two broods, as in my experience in species that are single brooded the imagos appear for
a short period with great regularity, and in the early stages the moulting and pupating
of all are within a comparatively short time of one another, but in two brooded species
the first brood is regular and the second not, while in many brooded species, such as
Pieris rapae and Grapta interrogations, the last broods seem hopelessly mixed up.

The last femalethat I saw on the wing at Kamouraska seemed to be a perfect specimen
and if single brooded must have spent at least eleven months in the chrysalis, which
Gosse states (Can. Ent. XV, 45) is the period of this species in Newfoundland.

Dr. Fyles, in commenting on the paper, said that he had received some of the larvae
from Mr. Winn, with a supply of food-plant ; when this was exhausted he endeavored to
find a substitute, but the larvae were very hard to please. Eventually he succeeded in
getting them to eat the leaves of parsnip, though they would not touch carrot, on which
the larva of P. asterias feeds. He found that the chrysalids formed on the stem of the
plant were like it green in color, while those which transformed in the box were brown.
(Specimens of both were exhibited). He had five chrysalids in good condition, from
which he hoped to obtain the butterflies,

Dr William Saunders, the original describer of the species, upon being called upon
said his specimens were sent to him from Newfoundland by a collector there, and
he had never met with it personally. He was very much interested m the careful work
detailed by Mr. Winn j just such work should be done m every species, st adying it
in every stage until its life history was completely known The society has shewn by its
publication of so many original papers in the Canadian Entomologist that it fully
appreciates this line of work, and he believed that in no other publication had so many
and such valuable papers appeared as in our own magazine.

The meeting then adjourned, it being six o'clock p.m.

THE CON VERS AZ [ONE.

On the evening of the 8th November a very enjoyable Conversazione was held at
the Natural History Society's Museum.

This was got up by the Montreal Branch in celebration of the 25 th anniversary of
its formation, and with the kind assistance of the Natural History Society and Micro-
scopical Society of Montreal and the Parent Entomologieal Society, which all gave grants
towards the expenses as well as other assistance.

Unfortunately there were other powerful attractions as Lord and Lady Aberdeen
were making their farewell visit to Montreal and it was also the opening week of the
much advertised new theatre, Her Majesty's, but in spite of these ?ther attractions about
two hundred guests accepted the invitation. The guests were received by Mr. Henry M.
Lyman, President of the Entomological Society, and Mrs. Clarence Lyman, ^ Dr F. J .
Adams President of the Natural History Society, and Mrs. Adams, Mr. Albert Holden,
President of the Microscopical Society, and Mrs^ Holden. Among those .present were
noticed Mr. Samuel Finley, a Governor of McGill University, and Mrs. Fmley, Dr.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39

and Mrs. Wm. Saunders of Ottawa, Mr. and Mrs. Fysshe, Mr. and Mrs. Beaudry, Dr.
Girdwood, F.R.S.O., Prof, of Chemistry in McGill University, and Mrs. Girdwood,
Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Campbell, Mr. J. H. Joseph, Prof. MacBride, Prof, of Zoology in
McGill University, Mrs. Cox, Mr. Sumner, Mr. J. D Evans, C.E. of Trenton, Mr. and
Mrs. G. 0. Dan lop, Prof, and Mrs. Donald, Mr. F. S. Lyman, Q.C. and Miss Lyman and
Miss Cassels, of Washington, Mr. and Miss Scott, the Messrs. and Miss Brainerd, the
Misses Dunlop, Dr. Shirres, Dr. Deeks, Mr. Winn, M»-. Clarence Lyman, Mr. Walter
Lyman, Mr. and Mrs. Plimsoll, the Misses Redpath, M»\ and Mrs. Lighthall, Mr. De
Sola, Mr. and Miss Cramp, Mr. and Mrs. Gibb, Mr. C. T. Williams, Mr. Stevenson Brown,
Mr. J. B. Williams, F.Z.S., Mr. Dearnesa and Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, Mr.
Gibson, of Toronto and many others.

Shortly after 9 o'clock the three presidents proceeded to the platform, which was
decorated with palms and chrysanthemums, alonp with Rev. Dr. Bethune of Port Hope,
Dr. Fletcher of Ottawa, and Rev. Dr. Fyles of Quebec. Mr. Lyman called the gathering
to order, the guests seating themselves to listen to the addresses, and in a brief address
welcomed the guests to this celebration and traced rapidly the history of the Branch from
its formation on the 16th October, 1873, pointing out that so far as he could ascertain it
was the third senior existing entomological society in North America, being only antedated
by the American Entomological Society of Philadelphia and the parent society at London,
Ont., and stating that 217 meetings of the branch had been held, at which over 200
original papers had been read, of which some 80 had been published.

Mr. Lyman briefly referred to the vast economic importance of the study and as an
illustration mentioned that during the current year the State and Federal authorities of
the United States were devoting no less a sum in the aggregate than about $350,000.00
to the prosecution of economic entomology.

Mr. Lyman expressed his regret that he had been unable to secure the attendance of
any entomologists from the neighbouring Republic although pressing invitations had been
sent to Dr. Howard, Dr. Holland, Prof. Webster, Mr. Slingerland and Mrs. Slosson.

After announcing that Dr. Bethune, Dr. Fletcher and Dr. Fyles would also deliver
addresses, Mr. Lyman resigned the chair in favour of Dr. Adams.

The Rev. Dr. Bethune, Port Hope, one of the founders of the original society, and
second President, spoke briefly of the work done by the parent society, and of the rise
and progress of entomology in Canada.

Dr. Fletcher, the Dominion Official Entomologist, Ottawa, touched upon the econ"
omic aspect of the subject, and the value of a knowledge of entomology.

The Rev. Dr. Fyles, President of the recently formed Quebec branch, spoke
briefly of the work done in that city. He also presented greetings from his branch
to»the Montreal branch.

On the conclusion of the addresses the majority of the guests repaired to the museum
up stairs, though some lingered in the reception hall to examine the many beautiful objects,
chiefly of an entomological character, which were exhibited under a large number of
powerful microscopes by members of the Microscopical Society. The stairway and
entrance to the museum had been tastefully decorated with flags, butterfly nets and other
entomological paraphernalia, two long handled nets for working electric arc lights being
especially noticeable.

The orchestra under the direction of Mr. Charles Reichling, which had been playing
during the reception of the guests, took up a position in the gallery and discoursed sweet
music during the remainder of the evening.

In the museum hall a fine exhibit of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, was displayed the
show cases being further embellished with potted plants.

The exhibits were chiefly furnished by the members of the Montreal branch, Mr.
Lyman, the President and Mr. Winn, the Vice-President, each showing 30 cases ex-
emplifying all the families of North American Lepidoptera except the micros. Mr.

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Brainerd showed six cases beautifully illustrating the life histories of a number of interest-
ing specie 3, while Mr. Dunlop contributed an equal number of cases of striking exotic
species. Mr. Norris showed about half a dozen drawers illustrating Montreal species as well
as the method of preparing and spreading lepidoptera, while Mr. J. B. Williams exhibited
an interesting case showing the life history of the Walking Stick (Diapheromera Femorata).
In addition to these exhibits by members of the branch, the Museum Committee of
McGill University contributed six large cases of strikingly beautiful tropical butterflies
mounted on the Denton tablets, while the Natural History Society showed its collection
of Canadian Ooleoptera and a few drawers of exotic Lepidoptera.

Refreshments were served about half past ten o'clock and a very enjoyable evening
was brought to a close shortly after 11 p.m.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

After a meeting of the Council had been held for the transaction of business, the
general session of the Society was resumed at 11 o'clock a. m., Dr. Bethune occupying
the chair at the request of the President. The first proceeding was the election of
officers for the ensuing year, which resulted as tollows : See page 2.

THE FARMERS' GARDEN AND ITS INSECT FOES.

Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., South Quebec.

Once upon a time some new tenants came to a farm-house in the neighborhood in
which I was residing. A former owner of the place had enclosed a piece of ground on
one side of the house and had formed a lawn and flower-beds, and planted fruit bushes
and ornamental shrubs. The place was a quarter of a mile from my home ; and one day
I walked down to see the new-comers. I found them busily engaged in driving half-a
dozen hogs into the enclosure I have mentioned. I ventured to suggest that the animals
would play sad work with the flowers. This was the reply — " from a heart as rough as
Esau's hand," — " Flowers, flowers ! The only flowers we care about are cauliflowers ! "
The answer expressed the prevailing contempt, in that comparatively new settlement, for
everything like home adornment. I ought not to say everything, for an exception must
be made in favor of bed-quilts. The females of that neighborhood spent much of their
spare time in the manufacture of bed quilts. The choicest kinds were white, and had
Turkey-red flowers and fruits, and intensely green leaves of impossible shapes trailing all
over them. The possessor of a dozen varieties of such "spreads " was a proud woman.
She would occasionally hang her art-treat ures in the open space in front of her house,
to excite the envy and admiration of her female neighbors, who would occasionally light
their pipes and stroll round to examine the patterns.

The typical farm-house, at that time, and in that part of the country, was a story-
and-a-half, oblong building, covered with rough, unpainted, hemlock boards. The main
door was at one end and opened into the living-room. It and a trap-door into the cellar
were, in some instances, sheltered by a rude veranda. In the door, near the bottom, was
usually found a circular hole with a lengthened slit above it, in which a light shutter
fitted to the opening, was suspended on a wire to allow egress and ingress to the cat. A
story was told of a man who bad two such openings made — a larger and a smaller — for
the convenience of the cat and the kitten.

This primitive dwelling usually stood on a knoll in a yard open to the road. The
yard, which was the receptacle for the refuse of the house thrown from windows and
doors, was encumbered with logs drawn up for fuel, and was littered with chips. It was
the common play-ground — if I may be allowed so to generalize — of the poultry, pigs and
pickaninnies ; and in it, in the summertime, one or two " smudges " were kept burning
to drive away the mosquitos and black- flies.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41

The vegetables used by the people of that locality at that time were chiefly of field
growth, — potatoes, Swedish turnips and pumpkins. The fruits were apples, from seed-
ling and ungrafted trees, and the wild berries of the country, — strawberries from the
meadows, raspberries from the pastures and roadsides, and " high-bush " cranberries from
the swamps. The raspberries were spread on sheets of hemlock-bark, and dried in the
sun for winter use ; the strawberries and cranberries were preserved with maple-sugar.
I remember my only experience of cranberry jam. It was at a party to which I was
invited. I found myself incommoded by the large, flat, crustaceous seeds with which the
preserve abounded. I stole a glance around to see how my neighbors disposed of these
seeds and I found that the orthodox plan was to swallow them whole. I tried this for
the occasion, but from that day forth I carefully avoided " cranberry sass " — as it was
called in the vernacular.

Happily the race I have spoken of have passed away. Many of them were seized
with the " Western fever," and moved to North Dakota and other distant places, to
retard civilization in them. Their rude dwellings also are gone, or have been altered out
of recognition. The succeeding generation is more enlightened and refined. The change
has been largely brought about by the agricultural association and county fairs, which,
through their prizes given for the best-cultivated farms, the best gardens, the finest
vegetables, fruits, and flowers, and the choicest productions in the arts of life, have done
a vast amount of good. Improved schools, superintended by well trained teachers, have
fitted the rising generation to appreciate the agricultural and horticultural literature that
has been widely circulated — reports and bulletins from our Experimental Farms and
Scientific Associations ; papers and magazines on rural affairs ; and last, and I venture to
say not least, illustrated catalogues from our seedmen and florists. These last have done
much to create and foster a taste for horticulture. Now moreover improved machinery
and garden implements enable the farmer to carry on his gardening operations with ease
and expedition ; so that good results around the homestead may be obtained without
detriment to the operations on the farm at large.

My ideal of a farmer's homestead is this : a house facing the road, but a little back
from it, having convenient verandahs — that to the front being furnished with wide-
meshed wire netting extending from its base to its roof, for the support of such climbing
plants as the English honeysuckle and Jackman's clematis. The Virginia creeper, which
is a favorite on account of its free growth, is apt to hold moisture and rot the wood-work.
If grown at all it should be often trimmed.

Behind the main building should be an extension connected with the dairy, wood-
shed, etc., and facing this a yard, approached by a sideroad, and bounded by a shed for
vehicles. Beyond this shed should be the cattle-yards with shelter for the animals, and
then the barns.

In the lee of the buildings, though not in their shadow, I would have the ground
for small fruits, and beyond it the orchard. The bushes should be planted in rows, and
far enough apart to allow a steady horse with a cultivator to pass between them. Nothing
is gained by crowding plants. The use of the cultivator and hoe should keep the ground
around and under the bushes clean.

The kitchen-garden proper should be unincumbered with bushes and permanent
paths, so that the manure carts may be driven anywhere over it, and the ground
thoroughly ploughed in the fall, and again in the spring. I would have no partitions of
beds except such as might be made with the hoe or shovel as occasion required.

The drive to the front of the house should come with a sweep round the central
bed, and be flanked with flower-borders. Beyond these would be the lawn, with orna-
mental shrubs planted singly or in clumps : syringas, Tartarian honeysuckle, viburnum
plicatum, the purple- leaved berberry, and lilacs white and purple.

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In the front bed the house-plants moved from the windows when the green blinds
were replaced would find suitable summer quarters, and a vase in the centre of it con-
taining trailing and other plants would add to its beauty.

For the flanking beds, plants that require little attention and make a good show are
desirable. To my mind the old favourites are the best — low shrubs like the Mahonia,
moss-rose, and flowering currant ; St. Joseph lilies ; perennials such as iris, Chinese
pceony, dicentra, perennial phlox and bee-larkspur ; biennials as the Sweet William, Can-
terbury bell, foxglove and hollyhock — the last named, judiciously placed, produces a fine
effect. Such plants require but little time for their cultivation. The forking in of a
dressing of manure, an occasional shifting of place and dividing of them to prevent over-
growth, are the main operations required.

Around the whole should be a sheltering belt of evergreens — young pines, hemlocks,
and Norway spruce. A few inexpensive rustic seats placed here and there under the
trees would give an air of repose to the scene.

Supposing the buildings, yards, gardens and orchard to occupy five acres out of a
hundred acre farm, the space will be well and profitably taken up.

Now what insect foes would the owner of such a property have to contend with
The insect spoilers are numerous. For convenience we may group them into —

(I.) Those that suck.
(II.) Those that bite.
Each group may be sub-divided into —

(1) Open workers.

(2) Hidden workers.

And the methods to be taken against them may be spoken of as :

(a) Preventive.
(6) Destructive.
Of insects that suck the different kinds of plant- lice and scale-insects are most to be
dreaded. They belong to the families Aphid^e, CoccidjE and OoccinjE in the order
Hemiptera.

Some species of them are familiar to many persons. Their fondness for house plants
has brought them into notice ; and the difficulties experienced in exterminating them
have created a desire for further information as to their nature and habits.

The perfect male and female aphides appear
late in the year (Fig 6). The female deposits
egg-like capsules upon the stems and branches of
the food plant of her kind. Each capsule con-
tains a perfect louse, which, in early Spring,
bursts from its envelope and becomes a stem-
mother capable of producing 90 or 100 creatures
after her own likeness, and as prolific as herself.
Seven or eight generations of such agamic pro-
ducers succeed each other — their numbers in-
creasing by geometrical progression till they
Fig. 6. count up to billions.

The stem-mother of the aphis has a flask-like body from which project two small

spouts. Its head is furnished with a proboscis, which the inscet drives into the su >stance

of the leaf or bark of its food- plant, for the purpose of imbibing the sap. In the

process of digestion, the sap imbibed is converted into the "honey dew" which the

insect now and again ejects from the spouts above metioned.

The plant is injured, in the first place by the withdrawal of nourishment from it, and

in the second, by the clogging of its stomata, or breathing- pores by the accumulation

of the viscid honey-dew.

Now it is evident that the aphides cannot be assailed through their mouths by

poisonous spraying, as the leaf -eating insects can. They cannot be poisoned, but they

can be suffocated. Whatever effectually closes their spiracles brings death to them.

Spraying with kerosine emulsion, applications of whale-oil, size, pyrethrum, tobacco

smoke, are all effective.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

43

To witness the deadly effects of oil upon an insect, apply with a feather or camel's-
hair brush a drop of linseed oil to the body of a troublesome hornet or bumble-bee buzzing
in the window. The end comes quickly ! The oil is not taken into the stomach of the
insect, but is spread over its body, and clogs its breathing-pores, and the insect dies.

The aphides left to run their course, at length give rise to a generation of winged
insects ; and these proceed to make the preliminary arrangements for the next year's
round of a phi dean gatherings and festivities.

The aphides are named according to the plants they frequent.
The aphis of the apple, A. mali, Fabricius.

" " plum leaves, A. prunifolii, Fitch.

" " currant, A. ribis, Linnaeus.

" " cherry, Myzus cerasi, ^abricius.

" " cabbage, A. brassicce, Linnaeus, etc, etc.

An easy way of smoking a house-plant is to turn an empty
flour barrel over it, at the same time inserting a suitable vessel
containing two or three pinches of tobacco and a small live coal.
The smoke will soon do its work.

Thus we have

For the destruction of that troublesome insect the woolly
aphis or " American Blight " (Schizoneura lanigera, Hausmann)
(Fig. 7) which is found in white patches on the apple trees, the
use of a scrubbing brush with diluted soft soap is recommended.
By this means the insects are crushed and the tree cleansed at
the same time. The house plants may be freed from that trouble-
pest, the common mealy-bug (Dactylopius adonidum, Linnaeus)
by more gentle treatment of like nature.

The aphides have many natural foes. Among them are various kinds of lady-birds >
the lace-winged flies and syrphus flies, all of which are predaceous upon them — destroying
them from without ; and an aphidius which is parasitic, destroying them from within.

Insects even more difficult to deal with than the aphides are the scale insects. The
scrubbing-brush and soft soap may be used for their discomfiture. All the insects that
we have yet considered work in the open air. There are others that live by suction, but
operate under ground. The most formidable of these is the Dog-day Harvest Bug,
Cicada canicularx8% Harris.

Fig. 8.
I made acquaintance with this insect many years ago, in Montreal. I was walking
up Mountain Street, and, when near the top of it I saw a very seedy looking individual

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of the bug tribe creep from the soil at the foot of a large elm-tree (Fig. 8a) and begin to
climb the trunk. I sat down and watched it. After ascending about two feet it dug its
claws (It was very well provided with claws !) into the irregularities of the bark and
took a firm hold. It then commenced to writhe and twist as if it were taken with a
violent internal disorder. Surely something will come of all this commotion I said to
myself- and something did result— its skin was suddenly rent from the head to the
abdomen (Fig. 8b), and the creature began coolly to crawl out of its own skm, drawing
out its legs as if it were taking off its boots. When quite free it shook out its wings,
and in a few moments presented the appearance of a perfect cicada. (Fig. 8c.)

The female cicada is furnished with a remarkable organ, one part of which resembles
a double key-hole saw. With this she cuts into the bark of the tree and forins a recep-
tacle for her eggs. These eggs she carefully deposits. After a while they hatch, and the
larvse which come from them find their way to the roots of the tree, into which they thrust
their beaks. Then commences the work of suction that lasts for a length of time—the
juices of the tree being the only nourishment the creatures receive. One species of cicada
(C. septemdecim Linneus) spends 17 years at this employment.

It is in orchards of some standing that the cicadas are most likely to establish them-
selves ; and it may be that the operations of these hidden foes have more to do with the
occasional shortage of fruit than people have an idea of. How to reach the spoilers is a
problem. Probably one of the best suggestions that has been made is, to enclose the
orchard with a sufficient fence, and then, to do as the people above-mentioned did with
the garden— turn the hogs into it. The animals will grub (grub is a very appropriate
word !) about the roots, and destroy a variety of larvae and pupae. They will loosen the
sod and let in the air ; and their droppings will help to fertilize the soil. The use of the
bush-harrow and the rake, and the scattering of a little grass seed after the animals have
been removed will repair the damage they may have done.

Against the biting insects the campaign should begin after the leaves have fallen.
The fruit-trees should then be carefully examined for the eggs of some kinds and the
cocoons of others. The beadlike eggs of the Brown Vapourer (Orgyia antique*,
Linnaeus,) attached to the vacated cocoons of the mother insects, and the egg-
patches of the Gray Vapourer (0. leucostigma, A. & S.), covered with a protective
that resembles sugar frosting, will be found readily enough where the creatures
are plentiful. The brown elongated masses of the eggs of the Lackey Moths
(Clisiocampa Americana, Harris, and G. disstria, Hubner,) should be looked for
on the twigs (Fig. 9), and when found cut away and destroyed, as should also the
cocoons of the Saturnians.

As soon as the buds appear in the spring, Paris green and water well stirred
should be applied to the fruit trees by means of a force pump and spraying nozzle.
This spraying will destroy the injurious " bud-worms," « leaf crumplers, "canker
worms," etc., and later applications will overcome those troublesome pests the
Fig. 9. "tent-caterpillars " and « fall web- worms," and other less conspicuous foes.

White hellebore, applied with a dredger, or mixed with water and sprinkled
with a can over the fruit-bushes will kill the larvae of the "currant saw-fly (Xematus
ventricosus King) Fig 10, and those of the span-worm {Enfitchia nUaria litch) *ig 11.
A like application to the rose bushes will free those plants from * slug-worm
(Selandria rosce Harris), and from the leaf- crumpling caterpillars of the pretty little
brown and white Tortrix Penthina nimbatana Clemens).

With one notable exception our butterflies can hardly be said to be injurious. The
larvae of most of them feed on weeds or plants of little value. A few of them feed on
cultivated plants.

Papilio turnm Linnaeus, feeds on the apple, etc.

P. asterias Fabricius, feeds on the parsnip, carrot, etc.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

45

Pieris oleracea Bd. feeds on the potherbs.

Grapta interrogationis Fab. feeds on the hops, etc.

G. progne Oramer, and G. gracilis G. and R. feed on the currant.

Thecla strigosa Harris, feed * on the plum,

Fig 10.

But these insects are few in number, and so widely scattered, that they do little, if
any, harm.

The one exception is Pieris rapoe Linnaeus, the " cabbage-butterfly "
(Fig 2). This is an exceedingly troublesome insect. The fbest method
to check its ravages that I know is to set an intelligent child to work
to pick off the caterpillars (Fig 12 a) from the plants, and to crush
them under foot. The chrysalids (Fig 12 b) of this species, and of
others, may often be found attached to fences and buildings.

I lately had the opportunity of witnessing the proceedings of a
Papilio brevicauda larva when about to change to a chrysalis. It spun,
on the side of a twig, a little pad, to which it attached itself, having
climbed into a proper position for doing so. When it had settled
itself, it turned its head to its back and ejected, through its mouth, a
drop of mucous which it drew out in a silken thread, and attached to
the twig. It then turned its head round on the other side, and deposited
another drop on the same spot, drawing it out and fastening it as before,
thus making a complete loop. The ends of this it strengthened with a branching web.
Having completed its arrangements it curved its shoulders, drew in its head, and
remained quiescent for two or three days — that is, till its loop and other fastenings were
firm and dry. Then its skin was rent at the thorax, and, by a succession of heaving and
swaying motions, was worked back, segment by segment, till it reached the extremity or
cremaster, from which, in a little while, it fell away, leaving a delicate green chrysalis
with a row of yellow knobs on either side, and with pretty salmon-coloured spiracles.

46

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Fig 13.

The farmer no loDger dreads the Colorado potato-beetle, Doryphora decem-lineata

Say (Fig 13). He
\ knows how to deal
with it ; and its
numbers are dimi-
nishing, thanks to
the information
spread through the
country by entomo-
logists, on the use
and efficacy o f
Parisgreen.

It was a remark-
able sight, in the
early days of the
potato-bug visita-
tion, to see all the
available members
of a farmer's house-
hold busily engaged in beating off the " bugs " with small sticks, and catching them in
milk cans ; now and again emptying their prey into the fire over which soap was in the
making, or pig's food in the cooking. " All was fish that came to net," and so beetles
and their parasites — " friends and foes," were —

"in one red burial blent."

Men are sometimes surprised to find the potato-beetles feeding on the tomato and
tobacco plants in their gardens. The insect in its native haunts fed on the wild potato,
Solanum rostratum. Of the Solancece, or Nightshade Family, to which the potato
belongs, there are in north America six genera— not counting the South American genus
Petunia, now so largely cultivated in gardens. They are (1) Solanum, nightshade;
(2) Physalis, ground cherry ; (3) Nicandra, apple of Peru; (4) Hyoscyamus, henbane ;
(5) Datura, thorn apple ; (6) Nicotiana, tobacco. The first of these includes the potato,
the egg plant, and the tomato, all of which are eaten with avidity by the beetle.
Deprived of its favourite supplies, the insect turns to such other members of the family
as may grow within its reach. I have found it upon Physalis and Datura, as well as
upon Nicotiana.

Of enemies working covertly, the cut-worms are among the most troublesome, lney
are larvae of certain kinds of Noctuid, or night-flying moths. Whenever a farmer sees a

Fig. 14. Fig. 15.

blade of corn falling over and'sturning yellow, or a cabbage-plant bitten off near the

ground, he may be very sure that a cut-worm is working there, and should^use a spud or

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

pointed stick to unearth the spoiler. To foil these pests the young plants should be
earthed up as soon and as far as possible, for the creatures crawly over the surface, at
night, and cannot ascend a mound of crumbling earth.

Young onions are damaged both by the cut-worms and by the maggots of the onion-
fly, Phorbia ceparum Meigen (Fig. 14). The former work singly ; the latter, in groups.
Both should be carefully dug out and destroyed. Dry soot scattered over the onion-bed
is believed to be serviceable in keeping away the fly.

The "white-grubs," or larvae of the May-beetle, Lachnosterna fusca, Frohl. (Fig 15)
are well-known pests. In the fields the plough unearths them ; and the poultry, follow-
ing in its wake, hold high carnival, and become fat and well-liking. In a thoroughly-
worked garden the grubs find but little harborage.

The hidden pests above mentioned can be dealt with moie easily than some others.

7

Fig. 16.
The apple- tree borer, Saperda Candida Fab. (Fig. 16), worksgnear the ground, in
young trees, and so weakens the stems that sometimes, in a high wind, the trees are snapped
off. The larvae betray their presence by their frass. When this is the case a wire should
be thrust into the tunnels, for the destruction of the occupants. A thick wash of soft
soap applied to the stems in June will deter the beetles from laying] their eggs upon
them.

There are other borers that injure other trees. It is in search of these that the
woodpeckers work so systematically around the stems The woodpeckers are among the
fruit-grower's allies, and should not be molested.

The borer of the currant stems is the larva of a pretty little clear- win g
moth, JZgeria tipuliformis Linnaeus (Fig. 17). Late in the fall all un-
healthy-looking stems in the red, white and black currant-bushes should be
cut out and burned. The moths appear in June, and consort for safety
with the small black wasps of the genera Odynerus and Gorytes, which
they somewhat resemble. A child can soon learn to distinguish them from
these, and can spend a few bright midday hours profitably in capturing the
butterfly net. The capture of one female will save many currant stems

Fig. 17.

moths with a
from damage.

We have, then, glanced at some of the worst of the insect pests that frequent the
farmer's garden. The study of them in their native haunts will be found full of interest
and a knowledge of their proceedings and the various methods of counteracting them*
will prove of great value, and ought not by any to be lightly esteemed.

ON THE NOCTUID^ OCCURRING AT TORONTO.

By Arthur Gibson, Toronto.

For some time past, in fact ever since the season of 1896, I have considered the
Noctuids to be my special favourites amongst the Lepidoptera, and in view of this 1
thought a few remarks under the above heading might interest those present.

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Noctuidae comprise that large family of Lepidoptera known as the " Owl-let "
moths, or night flyers. As a rule, the members of this family feed by night and r-^t
during the daytime. Some of the larvae of these moths, commonly known as cut-w-rms,
are amongst the moat destructive of our caterpillars. The ravages which they have been
recorded as making, resulting in the losses of certain agricultural products, '^ave been
enormous. Around Toronto, as far as I know, their devastations have not amounted. to
very much, comparatively speaking. In the regions most infested with these pests, the
loss to agriculture is tremendous, but the ravages thus caused have been reported so fully
in Government publications that it is not necessary for me to say anything further about
their destructive propensities. It might not be out of place, however, to mention that
on account of these larvae being night feeders, all of their devastations are perpetrated
after dark, in the daytime the caterpillars hiding under crevices, stones or any other
article under which they can escape notice.

To the collector of these moths there are various novel ways of procuring specimens.
The two most indulged in, in Toronto, are taking advantage of the electric lights, especi-
ally in the outer districts, and by the still better way of " sugaring " the trees. In the
early part of the season, say until towards the last week in June, the Noctuids that are
then flying seemingly prefer the electric lights to the " sugar " — such is my experience.
By the first of July they start to come to the " sugar," and from then until the end of
August, and even beginning of September, lots of good work can be accomplished. Some
Noctuids which are often taken at " light " are seldom captured at " sugar," while on the

Fig. 18.

other hand specimens like the catocala are generally taken at " sugar." Relicta (Fig. 18)
is about the only catocala which I have noticed around the lights to any extent. Daring
the end of August of last season quite a number of Relictas were to be seen at " light,"
while I have, as yet, only met with one specimen at " sugar." Collecting with the aid of
M sugar " is much the better way, not only as regards the number of specimens taken, but
also in view of the variety of Noctuids secured. The season of 1897 was an ideal one for
11 sugaring " purposes in Toronto. One evening as many as 26 specimens of catocalae
were taken by Mr McDannough and myself while out together, besides a large number
of smaller interesting Noctuids.

It is safe to say that among the Noctuids we find some of our most beautiful moths,
but on the other hand some of them are most inconspicuous in color, being of a dull gray,
brown, or black, or these colors combined.

In North America, according to Prof. J. B. Smith's List of Lepidoptera of Boreal
America, there are recorded no less than 1841 distinct species of this great family of
Noctuidae, and since the compilation of this list there have been several new species
described On my list I have marked off about 160 different species, which I have taken
at Toronto, besides quite a number of unnamed species. Probably there occur several
hundred more representatives.

Among the various genera there are to be found some very interesting species. The
first thing I have marked of on my list is Raphia f rater. Thij moth is of uncommon
occurrence, the specimens I have being taken at light.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49

The genus Acronycta is an interesting one, some of the members being beautiful
insects. Around Toronto, I have taken 10 different species, viz., occidentalis (Fig. 19),

Fig. 19. Fig. 20.

morula, populi, Americana, dactylina, hastulifer, luteicoma, brumosa, superans (Fig. 20),
and funeralis. Of these probably funeralis is the most rare, while morula, dactylina and
luteicoma are very scarce.

Harrisimemna trisignata, the only one of the genus, is a rather pretty moth ■ the
three specimens I have were taken at light.

