iiJi

■i^'^s

. REPORTS

EDIT StO WEBS' lASSOGMTION

'iUIIIlfBSIlENT STITIONS:

:PTeiOi:o@iCll SOCIETY

OF ONTARIO

,1904 ^-^^-.^'^^

THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Fruit Growers' Association

OF

Ontario

1904

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO).

PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :

Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty,

1905.

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printees,
TORONTO.

la F.G.

To the Honourable WILLIAM MORTIMER CLARK, K. C,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it Please Your Honour :

I have the pleasure to present herewith for the consideration of your
Honour the report of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, for 1904.

Respectively submitted,

NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.
Toronto, 1905.

L3J

CONTENTS.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

PAGE.

List of Officers for 1905 6

Directors' Meeting 7

President's Address : W. H . Bunting 7

Report of the Executive : P. W. Hodgetts 8

Report of Industrial Fruit Exhibit, 1904 12

Treasurer's Report 20

Report of Business Manager of the " Canadian Horticulturist" : H. B. Cowan 21

Directors' Meeting 27

My Tour Amongst Our Societies : Wm. Hunt 28

President's Address : W. H. Bunting 32

Committees 35

Report of Transportation Committee 36

Report on the '* Canadian Horticulturist " : H. B. Cowan 38

Report on New and Seeding Fruits : H. L. Hutt 40

Report on Fruits for 1904 : W. T. Macoun 42

Handling the Fruit Crop for Cold Storage : G. Harold Powell .• 46

The Trial Shipments of Fruit to Winnipeg : Prop. J. B. Reynolds 50

The Condition of our Export Trade in Canned Goods with Great Britain : W. P. Gamble. . 56

The Black Rot of Grapes in Ohio : Prof. W. Lochhead 60

Diseases of the Grape in Ontario in 1904 : W . T . Macoun 61

Latest Results from Spraying for San Jose Scale : Prof. R. Harcourt 66

Co-operative Work in 1904 70

Continuing Fruit, Flower and Honey Show 77

Fruit Growing in Quebec : J . C . Chapais 77

Fruit Conditions in Victoria County during 1904 : Thos . Beall 81

Report of Committee on Fruit Exhibit 82

The Fruit, Flower and Honey Show 84

Address : Hon . John Dryden 88

Address of Welcome : Mayor T . Urquhart 90

The Value of Flowers : C. C. James 91

What the Little Bee is Doing : Dr. James Fletcher 94

PROVINCIAL HORTICULTURAL CONVENTION.

The Planting of Home and School Grounds : Prof . H . L . PIutt 97

Interesting Young People in Horticulture : A . K . Goodman 108

Horticultural Societies : What they are Doing 112

The Agriculture and Arts Act : How it affects Horticultural Societies : H. B. Cowan 114

Best Annuals and Perennials for Cut Flowers : Roderick Cameron 118

Hardy Vines for the House and Garden : W . T . Macoun 120

What may be Sown in a Small Garden during the Season : R . B . Whyte 122

The Care of Window Plants : Wm. Hunt 126

The Relation of Birds to Agriculture : C. W. Nash 128

[5]

Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario,

Hon. President
President
Vice-President
Secretary- Treasurer

Agricultural Division iso. 1
2
3
4
5

10
11
12
13

OFFICERS FOR 1905.

W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines.

Alex. McNeill, Ottawa.

J. S. ScARFF, Woodstock.

P. W. HoDGETTs, Parliament Buildings, Toronto.

Directors.

A. D. Harkness, Irena.
- R. B. Whyte, Ottawa.
Harold Jones, Maitland.
W. H. Dempsey, Trenton.
W. RiCKARD, Newcastle.
Elmer Lick, Oshawa.
M. Pettit, Winon-a.
C. W. Vanduser, Grimsby.
H. H. Gropf, Simcoe.
A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton*
T. H. Race, Mitchell.
J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.
G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

Ontario Agricultural College : Prof. H. L. LIutt.

Honorary Directors: Thos. Beall, Lindsay; A. M. Smith, St. Catharines; W. T. Macoun,
C. E. F., Ottawa.

Auditor: J. M. Duff, Guelph.

REPRESENTATIVES TO FAIR BOARDS.
London : T. H. Race, Mitchell ; J. S. Scarfp, Woodstock.
Ottawa: R. B. Whyte, Ottawa; Harold Jones, Maitland.
Toronto: W. E. Wellington, Toronto; W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines.

COMMITTEES.

Executive : President, Yice-Presidbnt and Secretary.

Board of Control Fruit Experiment Stations: Elected by the Association: A. M. Smith,
Elmer Lick, W. T. Macoun ; G. C. Creelman, Chairman; Prof. H. L. Hutt, P. W.
IIodgetts.

New Fruits : Prof. H. L. Lu'rr, W. T. Macoun, E. Morris.

Transportation: W. H. Bunting, R. J. Graham, H. W. Dawson, W. L. Smith, E. D. Smith,
RoBT. Thompson.

Co-operation: A. E. Sherrington, Robt. Thompson, D. Johnson, E. Lick A. W. Peart,
W. D. A. Ross.

[6]

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

OF ONTARIO.

DIRECTOES' MEETING

A meeting of the Directors of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario
was held in the Parliament Buildings, Toronto, Nov. 16th, 1904, at 4 p.m.
President W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, presided, and the following
gentlemen were present :

A. D. Harkness, Irena; R. B. Whyte, Ottawa; A. E. Shcrr'ington,
Walkf^rton; M. Petitt, Winona; G. C. Caston, Craighurst; A. M. Smith,
St. Catharines; Thos. Beall, Lindsay; Alex. McNeill, Ottawa; W. T.
Macoun, C. E. F., Ottawa; Elmer Lick, Oshawa; J. L. Hilborn, Leaming-
ton; W. H. Dempsey, Trenton; Prof. H. L. Hutt, O.A.C., Guelph; E. Mor-
ris, Fonthill; Harold Jones, Maitland; H. B. Cowan, Toronto; J. S. Scarff,
Woodstock; and Secretary-Treasurer P. W. Hodgetts, Parliament Build-
ings, Toronto.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

The meeting of the directorate of the Provincial Association has taken
place infrequently, owing to the widely separated condition of , our residences,
and in the past, as far as my recollection is concerned, there has been a
good deal of work required to be condensed into a very short time. I think,
perhaps, this is one of the weaknesses of the Provincial Association, that it
is not possible for the directors to get together, more frequently and talk
over important matters that ought to be discussed by this Board.

We are to-day, it seems to me, on the verge of what ought to be a very
important era in the Provincial Association and its affairs, and no doubt
the matters that will be brought to your attention will require your most
serious consideration. It will be necessary to be very careful about making
any change in our procedure or in the affairs of our Association unless we
are quite sure these changes will be for the benefit of all concerned.

I am glad to see so many directors present to-day, and am pleased to
welcome you to the meeting in Toronto. I trust our stay together here
will be of such a nature that we will return to our homes feeling well re-
paid for our visit to Toronto this time. We have not only learned some-
thing ourselves, and had a certain amount of pleasure, but we will be aoie
to return to our homes enthused with higher ideals of our occupation and
with more determined effort, individually, to push the Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario in our immedate district.

The secretary read the minutes of the last Directors' Meeting, which,
on motion of Thos. Beall, seconded by Alex. McNeill, were confirmed.

[7]

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE.
By p. W. Hodgetts, Secretary, Toronto.

The work of the Association was carried on by Mr. Creelman, as Sec-
retary, during December, 1903, and January, 1904. About the first of
February Mr. Creelman left Toronto to take up his new position as Presi-
dent of the Ontario Agricultural College, and by direction o'f the Executive,
I was appointed to act as Secretary-Treasurer for the balance of the year.
Mr. Creelman had left the work in good shape, and as I had charge under
him of all matters in connection with the Association before his resigna-
tion, I was quite familiar with the worK. All matters of importance were
submitted to the Executive, and I found both Mr. Bunting and Mr. Mc-
Neill always willing to lend me their assistance even during their busiest
seasons.

As in the past, I have embodied in this report material which, while
important enough for printing in the annual proceedings of the Association,
is already somewhat familiar to the directors. This I will not touch upon
here. The work of the Association during the year has been somewhat
along the same lines as in former years. Owing to the scarcity of funds,
little new work has been undertaken, and up to the present, the "Horticul-
turist" has required the balance of the grant left after paying the ex-
penses of the annual convention, and the running expenses of the Associa-
tion during the year. Should the ^'Horticulturist ' come under separate
management, the Executive hope next year to launch out into new lines
of work as outlined by the incoming directorate. With the formation of
a separate Association to undertake the work of the Horticultural Societies,
the efforts of this Association may be more largely directed toward assisting
the fruit interests purely of the Province. In the past, our energies have
been divided, and the time of the Executive has been largely taken up in^
deciding matters relative to the Horticultural Societies, and our official
organ "The Horticulturist". It has been felt in some quarters that the
Fruit Growers' Association is not doing what it should to look after the
commercial interests of the ever-increasing fruit trade of Ontario. Statistics
of the Bureau of Industries show that of 10,651,607 apple trees in Ontario
3,456,053 of them are not yet in bearing. The same proportion holds good
in most of the other fruits. Already many of our markets are glutted at
certain seasons of the year, and with new orchards coming into bearing
every year, the prospect will not improve unless new markets are opened
up, better judgment exercised over the disposition of the crop, and better
methods of handling the crop between the grower and the consumer adopted.
In these directions, ample opportunity is afforded our Association to bene-
fit the fruit growers ol the Province at large in the years to come.

PREMirMS.

The premiums sent out from year to year by the Association have been
a source of annoyance, not only to the Secretary but in many cases to the
members who receive the same. Their value is questionable, for while
some esteem them highly, others do not consider them worth the trouble
of planting. As the money at our disposal is not sufficient to supply first-
class specimens of plants or new choice varieties of fruits, we have been
compelled to distribute of late years ornamentals, even these not always be-
ing first-class.

1904

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

This year, I am glad to be able to report, we have received very few
complaints from our members in regard to the premiums sent out. The
roses supplied by Morris & Wellington were quite up to expectation, and
Campbell Bros, sent out good gladiolus bulbs of GroS's well-known strains.
Some of the Secretaries' reports are quoted here : —

**I beg to say the Premiums sent out by 1;he Association are in every
respect, as far as I can learn, most satisfactory."

"In regard to the bulbs sent out I may say that they were well packed,
and arrived in good condition, and as far as I have heard have given satis-
faction. I have heard nothing said unfavorable to them; but I have heard
many speak in praise of them, so I consider they were a decided success."

"The roses were received in good condition, and so far I have nol: re-
ceived any complaints."

"I am pleased to inform you that the bulbs arrived in good condition,
being nicely packed, and as far as I have heard they have given entire
satisfaction."

The question as to the advisability of continuing the sending out of
these plants is one for instant consideration at the hands of the directorate.
This year the Association spent f 349. 53 in this way and in 1903, |237.31.
In previous years, the sums have been even larger: 1901, |481.11; 1900,
1533.79; 1899, $560.68. The use of such a large sum of money in this way
is worthy of special report to the Association while in session this year,
and the matter should be settled definitely so that plans could be made a
couple of years in advance. Nurserymen complain that it is almost im-
possible to have in stock such large numbers of plants of any one or two
varieties within a year.

Local Fruit Geovters' Associations.

Orchard meetings of the same general character of other years were
held again this year. Below you will find a list of the R\e series of meetings
held in different sections of the Province : —

Division 1.— Delegate, A. McNeill, Chief Fruit Division; J. L. Hilborn,

Leamington.

Stoney Creek March 14

Giimsby

Beamsville

Jordan Station

St Davids

St. Catharines
Queenston

15
16
17
18
19
21

Pelham March 22

FonthiU ...

Marshville

Dunnville

Ridgeway

Ancaster ..

Burlington

23
24
25
26
28
29

Division 2. — Delegates, A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton; P. J. Carey, Fruit

Division, Ottawa.

Olinda March 21

Kingsville .,
Rii th ven ....
Leamington
Chatham ...

Exeter

Zi:rich

Goderich . . . ,
Blyth

April

22
23
24
25
29
30
31
1

Brussells

Lucknow

April 2

'' 4

Kincardine

Teeswater

Mildmay

'' 5

'' 6

" 7

Walkerton

" 8

Arkona

'' 9

Lncan

Port Elgin

Tara

'' 11

'' 12

" 13

01

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

Division 3. — Delegate, G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

St. Vincent March 28

Meaford " 29

Clarksburg " 30

Stayner " 31

Duntroon April 1

Everett April 3

Pcnetanguishene '' 4

Apto " 5

Churchill '' 6

Orillia April 26-28

Division 4. — Delegates F. J. Barber, Georgetown; Mr. Scriver, Fruit

Division, Ottawa.

North Williamsburg March 24

Chesterville '' 25

Winchester " 26

Kemptville March 28

Merrickville " 29

Belleville April 2

Division 5. — Delegate, A. E. Sherrington, Walkertori.

Forest . .
Thedford
Goderich

May 3

4
5

Seaforth May 6

Paisley " 7

In the Niagara District, combined meetings were held with the Niagara
District United Fruit Growers' Association, and Messrs. McNeill and Hil-
born report splendid attendance and great interest at every point. Upon
request of Mr. Morris, a number of meetings were held at places in Wel-
land, a promising district which has been somewhat neglected in the past.

The more northerly counties were visited by our Director Mr. Caston,
who attended meetings in the counties of Simcoe and Grey. Messrs. Sher-
rington and Carey together looked after the centre and western portion of
the Province, visiting the counties of Bruce, Huron, Lambton, Kent, Essex
and Elgin, and held nineteen meetings. Mr. Sherrington reports that
where the local advertising was well done, the meetings were well attended
and great interest was shown. At some places night meetings were held
where a number could be gathered together to talk over fruit matters ^'n
general. The organization of the Farmers' Institutes was called into ser-
vice wherever available, but in some cases where local Fruit Growers'
Associations existed, the Institute looked upon the other Associations as
coming into competition with it for members, and were chary in aiding
it to any great ex!tent. Owing to this rivalry it would perhaps be as well
to allow these Fruit Institutes or orchard meetings to be arranged by the
Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes, and in this way overcome any local
jealousy.

In the letters sent out to the fruit men in the various parts of the Pro-
vince, inviting them to write for permission to hold local meetings, special
mention was made of the organization of co-operative associations. Several
such associations were formed, particularly in the sections visited by Mr.
Sherrington. Owing to the importance of this work, your Executive de-
cided to arrange for a special session at the time of the Annual Convention
to discuss this co-operative work in 1904 and invited the representatWes
from the different Assocations to attend and give short addresses on some
special features of their work.

ToiiONTo National Exhibition.

To this Association is due the liberal increase in the 1904 fruit prize
list of the Industrial. The members of your committee appointed in Leam-

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 11

ington a year ago spent considerable time in revising the prize list, cutting
out undesirable varieties, and inserting new ones of merit. The Committee
was greatly indebted to Mr. W. H. Dempsey, who spent a day in Toronto
last January looking over the lists with the members of the committee.
The following recommendations were made to the fruit committee of the
Exhibition : —

1st. The adding of new varieties as follows: —

Apples : Bailey Sweet, Benoni, Boiken, Canada Red, Charlemolf,
Chenango, Cranberry, Fallawatet, Fall Jennetting, Holland Pippin,
Jonathan, Kentish Fillbasket, Lawver, Louise, Milwaukee, North Western
Greening, Newton Pippin, Pome Beauty, Salome, Scott's Winter, Seek-
No-Further, Stark, Shiawassee, Sweet Bough, Tolman, Trenton, Wealthy,
Windsor Chief. All of these were adopted except Benoni, Charlemoff,
Chenango, Fall Jennetting, Jonathan, Lawver, Louise, Pome Beauty, Sweet
Bough, Trenton, Wealthy and Windsor Chief.

Pears : Commice, Gilford, Lawson, Triumph. Only one, Gifford, was
added.

Flums : Chabot, Glass Seedling, Hudson Piver Purple Egg, Italian
Prune, Ogon, Red June, Saunders and Shira. Of these the first four were
added.

Peaches : Chairs Choice, Champion, Globe, Niagara, Late Rare Ripe,
Reeve's Favorite, these last two being cut out.

Grapes: Only one addition was asked for, viz., Woodruff, but was
not added.

Quinces : Two varieties were named. Orange and Champion, and both
were added.

Crabs : Six varieties were named instead of a general collection as
in previous years. These were all adopted.

2nd. In addition to naming new varieties, a number of old and useless
varieties were suggested to be cut off. This was done in every case.

3rd. Increases in a large number of the prizes were recommended
and adopted to the extent of over |200.

4th. Twenty-three sections were asked for, prizes to be awarded to
commercial packages, including the barrel and box for apples, box and
basket for pears, and baskets for plums and peaches. Substantial cash
prizes were suggested in each case. All of these sections were added, but
the silver medal was substituted in the apple and pear sections for the cash
prize, and this doubtless had some deterring effect on the entries this year.

5th. Three sections were asked for and added in the grape list for the
heaviest bunch of white, black and red grapes.

6th. A special Was added at our suggestion for a decorative centre
piece, consisting of mixed varieties of Canadian grown fruits, varieties not
necessarily named. No entries were made in this section at the 1904 ex-
hibition, but we hope that it will be retained another year.

7th. Names of varieties such as King of Tompkins County, Souvenir
du Congress, etc., were in as many cases as thought necessary, much sim-
plified. The same rule was followed in preparing the prize lists for the
•present Show.

Notwithstanding the promises of the Exhibition Board in 1903, the
new building for the fruit and flowers did not materialize, so that your
comniittee were not called upon for suggestions in its planning. Further
promises for 1904 have been given, and we hope to see a new building reac^y
for the fall of 1905. Your Executive have been already asked for sugges-

12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

tions in connection with the same. 2\. large building is being planned tj
hold the exhibits of fruit, flowers, vegetables, grains and roots, with a
central lecture room for demonstrations as in the present Dairy Building
The building is to cost |55,000. The City Council is to be asked to submit
a by-law to the ratepayers at an early date, when the question will be settled
for another year.

REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL FRUIT EXHIBIT, 1904.

On entering the fruit building at the Toronto Fair this year, one was
struck with the difference between this year's exhibit and that of 1903. Three
of the long tables were empty, only half the space allotted to the Ontario Fruit
Experiment Stations was occupied by their exhibit, and many specimens of
grapes and pears in the main exhibits were undersized and spotted. Of the
present season's crop in Ontario, the exhibit is in many ways fairly represen-
tative. The severe winter and cool, wet summer has had a depressing effect
on the minds of many a fruit grower. The peach orchards in the western
peninsula suffered severely and practically no peaches will be shipped from
that section again for some years. Some of these growers, profiting by last
winter's freeze-out, are going to try again. They hope that by a careful use
of cover-crops, the freezing of the roots may be prevented. Many had no
cover-crops whatever last fall, and as the soil in that section is very light the
ground froze deeply, thus destroying the roots. In many cases the trees came
out into leaf and even blossomed biit then died ott*.

The growers of the Niagara peach belt fared better than their western
friends, losing perhaps, on an average about 10 per cent, of their trees. The
crop on the orchards remaining will be of good quality and ranging from 25
to 40 percent, of the bumper crop of 1903. The fruit is considerably later in
ripening than last year, and the exhibit is hardly as attractive as usual owing
to this lateness. Varieties that were fit for exhibition this time in September
of last year are still small and immature.

Of course the prizes in the peach classes all go to the Niagara District,
none of the western growers making any attempt to compete. Ed. Freel, of
Niagara-on-the-Lake, took the bulk of the first prizes among the single varie-
ties, with T. G. Bunting, of St. Catharanes, a close second in nearly every in-
stance. These same names figure also in the peach collections, with Freel
Bros, first and Bunting second. This is but. the second year that young
Bunting has exhibited at Toronto, and his success in so many of the fruits is
well deserved. He is a son of Mr. W. H. Bunting, the president of the On-
tario Fruit Growers' Association, and a well-known fruit grower in St. Cathar-
ines.

Apples.

The apples were, as usual, a good exhibit and for the season, very attrac-
tive. Of course, the winter varieties are still lacking full size and color, and
it is a question if the apple men would not like the exhibition directors to
choose dates at least a week later in order that their fruits might reach a more
mature condition.

The reports from western growers present as to the condition of the apple
crop are very favourable ; good crops of fine clean fruit being the rule, but no
buyers offering more than 60 cents on the tree. The only salvation for the
growers in such sections is to organize local co-operative associations such as
are at present working quite successfully at Walkerton, Goderich, and Forest.

ly04 *^ FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 13

One large grower in Halton reports about 50 per cent, of last year's crop,
fruit good size and clean. Certain varieties winter killed badly and among
these were some of our supposedly hardy varieties. The Baldwin specially
came in for criticism from numerous growers. One orchardist from Prince
Edward reported that even some of his Ben Davis were killed. All agree that
the past winter was the most destructive to trees that they had experienced in
many years.

In speaking of markets, one large shipper mentioned that on the whole,
the Montreal market had proven the most remunerative in the many years
he had shipped both east and west. The present glut in Winnipeg will be
disastrous to many, and may prevent many shipments being made in that di-
lection this fall. The fruit inspector at Winnipeg reports that the goods ar-
riving from Ontario are good stock. However, the poor prices still hold de-
sijite the fine fruit, and many will not try the market again for some time.

The apple exhibit helped in many ways to make up for deficiencies in
other fruits. The awards here were more evenly distributed than in any
ether class of fruit and evidently a greater interest is being taken in the apple
than ever before. Harry Dempsey and J. F. Dempsey divided honors for
first prizes fairly evenly, with Henry Marshall, of Hamilton, a close third.
The name of Dempsey must be closely associated with the apple as besides the
exhibits mentioned above, over half of the fruit shown in the Experiment Sta-
tions Exhibit bore the same name. Prince Edward has been well advertised
as a good apple-growing county by the Dempsey boys.

Among the others who shared in the awards in the apple classes were S.
D. Ferminger, of St. Catharines; Bunting and Merritt, of the same town; W.
P. Peck, of Albury; Guthrie, and Onderdunk, of Eednerville. The latter
also got second in the large collection of 40 varieties of apples, with Harry
Dempsey first and Marshall, of Hamilton, third.

Plums.

All growers report a scarce crop. The exhibit is smaller than usual, but
with some fairly choice specimens of both European and Japan varieties.
The scale has wrought havoc in the plum orchards of the Niagara District and
in the vicinity of St. Catharines has reduced the usual output by many thou-
sands of baskets. Titterington, of St. Catharines has a heavy crop of Japans
showing fine clean fruit on an orchard subject to scale. Spraying with lime-
sulphur is proving the salvation of more than one fruit grower.

In the collection of plums, Pobert Cameron, of Homer, won all three first,
with Ferminger, of St. Catharines, second in two classes and the other honours
divided between Stewart, of Homer, and Bunting and Glass, of St. Cathar-
ines. In the plate exhibits, the same names are prominent with Ferminger
leading in most varieties.

Pears.

Pears are about up to the average. The crop is later by a week at least
than last year, resulting, in some varieties, in undersized fruit. Bartletts are
reported to be a good crop. Much fire blight is mentioned as occurring in the
Grimsby section.

The competition in the pear classes while keen, was confined to about six
large exhibitors. Ferminger, of St. Catharines, carried off most of the firsts
with Marshall, of Hamilton, second in honours and Bunting and Glass, of St.

14 THE REPORT OF THE * No. IG

Catharines and Pillow, of Canandaigua, N.Y., dividing the remainder. G.
H. Wild, of Hamilton also succeeded in getting a number of firsts and won
second in the collection of fifteen varieties.

Grapes.

These are again an attractive exhibit though in many cases, owing to the
late season, the berries are green and the bunches irregular. All the growers
report a splendid crop despite the inroads of the black rot which has destroyed
from 10 to 25 per cent, of the fruit, especially of the Niagara variety. The
Ontario Department of Agriculture is now at work on this troublesome dis-
ease, and it is expected that next year the growers will have more informa-
tion at their command and be able to hold it in check. Speaking to a num-
ber of grape growers on Tuesday, Prof. Macoun, of the C. E. F., Ottawa, said
that the damage is done early in the season from the spores which have lived
through the winter, and which attack the young growing shoots early in the
season. The first sprayings with, 3 or 4 lbs. copper sulphate to the barrel
are the most important. The aim should be to prevent the spores from se-
curing an entrance to the young tissues from whence they spread inside to
the fruit and leaves.

F. G. Stewart, of Homer, swept the lists in the grape exhibits, winning
first in the three collections and in over a dozen of the single varieties. Fer-
minger and Broderick, of St. Catharines, also did well, while John Cham-
bers, of Toronto, won most of the firsts for grapes grown under glass. The
first prize for the variety, Winchell (Green Mountain), was awarded to W.
M. Robson, of Lindsay, rather a peculiar matter, considering the section in
which they were grown.

Special Exhip.its.

Only one entry was made for the best display of fruits from any associa-
tion or institute and this was made under the name of A. D. Broderick, of
St. Catharines.

Under the Fruit Experimental Station Exhibit, which was in charge of
A. M. Smith, of St. Catharines, was displayed a number of varieties of ap-
ples from Harold Jones, of Maitland, Dempsey of Trenton, and apples and
pears from Peart, of Burlington. Jones' specialties, the Fameuse class, were
sho'wn to srood advantage in the varieties, Brorkville Beauty, Snow (Fam-
euse), Mcintosh and Scarlet Pippin. The St. Lawrence Yalley certainly
can excel in this type.

Dempsey showed some fine Spy, Alexander, Trenton, Duchess and
others. Peart made a good show of pears, including all the old favourites.
His Duchess, Astrachan and Sweet Bough apples were also fine specimens.
A novel fruit was a plate of Japan walnuts, grown by Mr. A. M. Smith, in
St, Catharines, and fruited for the second time since planting.

Packages.

Probably the beat features in the fruit department are the classes for
fruit in packages ready for the market or for export, These include both
barrel, box and basket packages, with special specification, 10 by 11 by 20
in. for the box. This is the standard size adopted last year by the British
Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Associations. The com-
petition this year was not keen, honours being divided about equally be-

1904

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

15

tween. Ihinung, of St. Catharines, and Stewart, of Homer. Tlie barrel
class was not touched as the award, silver medal, would hardly pay for the
work entailed in gelling up an exhibit.

The judge in these classes, Mr. Alex. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Divi-
sion, Ottawa, made some interesting remarks in giving his awards. Some
of the boxes shown were, he considered, packed hardly high enough and
should have been coned somewhat toward the middle of the face, so that an
even pressure would come on all parts of the contents. The arrangement
of the apples will depend on their size, some packers facing stem up, others
showing the sides. In mi Ling the award on the pears in baskets, the medal
was given to Stewart, of Homer, who showed ithe 11 qt. basket with the
ortlinary frame cover. The other package entered was packed high with
fruit and the leno sewn on. While in appearance the latter was preferable,
still it could not be shipped to advantage in thai form and was therefor^
ruled out. This educative feature of the exhibition was extremely inter-
esting to the piaciical growers present, and the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association intend to make this one of the main features of their big show
at the Granite Itink, Toronto, in November.

Horticultural Societies.

As you will notice by the programme prepared for the week, the ques-
tion of forming a Provincial Association of Horticultural Societies has al-
ready been discussed by representatives from nearly all the Societies in the
Province. Several years ago, the Fruit Growers' Association
feeling that the Horticultural Societies were in many cases not
doing the work they were expected to do when organized, decided to ren-
der them all the assistance in their power. With this object in view, your
Executive prepared a set of rules for those Societies that desired to amal-
gamate with the Association. Under these rules, the Provincial Associa-
tion promised to send once a year, a competent lecturer to address the mem-
bers of each Society upon some horticultural topic, the travelling expen-
ses of the lecturer to be paid by the Provincial Association, while the local
Society was to entertain him while in their midst. Further, members of
the affiliated Societies were to receive the Canadian Horticulturist, the an-
nual report of the Fruit Growers' Association, and the yearly premiumta
distributed to its members. In return, this was to cost the members of the
affiliated Societies 80c per member. Many of the Societies accepted this offer
up to the year 1902, with the result that there was a great awakeninjg
^mong their officers and members, who were stirred up by the enthusiasm
of such lecturers as Thos. Beall, Jas. Scaff, T. H. Eace, Wm. Hunt, A. M.
Smith and others.

The work as carried on in former years was continued in March and
April of this year. Below will be found a list of the meetings as arranged :

Division L— Delegate: Wm. Hunt, 0. A. C, Guelph.

Cardinal March 16

Picton '' 17

Stirling " 18

Millbrook " 21

Lindsay March 22

Midland " 24

Clarksburg " 25

Owen Sound '' 29

16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Division 2. — Delegate : T. H. Race, Mitchell.
Hespeler March 15 ! Kincardine March 30

Port Dover " 21

Simcoe " 22

Cayuga ' ...... " 23

St. Catharines " 24

Grimsby " 25

Niagara Falls " 28

AyJmer " 29

Tillsonburg " 30

Newmarket " 6

Eiora " 7

Seaforth " 8

Strathroy ... April 11

Woodstock *' 12

Elmira " 15

Walkerton May 3

The reports as sent in by Mr. T. H. Race and Mr. Hunt evidenced
great activity in the majority of Societies. Wherever the offices were held
by competent and interested men, the Societies as a whole were accomplish-
ing much in the way of improving not only the private grounds and resi-
dences of the cities and towns, but also the public buildings, streets and
parks. I have attached below Mr. Hunt's report on the Societies he visited
and the work he suggested they 'should take up during 1904. Many of
these plans have since been carried out, and at a large number of places
the Societies held Floral Exhibitions, where the main feature was the ex-
hibits of plants grown from seed distributed by the Society in the Spring,
not only to members of the Association, but to school children and others.

Owing to the many questions of importance arising in connection with
the Horticultural Societies, it has been felt desirable that they should fol-
low the example of the Agricultural Societies and form a separate Provin-
cial Association, with the object of being better able to decide upon these
important questions. Just what bearing this will have upon the relation
between our Association and those Societies that were affiliated with us, it
would be well to discuss at this time.

It is likely that many of the Societies will cease to affiliate with your
Association. The arrangement of lecturers will be conducted through the
new Association and the Societies will naturally look upon it as the parent
Society. The sending of the Horticulturist to all affiliated members will
rest upon the price at which the paper will be offered by an independent
Company to both Horticultural Societies and your Association. Many of
the Societies object strongly now to the rate of 80c per member, but your
Association could hardly reduce the rate unless receiving the paper at a
much lower rate from the publishing Company.

Association Before Eailv^ay Commission.

Under this heading • I mean to touch but briefly on the appearance
before the Railway Commission of the representatives of your Association.
A full report of the excellent showing they made there will be given to-
morrow morning by the Chairman of the Transportation Committee. When
the Commission acceded to the request of Mr. W. L. Smith to appear in Tor-
onto to hear the grievances of the Fruit Growers, your Executive was urged
to bring as strong a deputation of fruit men to Toronto as possible. Owing
to the financial state of the Association, it was found impossible to bring as
many here as desired. Fortunately, however, .*the men selected "by ihfi
Committee made out a clear case against the railways in so many instan-
ces that the Commission took a most favorable view of their case, with the
result that many of the complaints of the Fruit Growers were remedied.
Mr. W. H. Gregory, a lawyer who had given a great deal of time to the

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 17

consideration of questions of this nature, was retained by the several Asso-
ciations to act as legal adviser. Tlie total cost to the Association only
amounted to |20.00, which sum would be saved in sending a single car of
mixed fruits to the Northwest under the new rates as enforced by the com-
mission.

There are still many vexatious questions to be settled, and the Asso-
cation should select as strong a committee as possible for the coming year,
giving them full license to spend whatever sums are necessary to the proper
carrying on of the work.

Canadian Horticulturist.

Several important changes have been made in the management of the
official organ of the Association during the year. At the last annual
meeting Mr. Creelman made some suggestions along this line, and intimated
that he would be able to secure the services of a first-class newspaper man
with a wide experience at a reasonable figure to the Association. This mat-
ter was therefore left in the hands of your Executive to decide as they
should see fit during the year. The gentleman to whom I refer, Mr. H. B.
Cowan, met your Executive in January, and again in February at \h.e
time of the meeting of the Fairs Association. At the later date, owing to
Mr. Creelman accepting the offer of the Presidency of the O.A.C,,theway
was opened to bring Mr. Cowan to Toronto. He was appointed to the posi-
tion of Superintendent of Fairs and Exhibitions, and by your Executive
as business manager of the Horticulturist, which latter position he took up on
the 22nd of March. Mr. Cowan has devoted much of his time and energy
to that date to working up the advertising and improving the matter con-
tained in the paper. His success has been notable, especially in the adver-
tising, a question which has troubled your Executive a great deal in the
past. No great departures have been made in fhe general appearance,
magazine form, etc. of the paper, owing largely to the cost. Owing, also,
to the season when Mr. Cowan took charge very little could be done in the
way of increasing the circulation, a very viial question in the liffe off
every Magazine.

In the financial statement which I have placed in your hands, you will
notice that I have certain accounts which run only to May, and are then
placed under the one heading of Horticulturist. These are commission,
advertising, fees, etc. After that date Mr. Cowan kept separate books for
the Horticulturist and paid all accounts in connection with the same ex-
cept that of printing. He turned over to me during October and Novem-
ber the balances he had on hand with which to pay for the printing of the
Magazine.

Shipments to Winnipeg.

1 mention these shipments here because many of the members of your
Association were interested in the fruit sent out in the cars from Grimsby
and St. Catharines. Your Secretary was present at both places, and ob-
served the condition of the fruit on arrival at the station,si, method of pack-
ing the fruit, arrangement of packages in the cars, etc. Owing to the un-
satisfactory condition of the trade in the west for Ontario fruit, the Ontario
Department of Agriculture felt that special investigation was necessai*iy
into the condition at both ends and also in transit. Prof. Reynolds was
detailed for this work, and has already given a brief report of this in the

2 FG.

18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Horticulturist. It has been deemed sufficiently important, however, that
Prof. Eeynolds has/ been asked to report verbally, and at greater lengtii
before the Association on Thursday afternoon.