It is not necessary for me to mention every species of Noctuidae which I have taken
so I will just confine myself to the names of those which to me are considered of rare and
of uncommon occurrence in the neighborhood of Toronto. In cases where it is possible I
have mentioned whether the specimens were taken at "light " or at " sugar."

Microcoelia dipntheroides, fairly rare, taken at light.

Rhynchagrotis cupida, at sugar, very few taken. First time I took it was in 1896 •
very scarce since then.

Semiophora tenebrifera, one specimen at lighc.

Feltia venerabilis, only one specimen, taken at light.

Dicopis Grotei, one specimen taken at sugar, 13 June, 1896.

Mamestra imbrifera. Took one specimen of this beautiful insect, resting on the
trunk of a tree, on the afternoon of 18th July, 1896.

Mamestra purpurissata, 1 sp. at light.

Mamestra grandis, 2 sp. at light.

Mamestra adjuncta, 1 sp. at light.

Mamestra latex, 1 sp. at light, 30th May, 1895, and one 9th May, 1896.

Mamestra rosea, very rare, two sp. at light, last capture 26th May, 1897.

Hadena lignicolor, rather uncommon, taken at sugar in Jane and July, 1895.

Dipterygia scabriuscula, 2 sp. taken at sugar.

Prodenia flavimedia, one sp. at light.

Trigonophora periculosa, 1 sp. at sugar and 1 at light.

Helotropha reniformis, fairly common, at sugar in 1896, rather scarce since then.

Hydroecia velata, 1 sp. taken at light.

Hydroecia cataphracta, 1 sp. at light, 9th May, 1894.

Pyrrhia umbra, 2 sp. at light, 4th May, 1896, and 2 sp. of the variety angulata on
20th June, 1896.

Orthosia ferruginoides, 2 sp. taken 21st Sept., 1895.

Scopelosoma Moffatiana, one of the early appearing Noctuids, 2 sp. taken at light,
20th April, 1896 ; also observed last season.

Scopelosoma ceromatica, also an early Noctuid, 4 sp. taken at light, 20th April, 1896.
I have never taken either of the last two named, in the fall of the year, although I
understand they hibernate in the imago state.

4 EN.

50

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Calocampa curvimacula, very nice thing, 2 sp. taken at light, 20th April, 1896, and
1 sp. 17th May, 1897.

Cucullia asteroides, 2 bred specimens.

Cucullia intermedia, 3 sp. at light, 2 on 20 April and 1 on 16th April, 1896.
Among the Plnsias there are some fine things. I have taken 8 different specieB
marked off on my list, viz, serea, aereoides, balluca (Fig. 21), striatella, bimaculata,

Fig. 21. Fig. 22.

precationis, ampla, and simplex (Fig. 22), together with one' un-ramed. Of these
striatella, balluca, and ampla are the rarest, with simplex and precationis the commonest.
All myuPlusias were taken at light.

Heliothis armiger, one sp. taken 22nd Sept., 1895.

Alaria florida, very pretty moth, 4 specimens taken at light in 1894, never very
common.

As to the Catocalas, I have taken 14 different species at sugar, the principal captures

being, grynea, ultrouia (Fig. 23), a beautiful
variety of ilia, briseis, relicta, (Fig. 18),
habilis, neogama (3rd Aug.> '96) and retecta.
The season of 1896 was by far the best I
have yet experienced in collecting Catocalas,
such species as ilia, cerogama, uniguga, and
parta (Fig. 24) being very common. During
the past season I did not notice a single
specimen of ilia. I understand that 0. cara
was taken in Toronto last season.

Panopoda rufimargo, one specimen,
taken at light.

Fig. 23.

Homoptera nigricans, one specimen at light.

Bomolocha baltimoralis,
2 sp. at light.

Brephos infans, one spec-
imen taken on 11th April,
and one observed on 16 th
April, 1898.

I have brought to the
meeting some of the species
mentioned in my paper, also a
few "uniques" which, as yet,
I have not got identified.
Some of these will no doubt
interest certain of the mem-
bers present.

*"•*! At a future date I may be able to relate, in a much better manner, something on
the " Noctuidae occurring at Toronto," which may be of more interest than the article I
have just read.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51

Mr. Gibson also exhibited specimens on the following very rare butterflies which he
was so fortunate as to have captured at Toronto : Thecla Ontario, Pamphila Baracoa and
Brettus ; also Pyrameis carye, which was taken by Mr. Tyers. T, Ontario has only been
twice taken before in the Province from which it is named ; the other three are new to
our Oanadian list.

Mr. D. Brainerd disagreed with the writer of the paper regarding the superiority
of light to sugar as an attraction for moths. Mr. Winn said that he had found sugar the
best bait until June 15th, but after that flowers were the most attractive. He had taken
160 specimens between 7.15 and 8.15 one evening.

THE COLLECTOR
AND HIS RELATION TO PURE AND APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

By F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio.

The insect collector may or may not be a professional entomologist. He may be a
minister, doctor, lawyer, merchant, soldier or sailor. He may be confined within the
walls of a counting-room, bank, office, study or other place of occupation, during eight
or ten hours of the six days of the week, for eleven months of the year, or he may be
camped for months in the wilderness, or spend months on the sea, with an occasional
respite of a few weeks on shore. There are few professional collectors, the major portion
of these being engaged in other pursuits, and spending the time generally devoted to rest
or recreation by the majority of people, in the collection of insects, in itself a most pleasing
and healthy sort of recreation, provided ones tastes trend in that direction. Thus it
occurs that a collector may be confined to a limited area, or he may be able to carry on
his work in widely distant localities. I know of a soldier, wounded and in a hospital,
who managed to make a considerable collection of insects and especially such as are
readily attracted to light, and another whose business, that of a commercial traveller,
takes him from one end of the country to another. I have in my own collection, specimens
taken at almost all hours of the day or night, under almost every condition imaginable,
and in as great a diversity of localities.

Outside of professional entomologists, the collection of insects is largely a labor of
love, with no hope or expectation of any compensation whatever. This, then, would
appear to be the proper place to discuss the value of these self imposed labors to the
science of entomology.

While much has been said and written, both pro and con, relating to the value of
the services of those men and woman who collect but do not study insects, it has always
appeared to me that in this, as in almost everything else, we should make a distinction
between the careful collector and the one who, strictly speaking, could hardly be termed
a collector at all. Of course industry and energy here as elsewhere, count for much, but
care, neatness and accuracy are imperative. Then, again, there has existed a certain
condition of affairs, happily now fast disappearing, under which a collector was obliged
to humbly submit his hard earned material to a specialist for determination, which
specialist, after condescending to go over it, retimed the specimens for his trouble, and
in the case of new forms, frequently forgot to give credit to the collector when naming
and describing them. It was thomght sufficient to state that specimens were from Canada,
California or Texas. The description being sometimes drawn up from a single specimen,
thought to be typical of course, because it was the only one in the hands of the describer,
was often faulty, eo that the danger to the pure science from discolored or deformed ma-
terial getting into such hands was very considerable. It goes without saying if you
place a lot of carelessly collected and prepared material in the hands of a specialist, who
is simply a species maker, and whose judgment and accuracy is not above question, the
result will be not only n. gen. et sp., ad infinitum, but time has shown that the sort of
entomology that such work represents had best be spoken of in connection with an ?.

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Bat this is one extreme and one that is fast being eliminated, all specialists of repute now
giving full credit to the collector for material placed at their disposal, and frequently
this is done at the request of the specialist himself. It seems to me that this is one of
the most encouraging evidences of progress in entomological research, as the collector
soon finds that with credit there, invario-bly, goes more or less responsibility, and we
therefore get better and more careful collecting, while the specialist or systematist is
placed in possession of better material and more elaborate data, and is thus better enabled
to avoid mistakes and synonyms. But we must not lose sight of the fact that this
material and data must be supplied by the collector, who may be so situated that he is
not able to work up his material properly, while the systematist is often equally unable
to secure these by his own efforts ; and we thus have a division of labor, which, if faith-
fully carried out by both parties, can only result in much good, and material progress in
our beloved science.

For my own part, I have come to look upon the labors of the careful collector, as
having much the same relation to the science of entomology, as those of Livingstone and
Stanley have to the advance of civilization in Southern Africa. These latter gentlemen
did not fell trees and plow and sow, but they paved the way for these, and made civiliza-
tion possible. The collector is the advance discoverer, who must be followed by the sys-
tematist before the biologist can commence his labors. We first must get our species, and
then so define it as to prevent its being continually confused with other forms, else we
cannot study either its own life or its relation to other species. In the history of the
advance of civilization we have, first, the discoverer, next, the pioneer agriculturist with
his log cabin, followed by cities and schools and churches and railways, all the accompani-
ments of civilized life, but all preceded by the one who first made his way through the
trackless wastes and told of what he saw.

Now, about the collector and his work. He who cares nothing for habits, variations
and geographical distribution, will accomplish the least for the advancement of the
science, though, as has been stated, industry and push are neither one to be despised, and
it is better to know that certain species are to be found in Canada, California or Texas,
than not to know of their existence at all. It would be much more satisfactory to know
just where in these areas the species were found, as all extend over a wide area and great
variety of country. But just here let me call attention to a serious defect, and one that
does not seem to be confined to the careless or inexperienced, viz , givlnsr as localities of
occurrence, isolated points, having local names which are unknown a few miles away, and
are not to be found indicated on any of our maps. Such give no clue whatever to the
one who is engaged in tracing out the geographical distribution of a species, as I have
myself experienced after hours of fruitless search, finally giving up in despair. In all
cases it is better to give exact localities with reference to their proximity to some point
which is indicated on our maps ; the approximate latitude and longitude will be the most
stable and valuable of all, as the information can be used in any country and by the aid
of very ordinary maps and charts. To those who object to taking the trouble to do this,
let me suggest that other entomologists will there take up our work after we have followed
Harris, Fitch, Riley, and more recently, Lintner and Maskell, on that long journey from
which none return. We cannot, now, see what problems those who are to follow us
may have to solve, nor can we determine the nature of the data that will be required
for such solutions. Then, too, the foreign entomologist has frequently to turn to us
for information regarding the distribution of both species and genera, and it is but justice
to our fellows if we present our data in a manner that will be most intelligible to them.
Some very good collectors, and not all of them American either, have overlooked this
matter, and as a consequence we are sometimes left in the dark where we most needed
light, and our colleagues really intended to supply it to us.

Altitude will not come amiss when you go over your notes, possibly twenty years
hence, while food plants, food habits, relative abundance, and, indeed, almost any facts
relative to the " sociology " of a species will be sure to be of use sometime, for someone.
I am continually using data secured ten, fifteen, or twenty years ago, some of it at the
time seeming to be hardly worth recording, but it is surprising how many good things

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

in the way of specimens and facts we are continually turning up, by accident, as it were,
oftentimes not realizing the full value of our " find " until years afterwards. A careful,
faithful observation is never without value, as it either brings a new fact to light or else
substantiates an old one. Insects do not necessarily act alike over the entire area of
their distribution, and the man or woman who uses their own eyes is almost sure to see
something that has not before been observed. Why ! I have gone to your fellow member,
Mr. W. H. Harrington, again and again for facts regarding some of our insects that I
have been observing for years, but he, with his close observation, has observed things
that, if they were to be seen in my locality, were overlooked by me. We do not see every-
thing going on about us, by any means, even we that are most in the field, and I have
gone several hundred miles from home, and found certain insects there doing certain
things that they were not observed to do at home, but as soon as I returned they were
found to be engaged in precisely the same way that [ had observed them elsewhere, and
probably had been doing so all the time, but I did not happen to be a witness to the
fact.

Of late we are hearing much relative to life zones, and, while it is hardly probable
that we have at the present time sufficient definite information regarding the exact local-
ities of occurrence among insects to enable us to say much in regard to these, as it is
very easy to say too much, yet we all know that our species are not all of them generally
distributed. Almost every collector will get species in his immediate neighborhood,
sometimes in abundance, that are to be found rarely, if at all, elsewhere. There are cer-
tainly areas, over which a certain species will be found to occur in a greater or less
abundance, while a few miles away it will appear to have given way to another. In
almost every locality there is sure to be some particular spot that will be found especi-
ally rich in insect life. These favored spots may be a bit of woodland, a bank, a shaded
ravine or a secluded valley, to which one can go with the assurance that he will secure
something rare or new. The vegetation here may not differ materially from that of hun-
dreds of other places, seemingly equally favored also by climate and elevation, yet a
greater number of species seem to have gained a foothold, so to speak, here than else-
where, and, somehow, are able to retain their hold. Just why this is true is not exclu-
sively an entomological problem, but involves animal and vegetable life as a unit, and the
insect collector can, if he will, pile up facts that will go a long way toward the settle-
ment of problems not at present considered in connection with entomology at all. In
other words, before we can do much with mapping out life zones, we must have a vast
amount of information that can only be secured by the careful collector and observer.
Not only must this data be secured, but it must be made available by being placed on
record where it can be found by the great army of scientific men and women. I am well
aware that there is in some quarters, an aversion to publishing detatched notes and obser-
vations and a tendency to hold fast to all such until a mass of material is thus secured
sufficient for an extended and exhaustive discussion, but it has always appeared to me in
a different light. Let us suppose that the science of entomology is an immense vase, as
large as iEtna or Vesuvius, and this is shattered into fragments and scattered over the
face of the earth, and entomologists, without definite knowledge of its original form or
dimensions, are set to work to gather up these scattered fragments and reconstruct the
vase. The fragments will of course be of every conceivable size and form and when
brought together fit into each other perfectly, but many of them will be mnch alike in
form so that the misplacing of a fragment will not infrequently occur, the mistake only
being discovered by the proper one being found and fitted into place. A fragment may
include a species, or any fact connected with its life history or habits. Now, let us sup-
pose that a collector in Canada or elsewhere discovers a new species, while an entomo-
logist in some distant part of the world discovers an allied form. Here are two frag-
ments of science, separated, how widely we cannot know, until the intervening space has
been filled in by collections, breedings and observations carried on by perhaps a dozen
different individuals, possibly speaking half as many different languages, each contribut-
ing his fragment that is to fill in the space that divides the two forms and cements the
two together, so to speak. Let me illustrate again, taking this time Diaspis amygdalit

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

which has recently been discussed by Mr. Oockerell, Mr. Try on, Mr. Lounsberry and
myself, each presenting some new phase of its habits in various parts of the world. But
one of my contributions related to a parasitic foe, described by Dr. Howard and reared
by myself from the Coccid just mentioned, on trees recently imported from Japan, and
also by Professor Marchal in Paris, Mr. E. E. Green in Ceylon, the late Mr. W. M.
Maskell from Coccids received by him from Sydney, New South Wales, and at the United
States Department of Agriculture, from an Aspidiotus from Georgia. Here we have
fragments of our imaginary vase gathered from all quarters of the globe, not only fit-
ting into the Diaspis fragment, but into others as widely separated as well. But suppose
each one had kept his fragment to himself until such time as he could secure sufficient
material for an exhaustive paper ; how long would each have stood in the way of the
other in attempting to make use of his information 1 " Rushing into print " is not to
be commended, but a collector owes it to his fellows, and to entomology in general, to
collect carefully and make all possible observations in connection with his material,
placing the former on record for the benefit of his colleagues. The value of such work
as is being done by Messrs. Harrington, Kilman, Bean, Fletcher, Lyman, Fyles and other
Canadian entomologists, is not to be measured by our present knowledge, nor are the
facts gained by these gentlemen to be taken separately, for, individually, they may be
nearly or quite worthless and yet contain the very missing link that some other worker
is hunting for, and through the lack of which he is unable to proceed in the solution of
his own problem. Isolated from his fellows, working for the love of nature with little
or no encouragement from those about him, it is not to be wondered at that a collector
should think only of himself and his individual pleasure, becoming satisfied with dried
corpses pinned in his cabinet and caring nought for the habits of these forms of life when
active. But there is a world of riches at the door of every collector, isolation fre-
quently becoming a blessing in disguise, for if he will but keep his eyes open and tell
the world what he sees, he will ere long be surprised at the wealth of facts that he will
accumulate.

The unknown in entomology may be likened to an ocean whose shores are lost in
infinity, while the known is as a mill pond. There is so much to observe, so much to
learn and life is so short. The collector, more than any one else, has opportunities for
observation such as, if made with care and accurately recorded, may outweigh volumes of
compilations that are too frequently permeated by the opinions of men, while original
observations come direct from the hand of the Creator.

In conclusion^ then, if there is any kind word of encouragement or of admonition
that I can offer to the collector, whether he be located in city or country, let me do so
here. Gather up these fragments of which I have been telling you, as you would grains
of gold from among the sands, for sooner or later there will be a mint open for their
reception and you will be surprised at their value. You will be more than once aston-
ished to find that what you took for a worthless, fragmentary observation, will really
turn out to be the keystone of an arch which has long been unfinished for lack of your
fragment.

ENTOMOLOGY IN SCHOOLS.

By Wm. Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

The Annual Reports of this Society for 1896 and 1897 contain several very sug-
gestive papers relating to the study of insects in our schools. Ex-President Dearness
dealt somewhat fully with the subject in his two Presidential addresses, and the late
Professor Panton outlined a method of presenting the subject from an economic stand-
point. These three addresses, I remember, gave rise to a discussion among the members
present on those occasions, and showed plainly that the time was ripe for introduction of
nature-study into our schools. The members were unanimous in the opinion that insect
life should form a portion of the children's study, at least, in our rural schools.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55

Mr. Dearness deserves much credit for his efforts towards the introduction of nature-
study in his own County of Middlesex, and, in a general way, throughout the Province of
Ontario. It is to be hoped that a little leaven will leaven the whole lump, and that every
County Inspector will endeavor to the utmost to further this most desirable object. The
compulsory study of Botany in the lower forms of our High Schools has already paved
the way to a partial recognition of nature study as one worthy a place in our school
curricula.

As a teacher of science for several years in some of oar largest Collegiate Institutes*
I may be permitted to use whatever influence I possess in urging on this good work, and
towards this object this paper has been prepared.

This paper will consider the subject under the headings Why?, How ?, and When ?,
i.e., why should teachers introduce the study of insect life into their schools ? Supposing
its introduction is a wise procedure, how should it be taken up ? and when should it be
taken up 1

Why?

1. Because the study of insect life trains the eye to see, and the mind to draw
proper conclusions from certain observed facts. The child learns clearly the relationship
between causes and effects. It is remarkable the number of people who jump at conclu-
sions without taking the time to relate cause and effect. Traditions and superstitions
are still rampant, and many erroneous ideas of our forefathers are still too often accepted
as truth in spite of the great advances that science has made during the last fifty years.

Pupils properly guided in their observations of nature will soon correct for them-
selves many of the errors that imperfect observers have made, and which have been
handed down as truths. When the pupils have grown older, and have become engaged
in the various pursuits of life, where alertness of mind, close observation, and accurate
deductions count for much in the struggle for wealth, those who have been most carefully
trained while young will, other things being equal, be most likely to succeed. It is a
case of survival of the fittest in a struggle for existence. Comparisons, relations and
judgment which are cultivated by a proper study of insect life are indispensable to
the successful farmer, merchant and statesman. " If the farmer's boy learns how to
accurately observe the process of nature with which farm produce deals, and the foes with
which agriculture has to contend, are not the chances vastly increased that he will be
successful in managing nature so as to get the greatest favors from this coy mistress oi
his life and fortune ? "

2. Apart from the direct bearing on a successful life from a commercial standpoint,
the study of nature reveals beauties and wonders all about us. Our eyes are opened to
the wondrous transformation of insects, to the inter- relationships which exist between
plants and insects, and among insects themselves. These are subjects of perennial interest,
and the persons who have observed nature carefully will find in her not only " a resource
and recreation, but an ever-faithful friend holding out comforting arms to those who are
weary in soul and body." I think no one can be unhappy who has a true friend in
nature, and can establish a living sympathy with everything about him, for Coleridge says :

' ' He prayeth best who loveth best
All things, both great and small ;
For the dear God who loveth us,
He made and loveth all."

A writer with wide experience says : " The element of education which is at present
most lacking in our common schools is the training of the powers of observation. The
children need above all things else to be taught to observe carefully and correctly and to
state their observations in clear and terse language. The ordinary child, whether on the
farm or in the town, actually sees comparatively little in the world about him. The
wonders of the trees and plants in park or meadow, of birds and insects flying about the
house, float like shadowy visions before his eyes. * Seeing, he sees not." He needs a

56

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

teacher who can open his eyes and fix his mind on the realities among which his daily
life is passed. This accurate observation of natural objects and facts is the only founda-
tion on which scientific attainments can rest. The scientist is chiefly a man who sees
better than his fellow men. But it is also a great help in practical life.

3. " No branch of science means more in actual dollars to the people of the country
than Entomology. At least one- tenth of our crops is lost owing to the depredation of
insects." It is surely a proper thing to instruct our children about the insects. They
should learn to distinguish insects which are enemies from those which are friends. If
our farmers and gardeners understood the method of dealing with the foes, and acted
promptly and efficiently, the money value of this knowledge and action would equal the
richest Klondike ever discovered. When Governments spend millions, and individuals
risk their lives in opening up a mineral Klondike, it is not unreasonable to ask that more
attention be paid to this insect Klondike at our doors. Let us educate the children to
take an interest in insects, for in a few years they will have the control of the great
money-producing areas, viz., the farms of our land. Dr. Fletcher has already treated
of the value of Entomology from an economic aspect at a previous meeiing of this
society, and Mr. 0. C. James, the Deputy Minister of Agriculture of Ontario, has
also ably handled the subject in several addresses before Farmers' Institutes.

How.

Every good teacher will have his own method of presenting the subject, the one
hest suited to his own individuality, but there are general principles which he must
follow :

1. As far as our rural schools are concerned, Entomology should be studied " with-
out reference to systematic order or relationships." The whole study should be thor-
oughly informal in every respect ; it should be natural. No stated lesson should
be assigned as a task beyond the general collecting of insects which the teacher may ask
to be done occasionally. At first the teacher will simply guide the pupils by adroit
questions such as these : Where did you find it ? What
was it doing 1 On what plant did you find it ? Did you
see it fly 1 How did it fly ? Did you hear it sing or
chirp, etc. The difference in structure among insects
brought before a class should also be studied by means
of questions put by the teacher, the number of wings,

Fig. 25.

legs, and eyes, (Fig. 25) its mouth, and its breathing ap-
paratus. The pupil will soon see that insects are unlike
in many features, the observation of which will tend to
increase his interest.

Occasionally injurious caterpillars will be caught in the
act of eating leaves (Fig. 26); this occasion should be well
used by the skilful teacher, and useful lessons learned.
It is wonderful what a variety of insects will be forth- Fig. 26.

coming when the interest of the pupil is thoroughly
aroused. Very often the best teacher will be incompetent to answei all the questions

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOOIETY.

57

asked him byflthe*curious naturalists, but that should not deter him in his work, for even
expertsjwill very-often*tell",of their ignorance[in matters relating to insect-life.

Fig. 27.

2. Encourage the pupils to make collections. Mr. Dearness has explained very
clearly in his last year's Presidential address the simple method of collecting, so that
every teacher who feels a living interest in this informal work, will find no difficulty in
equipping both himself and his pupils with the necessary appliances.

Fig. 28.

r "'"" > 3. Encourage the study of life-histories, for after all this part is the most important
in* every respect. The wonderful transformations should excite intense curiosity, and
accuracy as to the observations forms one of the most valuable trainings to be obtained in
any department of science. (See Figures 27-32).

Fig. 27, the caterpillar ; fig. 28, the caterpillar changing in to a chrysalis ; fig. 29, the chrysalis ; fig. 30,
the perfect butterfly.

Fig. 29.

Fig. 30.

4. Make this nature-study the basis of composition lessons, and informal talks, where
good English form and style must be insisted upon. A child full of enthusiasm for a
subject cannot help but talk, and write too, if required to do so. Let abstract and
foreign topics alone till his reading has become wider and his mind more fully developed

58

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Fig. 31, grub, pupa and beetle (Passalus Cornutus).

The logical expression of the sequences
in the development in insect life, if repeated
frequently, will become one of habit, and
will tell powerfully in many other ways.
Not long ago the Principal of one of our larg-
est Model Schools stated to me during a con-
versation, that almost invariably he could
pick out the teachers-in- training under him
who had received a science training in the
High Schools. Science-trained pupils could
develop a lesson along natural lines in proper
logical order, so that they were thoroughly
pedagogical in all their work.

5. Let the study of insects be
one of relaxation from the more
arduous duties of the school. The
pupil must never have " Examin-
ations " on the subject, else the
knowledge of facts will soon be con-
sidered by pupils the chief aim of
the study. Even the observations
to be made must be incidental, just
as the quebtions must be informal.

The child mind craves for in-
formal instruction along such lines,
and " the school becomes a delight-
ful place, and the teacher an angel
of light."

When?

The amount of time allotted to
this study should not be much.
Let it creep in whenever the teacher
feels that there is a need of relax- Fig. 32, transformations of a Dragon-Fly.

ation, or when he has material for a good lesson. Some have advocated devoting a period-
to the work on Friday afternoons, but I would not limit the period to any particular
time. It should not appear at all in the programme of studies. The youngest child* is
not too young to make observations and to try to give explanations.

Teacher's Equipment.

The greatest difficulty at the present day is to secure properly equipped teachers.
This difficulty will gradually disappear as nature-courses are placed on the curricula of
Normal and Model Schools, but a few words, I think, will not be out of place here regard-
ing books with which the nature teacher should be familiar.

1. Comstock's Insect Life, published by the Appletons, is the best hand-book of sug-
gestions, directions and methods for teachers that we have in America. Outlines of
studies are given on pond life, brook life, orchard life, forest life and roadside life, while
methods of collecting and preservation of specimens are sketched very clearly. Price
$2.50.

2. Comstock's Manual for the Study of Insects takes easily first place as an Identi-
fication Book, and should be in every Entomologist's library. It contains keys to the

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59

orders, and families, and gives brief descriptions and engravings of nearly all the com-
monly occurring insects. Price, S3. 7 5.

3. Prof. Panton's Insect Foes (30c.) is a very convenient book for the busy man who
would like to know the most injurious insects and the methods used in destroying them.

4. Insecta, by Hyatt & Arms, is a very neat and interesting book for beginners, and
pays much attention to the anatomy of types from each of the orders. Price, SI. 25.

5. Scudder's Guide to Butterflies and Life of a Butterfly are very useful books. The
former pays much attention to identification of larvae. Price, $1.50. Also Dr. Holland's
Butterfly Book, with 48 coloured plates. Price, only $3.00.

6. Other special works are : Williston's Diptera, $2.25 ; Cressoris Hymenoptera,
$3.00; Leconte fy Horn's Coleoptera, $2.50; and Banks' Neuropteroid Insects, 50 cents ;
and Packard's Works.

7. In Economic Entomology there are Saunders's Classic Work, Insects Injurious to
Fruits, price, $2.00 ; Harris' Insects Injurious to Vegetation ; Smith's Economic Entomol-
ogy, price, $2.50 ; Weed's Insects and Insecticides, price, $1.50.

8. Last, but not least in importance, are the Annual Reports of our own Entomo-
logical Society, in which will be found splendid accounts of the injurious insects
from year to year. Every teacher should subscribe for the Canadian Entomologist,
$1 00 a year; for in doing so he would get twelve monthly numbers of the Magazine
and a copy of the Annual Report of the Society's Proceedings.

TWO AVIAN PARASITES: NOTES ON THEIR METAMORPHOSES.

By R. Elliott, Bryanston, Ont.

In the month of April, 1897, I noticed among the feathers of a Broad- winged Hawk
which I was making up as an ornithological specimen several examples of a medium-
sized fly that, judging from its peculiar structure, the faculty it possessed of passing
rapidly through and hiding among the feathers, its reluctance to leave although provided
with well-developed wings, must be a parasite, alive and well and quite at home.

Looking at a species of the highly organized order Diptera, in which the meta-
morphosis is complete, my first surprise at seeing the insect there soon merged into
the second wonder : If the parasite remains for life on the host, and the metamorphosis
is complete, in what manner is the routine of reproduction carried on ? One could easily
imagine eggs deposited on the feathers, an excellent environment to ensure development.
But then, what would become of the larva % One could scarcely conceive of a maggot as
living on the exterior of a living bird.

[In a Catalogue of Insects, under the family Hippoboscidae, I found Ol/ersia
Americana Leach noted thus : — " Lives on Bubo virginianus and Buteo borealis."]

As the Broad- winged Hawk is a near relative of the last-named, is in faet Buteo
latissimus, I assumed that I had found the name of the insect.

In September of this year, while manipulating a White-throated Sparrow for the
same purpose as my hawk, I found another parasite fly, possibly of the same family,
but of a different species from the first-named. It measured about five millimeters in
length, with wings nearly, if not quite, as long as head and body, The thorax was
flat and smooth ; the skin leathery and tough ; the legs (a light olive-green) long and

60

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

strong and provided with curved hooks — an admirable contrivance to enable the parasite
to travel through the maze of feathers while the troubled host travelled through the
mazes of the northern forest.

Through the kindness of my friend, Mr. Dearness, I am
enabled to present herewith a drawing made by him under the
microscope, which shows the structure of the fly's foot. (Fig. 33.)

The most interesting feature of the particular specimen
described above lay in the fact that when found its condition gave
me hopes that I might receive some light on its method of repro-
duction. Its abdomen was much larger in proportion than that
of its congener found on the hawk.

Having placed the fly, living and uninjured, in a small phial,
I watched and awaited developments. Within twenty hours I
found the fly dead at the bottom, and a single large pupa (Fig 34)
sticking to the side of the bottle. As it appears
incredible that the young could have subsisted by
itself in such a place, it seems reasonable to conclude
that the egg and larval stages were passed within

Fig. 33.

Foot of Parasite of

White-throated Sparrow.

tie body of the parent, thus accounting for two
important phases in the course of its life. The pupa
measured 2 J x 2 millimeters, blackish brown, smooth
and shining, flattish, oval, suggesting in form and
outward structure some minute trilobite.

Fig. 34.

Form of the

shining black

pupa.

Mr. J. Dearness submitted the specimens of the two parasitic insects, and the
curious larva, adding the following notes :

With the specimens submitted herewith, Mr. Elliott has afforded some of us our
first opportunity of examining a pupiparous insect. He shrewdly suspected the curious
fact in the life history of the insect under notice that the earlier metamorphoses take
place in the abdomen of the parent, and that the young insect emerges therefrom in the
pupal stage. The adhesiveness of the pupa, as shown by its sticking to the side of
glass bottle, may be an important aa;ent in keeping the pupa among the feathers during
the brief time between its expulsion and its exit as an imago.