This question of improving our western market is one of very great im-
portance to the Ontario fruit grower. The population of the country from
North Bay west to the mountains and north as far as habitable has already
increased a hundred fold in a few years, and with the building of a second
transcontinental railway and the consequent opening up of new territory
to the settler, the market there will be more valuable than the home market
in. Ontario. The westerner buys liberally and always of the best. The last
fact is significant. One agent, representing large interests among British
Columbia fruit growers;, stated to me that of over four hundred retailers he
had visited in Manitoba and the territories this year, not one had asked for
a lower grade of apples than No. 1 or xxx.

British Columbia and the Western States are making great efforts to
capture this valuable market, and believe they have already succeeded in
doing so. Their fruit is better packed, and arrives in finer condition than
the Ontario fruit. This is largely due to the use of more suitable packages.
Much of our Ontario fruit is shipped in flimsy baskets, piled high in the
cars and close together for support, with the result that the fruit is bruised
and squeezed by the packages and heated by the close packing. Dealers m
the west have complained to such a great extent that Ontario fruit '.as W
whole has a bad reputation there, and the Department of Agriculture felt
it a necessity to investigate the matter at once. Your Executive feel that
the matter should not be allowed to drop, but that further efforts should
be put forth along the same lines either by the Department in co-operation
with the association or by the Association itself. The incoming Directo-
rate should make it a matter for discussion before dispersing for the year,
and take some action in regard to it.

Annual Report.

We have again to report that the fates were against the early issue of
the annual report of the Association. The matter was in shape and in the
hands of the printers before the end of March. The galley and page proof
had been read and corrected by the Secretary^ and the plates were all at
the press, when they were destroyed by the big fire in the wholesale dis-
trict of Toronto on the night of April 19th. The whole matter had to be
reset, and the proof read again, with the result that the report only reached
the Department for distribution in October.

The bound volumes of the Horticulturist sent out to the Directors suf-
fered also in the same fire. Over 60 volumes were destroyed at the binders,
along with the expensive plate for the cover. Some difficulty was experi-
enced in replacing these volumes, and a great deal of annoyance was caused
to members who had sent in their numbers early in the year to be bound.
A second fire in the same company's premises during the summer delayed
matters, though the volumes were fortunately saved. They finally reach-
ed the Secretary's office last week, and the Directors will receive their
copies at an early date.

Fruit Exhibition. Preparation of Prize List, etc.,

When your Secretary at Leamington brought up the matter of a fruit
show in Toronto in connection with the annual meeting of the Association,

1904- FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 19

it was left with the Executive to adopt any measures they might think nec-
essary and communicate with the Directors by letter. A joint meeting of
the fruit, flower, and honey representatives was finally arranged for, and
your Association was represented by W. H. Bunting, A. McNeill, Jas.
Scarff, Murray Pettit, Wm. Eickard, W. L. McKinnon, and the Secre-
tary. The results of the meeting were made known to the Directors hyi
letter and through the Horticulturist. A meetinc of the fruit representa-
tives was held earlier at which the estimate of expenses previously drawn up
was thoroughly discussed and agreed upon. Two committees were appoin-
ted, one consisting of Messrs. Bunting, Dawson,, White, Collinson, and the
Secretary to solicit subscriptions towards the prize list, and the other con-
sisting of Messrs. McNeill, M. Pettit, Cowan and the Secretary to^ pre-
pare the prize list. This soliciting committee met in July and interviewed
a number of the fruit commission merchants, express companies, and two
of the steamboat companies, and secured |96 towards the prize lists. The
Prize List Committee met at the Secretary's' office and drew up a draft
prize list based largely on Mr. W. L. McKinnon's classification. This
preliminary prize list was submitted to the Directors, and from their sug-
gestions, as far as the finances of the Association w^ould allow, the final
prize list was arranged. A few necessary changes were afterwards made
by the Secretary, and a set of rules for the guidance of exhibitors were
drawn up. Several meetings of the Executive were held during the sum-
mer to discuss questions of importance arising in connection with the exhi-
bition. The matter of paying transportation charges on all exhibits was
finally settled by adopting the rule that all prize fruit should become the
property of the Association. By the sale of this fruit, it is hoped that the
Association will be repaid to a certain extent for the cost of transporting
exhibits.

Several meetings of the general committee were held from time to time
at which a great number of details were finally settled and committeeis
were appointed. Your Secretary succeeded in getting from the advertising
committee nine pages of advertising space at a slight advance of the cost.
Four of these pages were used in giving advertising notices to those whd
contributed towards the prizes, while the remaining five were sold at thle
regular rates and netted the Association a considerable sum.

At the su^jgestion of Mr. Cowan a joint programme was issued with the
Bee-Keeper's Association, the Fruit Growers' Association and the proposed
Association of Horticultural Societies. Though the individuality of the
Association was thus decreased, it was felt better in every way to combine
to save expense. The holding of the meetings away from the show was
thought to be detrimental to the attendance at both, but it. was rendered
necessary by a lack of a suitable room in either of the buildings chosen for
the show.

The prize list was late in being sent out, with the result that many of
the earlier varieties of apples and pears had been packed and shipped by
those who might have exhibited. As a whole, however, the classes have
been fairly well filled and some 240 entries were received.

The Secretary, in commenting on the Show, said they were very much
disappointed in the exhibits of implements, as they could not get the firms
' who manufactured implements to make a display with them, but as far as
the exhibits of fruit were concerned he thought they were to be congratu-
lated.

20

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

Alex. McNeill moved that the Secretary's report be received for dis-
cussion, and in doing so said he wished to bear testimony to the hard work
done by the officials this year. Continuing, he said : "I would like to say
this report of our Secretary furnishes food for thought. We have not yet
achieved our ideal and in many things fallen short, as an executive, and
much work planned last year has been touched but gingerly. I think,
however, we have done everj^thing that could be expected, but there is
much yet to be done. I was particularly sorry even more had not been
accomplished with reference to the co-operative associations. I was very
sorry indeed one or two other things could not be done, but I think on the
whole we have reason to be congratulated."

Mr. G. C. Caston. I am well pleased with the success that has
attended our effort in holding the Show, and hope we would be able to make
this a permanent exhibition somewhat along the lines of the Winter Fair
at Guelph.

On motion of Alex. McNeill, seconded by A. M. Smith, the Secretary's
Report was adopted.

TREASUEEE'S EEPOET, 1903-4.

Receipts.

BaJ. on hand Dec. 1, 1903 $642 36

Members' fees 1,236 24

Government grant 1,800 00

Advertising 144 82

Binding 3 30

Books -... 32 63

Miscellaneous —

Annual Meeting 44 67

Horticulturist 1,490 99

Commission 3 75

Prize List, etc 123 15

Sundries 97 00

$5,618 91

Expenditures.

Canadian Horticulturist $2,4192 18

Salaries 976 54

Arnual Meeting 372 65

Commission 22 25

Auditing 7 75

Committees 200 94

Binding 5 60

Printing and Stationery 98 20

Books 42 78

Premiums 349 53

Miscellaneous 148 10

Exchange 3 80

Prize List 45 00

Balance 853 59

$5,618 91

Details of Expenditures.

Canadian Horticulturist: — Grip, Limited, $11.88; Globe Printing Co., $1;
Postage, Wm. Forbes, $3.15; Grip, $26.88; Advocate, $1.50; L Woolver-
ton, $8; incidentals, $10 ; J. Buchanan, 75c. ;JBrown Bros., $7; Wm. Weld,
75c.; W. T. Murray, $2; H. B. Cowan, $5; F. T. Shutt, $2.50; Bryant
Press, $1.25; F. Hurndall, $2; L. Woolverton, $12.95; Grip, $45.57; H. B.
Cowan, $10; J. Robertson, $1.35; Spectator Printing Co., $988.32; Grip,
$72.39; H. B. Cowan, $25; C. B. Morse, $9; Spectator, 1,038.60; Spec-
tator, $205.34 $2,492 18

Salaries:— G. C. Creelman, $83.32; H. B. Cowan, $284.91; P. W. Hodgetts,

$150; L. Woolverton, $458.31 $976 54

Annual Meeting:— G. C. Creelman, $75; A. M. Smith, $15.75; J. S. Scarff,
$12.50; T. H. Race, $14.90; Wm. Rickard, $10; A. B. Cutting, $9.70;
W. H. Owen, $11.50; G. T. R., 65c.; J. L. Hilborn, $3.95; L. R. Taft,
$11.05; R. B. Whyte, $32.20; A. K. Goodman, $13.35; E. Morris, $14.70;
Thos. Beall, $21.70; Elmer Lick, $18.80: W. H. Bunting, $15.90; Annual
Meeting, $24.70; A. McNeill, $2.55; M. Pettitt, $13.75; W. B. Varley
(reporting), $50 $372 65

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 21

Detaits of Expenditure — Continued.

Commissions:— W. T. Murray, $22.75; P. W. Hodgetts,, $2.50 $25 25

Auditing:— J. M. Duff $7 75

Committees:— T. H. Race, $7.50; W. H. Bunting, $20; W. H. Bunting, $1.85;
W. H. Dempsey, $6.95; W. H. Bunting, $30; H. B. Cowan, $37.04; J. L.
Hilborn, $6; T. H. Race, $6.05; R. J. Graham, $26.75; W. H. Bunting,
$48.45; Jas. Scarff, $6.85; M. Pettit, $3.50 $200 94

Binding: — Brown Bros $5 60

Postage, Printing and Stationery: — Postage from Cash, $17.20; Postage for

OflBce, $81 $98 20

Books:— Wm. Briggs, January, $11.69; May, $28.77; October, $2.32 $42 78

Pr emiuiris :—{'Durham), $1.50; Campbell Bros., $78.78; R. Evans & Co., $37.96;

Morris & Wellington, $231.29 $349 53

Exchange $3 80

Printing Prize List $45 00

Miscellaneous: — March sundries — H. B. Cowan, $50; May — C. B. Morse, ^48;
June— C. B. Morse, $36; July— C. B. Morse, $12; November— P. W. Hod-
getts, $2.10 $148 10

Examined and found correct this 12th day of November, 1904.

(Signed) J. M. Duff,

Auditor.

Mr. WooLVERTON wished to know how it was memhers' fees were only
11,236.24. Mr. Hodgetts explained that after the first of May any mem-
bers' fees that came in were handed over to Mr. Cowan, and he presents
in his report a full statement of what came in after that date.

Mr. Elmer Lick asked how many members there were altogether, and
Mr. Cowan said they had a membership of 4,064.

Mr. WooLVERTON asked if the receipts for books were for bound copies,
and the Treasurer stated the binding was separate, and the books were those
sold through the list in the Horticulturist. The Treasurer further explain-
ed that under the heading of ''Miscellaneous" there was an item on the first
of March, H. B. Cowan, |50. This was an arrangement made by the
Deputy Minister whereby Mr. Cowan's expenses were paid to the Fairs*
Association last year by the Association and repaid to the Association by
the Government. Mr. Cowan has arranged for this amount to be returned to
us.

Moved by E. B. Whyte, seconded by G. C. Caston, "That the Treas-
urer's Report be adopted, as explained." Carried.

REPORT OF BUSINESS MANAGER OF "THE CANADIAN
HORTICULTURIST".

By H. B. Covs^an, Toronto.

When in March last I assumed the business and editorial manage-
ment of The Canadian Horticulturist, my instructions were positive and

22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

definite. The subscription and advertising departments were to be placed
on a business basis. Everything possible was to be done to improve the
reading columns and general make up of the magazine.

It is customary, when a paper is to be improved, for the management
to set aside a considerable sum for that purpose. This was not done in the
case of 'The Horticulturist. All money spent on the magazine, I was given
to understand, must first be made. This will account for the fact that
while the value of the advertisements during the past seven months has
greatly increased, the expenses, also, have been greater than usual. Most
of this expenditure, however, has been of an extraordinary nature, and
need not be incurred another year.

The first step taken v\^as to make a thorough canvass of the situation.
The business management, from a newspaper standpoint, was found to be
weak. Although The Horticulturist had been published for twenty-six
years, a great majority of Canadian advertisers had practically never heard
of the magazine. There was no neat, attractive schedule of advertising
rates. The only schedule was simply a typewritten statement, and was
incomplete. The rates, in spite of the small circulation of 'The Horticul-
turist, were double and treble • the rates charged by such papers as the
Farming World and Farmers^ Advocate. Difterent rates were charged
different advertisers.

In the April issue there were slightly over two pages of poor adver-
tisements. The effect was to lower the tone of the publication, and to in-
jure the trade of legitimate advertisers. The system of entering advertis-
ing accounts and of billing advertisers was incomplete.

In the subscription department no alphabetical list was kept of sub-
scribers, and the dates on which their subscriptions were received. This
made it difficult to keep close track of subscriptions, and resulted in a con-
siderable number of names being duplicated on the mailing list, while others
were continued in some cases for months after they should have been cut off.

Improvements Made.

The advertising department was first taken in hand. Renewal contracts
were refused all firms offering advertisements of a questionable nature.
This action considerablj' reduced the advertising revenue, but it was felt
such a step would meet the approval of the Directors of the Fruit Growers'
Association.

The advertising rates were reduced, and sample copies of The Horti-
culturist were sent to several hundred likelj^ advertisers, with letters solicit-
ing their business. In June, Mr. A. J. Hand, a student of the Guelph
College, was secured as advertising manager, and retained until September
15. During the summer months, Mr. Hand canvassed for advertisements
in the leading cities and towns of Ontario, and also in Montreal, Que.
While the expense was heavy, the results justified the outlay. Signed
contracts were secured for nearly |500 worth of advertising; Mr. Hand's
salary and expenses amounting to |184.20. Further results from this work
are expected. It was found that many firms had contracted for their ad-
vertising for the year. A number of these firms promised to sign contracts
in December for next year's advertising, while others invited our repre-
sentative to call again. A marked increase in advertisements is, therefore,
anticipated in the near future.

This work made it possible to thoroughly revise the advertising rates.
A neat, little advertising folder was issued. A liberal supply was order-

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 23

ed, which means that this expense need not be incurred again in the im-
mediate future.

New Advertising Books.

A new set of advertising books was purchased at a total expense of
$28.92. These include a petty and regular cash book. In a combination
ledger and billing book, an account is kept with all firms and societies doing
business with The Horticulturist. There is also kept an account for print-
ing, illustrations and miscellaneous expenses. Advertisers are billed at the
expiration of their contracts, or quarterly. It is thus possible to ascertain
at any time the exact financial standing of The Horticulturist. Directors
of the Fruit Growers' Association are invited to examine these books.

As a means of improving the system of handling subscriptions, a four-
drawer card index was purchased, costing |24.60. By this system cards
may be utilized for five years in keeping track of all subscriptions, there
being a card for each subscriber. On each card is entered the name and
address of the subscriber, the time the subscription begins and expires,
when the money for the same was received, commissions, if any, etc. As
subscriptions are received they are daily entered in the petty cash book,
the necessary additions or changes made in the mailing list, and a card
written and placed in the drawer. These cards are not entered until the
money has been received. They are then filed alphabetically. In this way,
the petty cash book, mailing list and card system should correspond, mak-
ing it possible to keep careful track of every subscription. A careful in-
spection of this system is invited.

The results of the various changes outlined are shown by the returns
already received. In 1902, the advertisements in The Horticulturist for
the year amounted to |283.65, a monthly average for the year of |23.65.
In 1903, the total receipts from advertising amounted to |535.7l, a monthly
average of f44.50. The advertising in the seven issues of The Horti-
culturist since April has totalled |691.52, an average of |98.79. In
addition to this, extra copies of The Horticulturist have been ordered by
advertisers to the value of |126. As a profit has been made on these papers,
they might be inclucied in the total returns received from advertising, in
which case the total receipts would be |81T.52, or a monthly average of
1116.79.

The Editorial Maj^agement.

Many changes were made in the editorial management. Some of the
chief defects are worth noting. 1st. Previous to May, The Horticulturist
was published very irregularly, often not appearing until the second week
of the month. 2nd. Typographical errors were so numerous as to be a
matter of general comment. 3rd. Copy had to be in the hands of the printer
by the 15th of each month. This meant that a great deal of matter appear-
ing in The Horticulturist was old when it reached subscribers. 4th. The
number of contributors was small. 5th. There were no regular depart-
ments for (] liferent subjects. A general feeling seemed to exist that The
Horticulturist only represented a limited section of the Province. 6th.
Too little attention was devoted to flowers, and the proceedings of horti-
cultural societies. An analysis, made in May, of the circulation of The
Hldrt'lculturist, showed that approximately thfee-quarters of the readers
of The Horticulturist were members of horticultural societies, and conse-

24 THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

qiiently but little interested in fruit growing. It was found that a number
^ of the societies had discontinued taking The Horticulturist, owing to the
fact that so little attention had been given to these subjects. Thfs meant
a large reduction in circulation.