The only book T had at hand at the time of making these notes which relates
anything of the Pupiparse was Van der Hoeven's. Speaking of the Pferde-laus (Hippo-
bosca equina L.) he says : " If we were told that a bird laid an egg that produced a
young one at once as large as the mother we should think the account fabulous and
ridiculous ; the fabulous part would not be diminished were the bird ever so small, or
even a winged insect. Of this insect — the Pferde-laus — the story is actually true."

The smaller of the two parasites was the one that deposited the pupa in the bottle ;
it is in the genus Ornithomyia, Latr., and is characterised by having distinct eyes,
ocelli usually three, wings distinct, claws of tarsi tri-dentate. Hippobosca has no ocelli,
and the tarsi are bi- dentate.

The author above quoted says of the family to which these insects belong that they
lay no eggs, but are viviparous. That which seems to be an egg laid by these insects,
and which is sometimes as big as the abdomen of the mother, ought to be regarded as a
pupa. From it the perfect insect (imago) comes to view after an interval of time
dependent upon the temperature to which the pupa is exposed.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61

A BIT OF HISTORY.
By J. Alston Moffat, London, Ont.

Early in 1898 the Rev. Dr. Bethune had received an enquiry from Mr. H. Bird, of
Rye, N.Y., concerning certain specimens in the Society's collection. The Doctor nat-
urally referred him to me. Shortly after I received from Mr. Bird a letter enquiring if
Hydrotcia appassionato, Harvey, was represented amongst the species of that genius in
our collection. I replied that it was not, and that I suspected that there was but one
specimen of it extant ; and that one was in the the British Museum ; and that a re-dis-
covery of it would be a matter of very great interest ; and this opinion I afterwards
found was also entertained by Mr. Bird.

This Hydroscia appasionata^ Harvey, is a species that was taken at London, by Mr.
E. Baynes Reed, and described by Dr. Leon F. Harvey in the August number of the
Canadian Entomologist for the year 1876, page 155, under the generic title "Gortyna."
The date of the description indicating that the capture had been made the previous year
at the latest. There is no mention made of the number of specimens taken, or upon
which the description was made; the presumption is, that it was a unique. At all
events, a type specimen had gone into Mr. Grote's collection ; Mr. Grote's collection went
to the British Museum, and that specimen went with it, and there I presume it is now.
It has generally been considered that some of the species of this genus are rather variable
and run closely into each other. Reference is made by Mr. Bird in his paper (Can. Ent.
Vol. 30, p. 130) to the difficulty that seems to have been experienced by the describers
in deciding to which species certain forms belonged. Guenee is reported as considering
Marginidens Guen and Limpida Gaen as possible varities of Rutila Guen, whilst Walker
regarded Marginidens as a doubtful variety of leucostigma. I have read somewhere a
statement made by Dr. J. B. Smith, that as the genus then stood a specimen might be
yellow or mouse-colored, with or without spots and yet be the same species. Dr. Smith
had been convinced that the genus was in a most unsatisfactoy condition and wanted re-
vision, and he undertook the task. The first thing to be done was to get as much ma-
terial together for study as possible, so early in the year he requested the loan of the
Society's specimens of that genus for comparison. I replied, that then they would have
to be sent by express, and that he would remember that the unreasonable demands of the
U. S. Custom officers had erected an effectual barrier to anything more being sent in that
way. I sent to him a list of the genus as it was represented in the Society's drawers,
and from these he choose those he wanted most to see, and they were sent to him by
mail. Amongst them were three specimens which I had under the specific name
M Rutila." One was from my former Hamilton collection. Another was taken by Mr.
C. G. Anderson, of London, in 1895. And as it did not correspond to anything I could
find, it was sent for determination and returned as " Rutila." The other was a specimen
taken by Mr. Bice in 1896, of which he took several that season, and as I could not
identify it, I sent it also for a name, which was also returned as "Rutila." This I con-
sidered was an illustrious example of the variability of the species, and quite confirma-
tory of Dr. Smith's statement already referred to.

In due time the specimens were returned with Dr. Smith's determination of the
various forms attached to them. In his letter to me of August 15th, 1898, announcing
his returning the specimens he remarks : " The specimen of Appasionata is the only
decent example known to me in collections. Circumlucens is a new species of which
there are only a few other examples known to me. So, though the lot was small it was
not without interest." So there had been an example of the long lost Appasionata in
the collection and I did not know it. This specimen of H. Appasionata, Harvey is
Anderson's capture of 1895. H. Circumlucens, Smith, is the specimen from my old
Hamilton collection, and "Rutila" is the 1896 capture of Mr. Bice. It would then ap
pear as if "Rutila " had been a kind of general repository for anything that was known
not to belong elsewhere. I believe there are two or three other specimens of H. Appa
sionata, Harvey in collections in London.

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Bv my ordinary method of collecting fall moths, searching for them in the daytime,
or beating bushes and weeds ; all species of Hydroecia seemed to be rare and difficuh ; to
find, except Niotitans, which is more or less plentiful every season ; ^Istot^r specks
are obtainable only in single specimens at long intervals. In Mr. H. Bird s valuable
paper on this genus (Can. Ent. Vol. 30, P. 126,) mention ,s made of ^ "J*"« »
well known species ; here it is seldom taken, and its variety Wro ha, yet to be reported
Ire ent Referring to Cataphracta, Mr. Bird says : "At light the Imago would be cen-
tered a rarity " Here it is the most abundant form presenting itself at light. Dozens
of it might have been taken in the season of 1897. It was less plent.ful m 1898. /»-
ilTto would come next in point of numbers. This is an illustration of changed result.

in different localities.

THE GYPSY MOTH.
By E. H. Forbush.

Ever since the Gypsy moth exterminative work was placed under the management
of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture the plan of operations has been to work from
the outermost limit of the known infested region toward the centre.

Obviously such a method, if properly executed, would best carry out the purpose of
tfcn State law first for the prevention of the spread, and second, for the extermination
of the moth ' In accordance with this plan it has been the policy of the Beard to clear
the outer towns from the moth and, at the same time, to reduce, so far as the money
aranted Vould permit, the number of the moths in the central towns It was hoped that
when the outer towns were cleared the force could largely be concentrated m the inner
towns clearing them also. If the Board had each year received the sums it has deemed
necessary and annually requested this policy would by to-day, it is believed, have been
carried onto complete success. But since the necessary legislative grant annually asked
for Ty the Board has been cut down year after year from one-third to one-half the moths
have so increased in the central towns that tbey have been scattered into and have
seriously threatened the towns cleared or nearly cleared in the outer belt.

Under these circumstances it has been found necessary during the seasons of 1897-98
to concentrate large bodies of men in the central towns to prevent a further wide dissem-
ination of the larv* into the outer towns; the outer towns, meanwhile, receiving less
than their full share of attention.

The present year the full amount asked for ($200,000) was granted for this work by
the legislature. Unfortunately the grant was so delayed that much of the necessary work
of e^destruc6 ion (by burning, before hatching time) could not be done The heavy
rains too which prevailed through May and June greatly hampered the spraying
N vertheLs, the burlap-work, which was done more extensively than ever before and
over most of the territory known as infested, proved so successful that nowhere in the
whole burlapped territory were any considerable number of .trees str.pped by gypsy moth

larvae

We have also this summer doue extensive burning, beginning in August ; burning
will be continued where needed.

On the whole, the granting this year of the full sum asked will nuke it possible for
us to accomplish far more in 1898 than has been accomplished in any previous year.

While it is true that two colonies of the moth (one in Lincoln discovered in 1897,
the other in Manchester, discovered this year) are known immed.ately outs.de of the
Hmitsof the territory hitherto defined as infested these discovers, under al 1 the «r-
cumstances, do not in the least surprise me, since I have believed from the first that a tow
of such extra-limital colonies might confidently be looked for Still these d.scover es
emphasize the Necessity of far more inspection work outside the l.m.ts of known infesta-

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

tion. We have been absolutely unable in past years, with the money hitherto granted,
to do nearly all that needed to be done in this line of work. This year as much as
possible was done in this line, revealing, however, no infestation.

Efficient work has been done both in Manchester and Lincoln. The centre of the
Manchester colony appears to be stamped out. Much work will be necessary in its
immediate vicinity this fall and the country surrounding it must be carefully watched
next year. The Lincoln colony has been brought to such a condition that there is little
danger of dissemination from it.

Nevertheless the moth is scattered through hundreds of acres of woodland there and
extermination in Lincoln and the adjoining town of Weston, into which a few larvae have
been dispersed, will be costly.

The work of spraying and burning the past season has been greatly facilitated by
improved apparatus prepared under the direction of Mr. E. C. Ware, of the Department,
and in part invented by him.

Information about the Gypsy moth has been widely scattered through the region
adjacent to the infested territory. People have learned to dread the moth and are on the
watch for it. The Lincoln and Manchester colonies were discovered and reported to us
by citizens. To secure still further the intelligent co-operation of citizens in this work,
it is planned to distribute from house to house, within the towns immediately bordering
the infested region, an illustrated bulletin descriptive of the Gypsy moth, its habits and
something of its history.

In no previous year have we been able to speak so confidently of progress so early in
the season. The great wooded tracts, especially in the eastern, western and northern
divisions of the infested territorv are now in excellent condition. More than ever this
year have I been impressed with our power to cope with and in due time to utterly
extirpate the Gypsy moth, when we are sufficiently supported by Legislative grants.

If the Legislature promptly provides for several years to come an appropriation
strictly limited to the Gypsy moth work and equal to the amount granted this year, there
oan be no doubt of the final extermination of the Gypsy moth from Massachusetts.

Dr. Bethune, in commenting on the paper, said he had visited in^August"*last the
scene of operations of the Gypsy Moth Commission, and had been shewn all their appli-
ances and methods of operation in carrying out the work of controlling and ultimately
exterminating the destructive insect. He described the spraying of the foliage of tall
trees with poison in order to kill the caterpillars, the scraping off and destroying egg-
clusters, the burning by means of a hose discharging blazing kerosene of weeds and rub-
bish in rough localities which were known to be infested, and also the banding of trunks
of trees with burlap. The apparatus employed was of the most perfect description and
was largely the invention and product of the members of the force. He was especially
impressed by the magnitude and thoroughness of the work ; in traversing many miles of
the State in different directions he noticed that every tree, large or small, whether in
private gardens, public streets and parks, or woods and swamps, had its trunk wrapped
round with burlap and a code mark painted upon it indicating the dates when it had been
inspected. He felt sure that if the Commission is maintained with its present staff of
workers the extermination of the insect will before many years be accomplished.

It was then moved by Mr. Dearness, seconded by Mr. J. D. Evans, and resolved :
That the thanks of the Society be conveyed to Prof. Forbush for his interesting paper,
and that this Society desires to place on record its admiration of the work done by the
State of Massachusetts, under the able direction of Professors Fernald and Forbush, to
restrain the spread of this most destructive insect, and if possible to exterminate it
eventually. Had not such energetic measures been taken the consequences to neighbor-
ing States and even to our own country might by this time be appalling.

64 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE COTTON BOLL- WORM IN CANADIAN CORN.

By J. D earn ess, London, Ont.

On the 10th of October Mr. E. T. Shaw, residing near Dorchester Station on the
G. T. R., east of London, drew my attention to a larva which he said was damaging his
corn by burrowing from the top downward between the rows of grain on the ear. I
went over into the field — one of about four acres — and with his assistance soon obtained
a number of specimens of the larva. I estimated that in the part of the field we were
collecting them that about one ear in five was affected.

On taking the larvae home I was surprised to find that it agreed exactly with the
descriptions of the Cotton Boll worm (Beliothis armiger HubnJ and that in a Canadian
latitude it could be so numerous as to possess an economic interest.

On making farther inquiries I learned that the " worm " was reported in the corn-
fields of most of Mr. Shaw's neighbors and indeed was said to be much more prevalent
and injurious in a large corn field of Mr. McNiven's than in Mr. Shaw's.

Last week Mr. Paul Hunter informed me that he had been husking corn in a field
near Gladstone, Ont., a village in another part of the same township, and that M nearly
every ear had a worm in it." He described the insect so well without any suggestions
from me that I felt sure it was the same that had attracted the attention of the Dor-
chester Station farmers.

I visited Mr. Shaw's farm again on the 3rd instant (November) in the hope of find-
ing some more specimens, the numbers of my first collection having been reduced by
cannibalism. In confinement the larvae seem to prefer the tissues of each other's
bodies to the corn I placed in the jars with them. Possibly, indeed probably, they
could not bite the rather hard shelled corn placed in one of the jars. In another jar
in which two or three ends of ears of corn had been placed, when I returned after a
week's absence only one specimen was living. Therefore, as just stated, I went last
week to Mr. Shaw's to collect some fresh specimens to bring to this meeting. He
happened that day to be hauling in unhusked corn. In the load just brought in we
found relatively few affected ears, not more than one in twenty or thirty, but in the
next load they were quite common, one in every two or three ears.

The affected ears usually had but a single larva in them, the largest number I
saw in one ear was three. The damage done to affected ears by the burrowing and
milling of the grain is not very great, less than five per cent., but some of such ears
showed a mould that had made an entrance and was following the channel burrowed
between the rows of the injured grains.

Dr. Fletcher informed me last night that a farmer near Orilla had reported dam-
age to 75 per cent, of the ears of his corn by an insect which the doctor found to
be the same species as the one under consideration. He will doubtless refer to it in
his Notes of the Season.

The life-history of this interesting insect has been so well studied and so fully
reported in the Fourth Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission and in subse-
quent bulletins of the Division of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture that but little remains to be done by Canadians. However its appearance here in
the role above described may justify a brief synopsis of what has been recorded of its
history and habits.

From the elaborate report of the Commission above cited we learn that in many parts
of the Southern States the Boll- worm is regarded as more destructive to cotton than all
other insects combined and that in some parts of the Southern and Western States it has
been very injurious to corn. In the three years preceding the labors of the Commissioners
they reported very marked damage to corn all through the South and West, it being a
common experience to find fields in Virginia and southward in which almost every ear
was pierced.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 65

Glover, in 1866, wrote that a dissection of a female boll-worm moth showed that it
contained about 500 eggs. Mr. F. W. Mally, who made an exhaustive study of this
insect for the U. S. Division of Entomology obtained 687 eggs from one moth. The egg
is oval in shape, whitish in color, and beautifully sculptured, fifty of them side by side
would make a line an inch long. The eggs are laid singly on various plants, but prefer-
ably it would seem on the young silk of ears of corn. This preference is taken advantage
of by the cotton growers who plant patches of corn here and there in the plantations to
serve as a trap crop, the corn being harvested at a time when the planters think they will
effect the maximum destruction of the larvae. The egg hatches in 2 to 4 days. The
larva which is variable in color undergoes well marked changes in its earlier molting^
some of these are noticeable in the specimens exhibited. The mature worm is an inch to
an inch and a half in length and rather less than a fifth of an inch in diameter, the head
is amber colored and the body is strikingly marked by a dark stripe along the back centred
by a fine white line. On either side ot the dark stripe on the back are paler ones and on
the side a very distinct and whitish stripe in which the spiracles are found. On the sides
are three or four rows of tubercles each bearing a rather stiff hair. The two legs (the six
on the anterior segment of the body) are dark in color and the prolegs have each fifteen
small hooks.

The first food of the young larva is its own egg shell, but it soon settles to work
devouring the tissue of its host plant, whether that be cotton, corn, tomato or some other.
In August it is said to pupate in about 21 days, and the pupal stage then to extend over
two or three weeks The last brood hibernates in the pupal stage. These remarks on
the life history are condensed from Mr. Mally's reports.

The perfect moth like the larva is variable in color. It is fully described and well
illustrated in the 4th Report of the Entomological Commission.

The series of specimens in our collections at London were taken by Mr. Moffatt, at
Hamilton, some years ago. I do not find any Ontario record of it since until this year.

Although this year it is present in sufficient numbers to warrant the attention of the
economic entomologist, I do not suppose there need be much apprehension on the score
of serious injury in the future. The unusually prolonged season in Ontario may have
permitted the development of an additional brood as compared with other years. Were
it to remain and extend its area it would be most unwelcome as the question of remedy is
obviously difficult. Its presence in the green ear of corn can be detected by an observant
eye. When observed the tedious remedy of pinching or hand-picking might be resorted
to. Obvious difficulties stand in the way of spraying with poisonous solutions.

Afte^ the members present had examined the specimens brought by Mr. Dearness,
Mr. Dwight Brainerd reported that he had met with the insect in Massachusetts this year
for the first time. Mr. Winn said that a few specimens had been found in Montreal and
referred to the mention of the insect in Mr. Gibson's list of moths taken at Toronto. Dr.
Bethune had found it this year also at Port Hope, where the larva burrowed into the
fruit of the tomato.

MUSKOKA AS A COLLECTING GROUND.

By Arthur Gibson, Toronto.

In the month of August last I had the pleasure of spending two weeks in the
" Highlands of Ontario/' Muskoka, my destination being Port Sydney.

Port Sydney, with a population of about 50 inhabitants, is about 138 miles due
north of Toronto, being situated at the southern extremity of Mary Lake, which is about
5 J miles long and 2 or 3 wide.

To a person who has never visited Muskoka, the Lakes which abound everywhere in
that district, and which as a rule, are filled with numerous small islands, beautifully
arranged, so to speak, and the mainland with its wild picturesque scenery, the sight tha
meets the eye is truly wonderful, and worth going some distance to see.

5 EN.

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In Mary Lake there are seven small islands of various sizes, one probably covering
an acre or even two, while another would only contain about enough room upon which to
build a fair sized house. These islands for the mo3t part are composed of solid rock, with
only probably a few feet of earth on the surface. In fact throughout the whole district
there is nothing but rocks, rocks, rocks. On some of the islands there is a considerable
growth of trees, shrubs etc., while others seemed to be quite bare. A curious sight often
observed in the Muskoka country is large trees growing out of a crevice in what appears
to be solid rock. To a casual observer there is considerable mystery in this, and as I
have not looked into the matter, I am unable to throw any light thereon.

Certain rocks, on the islands, as well as on the mainland, sink, as it were, straight
down into the water often to a depth of 30 feet and more. These rocks are not loose, in
the ordinary sense of the word, but are a part of and joined to the mainland or island as
the case may be, and often reach a height of probably one hundred feet or more. It
will be readily seen, therefore that even the most delightful resorts, are not always the
safest, but have their treacherous surroundings, and it is a wonder more drowning
accidents do not occur throughout the many lakes that make Muskoka the attractive
place it is.

From an entomological point of view, Muskoka ought to offer grand inducements to
the collector, as vegetation in most places is simply in the wild state, and many good
captures could no doubt be recorded. The mouth of August, the time of the writer's
visit, is too late for general work, but for the collector of Noctuidae there should be a
good harvest during that month, as there are numerous good places for " sugaring " pur-
poses. About the 1st of July, I think, would be the most profitable time to visit
Muskoka, as insects generally are most to be had about that time.

However, during my vacation at Port Sydney I noticed the following species of
butterflies, viz Argynnis Cybele, Atlantis, Aphrodite and Myrina, all of which seemed
fairly common, with Myrina the most plentiful. The first three named were mostly
worn specimens, only a few of those taken being presentable Pieris rapae, Colias
Philodice and Chrysophanus Hypophlaeas were also common. The latter was the com-
monest of all those noticed. Everywhere this little butterfly was to be seen
flitting about, and the majority of the specimens were in good condition. A few
specimens of Danais archippua (Fig. 30), and Grapta progne (Fig. 35), were
observed, and of the Limenitis, disippus (Fig. 36) seemed fairly plentiful,

Fig. 35. Fig. 36.

whilst"" but a single specimen of Arthemis came to view, no doubt owing
to the lateness of the season. Besides these I noticed quite a number of specimens of
Feniseca tarquinius, but could not manage to secure a single one. These interesting
butterflies have a peculiar habit of flying anywhere but in the direction the collector is
looking. They were all flying in close proximity to the alder bushes, on which their lar-
vae feed upon a species of aphis.

^S Among the moths I took Catocala relicta and concumbens, also a few other noctuids,
some of which were new to me, and I noticed the wings of Euprepia caja lying upon the
sand, the^body of which some enemy had secured.

ENTOMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY. 67

Besides the above, some beetles were secured with the aid of the sweep net, but as
everything was burnt up with the heat, nothing much was to be done. I did not take
any notice of any of the other orders, so cannot say anything about them ; grasshoppers
seemed quite plentiful, however.

Dr. Wm. Brodie of Toronto, the well-known entomologist, has, I believe, visited
Port Sydney on several occasions and I understand has explored the neighboring vicin-
ity. He stopped at a farm house a few miles down the Muskoka River from Port Sydney,
the owner of which is an enthusiastic naturalist, his principal hobby being ornithology. In
a conversation with Mr. Crew the dootor stated that during his recent visit during the
latter part of June and first week or so in July he had made some interesting captures.
One specimen of Euprepia caja was secured by him as well as another moth very similar
to caja and probably of the same genus. Dr. Brodie spoke of the plentifulness of Lim-
enitis Arthemis, and reported having taken quite a number of a Chrysophanus, which
I understand does not occur at Toronto, and which appeared to be very common ; most

of the specimens taken, however, were more or less
in a damaged condition. Debis portlandia (Fig. 37) also
appeared to be of common occurrence, the Dr. taking
some 5 or 6 specimens. The habits of this butterfly are
very similar to Neonympha Eurytris, which is our
commonest representative of the "ringlets." On the
whole the Doctor considered the past season to have been
a poor one in the vicinity of Port Sydney, but I am
satisfied that with a good season much interesting work
could be accomplished there.
Fig. 37 The country to the north of Port Sydney and Hunts-

ville which is about 12 miles from Port Sydney, contributes some fine specimens of insects.
Mr. Tyers has received quite a large number of lepidoptera from the Muskoka region-
about 25 miles north of Hantsville, among which are some very nice things in the
Noctuidae, which are not included in our local fauna, and the majority of which have not,
as yet, been identified.

No doubt there are new species yet to be found in that country, which has not, as
far as I know, been worked up to any great extent.

RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS IN NATURAL HISTORY.
By J. Alston Moffat, London, Ont.

The aphidivorous habit of the larvae of Feniseca Tarquinius has been well observed
and recorded. The striking portraiture of a monkey's face in the form and markings of
the chrysalid has also been commented on, and even photographed, yet no one can form
a correct conception of its wonderful naturalness until they have seen it. But there is
a habit of the butterfly which it at all times indulges in that I have not seen noticed in
print, which is quite in keeping with the peculiarities of its previous stages, and, as far
as I know, is unique. A favourite situation for this butterfly to rest on, either singly, or
in groups, is the open side of a wood, or the leafy branch of a tree projecting into
an open space. I have seen a single individual take its position on the extreme point of
such a branch, and from there it would dart a little distance to the one side of where it
had been sitting, then back to about as far on the other side of it, then back and
forth a number of times before it returns to rest on its perch again. The distance it
traverses in this movement may be about ten feet, and at right angles to the branch
on which it had been sitting. It brings up at each end with a perfect snap, and a
perceptible rustle of the wings. It seems to throw itself with great violence, and stop
as suddenly, as if it had struck a board ; then off to the other end of its course and
back again, to and fro with such rapidity that the eye can scarcely follow it ; then after
a short rest it will repeat its performance.

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Whether it is the male or female that indulges in this sport, I cannot say, or if it
may not be confined exclusively to either sex. I had the good fortune to see the per-
formance enacted three different times, in two of which the exhibition was brought to a
fatal termination, but no attention was paid to the sex of the performers. I should be
inclined to surmise that it is the male and he only.

When reading some remarks upon the parasitic worms of the genus Gordius, more
commonly called u Hair Snakes," from the belief entertained by many that they are
horse hairs transformed in water into snakes ; the writer animadverted upon the ignor-
ance and superstition that still prevailed on this subject, which was considered not at
all creditable to the superior education of the present day ; which brought back to my
recollection something of the tedious process by which my mind was relieved of its
ignorance in this matter, and set mea-thinkiDg that if the writer had been possessed of
some further information ft might have tended to moderate his estimate of himself and
others ; for there are few erroneous notions in natural history entertained by the
multitude, that have such a reasonable excuse for their existence, in nature and in
fact, as this one about " Hair Snakes." And seeing that a knowledge of facts is a
more certain way of abolishing both ignorance and superstition than the denouncing of
either ; and as it seems to me that there are extenuating circumstances connected
with this subject that are not as well known as they ought to be, I shall give an account
of what 1 at one time saw.

When I was a small boy living in the country, which was at that time
" Backwoods," and having no playmates of my own kind, I naturally sought for
companionship with other kinds ; passing my time in the woods and fields in search of
something new, curious or attractive to me, and especially in observing the works and
way 8 of living creatures, in which I found my chief enjoyment. On one hot summer
day after heavy and continued rain I was amusing myself in a pasture field that had
never been cultivated : and in which were numerous little hillocks with hollows on one
side of them, indicating that there, in the long- by-past, trees had grown, been uprooted
and decayed. The hollows were filled with pure water from the recent and frequent
showers. Their bottoms were smooth and bright green, whilst their clear and crystal-
line waters reflected every passing cloud that floated over them in the brilliant sunlight,
Whilst dreamingly watching the rapid passing of small white clouds reflected in one
of these pools, my attention was aroused by an agitation of the water at one side ;
and upon examination I found a tuft of yellowish white hairs, which had evidently
come from some cow's tail, partially in and partially out of the water. The hairs may
have been between eight and ten inches in length, and there may have been fifteen
or twenty of them together. There was about two-thirds of their length in the water,
and the rest on dry ground. The part of them that was on land was a compact
mass, as if they had been plucked out together and dropped there ; whilst that part
of them that was in the water had each individual hair as widely separated from its
fellow as it possibly could get, whilst each and all of them were animated by an
undulating eel-like movement which they kept up incessently, as if they were making an
effort to get off and could not.

I had seen Gordius before that, and upon inquiry had been informed that they were
" Hair Snakes," from which I inferred that they were hairs turned into snakes ; and here
sure enough I thought I had found a bunch of them in the process of transforming ; but
how one portion of a hair could become a living snake, whilst the other part still
remained a dead hair, was to me a perplexing and mighty mystery, and remained so for
many years afterwards. In some of my promiscuous reading I at length came upon a
satisfactory eolution of the enigma. It seems that there is an animalcule of some kind
that breeds in water, and is in the habit of attaching itself to objects floating in the
water, and if these creatures are sufficiently numerous, and the object sufficiently pliable,
they can by united action produce an undulating movement, and give to the object an
appearance of individual life ; and this is what I had seen. Not quite an ocular delusion,
but a mental deception of the most convincing kind. I had noticed when looking at the
hairs, that the portion in the water appeared stouter than the other, but I satisfied

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

69

myself with the thought that a living thing should grow ; and in after years when I
learned that an object in water appeared thicker than when out of it, I wondered if I
had not been deceived in that way, but there was an apparent roughness of their surface
which I could not account for, as I knew that hairs did not soften and swell in water ;
but what I had read explained most satisfactorily everything I had seen in connection
with them.

If that tuft of hairs had been wholly in the water, and their full length endowed
with motion as part of it was, each hair would have been moving independently of the
others, and would likely have been scattered all over the pool ; then in all probability
my attention would not have been particularly attracted by them, further than to think
that " Hair Snakes " were unusually numerous in that pool ; and so I would have missed
an instructive lesson, tor what I read would not have impressed me as it did, but for
what I had seen previously. This is an experiment that anyone favourably situated for
obtaining the right conditions could easily carry out for themselves, and then they would
have ocular proof of what a reasonable excuse there does exist for the belief that " hairs
do turn into snakes."

Fig. 38.

When engaged at one time in an effort to bring some chrysalids of the Tomato
Sphinx (Fig. 38) to maturity, and obtain the moths, I noticed that one of them was dead,
so laid it aside for a time. Upon my next handling it I found the outer skin dry
and shrivelled, and upon removing a portion of it, which was an exceedingly thin
and brittle scale, I saw that the moth within had been fully matured up to the point
of emerging before it died, so finding that I had an excellent subject upon which to
operate for discovering the position and arrangement of the various parts of the insect,
as they were disposed of in the chrysalid prior to its assuming an active life, I com-
menced investigating. Carefully removing the outer covering, which came away as
freely and as clean as if it had never been in any way attached to the corpse within,
but upon which had been distinctly impressed every external feature of the coming
moth, the matured pupa was disclosed scaled and coloured complete. The winglets,
which were about three-quarters of an inch in length, pressed firmly — in what seems to
be an unnatural position — on its breast, instead of on the sides where they are

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to be afterwards ; and the long legs compactly gathered together under the winglets,
occupying the least space possible. The external loop on the chrysalid, in which the
proboscis, or sucking tube, generally called "tongue," is partly contained, interested
me the most, so I gave special attention to it.

Upon removing the outer scale of the loop — which has often been compared to the
handle of a pitcher, and to which it bears a striking resemblance — I found that the
proboscis within was double. It leaves the head and reaches about two-thirds the length
of the chrysalid in the loop, where it touches and is united to the covering of the
abdomen ; here it is doubled back upon itself, not sharply, but with an open curve,
which produces that knob at the lower end of the handle. It then presses closely to the
under, or inner side of the descending portion till it reaches the head, where it passes
inward to the body of the moth, whence it proceeds downward again, under the folded
legs and winglets of the moth to its full length of four and a half or five inches, tapering
gradually but perceptibly from base to apex.

If such a chrysalid was broken open when newly transformed from the caterpillar, it
would be found to be an unorganized fluid mass, seemingly held together only by the
outer integuments — which parted so freely from what was inside, when matured — and
upon which, even at that time, is imprinted all the external outlines of the coming moth,
and from which the internal organical structure of the future solid body seems to radiate,
and take on form and consistency. What a wonderful transformation is herein brought
about by time and favourable conditions ! From an unorganized fluid, to a diversified
and complicated organism, adapted to a vigorous, active life. And the sucking tube, so
delicately and yet so powerfully constructed, that the creature can extend it to its full
length of five inches, or roll it up into a coil at its pleasure, not the diameter of a five
cent piece. And yet more wonderful if we go back to the egg from which it all came, and
within which lay " the power and the potency " for producing all that was to follow.
11 Never deviating from its course, but always producing a being like the parent." The
proboscis is constructed of two longitudinal pieces with a groove on the inner side of each,
which forms the cavity through which the moth takes its nourishment. These two pieces
are firmly held together side by side by means of interlacing fibres, which yet admit of
elasticity to the tube and allow the cavity to expand when food is passing through it, and
may be used by muscular pressure in assisting to force it into the gullet. What wonder-
ful adaptations of means to an end are to be observed in nature for the production of
organs suited to the requirements of the creatures using them. One can at times see
something like the exercise of the inventive faculty in evading or overcoming obstacles
in the way of reaching the end required, when these are somewhat out of the ordinary, and
with admirable success ; impressing the mind with the thought that there must be some-
where, intelligent direction and supervision for the accomplishing of it.