The first change made was to arrange with the printers to accept matter
for The Horticulturist until the 25th of each month. Extremely import-
ant news can be accepted as late as the 27th of each month. The publishers
were given plainly to understand that the magazine must be printed and
mailed the last day of each month. During the first three months, while
there was a great improvement, it was found difficult to insure the publi-
cation of the magazine promptly, but since July The Horticultwrist has
appeaTcd regularly on the first of every month. These two changes mean
that The Horticulturist each month contains fresh news for its readers.

To avoid typographical errors, galley proofs of all matter are first
read, and later, I or my assistant visit the office and read all page proofs.
This, while costing considerable, has reduced the number of these errors
to a minimum.

-The number of contributions was greatly increased. Articles and notes
from as many as 300 fruit growers and florists have appeared in one issue.
This has added greatly to the interest taken in The Horticulturist. Regu-
lar departments were established for general horticulture, orchard, small
fruits, vegetable gro'^ing, flowers, commercial fruit growing, crop reports,
society doings, jand two regular pages were reserved for editorials. While
the various departments have appeared to meet with general approval,
judging from the large number of letters received from subscribers and
advertisers, they fall far short of what such departments should be.

Arrangements require to be made to secure more articles on fruit and
flowers from well-known authorities. The vegetable and small fruits de-
partments are particularly weak. A great improvement should be made
m the crop reports. Those published during the past summer have been
very incomplete. One man should devote a considerable portion of his time
to preparing these reports, and shouldcarry them on carefully from month
to month.

A number of matters, connected with The Horticulturist call for careful
consideration. Although called ''The Canadian'' Horticulturist, the mao-a-
zme practically only represents the horticultural interests of Ontario. The
fruit growers and florists of other Provinces are, calling for a magazine n
which they also will have an interest. To meet that demand, The Horti-
culturist should be enlarged, and departments added for the leadino- fruit
producing Provinces. °

If the magazine is ever to pay its way, an advertising manager should
be engaged permanently. The paid circulation does not much exceed
4,300. This IS too small to ensure advertisers obtaining satisfactory re-
sults. A determined effort is required to increase the circulation. In this
connection the advisability of dropping the subscription price from one
dollar a year to sixty cents a year, or two years for one dollar should be
carefully considered. The Farming World is offered to subscribers for
sixty cents a year, or two years for one dollar. The Canadian Poultry
Aeview (circulation ove^ 9,000) is only fifty cents a year, three years for one
dollar. This magazine, on account of its large circulation, is able to charge
much higher advertising rates than The Horticulturist. In the United
States, the four leading fruit papers. The National Fruit Grower, The
Uestern Fruit Grower, The Southern Fruit Grower, and Ainerican Fruits

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 25

are each only fifty cents a year and some of tliem offer to accept four new
subscriptions and a Tenewal for one dollar. Published only monthly, as
it is, there seems to be little chance of increasing the circulation of I'he
Horticulturist among fruit growers as long as th.e subscription price is con-
tinued at one dollar a year.

There are a number of other important matters that deserve careful
consideration, including the necessity of an improvement in the cover,
the addition of a story page and household department, a change in the
method now followed by horticultural societies in settling for their sub-
scriptions, the desirability of a. more frequent publication, etc.

The fundamental weakness in the management of The Horticulturist
lies in the fact that the officers of the Fruit Growers' Association are not
directly interested financially in its success. The magazine on this account,
is not given the close and careful oversight it requires. If The Horticul-
turist is to be enlarged, as seems desirable, the staff will have to be strength-
ened and the expenditures increased. In such a case the weakness just
mentioned would become all the more apparent.

Since May 1, the expenses and receipts of The Horticulturist have been
as follows : —

Total receipts $2,141 23

Given secretary F. G. Association $1,318 60

Given secretary on account back advertisement 37 49

Travelling expenses 62 85

Office Supplies 52 42

Editorial expenses 21 27

Advertising man's salary and commission 184 20

Stationery and printing 71 25

Cuts used since May 158 56

Advertising commission 8 10

Subscription commission 21 10

Incidentals 15 00

Sundries 24 40

$1,975 24

$2,141 23
1,975 24

Cash on hand $165 99

(Signed) H. B. Cowan.

Moved by J". S. Scarff, seconded by IL Petitt, "That the report of the
Business Manager of The Canadian Horticulturist be received and adopted."

Mr. Scarff complimented Mr. Cowan on the creditable report.

Mr. Whyte thought they should give The Horticulturist to societies
at a much less rate than eighty cents.

G. C. Caston said they had been giving membership to the Association,
a premium and report all for |1.00, or 80 cents to societies.

Mr. Jas. Scarff stated he had been Secretary of the Horticultural
Society of Woodstock for twenty years, and had never received a complaint
from any person that the amount was too large.

Mr. G. C. Caston: Would it not be a good scheme to have the maga-
zine taken over by a company, and out of the hands of the Society altogether?

On motion of A. E. Sherrington, seconded by Thos. Beall, it was re-
solved : "Tliat the present session of the directors adjourn and meet ae-ain
at 7.30 p.m."

20

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

EVENING SESSION. _

The Secretary read a communication from Mr. L. Woolverton, Editor
of The Canadian Horticulturist, tendering kis resignation.

The majority of the members of the Board expressed their apprecia-
tion of the valuable services Mr. Woolverton had rendered the l<ruit
Gro.^.ors' through the magazine, during the past seventeen years and the
following resolution was then unanimously passecL

Moved by W. T. Macoun, seconded by G. C. Gaston, "That Ve, the
Board of Directors of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, accept
'the resignation of Mr. L. Woolverton as Editor of iAe ^-^"^f ^^ ^^^*^-
culturisl and desire to tender our appreciation of the very valuable work
done by him in promoting the fruit industry m the Province of Ontario.

The President said he thought Mr. Cowan had some further statements
to make in reference to probably more satisfactory and successful methods
of publishing The Canadian Horticulturist, and called upon him to address

the Board. p n n^ • o

Ml' Cowan repeated some of his statements of the afternoon m reler-
ence to the management of The Horticulturist in the past and stated that
after some thought on the matter he had come to the conclusion that the
paper would, if continued and improved as he purposed doing, become too
large a business proposition to be handled by the Association. Acting
upon this belief, he had consulted with the Executive, and finally witli the
Directors, in reference to organizing a stock company of fruit and flower
growers to take over the paper altogether from the Association. W^th their
consent, he had issued a prospectus, and in three weeks the stock ol .^1U,UUU
was subscribed. After explaining the matter further, Mr. Cowan stated
that further action rested with the Directors.

The President : The Board would be interested to know as to where
the Association would come in, in connection with this.

Mr. Cowan: It came up, what would the Fruit Growers' Association
be entitled to if this company were formed? It was felt the Fruit Growers'
Association were entitled to receive something. It was thought that the
company would give the Association |1,000 stock, and reserve another
$1,000 stock for the Association to purchase if they saw^ fit, that would
give the Association one-fifth of the stock and practically insure the Presi-
dent of the Fruit Growers' Association being a director of the company.

Mr Caston- What arrangements would be made with regard to the
membership and the Journal? Would the payment of |1 membership still
entitle a member to the Journal?

Mr. Cowan : I presume an arrangement could be made the same as
with the Ottawa Valley Journal. The membership fee to the Eastern Dairy-
men's Association is P. We agreed to send every member of the Dairy-
men's xissociation the Journal for a year on payment of 50 cents subscrip-

*Mr. Caston: A person would require to pay |1.50?

Mr Cowan : No. The Association paid 50 cents to The Journal and
kept 50 cents themselves. The magazine would still be the official organ
of the Fruit Growers' Association. ^

Mr. Lick wished to know if members of the Association would get Ihe
Horticulturist for sixty cents, and Mr. Cowan informed him if the price
was reduced to sixty cents to everybody, then it would be fifty cents to clubs.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 27

The President : Is there any gentleman hero who can give us the
details under which members are received into the New York Fruit Growers'
Association, and what advantages there are, and whether they get any
Government grant?

Mr. WooLVERTON said the fee was |1. There was no Government grant,
and all a member got was a copy of the report, and the privilege of attend-
ing the annual meeting, and they are not allowed to enter the hall at the
annual meeting without producing a ticket and showing they are members.

The President stated he had made some inquiries, and found they
had two classes of members — those who paid |1. and those who paid §3.
The three dollar members received, in addition to what Mr. Woolverton
already stated, confidential reports upon the condition of the crops, not
only in New York State, but in the various States of the Union. In addi-
tion to this they have a Bureau for the distribution of chemicals, etc., at
cost price to members who pay the larger fee. The President was also of
the opinion that under the new arrangement it would perhaps be better
to give the members more than the fifty cent subscription to 2'lie Horti-
culturist for their |1. He felt for some time past they should get an
accurate knowledge of the condition of the trade and fruit industry of the
countr^^ They had no definite knowledge of the acreage of fruit, etc.,
and some times the reports are to a certain extent misleading. He said
the Fruit Division at Ottawa was making an effort to secure some such in-
formation every year, but, perhaps, they were not able to get it as accurate
as it might be.

Mr. Alex. McNeill informed the Board that they were trying to make
that matter as nearly perfect as could be, as they had a great many corres-
pondents throughtout the country collecting information regarding the
fruit crop, and he hoped to be in a position to give very accurate accounts.

In speaking further in regard to The Horticultyarist Mr. Cowan said
if the present scheme went through he would engage an associate, also an
advertising man, and they would have an office down town. He would look
after the greater part of the editorials, and do the general planning, and
would retain his connection with the paper, representing the Fruit Growers'
Association. One question which he wished to give his special attention
to was the reduction in price, and he also thought it might be advisable to
publish it twice monthly and in that case they would require a number of
special features. He did not think there would be any danger in lowering
the tone or quality of the paper.

It was then moved by E. Morris, seconded by G. C. Caston, "That
the President, W. H. Dempsey, and Elmer Lick, be a committee to report
on Mr. Cowan's proposition to the new Board of Directors." Carried.

DIEECTOES' MEETING.

The newly-elected Board of Directors met at the Parliament Build-
ings on Thursday evening at 8 o'clock. President McNeill took the chair.

Considerable discussion took place on the relation between the Horti-
cultural Societies, local Fruit Growers' Associations and the Provincial
Association, and the following committee was appointed to look after the
matter : Messrs. Sherrington, Lick, Putnam, Cowan and McNeill.

The special committee appointed by the old Board io report on the
scheme to form a separate company to publish The Horticulturist reported
as follows : —

2.S THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

"Your committee to whom was referred the proposition looking to the
handing over of The Horticulturist to a stock company, report that they
would recommend —

1. That the full approval of the Board of Directors be given to the pro-
position.

2. That the offer of -11,000 in paid up stock for the good will of the
paper be accepted.

3. That the Board take |1,000 stock in the new company.

4. That a committee of three be appointed to work out the details in
conjunction with the stock company with full power to act in this matter
as they deem best.

The report of this committee was adopted with the recommendation
that the matter be taken up next day in open meeting of the Association
so that the members could endorse the action of the Board.

On motion of Mr. Scarff, seconded by Mr. Lick, Messrs. McNeill,
Bunting and Hodgetts were appointed a committee to work out the details
of the above proposition.

After the appointment of delegates to the various fair boards and kind-
red associations (see page 1) the Board of Directors adjourned.

MY TOUE AMONGST OUE SOCIETIES.
By Wm. Hunt, 0. A. C, Guelppi.

Thinking that the several thousand members of our Association would
possibly like to hear a little about my recent lecture tour to some of our.
societies in the far eastern and northern parts of the Province, I will en-
deavor to give a brief resume of my trip.

I reached the pretty little village of Cardinal, Grenville County, early
in the morning of the 16th of March, having travelled all night so as to
be there by the early train, that I might be able to address the public school
scholars in the afternoon, having been requested previously by letter from
the President of the Society, Dr. Gow, to try and reach there in time to
address the young people. This I was only too willing to do, for I have
for many years past advocated the desirability of interesting as much as
possible our young people in their love for plants and flowers; and not only
interest them by talking to them of the many beauties of the floral world,
but also give them something to do and carry out themselves, thereby creat-
ing an interest far more enduring in its character than the most flowery-
worded address that could possibly be given them. With this end in view,
I at once broached the idea to Dr. Gow of the Society making a distribution
of seeds or plants to the older children of the school. Dr. Gow fell in at
once with the idea, and before 3 p.m., the hour I was to meet the young
people, it had all been arranged, and I was able to announce to ther-
the Society would make a distribution of flower seeds for them to grow at
their own homes, the results to be exhibited at a public floral exhibit dur-
ing the summer. The largest^ room in the school was crowded to hear my
address to them, and amongst the audience were several prominent people
of the village. If I might be allowed to judge from the earnest and in-
terested look on the faces, and the close attention the young people paid
me, and the hearty cheers they gave as well as singing very heartily the
national anthem before breaking up, I think we may expect to hear from

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 29

the officers of the Cardinal Society a good report of the young people in
their flower growing competition during the summer.

The meeting in the town hall in the evening was very well attended,
when it is taken into consideration that the population of the village is
only about 1,000. The hall was nicely decorated with pot-plants. My
lecture proper was chiefly on the "Care and Culture of Window Plants",
w^hich seemed to interest all present, for at the close, although past ten
o'clock, I was handed quite a number of questions, the tenor of which
showed most clearly that the audience were anxious to obtain all the in-
formation possible on all branches of horticulture. One fact I am pleased
to mention is that the ministers of all religious denominations represented
in the village were at the meeting, and were unanimous in their opinion
regarding helping to interest more especially the young people in the love
of plants and flowers.

I left Cardinal by the midnight train, a local clergyman kindly accom-
panying me to the station. I felt pleased with my visit to this pretty little
eastern village, with the waters of the mighty St. Lawrence rolling cease-
lessly and noiselessly past it, and certainly joined with many of those I had
seen there in the hope that I might be able at some time to see their village
in all its summer beauty, and enjoy the magnificent view across the broad
St. Lawrence much better than I could when its shores were bound m
winter's icy grasp.

I reached Picton, Prince Edward County, at noon on St. Patrick's day,
where Mr. Ross, the genial secretary of the Society there, introduced me
to several of the members before escorting me to the High School where
I had the pleasure of a thirty-minuto talk to the young people, about eight
or ten of the teachers also being present. This school is situated in quite
extensive grounds of about two oi^ three acres in extent. Already steps
are being taken to improve the landscape features of the grounds, and I was
pleased to be able to compliment some of the trustees who were present
on their foresight in securing such extensive grounds, a point that is some-
times lost sight of, when school sites and grounds are fir'st obtained. The
officers of the Society here promised to use their best endeavor to make an
e:ffort to do something practical for the young people in the near future
to encourage the interest they evidently have in floriculture. For the
present season, however, it may not be practicable as they had already made
plans for their distribution to members.

The evening meeting was only fairly well attended, but all seemed
very much interested, and at the close of my lecture handed me quite a
number of questions on almost every ^feature of fruit and floriculture, many
of the questions requiring .answers that amounted almost to the magnitude
of an address. That gave me pleasure, because I knew that practical in-
formation was really desired by the questioners.

In spite of my efforts to reach Stirling in time to address the scholars
at the public schools there, I was disappointed, as I could not owing to
my inability to catch the early train at Belleville for Stirling, reach
there before nearly seven p.m. Here I was met at the station by Mr.
Thrasher, President of the Society, who informed me that I could have
taken the Central Ontario Railway to Anson, and could have driven over
to Stirling and reached there by three p.m. I mention this for the benefit
of any lecturer who may have this trip another year.

The Stirling people turned out in good numbers, the town hal] being
fairly well filled. Here also I found many enthusiastic horticulturists,

30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 10

as was evidenced by the nice display of pot-plants arranged around and
about the platform. My address here was mainly on out door decorative
plants, although I gave a brief talk on ''House and Window Plants".
* 'Plants for the Perennial Border" was a subject that seemed to interest
many in the audience, so I devoted quite a large share of my two hours'
talk to that feature of floriculture. Quite a number of verbal and written
questions were asked of a widely vnried nature, a fact that gave evidence
of the interest taken in all branches of horticulture. On learning that the
young people of Stirling were very disappointed at my not being able to
address them, I offered to stay over the Saturday and address them, but
as many of them lived quite a distance in the country it was thought better
not to make the attempt. I find that all lecturers previous to my visit have
been unable to reach the young people, I trust that next year it may be
possible to do so by taking the route I have mentioned.

As my next point to visit was Millbrook, Durham County, where I was
due on Monday the 21st, I stayed over in Peterboro', and took the oppor-
tunity of looking up the secretary of the Society there, as well as taking
a look at the parks, or rather that part of them visible above two or three
feet of snow that had commenced to thaw rapidly, making walking very
unpleasant. I found the parks at Peterboro very much over planted, the
shade and ornamental trees in both Central and Victoria parks (I think
those were the names) very much crowded, but was told by the secretary
of the Society, that fa number of the trees had already been thinned out
and that more were to be taken out this season. I mention this matter to
call the attention of our readers generally, many of whom are more of* less
interested probably in the laying out of parks and public grounds in their
neighborhood, because one of the most common errors that amateur land-
scape gardeners make is that of over-crowding or over-planting.

On reaching Millbrook, I was met by Mr. Armstrong and Mr. Govens^
the President and Secretary of the Millbrook Society. The former gentle-
man accompanying me to the public school, where I found about 200 of the
more advanced scholars assembled to meet me, who listened very intently
to my remarks, being evidently much interested in the student work in
practical floriculture as carried out at the 0. A. C. A picture of a banana,
with a large bunch of fruit showing, as seen growing in a greenhouse here
was a source of great interest to the young people, as well as a picture of
the student's laboratory or greenhouse at the College that I had with me.
The youngs people gave Mr. Armstrong and myself some hearty cheers
when I informed them that it was just about settled that the Society would
make a distribution of flower seeds to them, the same as was being done
in other places I had visited. At a meeting of the Executive of the Society
held after, to which I was invited, I had an opportunity of speaking on
the above subject, when it was unanimously resolved to give each of the
young people a packet of aster seeds for growing at home. The school
grounds here are about tv/o acres in extent, situated on a hill overlooking
the village, and already have a row of maples surrounding them looking
thrifty and well. I was \lso given the opportunity of making a few sug-
gestions regarding the planting of shrubs and perennial border plants,
which it is the intention of the school executive to plant on the grounds.
The meeting in the evening was well attended, considering the attendance
was limited to the residents of the village, the county roads being in bad
shape. I spoke, by request, on several different features of floriculture,
chiefly referring to planting and decorating the home grounds, as well as

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 31

a talk on annuals and perrennials, etc. Here, as at other places, a number
of verbal and written questions were asked, all of them requiring direct
and practical information.

At Lindsay, I had the pleasure, through the kindness of Mr. Kobson,
President of the Society, of an interview with Mr. Beall, the veteran or-
ganizer of Horticultural Societies, and had the pleasure of a chat with him
amongst the natural beauties of the grounds surrounding his thoroughly
home-like residence. I addressed about 150 of the scholars of one of the
largest schools in Lindsay, and had a good meeting in the Council Chamber
at the City Hall in the evening. My talk here was chiefly devoted to the
''Culture of Window Plants", g,lthough several other niatters were touched
on, more particularly in answer to the numerous questions asked after the
meeting.

My next visit was to Midland, where I had a very enjoyable and busy
experience. I reached there early in the afternoon, and was met at the
station by the President, Mr. F. Cook, and by Mr. Piggot, an enthusiastic
flower grower. These gentlemen accompanied me to both the- east and west
ward schools, where by arrangement previously made, I met not only about
400 of the older scholars, but also a good number of interested townspeople.
The young people were delighted apparently, and gave all present three
hearty cheers after singing the National Anthem, as well as carrying some
of their enthusiasm with them down through the town, which fact probably
accounts for the large attendance at the meeting in the parlors of the
Y. M. C. A. building in the evening, the room being crowded. A very
nice feature of this meeting was the piano selections artistically played by
Miss Potvin, the selections making quite a pleasing variation to the lecture,
as well as helping* out the thorough heartiness shown in singing "God Save
the King" at the close. At this meeting many of the questions asked were
on matters pertaining to civic improvement, a subject that from the interest
shown means that this progressive town away on the shores of the Georgian
Bay intends to be in line with the rapid advances that all of our Canadian
towns are showing in this respect. I was glad that, from experience gained
in Hamilton especially, I was able to be of some assistance among lines
that are oftimes somewhat outside the sphere of practical floriculture. Since
reaching home I have had a communication from the secretary there asking
me for some notes on the culture of asters, as they were distributing 400
packages of aster seeds to the scholars there. I complied with the request
with pleasure, also sending them a copy of Rules and Eegulations for the
aster competition as well as a schedule of premiums as rewards of merit
for the best results shown from the culture of the seeds.

From Midland. I journeyed by rail to Thornbury, as the cross country
roads were simply impassible, no stages or conveyances of any kind being
able to make the trip. At and near Thornbury, the Indian and Beaver
rivers were decidedly on the rampage, and it was a question whether we
could get through at one point near Thornbury. On arriving- there I found
both the residents of Thornbury and Clarksburg in a rather excited con-
dition, as one or two of the mill dams of the Beaver Piver had been swept
by the floods into the Georgian Bay, a fishing boat as well being sunk.
It was impossible to think of speaking to the scholars, as most of them
•were out watching the floods. However, the meeting in Thornbury Tov/n
Hall in the evening was very well attended considering, and although the
Outside roads were next to impassable, a few from, the country around were
at the meeting. I found the audience here very much interested in fruit
culture, many of the questions asked being along those lines. I found that

32 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 16

great damage had been done to fruit trees from girdling by mice, from
•want of proper precautions having been taken to protect the trees.

Owen Sound was my last place to visit, and from the fact that the
twenty-one days' seige of ice and snow had only been raised a few days
Vlxni I visited them, I was prepared for a possible uninteresting visit.
In this, however, I was very agreeably disappointed, for shortly after arriv-
ing there, I was taken in hand by Dr. Cameron, the President of the
Society, who first of all drove me around to see some of the interested
members of the Society, as well as the many points of interest of this
Liverpool of the norih, after which I had the pleasure of meeting one of the
largest assemblies I had met of young people, not only of the institute
pupils and the large staff of teachers there, but also all the entrance scholars
of the public schools, together with members of the School Board and
citizens, the large assembly room being well filled. The young people
here were deeply interested in my remarks, giving close attention to my
thirty minute talk, and even then I had to continue for another fiiteen
mintutes after four o'clock before there was any desire whatever for me
to stop, my reference to the introduction to Nature Study in the schools,
as well as the practical work, and the illustrations of work by the students
at the College, evidently interesting very much not only the young people,
but also the teachers and visitors present. The Society here will in all
i)robability do something for the young people in the matter of distributing
flower seeds, for, as one of the members of the school board remarked after,
it was thought from the interest shown and the greeting the speaker re-
'ceived that it would hardly be possible to live in Owen Sound unless some-
thing was done either by the Society or the school board for the young
people along the line, of floriculture.

'_ I left Owen Sound well pleased with my visit, and fully satisfied that
'it had been the means of helping the idea and the efforts of many of the
'citizens to secure a pretty and bright town, one that is already naturally
'one of the prettiest towns of the many picturesque places to be found on
H:he shores of our northern lakes.

In concluding this report, that I am afraid will be considered a far
too lengthy account of my lecture trip, I may say that one of the most
'pleasing features was that of meeting so many young people who will soon
have their share of the destinies of our fair country in their hands, and
I always feel that when addressing them that we scarcely realize perhaps
the responsibility that rests with us older people in this respect. Mould
the character and principles of the young people along lines that will in-
fluence and elevate their ideas. This can often be done by indirect means,
other than by strictly moral and direct moral teachings ; or, at least, indirect
methods are of great service as accessories to strictly moral teachings.

During my trip I addressed fifteen meetings with an aggregate attend-
ance of about 2,000 persons in all.

PEESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines, Ont.

I am glad to welcome so many of the representative men engaged *n
fruit growing to this joint meeting and exhibition. I appreciate the fact
that, owing to the many attractions of the City of Toronto, there may be
some difficulty in getting our people together. This is a difficulty that
was anticipated by us. While we have not present this morning as large a

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATICN. 33

gathering as we have usually had in the past, I believe that those who are
here are thoroughly in touch with the fruit growing interest of the Province.
During the past year we have perhaps passed through one of the most
trying climatib conditions with which the fruit industry of this Province
has ever had to contend. The severity of last winter resulted in the de-
struction in some sections of the Province of a large number of fruit trees.
In addition to that, during the present season, in some localities, we have
been visited by a serious scourge in our vineyards. The San Jose Scale
infestation, which came upon us some years ago, has also been increasing
in some districts. In sections, however, where attention has been given to
the best methods of treatment, the infestation is not causing the same
amount of dread that it did a few years ago. We are beginning to realize
that it is possible to control it, and we have now strong hopes that this
pest, which at one time was feared would almost annihilate the fruit in-
dustry of this Province, will be controlled, and will, to a certain extent, be
a blessing in disguise, from the fact that it will lead to better methods,
and in the end result in a better class of fruit being produced.

Our friends in the western part of the Province have our sympathy
at the present time. In the winter of 1898-99, they met with a calamity
that was an almost staggering blow. With a good deal of energy and
hope for the future, they went on again and replanted the orchards that
had been destroyed. Last year when this Association met at Leamington,
a number of us had an opportunity of inspecting their orchards, and it
was a revelation to many of us as to what our friends in the west were
doing. They were looking forward to being able to produce large quan-
tities of peaches in the immediate future from their excellently cared for
orchards. They have, I fear, suffered more seriously from the severity of
last winter than the majority of us, and our sympathies go out to them
in their calamity. I am glad to know that these difficulties are not dis-
couraging them, but that they are seeking remedies for these adverse
climatic conditions to which they are sometimes liable. They are branch-
ing out into ,other lines with good promise of success, and I have no doubt
that their energy and indomitable perseverance will in the tend be rewarded
with unbounded success.

Notwithstanding the adverse circumstances I have mentioned, I believe
there never was a time in this Province when the outlook for those engaged
iu the business of producing fruit — those who are prepared to adopt the
best methods of cultivation and treatment, and the best means of pre-
paring and marketing their j)roducts, who are seeking for information from
every available source, and who are prepared to sacrifice themselves if
"necessary in the eifort to accomplish their ideals — I say that I do not
think there ever was a time when the prospects cof the industry were better
or brighter than now. The opening up of our northwest country, and the
exploitation of foreign markets, are becoming very great factors in this
connection. While we have had temporary gluts in the market in the past,
I believe the time will come very soon when, iby proper co-operation and
distribution, we shall be able to place our fruit in the hands of the con-
sumer in such a way that it will not only give satisfaction in every respect,
but will also bring a satisfactory return to the producer.

All classes of our people are prospering at the present time, and I can
see no reason why the fruit growers should not share in that prosperity.
The business of fruit growing requires more technical knowledge, more
experience and more application than most other callings, and there is no

3 F.G.

34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Reason why you should not share with the best of our manufacturers, the
best of our merchants, and other classes of our people in the prosperity
•which this country is enjoying.

' There have been very many important developments in connection
^\ath the work of the Association during the past year. This Association
was one of the first to take action in connection with the appointment of
a Railway Commission for this country, recognizing the necessity for some
tribunal for the amicable adjustment of the grievances under which the
fruit industry, in common with other industries, was laboring. When
'the bill passed the Dominion House, a certain amount of anxiety was felt
•as to the personnel of the Commission. I think I am free to say, without
'disparagement to any member of the Commission, that when the name
'of our honored friend. Dr. Tames Mills, was mentioned a as member, no
name could have been mentioned that would have been better received by
members of this Association, and by agriculturists and horticulturists gen-
erally. Owing to the consequent retirement of Dr. Mills from the Presid-
ency of the Ontario Agricultural College, several othar changes resulted.
Our Secretary, Mr. G. C. Creelman, was appointed to the vacant position,
and was in consequence obliged to resign his immeoiafe official connection
with our Association. We are able, however, to put in his place a gentle-
man who had been connected with our work for sometime, and in that way
our arrangements were not upset as completely as might otherwise have
been the case. Mr. Hodgetts, who was appointed to the secretaryship at
that time, has been able to fill this office to the satisfaction of the executive
and the board of directors.

The appointment of the Eailway Commission has resulted favorably
to the fruit interests, but I will not, at this time, go into the particulars
of the results of our appeal ,before the commission.

At our last meeting we endeavored to arrange for the organization
throughout the Province of co-operative societies for the better handling
of our fruit. This work has been prosecuted, and during our meetings we
shall receive some reports upon it. During the past year, a very extended
series of orchard meetings have been held, and they have been attended
with pronounced success.

Your executive, and the committee appointed to work with it, were
able to induce the Canadian National Exhibition Association to revise
its fruit prize list, to considerably extend the same, and to place it on a
basis that will I think commend itself to all practical fruit growers.

The magazine of the Association, The Cxmadian Harticulturist. — a
magazine of which we have all been proud, and which has stood in a class
'by itself — has not in the past, owing to circumstances over which we per-
•haps had no control, been on a financially paying basis. An effort has been
made by the Executive during the past year to place that magazine, so
'far as its finances are concerned, in a more satisfactory position. With
that end in view, we secured a business manager, whose duties were to co-
operate with the editor, and especially to look after the financial end of the
publication. I am happy to report to you that very great success has at-
tended our efforts, and that this publication will in the near future be on
'a paying basis, and not only so, but that it will be possible to very much
tincrease its size and usefulness by adding new departments and placing
it on a still higher plane.

I regret to announce to you that, owing to his many duties in eon-
nection with the publication of the Fruits of Ontario, and his work in con-
nection with Fruit Experiment Stations under the direction of the Board

ba F. A.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 35

of Control, Mr. Linus Woolverton, of Grimsby, who has so ably conducted
ihe editorial management of The Horticulturist for the past sixteen or
seventeen years, has found it necessary to resign his position as editor.
While we regret this, we are glad to know that we have a gentleman who
lias been acfing in the capacity of business manager and associate editor
'during the past year, who is well qualified to take u^ the work where Mr.
Woolverton lays it down, and to prosecute it with energy and, we believe,
With success.

The occasion that brings us together — this union exhibition of the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association,
Hhe Toronto Horticultural Society, the Toronto Gardeners' and Florists'
'Associaftion, and the Toronto Electoral Society, and the meetings held -in
connection therewith — will, I believe, mark an era. in the history of the
Association. This arrangement was somewhat of an experiment and has
been a source of considerable concern to the executive and directors of
your Association, but I am glad to be able to say to-day, and I am sure
that those of you who have inspected the exhibition will bear me out, that
Hhe enterprise gives every promise of unbounded success. I trust that, as
the years go by, this Association will be able to impress itself more forc-
ibly and more fully than ever before, not only on the public of our own
I^rovince, but upon our sister Provinces of this great Dominion.

COMMITTEES.

Nominating Committee : J. S. Scarff, Woodstock ; C. L. Stevens,
Orillia ; J. L. Hilborn, Leamington ; Elmer Lick, Oshawa ; M. Pettit,
Grimsby.

It was moved by Mr. Lick, seconded by Mr. Beall, and carried unani-
mously, ** That rule 23 of the constitution be suspended, and that the Nom-
inating Committee be requested to report as early as possible this afternoon
instead of to-morrow morning, as stated on the programme."

The report of the nominating committee was adopted, with slight
amendments. (See page 4.)

Committee on Fruit Exhibits: Harold Powell, Washington, D.C.;
J. C. Chapais, Quebec ; Wm . Armstrong, Queenston ; W. W. Hilborn,
Leamington; L. Woolverton, Grimsby.

Committee on Eevision of Constitution: M. Pettit, Grimsby; Harold
Jones, Maitland; A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton; Elmer Lick, Oshawa ;
W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines.

Committee on Resolutions: Alex. McNeill, Ottawa; G. C. Caston,
Craighurst; Joseph Tweedle, Fruitland.

READING OF COREESPONDENCE.

The Secretary read a communication introducing Mr. J. C. Chapais,
delegate from the Pomological and Fruit Growing Society of the Province
of Quebec.

36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

EEPOET OF TRANSPOETATION COMMITTEE.

The report of the Transportation Committee was presented by Mr. W.
H. Bunting, Chairman of the Committee, Mr. M. Pettit taking the chair.

Your Committee beg leave to report, that, immediately after our annual
meeting held at Leamington, the members of the Committee as per arrange-
ment, set about securing all possible data with regard to the situation over
the entire Province of Ontario as far as the transportation of fruit was con-
cerned. They found that the difficulties and grievances of fruit shippers
were many and severe and were of such a nature, the committee felt that if
properly put before the Eailway Commission, would meet with careful con-
sideration, and would no doubt be remedied as far as practicable.

With this object in view, after several meetings and consultations with
the committees of sister societies, an interview was arranged for with the
Railway Commission early in June in the City of Toronto. At the time
appointed your Committee appeared before the Commission and presented
its case in the best manner possible, with the assistance of Mr. Gregory, of
this city, who was retained as solicitor for the various societies interested.

The addresses of the members of the committee were listened to with the
greatest attention by the Commission. The difficulties encountered through
unsuitable and inadequate car service, and the delay in transporting per-
ishable fruits were clearly shown, and frankly admitted by the railway
representatives. It was also claimed, and considerable data was made use
of to prove the claim, that the rates for the carriage of all kinds of fruit
were excessive, and more than the traffic could bear. After some little delay
during which your committee was not idle, the Canadian roads interested
in the fruit trade practically granted all that was asked for by the committee,
with the exception of the rate of the carriage of apples in barrels. This
charge your committee still think is excessive and out of proportion to the
value of the product carried and the service rendered. It is hoped that the
gentlemen composing the Transportation Committee for 1904-5 will take up
this question vigorously and bring it to a satisfactory issue.

This concludes the Committee's report. As to the concession secured
from the railways, there are a few points to which I should like to call the
attention of the meeting.

Pears have now been placed in the same catagory with apples in boxes
and barrels. Apples and pears, which formerly, when shipped in boxes,
were charged for at a hio-her rate than in barrels, are now carried at the same
rate as in barrels.