THE PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR THE EXHIBITION OF
LIFE-HISTORIES IN THE CABINET.

By Dwight Brainerd, Montreal.

My brother and I arrange our cases in a rather peculiar way, and were complimented
by being asked to describe it for the " Report."

The point that bothered us, was to break the lines ordinarily found in a drawer.
We have four sizes of cardboard oblongs, cut proportionately, and use them instead of
the common name labels. They are placed above each species, should be about half as
long again as the wing span, and contain the bleached wings, frass and eggs corresponding
to the name across their left hand margin. (See Plate).

*>••»#

* «

« 9

■■':'

I

%

•

■*sm

Life Histories shewn in a Cabinet (D. Brainerd).
[71]

72 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

By this method, the drawers are cut up into little squares, each large enough to hold
a series together with the caterpillar, ichneumons, etc. One can put a good deal of taste
into the arrangement and the effect is certainly good. Outside of looks, I do not know
that the system has anything to recommend it. Of course with white cards, the drawer
covering must be colored : we employ a rough buff wall paper.

I am asked for some remarks on inflating and wing bleaching. Many books give
instructions, but for novices it may be said that caterpillars are inflated or blown by
slightly cutting the anal orifice, ventrally, squeezing everything out by the hole so made
while holding them between the fingers in a soft cloth ; binding a tube in this hole and
drying them, inflated by a current of hot air. It is well to have a piece of blotting
paper to absorb the drop or two of liquid ejected when the cut is first made, and care
must be taken to clean the neck- Neglect of this makes an ugly black blotch.

Benzine is the best thing for killing, as some kinds of caterpillars seem to fatten on
chloroform. The stripping and drying should be done immediately the caterpillar is
dead. If not, it draws up into all sorts of knots, and if left until relaxed, is too tender.
Partially dry the skin before giving it much air pressure or it will get out of shape, and
stiffen up the tail end before paying much attention to the head.

I never could make much success of the straw recommended by experts, and always
use a glass tube drawn to a point to furnish the air. Lap it with silk three or four time*,
run slightly into the caterpillar, make a turn or so in front of the last pair of legs and
fasten the silk back on the tube. With very small things, this glass can afterwards be
out off by a file, and a headless pin, bent at right angles, stuck in with a drop of gum.
Larger species should be slipped off by the thumb nail and pinned through the middle.

The less heat used, the better will be results. A lamp chimney fastened horizon-
tally on a metal coat hook, makes a first class oven. And a candle is the best source of
heat as by snuffing it the temperature can be regulated. The flame should be kept at least
two inches below the oven, and the segments you are working held over the hottest place.
Druggists sell a double bulb inflator now, which is much better than the breath for giving
the empty skin its shape.

In bleaching wings, to show the veins, the only suggestion I can offer is the use of

wood rather than common alcohol for washing. The oil in it increases the transparency.

If bleaching has not been described in past Reports, the wings are torn or snapped off

close to the body, soaked a minute in alcohol, and then, to remove the color, in Labaraque

olution. When clear, wash again in alcohol, dip in water and mount on a card.

THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH (Euproctis chrysorrhcea, L.).
By Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa.

The specimens of the new pest of fruit and forest trees in Massachusetts which I
am able to show to-day, have been kindly supplied for this purpose by Mr. A. H. Kirk-
land of the Gipsy Moth Committee. They consist of the male and female moths, the
egg mass, the full-grown larva and the hibernaculum in which the larvae pass the winter.

This insect is well known in Europe and has about the same range as the Gipsy
Moth. Thirty years ago, when I was a boy, it was not an uncommon species for one season
at Rochester, Kent, in the south of England, but I learn that it is now rare. The first
notice of its occurrence in America was when Prof. Fernald announced that he had been
working on it in Massachusetts in 1897, but it had been noticed by some for four or five
years before that date. It is thought to have been imported with nursery stock perhaps
as early as 1885. Early last spring it was sufficiently abundant for Mr. Kirkland to

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73

point oot to me several of the winter nests of the larvae as we travelled from Boston by
railway to Maiden, Mass. Most of these nests seemed to be in pear trees. Prof. Fer-
nald has published a bulletin on the subject, and also an extensive article in the proceed-
ings of the last meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists which was held at
Boston. Both Prof. Fernald and Mr. Kirkland consider this insect as a serious pest and
urge that drastic measures should be adopted to exterminate it. The latter writes under
date, Oct. 5, 1898 :—

" The Brown-tail Moth was not a severe pest here the past summer because of the
thorough work done last winter in destroying the winter webs of the young larvae. Where
this was neglected the caterpillars proved quite a scourge and from these neglected spots
no doubt the moths spread to no small degree in the flying season. The female, you will
remember, flies freely. A hopeful feature is the parasite help. We found the pupae
parasitised to quite an unexpected degree by Diglochis omnivorus, Walker, and by a few
larger hymenopterous parasites. Of course, I have only two years' experience to go by,
and from this as a basis no strong predictions can be made, but I should not be surprised
to see this insect spread gradually over New England and become a pest of about equal
rank with the Tent Caterpillar, perhaps worse. Since the female flies so well and is
doubtless carried on gales of wind, I can see no prospect of exterminating the insect.
While we know that the insect breeds well on many shade and forest trees, I doubt if it
becomes a pest at any great distance from orchards."

Kbllar, the Austrian entomologist, in his "Insects Injurious to Gardeners, Foresters,
etc.," says of this insect which he treats of under the name of the Yellow-tailed Moth :
" It may justly be reckoned among the most destructive insects of the orchard. The
larvae often infesting fruit trees to such a degree that not a leaf or fruit remains uninjured,
as was the case in the year 182S."

The caterpillars have a very wide range of food plants including nearly all of the
large and small fruits ; they will also attack a great many of the common perennial plants.
The favourite food seems to be the pear. Compared with the Gipsy Moth, as both the
male and female moths fly easily, the Brown- tail Moth has greater powers of spreading.
The life history of the species is as follows. The winter is passed by the partially grown
caterpillars, which hatch in August and feed for about six weeks upon the upper surface
of the leaves, stripping them of the skin and cellular tissue in the same way as is done by
the Pear Slug, leaving the skeletonized leaves brown and dead. The winter shelter con-
sists of several leaves spun together with silk, and a colony of the young caterpillars re-
tires into this shelter in the latter part of September and remains dormant until the
following spring. They revive again just as the buds are bursting and do much harm at
that time, devouring the young leaves, flowers and forming fruit. When full-grown in
June they spin light cocoons among the leaves, and the moths emerge about three weeks
or a month later. The moths appear in July and the curious and beautiful egg masses
covered with golden fur-like down may be found on the leaves during this month. They
are elongated, depressed, and rounded above, more regular in outline than the egg masses
of the Gipsy Moth, but like them protected by a densely felted covering consisting of the
golden brown hairs from the anal tuft of the female. Not only are the caterpillars of this
insect voracious feeders upon the foliage of many kinds of trees and plants ; but they are also
the cause of much annoyance from the stinging hairs of the larvae and pupae. This stinging
is of much the same nature but more intense than that caused by the hairs of the species
of Ealisidola. Prof. Fernald states that many persons in the infested region suffered so
severely as to require the aid of a physician and the irritation was so annoying to some of
the Gipsy Moth employees that the chemist was directed to investigate the matter to dis-
cover the cause and to find out if possible an antidote. Prof. Fernald concludes his article
(Bull. 17, New Series, U. S. Dep of Agriculture, Div. of Ent.) as follows. "The
nettling of the skin may be caused by contact with the caterpillars, both old and young,
or the cocoons, but in the latter case contact is not necessary, as the hairs from the cocoons
are blown about by the wind. An English journal mentions the fact that travellers are
often affected when the wind blows strongly from infested hedges along the side of the
road."

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

By examining the specimens which I have here, it will be seen that the egg mass is about
half an inch long by a quarter of an inch wide. The eggs cannot be seen under their furry
covering, but they are round, of a golden color, and there are between 200 and 300 in a
heap. The caterpillars vary in appearance during the different moults. The young cater-
pillars are described as of a dirty yellow color, with a black head and a black ring around
the neck. They are thickly covered with hair and have four rows of black dots along
the back. They are social in their habits throughout their larval life. From the first
they spin a web over themselves, and as a leaf is destroyed another is attached to it by
silken strands and gradually becomes part of the nest. The leaves attacked are also
fastened securely to the twigs. The nest is never entirely forsaken ; when the caterpil-
lars get larger they sally out in search of food but return from time to time to their refuge.
The mature larva (as exhibited) is rather a handsome creature, velvety black lined with
brown and bearing on each segment tufts of golden brown bristles. Along each side is a
conspicuous lateral interrupted white stripe with tufts of curious hair-like processes. On
segments ten and eleven are spherical reddish yellow tubercles, one on each segment,
similar to those found on the Gipsy Moth. These the caterpillars can elevate or depress
at pleasure. The head is black mottled with brown, and the full-grown larva is nearly an
inch and a half in length.

Kollar speaks of pupation taking place by preference upon damson trees, the cater-
pillars leaving apple and pear trees to pupate upon the damsons. He also speaks of the
mode of pupation as follows : " After the last moult, which the caterpillars undergo
either in the old nests under the new web or in the open air, they disperse over the differ-
ent fruit trees in the garden. Pupation takes place in June ; several again unite, roll
some leaves together into a ball, make for themselves jointly a brownish web and become
dark brown pupae. There are from four to twelve in a ball."

Among remedies, this author recommends highly the collecting of these balls, which
are generally found either on damson trees or, when these are not present, upon the lower
branches of the trees which have been attacked. The Brown- tail Moth is a night flying
insect which is very active a^ night, but sits quietly without movement during the day
time. The four wings and thorax are of a snowy whiteness ; the antennae are golden brown,
white above, and in the male widely pectinate. The abdomen is dark brown in both
sexes, that of the female bearing at its posterior extremity a round mass of golden yellow
hair, which entirely disappears by the time egg laying is completed, the component hairs
having been deposited by the female over the mass of eggs as a covering.

The work which has been done in connection with the Brown- tail Moth is another
instance of the grand service which is being rendered to the State, the Union and the
cause of economic entomology by the Gipsy Moth Committee. The laws which have
been enacted in Europe, and already in Massachusetts, show the necessity of attending to
this enemy at once before it gets beyond control. It is well for the country that chance
has introduced it within the area so well watched by the expert entomologists and officers
of the Gipsy Moth Committee. The careful experiments which have been carried on by
these gentlemen show that the destruction of the webs in winter and the spraying of trees
when the caterpillars are active, supplemented with lantern traps, are effective means of
keeping down the numbers of this insect, and, further, that if the matter is neglected we
have in this new pest an enemy with great capabilities for spreading and doing harm,
which should stimulate effort on the part of everyone living in the infested areas to do
what is advised by the Committee promptly, so that, if still possible, so destructive an
enemy may be prevented from spreading over a large area of country. The experience
of some districts which were systematically worked by destroying the conspicuous winter
shelters with the caterpillars inside them in 1897-8, is very instructive, for there were
practically no moths in these districts last summer; but in adjacent places where no effort
was made, the moths have increased to such an extent that these cleared districts will
probably be re-infested and all the work will have to be done over again.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

INJURIOUS INSECTS IN 1898.

By Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa.

The crops of the Province during 1898 have not suffered generally from any unusual
or even locally severe outbreak of injurious insects. There have been, of course, losses
in all crops from the ordinary annually-recurring pest s; but the wide awake Ontario far-
mer now knows pretty well what to do or where to get the necessary information, when
he notices an unusual abundance of an insect enemy. We may again be thankful for a
season of good crops, and for the most part these were got in in good condition. The
general results of the year are given concisely in the excellent Crop Reports for November,
issued by the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Prof. C. C. James. The only drawbacks of
the season were exceptionally hot weather with drought in some sections in July and
August and a rather wide-spread and almost unheard of frost in the month of July, which
affected some tender crops. The autumn was long and fine, with no severe early frosts,
thus allowing all root crops and fodder to pick up well.

Cereals.

The cereals throughout the Province have made an excellent showing. Owing to
the increase in the price of wheat last autumn, a large area was sown to this staple crop.
The hot, dry period referred to, although it ripened up some oats rather prematurely, pro-
duced wheat of exceptionally fine quality. Mr. W. Scott, of the McKay Milling Co'y
of Ottawa, a large buyer of grain, tells me that he has not seen for many years wheat of
such high quality as he has this year received from some parts of the Ottawa Valley, some
samples running as high as 64J lbs. to the bushel, without any sign of injury by the
Wheat Midge or other insect enemies.

" Poor yields were exceptional, and large yields were common. The plumpness of
the grain is frequently alluded to, in many cases the weight going over the standard, and
as high sometimes as 63 or 64 lbs. to the bushel. Here and there only did correspondents
complain of rust, midge, or other injury to the crop. The yield is 24 bushels per acre for

Fall Wheat The crop of spring wheat has been over an average in yield,

and the quality is also good. The yield is 17.7 bushels per acre." — (November Crop
Report, Ont. Bureau of Industries, p. 2.)

Barley yielded heavily, and the sample, for weight and color, has seldom been sur-
passed. I have not heard of any injury by insects.

Oats were in places light, and in some localities suffered from the attacks of the
Grain Aphis, Wire worms, and Cutworms. The injury by the first of these was light. As
is usually the case, the parasites which invariably accompany this plant-louse,
increased in enormous numbers and the plague stopped. The parasite which did best
service was Aphidius granariaphis, Cook.

Devastating Dart Moth. A rather bad attack of the Glassy Cutworm (Hadena
devastatrix, Brace), Fig. 29, the caterpillar of the Devastating
. Dart Moth, occurred on the farm of Messrs. J. Yuill & Sons,

v4rS8HBfflfe at Carleton Place.

When insects attack a crop of grain it is always difficult
to apply any remedy to the standing plants and the only
resource is the practising of agricultural methods founded on
the known life-history of the pest. Most insects feed upon
closely allied plants ; the wisdom, therefore, is apparent of
Fl&- 39- following an infested crop belonging to the grass family with

another consisting of plants belonging to a different botanical family.

76

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Among the Cutworms, the two worst enemies of grain crops in Ontario are the
species referred to above and the Amputating Brocade Moth (Hadena arcticat
Bois.), and although it is probablethat the latter of these may feed on
other plants, the favorite food plants seem to be members of the Gra-
minese or true grasses, upon the roots and lower stems of which they
feed in a similar manner to the Glassy Cutworm.

This Cutworm is a more troublesome pest when it attacks grain
crops, from the fact that the caterpillar does not become full-fed
until some time later. In an attack of this kind it is, of course,
necessary to examine the caterpillars to see how nearly they
are full-grown. In the case referred to above the cutworms of
the Devastating Dart Moth from Carleton Place were found to be
full-grown by the end of the first week in June, and the owners of
the field, who wished to sow their land again to oats, were advised
that this could be safely done. The land was cultivated at once, and
on the 8th of June was seeded down again to oats and grass. This
crop was not attacked at all because the caterpillars were all in the
chrysalis condition. This would not have been the case if the infesting
Cutwormshad been the caterpillars of the Amputating Brocade Moth.

Even less amenable to remedial treatment than the above are the

various species of Wireworms

^ (Fig. 40), which attack grain crops

^ particularly on timothy sod. No

satisfactory remedy for these has

rye or barley on infested land has

Fig. 40.
as yet been discovered. Sowing

been found useful by some, and late ploughing is highly recommended
but no applications to the land or poisoning of the seed are of any avail.

An interesting discovery has been made during the past summer
at Toronto, by Mr. C. W. Nash, and at Norwood, Ont., by Mr, T. W.
Wilkins, of a parasitic fungus belonging to the genus Cordyceps, which
was in both places destroying the wireworms in considerable numbers.
This fungus was much more slender than the one which is frequently
figured as the parasite of the White Grubs (Cordyceps melolonthce, Tulasne)
(Fig. 41). So far, the identity of the wireworm destroying species has
not been obtained. It is probable that it is an undescribed species.

The Wheat Midge (Diplosis tritici, Kirby), which a few years
ago worked such havoc in the wheat crop, seems almost to have dis-
appeared from Canada ; however, one district seems to have suffered
severely from this pest last season. This was along the shore of Lake
Ontario in the Niagara peninsula. Another pest, which did not appear
at all in 1898, is the American Frit Fly (Oscinis carbonariay Loew.),
which in 1890 injured wheat very much in the eastern portions of

Fig. 41.
the Province.

For three years before that it had also been an enemy of meadow grasses.

The Wheat- stem Maggot (Meromyza Americana, Fitch), although present in
most localities where looked for, seems lately to have gone]back to a large extent to its
natural food plants, the wild native grasses.

The most important attacks upon wheat, and these were by no means extensive or
severe, were by the old and well-known culprits, the Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructort
Say) and the Joint-worm (Isosoma tritici, Riley).

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

77

The Hessian Fly (Fig. 42 — greatly magnified) is probably
more prevalent than it is generally thought ; but as its depredations
in most places are not serious they are not observed. The injuries
to fall wheat in the autumn are greater than by the more con-
spicuous attack on the stem during the summer by the spring
brood. Occasionally the spring brood attacks the wheat plants in
the succulent root shoots just as is done by the autumn brood ; this
would be due I think to a late spring holding back the development
of the wheat plants, The eggs would be laid on the leaves, and the
young maggots might attack the shoots too severely to allow of
them developing into stems. It has been frequently noticed that
insects are not belated to the same extent a3 plants by cool spring
Fi£- 42. weather,

The Wheat Joint worm (Isosoma tritici, Fitch). (Fig. 43 — the fly highly magni-
fied). In 1895 specimens of iDJured wheat straws bearing many galls in the bases of the
sheathing leaves of the stems were sent from Meaford, on the Georgian Bay, by Mr,
Thomas Harris ; these were considered to be Isosoma hordei, Harris. The injury to the
infested crop amounted to 5 per cent.
There was no recurrence of the attack
last year at that place ; but a somewhat
similar attack upon wheat appeared at
Verdun, Bruce Co., on the opposite side
of the peninsula. Many specimens were
sent to me by Mr. William Welsh, both
in the autumn of 1897 and last spring.
The galls were different from the Meaford
specimens in that there was little swell-
ing, and the cells of the larvae were
almost entirely in the tissues of the stem
proper, short sections of which were
rendered hard, woody, and brittle by the
operations of the insects. From some
of these stems a large number of the
flies were reared. These have been identified by Dr. L. O. Howard and prove to be
Isosoma tritici of Fitch. The injury was serious, attacked stems producing fewer and
smaller grains than the others. From the Verdun material, in addition to the gall
makers, two kinds of parasites were reared, Homoporus chalcidiphagus, Walsh, and
Eupelmus epicaste, Walsh ; but these were not present in sufficient numbers to affect
the outbreak to any appreciable degree. During the past summer loss from this Joint-
worm was not so great as in 1897, so it is to be hoped that its natural enemies may
have increased. The eggs of the joint- worms are inserted into the young green straws
in June by the female flies. Wheat, oats, rye and barley are damaged. There is
only one brood in the year, a few of the flies issuing in the autumn, but most of
them not till the following spring. Most of the galls are situated in the first or
second joints of the stem above the root, and, as the normal time of emergence is in
the spring, any treatment of the stubble such as burning over or ploughing down
deeply, by which the insects are destroyed or smothered, must reduce their numbers
considerably. Mr. Welsh noticed that many of the hardened portions of the stems
were broken from the straw in threshing and were found among the rubbish or in the
grain. These pieces from half an inch to one inch in length contain from five to
ten larvae. This shows that, besides treating the stubble, these pieces of stem as
well as the straw must also be attended to. The broken-off hardened pieces should
be collected at threshing and cleaning and burned. Likewise straw from fields where the
joint-worms have been foand should be destroyed by either feeding or some other means
before the time at which the flies should appear.

The Pea Weevil {Bruchus pisorum, L.). As in previous years many inquiries
have come in for the best means to kill the " pea bug " in seed pease. The life-history is

Fig. 43.

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

well-known ; the eggs are laid on the young green pods ; the grub on hatching eats its way
in and penetrates one of the forming pease. There it remains until full-grown, con-
suming the interior of the pea and passing through all its stages from a white fleshy
grub to the chrysalis and then to the perfect beetle. A small proportion of the beetles
emerge the same autumn and pass the winter under rubbish or in barns and other build-
ing. The larger number, however, remain in the pease and do not emerge until the next
spring, so that they are frequently sown with the seed. The perfect insects fly easily
and resort to the pea fields about the time the blossoms appear. They feed for some
time on the flowers and leaves, and egg-laying takes place as soon as the pods are formed.

Remedies. — The best remedy for this insect is, undoubtedly, to treat the seed with
bisulphide of carbon. Nearly all the large seed houses have special buildings for this
purpose, and few seed pease are sold which have not been treated. Should it be found,
however, when sowing pease, that they contain living weevils, it is an easy matter to treat
them. Perhaps the most convenient way for farmers is to take an ordinary 45 gallon coal
oil barrel. Into this 5 bushels of pease may be put at one time. According to the
quantity of seed to be treated, use 1 ounce of bisulphide to every 100 pounds of pease ;
therefore, if the barrel is filled, put 3 ozs. of the chemical in a flat, open saucer or basin
on the top, or pour it right on the pease ; cover up the top quickly with a damp sack or
other cloth and put some boards over that. Bisulphide of carbon is a colourless liquid
which volatilizes readily at ordinary temperatures ; the vapour which is quite invisible,
but has a strong, unpleasant odour, is heavier than air, therefore sinks readily and per-
meates the contents of any closed receptacle. This liquid is very inflammable ; so great
care must be taken with it. The pease should be treated under a shed out of doors, and
should be kept tightly closed up for 48 hours. No light of any kind must be brought
near, or an explosion may occur.

The late sowing of pease is sometimes practised to avoid the weevil ; but this plan is
not approved of, as the crop is small and is then frequently attacked by mildew.

Seed pease may be held over without injury for two years, and this is a sure remedy
against the Pea Weevil ; for the beetles must emerge the first spring, and if the pease are
tied up in paper or cotton bags, as they cannot eat through these materials, they will all
be dead before the second spring. Weevilled pease should not be used as seed, as they
produce, if they grow at all, weak, spindly plants.

The Pea Moth (Semasia nigricana, Steph.,
Fig. 44). For many years pease in all parts
of Eastern Canada have been much injured
and sometimes rendered quite unfit for the
table by the caterpillars of a small moth. The
large, late garden pease have suffered most.
, Although its injuries were so considerable, it
was only last year that the moth was reared
and its identity determined. Maggoty pease
are well known to the housekeeper ; but it is
lff' only at intervals of some years that they are

abundant enough to cause much complaint. The caterpillars are whitish and fleshy, with
dark heads and some dark tubercles on the segments, from each side of which a slender
bristle springs. When full-grown they are about \ inch in length ; they then eat their way
out by a small round hole through the pod and enter the ground a short distance, where
they spin small oval cocoons in which they pass the winter, and the perfect moths do not
appear again until nearly the middle of the following July. Dr. J. Ritzema Bos, in his
Agricultural Zoology, says of the same or a closely allied European species : " The moths
fly about in large numbers around the pea blossoms, always a short time after sunset.
The females lay one, two, or at most three, eggs on a very young pod. In fourteen days
the caterpillar is hatched, bores into the pod, and attacks the pease. The pease attacked
are covered, while in the pod, with the coarse-grained excrement of the caterpillar and
are often united, two or three together, by a web." The perfect moth is a modest-col-
oured but pretty species, £ inch long when the wings are closed, mouse-coloured, bronzed

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

79

towards the tips of the wings, silvery gray beneath. The only markings are along the
front costa and at the apex of the fore- wings. The costal marks consist of 10 or 12
short, black streaks separated by similar clear white dashes ; near the apex is a flask-
shaped mark which bears 4 or 5 short, longitudinal, black dashes. Last year the attacka
of the Pea Moth upon pease in Ontario were considerable, Mr. John McMillan, M.P
for Huron, even putting the loss at one-third of the crop in his district.

Remedy — As a remedy, deep ploughing has been recommended. It has also been
found that early sowing and the cultivation of early varieties enable the pease to mature
before the moths are on the wing. The perfect insects have been reared both in 1897
and last season. In the former year all the specimens emerged between July 12 and 15,
and in 1898 between July 13 and 15. These specimens were kept under natural condi-
tions, and these dates probably agree with the time the moths appear naturally in the field.
The Bean Weevil (Bruchus obtectus, Say, Fig. 45). From time to time notices
appear in reports of entomologists and in the newspapers in the United States of injury
to seed beans by a weevil similar to the Pea Weevil, but rather smaller. This is the
Bean Weevil, a small, very active beetle, at one time thought to be a native of America
but now considered to be a cosmopolitan species, which has been imported into this

country through commerce. Authentic instances of this
pest having occurred in Canada in injurious numbers have
not, I believe, been recorded until this year, when it was
found at Strathroy, Middlesex Co, As in the case of the Pea
Weevil, the Bean Weevil occurs in the seed and is sown
with it. The eggs are laid on young forming pods and
the grubs eat their way inside and attack the seeds. There
is, however, one important difference in the life history,
namely, the bean weevils are able to propagate in the dry,
stored seed, and two or three broods may come to maturity
and entirelyMestroy the beans, whereas in the case of the Pea Weevil the young grub can
only begin life in the soft, green pease ; again, there is never more than one weevil in a
pea, while in the case of the Bean Weevil, ten, twelve, or more, may occur in a single
bean, according to its size.

Remedy. — The remedy for this new enemy of the bean is precisely the same as for the
Pea Weevil, viz., to fumigate the infested seed with bisulphide of carbon. If, however,
it is found that the beans have been badly bored before the injury is detected, it is far
letter to destroy the whole by burning and procure new seed without going to the trouble
and expense of fumigating.

Fodder Crops and Roots.

Fodder crops of most kinds have been remarkably heavy in most parts of the Pro-
vince during the past season. In the Ottawa Valtay such crops of clover
have never before been seen, and with the exception of a little injury by
the Black Army-worm, Noctua fennicay Tausch. in the spring, both crops
were exceptionally heavy and were saved in the best of condition. In
the west one or two occurrences of the Clover weevil (Phytonomus puncta-
tus, Fab.) were mentioned but no appreciable effect upon the crop was
made.

The Clover-seed Midge (Cecidomyia leguminicola, (Lintner) did a
good deal of harm in the seed growing districts and some farmers speak of
turning their attention to the Mammoth Red Clover and Alsike, because
these varieties are not injured by this troublesome insect. The remedy
of feeding off or mowing the crop before the 20th June has been found
satisfactory by those who have tried it, because the maggots (Fig. 46) of
the first brood mature and leave the clover heads to enter the ground and
complete their change3 soon after the date given, and if the clover is fed or
cured before that date the larvae are destroyed If left later the maggots
leave the clover heads and produce the second brood which matures just -™. 4fi
as the second crop, from which the seed is reaped, comes into flower. About the time

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the seed is ripe these leave the clover and pass the winter in the ground, to emerge
again the following spring just at the time the clover blossoms.

The hay crop has been little injured by grasshoppers or other pests. In old worn
out meadows " Silver top," caused by leaf-hoppers and other sucking insects, has been
noticed ; but well worked land with a good rotation of crops suffers little from this injury.

Potatoes have been less attacked by the Colorado Potato-beetle than usual.
Early in the season some correspondents thought that this pest was dying out, but the
hot weather of midsummer soon brought it up to its usual abundance. The well tried
remedy, Paris green, in either wet or dry applications, is now too well known to require
more than a reference.

Injuries by White Grubs and Wireworms were more serious than is often the case,
and unfortunately little can be done to counteract their operations.

The Cucumber Flea-beetle, Fig. 47, {Crepidodera cucurneris, Harr.) which fre

quently does great damage to potatoes by perforating the leaves, has been successfully

^V>^ treated again this year by spraying the plants with Bordeaux mixture and Parie

yififv green made with the formula 6 K>3. of copper sulphate, 4 lb 3. of fresh lime and

/ffl|| 45 gallons of water, to which \ lb, of Paris green is added. This remedy is now

' ^f » becoming well known, and on account of its usefulness widely used by our wide

Fig. 47. awftke farmers to prevent the loss which is still enormous from the ravages of the

Potato-rot. The first spraying should be done in Ontario not later than the 1st

August, and this should be followed by two more applications on 15th August and

1st September. These sprayings also, of course, render unnecessary the treatment of the

potatoes for the Colorado Potato- beetle, as those insects are killed at the same time.

A rather unusual injury to potatoes was this year reported from Carrville, York
Co., by Mr. J. Lahmer. This was by the Fouu lined Leaf-bug (Poecilocassus linealus,
Fab.), and occurred at the end of May. The attack was, however, restricted in area and did
not continue late into the season. The life-history of this pest has been worked out by
Prof. Slingerland, of Cornell University. The eggs are laid in the terminal twigs of
currant and other bushes in the autumn and do not hatch until the following spring.
The bugs attack the leaves of the currant and some other shrubs to a certain extent, but
are more injurious to various herbaceous perennials. The plants most often noticed as
injured by this insect are Sage, Mint, Gooseberry, Currant, Dahlias, and the Japanese
Honey- suckle ( Weigelia), Potatoes and some other plants less frequently. It is hardly
likely that this insect will ever prove a serious enemy of the potato crop. The mature^
insect is a bright greenish yellow bug three- tenths of an inch in length, with two black
spots on the thorax and four stripes of the same color down the back. It is very quick
in its movements.

Remedies. — As the eggs are laid in the twigs of bu3h.es and are comparatively con-
spicuous, owing to the white tips protruding, wherever tha bugs have been troublesome
the eggs should be looked for and destroyed during the winter. I he bugs and larvae can
be killed or driven away by dusting with pyrethrum insect powder, or by spraying with
kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution.

The Turnip Aphis or Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassiccz, L.). Turnips in many
sections have been badly injured by this plant-louse, which has been one of the worst
enemies of root crops during the past season. Although much loss is due to this pest every
year, as a rule, nothing is done by farmers to remedy the evil, many volunteering the in-
formation that nothing can be done. This, however, is not the case, for successful experi-
ments have shown that, by spraying the plants bearing the first colonies which appear
early in August, much may be done to protect a crop. At the time of thinning and
hoeing turnips the colonies are small and may be easily treated by means of a knapsack
sprayer with kerosene emulsion (one part to nine of water), or with whale-oil soap, one-
pound in eight gallons of water ; or even by hoeing out the infested turnips and covering
them with soil, an easy matter at that time with the hoe in hand.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81

Vegetables.