Our roads had adopted the principle of charging a flat rate for the icing
of refrigerator cars without reference to the cost of same. We succeeded
in having that grievance completely removed. We asked that only the
actual cost of the service rendered should be assessed against us, and this
has been acceded to by the railways, and I am sure will be quite satisfactory
to every shipper.

While the railways had voluntarily conceded (and the Commission had
approved the concession) pretty much all the Association had asked for in
regard to the shipment of tender fruits, no concession had been^ made in
regard to the rate on apples. What has been obtained is of material benefit
to one section of our fruit-growers, but this is a comparatively ismall sec-
tion, the growing of tender fruits for commercial purposes being limited
to one or two small areas. A concession on the rates on apples would be
of benefit to the whole Province. To the country at large no concessions
have been made as yet except as regards the rate on boxes. It is felt that

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 37

tlie rate on apples is altosrether out of proportion to what the traffic will
bear, and at a meetin- of the Committee last Monday night, the following
resolution was unanimously adopted :

" That this Committee, while realizing the advantages to the fruit
trade that will be the result of the concessions granted by the railway com-
panies of this country in the matter of rates, as well as in the promise of
increased equipment of a suitable nature for the transportation of fruit and
other perishable products, together with better despatch in forwarding,
your Committee is still very strongly of the opinion that the request for a
material reduction of the rate of carriage for apples in boxes and barrels
is a reasonable one and should be granted, and they would urge upon the
Association to take such further action in the premises as may be necessary
to secure, if possible, this most important change.''

I may say that the Commission is taking active steps to acquire all the
information possible as to the best cars for the transportation of perishable
products. When this information has been secured, a recommendation will
be made to the railways of this country. I had the pleasure of visiting
New York in company with the chief traffic officer of the Railway Commis-
sion, and a representative of the G.T.R. and C-P.R-., where we spent several
days in securing information on this question, which I have no doubt will
be very valuable to the Commission. I have every hope that within the
next t^yelve months, the equipment of our railways for carrying fruit will
be very much improved.

Not the least of the good results that will accrue to the fruit interests
of this country as a result of our appeal to the Commission, and the placing
of our case before the railways through the Commission, is the fact that
from this out there will be a better understanding between fruit shippers
and carrying companies. The magnitude and' importance of the business
is better realized to-day than ever before. Now that we have been able to
lucidly state our grievances, and put the facts before the railways in a rea-
sonable manner, I believe they are impressed with the necessity of paying
special attention to this traffic and will join with us in every reasonable
effort to place our products before the consuming public in the best possible
way, so that we may be able to give satisfaction to our customers and receive
a fair return for our efforts.

Mr. Caston : Is it a fact that they have given reduced rates on apples
in certain portions of the country and not in others ?

Mr. Bunting: The first proposition of the railways was to make a
reduction on rates only from the large shipping sections to the large re-
ceiving sections, and all other places were to be left out of consideration.
We pointed out that this would be unsatisfactory and unfair, and as a result
of our pressure in that respect we have the privilege of shipping a car load
of fruit from any point in Ontario and Quebec to any other point in On-
tario and Quebec at reduced rates. We also have similar privileges for a
half car of 10,000 pounds or over. When it comes to shipping to the North-
west, the privilege does not apply to every part of that territory. It applies
only to three cities, Winnipeg, Brandon and Portage la Prairie. It also
applies to an^ point in the Maritime Provinces. In the future I judge it
will not be difficult to make the concession applicable to other important
places in the North-west. You will bear in mind, however, that there is
no^ reduction to the North-wpst on half car lots. The railways consider
this a very long haul, and object to carrying a car from Ontario to the
North-west unless it is full, and I think that is a reasonable condition.

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Mr. Caston : I think it should be made to apply to any point in the
North-west, because apples are shipped right to the Rocky Mountains.

Mr. Bunting : You will understand there is no reduction on apples
at present.

Mr. Caston : We need such a reduction.

Mr. Bunting : There is no doubt about that.

Mr. Pettit: I think it is a matter for congratulation that this Asso-
ciation had a President who could so ably present its views to the E-ailway
Commission. The chairman of the Commission congratulated him on the
able manner in which he presented the case. I think we should move a
resolution of thanks to this committee for the work they have done.

It was moved by Mr. G. C. Caston, seconded by Mr. Thos. Beall, that
the report of the Transportation Committee be adopted. Carried
unanimously.

W. L. Smith, The Weekly Sun, Toronto : What the President has said
as to the present attitude of the railways is very gratifying, and I think
that this Association is more indebted to Mr. Bunting for the fact that they
have assumed this changed attitude than to any other man in the country.
I think that the least the Association can do is to recognize the services ren-
dered, and to present him with a resolution, properly engrossed and framed,
so that it may be preserved, as a slight recognition for his services. I beg
to move a resolution to that effect.

Prof. HuTT seconded the resolution, which was unanimously carried.

Mr. Bunting : I thank you very much for your kind appreciation of
what I have been able to do, assisted by the Committee. It has not been
altogether disinterested because, as a shipper myself, I have felt for many
years the difficulties under which the industry was laboring. It has been
a source of gratification to me to spend some little time in investigating
this matter, and presenting our grievances in the best possible way to the
tribunal appointed to deal with them.

THE CONCESSIONS MADE BY THE RAILWAY COMPANIES.

As a result of the evidence given last summer by representatives of the
fruit growers before the Railway Commission, when it met in Toronto, the
following concessions to shippers have already been approved by the com-
missioners. These concessions have been voluntarily proposed by the railway
companies. It is expected further concessions will be made later.

The changes are :

(a) That under the heading of '' Fruits," the Canadian freight classi-
fication be amended by reducing pears (green), in boxes, or barrels, from
first-class to third-class in less than carloads, and from third to fifth class
in carloads; also that apples (green), in boxes, which are at present second-
class in less than carloads and fifth-class in carloads, be made third-class
in less than carloads and fifth-class in carloads, thus making the classifica-
tion of apples and pears in boxes or barrels uniform.

(b) That fruit described in the current Canadian freight classification
as * 'fruit, fresh," be carried in baskets, boxes or crates, viz. : Between all
stations in Ontario, east of Sault Ste. Marie and Fort William, and between
all stations in Quebec, and interprovincially between Ontario and Quebec,
also from stations in Ontario and Quebec to stations in New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia, at fourth-class rates in carloads of not less than 20,000 pounds,

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. • 39

instead of third-class, as at present, and at second-class rates in less than
carloads of 10,000 pounds or over instead of first-class, as at present. Als,o
from stations in Ontario and Quebec to Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie and
Brandon, at fourth-class rates, in carloads of not less than 20,000 pounds,
instead of at third-class, as at present.

It is understood in all cases that the total charges on a smaller lot shall
not be greater than the total charges on a larger lot at the next lower rate,
as indicated above.

(c) With respect to the charge made by the railways for refrigerating
shipments in transit, it is ordered that the average actual cost of the ice and
the placing thereof in the cars shall not be exceeded, and that, pending a
decision by the board as to a reasonable charge for such service,, the charge
for refrigeration shall not be more than |2.50 per ton of 2,000 pounds on
the actual weight of the ice supplied.

EEPOET ON THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUEIST.

H. B. Cowman : For a number of years The Horticulturist has been
financed by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, its annual deficits be-
ing paid out of the Association's annual Government grant. This has been
a drain on the funds of the Societies, and repeated demands have been made
to have the magazine placed on a paying basis. These attempts have failed
largely because of the system of management. None of the directors of the
Fruit Growers' Association are directly interested in the financial success
of the magazine, and it is impossible for them to get together and properly
supervise it. Then the editing for some time was done in one place and the
business arrangements in another. Last March I was placed in charge to
see what I could do to place The: Horticulturist on a paying basis. I have
worked at it, and we have secured a considerable increase in the revenue
from advertising. But, my experience has clearly demonstrated to me that
it will be impossible to successfully conduct the magazine without better
business management. The work is now being done in the Department.
If the magazine is to be made a success, it must have an advertising mana-
ger; subscripton clerks are necessary, and new departments will have to be
added. This will make it too big a proposition for any officer to handle
through the Department. If things remain as they are, the magazine must
run along as at present, instead of becoming such a journal as you feel you
require in the interests of fruit growing and floriculture. After thinking
the matter over for some time, I concluded the best thing to do would be to
form a joint stock company of fruit growers and floriculturists to take over
this journal. Mr. Bunting and myself discussed the idea and we wrote the
directors, and found all were in favor of the proposition. The Minister was
finally asked if I might be allowed to see if a joint stock company, composed
entirely of fruit growers and florists, could be formed to take over the control
of the magazine, and to continue it as the official organ of the Association.
On gaining the consent of the Minister, a committee of fruit growers looked
into the mater carefully and concluded that, while there were no big profits
to be made, the magazine might be made to pay its way. I therefore pre-
pared a prospectus and sent it around among the fruit growers and flori-
culturists. One publisher, it was intimated, might take all the stock if
given an opportunity, but that we decided could not be considered. It is
proposed to capitalize the company at |10,000, and to give the Association
11,000 worth of stock for their good will; that they should purchase an^

40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

other |1,000 worth, giving them |2,000 of the stock altogether; and that
of the 110,000 subscribed, |3,000 shall be paid up. It was felt that the
Association should have that amount of stock to assure it a large share in
the management. The required amount of stock was promised in less than
three weeks. It is for this meeting to decide whether or not this plan shall
be carried out.

Q. What is the present circulation ?

Mr. Cowan : Only about 4,300, three-fourths of which is among Hor-
ticultural Societies. It is felt that the paper should have a larger circulation
among the fruit growers. It is thought that if the price could be reduced
to 60 cents a year to subscribers, and 50 cents to the Societies, it would re-
sult in a material increase of circulation.

Q. What will you do with the funds of the Association if they are not
put into the magazine ?

Mr. Cowan : The directors say there is plenty of work to carry on if
they had the necessary funds.

Q. What guarantee has the Association that the paper will be con-
ducted as much in their interest in the future as in the past? It seems to
me that recently the magazine has been devoted too largely to floriculture.

Mr. Cowan : When I took hold of the magazine, I found that three-
quarters of the subscribers were flower growers, and that the circulation
had fallen off about 1,000 because that department was being neglected. We
could get little advertising, and the paper was on the roc)ks. Since then
more attention has been given to the floral department. I think the interests
of the Association will be safeguarded by its $2,000 worth of stock, and the
fact that the fruit growe^rs hold the stock almost entirely amongst them-
selves. Then a committee is to be appointed by the Association to advise
with the business management of the paper, and make such arrangements
as they think will safeguard the interests of the Association.

Mr. Bunting : Ari^ngements satisfactory to the Board must be con-
cluded or the proposition will fall through.

Mr. Elmer Lick moved, seconded by A. E. Sherrington, that the report
be adopted. Carried.

REPOET ON NEW AND SEEDLING FRUITS.
By H. L. Hutt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

The number of seedling fruits sent in this year for examination was
much smaller than usual, no doubt owing to the light crop of fruit gener-
ally throughout the country. The most important specimens received were
as follows :

No. 1. From J. W. Hotson, Innerkip. A large seedling apple very
much resembling Northern Spy and no doubt a seedling of that variety. This
apple is said to be excellent for cooking and keeps well until May. This
is a valuable seedling, but not enough superior to Northern Spy to recom-
mend it for general propagation.

No. 2. A seedling apple from P. L. Baker, Oakville. This is a large
showy, red apple, very much resembling Red Astrachan, and of about the
same season. Not enough superior to Astrachan to make it worth intro-
ducing.

No. 3. A large, showy crab seedling from Thos. W. Knight, Breckin-
rig, Ont. This is a very large showy crab with a long slender stem, color
light yellow well covered with light and dark stripes purplish red; quality

1904: FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION^. 41

fair to good. An excellent crab, and might be worth propagating for nor-
thern sections.

No. 4. From Edwin Peart, Nelson, Ont. A medium-sized, roundish
oblate apple, highly colored and something like Canada Red. This apple is
from an old tree which has been in bearing for forty years, and is said to
bear heavily every year. It is valuable because of its good cooking quality
and red color of the flesh, which shows well when fruit is cooked. Seasoa
about the same as Alexander.

No. 5. A seedling pear from E. C. Beeman, Newcastle, Ont. This
seedling was described in my report upon New Fruits three years ago. This
year Mr. Beeman sent for examination a basket of the fruit when fully
mature. He values this seedling highly because of its hardiness, produc-
tiveness, and fair quality. This pear is of peculiar shape, being almost as
round as an apple, which should make it desirable for packing for shipment.
The flesh is buttery and melting, the quality is fair to good, having more
acidity than most pears.

The following. new varieties have been tested at the Trenton Fruit Ex-
periment Station for several years past, and are the most promising among
two or three hundred new varieties under test :

First, Garden Gem. A medium to small sized apple of light red color,
good quality for dessert, in season October and November. This apple is
wonderfully productive and is well worthy of propagation as a dessert apple
for home use.

Second, Parline's Beauty. A medium sized ^apple of beautiful dark
red color, and excellent quality. The tree is wonderfully productive, and
the fruit keeps well till January or February.

Third, Coo's Beauty. A new variety of which scions were received
some years ago from California. The fruit is large and regular as a Blen-
heim Orange, of a beautiful bright red color, somewhat mottled, quality
excellent, season October to December. So far this has not been remarkably
productive, but it is certainly one of the finest new varieties introduced.

Q. Is the tree quite hardy ?

Mr. HuTT : So far it appears to be. It was tested at the Trenton Station.
We intend to distribute this variety to all the stations next year.

Mr. Stevens : We very much need in the Orillia section, an apple of
the Spy quality, that is hardy.

Mr. Sherrington : Is it better than the Spy ?

Mr. HuTT : I cannot say that it is.

Mr. Htjtt : Two or three years ago I received 40 or 50 seedling peaches
growing in Guelph. We planted them at the College, but last year we lost
all except a dozen or so that were small enough to be below the snow line.

Mr. Macoun : We tried to grow some in Ottawa. I tried seed from a
plum tree grafted on a peach stock. The plum died and the peach grew up
and was loaded with fruit, and is very hardy. I saved a number of these
stones, and have planted them, and it is possible we may get a hardy
variety.

Mr. Stevens, Orillia : We had a hardy seedling peach up to two years
ago which produced a very large crop. I sent some scions to Mr. Macoun,
but the tree had overborne itself, and they were weak and did not succeed.
Last winter I thought it was killed, but I find that suckers are growing up
from the root, andl shall be srlad to send Mr. Macoun scions from these.

Mr. Macoun : We have had fruiting at Ottawa for two years, a grape
which we obtained from Mr. Reed, of Port Dalhousie. It is proving to be

42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

one of the most promising we have. It is a hybrid between the Concord
and the Black Hamburg. It is a tremendous bearer, and almost as early as
Moore's Early with us. I believe it is called the Lincoln.

W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines : I saw this grape in a vineyard w'ith
other varieties, and the other varieties wene without exception ruined with
black rot while this one was quite free frpm infestation. I ca-n corrobor-
ate what Mr. Macoun has said as to its bearing qualities, etc.

A Member : I should ' like to ask Mr. Macoun as to tenderness of
bloom in Japanese and European varieties of plum, and whether he has
-ever sprayed with sulphur and lime as a remedy?

Mr. Macoun : We tried spraying with whitewash for retarding the
buds. It retarded the buds, but did n^t save the blossom, and we used a
very heavy application. The trouble with us is that the buds dry out. It
is the dry, cold wind in winter that kills them.

Q. What experience have you had with Russian pears; are they
worth growing?

Mr. Macoun : I would rather send to the Niagara District and buy
pears than attempt to grow Russian varieties; they are rotten before they
are ripe.

REPORT ON FRUITS FOR THE ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS'

ASSOCIATION, 1904.

By W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, C. E. A., Ottavta.

There were not so many new fruits sent in for examination this year
as last year, and those mat were received were confined to apples and
plums. A few of the most promising are noticed :

Apples.

Edwin Rakestrow, Township of Ryde, Muskoka District, Seedling
Apple. Fruit: Size, above medium; form, oblate roundish; cavity deep,
medium width, russeted; stem short, moderately stout; basin open, deep;
calyx open; colour yellow, well washed with bright red; dots few, indis-
tinct; skin thick, moderately tough; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy; core
medium; flavour subacid, sprightly, pleasant; quality good, season evi-
dently October; tree, quite hardy. Seed sown by daughter of Mr. Rake-
strow eight years ago. Had one apple in 1903 and fifty this year. Four-
teen miles from Gravenhurst. A promising seedling. Not as high flavoured
as Wealthy, but a good apple. Promising specimens received from J. P.
Cockburn, Gravenhurst, Ont.

J. Gossley, Richmond Hill, Ont. Apple. Fruit: size, medium; form,
roundish, slightly angular; cavity deep, open; basin medium depth and
width, smooth; calyx open; colour yellow, well splashed and washed with
bright red; dots few, small, yellow, indistinct; skin moderately thick,
tough; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy; core medium; flavour subacid,
pleasant; quality good to very good; season mid to late winter, evidently.
Tree said to be a cross between Canada Red, Baldwin and Spy. Much like
Spy in appearance and flavour, but is not as good flavour as Spy.

S. Greenfield, Ottawa East, Ont. Apple. Fruit: Size, above medium;
form, roundish conical, angular; cavity, medium depth and width; stem
short, slender; basin medium depth and width, wrinkled; calyx closed;

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 43

colour yellow, almost entirely covered with deep crimson; dots moderately
numerous, yellow, distinct; skin thick, tough; flesh yellow, moderately
juicy, rather coarse; core medium; flavour subacid, pleasant, quality good;
season evidently October and perhaps later. Seedling of Mr. Greenfield's.
If this apple has better points than Wealthy it may be useful, but it is not as
juicy nor as tender in the flesh as Wealthy, though perhaps a little higher
flavoured.

Miss P. L. Baker, Oakville, Ont. Apple, seedling. Fruit : Size,
large; form roundish; cavity narrow, medium depth, lipped; stem short,
slender; basin narrow, medium depth, almost smooth; calyx open; colour
pale yellow almost covered with crimson; dots obscure; skin thin, tender;
flesh white; core, medium; flavour subacid; slightly astringent; quality
good; season evidently late August to early September. Tree a seedling
about ten years old. Blossomed for first time this year. Blossoms very
large. A handsome apple resembling Eed Astrachan very much in out-
ward appearance and probably a seedling of it. Resembles Langford
Beauty and Russell in character of flesh and flavour.

In addition to these apples which are brought before the Association
for the first time, there are a few other varieties which may be classed as
new and which were brought specially under our notice this year. Among
these may be mentioned the Walter apple which came through the last
severe winter in good condition and bore well this year. This apple is a
cross originated by the late P. C. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont., the female
parent being Northern Spy, and the male Golden Pusset. The original
tree is still in the orchard of Mr. W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont. The
apple is very large, handsome, yellow, well splashed and streaked with red;
quality good; season October and November at Ottawa. It will probably
be a useful apple in the colder parts of the country if it is found to be as
hardy as Wealtliy. Of hardy winter apples the Milwaukee and North
Western Greening appear to be two of the most promising of the newer
sorts. The Windsor Chief, which up to this year was thought to be one of
most promising of the more recen't introductions, was winter-killed in
Eastern Ontario and the Province of Quebec last winter.

Forty-seven new seedlings of Russian apples fruited at the Central
Experimental Farm this year. None of these are promising enough to be
reported on here, but several are as good as most of the named Russian
apples and will be tested in Manitoba and the North-west Territories.

A large number of seedlings of Mcintosh Red, Fameuse, Northern
Spy, Pewaukee, Lawver, Salome, Wealthy, and others are planted at the
Central Experimental Farm, which should give some valuable new varieties.
They are now beginning to fruit. Seven1:een crosses between McMahon
White and Scott's Winter fruited this year. Some of these give promise
of being superior to Scott's Winter.

Plums.

t

The Americana plums have been receiving a good deal of attention
of late years, and the following varieties, which fruited at the Central Ex-
perimental Farm for the first time this year, are among the best which
have been tested, and are well worthy of being grown where the European
varieties will not succeed :

Admiral Schley — Fruit received from Central Experimental Farm.
Form roundish; size, very large; cavity, narrow, shallow; suture a dis-

44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

tinct line; apex rounded; colour yellow, well washed with deep bronzy
red; dots numerous, small, yellow, distinct; bloom thin, bluish; skin
moderately thick, tough; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone large, oval, flat,
cling; flavour sweet, rich, good; quality very good. One of the best Am-
ericana plums yet tested. Apparently an improvement over Bawkeye^
Americana group.

Bomherger — Eruit received from Central Experimental Farm. Form
roundish to broad oval; size very large; cavity shallow, narrow; suture
a distinct line; apex rounded; colour yellow, more or less covered with deep
lively red; dots few, small, yellow, distinct; bloom medium; skin thick,
tough; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, oval, flat; flavour sweet,
rich; quality very good. A very handsome plum. More attractive than
Hawkeye. Promising. Americana group.

Smith — Fruit received from Central Experimental Farm. Form
roundish to broad oval; size large; cavity narrow, shallow; suture a dis-
tinct line ; apex rounded ; colour yellow, mottled and washed with red ; dots
obscure; bloom light; skin thick, moderately tough; flesh yellow, juicy;
stone rather large, oval, nearly free; flavour sweet, good; quality good to
very good. A good plum. Promising. Americana group.

None of the Japanese plums have proved sufficiently hardy in the
flower bud at Ottawa to be satisfactory. The Eed June, however, has pro-
duced a few plums from time to time, and from these have been grown
some seedlings. Two of these appear to be much hardier in the flower bud
than the named varieties on the market, and fruited this year when there
was not a European plum in the orchard. The best one has been named
Togo, a description of which is given herewith.

Togo (seedling of the Eed June.) Fruit received from Central Ex-
perimental Farm. Form roundish, somewhat heart shaped; size above
medium; cavity narrow, medium depth, abrupt; suture an indistinct, some-
times distinct, line, no depression; apex slightly flattened; colour deep
red; dots numerous, small; bloom moderate, bluish; skin yellow, moder-
ately thick, tough; flesh yellow, firm, juicy; stone medium size, oval,
slightly flattened, cling; flavour sweet, good, acid next skin; quality good.
A promising plum. Larger than Eed June, and better in quality. Hand-
some. Named Togo, Aug. 13th, 1904, in honor of Admiral Togo. Triflora
group.

One seedling European plum was received which resembled Lombard
very much ; following is a description of it :

Thos. C. Paddon, 62 Bolton Ave., Toronto. Plum seedling. Form
broad, oval; size above medium; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture a dis-
tinct line, not depressed; apex rounded; colour dark purplish red; dots
numerous, small, yellow, distinct; bloom appears light; skin moderately
thick, tough; flesh deep greenish yellow, juicy, firm; stone medium size
practically free; flavour moderately sweet; quality medium to above. Tree
said to be a seedling. Tree is an upright grower, stands about twenty-five
feet high and is a good heavy cropper. It resembles Lombard very much.
Should be a good shipper. Domestica group.

The difficulty with winter apples in our section is that the wood does
not ripen and the winter wind kills them out. The Milwaukee apple is
'peculiar, and I think has some points that make it stand our w|in'ter better
than others. Shortly after the apple is picked from the tree, the skin turns
^yellow, making it look as if it were mellow and ready for use. It can be
used then, but it will keep all winter without any trouble; but the fact
that 'it turns yellow indicates to my mind that the wood of the tree has

1904: FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 45

been thoroughly (ripened, and that is the kind of tree we want — a tree com-
bining early ripening of the wood, and an apple that will keep all winter.
It is a seedling of the Duchess and just like it in quality, acid and juicy
land a capital keeper.

E. Morris, Fonthill : There is no field of operations in which the
fruit men can do more than in the hybridization of apples. In this work
as much attention should be paid to the hardiness of the tree as to the
quality of the apple. I should be afraid of the cross Mr. Macoun mention-
ed, as it is a short-lived tree, and Mcintosh -Red is a weak grower.

HANDLING THE FRUIT CROP FOR COLD STORAGE.

By G. Harold Powell, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Storage Investi-
gations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, WASHiNGrXON, D. C.

I desire to express the gratification of the Secretary of Agriculture
of the United States that this Department has been invited to take part m
the discussions of your Association, and I wish also to extend the greetings
of the Honorable Secretary to the fruit growers of Ontario. It g'ives me
personal pleasure to meet with you and to learn something of the conditions
of your fruit growing industry.

I have been asked by the Secretary of your Society to discuss the 'Cold
Storage of Fruit". The Department of Agriculture of the United States
has been ^conducting investigations concerning the influence of geographic
and climatic conditions, of cultural practices in the orchard, of commer-
cial methods of picking, handling and shipping the fruit and of conditions
in cold storage warehouses, on the keeping quality and ultimate value of
the fruit. I will confine my remarks especially to that phase of the stor-
age business which deals with the preparation and the handling of the fruit
for storage purposes.

We used to think (and this feeling is apparently still shared by a con-
siderable number of apple men) that the temperature of the warehouse
was the one factor that de/termined the behavior of ths fraifc in its com-
partments. If the temperature of the rooms was only cold enough it was
expected that the fruit ought to keep under all conditions. When the
barrels came out of the warehouse in the spring, slack packed, or the apples
were decayed and mussy, or more scab had developed on the fruit than it
showed at the picking time, these difficulties and many others were in-
variably attributed to the faulty management of the warehouse. And the
records are replete with claims of the apple men against the warehouse-
men for cold storage charges and other damages, especially in those seasons
when the selling price of the fruit has been lower than they had antici-
pated.

But, happily for all interests concerned, the handling and the storing
of fruit, like the care of the orchard, are being reduced to a scientific basis,
and we are coming to appreciate more and more that the jwarehouse is the
last link in the chain of successful fruit growing, depending for its strength
up'on (the character of the management of the orchard, the care in picking,
packing, transporting and other handling of the fruit before it reaches the
storage chambers.

The .cold temperature of the warehouse exerts no mysterious influence
upon fruits; it simply retards the ripening processes, and checks, or may
preven't, the development of its diseases. A fruit is a living body; it ripens

46

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

slowly in a low temperature and quickly when the temperature is high.
The diseases spread rapidly in high temperatures, and some diseases, like
the apple scab and bitter rot, are checked by the temperature best adapted
to the storage of fruit, while others, like the m,olds which produce the solt
brown rot in apples and pears and in some other fruits, and which cause
most of the repacking of apples in the spring grow slowly m the
lowest temperature in which the fruit may be stored safely without freez-
ing The cold storage treatment does not obliterate the difterences that
exist in the apples when they enter the warehouse; it rather retards while
not preventing, their normal development. If two lots of apples differ in
ripeness or in the amount of disease with which they .are affected, m the
amount of bruising, or if the conditions in ^hich they were grown cause
>them to vary, cold storage can only check the development of these dit-

Cultural conditions produce an important influence on the keeping
of fruit, though this feature is scarcely recognized m practical warehous-
ing Apples, for instances, that are grown rapidly, and to abnormal size,
like those from young trees or from orchards stimulated unduly by tillage
and -cover crops; fruit produced on quick-acting sandy soils or that irom
trees bearing a light crop, continues to ripen relatively fast m the storage
house, and reaches the end of its life earlier m the season than the same
variety when grown more slowly. We have seen such sorts as York im-
perial/' "Hubbardston," 'Tound Sweet" and "Northern Spy from
young trees, deteriorate from one to four months earlier than the same
varieties from older trees. The warehouse cannot be expected to obliter-
ate these inherent differences in the fruit. The grower and the^ handler
should on the other hand, endeavor to acquaint themselves with the mtiuence
of cultural conditions on the behavior of the different varieties, and their
disposition from the warehouse should be governed accordingly.

We used to think (and this .opinion is still commonly held by apple
growers and dealers alike) that fruit should be picked somewhat green to
insure the best keeping quality. The investigations of the Department
have shown this opinion to be erroneous. It has been our experience that
the best keeping apples or peaches are those that have attained the highest
color and fullest size, but which are still hard and firm when picked The
pear has kept best when it attains full size and is picked before yellowish
tints have appeared. In our Fruit Storage Investigation we have observed
that after it is picked, .green fruit actually ripens more quickly than more
mature fruit of the same variety, and the chemical changes have been
shown to progress more rapidly by the Bureau of Chemistry of the Depart-
Iment Green picked fruit, therefore, reaches ,the end of its lite m the
'warehouse as quickly, or even more so, than the latter. Poorly colored
fruit brings the lowest price; it does not attract the consunaer; it never
acquires that exquisite bouquet, or aroma, or that fine quality that are
characteristic of a highly colored, well matured specimen

Furthermore, the premature picking of the apple makes it especially
susceptible 'to scald. Apple scald is the most serious warehouse trouble
in certain varieties like "Rhode Island Greening," Grimes -Golden,
"York Imperial" and "Wagener." It appears to be the result o>f a fer-
ment or enzyme ,working beneath 'the skin. It attacks the apple late m
^he storage season on the immature or light colored side, and^ a crop picked
prematurely is particularly susceptible to it -on account ,of its green cdnr
dition Highly colored apples are less seriously affected, and a crop Packed
when the fruit has attained full size and ^deep color may escape the difli-

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 47

culty until very late in the season, provided the fruit is stored quickly
after picking, in a low temperature. It is, therefore, in the interest of
the long keeping of the fruit, of fine flavor and quality, of a greater com-
mercial value anu of a comparative freedom from storage scald, to allow
the apple crop to hang on the trees longer than the average apple gi^ower
allows it to hang at the present time.

If I may be pardoned for digressing from the discussion di the sior-
age problem and entering the field of orchard management, I would sug-
gest that you consider the advisability of picking over the trees of varieties
of fine quality two or three times, taking the fruit in each picking that
has attained the highest color. I know of no system of apple culture or
of harvesting by which the entire crop of a^ tree can be picked with a uni-
form degree of maturity at one time. The apple, like the peach tree, bears
fruit that varies several days, or even weeks, in degree of maturity. The
fruit on the upper and outside branches ripens . first, and the interior,
shaded fruit, later, but, by 'picking such varieties as the ''Northern Spy,"
* Wagener," ''Esopus Spitzenburg" and other varieties of fine quality
two or three times, at intervals of ten days to three weeks, the general aver-
age in size and color of the fruit of the entire tree may be improved con-
siderably. I would suggest also that much of the poor color in apples,
especially in old trees under high culture, is the result of the increased
leaf surface induced by this treatment. It is probable that this fault may
be corrected to a large extent by judicious pruning to let the light and air
in to the interior branches.

The opinion used to be quite general among apple men that it was ne-
cessary fior fruit to "sweat" after picking to give it good keeping quality.
It was, therefore, placed in piles in the orchard or in buildings before pack-
ing and storing. The investigations of our Department have shown that
this opinion is bad in theory and worse in practice. The fruit that keeps
the best is that which is stored the quickest after picking; and the fruit
that rot's the mk)st in the warehouse is that which is delayed in the orchard
or under other conditions in transit to the warehouse. I think I am not
overstating the actual condition of the fruit-storage business when I say
that more than three-fourths of the practical difficulties with fruit in stor-
age houses is the result of rough handling coupled with delaying the stor-
age of the fruit after it is picked. As soon as a fruit is severed from the
tree, all of its chemical and physiological activities are accelerated. Now,
it ripens with unusual rapidity and most rapidly when the weather ^*s
warm. As the fruit is usually moist in the barrels, or in piles, the con-
ditions are favorable for the rapid spread of the diseases. During a delay
of ten days in warm weather the fruit may have consumed a large part of
its remaining life, and the diseases may have beciome firmly established
before it enters the warehouse. Slack-packed barrels, rotten fruit, and
financial loss are the inevitable results of this practice.

Immediate storage a'fter picking is one of the essentials in successful
fruit-storage, and then, if the fruit decays, there is a fair presumption that
the conditions in which it was grown produced an inherent weakness in it,
and that the owner showed poor judgment in holding it beyond the normal
storage season of the variety — provided,, of course, the warehouse has not
been grossly mismanaged.

A farm storage or local warehouse would overcome some of the practi-
cal difficulties now experienced in handling the fruit crop. The average
'fruit grower cannot store the fruit quickly after picking in a distant ware-

48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

house. He does not employ enough labor, nor does he grow sufficient fruit
that ripens at one time to make up a carload quickly. A c^ommon prac-
tice, especially among apple growers, is to hold the fruit in the orchard
until a carload is ready for shipment, or the /entire crop of fall and winter
fruit may be picked before the packing is begun. Under these conditions,
the delayed fruit ripens rapidly and the apples enter the warehouse in ali
stages of maturity and will naturally break down at various times in the
storage season. On the other hand, if the grower sells at the harvesting
time, he is obliged to accept the price fixed by the temporary condition of
the fruit trade. From the 'business standpoint, it may i^ot be advisable for
the average farmer to attempt to store his own fruit and sell it later in
the season, but for the specialist in fruit growing, the local warehouse pro-
vides a means of holding the fruit in prime condition during the warm
"fall weather and places him in the most favorable condition to sell it later
in the season, either to a buyer or on the general market.

The farm or local storage house is of still greater importance to the
grower and shipper of perishable fruits, like the small fruits, the peach
and the pear, in providing a means of properly preparing the fruit for long
'distance shipment. Many of the losses that occur while fruit is in transit
are due to the ripening and to the development of diseases that take place
before the temperature of the car is sufficiently lowered, either by ventila-
tion or by the melting of the ice. It is not uncommon for peaches to ar-
rive in market with a loss of five to thirty per cent, in the top layers of
the car. This is due to the unequal distribution of the temperature in the
•average refrigerator car and to the small body of ice. From extended ex-
periments in shipping peaches from the south to northern markets in 1904,
'the U. S. Department of Agriculture found that the fruit could be landed
in perfect condition, and that it could be held in the car a much longer
period on arrival at destination, when it had been cooled to about forty
degrees F. quickly after picking, and before loading in the refrigerator
cars. The same principle will apply to the export shipment of peaches,,
pears and early apples, and to the distant shipment of small fruits.

The principle that we wish to emphasize by this phase of the discus-
sion is that fruits of all kinds, whether they are intended for storage in
warehouses or, like the perishable fruits, are shipped to distant markets,
need to have their ripening processes checked as soon as they are picked,
as the ripening that takes place in the orchard or in transit is at the ex-
pense of the keeping quality and value on the market or in the warehouse.