Vegetables in gardens suffered locally from the usual pests of the garden, Cutworms,
Flea-beetles, Onion, Radish and Cabbage maggots. For cutworms, banding freshly set out
plants with paper or tin collars was quite effective ; and for plants grown in rows, bran
poisoned with Paris green was most effectual, either slightly dampened so as to make the
poison adhere and then distributed in small heaps along the rows, or with more bran
added until it was almost dry and then drilled along the rows. Flea-beetles (Phyllotreta
vittata, Fab.) on radishes, young cabbages and turnips were speedily disposed of by dusting
the plants with Paris green, lib. in 25B&3. of perfectly dry land plaster. The Root
Maggots were unusually abundant and many experiments were tried to find a good
remedy. Dusting Hellebore and Insect powder well down among the plants gave perhaps
the best results with radishes and onions. For the cabbage maggot Hellebore 2 oz and
Kainit 2 oz. were mixed in a pailful of water ; about half a teacupful poured around the
root of each cabbage after pulling away some of the earth, gave considerable protection
but was not a perfect remedy. Kainit used alone, dissolved in water, or applied dry
close to the roots of cabbages, onions and radishes and then covered with soil, or dusted
on the surface close to the roots, had the effect of protecting the plants for a time, but did
not give with me results sufficiently good to allow of its being recommended in the way
some American growers have done. Last season, however, was an exceptionally bad one
for all of the root maggots ; radishes, onions and cabbages all being attacked severely from
early in the spring until right up to the hard frosts of autumn. Kainit however is a
<juick acting fertilizer and a decided insecticide. Further experiments have been planned,
and growers of vegetables can use it with advantage in ordinary years.

The Carrot Rust-ply (Psila rosce, Fab ). An attack upon carrots which has re-
cently called for attention iD Canada is by the European enemy of the carrot, called the
Oarrot Rust-fly. This has come under my notice occasionally during the last ten years
in parts of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, in all cases doing much harm in
restricted localities, but as a rule disappearing after a year or two. The outbreak**, how-
ever, are, I fear, becoming gradually more numerous. During the past autumn infested
carrots were sent to me from Knowlton and Beauce in Quebec Province and from Ottawa
in Ontario. The attack is easily recognized. Early in the season the leaves of young
carrots turn reddish and the roots will be found to be blotched with rusty patches, par-
ticularly towards the tip These carrots
when stored for winter use, although some-
times not showing much injury on the
outside, may be found to be perforated in
every direction by dirty brown burrows, in
which are many semi-transparent yellowish
maggots about J of an inch long. These
maggots are blunt at the tail end, but taper
MM^iUfiBh ' toward the head, where is a black hooked

^^ i — „ 6 **P» forked at the base, by which the

1 *^ ^B&BSOE^ maggot makes its way through the roots.
Fig? 48.— The Carrot Rust-fly— natural size (1, 5, 7), Tne pumparium is reddish-brown, and the
and enlarged (2, 6, 8). maggots, as a rule, leave the cairots before

assuming this form. The fly and its work are shown very well in the figure (Fig. 48) by
John Curtis, which I am able to present herewith through the courtesy of Misa Ormerod
and Messrs. Blackie & Sons. The mature fly is two-winged, J of an inch long, bright
shiny black, with yellow legs and red eyes. The wings are beautifully iridescent. The
winter is passed either as a maggot or in the puparium.

Remedies. — The methods which have given the best results in preventing injury by
the Carrot Rust-fly are (I). Late sowing. Carrots which have been sown late have been
found much freer from attack than those sown at the ordinary time. When grown as a
field crop it is usual to sow carrots as soon as possible, but for table use carrots of excell-
ent quality may be obtained from seeding as late even as the middle of June. If field carrots
grown for stock are only moderately attacked they can be fed but, of course, are not as
6 EN.

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

good as sound roots. (II.) Preventive remedies consist of applications of strong smelling
substances by which the characteristic odor of the carrots is masked. For this purpose,
sand tainted with coal oil or carbolic acid, has been used to good effect. Kerosene emul-
sion diluted 1 to 10 and sprayed along the drills by means of a knapsack sprayer, also
gave comparative immunity. In localities where the fly is known to have occurred, the
ordinary precaution of sowing carrots as far as possible from the infested land will occur
to all growers. Where carrots have been stored away during the winter in sand or earth,
this soil should be treated to destroy the pupre, which leave the roots and enter it to pass
their pupal stage. A convenient method is to put the soil into a wet manure pit, or, if
this cannot be done, it might be buried in a deep hole, specially dug for the purpose, and,
after covering up, the top soil should be firmly tramped down.

The Corn- Worm (Heliothis armiger% Hbn.). Several correspondents have com-
plained of the unusual abundance this autumn of the caterpillars of what Prof. Lugger
calls the Sweet Corn Moth or Tassel Worm. These are both good names, but the insect
is far more generally known as the Corn-worm. It is also the same as the notorious
Boll Worm of the cotton, to which crop it frequently does great damage. Unfortunately,
no very good, practical remedy has been discovered for application in the cotton field.
The injuries of the Corn-worm are in Canada almost confined to the fruit of tomatoes and
to sweet corn, particularly the late varieties. Late in October, Mr. G. L. Stephens, the
Secretary of the Orillia Horticultural Society, sent specimens of the caterpillars and
irjured ears of corn, with the information that the caterpillars had been very destructive,
injuring as much as 95 per cent, of the ears of both sweet corn and yellow field corn. It
was a new outbreak in the locality, and was the cause of considerable anxiety. Specimens
were sent also from Sombra (Lambton Co., Ont.), and two rather bad occurrences came
under my notice at Ottawa. The caterpillars do not appear until late in the season.
In the month of October they were found of all sizes eating the young grains of corn,
mostly near the tips of the ears. There were sometimes five or six caterpillars in a single
ear, many of which were rendered quite unfit for the table. As the larvae approached
full growth, they would occasionally eat their way out of one ear by a neat round hole
and travel to another ear. They were very variable in color, from \\ to 1J inches in
length, of a pale-greenish or dark-brown color, marked with longitudinal dark stripes
and with a conspicuous stigmatal band, white mottled with pink, the body bears the
ordinary tubercles, which are distinct and black, each one supporting a slender bristle.
The whole upper surface is marbled with white and the whole surface velvety, by reason
of numberless and very short bristles, black and white in about equal numbers. When
full grown, these caterpillars eat their way out of the ears and, entering the soil, spin
cocoons, within which they change to chestnut-brown pupae. This moth is by no means
a common species in Canada, and all the specimens I have seen have been taken late in
the year. Prof. Lugger states that the insect does not winter in Minnesota, but that
all are killed late in the fall. This, he points out, would mean that the insect has to be
re- introduced every summer from the South, where it can successfully hibernate. Whether
this is also the case in Canada, I am not sure, but I think that some must with us pass
the winter as pupae. The moth, like the caterpillar, is very variable in color. It is usu-
ally of a pale, dull, ochreous yellow, with variable olive or ruddy markings on the fore-
wings. The yellowish hind wings have a broad black band and are edged with pink.
These moths expand a little more than an inch and a half. The caterpillars of the Corn
Worm feed, besides, upon a great many other kinds of plants than those mentioned,
such as pumpkins, tobacco, beans, peas and a large number of weeds and garden plants.

Remedies. — The only remedy which can be suggested is the hand-picking of the
caterpillars. The destruction of the moths by lantern traps has been also recommended :
these consisting of a lamp standing in an open pan containing water and a little coal oil.
These traps are placed at night in fields where the caterpillars have been abundant.
When an ear of corn is attacked, the silk shows the effect of the injury going on beneath
the husks by being discolored prematurely. As soon as this is noticed, the leaves of the
husk should be pulled back and the marauders destroyed. Fall ploughing will, doubtless,
break up the cocoons and expose many of the pupae to various enemies.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8S

Fruit Crops.

Notwithstanding several adverse circumstances, the fruit crop of the Province was
a gocd one, and satisfactory profits were realized. If the crop was short in one section it
was aburdantly made up somewhere eke. " Notwithstanding all disadvantages, the
returns from all over the Province, with the exception of a few northerly counties, show
that the supply of fruit, more especially apples, was considerably more than sufficient for
home consumption, very large shipments having been made to England and the United
States from the western fruitgrowing section. Pears, peaches, plums and smaller fruits
were also shipped from many localities." (November Crop Report.)

Insect enemies were the cause of much loss; but most convincing evidence was again
given this year of the value of spraying, and undoubtedly one of the most instructive and
interesting exhibits at the Toronto Industrial Fair was the display of fruit gathered from
sprayed and unsprayed trees in the same orchard. These orchards were those in which
Mr. W. M. Orr, the Provincial Superintendent of Spraying Experiments, had carried on
his work during the summer of 1898, and were situated in twenty-four different local-
ities. There were in all 250 plates of fruit. The owners of the orchards were in no way
interested in trying to prove that spraying was or was not beneficial, but were practical
men anxious only to know how to get the largest returns of money from their property.
They would, therefore, be the very people to acknowledge poor results. The superin-
tendent had nothing to do with the selection of the actual fruit shown, and did not see it
until it arrived in Toronto, where he took charge of it and displayed it to good effect as a
most convincing proof of the efficiency of spraying. At the last meeting of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association at St. Catharines on December 2nd, 1898, Mr. Orr read his report
on the results of the experimental spraying work carried on for the Ontario Government
under his direction during the year. This is a most valuable document, and will be
published in full in the Report of the Fruit Growers' Association. Mr. Orr explains his
method of work and gives extracts from the letters of some of the owners of the orchards.
In estimating the percentage of perfect apples, a part of the tree was picked clean and
the fruit carefully examined ; every specimen that had a worm or a spot, no matter how-
small, being rejected as imperfect. Some of the facts given and the figures which sub-
stantiate them will certainly convince many that spraying does mcst decidedly pay. The
spraying must, however, be done properly, without stint of labour or materials, with the
best obtainable apparatus and at the proper time. I am more and more convinced that
failure to protect crops by spraying is due to lack of skill or carelessness in applying the
spray, disregard as to the exact date when the successive applications should be made
and misdirected economy as to the pump and nozzle used. Occasionally, good, careful
fruit growers find that spraying does not always give the results which they expect ; Mr.
Orr, however, eays, "The owners of every orchard in which we worked this year, with
one exception, — Mr. Ourwen, of Gcderich — report that the Codling Moth was largely
controlled by spraying."

I give the following quotation from Prof. L. H. Bailey's recent pamphlet, " Impres-
sions of Our Fruit-growing Industries," because it bears directly on this point, he says :
" Dees spraying pay ? The past season has given strange results in spraying ; in very
many instances spraying seemed to do no good. Does spraying pay, then 1 Certainly,
the same as tillage ar)d pruning do. We do not know why there were so many unpatis-
factory experiences in 1898, but this does not lessen the fact that bugs and furgi should
be killed. That spraying pays is as well demonstrated as it is that apple worms, tent cat-
erpillars and potato blight are injurious. Markets often fail, but it does not follow that
markets are a nuisance. The surest way is to make it a rule to i-pray everything every
year." (Cornell Bulletin 153, 1898.)

In summing up the results of the spraying work of the season, Mr. Orr said at St.
Catharines : "It appears from results obtained in experimental work that from 65 p.c.
to 80 p.c. of perfect fruit can be secured when spraying is regularly and properly done,
and when the conditions are favourable, such as an orchard standing high and dry on
well-drained land, away from buildings cr hedgerows, and the trees planted far enough

84

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

apart so that the limbs do not come within 10 or 12 feet of touching, and have an
abundance of sunshine and free circulation of air. It is also important that the trees be
properly trimmed, all rubbish removed, and the land properly fertilized, for it is a fact
that two-thirds of the orchards in Ontario are starving: With good apples at the price
they have commanded this year and last, the orchard, if properly attended to, would be
the most profitable part of the farm."

If the fruit-growers of Ontario, generally, can be made to appreciate the above state-
ment of Mr. Orr, who is a practical fruit-grower, and will follow his advice enormous
advantage must accrue to the country from the good work which the Provincial Minister
of Agriculture, the Hon. John Dryden, has done by having the spraying experiments and
other work on injurious insects carried out. In fact, it is hard to find in the whole
Provincial expenditure anything which has given such manifest and quick returns for the
small amount of money expended. The great interest which was taken in this work of
spraying is shown by the fact that over 3,500 fruit-growers attended the meetings when
the spraying was being done, in order to see the work, to ask questions and to learn the
the proper way to carry on operations for themselves. This was almost double the num-
ber that attended two years ago.

Spraying with arsenical poisons, such as Paris green, London purple arsenate of
lead, etc.,was done, first of all, to lessen injury by the Codling Moth on the apple and
by the Plum Curculio on plums and cherries ; but it is now used againit all foliage eating
ineects. It has lately also become the custom to spray many plants with a combined
mixture which will destroy both insect and fungous pest*. For this purpose the best
mixture known is Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. The formula most widely adopted
is one which is very easy to remember, as all its parts contain the figure 4 It consists
of copper sulphate, 4 lbs., quick lime, 4 lbs., Paris green, 4 ozs, water 44 gallons.

Owing to the large amount of capital necessarily invested in and required to
operate a fruit farm, and the permanent nature of fruit plantations more attention has
been given to those causes upon which failure and success depend than has been the
case with ordinary farm crops, which change
from year to year ; consequently, more perhaps
is known and more enquiries are received with
regard to orchard pests than any other class
of insects. The common enemies which occur
year by year in orchards have been treated of
over and over again in our annual reports, and
there would be no advantage in speaking of
them now at any length, but attention may be
drawn to some of the more serious or unusual
outbreaks.

Tent Caterpillars havebeen even more
abundant than last year in almost every pro-
vince of the Dominion. In the Ottawa dis-
trict groves of bass woods, maples, and aspers
were stripped of every vestige of foliage,
as well as the underbrush, consisting of
numerous kinds of shrubs. Although the
Forest Tent Caterpillar was slightly more
numerous, the American Tent Caterpillar
(Fig. 49), it was noticed, occurred with it in
almost equal numbers, and, notwithstanding
that close search was made for parasites, in this

number of egg clusters were collected to see if Fig. 49.

the young caterpillars contained in the egg were in a r ithy condition. These were
kept in a warm ornce, and by the 1st of January hur eds of young caterpillars had
hatched and were gathered together in a large mat-li'-j cluster on the side of the jar.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85

There is no indication of the presence of either egg parasites or f ungous disease, and as
the trees throughout this district bear enormous numbers of the egg clusters, the outlook
is ominous ; special effort must be put forth by fruit growers and gardeners duriag the pre-
sent winter and next spring, or there will certainly be serious loss next season. The rem-
edies which give the best results against these insects are (i.) the collection and burning
of the egg cluster during the winter, (n.) the cutting off and burning of the
nests of young caterpillars early in spring, when they may be easily detected by
the conspicuous white tents which they spin in the crotches of branches, and
(in.) the spraying with Paris green of ah trees liable to be invaded in an infested district.
The sooner the application is made the more effective it will be, for many insects which
can be controlled while young are much more difficult to poison after they have reached
a certain size.

The Apple Aphis {Aphis mali, Fab.) appeared in large numbers early in spring,,
and many enquiries were received about it from the western part of the Province. Little
harm, however, was done either in the spring or late in the autumn, when most of the
damage due to this insect generally occurs.

The Plum Aphis (Aphis pruni/olii, Fitch) was less abundant by far than last year,
although reported from a few places. Specimens of another plum aphis, (Hyalopterus
pruni, Fab.,) were received from one or two Ontario localities.

The Black Cherry tree Aphis (Myzus cerasi, Fab.) was certainly less wide spread
in the Niagara district last season than in 1897, and reports concerning it were very
contradictory ; nevertheless considerable damage was done, particularly in orchards of
sweet cherries. It has been noticed that the dark coloured plant-lice are more difficult to
kill than the green ones. Of several remedies which have been tried, the one which has
given the best results is whale-oil soap solution, one pound of Good's Caustic Potash Soap
No. 3 in six gallons of water, applied warm as a spray. Kerosene emulsion, also an
excellent remedy, must be used as strong as one part to six of water for these plant-lice.
The eggs of the Black Cherry-tree Aphis are laid upon the twigs, particularly on the fruit
spurs, by the last autumn brood. There is no doubt, therefore, that good work could be
done by spraying the trees during the winter, or better still, early in spring before the
buds burst.

Another enemy of the cherry, as well as of the plum and pear, which when neglected
did much harm was The Cherry and Pear Slug (Eriocampa cerasi, Peck). The
remedy which gives the surest relief is the prompt spraying of the trees with Paris green,
one pourd in 200 gallons of water, adding in all cases an equal amount of fresh lime with
the arsenical poison, Paris green, to counteract its caustic effects on the foliage.

The Green Fruit-worms. — The caterpillars of three very similar moths belonging
to the family Xylina did much injury to apples and pears, attacking specially the young
fruit. These caterpillars are not regular pests of the orchard, but appear in numbers at
long intervals ; but, as they have a special taste for the green fruit, attacking it in pre-
ference to the foliage on fruit trees, the damage they do is much more important
than that done by many other injurious insects. In addition to fruit trees they attack
maple trees. At Niagara and at Aylmer, Que, near Ottawa, shade and forest trees,
particularly the Silver Maple Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh.), were terribly disfigured and
almost defoliated by these caterpillars over large areas. It was pleasing to see at
the end of June thab thousands of them were being destroyed by various insect-eating
birds, chiefly warblers, but especially by the English Sparrow. In the streets of
Niagara they were so vigorously assailed by the sparrows in the branches, and by
chickens which waited for them below, that few could have escaped to complete their
changes. Mr. Orr writes of the occurrence of this pest in the Niagara peninsula : —
11 The Green Fruit-worm, a comparatively new comer, and but little known here, is
likely to become a serious pest : some growers reporting from 20 to 30 per cent, of
their apples and pears ruined by it. By the middle of June it had destroyed much
fruit."

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. N. H. Oowdry also writes of its depredations on the fruit of apples and
pears at Waterford, Ont. The same complaint came from I6r. J. A. Link, of Sombra,
Ontario.

Remedy. — The only remedy is early spraying, while the caterpillars are small and
while they are feeding on the buds and young foliage. Luckily for the fruit grower
these caterpillars are always accompanied when in large numbers by parasitic enemies.

The Rose Beetle {Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab.), Fig. 50. — This well-known

enemy of the fruit grower, which every year does so much harm by eating the flowers

of grapes, apples, pears, roses, plums, raspberries, blackberries, and in fact all plants

belonging to the Rose family, as well as many other kinds of trees, did some harm

this year in the hotter western sections of the Province. It occurred in

Vjjffjf large numbers near Niagara upon the young fruit of apples, in some cases

^&f, actually covering the fruit. There is only one brood of this pest, the mature

/|M}\ beetles last for about five weeks. There is perhaps no fruit iDsect known

/a more difficult to combat than this is. The ordinary insecticides have little

** * effect on it. Covering rose bushes with netting and beating the beetles from

-tig. 50. ^ne bushes int0 pans containing coal oil can be practised on a small scale.

The only remedy which so far has been found at all effective on a large scale " is to

spray grape vines and fruit trees with a wash made by adding three or four pecks of

freshly slaked lime and a quart of erode carbolic acid to 50 gallons of water." Dr .

O. M. Weed.)

The Raspberry Sawfly (Monophadnus rubi% Harris), was more than usually
abundant in the western counties of the Province, but where promptly sprayed with
Paris green and water, and later when the fruit was forming with white hellebore,
was easily disposed of.

Scale insects. — The advent of the San Jose' Scale in Ontario had a remarkable
awakening effect on the fruit growers of the province, and, as a consequence, there has
been during the past season far more enquiry with regard to injurious insects than has
ever been the case in a single year before. The vigorous policy of the provincial Gov-
ernment and the excellent conscientious work done by the Inspector, Mr. George E.
Fisher, and his assistants, backed up by a rigorous application by the Federal Govern-
ment of the San Jose Scale Act has undoubtedly had a good effect not only among the
thinking fruit growers of the Dominion, but upon statesmen in other countries who have
made several enquiries as to what steps were being taken in Canada to stamp out this
most injurious insect and prevent further importations from infested countries. Having
had ample opportunity of examining the districts which were infested, I can bear testi-
mony to the great success which has attended these efforts. The investigations in con-
nection with the San Jose Scale have brought to light other scale insects where their
presence was nob suspected ; both the Forbes Scale and the Patnam Scale have been
found to be widely distributed, but in very few instances have they occurred in injurious
numbers. These two scales are of particular interest owing to their very close superfi-
cial resemblance to the San Jose Scale ; the microscopic difference of structure, however,
can at once be discovered when the scale insects are taken from their scales and after
proper preparation examined under the miscroscope. In addition, both of these species
lay eggs at certain times of the year, while the San Jose Scale, it is alleged, never does
so. The Forbes Scale (Aspidiotus Forbesi, Jnsn.) and the Putnam Scale, (A. ancylus,
Put.) can be successfully combated by spraying the trees with whale oil soap, one pound
in two gallons of water. The best time to make the application is early in spring before
the trees are covered with foliage.

The Scurfy Bark-louse (Chionaspis furfurus, Fitch.), Fig. .51., wide-spread, but not
very abundant nor injurious has been found in many localities in the western part of the
province, and, like the the very injurious Oyster-shell Bark-louse, can be destroyed with

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

87

the whale-oil soap solution mentioned above, followed by high culture and good horticul-
tural treatment of the trees.

Fig. 51.

NOTES ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR DIVISION NO. I., OTTAWA DISTRICT.

By W. Hague Harrington, Ottawa.
The first insect to attract attention in the spring was the larva of the little Arctian
Phragmatobia rubricosa, Har., the fuscous little woolly bears of which may be found
scurrying over the snow in day time or coiled up in some small depression where they
had rested from their wanderings of the day before. On bright days in April, Aphodius
prodromus, Brahm, filled the air. This species has only been noticed at Ottawa for the
last four or five years, but is now as common as Aphodius inquinatus, Hbet.

Cutworms, — The Black Army worm (Noctua fennica, Tausch.) was abundant in some
localities as near Hull, Quebec, and on the Central Experimental Farm, attacking
many plants, but especially clover and peas in fields, and also doing much harm in gar-
dens as a cutworm. This is an early developing species which is full-fed about the end
of May, and consequently plays great havoc in beds of young seedlings of early vege-
tables, sometimes cutting off as many as six or eight peas, or mowing down eight or ten
inches along a row of onions or carrots in a night. Occurring with this caterpillar, as
cutworms in gardens, were the larvae of the White Cutworm (Carneades scandens, Riley),
uncommon at Ottawa, and our commonest cutworm. The Red-backed Outworm (Carnea-
des ockrogaster, Gn.). These caused considerable loss in gardens among young veget-
ables and seedlings of flowers. This latter is also a large species when full-grown ; but
as the eggs laid the previous autumn do not hatch till the following spring the caterpil-
lars do not become full-fed till much later in the season than the Black Army worm and
the White cutworm, both of which pass the winter half grown. For some reason the
White Outworm did not revive from hibernation last year till much later than many
ther cutworms. Poisoning with traps made of bundles of weeds, grass, or clover dipped

88

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in a strong mixture of Paris green and water, or with poisoned bran, were very success"
ful. Cabbages, tomatoes, and other young plants were easily protected at the time o*
setting out with rings of paper or tin.

The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella, L ) was unusually prevalent and injur-
ious in unsprayed orchards. The standard spray for this insect is the poisoned Bordeaux
mixture, with which not only the fungous disease "Black Spot of the Apple" ia treated,
but all foliage-eating insects, as well as the Codling Moth. The formula is copper
sulphate 4 lbs., fresh lime 4 lbs., water 40 to 44 gallons, and Paris green 4 ozs.

Tent Caterpillars. — The most remarkable occurrence of the season was of the two

common species of Tent Caterpillars Clisiocampa
americana, Harr. (Fig 49) and G. disstria, Hbn.
(Fig. 52), These two kinds of caterpillars which
were about equally abundant, stripped bare many
acres of Aspen Poplar, Basswood and Maple
groves along both banks of the Ottawa River and
Canada Atlantic Railways in the counties of Carleton.

-Maples were also extensively injured at Aylmer, Que., and
at Hull, Que., by the green caterpillars of Xylina Grotei, Riley, and X. antennata,
Walker. These caterpillars are known as Green Fruit Worms, on account of their de-
structive habit of eating large holes in the sides of young apples and pears. In the
Ottawa district they did little harm in orchards, but stripped almost bare large forest
trees at the two places mentioned. This i< an uncommon attack which has not occurred
in anything like the severity of last season since 1885. The ashy gray moths do not ap-
pear until late in the season. There are three species very similar in general appearance.
All of these may be taken at sugar in the Ottawa District in September and October.

The caterpillar of the Eye-spotted Bud-moth (Tmetocera ocellana, Schif), Fig. 53,
was rather common on apple trees in company with the Oblique-banded Leaf roller
(Caccecia rosaceana, Harr), Fig. 54. The Cherry Web worm (Caccecia cerasivorana, Fitch),
Fig. 55, was extremely abundant on the wild bird cherries on the Laurentian mountains.

Fig. 52.
along the Canadian Pacific and
The Ash-gray Pinion.-

Fig. 53. Fig. 54. Fig. 55.

near Chelsea, Que., the unsightly webs attracting attention along the sides of the moun-
tain road. Although so abundant on the wild cherries, this insect did no harm to culti-
vated varieties.

The Oyster Shell Bark louse. — (Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouche), Fig. 56, is
very common and destructive in this district, occurring not only on apple trees
but also on many other kinds of shrubs and trees in the garden and forest. It
was noted as injuriously abundant on red and black currants, lilac, spiraeas,
ash, dogwood (Cornus), mountain ash and hawthorne. The Forbes scale was
found on the fragrant currant (Eibes aureum, Parsb), and the Putnam
scale on the elm.

The White Cedar Lecanium (Lecanium Fletcheri, ckl.) and " Red
Spiders did some harm to cedar hedges.

Canker worms were noticeably less abundant than usual, but the Bass-
wood Looper (Hybernia tiliaria, Harr), Fig. 57, was very common, the deli-
cate male moths drawing the notice of the least observant by their clumsy
flight and the late season at which they appear.

The Currant Saw fly (Nematus ribeti% Scop), was as usual abundant
and destructive where the bushes were not treated with the well-known
remedies, Paris green or White hellebore.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Currant Aphis (Aphis ribis, L.) was the most destructive insect on currants
and gooseberries this season, many bushea being so much Injured that they dropped their
leaves and the fruit was ruined. .—»-—»

Fig. 57.
The Grapevine Leaf-hoppers (Erythroneura species) did much harm to Virginian
creepers and grapevines, but particularly to the former. These insects, like the grape-
vine, flea-beetle (Haltica chalybea, Illiger), seem to prefer the Virginian creeper to
the grape. This is sometimes very apparent where the creeper and wild grapevine are
trained together over arbours.

Two more enemies of the Virginian creeper not often referred to as such, but which
both occurred in some numbers this season at Ottawa in the same arbour, were Saperda
puncticollis, Say, a beautiful longicorn, velvety black with golden yellow, stripes down the
edges of the wing cases and with spots on the thorax. These emerged from the larger
living stems of Virginian creeper, while from younger stems many specimens of Psenocerus
supemotatus, Say, were reared.

The Mourning Cloak Butterfly (Vanessa antiopa, L.) and the Interrogation Butter-
fly (Grapta interrogationis, Fab) were destructively abundant on elms planted as shade
trees. The caterpillars of the former also stripped large branches on willow bushes.

Root Maggots in cabbages, radishes, turnips and onions were remarkably destruc-
tive right through the season.

Two injurious insects which it was hoped had " run their course " and which for
the last year or two had not been nearly so abundant as in previous years, this year
again showed up in decidedly increased numbers. These were the imported Larch Saw
fly (Nematus erichsonii, Hartig) and the Cattle Horn fly (Hasmatobia serrata Rob-Desv).
For the Horn fly perhaps the most convenient remedy is 1 lb, of pine tar mixed with
10 lbs. lard. A. small quantity of this ointment rubbed lightly along the back and
sides of cattle once a week during the fly season will have the effect of keeping flies
away and will also have a healing and soothing effect upon any sores due to rubbing
or licking.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

NOTES ON INSECTS OF THE ZEAR, DIVISION NO. 2, BAY OF QUINTE

DISTRICT.

By J. D. Evans, Trenton, Ont.

Throughout this district the only crop which haB suffered to any extent from insect
foesMuring the past season (1898) is the seed pea crop.

For a number of years the cultivation of fancy or seed pease in this section for foreign
markets has been very extensive, while a good demand and high prices ruled for such,
extra precautions were taken by growers to have the weevil ( Bruchus pisorum) killed by the
seedsmen before they arrived at maturity or had destroyed the pease ; but during the past
three or four years, when prices have become lower, ordinary grades of pease have been
grown to a greater extent than formerly and the grower becoming careless in housing and
dilatory in marketing his crop, the weevil has greatly increased in numbers. This oc-
curs not so much along the Lake front of the County of Prince Edward as in inland sec-
tions. While many farms may be entirely free from the pest, others will lose fro n 15
to 30 per cent., while instances occur, although rarely, ia which the loss is 40 per cent.

Another destructive agency to the pea crop is a blight said to be caused by a fungous
growth which oftentimes will utterly destroy a whole field in a single night. This
disease has been very prevalent during the past season and has caused a great loss to the
farming community.

NOTES ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR, DIVISION NO. 4, NIAGARA. DISTRICT.
By A. H. Kilman, Ridgeway, Ont.

The past season has not been marked by any great insect depredations, at least as
far as my personal observation and inquiry have reached, in this locality — Niagara Dis-
trict— but variations in the occurrence of insect pests, pointing either to an increase or a
decrease or in the more startling direction of the approach of new foes, is always of in-
terest to students of Eatomology and to farmers and fruit growers.

Contary to expectation, the Northern Army- worm, Leucania unipuncta, was less in
evidence than during 1896 7. In late August, when the imagines of this insect are nearly
always to be found, none were observed. The grass-hopper, (Caloptsnus femur-rubrum)
was also conspicuously absent.

Cabbage butter-flies Pieris rapae) during the drought in the earlier part of the season,
were scarce but late cabbages were much injured by the larvae of this insect. Similar
observations were made in regard to the Colorado potato -beetle. Early potatoes were not
materially injured and unwary gardeners, deceived by the non-appearance of the slugs, re-
laxed their efforts and paid the penalty by seeing the plants of the later crop ''sailing
under bare poles."

Raspberry canes have been seriously injured in some localities, by a cane borer, prob-
ably Oberea bimaculata.

An inconspicuous green worm, doubtless the Raspberry Saw Fiy (Selandria rubi,
Harris), operated in spots all over the fruit section, completely destroying some patches of
red-raspberries near Niagara Falls.

Neglected vineyards on sandy soil suffered an entire loss of crop from the ravages of
the Rose Beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fabr.)

In this locality plums failed to blossom. The Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar),
attacked the later cherries with the result that the fruit was wormy and useless.

Apples, especially in neglected and unthrifty orchards, were scarred by insects and
fungi and wormy by larvae of Codling moth.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

91

The Tussock Moth ( Orgyia leucostigma) is on the increase here. In the neighbor-
ing city of Buffalo, it has become a scourge, defoliating the horse-chestnut trees, and
attacking other trees as well. To gather and destroy the cocoons or egg masses in winter
seems to be the most feasible method of checking the ravages of this insect.

The birch trees in the parks are attacked by a new pest, an Agrilus. The species
will be determined next summer.

Crioceris asparagi, Linn., the Asparagus Beetle, (Fig. 58) which according to Dr.

A. S. Packard, is not a native but an introduced
sp3cies has advanced in its attack upon asparagus
plants as far north as Niagara River. Mr. Reiuecke
informs me that he has found the beetles in abund-
ance on asparagus at Buffalo.

Fig. 58.
or the larvae on a clover plant.

The Punctured Clover-leaf Weevil, Phgtonomus
punctatus, Fabr., in August last, appeared in great
numbers on the side-walks and fences and on the
shores of Lake Erie, but though I have repeatedly
examined the clover fields for the purpose of deter-
mining the amount of injury done by this particular
insect, thus far I have failed to find either the imago

NOTES ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR.— DIVISION No. 5, LONDON DISTRICT

By R. W. Rennie, London, Ont.

In submitting my report as director for Division No. 5 for 1898, I am very glad to
state that there have bean no additions to the number of injurious insects in this district,
with two exceptions ; in fact there has been a falling off in numbers of older pests that
in previous years played great havoc with certain crops.

One exception is the Cottony Maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Rath von) —
Fig. 59 — which appeared in very large numbers this last spring; in fact, in such large
numbers did they appear that on one of the finest streets in tkis
city (LondoD), the trees appeared to have been sprayed with white-
wash.

In the fifth report of the XJ. S. Entomological Commission,
there is an article copied from Prof. Riley's report as U. S. Entomo-
logist for 1884, pige 412, in which he states that the females, before
the falling of the leaves, migrate to the branches and twigs, and there
fix themselves, generally on the underside. Such has not been the
case in this city. They were found occasionally on the branches and
twigs, but the vast majority were noticed round the spot where a
branch had been cut cr broken off; indeed, so thickly that they
almost overlapped each other. They have not confined their attacks
to the maple, but have also been working on the grape vine.

It has apparently been quite a study to find out in what manner
this spreads. Some think that it is due to planting infested trees,
others by birds, insects, water, etc., but if you were to get a colony
under the microscope you will soon find out how they spread.

I have a table three feet in diameter on which I use the micro-
scope. One evening I placed a colony on a glass slip under the
microscope, which was at one edge of the table, and probably
examined them for ten or fifteen minutes, and there left them.
Going back again in about twenty minutes, there were none on the slip, but they
could be found at the extreme edge of the table. They do not seem to care what
they walk over, anything and everything is the same to them. How many reached

92

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the floor I do not know, but from the number left on the table fully two-thirds had
got away. Take any insect as small as this is that will walk over three feet in the
course of twenty minutes, or less. Surely there can be no doubt as to how they
spread, particularly when they do not care what they walk over.

Aa to the means proposed for destroying this pest, they are various, such as
heading in of the branches. (What is the good of this if they do not confine them-
selves to the branches ?) Also spraying with whale oil soap this may be effective, but
it is also very expensive. In mv own opinion there is nothing better than kerosene
emulsion, which I think is one of the best destroyers of insect life that can be used
without excessive expense. There are also parasitic enemies, as there are in every
other branch of animal life.

About the 24th of May last I noticed a small larva feeding on the eggs, but
was unable to identify it in this stage Mr. Balkwill, the treasurer of our Society,
succeeded in rearing a few, which were identified by Mr. J. Alston Moffat as Hyper-
apsis signata.

The other exception is Graptodera chalybea (Fig. 60), commonly known as the
grape vine flea beetle. This insect appeared in great numbers this spring in this
6 r locality, although this is not a grape-

growing district. This insect passes the
winter in a mature state, attacks the buds
of the vine as soon as they begin to grow,
destroying both fruit and foliage at once.
In about three or four weeks the mature
insects disappear, but their place is taken
by a small, insignificant looking larva,
generally black in colour, which very
soon makes its presence known by eating
holes through the leaf, making the leaves
look like sieves ; not eating like some larvae
do, starting at one part and continuing
until the whole leaf is devoured. They
move from place to place on the leaf,
apparently selecting parts in the leaf that
are most acceptable to the palate of an
epicure (as such they undoubtedly are.)

These larvse attain their full growth
about the end of July, pupate in the
earth, and emerge in from ten days to
two weeks in the mature state. The
greatest injury is done in the spring by
the mature insect.

Fig. 60.

The most effective remedies for this insect are : To remove all fallen leaves in
the fall, and whatever other decaying vegetable matter has accumulated around the
vines, and burn it j also in early spring to syringe the vines with a weak mixture oi
Paris green and water. Hellebore may be used in the summer against the larvae.

In regard to other destructive insects, as I mentioned in the first part of my report,
they have been legs numerous than usual.

After remarks had been made by many of those present on the abundance or
rarity during the past season of many familiar insects, the following resolution was
moved and unanimously adopted : —

" That a most cordial vote of thanks be tendered to the members of the Montreal
Branch for the exceedingly generous reception they have given to the Entomological
Society of Ontario on the occasion of their annual meeting."

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

93

A FEW OF THE MOST TROUBLESOME INSECTS OF THE PAST SEASON

(1898).

Rbad Before the College Officers' Literary and Scientific Society, by H. L.
Hutt, B.SA., Ont. Agricultural College. Guelph, Ont.

As far back as I can remember, I have always taken a great deal of pleasure in
studying insect life. On more than one occasion can I remember being punished and
disgraced in school, for investigating the jumping capabilities of a grasshopper, or squeez-
ing an involuntary song from a captive cicada. But that was in days gone by. Now the
policy of the Educational Department is to encourage the study of such subjects as were
then discouraged by hard knocks.

At this institution Entomology has probably always been a part of the regular
course. When I began to study it systematically about ten years ago, under the direc-
tion of Prof. Panton, it appealed to me at once as one of the most interesting and prac-
tical subjects on the curriculum. And the first summer I spent at home after leaving
the College, all the available beehives, boxes and glass-topped section cases were con-
verted into breeding cages, where all transformations could be watched in the specimens
within. My collection that year was not confined to insects alone, but it contained a
variety of creatures from batrachians and lepidopterous larvae to milksnakes and their
eggs. And I might add that one of the most interesting methods of studying this most
interesting subject is to watch the transformation and habits of the insects themselves,
either in confinement, or as they occur in nature.

As there is no class of society that is exempt from the losses and annoyance caused
by insects, a knowledge of their life history and habits is important to all, but to none
is it of greater importance than to the farmer and fruit-grower.

During the past summer I received a great many letters enquiring about insects
affecting a wide range of crops. To deal fully with all mentioned would necessitate writ-
ing a book, but as the subject of this paper I have taken a few of the more common ones
that have been the most troublesome, and these, it will be noted, represent fairly well
most of the orders into which insects are usually divided.

Fig. 61. Fig. 62.

1. The Currant Saw-Fly, (Nemdtus ribesii). One of the earliest insects to make
its appearance was the Currant Saw- Fly (Fig. 61, a the male, b the female). This belongs
to the Hymenoptera, or membrane winged insects, and is closely related to that most
industrious and beneficial of all insects — the honey-bee.

It passes the winter usually in the pupa state, in a slight papery cocoon spun
•beneath the surface of the ground or under rubbish or leaves. From its winter quar-

94 EXTOMOLOGTCAL SOOTKTY.

ters it emerges early in the spring, about the time of the opening of the buds of the
currant and gooseberry. Last spring they appeared in unusual numbers, and during the
warm parts of the day might be seen in swarms about the bushes.

In appearance this saw fly is a little smaller than the common house-fly, and has
a yellow body. The male is considerably smaller than the female and is somewhat darker
in color. During bright, warm days they are very active, but early in the morning or when
the weather is cool and cloudy they are sluggish and may be easily captured.

Saw-flieB are so called because of the saw-like ovipositors of the females. Speaking
of these, Prof. Comstock says, " This is at least one instance of where the female wielding
of a saw is done most skilfully, for the female saw-fly uses these nice tools in a very efficient
manner, to make slits in the leaves and stems of plants in which she places her eggs." The
eggs are deposited, from 20 to 40 in number, upon the back of the ribs and veins of the leaf,
usually upon the lower leaves of the bushes (Fig. 62) They hatch in about ten days and
the young lar\ae begin to feed at once upon the tender leaves. They grow rapidly, and if
unchecked will in a short time entirely strip the bushes of foliage. In the course of about
three weeks, the larvae become full grown (see Fig. 10), when they leave the bushes, spin
small papery cocoons, and enter the pupa or resting state. From these the adult saw-flies
emerge in a short time, and a second brood of lervse follow, which strip the bushes again
the latter part of summer.

This is probably one of the easiest insects to hold in check, as it feeds upon bushes that
are easily got at, and it is readily destroyed by stomach poisons, such as Paris green or
hellebore. The most important points in fighting it are to begin early, as the young larvae
are usually well at work by the time the leaves are full grown, and to force the spray up
from the under side of the bushes so that it will reach the lower leaves where the caterpil-
lars begin operations.

2. The Larch Saw-Fly {Nemdtus Erichsonii). On the 24th of June last, my
attention was directed to the scorched appearance of the foliage on the clump of
European larches in the field in front of the College. Upon going to examine them
closely, I found that they had been almost entirely stripped of their needles by some
kind of insect. Upon further investigation I found one or two small trees on the
west side of the clump upon which a few of the larvse were still at work. It was a
smooth, glaucous green worm which I had never seen before, but from certain char-
acteristics, such as the seven pairs of prolegs and the curling under of the last seg-
ments of the body, I recognized it at once as the larva of some species of saw-fly.
Upon consulting Packard's excellent report on "Forest Insects" I found it fully des-
cribed as the Larch Saw-fly {Nematus Erichsonii), a new and much-dreaded enemy in
the larch and tamarack forests.

Like the Currant Saw-fly, it is supposed to have been imported from Europe.
The first notice of it on this continent was in 1881 by Dr. Hagen upon specimens
found in Massachusetts. Two or three years later it was found in vast numbers in
Maine, New Hampshire and other New England States, where it had stripped all the
tamarack forests. In the report of the Ontario Entomological Society for 1885, Prof.
Fletcher of Ottawa gives an excellent account of its life history, and of the devasta-
tion it had made in the tamarack swamps of Quebec and the Maritime Provinces.

It was then noted that the most western point that it had at that time reached
was about Casselman, on the Canada Atlantic, about 30 miles east of Ottawa. Its
appearance at Guelph last June would indicate that it had made considerable progress
westward. In my travels over the Province last summer, I was particular to watch
for indications of its presence, and I noticed from the scorched appearance of the
tree tops, thatjit had stripped the tamaracks in many places between here and Walker-
ton, and that in the large tamarack swamp south of Bradford the trees in July were as
bare as if a forest fire had swept through them.

The adult insect is a handsome saw-fly, somewhat resembling the Currant Saw-fl y
but is a little larger and darker colored, being mostly black with an orange band around
the middle of the abdomen. The female deposits her eggs in incisions made in the young

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

terminal shoots. The young larvae feed voraciously upon the tender needles and develop
with wonderful rapidity. Some idea of their voraciousness, vast numbers, and rapidity
of growth may be gained from the fact that the active larval state lasts but a single
week, and during this short time they often strip bare vast forests of tamarack.

When mature, they drop to the ground and pass the winter in a dark brown, oval
cocoon spun in the moss or grass beneath the trees.

So far as we have learned, there is but a single brood of them during the season,
and this is quite enough. As it is, the defoliated trees throw out a second set of needles,
and are thus enabled to survive one or two attacks, but when they are stripped of their
foliage repeatedly the results cannot be otherwise than fatal. One or two natural
enemies have been found preying upon the larvae, and it is hoped that they may be able
to hold them in check, because it is usually impossible to fight them by any of the modern
means of insect warfare on account of the inaccessible nature of the places in which
they breed. On single trees they may easily be destroyed by spraying, or even by shaking
them to the ground, as they cannot crawl back upon the trees again.

3. The Tent Caterpillars (Clisiocampa americdna and C. disstria). Among the
Lepidopterous, or scale-winged insect?, none attracted more attention last year than the
Tent-Caterpillars. There are two species of these common to this part of the continent,
one known as the Apple-Tree Tent-Caterpillar, and the other as the Forest-Tent- Cater-
pillar. The latter appeared last year in several parts of the province in vast armies. At
one place on the W.C. & B. they were reported in the papers as haviug been in such vast
numbers that they stopped a train. And judging from the plague of them which I saw
on St. Joseph's Island, I am quite prepared to believe the reports.

A comparative study of the life histories of the two species is of interest. The
adult insect in each case is a reddish brown moth measuring when the wings are expanded
from one and a half to one and three-quarters inches across. In this stage they have no
power of taking food, and live only long enough to provide for the generation to follow.
The eggs are laid about the middle of July in ring-like clusters encircling the small
twigs, usually from 200 to 300 eggs in each cluster. The eggs of the Clisiocampa Ameri-
cana may be distinguished from those of the Clisiocampa disstria by the oval form of the
clusters, those of the latter being squarely cut off at each end. In both cases the egg
masses are covered with a thick coat of tough varnish which renders them waterproof, a
wise provision of nature, as it is nearly nine months before the young caterpillars
emerge from them. During the first warm days of spring they make their appearance,
and after taking their first meal from the gummy substance which has protected them for
the winter they begin to feed upon the opening buds.

The most striking difference in the two species now becomes apparent in the habits of
the young caterpillar. Those of Clisiocampa Americana spin a tent in the nearest large
fork of the branch upon which they are hatched. Into this they retire at night, during
stormy weather, or when they are not feeding, in warm weather they often repose in a
black mass upon the outside of it, leaving it regularly once in the forenoon and again
in the afternoon to feed. Each caterpillar spins a silken web along the branch wherever
it travels. Thus they never lose their way home although they may forage all over the
tree. The caterpillars of the other species do not dwell in tents and are more disposed
to lead a wandering life. When young they often march from place to place in single
file close procession. From the time they are half grown until they reach maturity they
are wonderfully active and move about as if they were in a great hurry and had no time
to lose.

Both species reach maturity in about six weeks, and are then handsome hairy
caterpillars, about two inches in length. Clisiocampa disstria has a row of white spots
down the centre of the back, which distinguishes it from the other species, in which the
white line is unbroken.

The Forest Tent-Caterpillar is a general feeder, living on a great variety of forest
trees and often doing considerable damage in orchards. The Apple-tree Tent-Cater-
pillar is not such a general feeder, and is more frequently found on the apple or wild
cherry. For the latter it has a particular preference. In our forest plantation where

96

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

there are 15 or 20 different species of trees, it was noticed last spring that every tree of
the wild cherry had two or three nests of these caterpillars, while not another tree in
the plantation was affected.

Another difference between these two insects appears in the construction of their
cocoons. Those of Clisiocampa Americana are formed of a double web, the outer one
loosely woven and filled with a powderly substance resembling sulphur. They are
usually hid in some out cf the way place, as under rails, boards or rubbish. Those of
Clisiocampa disstria have none of this powdery substance and are more frequently formed
inside of the leaves hanging on the trees. On St. Joseph's Island last summer, I
saw hundreds of maples and other forest trees upon which every leaf contained one of
these concoons, even the native spruces were so full of them that they appeared as if
packed in wool.

4 Canker-Worms. — (Paleacrita verndta and Alsophila pometdria.) — Canker-worms
have been very abundant in many parts of the country for a number of years past.
There are also two species of these, but they resemble each other so closely that to the
causal observer they differ only in name. One is known as the Spring Canker-Worm
(Paleacrita verndta) (Fig. 63), and the other as the Fall Canker- Worm (Alsophila
pometdria) (Fig. 64). One of the most noticeable differences in the two species appears
in the egg stage. The eggs (Fig. 63 a and b) of the Spring Canker- Worm are oval in
form and are laid in the spring in irregular patches hidden under loose bark or in
expanding buds.

Fig. 63.
Those of the Fall species are shaped like .miniature flower pots, are ranged in regular
rows in masses (Fig. 65, a, 6, c), and deposited in the late autumn in some prominent
place on the tree. The larvae of both species (Fig. 63 c and 65/) make their appear-
ance with the opening of the leaves in the spring. They reach their full size in about
three weeks and are then about an inch in length. On account of their peculiar
method of travelling, by alternately looping and extending their bodies, they are com-
monly spoken of as " measuring worms." They have another peculiar habit when dis-
turbed of suddenly dropping from the tree and suspending themselves in mid air by a
delicate silken web which is spun as they drop. Their appearance in this position is
graphically described in the following letter which I received from a correspondent
last June : —

Fig. 64. Fig. 65.

Brighton, June 6th, 1898

Dear Sir, — Last evening my husband said, ■■ Come with me,
you a sight." We went into the orchard. "Now,

I wish to show
says he, " see that tree over

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97

there, the leaves are all eaten up." " Worms," says I. " Yes," says he, " but not
the kind you know." He took a stick and gave a limb a tap, and in an instant one
hundred worms were hanging by tiny webs. He then went around hitting all the
limbs he could reach, and I think there must have been a million worms suspended in the
air beneath that tree. "Now, May," says he, "what am I to do ? I have manured
and thoroughly worked this orchard for two years, have had it trimmeed, and the
worms' nests all taken out of it once this spring, now just look at it." if I'll
tell you," says I, "I'll write to the Agricultural College and see what they advise.'*
An answer would be gratefully received, as the orchard is no small item in our
accounts.

Yours truly;

In an orchard that is regularly sprayed they can give little or no trouble, as
they are easily destroyed by Paris green, but in large shade trees, which are some-
times attacked, and where the spraying cannot easily be done, strategic measures
have to be resorted to. From the fact that the female moth in both species is wing-
less, and after emerging from the pupa in the ground has to climb the tree to
deposit her eggs, the placing of a tar band or other barrier upon the trunks of the
trees at once suggests itself as a remedy.

5. The Colorado Potato Beetle. — (Doryphora decem-linedta.) — The potato bug>
or more properly, the potato beetle (Fig. 13) is with us yet, and he seems to be
here to stay. Out of about ten thousand species of Coleoptera common to this coun-
try, the potato beetle stands out prominently as the one most generally troublesome.
We have become so familiar with it that we seldom think of it but to kill it, yet a
few facts as to its history in this country may be of interest. To the late Dr. C. V.
Riley, of Washington, we are indebted for the best account of it that has anywhere
been published, and I have made free use of his little book on " Potato Pests," in the
preparation of these notes.

The Colorado Potato Bug, as it has been commonly called, was first described
under the scientific name Doryphora decera-lineata, by Thomas Say, in 1824. It
was then to be found only in Colorado and the North-Western States, just this side of the
Rocky Mountains. Its original food plant was the Sand Bur (Solanum rostratum)
a species of wild potato peculiar to that region.

As civilization advanced westward and potatoes began to be grown in its native
home, it gradually acquired the habit of feeding upon the cultivated potato, and began
its eastward march from potato patch to potato patch. In 1859 it had reached to
within 100 miles of Omaha City in Nebraska. In 1861 it invaded Iowa, and gradu-
ally during the next three or four years it spread eastward over the whole State.
In 1864 and 1865 it crossed the Mississippi into Illinois, at four or five different
points coming on in a column about 200 miles broad from north to south. It was
then travelling at the rate of fifty miles a year and it was predicted that it would
reach the Atlantic Sea board in 1881. On this side of the Mississippi, however, the
potato fields were more plentiful and it began to make better time, actually arriv-
ing on the Atlantic coast in 1874, seven years ahead of time, its average rate of
progress being 88 miles per year. This rate, however, was not uniform, the northern
columns of the army made the most rapid progress ; the southern oolumns
travelling through a country where potatoes were not so much grown, and under a
broiling hot sun, lagged far behind.

The invasion of Ontario began in July of 1870, at two points on the western frontier,
namely, near Point Edward and near Windsor. During 1871 they came on in increasing
numbers, and it was said that during that summer the Detroit river was literally swarming
with them. They were crossing on ships, chips, staves, boards, or any other floating object
that presented itself. By June of that year they were common around London, and, Mr.
Squirrel informs me, that later that year they had reached as far as Gait. I can well

7 EN.

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

remember the first one I ever saw ; it must have been in the summer of 1872 I was then
a little chap attending school on the historic battle field of Lundy's Lane, and I little knew
then that I had met an enemv that would refuse to be driven from the country, for their
invasion was one not only of conquest but colonization wherever they went.

A few beetles were sent to us last summer which were covered with a very interesting
parasite known as Urupoda Americana. These are little mites about the size of a small
nin head and of a flax seed brown colour. Each beetle was so thickly covered with them
that hardly any part of its body was visible. The infested beetles were placed upon a
cotato plant along with some of their healthy relatives in hopes that their enemies might
increase and subdue them, but after a few days the infested beetles had disappeared and
the parasites with them, while the healthy beetles fed on serenely.

6 Grasshoppers.— The grasshoppers belong to the Orthoptera or straight- winged
insects Of these we have a great many species, but they may all be grouped into two
families— the Acridise or short-homed grasshoppers, and the Locustidse or long-horned
grasshoppers.

There has been much confusion of terms in the common names applied to these insects.
The term locust properly applies to the first family, and not to the Locustid*, or long horned
grasshoppers The term locust is also improperly applied to the Oicada, which belongs to
Another order altogether. To all but entomologists, ho wever, the members of both f imihes
are usually known as grasshoppers, and for convenience in this paper we shall use that
general term.

The most common species with us is the Melanoplus,

femur-rubrum, the red-legged grasshopper, or, more properly

speaking, locust.

The females of this species deposit their eggs in holes

made in the ground by means of their ovipositors. The
pi„ 66 eggs are laid in masses in the fall of the year, and hatch

during the following spring or early summer. The young do not undergo complete meta-
morphosis, or change of form, as do the insects of the other orders we have mentioned.
There is no larval stage ; the young make their appearance as little grasshoppers without
wings They pass through several moults, and the wings gradually develop. With
the last moult they become full fledged, and their destructiveness is then increased by
their increased powers of locomotion.

Grasshoppers are more or less troublesome every year in all parts of the country, but
thev are usually particularly plentiful in localities where there is much waste land or poor
farming Two years ago I wheeled through the country from Walkerton to Clarksburg, a
distance of about fifty miles There was then in many places through which I passed
almost another plague of locusts or grasshoppers. In conversation with a farmer whom 1
met I learned there were in some sections of that country quite a number of abandoned
farms, where grasshoppers had been breeding year after year unmolested Upon these
farms they ate everything bare and then spread to adjoining farms. Good farming with
clean cultivation andAort rotation of crops is one of the best means of avoiding a grass-
hopper plague. On We College farm here Mr. Rennie tells me that since the fences have
been removed, the permanent pastures broken up, and a short rotation of crops adopted,
hardly a grasshopper could be found, whereas the old fence bottoms and permanent pastures
were formerly alive with them.

7 Aphids, or Plant-Lice.— Probably the most widely distributed and generally
ini arious insects during the past two years have been the Aphids, or plant-lice. They are
members of the family Aphididse, belonging to the section Homoptera, in the order
Hemiptera. This section or sub-order Homoptera includes not only the Aphids but all of
the bark lice, scale insects, mealy bugs, and leaf hoppers, some of the most injurious
insects, and at the same time some of the most difficult to fight.

They are characterized, in common with all the other insects of this order, by a
aactorial mouth, with which they take all their food in a liquid form, sucking it as juice

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99

from the plants upon which they feed. They are further remarkable for their insignifi-
cant size and the wonderful rapidity with which they breed. There are a great many
species of plant-lice, and they infest in one form or another a great variety of trees and
plants. The tendency has been to name these according to the tree or plant upon
which they feed. One of the most destructive species in this and many others sections
last year was the Aphis brassicae, or cabbage aphis, which affects cabbage, turnips, rape,
and other brassicaceous plants. Another was the Aphis mali, or apple aphis. On the
cherry there was a very troublesome black species known as Mysus cerasi, or the cherry-
tree aphis. These are only a few of them, but they are all alike very troublesome in
sucking the sap and reducing the vigor of the plants upon which they feed.

Many species like those on the cherry, apple and plum, excrete a sticky liquid sub-
stance known as " honey dew," upon which ants, bees, and flies regale themselves. The
presence of ants running up and down the trees is almost a sure indication that aphids
are at work upon the leaves. Other species, like those infesting the cabbage and
turnip, excrete a white powdery substance which covers their bodies. In the woolly
aphis infesting the roots of apple trees, this excretion is so fluffy that the insects appear
to be covered with wool.

The life history of plant lice is peculiar. The various species differ considerably in
the details of the transformations, but the following may be given as applying to most
of them. The eggs which are shiny black are very large for the size of the insect, are
laid in the fall upon the food plant. From these hatch in the spring wingless females,
which without the intervention of the males soon begin to bring forth living young.
In five days or six days these young aphids begin to reproduce in the same way. This
process of agamic reproduction and compound multiplication goes on so rapidly that in a
short time the progeny of the original "stem mother " mounts up into the millions. If
this production of wingless forms continued long, it would mean the starvation of all, by
the destruction of the plants upon which they were feeding, but Nature provides for this
by the development after a time of winged forms which " hie away to fresh fields and
pastures new," and in this way they spread. Often in the fall the air is so full of these
flying aphides that a person riding or driving quickly becomes covered them. As the
cold weather approaches and vegetation ceases, sexual forms, male and female are devel-
oped, the females being wingless. Eggs are again produced to carry the species over to
another year.

From the fact that Aphids and other insects of this order insert their beaks and
suck their food from the interior of the leaves or stems, it is evident that the application
of stomach poisons such as Paris green can be of no avail in destroying them. The
material supplied must be something that will kill by comiDg in contact with their soft
bodies. The kerosene emulsion, so generally recommended, has been found to be more or
less satisfactory, because of the frequent injury it does to the foliage upon which it is
applied. Another remedy much more satisfactory, is a strong decoction of tobacco,
made by boiling a pound of tobacco waste in five gallons of water, and this is made
doubly effective by dissolving in it a quarter of a pound of whale-oil soap. This should
be applied as soon as the aphids appear, as after a time it becomes difficult to reach them
because of the curling over them of the leaves upon which they are feeding.

Nature's most active agents in holding plant lice in check are the Lady Birds.
Last summer these and their larvae could be found actively at work devouring the lioe
upon almost every tree and plant infested.

7. House-Flies. — (Musca domestica, et al.) Of all the insects that bother and
annoy the house keeper none are more common than the house flies. And notwith-
standing this fact the woman, or man either, who can give a full account of the
life history of these flies is as rare as the one whose house is free from them during
the summer season.

All true flies belong to the order Diptera or two-winged insects. There are
several species commonly found in houses, although but one of these should properly be

100 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

called the house-fly. This is the Musca domestica, a medium sized grayish fly too well
known to need description.

The life history of this species, which is fairly typical of the majority of them,
may be briefly outlined as follows : It passes the winter in the house or some other
building, hiding in sheltered spots anywhere between the cellar and the garret. A
few specimens in the warmed rooms occasionally hum about in the winter, reminding
us that they have seen better days. In the early spring the few sole survivors of the
swarms of the proceeding year make their appearance. These are mostly females
ready at once to become mothers and by the end of the season their children and great
great grand children extend to the tenth and twelfth generations. Each female lays on
an average about 120 eggs at a time, which are deposited in irregular masses usually
in horse manure. The eggs hatch in about twenty-four hours and the larvae coming
from them are white footless maggots about half an inch in length. In this stage of
its existence the fly is beneficial as a scavenger. In from five to seven days the
larvae attain their full size, and enter the pupa or resting state. In its outward
appearance the pupa is a smooth brown oval shell about a quarter of an inch in length
and less than half of that in diameter. In manure heaps these may often be gathered by
the shovel-full. In some investigations conducted at Washington last summer, as many
as 1,200 larvse and puparia were counted in one pound of horse manure. The pupa stage
also'lasts only from five to seven days. So that to produce a full fledged fly from the
laying of the egg requires only about ten days or two weeks.

To trace the development of the fly through all of these stages is very easy, but to
ascertain the length of life of the adult fly is more difficult, and as yet I have seen no data
on the subject. The Washington experimenters declared that this was a bit of information
almost impossible to obtain correctly, because of the inability of the fly to live in close
confinement. Here then is a point in the life history of one of our commonest insects about
which we are yet more or less in the dark.

A few of the other species of flies commonly found in houses may be mentioned- The
one most closely resembling the house fly in appearance is the Stomoxy* calcitrans, or
stable fly, so troublesome upon horses and cattle. The most important difference in this
species is'that the mouth parts are formed for piercing the skin. A bite from one of these
is just as painful as the sting from a bee, but it has not the same poisonous after-effects.

One of the largest species found in houses is the Calliphora vomitoria, or "blue-bottle
fly " that big, blue, buzzing, bummy, beggar that goes tearing through the house from room
to room as though he owned the premises. He is capable in a few minutes of arousing
more fight in a woman than all the other flies combined. A favorite place for this species
to lay its eggs, is in meat that has been exposed for a short time. As with most other flies,
the time required for development is short, and the rate of increase is so rapid that it has
given rise to the saying that a pair of these flies will devour an ox more rapidly than a lion,

One of the smallest species seen in houses, the Homalomya canicularis, is sometimes
called the small house-fly. This species is largely responsible for the prevalent but erronous
idea that little flies become big ones.

In closing this paper we should like to enter a plea for a more general study of this
most interesting branch of natural history. In none do we find a greater range for obser-
vation and research, and in none can practical investigation be turned to more profitable
account.

NOTES OF THE SEASON OF 1898.

By J. Alston Moffat, London, Ont.
One of the most noticeable pecularities of the Entomological year about London, was
the scarcity of diurnals ; many of the more common form* being to all appearance en-
tirely absent. There were some noticeable exceptions to the rule, Pterts rapae for inst-
ance From the early part of May to the end of the month, it was in unusual abundance
for the spring brood. More like what one is accustomed to see in the autumn about cab-

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101

bage and turnip fields ; indeed it was more plentiful in the spring than at any other time of
the year, something unusual in its history, and starting the inquiry, what had become of
its faithful attendant parasite Pteromalus puparvm ? The yellow swallow-tail Papillo
tumuSt appeared in moderate numbers, also Limenitis ursula, whilst that nearly ubiquitous
butterfly Colias philodice that helps to give life and animation to every rural scene was
rarely seen. I am not certain that I saw a Milkweed butterfly, Danais Archippus about
London until the middle of September. The larger silver-spotted frittillary Argynnis
were noticeably scarce ; and so on through the entire list of common forms ; which made
the meditative contemplation of a landscape dull and uninteresting by reason of their
absence.

Collecting at electric light commenced early and continued good up to the end of June,
many interesting and attractive specimens being obtainable by that method. The early
geometers and some species of the noctuids were in abundance, whilst hybernated
specimens of Scopelosoma and Lithophane were plentiful, and many of them were in ex-
cellent condition. L. antennata must be a very hardy insect, and capable of enduring
extremes of cold ; Mr. Bice having found specimens of it about the lights during the
months of January, February and March ; the least indication of mildness in the weather
was sure to bring it out. July and August were characterized by more their usual un-
profitableness to the collector, giving him plenty of hunting but little collecting. There
were no reports of any serious injury having been done in this locality to crops or fruits
from insect pests. Many of the ornamental bushes and shade trees of the city were
rendered unsightly by the presence in great numbers upon their branches of the Cottony
Scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis, but the attack passed off without any apparent injury
resulting.

On the 2nd of June I received from J. D. B. Mackenzie, Esq , of Chatham, N. B.,
a letter, stating that he had sent to me for identification, some insects that had appeared
upon his cherry trees and literally stripped them of their foliage in two or three days.
The insect proved to be Ademonia rufosanguinea, Say, of the Ohrysomelid family ; an in-
nocent enough looking little beetle that would not be suspected as being capable of work-
ing such destruction. It must surely be a rather unusual occurrence 1 Their numbers
must have been great. He also wished for information as to where he could get a de-
scription of its life history 1 That I could not give him.

On the 27th of July I received from Clinton, Ont., a box six inches long by four
wide and one and a half deep, filled with the remains of Web- worm moths, Clisiocampa
Americana and disstria mostly ; said to have been the result of one night's capture in one
street lamp — kind of lamp not stated, electric probably. I had read in the newspapers
earlier in the season, accounts of the running of railway trains being interfered with in
some localities, by reason of the swarms of caterpillars on the track ; that may have been
one of the localities. At all events, that boxful gave evidence of great negligence on the
part of those interested, in their dealings with their tent caterpillars.

On July the 22nd, 1 took a trip to Lake Erie Shore. I had heard a good deal about
* Rondeau,' the Government reserve and the public park there, and that it was easily
reached by rail from Chatham, Ont., so I thought it might be a profitable place to spend
a day or two. In anticipation I was going to a place well wooded and wild; but instead,
I was landed far out upon a sand-bar almost entirely destitute of vegetation. This sand-
bar is what separates Rondeau (round water, admirably descriptive) from Lake Erie,
whilst the Government reserve is on the opposite side of the bay, nine miles or so away
in a straight line and no convenient means of reaching it ; and as my time was limited I
made no effort to do so. The sand-bar is being utilized for summer residences with its
excellent boating and bathing privileges, and is locally known as ' Erieau,' a euphonious
combination but lacking in correct significance. In such conditions there was but little
opportunity for me to indulge in my favorite pursuit ; yet even there I came upon two
insects which I had never met with alive before. One was that highly ornamented little
dragon fly, Celithemes Eliza, Hagen, which was quite plentiful amongst the straggling milk-
weeds and wild rice growing along the bay side of the shore, and was in fine condition
as if recently emerged. The abdomen of one sex is ornamented with bright red, the other

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

with yellow, but their brilliance disappears in drying. In company with it, but m greatly
inferior numbers was Celithemes Eponina, Drury, which used to be plentiful in one
locality at Hamilton. The other find was that attractive Hemipteron Lyqaeus fasciatus,
Fab. Although milk-weeda were to be found for hundreds of yards along the bay shore,
there was but one spot where I saw it, and that was a small clump sitaated between two
cottages, and from which by frequent visits I secured seven of them. There I observed
on the wing as the first of the season, a few fine fresh specimens of the milk- weed butter-
fly, D. Archippus, Fab.

In July, Dr. W. J. Stevenson brought to me a fresh maple tree
borer, Plaqionotus Speciosus, Say, (Fig. 67) the first living specimen of
it I have seen taken at London. I could obtain it at Hamilton by
the dozen where the shade trees are nearly all hard maple, whilst in
London they are as nearly all soft maple ; and to that as a cause I
have always attributed its absence here.

During the autumn there was the usual appearance in abundance
of two or three species of the Cut- worm moths at light, whilst amongst
them was to be obtained an occasional rare and desirable specimen of
other kinds. About the end of September Mr. Bice secured a number
Fig. 67. of that attractive Pyralid, Eudioptis hyalinata^ Linn. It was on the

29th day of September, 1881, that I saw at Hamilton my first specimen of it on the wing,
and eo far as is known, very few have been taken in Ontario since, and not more than a
single specimen in a season. This disclosure of such a marked increase in numbers is of
considerable importance to the community, as indicating the possibility of its becoming
here, such as it has proved itself to be in the Western and Southern States a first class
pest to the cultivators of that delicious fruit, the musk melon. In the Eleventh Report
of the New York State Entomologist for the year 1895, after giving an account of the
total destruction of some melon patches in the south, which had been cultivated for the
market, at page 138 it is stated : " It would appear from the limited literature ac-
cesible, that Eudioptis hyalinata is more especially a southern insect. I have examples
in my collection from Texas. It has also been taken in Michigan, is not uncommon in
New Jersey, and has been taken in Canada. I have no knowledge of its occurrence m
the State of New York." That it had not been reported trom New York State was to
me rather a surprise, and I started the question whence came it to us 1 It would seem
as if it must have reached Ontario by *ay of the west, having found the conditions most
favorable for its spreading in that direction. It is the habit in some quarters to speak
disparagingly of " mere collectors." Bug an occurrence of thi* nature ^ brings forcibly to
view the great loss, that even now, our d partment of science is suffering from the want
of more collectors ; for it is upon their labors and observations that we are largely de-
pending for our knowledge of the introduction and spread of injurious species. A know-
ledge of the flora and fauna of any particular district is of great general interest and
advantage to all students of nature, whether the individual disclosing it has any time, in-
clination or ability to devote to the technicalities of the subject or not, and is well
deserving of the grateful acknowledgements of all.

Almost the same time as the preceding, Mr. Bice took several specimens of another
Pyralid, Pilocrosis ramentalis, Led. This species was represented in the s°cjetys col-
lection by a single specimen taken by me at Hamilton, and named for me by Mr. Grote,
then of Buffalo, who had much of interest to tell me of the peculiarities of this
insect, one noticeable thing about it is the long scales covering the costal margin at base
of the front wings of the females, which can be raised so as to disclose the membrane.
Mr. J. Johnston of Hamilton informed me that these two species are represented in his
collection by a single specimen of each, taken by him there many years ago. Recently I
have seen a specimen of E. hyalinata amongst some material sent to me for determinat-
ion by Mr. C. E. Grant, of Orillia. In September the Tomato Sphinx, S. qmnquemac-
ulata, Hub, was quite plentiful, which suggests some interesting queries concerning the
life history of this species. It is considered to be single brooded in this latitude ; but it
is known to mature occasionally in confinement the same season as produced. Were theBe

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 10$

September specimens from eggs cf an early brood, or were they from belated chrysalida
of the previous summer's production % It has been observed that there is a great differ-
ance in the time of their appearance in nature, some showing themselves in early June,
whilst fresh specimens may be obtained at the end of July ; the location of the winter
quarters of the pupae influencing the time of maturing to some extent most likely. Again,
if these late comers produced ova could they pass the winter safely ? If not, then it would
help materially to reduce the numbers for the following season. Of Sphingidae less
frequently met with in this locality, Mr. Bice took specimens of Ampelophaga versicolor
Harr. The Tobacco Sphinx, S. Carolina, Linn., and S. Cingulata, Fab., or Convolvuli
of Linn. One thing secured by him, and determined by Dr. J. B. Smith, which is new
to the Society's collection, is a single specimen of Hydroecia limpida, Guen., whilst sev-
eral other Noctuids of the season's capture are not yet identified.

THE FREEZING OF INSECTS.

By Henry H. Lyman, Montreal.

In the 22nd Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, being that for 1891, there
appeared a paper from my pen under the title, " Can Insects Survive Freezing ?"

I have recently come across further records of observations upon this subject, and deem
them of sufficient interest to be republished.

In lookiDg over an interesting book of travels, entitled " A journey from Prince of
"Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, undertaken by order of the Hudson's
Bay Company for the discovery of copper mines, a North West passage, etc., in the years
1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772, by Samuel Hearne," published in 1796, 1 came across the fol-
lowing interesting notes on page 397. : —

" Frogs, Grubs, and other Insects."

II Frogs of various colours are numerous in those parts as far north as the latitude 61 °*
They always frequent the margins of lakes, ponds, rivers, and swamps ; and as the winter
approaches they burrow under the moss at a considerable distance from the water, wher
they remain in a frozen state till the spring. I have frequently seen them dug up with the
moss (when pitching tents in winter) frozen as hard as ice ; in which state the legs are as
easily broken off as a pipe stem, without giving the least sensation to the animal ; but by
wrapping them up in warm skins, and exposing them to a slow fire, they soon recover life,
and the mutilated animal gains its usual activity ; but if they are permitted to freeze again
they are past all recovery, and are never more known to come to life. The same may be
said of the various species of Spiders, and all the Grub kind, which are very numerous in
those parts. I have seen thousands of them dug up with the moss, when we were pitching
our tents in the winter ; all of which were invariably enclosed in a thick web, whicn
Nature teaches them to spin on these occasions ; yet they were apparently all frozen as
hard as ice. The spiders, if let fall from any height on a hard substance, would rebound
like a grey pea ; and all the Grub kind are so hard frozen as to be as easily broken as a
piece of ice of the same size ; yet when exposed to a slow heat, even in the depth of
winter, they will soon come to life, and in a short time recover their usual motions "

In Dr. H. Guard Knaggs' Lepidopterist's Guide, on page 44 of the 1871 edition,
under the heading of " Ailments of Larvae," I find the following : —

11 Frost Bite. — It is well known that larvae, which have been so stifly frozen that
they might have been easily broken, have afterwards recovered. The chief thing to bo
remembered in the treatment of such cases, is that the thawing should be effected very
gradually, rapid thawing being dangerous."

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ODOUR OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE, Aspidiotus perniciosus

By F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio.

In the many accounts of this insect I do not recall that attention has been called to
the odour that is associated with this insect and which in cases of excessive abundance,
can be detected at a considerably distance away. Where the air is quiet it is often
possible to detect the presence of a badly infested tree a yard away, and I presume that
with more acute olfactories, such as insects are supposed by many to possess, even the
presence of a more limited number of the scale might be detected at a much greater
distance. As ants do not appear to be at all partial to this Coccid, at least in this
country, it is not easy to understand what influence this odour can have in the economy
of the species. It is possible that, in its native home, this odour might attract other
insects and thus afford a means of diffusion, not at present so available to the scale in
this country.

The Odour op Coccid^. — Prof. Webster's interesting note leads me to offer a few
remarks. The species of the subgenus of Toumeyella of Lecanium have quite a strong musky
odour ; but ordinarily I have been unable to detect any marked odour in species of
Ooccidse. I suppose, however, that all possess some odour, and that its purpose is to
attract the males to the females. This seems the more probable when we remember that
in many species the male puparia are not on the same part of the plant as the females.
Here at Mesilla Park, also, I have lately seen a male of Margarodes hiemalis, Ckll. ined ,
run over the ground until it detected a spot where a female was buried, and then dig
down to the female. It must certainly have detected its mate by the sense of smell

T. D. A. Cockerell.

LIFE HISTORY OF THE SHEEP SCAB-MITE, Psoroptes communis.

By 0. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Colorado.

I am not aware that the full life-history of this insect has been published, though I
shall not be surprised to learn that such is the case.

In order to know how long a time should intervene between the first and second
dippings for the cure of scab, we must know the period of incubation and also the entire
time elapsing from the deposition of the egg up to the time that the mite from that
egg, if a female, may be itself depositing eggs. These points were determined in a series
of experiments conducted by the writer one year ago and were reported in a local paper,
the <l Fort Collins Courier," last spring. I took seventy-five eggs from a lock of wool
drawn from the back of a badly infested lamb and, after dividing them in two nearly
equal lots, placed them at once on the skin of the backs of two lambs that were not
infested with the mites at the time. In order to irritate the surface a little and better
prepare it for the little mites that would begin at once to hatch, a lock of wool was
drawn in each case from the particular spot where the eggs were placed.

Mr. Ball, assistant in my department, made a special examination of these ' 'cul-
tures " once a day until the mites from the eggs were fully grown and themselves laying
eggs.

At the first examination a few young mites were found, which was to be expected
as a few eggs among so many would be about ready to hatch. At the end of the fourth
day all the eggs had hatched. At the end of the ninth day a few individuals were found
in copula, and on the eleventh day eggs were found. As it required four days for the
newly deposited eggs to hatch, the entire time elapsing from egg to egg would be fourteen
or fifteen days.

As there would be eggs in all stages of incubation upon a sheep when the latter is
dipped for the cure of scab, I have set the limit of time for the second dipping at not
sooner than five days and not later than ten days after the first dipping. If the second
dipping comes at a time outside this limit, there will probably be eggs upon the sheep
again.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105

OBITUARY.

Professor J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

It is our sad duty to record the death of Professor Panton, which took place at
Guelph, on the 3rd of February, 1898, after a long and very painful illness, which he
bore with the utmost patience and resignation. He was born at Cupar, in Fifeshire,
Scotland, and was brought out to Uanada when a child ; his father settled in Toronto at
first, and removed, after some years, to Oshawa. He was educated at the Whitby High
School and Toronto University, where he graduated with honors in Natural Science in
1877. The following year he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Ontario
Agricultural College, but after a few years resigned the position and removed to Winni-
peg, where he became principal of the Collegiate Institute. In 1885 he accepted the
invitation of the Ontario Government and returned to Guelph, where he filled the position
of Professor of Natural History and Geology in the Agricultural College till the time of
his death. His work there had special relation to economic entomology and botany, on
which subjects he issued many useful bulletins to farmers and fruit growers. He also
published two small works on Economic Geology and "Insect Foes," which are valuable
manuals of an elementary character. In 1896. Professor Panton attended for the first
time the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, though he had long
been a member, and on that occasion read very interesting and useful papers on "Entom-
ology for Eural Schools " and " Two Insect Pests of 1896 — the Army Worm and the
Tussock Moth." At the annual meeting in October, 1897, he was elected vice-president
of the Society, but was unable to attend owiDg to the illness which had already seized
upon him. The following resolution of condolence was adopted at a meeting of the
Council held in March : " The members of the Council of the Entomological Society of
Ontario have heard with profound regret of the death of their highly respected colleague
and vice-president, J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S., Professor of Biology and Geology in
the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph They desire to place on record their admira-
tion for his talents and attainments in natural science, and their deep sense of the loss
which economic entomology in this Province sustained by his removal in the maturity of
his powers and at an age when he was capable of performing much useful work. They
beg to offer to Mrs. Panton and family their respectful sympathy in the great bereave-
ment which has befallen them."

On the 18th of February, 1898, Mr. Johnson Pettit died at Buffalo, NY., and was
buried a few days later at Grimsby, Ont. For many years Mr. Pettit was a most diligent
and successful collector of Ooleoptera in the neighborhood of Grimsby, and was well
known amongst entomologists both in this country and the United States. After form-
ing a very complete collection of the beetles of Ontario so far as known at that time, he
gave up the pursuit and turned his attention to geology. Subsequently he sold his cab-
inet of insects to the Entomological Society of Ontario at a nominal price, in order that
it might be kept in a place of safety and preserved from destruction. His work was
characterized by remarkable neatness and painstaking accuracy.

Professor David Simons Kellicott was born at Hastings Centre, Oswego County,
N.Y., January 28, 1842, and died at his home in Columbus, Ohio, April 13, 1898. In
his boyhood his frail constitution and delicate health required him to spend much of his
time out of doors, and it is to this, no doubt, that in part at least his love for nature may
be traced. He graduated from Syracuse University with the degree of B. Sc, while the
institution was yet known as Genesee College, teaching one year in Southern Ohio prior
to his graduation. After graduating, he taught one year in Kingston Normal School,
Pennsylvania, after which he was connected for seventeen years with the State Univer-
sity, at Buffalo, N.Y., being Dean of the College of Pharmacy, and also Professor of
Botany and Microscopy. He came to the Ohio State University in 1888, where, for ten
years, he has occupied the chair of zoology and entomology. At the time of his death he

106 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

was General Secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
President of the American Microscopical Society, and Treasurer of the Ohio Academy of
Science. He had served as President of the Buffalo, N.Y., Academy of Science, and the
Ohio Academy of Science.

Animal parasites of fishes, and the rotifera, from time to time claimed a consider-
able portion of Professor Kellicott's attention, but his entomological work won for him
the admiration of the entomologists of America. Patient, conscientious and utterly de-
void of selfishness, he was one of the mcst kind and loveabie men the writer has ever met.
Faithful and just with his colleagues and the idol of his pupils, seeking patiently and
industriously after the truth, he won esteem while living, and in his death he has left
numberless friends to mourn his loss. If there was ever a man who deserved the re-
ward: " Well done, thou good and faithful servant," that man was David S. Kellicott;
and the fruits of his labors will stand as an enduring monument to his faithfulness among
his fellow men. He began to contribute to the Canadian Entomologist in 1878, his last
article appearing in 1896. F. M. Webster.

Dr. Joseph Albert Lintner.
•
By the death of Dr. J. A. Lintner, which occurred at Florence, Italy, on May 6th
economic entomology has lost one of its oldest, ablest, and most distinguished devotees.
He was of German parentage, and was born at Schoharie, N.Y., February 8, 1822. He
graduated from the Schoharie Academy at the age of fifteen, and for the next thirty
years was actively engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York City, Schoharie and
Utica. The study of natural history became a fascination for him early in life, and in
1853, he turDed his attention especially to insects and rendered valuable aid to Dr.
Fitch, who was then making an entomological survey of the State of New York.

Dr. Lintner's first paper upon insects web published in 1862, and six years later he
became zoological assistant in the New York State Museum of Natural History. He
continued in the service of the State until his death, working as assistant in the Museum
for twelve years, and in 1880 receiving the appointment of State Entomologist. This
thirty years of continuous, active service in an official capacity, in a useful and limited
scientific field, and in a single State, is certainly a remarkable record, and one which
speaka volumes of praise for Dr. Lintner.

He richly deserved the honour of the degree of Ph. D. conferred upon him in 1884
by the University of the State of New York. He was also honoured with the presidency
of several scientific associations, and his name is enrolled among the members of many
entomological and other scientific societies, both in America and in Europe. The publica-
tions of Dr. Lintner merit the highest praise and deservedly entitle him to the foremost
rank among the economic entomologists of the world. He published more than a thousand
miscellaneous articles upon injurious insects, besides his four important " Entomological
Contributions " and his twelve reports as State Entomologist ; probably the thirteenth
report, for 1897, is in the printer's hands.

These reports are justly entitled to the highest rank among the scientific publications
of the great Empire State. They represent the highest ideal or model of what such
reports should be, both from a scientific and a practical standpoint. For typographical
neatness and scientific accuracy, for the simple, yet elegant and dignified, way in which
dry, scientific facts are made interesting and adapted to the understanding of the agricul-
turist, Dr. Lintner's reports have not been excelled in the world's entomological literature;
such indexes as his reports contain are rare in any literature. One is still more impressed
with the scientific and literary attainments of Dr. Lintner, when one understands that,
practically, he never had any of the modern facilities, such as are found at many of our
experiment stations, for studying the habits of insects ; his office was his literary sanctum,
laboratory, museum, library and insectary combined.

Dr. Lintner was a man of quiet and dignified manners, always courteous and
pleasant to meet in social intercourse. He was ever ready to impart from his vast fund

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107

of knowledge ; and being an expressive speaker, h3 always commanded the attention of
scientific bodies which he was called upon to address. His frequent addresses before
horticultural and agricultural societies in his own and in other States, and farmer's meet-
ings of all kinds, were always full of information.

He had recently been granted a well earned six month's leave of absence, and was
spending it in sunny Italy when the death summons came. In Dr. Lintner the agricul-
turists of New York found one of their best and most helpful friends, and entomologists
the world over, a true and sympathetic coworker. His name well deserves a place in
that list of names enshrined in the hearts of every American economic entomologist —
Harris, Fitch, Walsh, Le Baron, Riley — and Lintner.

M. V. Slingerland.

BOOK NOTICES.

Twenty-first Report of Observations on Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests
during the year 1897, with Methods of Prevention and Remedy. By Eleanor A.
Ormerod, London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1898 (Is. 6d.,
pp. 160.)

We beg to offer our hearty congratulations to Miss Ormerod on the publication of
the twenty first of her Annual Reports. Twenty one years is a long period for anyone
to carry on a laborious work, but this talented and indefatigable lady has not only
accomplished a most valuable and important work, she has done so without any assist-
ance except that of her late lamented sister, and entirely at her own expense. On this
side of the Atlantic, Reports of this character are published by the Government of the
Province or State to which they belong, but in England no official recognition has been
shown, and though the country has undoubtedly been saved hundreds of thousands of
pounds by the instructions given in these Reports to the farmers and gardener j of Great
Britain, whereby they have been able to intelligently cope with their insect foes and
employ the best methods of prevention of their attacks, yet no aid has been afforded
her from the public purse — no recognition of the immense value of her work has been
vouchsafed by the powers that be. But while officially ignored, Miss Ormerod's name
and work are held in the highest honour throughout Great Britain and treated by the
press in every department with the utmost respect ; and in many British colonies and
several foreign countries her name is widely known and her talents fully recognized.

A single observer, however able and industrious, could not possibly pay attention to
all the manifestations of insect injury throughout the British Isles, but Miss Ormerod has
by degrees gathered together a corps of observers in every county and district through-
out the United Kingdom; and is kept closely informed of all that causes injury or loss to
crops or fruit, and to live stock as well. During the past year she received about 3,000
letters on Entomological subjects, and with the aid of a secretary was enabled to attend
to them all. She thus conducts at her own charges what ought to be a Division of
Entomology in the Department of Agriculture at London.

In the Report before us thirty six species of injects are dealt with and figured, their
ravages described, and methods of prevention and remedy fully given. Several of thf m
are familiar to us on this side of the Atlantic, e. g. Apple Codlin Moth, Cockroaches,
Xyleborus Xylographus, Mediterranean Flour-Moth (Ephestia Ruhniella), etc.

From the care and accuracy which characterize her descriptions and figures, Miss
Ormerod's work is of permanent value to economic Entomologists everywhere, and her
reports are always received with welcome and gratitude by those who have the good
fortune to obtain them. That she may long be spared to carry on her admirable work is
the earnest aspiration of her many friends,

C. J. S. B.

108 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Out Door Studies : a Reading Book of Nature Study, by James G. Needham ; 1 vol.
pp. SO. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago : American Book Company.
These are a series of stories of animal life, written in a charmingly interesting way>
and designed to lead on a youthful reader to observe for himself the wonders of nature
that are everywhere open to his view. It begins with an account of the common wild
Sna»>-Dragon or " butter and eggs," and tells how the peculiar structure of the flower is
designed for the visits of the bumble-bees who come for the nectar and carry off the
pollen as well. The next chapters are on Chipmunks ; Galls and their makers ; the
Golden-rod and its visitors and tenants ; Crows and their Doings ; Dragon- Flies which,
as our readers may remember, have been special objects of the author's studies ; Eye-
spots on insect8 which aid in the protection of their owners ; and Ant-lions. Any boy or
girl, who takes up the book and dives a little way into its pages, will surely read on with
delight and when the little volume is closed, be anxious to sally forth and see if he (or
she) cannot find some similar marvels of nature and learn their meaning, while admiring
their beauty.

The book is one of a Beries designed for the use of school-children who are about to
enter the High Schools. It is beautifully illustrated with about ninety wood-cuts, the
work of Mrs. Needham, the author's wife, and is provided with an index, and a list of
the scientific names of the animals and plants referred to in the text.

C. J. S. B.

The Pterophorid^e of North AMERiCA.by C H. Fernald, A.M., Ph.D., Revised Edition.
July 30th, 1898. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., 18 Post Office Square,
1 vol , 8vo, 84 pp., 9 plates.
Any one who has a copy of Professor Fernald's manual of the Orambidse of North
America will hardly need to be told that this later work is exactly what every student or
collector of the Micro-depidoptera wants, and that the way is now made easy for him
when he wishes to identify his Piume-moths and learn all that is thus far known about
the North American species. It is characterized by its author's well-known accuracy and
conciseness of statement, and is a complete monograph of the family as far as this con-
tinent is concerned. It begins with an historical account of the family in the writings of
European Entomologists and the more recent publications in America. This is followed
by short chapters on the structure, habits, early stages and systematic position of the
Plume-moths. The body of the work is taken up with descriptions of the genera and
species, including very useful synopses in each case. Three of the plates illustrate the
external anatomy and the structure of the wings, the remainder depict the genitalia of
the species. We miss, however, the exquisite coloured plates that so beautifully illus-
trated the Crambidse. We need not say more than that this is a full and entirely
satisfactory work on the Pterophoridse and that it maintains the high standard of
excellence that we now expect in the author's scientific productions.

C.J. S. B.

Agriculture, by C. C. James, 200 pp., George N. Morang, publisher, Toronto, 1898.

It has been the lot of few authors to accomplish satisfactorily what in their pref ac e
they state to have been their object as Prof. James has in preparing the 200 page
Manual of Agriculture which has lately been given to the farmers of Canada. The
author has had special opportunities, which he has made the most of, of learning not only
what was needed by the intelligent farmers of the Dominion, but what was the best way
of presenting this information to them. Both as Professor of Chemistry at the Ontario
Agricultural College and as Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Prof. James has been
brought into close contact with the leading and rising farmers of Ontario. The new
Manual will fill a decided want, which is none the less from the fact that this want may
not have been noticed by some until their attention was drawn to it by seeing how well
it has been filled.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109

The purpose of the book is "to aid the reader in acquiring a knowledge of the science
of agriculture, as distinct from the art of agriculture, that is, a knowledge of the ' why,'
rather than a knowledge of the ( how.' The science of agriculture may be said to consist
of a mingling of chemistry, geology, botany, entomology, physiology, bacteriology, and
other sciences, in as far as they have a bearing upon agriculture. The aim has been to
include but the first principles of these various sciences and to show their application to
the art of agriculture. . . . An intelligent understanding of the science underlying
the art of agriculture will add much interest to what is otherwise hard work, and as a
natural consequence, the pleasure of such work may be greatly increased."

Every day the fact is being recognized more and more that the elements of those
sciences which underlie all progress in every branch of agriculture must be taught in the
Public and High Schools of the country. Already simple nature studies and the first
steps in chemistry and geology are taught in the schools of Manitoba and Ontario, and
these studies have proved to be not only of use and attractive to the students, but a
ready means of creating a bond of sympathy between the teacher and his pupils ; more
especially has this been the case with those energetic and restless souls too often now
called " bad boys " more, perhaps, from lack of understanding or skill in management on
the part of the teacher than from a superabundance of real badness on the part of the
taught. Boys play truant because they find more to interest them outside the school
than at their desks. If therefore the things which appertain to out-of-doors can be
brought inside the schoolroom without robbing them of too much of \ their outside
flavor, they will be a sure bait to catch the attention of all bright healthy boys and girls.
Their study will arouse interest at once and the habits of concentration, power to observe
and compare, and the necessary development of the faculties of exact thought and
accurate description will be available for all other branches of study with which the
pupil is engaged.

This book may be used as a text-book in High Schools and Public Schools.*^ It
would be well indeed for Canada if its use were made compulsory in every school in the
land. The great truths laid before the reader are presented in a simple straightforward
manner intelligible to all. The subjects are so skilfully arranged and concisely stated
that a surprising amount of accurate information is given in this small octavo of 200
pages. The value of this simple knowledge to practical men is not, I believe, overstated
when I aver that if all the farmers in Canada would read this little work, as they most
certainly should, its appearance would mark an epoch in the history of the Dominion,
which would be made manifest to all by an enormous increase in the crops and wealth of
the whole country.

The scope of work is shown by the following brief epitome of subjects : Part i. treats
of the Plant, its development, structure, food and functions; Part n, Soil, its nature
and treatment; Part m., Crops of the Field ; Part iv., The Garden, Orchard and Vine-
yard; Part v,, Live Stock and Dairying; Part vi., Bees, Birds, Forests, Roads and the
Home.

In these different sections the insect and fungous enemies of crops are treated at
some length. This little volume is bound in cloth and well got up ; although some of
the illustrations are rather roughly executed, it is on the whole most excellent and for
the price, 25 cents is a marvel of cheapness. — J. F.

The Winter Food of the Chickadee, Bulletin 54, New Hampshire College of
Agriculture, by Clarence M. Weed — There is something particularly charming about
those confiding little feathered denizens of the woods which brave our cold northern
winters and stay to cheer us at a time of the year when there is so little animated life.
The Chickadee or Black capped Tit-mouse (Parus atricapillus) is at once one of the most
cheerful as well as one of the most useful of our common native winter birds. What a
bright, busy, happy sight is presented by a flock of these little friends ; for they are all
friends these little balls of black satin and grey down, they are far too busy and well
employed to waste time in fighting. Satan has a hard time of it in " some mischief
finding " for these little fellows to do, for their hands are never idle, as they hurry

110 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

through the woods, running up or around the trunks of trees or hanging head down-
wards from a slender twig, never still for more than an instant, as they peer into every
tuft of moss, every crack or cranny in the bark, along the twigs, under the bud scales of
deciduous trees or among the leaves of evergreens, talking cheerfully to themselves and
each other all the time as they carry out their useful mission in clearing the trees and
shrubs of countless insect enemies ; woe to the luckle3S caterpillar, chrysalis, spider, or
beetle which comes within the range of their sharp black eyes. Nothing comes amiss to
these insatiable hunters, from the minute, shiniog black eggs of an aphis to the fat chrys-
alis of a Oecropia Emperor Moth ; with deft blows the hard sharp beak soon penetrates
the thick silken cocoon and in a very short time the marauder is away looking for
another victim. Dr. Clarence Weed publishes in this interesting bulletin the results of
some careful investigations which he has carried out as to the winter food of the chick-
adee. He shows that more than one half of the food of this bird during the winter
months consists of insects, a large portion being in the form of eggs. Vegetation of
various sorts made up a little less than a quarter of the food, and two thirds of this
quarter consisted of the buds or bud scales which were believed to have been accidentally
eaten along with the eggs of plant-lice. These eggs made up more than one-fifth of the
entire food and formed the most remarkable element of the bill of fare. This destruc-
tion of myriads of eggs of the plant-lice which infest fruit, shade and forest trees is
probably the most important service which the chickadee renders during his winter
residence. More than 450 of these eggs are sometimes eaten by one bird in a single day
as well as the eggs of many other kinds of our most important insect enemies of the
forest, garden and orchard. Dr. Weed figures in his bulletin some twigs of various trees
upon which the eggs of insects have been deposited. Among these are represented the
egg masses of the tent caterpillars and the Fall Canker-worm, both of which are favourite
foods of these useful little birds. In addition to eggs or insects, many caterpillars and
other stages in the development of insects are destroyed. One interesting figure shows
the winter cases of a small caterpillar, closely hidden behind apple buds ; these are, in
all probability, those of the Eye-spotted Bud-moth, sometimes one of the most trouble-
some and destructive enemies of the fruit-grower. This bulletin shows much careful work
in a field which has been, to a large extent, neglected by entomologists, and Dr. Weed
should receive the thanks of all lovers of birds for the proofs which he furnishes of the
real benefits we receive from these little favorites. It was pleasing for some people to
know and most people to think that these birds were useful, but it is now possible to
prove it to all who are willing to learn. — J. F.

Scudder's Revision of the Melanopli.

One of the most important works on Entomology which has been issued by an
American author in recent years is that entitled a " Revision of the Orthopteran Group
Melanopli (Acridiidse) with Special Reference to North American Forms " by Samuel
Hubbard Scudder.* It is more important because it deals with a representative North
American group of insects whose members, between April and November, leap from our
pathway in profusion whether we stroll through open woodland, sunny meadow, or along
the roadside, and yet of whose classification and nomenclature the greatest confusion has
heretofore existed. It was only another example showing the truth of the old saying :
11 that the common things around us are those of which we are most densely ignorant."

True, of one of the members of the group, the "Rocky Mountain Locust," Melanoplu8
spretus (Thos.), more has, perhaps, been written than of any other insect on earth, yet i*
is but one of 207 of its kind which are described at length by Mr. Scudder. The other8
are scattered far and wide over the continent of North America and the descriptions of
the ninety-two species hitherto rightfully known to science were distributed through an
almost equal range of literature. No better evidence of the need of the " Revision " is
necessary than to know that after a careful examination of nearly 8,000 specimens, 7,000

*Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX., 1897, No. 1124, pp. 1-421. Plates I. -XXVI.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

of which belonged to the single geiius Melanoplus, the author has in it reduced forty-
seven supposed species to synonyms and has established eighteen new genera and des-
cribed for the first time 115 species.

With a group whose members are so closely kin as those of the Melanopli it has
heretofore been almost an impossibility for the specialist — let alone the tyro — to satisfy
his conscience as to the status of a specimen which he might have in hand. The avail-
able literature was so scattered and the different authors had seized upon so many differ-
ent characters as representing what appeared to them the most striking structural feat-
ures, that the whole mess was worse than a Chinese puzzle. By seizing upon the
variations of the abdominal appendages of the male as the most salient features showing
specific rank, and by publishing actual drawings of two different views of the male
abdomen of each of the 207 species, Mr. Scudder has done much to render possible the
ready identification of each species — a task which otherwise would have been very difficult,
owing to the size of the group and the close similarity of many of its members. Analy-
tical keys to genera, and to species wjiere the genus is not monotypic are also given, and
add much to the value of the work ; as does also the full list of localities from which each
species has heretofore been taken.

Taking into consideration its size and importance, the defects of the '■ Revision " are
very few. The one thing which the tyro will find most lacking is a glossary of the
technical terms. In a work of the kind these are necessarily numerous, and though they
may be plain to the author and to specialists, to the beginner they are often extremely
confuting. Even a figure of a typical locust with all the parts named would have been a
great aid. A tendency to multiply species can here and there be noted, as on p. 138,
where M. bivitattus is separated from M. femoratm only by the color of the hind tibiae,
which is an exceedingly variable character.

More might have been added along ecological lines, but this is a work for the future
which the student of the group can now take up with renewed energy. For before one
can write of a species he must have a name to handle it by ; something which in the case
of many of the members of this group has heretofore been lacking. Now, by using a
little care and accustoming himself to the technical terms, the student can, by the aid of
the " Revision," soon bring order out of chaos and label his Melanopli with correctness
and despatch. In conclusien, it may be said that any one who will use the work will
soon conclude that the aim of the author, " to enlarge and systematize our knowledge of
this important group as a basis for future studies," has been well and successfully accom-
plished. W. S. B.

A Text-Book op Entomology, including the Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology
and Metamorphoses of Insects, for use in agricultural and technical schools and
colleges, as well as by the working entomologist. By Alpheus S. Packard, M.D.,
Ph.D. New York : The Macmillan Company, 66 Fifth avenue. 1898. (Price $4.50.)

The book is primarily divided into three parts. Part I. being devoted to mor-
phology and physiology, Part II. to embryology, and Part III. to metamorphoses. Under
these divisions Dr. Packard treats his subject as follows : Position of insects in the ani-
mal kingdom. Relation of insects to other arthropoda. Tnsects (hexapoda). The head
and its appendages. The thorax and its appendages. The abdomen and its appendages.
The armature of insects. The colors of insects. Muscular system, Nervous system.
Sensory organs. Digestive canal and its appendages. Glandular and excretory append-
ages of the digestive canal. Defensive or repugnatorial soent glands. Alluring or scent
glands. Organs of circulation. Blood tissue. Respiratory organs. Organs of repro-
duction. Development of the egg, larva, pupa and imago. Hypermetamorphism. Sum-
mary of the facts and suggestions as to the causes of metamorphism.

The volume contains 729 pages, including a carefully prepared index, 654 figures and
numerous valuable bibliographical lists. We certainly have nothing in the way of ento-
mological literature, in this country, that will cover the field of development of insects
as will this last work of Dr. Packard. Not only the teacher and student, but the edu-
cated men and women of the world at large who may desire to know more of the anatomy,

112 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

physiology and metamorphoses of insects, will find in this work the very aid that is most
desired. With this work and some other like Comstock's Manual, any student of ordi-
nary ability can begin at the very foundation of entomology and work his way upward,
fully as easily as has heretofore been possible in zoology. The advent of this work cer-
tainly marks the trend of entomological studies in America. In future, except in some
particular groups, we are to have less species-making and more studies of the develop-
ment and transformations of those already well known in the adult stage, as well as of
their inter-relations with each other and with other organisms about them. We shall not
study dried corpses, alone, but life in connection therewith, and the -possession of pinned
specimens of the adults in our cabinets will only increaee our desire to know more of the.
problems of their existence F. M. W.

Handbook of Insects Injurious to Orchard and Bush Fruit. By Eleanor A.
Ormerod. London : Simpkin, Marshall & Co., Sept., 1898. 8 vo., 286 pp.

The excellent work which has been done for economic entomology by Miss Ormerod,
particularly in England, but also in many other parts of the world, is well known to
every one. Her valuable annual reports are eagerly looked for every year by all inter-
ested in the practical application of the study of insects for the prevention of their
injuries to crops. We have just received from this talented authoress another evidence
of her unselfish labours for the good of her countrymen. The above named volume is m
reality a compendium of the original observations made during the last twenty-one years
by Miss Ormerod and her correspondents, together with the latest results and the most
approved remedies for the various pests of large and small fruits.

As in all former publications bearing Miss Ormerod's name, the arrangement of the
subjects, for convenience of reference, the presswork and the general get-up of the volume,
bear the stamp of a most careful and tasteful masterhand. The different, fruit crops
treated of are : Apple, cherry, currant, gooseberry, medlar, nut, pear, plum, quince, rasp-
berry and strawberry. At the end is a list of the fruit crops infested by insects with
the names of the insect infestations ; the subjects are arranged alphabetically ; and after
the name of each tree or crop mentioned in the work the names of eacfc of the infestations
to which it is liable in England are classified under subordinate headings as Bark, Blos-
soms Fruit, Leaves, Shoots, Wood according to the nature of the attack. The insects
are given with their scientific and popular name and so far as possible are arranged to-
gether as to kinds, as Aphides, Beetles, Moths, etc., with the number of the page of the
detailed observation in the volume. In four instances where the pests are causes of much
mischief to several kinds of crops, the infestation appears under its own name.. These
exceptions are Earwig, Red Spider, Boot-knot Eelworm and Wasps.

Particular mention must be made of the excellence of the illustrations which seem to
be perfect types of what such illustrations should be in works on insects for the use of
practical fruitgrowers.

The Butterfly Book, a popular guide to a knowledge of the Butterflies of North

America Bv W. J Holland, D. D., Chancellor of the Western University of

$Z:;Lni ei,, Pittsburg, Pa. 'One vol. 4to. , pp. 382. [*- *3.0O

postage prepaid. Copies may be procured from the Author, or William Bnggs,

29-33 Richmond Street, West, Toronto.]

It is with great pleasure that we announce the publication of this beautiful popular

book on the Butterflies of North America Hitherto the vast number of y'oung people

who begin collecting insects have had their enthusiasm sorely chilled by their inability to

find names for their specimens and have soon given up the pursuit in despair. No*,

there need be no difficulty as far as the butterflies are concerned. In the nandsome

volumn before us there are no less than forty-eight beautiful colored plates produced by

a new process from photographic representations of specimens from the Author s cabinets

and on them are depicted over a thousand butterflies, belonging to 527 species The

colors are remarkably true to nature and a child should have no difficulty in identifying

any specimen that he may capture from the plates alone. In the letter press brief de

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113

scriptions are given first of the characteristics of the genus, in all its stages, with a wood
cut shewing the neuration, and then of each species, setting forth the colours and mark-
ings, size, &c, of the butterfly, the early stages where known and the geographical
distribution ; references are also given to the works of Edwards, Scudder and other
authors, where fuller information can be obtained. As an introduction to the work
illustrated chapters describe in a popular and interesting manner, the life-history and
anatomy of butterflies, how to capture, prepare and preserve specimens, their classification
and the principal books that have been published upon them in North America Inter-
spersed through the volume are short papers for the most part of an amusing character
in which the author varies the monotony of descriptive matter by telling some of his
experiences or relating some interesting facts regarding these beautiful creatures. W©
heartily commend the work to our readers and earnestly hope that it may become widely
distributed amongst all lovers of nature throughout North America. 0. J. S. B.

WILLIAM HAGUE HARRINGTON, F.R.S.C.

One of the excellent portraits prefixed to this volume is that of Mr. William Hague
Harrington, one of the abh st entomologists in Canada. He was born at Sydney, Cape
Breton, on the 19th of April, 1852, and received his early education first at a private
school and subsequently at the Sydney Academy, where he distinguished himself t>y close
application in all the lines of study, and particularly in mathematics. In 1870 he removed
to Ottawa and on the 30th of November of that year was appointed to a clerkship in the
Post Office Department, where he has remained ever since, gradually rising until now he
is chief clerk in the money order branch. Mr. Harrington has always been an enthusi-
astic naturalist and in 1879 he joined with his frir.nd, Dr. James Fletcher, in the forma-
tion of the Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club, and has continued to take an active interest
in it ever since. During the same year he was elected for the first time a member of the
Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and has continued to hold some office in
it ever since ; in 1884, 5 and 6 and again in 1892 he was its delegate to the Royal Society
of Canada; in 1891 Vice-President and from 1893 to 1895 President of the Society; for
some years past he has also been one of the Editing Committee of the Canadian
Entomologist.

Beginning with the year 1879, he has been a regular contributor to these Annual
Reports. Among his more important and valuable papers may be mentioned those on
Elateridse (1879), Rhyncophora — Weevils (1880), Some Fungi-Eaters (1881), Long-stings,
House-flies, Chrysomelidse (1882). Insects affecting Hickory (1883), Saw-flies (1884), Ants,
Wasps and Bees (1885), Insects infesting Maple-trees (1886), The nuptiala of Thalessa
(1887), Insects affecting willows (1889), Hymenoptera Parasitica (1890), Notes on Japan-
ese insects (1891), Uroceridre (1893), Notes on Canadian Ooleoptera (1894), Winter
insects from Swamp-moss (1895) Beetles on Beech (1896), and his Presidential Addresses
in 1893 and 4. Daring all these twenty years he has continually furnished papers of a
more technical and scientific character to the pages of the Canadian Entomologist, and
has described a considerable number of new species of Hymenoptera. His work is so
thorough and accurate that it has been awarded the highest praise by those competent to
judge.

In 1894 Mr. Harrington was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He
is now in the full maturity of his powers, and, if his life be spared, we may feel sure that
the coming years will continue to bear fruit and that Entomological Science will be
enriched by the outpouring of his accumulated stores of learning, experience and obser-
vation.

8 EN.

H4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

JOHN DEARNESS.

The other portrait at the beginning of this volume is an excellent likeness of Mr.
John Dearness, Inspector of Schools for East Middlesex, President of the Ontario Edu-
cational Association, member of the Educational Council for the Province, and from 1895
to 1897 President of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Mr. Dearness was born at
Hamilton, Ontario, in 1852, his parents having come to Canada from the Orkney Islands.
His early years were spent on a farm near St. Marys, where no doubt he imbibed in his
youthful days the love of natural history which he has cherished ever since. His primary
education was obtained at the local schools, from which he proceeded to the Provincial
Normal School ; there he greatly distinguished himself throughout the course and left
with the highest honors and certificates. He at once began his professional work as the
teacher of a cross-roads log schoolhouse in the country, but was soon promoted to be prin-
cipal of a village school and then of a town school : after a brief period in a high school
he was appointed to the important position of inspector in 1874, having gone through all
these gradations of scholastic work in the marvellously short space of three years. He
has now been performing the duties of an inspector for nearly quarter of a century, and
is also Lecturer on Botany and Zoology in the Western University of Ontario at London.
He was one of the editors of the series of " Royal Canadian Readers, and in 1896 was
appointed a member of the first Educational Council of this Province.

Though his life has been so fully devoted to educational work, Mr. Dearness has yer
found time for the practical study of natural science, especially of mycology, and has
applied his leisure hours to the formation of a collection of fungi, which is unsurpassed
in Canada, containing as it does a very large number of species new to science. For many
years he has taken a warm interest in the Entomological Society of Ontario and since
1892 has held an official position upon its Council as Director, Vice-President and Presi-
dent His addresses when filling the presidential chair have been published in these
Annual Reports and must be familiar to our readers; they treat to a large extent, as
might naturally be expected, of the educational value of natural history and the methods
bv which the study of insects can be successfully introduced into country schools. His
scientific writings, however, have consisted for the most part of papers read before the
Microscopical and Botanical Sections of the Society and have treated of toadstools and
mushrooms rather than of bugs and butterflies. Being of the same age as Mr. Harrington
and full of health and vigor, we may foim similar expectations of his future work in nis
chosen fields of both science and education. UJ •b-15-

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115

AN ACT TO FURTHER IMPROVE THE SAN JOSE SCALE ACT.

Assented to April 1st, 1899.

Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative As-
sembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows :

1. This Act may be cited as The San Jose Scale Amendment Act.

% Section 7 of The San Jose Scale Act, 1898, is hereby amended by ^^J3' 8* 7
adding the following sub-section :

(a) If, in the case of an orchard or collection of plants, the inspector finds Instruction
scale on plants located in several different parts of the orchard or collection, piant*.
and decides that it is advisable in the public interest to destroy all the plants
in such orchard or in any part or parts thereof and so reports to the Minister,
the Minister may direct that an examination or inspection shall be made by
an additional inspector, and upon their advice in writing he may direct that
all the plants in such orchard or such collection of plants or in such part or
parts thereof shall be destroyed without requiring that every plant in the said
orchard or collection shall be first examined.

3. The owner or proprietor of any nursery shall not send out or permit fumigated be-
any plant to be removed from his nursery without the same being first fumi- fore leaving
gated by hydrocyanic acid gas in accordance with regulations prescribed by nuraery-
order of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Oouncil.

4. No person shall sell or dispose of or offer for sale any plant obtained, before fum?»a-
taken, or sent out from a nursery unless the said plant has previously been tion prohibited
fumigated in accordance with these regulations.

5. In case the inspector finds scale in any nursery and so reports to the nursery-
Minister, the Minister may thereupon inform, by writing, the owner or pro- stock not to
prietor or manager of said nursery of the existence of scale in his nursery, and b®t^mJVied
the owner or proprietor or manager of said nursery shall not thereafter permit 0f Minister.
any plant or plants to be removed from the said nursery until he is notified

in writing from the Minister that the inspector has reported to the Minister
that it is safe in the public interest to permit the said nursery stock to be
removed after fumigation.

6. This Act and The San Jose Scale Act, 1898, shall be read and construed ated with 61
as one Act. V. c. 33

(For the San Jose Scale Act, 1898, see Report of 1897 )

116 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

REGULATIONS FOR THE FUMIGATION OF NURSERY STOCK.

Toronto, April 7th, 1899.

The following regulations have been prescribed by Order of the Lieutenant-Governor
in Council in accordance with the provisions of the San Jose Scale Amendment Act, passed
April 1st, 1899 :

1 Fumigation must be carried on in a box, room, compartment, or house suitable
for the purpose, which must In air-tight and capable of rapid ventilation. The owner or
proprietor will notify the Minister as soon as preparation for fumigation is complete. The
Minister will thereupon order an inspection of the fumigation appliances. No *°mJgat^n
under the Act is to be carried on until such inspection has been made and a satisfactory
report sent to the Minister.

2 The Inspector, after examining and measuring the box or house, or other com-
partment in which fumigation is to be carried on, will prescribe the amounts of material
to be used for every fumigation, and the instructions as to the same must be > carei :ul ly
followed out. The Inspector may, if thought advisable, supply the material for each f ami-
gation in weighed packages.

3. The fumigation house (which shall include all apparatus or appliances used in the
fumigation, such as generators, etc.) is to be subject to the orders of the Minister on he
recommendation of the Inspector. Subject to the approval of the Inspector the fumigation
house may be on other lots than those on which the nursery stock are growing.

4 The fumigation is to be by hydrocyanic acid gas produced according to the instruc-
tions of the Inspector and from such formulas as he prescribes for the purpose.

5 The fumigation is to be continued for a period of not less than forty- five minutes.
After the expiration of this time or longer, and when fumigation is complete, the house
is to be thoroughly ventilated for fifteen minutes at least.

6 No person is to be allowed to enter the fumigating house until after the ventila-
tion period has expired. Entering before may prove injurious, if not fatal, as the gas is
a deadly poison.

7 The fumigation of buds and scions may be done in fumigation boxes of not less
than thirty cubic feet capacity, the same to be subject to inspection and approval.

8 Immediately after inspection of the fumigation house, the Inspector will report
to the' Minister, and the Minister or the Inspector will thereupon give permission in
writing for the owner or proprietor to begin fumigation.

9. The owner or proprietor of every nursery will attach to every box and to every
package of nursery stock a certificate as follows, and he will furnish every purchaser who
so desires a copy of the same.

Certificate of Fumigation.
This is to certify that this package of nursery stock consisting of

was properly fumigated on the day of 1899, in accordance with the

regulations laid down by the Ontario Minister of Agriculture, in accordance with 62nd
Victoria, chapter 35.

INDEX.

Page.

Acronycta, species taken at Toronto . . 49

Ademonia rufosanguinea 101

JEgeria tipuliformis 47

Agriculture : C. C. James 108

Alaria florida 50

Alsophila pometaria 96

Alvinston shales, Report on 8

American frit-fly 76

Ampelophaga versicolor 103

Amputating brocade moth 76

Anemone japonica 6

Annual Address of the President , . . . 17
Annual Meeting, Entomological Soc-
iety of Ontario 3

Aphides 42, 98

Aphidius avenaphis 33

' l granariaphis 75

Aphis brassicse . , 80, 99

" mali 85, 99

* ' prunif olii 85

«« ribis 89

Aphodius inquinatus 87

" prodromus 87

Apple aphis 85, 99

Apple-tree borer . 47

Arctia acrsea 33

Army-worm 90

Ash-grey pinion moth 88

Asparagus beetle 91

Aspidiotus ancylus 86

" Forbesi 86

' ' perniciosus . . 13, 2 1 , 30, 34, 86, 104
Avian parasites 59

Bean weevil 79

Bethune, C. J. S., Articles by

105, 107, 112, 113

Black army- worm 79, 87

Blastophaga pensens 32

Blissus leucopterus 29

Blue-bottle fly 100

Bomolocha baltimoralis 50

Book notices 107

Books on insects 26, 107

Brainerd, D., Article by 70

Brefos infans 50

Brown-tail moth 72

Page.

Bruchus obtectus 79

" pisorum 77, 90

Butterflies taken in Muskoka 66

Butterfly book : Holland 27, 112

Cabbage aphis 80, 99

butterfly 30, 45, 90, 100

Cacsecia cerasivorana 88

" rosaceana 88

Calliphora vomitoria 100

Calocampa curvimacula 50

Calotenus femur-rubrum 90, 98

Canker worms 88, 96

Carneades ochrogaster 87

" scandens 87

Carpocapsa pomonella . . 30, 88

Carrot rust-fly 81

Catocala relicta 48, 66

" species taken at Toronto ... . 50

Cecidomyia destructor 76

" leguminicola 79

Celithemes Eliza 101

" eponina 102

Cherry-tree aphis 85, 99

beetle 101

" slug 85

" web-worm 88

Chickadee, Winter food of : C. M.

Weed 109

Chinch-bug 29

Chinaspis iurfurus 86

Cicada canicularis 43

" septendecim 21

" tredecim 21

Clisiocampa Americana 44, 88, 95, 101

disstria 44, 88, 95, 101

Clover-seed midge 79

Clover weevil 79, 91

Cockerell, T. D. A., Article by 104

Codling moth 30, 84, 88, 90

Colias philodice 101

Collector, The, and his relation to pure

and applied Entomology 51

Colorado potato -beetle 29, 46, 80, 90, 97

Conotrachelus nenuphar 90

Conversazione 38

Cordyceps melolonthae 76

[117]

118

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Paoe.

Corixa mercenaria 32

Corn worm 82

Cotton-boll worm 64, 82

Crampton, H. E., Experiments on

pupre 22

Crepidodera cucumeris 80

Crioceris asparagi 91

Cucullia asteroides 50

4i intermedia 50

Cucumber flea-beetle 80

Currant aphis 89

" saw-fly 44, 88, 93

" stem borer 47

Cut worms 46, 75, 81, 87

Cuscuta epithymum 3 6

Cycnia tenera 18

Dactylopius adonidum 43

Danais arohippus ,66, 101 , 102

Dearness, J., Articles by 60, 64

Debis portlandia < . , 67

Devastating dart-moth 75

Diaspis amygdali '. . 53

Dicopis Grotei 49

Diglochis omnivorus 73

Diplosis tritici 76

Dipterygia scabriuscula 49

Dodder on clover 3

Doryphora decemlineata 29, 46, 97

Election of officers 2, 7, 11, 12, 14

Elliott, R., Article by 59

Empusa aulicre 33

Entomology in schools 54

•' text-book of : Packard.. Ill

Eriocampa cerasi 85

Erythroneura, Species 89

Euchretes collaris 18

egle 19

Eudioptis hyalinata 102

Eufitchia ribearia 44

Eupelmus epicaste 77

Euprepia caja 66, 67

Euproctis chrysorrhea 72

Evans, J. D., Articles by 15, 90

Eye-spotted bud moth 88

Farmers' garden and its insect foes ... 40

Feltia venerabilis 49

Feniseca tarquinius , 66, 67

Flea-beetles 81, 89, 92

Fletcher, J., Articles by 72, 75, 108, 112

Forbes scale 86, 88

Pack.

Forbush, E. H., Article by 62"

Four-lined leaf bug 80

Fraxinus quadriangulatus 6

Freezing of insects 10S

Fruit insects 83

Fungus, a parasitic 76

Fyles, T. W., Article by 40

Galium cinereum

Gait, Geology of

Gibson, A., Articles by

Gillette, C. P., Article by

Glassy cut-worm

Gordius

Grafting lepidopterous pupte

Grain aphis

Grape-vine flea-beetle

1 ' leaf -hoppers

Grapta gracilis

44 interrogationis

4 4 progne

Graptodera chalybea

Grasshoppers

Green-fruit worms

Gypsy moth 13,

Hadena arctica

44 devastatrix

44 lignicolor

H?ematobia serrata

Hair snakes

Haltica chalybea

Harlequin cabbage bug

Harrington, W. H. , Article by

Harrisimemna trisignati

Heat and cold, effect on pique of in-
sects

Heliothis armiger 50,

Helotropha reniformis

Hessian fly

Hippobosca equina

Homalomya canicularis

Homoporus chalcidiphagus

Homoptera nigricans

Horn fly, The cattle

House flies

Hutt, H. L., Article by

Hyalopterus pruni

Hybernia tiliaria

Hydroecia appasionata

44 cataphracta

44 circumlucens

6

47. 65

104

75

68

22-

33

92

89

45

45, 89

45, 66

89, 92

90, 98
85, 88
22, 62

76
75
49
89
68
89. 92
29
87
49

25

64, 82
49
76
60
100
77
50
89
99
93
85
88
61
62
61

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

1)9

Page.

Hydroecia inqutesita 62

limpida 103

1 ' marginidens 61

" nebris 62

" nictitans 62

nitela 62

" rutila 61

Hyperaspis signata 92

Icerya purchasi 33

Insects injurious to orchard and bush

fruit : Ormerod 112

Insects of the year 1898

75, 87, 90, 91, 93, 100
International Entomology, Some

economic features of 28

Isosoma tritici 76

Joint-worm 76 .

Kellicott, the late Professor 105

Kettle Point concretions 7

Kilman, A. H., Article by 90

Lachnosterna fusca 47

Lactuca scaevola 6

Larch saw-fly 89, 94

Leaf-roller, oblique banded 88

Lecanium Fletcheri 88

Leucania unipuncta 90

Liatris cylindracea : 6

Limenitis disippus , 66

" ursula 101

Linaria minor 6

Lintner, The late Dr. J. A 106

Lithophane antennata 101

Lochhead, W., Article by 54

Lygaeus fasciatus 102

Lyman, H. H., Articles by 17, 103

Macrodactylus subspinosus 86, 90

Mamestra, species taken at Toronto. . 49

Maple Scale, The Cottony 91, 101

Maple tree borer 102

Margarodes hiemalis 104

May beetle 47

Mealy bug 43

Megalomus Canadensis 9

compressus 9

Melanopli, Revision of, Scudder 110

Melanoplus femur-rubrum 90, 98

Melissia officinalis 6

Melon moth 102

Meromyaa Americana 76

Page.

Mierocoelia diphtheroides 49

Moffat, J. A., Articles by 61, 67, 100

Monophadnus rubi , 86

Murchisonia Loganii 9

Murgantia histrionica 29

Musca domestica 99

Muskoka as a collecting ground 65

Mytilaspis pomorum 88

Myzus cerasi 85, 99

Nematus Erichsonii 89, 94

ribesii 88, 93

" ventricosus 44

Noctua fennica 79, 87

Notonecta Americana 32

Oberea bimaculata 90

Obituary notices 105

Odour of San Jose Scale 104

Olfersia Americana 59

Onion fly „ 47

Orange Scale 33

Orgyia antiqua 44

" leucostigma 44, 91

Ormerod, Miss E A., 21st Report . . 107

Orthosia ferruginoides 49

Oscinis carbonaria 76

Out-door Studies, Needham 108

Oyster shell bark-louse 88

Paleacrita vernata 96

Pamphila baracoa 51

" brettus 51

Panopoda rufimago 50

Panton, The late Professor 105

Papilio asterias 44

" brevicauda. Notes on . . 36, 45

" turnus 44, 101

Parasitism among insects 32

Pea moth 78

Pea weevil , 77 , 90

Pear tree slug , 85

Penthina nimbatana 44

Pettit, The late Johnson 105

Phorbia ceparum 47

Phragmatobia rubricosa 87

Phyllotreta vittata 81

Phytonomus punctatus 79, 91

Pieris oleracea 45

" rapse 30, 45, 90, 100

Pilocrosis ramentalis 102

Plagionotus speciosus 10

Plant lice 42, 9

120

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Page.

Plum aphis 85

k' curculio 84, 90

Plusia, species taken at Toronto 50

Poecilocassus lineatus 80

Porthetria dispar 13

Prodenia flavimedia 49

Psenocerus supernotatus 89

Psila rosre 81

Psoroptes communis 104

Pteromalus puparum . 101

Pterophoridse of North America : Fer-

nald 108

Pulvinaria innumerabilis 91, 101

Put-in Bay, celesbine grotto at 8

Putnam scale 86, 88

Pyrameis carye 51

Pyrrhia umbra 49

Ranunculus bulbosa 6

Raphia frater • . • • 48

Raspberry borer 90

saw-fly 86, 90

Eed-backed cut-worm 87

Rennie, R. W., Article by 91

Report of Botanical Section 6

k' Council 4

" Delegate to Royal Society . 15

" Geological Section 7

" Librarian and Curator .... 6

" Microscopical Section 7

' ' Montreal Branch 9

" Quebec Branch . . 12

" Toronto Branch 11

" Treasurer 16

Rhynchagrotis cupida 49

Root maggots 81, 89

Rose beetle 86 90

San Jose Scale . . .13, 21, 30, 34, 86, 104, 115

Saperda Candida 47

" punoiicollis 89

Scale insects 86, 104

Schizoneura lanigera 43

Scopelosoma ceromatica 49

" Moffatiana 49

Scurfy bark-louse 86

Page.

Seifert, Dr. O., Experiments on Pupae 25

Selandria rosa) 44

rubi 90

Semasia nigricana 78

Semiophora tenebrifera .... 49

Sheep scab-mite. Life history of 104

Siphonophora avense 33

Slingerland, M. V. , Article by 1*

Sphinx Carolina 103

" quinque maculata 69, 102

Spilosoma virginica 33

Spraying fruit-trees 83

Stable flies 100

Stomoxys calcitrans 100

Tent caterpillars 44 84, 88, 95

Tenodera Sinensis 27

Thecla Ontario 51

' ' strigosa 45

Tmetocera ocellana 88

Tobacco sphinx 103

Tomato sphinx 69, 102

Trigonophora periculosa 49

Trogus exesorius 36

Turnip aphis 8')

Tussock moth 91

Uropoda Americana 98

Vanessa Antiopa 89

Virginia creeper, Insects affecting .... 89

Webster, F. M., Articles by. ...28, 51,

104, 105, 111

Wheat joint-worm 77

" midge 76

t: stem maggot 76

White cedar Lecanium 88

" cut- worm 87

' ' grubs 47

Winn, A. F., Article by 36

Wire-worms « "

Woolly aphis 43

Xylina antennata

' « Grotei' 88

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