I have left for the last word on the preparation of fruit for storage a
phase of the question that should logically precede all others. I refer to
the care in handling and preparation of the fruit. This subject has been
amply illuminated since the beginning of the discussion of commercial
pomology until it would seem to have been worn threadbare. I do not pro-
pose to discuss it in detail, except to point out that the most serious rots
in northern apples and pears in transit and in storage are often the direct
result of bad handling and packing on the part of the fruit grower or dealer,
coupled with a delay in storing the fruit, during which time the rots enter
the bruised parts and develop. The common soft storage rots of apples and
pears, which are caused by molds, do not affect unbruised fruit. They gain
entrance only when the skin has been broken by rough ^picking, or sorting,
or by the movement of the fruit in loosely packed packages during ship-
ment, and kill the fruit prematurely. On the other hand, an unbruised
fruit lives until it has spent its vital forces through natural chemical and
physiological changes, when it dies from old age.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 49

Not in tlie history of commercial fruit growing lias the influence of
the careful preparation and handling of fruit on its keeping quality been
emphasized as it is at the horticultural exhibit of the World's Fair at St.
Louis. Several of the States have kept the tables well supplied with mag-
nificent apples of I'ast year's crop throughout the Exposition. The princi-
pal part of the fruit exhibit to (September 15th was made up of fruit of
the crop of 1903. There has been a wide variation in the keeping quality
in the fruit from different |States, and, in my judgment, this variation "S
due more to the preparation of the fruit for storage than to the conditions
in the particular section in which the fruit was grown. We do not under-
estimate the influence of geographic and climatic conditions on the keep-
ing of varieties, and we do believe that the success that is achieved by the
various localities in showing their fruit products 'at the Exposition is due
not only to the natural resources of the locality, but even more to the skil]
and care of the men who have handled tho fruit from the tree to the show
tables. A similar exhibit of storage fruit could not have been made at
the Columbian Exposition in 1893. The progress since then has been made
not so much in the methods of eold storage, but we have learned in the
meantime that fruit should develop full size and high color before picking,
that in all of the handling it should be treated like a delicate living body,
that heavy wrapping protects it from bruising, that it should be packed
an small packages, shi^pped immediately to a warehouse and stored in a
temperature of 29 to 31 degrees F. We need to apply the lessons of this
great Exposition to the handling of fruit for commercial purposes.

Q. In^wrapping apples to be placed in cold storage, would you advise
that they be cooled in very hot weather before they are wrapped?

Mr. Pow^ELL : I have not made any tests of that kind, but should
think it would hardly make any difference if you can get the wrapped fruit
into cold storage quickly. In wrapping for storage for long keeping, the
thicker the wrapper, the longer the fruit will keep. For that reason double
wrapping is desirable under such circumstances.

Mr. Macoun : Eegarding the keeping quality of apples from old and
young trees and from trees 'that have been severely pruned, it has always
appeared to me that in some parts of the country pruning has been prac-
tised to too great an extent among the best orchardists. In my opinion,
pruning is one of the least essentials, and that cultivation and spraying
are of far more importance. If a tree is properly started and has a sym-
metrical head, when it begins to bear, provided it gets a little pruning
to keep it in shape, it will develop in such a way, with proper cultivation
and proper spraying, that the fruit will be evenly distributed over the
tree and get the light and air properly. Orchards treated in this way will
produce fruit with the keeping quality Prof. Powell has spoken of, al-
though the fruit may not be very large.

A Member : I should like to take very strong objection to Mr. Macoun's
statements. I have had considerable experience, and find that severe prun-
ing adds to the keeping qualities. '

Q. What is the effect of fertilizers on the keeping qualities of the
fruit?

Mr. Pow^ELL : Fertilization or any other factor that induces an abnor-
mally large growth reduces ^the keeping quality. But I do not wish to
leave the impression that I do not recommend high cultivation and high
fertilization; I would rather have more fruit of a fine quality, even if it
did not keep quite as well, than inferior fruit with better keeping qualities.

4 F.G.

50 THE REPORT OF THE N: 16

Mr. Caston : Ixie kind of fertilizer no doubt has a bearin,g on the
keeping qualities of apples. It seems to me that the fertilizing ration
should be properly balanced.

Mr. Morris : If you feed an orchard bone and potash, you get quality
and color without ruining the keeping qualities. Too much nitrogen will
affect the keeping qualities adversely.

THE TEI^L SHIPMENTS OF FEUIT TO WINNIPEG.
By Prof. J. B. Eeynolds, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

The object of these experimental shipments of fruit to Winnipeg was
to find out whether or not tender fruits from Ontario could be placed in
good condition on the Winnipeg market by freight carriage. Incidentally
it was the intention to inquire into the whole m;atter of transportation,
prices, and selection and packing of fruit, as well as the best construction
of car for refrigeration.

In each car were carried apples, Bartlett pears, grapes, plums, peaches
and tomatoes. The idea seemed to prevail among most of the fruit growers
that in order to carry these fruits to Winnipeg safely they must be picked
green and hard. The result does not justify this belief. A considerable
proportion of the peaches were packed hard, green and undersized. A fair
quantity of them, however, were, when packed, well .sized, well colored,
and firm, in such a condition as No. 1 Crawford peaches are packed for
use within a few days. These last were by far the mosft desirable when
opened up at Winnipeg. In fact, after seven days had elapsed between
loading and unloading, after a journey of 1,500 miles, and various shunt-
ings at Allandale, North Bay, Fort William and Winnipeg, Crawford
peaches were placed on the market from our shipment in better condition
than any I have seen displayed in the shops in Guelph.

This is true not only of a chance few of the peaches shipped, but of all
that had not been picked too green. A box of the primest of these peaches
found its way into the hands of an acquaintance of mine, and on Monday,
three days after fthe sale and eleven days after picking, I inquired as to
the condition of the fruit. The reply was that a few only of the peaches
were then mellow enough for immediate use, and that the greater part
of the box could be kept until the end of that week, that is, until fifteen
or sixteen days after picking. Grapes shipped well, some of the Moore's
Early only being off the stem. The varieties of plums were Eeine Claude,
Yellow Egg, Columbia, and Grand Duke. The.se were beginning to soften,
but were in good condition when sold. Of Bartlett pears the same may
be said as of Crawford peaches, most of them were shipped too green, and
those that were allowed to reach good size, and yet were picked firm, arrived
in prime market condition.

Various causes contributed to these gratifying results, and the only
accidental one was the weather, which was favorably cool. All other con-
tributing causes were anticipated in our pljans for the shipment. These
were: A selection of good fruit, careful wrapping of peaches and pears,
and packing in -suitable carriers, boxes for everything, and for grapes and
plums a bushel crate con'taining twelve trays, each tray holding about two
and a half pounds; careful loading in the car, so that none of the boxes
could move out of its place, and spacing the boxes so that air could cir-
culate on all sides of each box.
4a F. G.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 51

As to cold storage facilitic^s : Two cars were selected oi quite different
interior construction, the one having devices for maintaining air circula-
tion, the other having none of 'these. It is probable that with warmer
weather a defective system of refrigeration would have been detected, but
the uniformly cool weather during the shipment made iDoth cars equally
effective. Upon this matter, therefore, the experiment is inconclus ve.
It must be borne in mind that the office of a refrigerator car is to counter-
act the effect of warm weather upon perishable goods. In a good refrig-
erator, fruit will keep as well in warm weather as in cold. Provided our
car's were good, the success of our shipment did not depend upon the weather.

The Prices Realized.

As to prices : Both cars were .sold by auction, one on September 22,
the other on September 23. The prices on the first day were : Crawford
peaches, fl.lO to |1.25 per box of 12 quarts; plums, |1.50 per crate of
20 quarts; grapes, |1.50 to |1.80 per crate of 30 pounds net; pears, |1 to
11.25 per box, half bushel; apples, 85 cents to |1.25 per 'bushel; tomatoes,
55 cents to 85 cents per 12 quart box. On the second day there was rather
an overload of pears, which went low accordingly. Prices were : Peaches,
fl.lO to 11.25; plums, |1.05 per crate of 13 quarts; pears, 70 cents to fl.05
for XXX Bartlett. Flemish Beauty and XX Bartlett sold much lower.
Apples, 85 cents to |1.20 per bushel; tomatoes, 55 cents to 60 cents per
12 quart box.

Average net prices, including cost of pa/ckage, but after deducting
freight and commission charges, were : Peaches, 93 cents per box ; plums,
75 cents per 13 quarts; grapes, $1.14 per crate of 30 pounds net; pears,
75 cents per box; tomatoes, 44 cents per 12 quart box; apples, 55 cents
per bushel. In replies received from the growers who supplied the fr^uit,
most of them express satisfaction with these 'prices. In the instance of
plums and peavches prices are ruling high in Ontario this year, and the
Winnipeg prices are not relatively 'high. It is satisfactory to know, how-
ever, that the peaches, sold on their appearance simply, without any re-
putation to help them, realized fully as much as the best Cailif ornia peaches
on the same day. The auction method is liable to be panicky, but is on
the whole, perhaps, as good a method as any for disposing of perishable
fruits.

Should Watch These Points.

While our experiment was highly successful, I do not advise shippers
to repeat it until they are fully apprised of the importance of attending
to details, selecting the fruit at the right degree of maturity, packing and
loading properly, keeping the car iced while loading, and filling bunkers
before it starts, and marking way bill so as to insure re-icing in transit.
With one exception I found 'that the various icing stations attended well
to the icing. With increase of business, so that the icing of cars becomes
a regular instead of an occasional duty, there is reason to expect tha^t it
will be better attended to in future. The same is true of despatch. A
large volume of freight business 'in perishable fruits is therefore likely to
correct present deficiences in the transport system. But with the fruit
growers and shippers nothing less than co-operation in packing and ship-
ping will remove the defects in that part of the undertaking. There must
be uniformity in packages, in grading, in quality of fruit, and these can-
not be secured by independent action but only by co-operation.

52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Prof. HuTT: We all realize that there is a vast market for our ex-
port fruit in the North-west. These shipments have demonstrated that
fruit can be shipped there in proper condition. But we learn much more
than that from these shipments. The fruit that was too green when loaded,
did not sell well. I saw a^l the fruit loaded, and examined it with Mr.
Carey. Much of what we thought was too ripe to carry that distance seems
to have sold the best on arrival. We learn from this that we have been
shipping our fruit too immature to arrive in the best condition. Tha,t
fact is brought out not only in connection with peaches, but with Flemish
Beauty pears. One grower put up 100 cases of these pears, and if they
could have been kept for a month longer, they would have brought much
better prices.

One of the most striking things we noticed was the great lack of uni-
formity in grading and packing. Our competitors in the North-west
markets are the men of California and British Columbia, where so much
progress has been made in this direction. Although they may be handi-
capped for rates, they are away ahead of us in this respect. We happened
to have a California shipper with us at the time one of these shipments
was being made. After examining the packing, he said he was not a bit
alarmed about competition from Ontario.

This difficulty would be overcome largely by co-operation. Until our
growers co-operate and put up a uniform packa^ge with uniform grading,
we shall not be able to gain a place on that market and retain it against
our competitors. Prof. Reynolds appears to think that the experiment
could not be repeated except under favorable conditions. I think we
could make the conditions far more favorable with the experience we have
gained and get even better results. I hope to see these shipments followed
up in a commercial way next season.

Mr. Bunting : You speaik of lack of uniformity in packing, do you
mean that the packing as a general rule was improperly done? My under-
standing of Prof. Reynolds was that, while some of the fruit was not
packed Is it should be, the great proportion of it was Veil pa-cked.

Prof. HuTT : I suppose that the greater part of the fruit was well
packed, but some of it was very improperly packed. Nor was it properly
graded; no two shippers seem to have the same idea^ of what constitutes
No. 1 and No. 2 grade. Some of the fruit had 'to be graded down. By a
co-operative packing house all this could be overcome, as the fruit would
be packed by experts and have a uniform standard, and buyers in any
market would know just what was meant by XX and XXX fruit.

Mr. HuGGARD: Is it possible to ship Bartlett pears in quantities of
ten to fifty bushels, at the regular rate of freight charges, and obtain a
reasonable profit?

Prof. Reynolds : On the first day and on part of the second day the
sale of our No. 1 Bartlett psars realizad fron |1.05 to |1.23 psr half
bushel. On the second day prices were lower for reasons explained.

Mr. Bunting : Before the recent concession was made by the railways,
pears in boxes or barrels in less than car lots would have been charged for
at the rate of |1.24 per hundred from the Niagara District to Winnipeg,
and 80 J cents in car lots. Under the present arrangement, the rate for
car lots is 55 cents, and for less Hhan car lots SOJ cents. I presume that
from Mr. Huggard"^ district the rate would be slightly higher.

I think that in shipping car load lots by freight the delays might be
quite serious, and I do not think it would be desirable to take the risk in
the warm part of 'the season at any rate.

1904: FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 53

Mr. HuGGARD : I shipped from our station to Montreal, Ottawa, and
Midland this season, and the agent said he had received no "instructions
to make any difference in the rates.

Mr. Bunting: Did you ship in ca,r-load lots?
Mr. Huggard : No; not in pears.

Mr. Bunting : There is no reduction except for 10,000 pounds or over.
Mr. Huggard : The last shipment I made was of 14,000 pounds of
pears to Ottawa, and no difference was made in the rate over last year.

Alex. McNeill : Mr. Hilborn, who is a gentleman who ships largely,
sent a shipment of early tomatoes to the North-west, and sent them the
only way they could be sent in less than car load lots — by express. He
had to prepay the charges which were |149. They arrived in good con-
dition, everything first-class, and they realized what was regarded as a
good price, the returns being |112. You can calculate how long it will take
him to get ijich at that rate. He also had to pq,y for packages and a lot
of other things. That demonstrates the fact that we shall have to get
the express business put in better shape. Our work is not half done.

There is a point in connection with the shipments made by Prof. Rey-
nolds that I wish to emphasize, that we as fruit growers have a duty to
perform, and it ill becomes us to take the beam out of the other fellow's
eye before we get the mote out of our own.

The transportation companies are not doing their whole duty, but how
about ourselves. On these very experimental shipments, which were gen-
erously provided for by one of the best Ministers that ever administered a
department, what did we do? There are two reports in the archives at
Ottawa under the Fruit Marks' Act which should have been prosecutions,
where the shippers had marked xx fruit as xxx. They were old shippers,
and had they been treated with anything but leniency, they would have
been before the police magistrate. That is a disgrace, and the time has
come for plain speaking. This is not the first time that such a thing has
happened. Frequently public spirited men have been repelled from assist-
ing us because we have not done our own duty. The time has come when
we must second the efforts of those who are endeavouring to help us. I dis-
like to speak of these things, but I feel that I owe it to the fruit industry,
an industry which is being seriously jeopardised, either by the gross care-
lessness of the growers or by something worse.

To show the necessity for such work as is being done by Prof. Reynolds,
we had a conference with the dealers in Winnipeg last August. They told
us in the plainest manner possible that they did not want our stuff. They
said '*We will take your apples, pears and grapes, but keep your other
stuff in Ontario." If that had been in Great Britain, we should have said
that they were prejudiced against colonials. I reminded them that from a
patriotic point of view they ought to patronize native products. They said.
''Patriotism is all right enough, but we can get better stuff than your people
supply." I said: ''Does not the duty interfere with fruit coming in from
the South?" They replied, "What does that amount to anyway? We
have the money and are willing to pay for the right article." It is a purely
business proposition with them; they can get something that suits them
better, and they are not handling our fruit. I said, "Why don't you come
to Ontario and show us what you want?" and their reply was "Don't we
tell you in the prices we send you for your fruit?" What more could 1
say?

The lesson is that there are three weak points, first, the grower, who
has to do the growing, packing and grading; second, the transportation

64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

companies, who have the chance to take just what slice they please out of
the profits; and third, the dealer at the other end, who is a thousand miles
away from us, and can manipulate things very nicely.

I think the Department has taken a long step in helping the fruit
growers to help themselves; but we want united effort to get after the
transportation companies. We have only just started on the question and
require to follow it up.

HoBT. Thompson, St Catharines : While I was in Winnipeg I discov-
ered that, while the dealers were returning only sixty cents per basket for
grapes to the growers in Ontario, the buyers paid 75c. to 80c. for the same
grapes.

The same thing applies to No. 1 and No 2 fruit. I know of a case
where a car of pears was sent to the west, and when the returns were made
to the shippers they were so unsatisfactory that enquiry was made into the
matter, and the commission men finally admitted that they never saw this
individual shipment, but took up the manifest, and sent **What they
thought was fair" to the shippers, which as a matter of fact was half price.

Mr. Hatnes : I should like to ask Mr. Eeynolds whether he has any
report of the goods that went from St. Catharines in basket form? I should
like to see a comparison between fruit shipped in baskets and that shipped
in the ordinary manner as prescribed by the Department?

Peof. Reynolds : These grapes were all put up in from four to nine
pound baskets. They were placed at the top of the packages without being
weighed, and they carried in good condition. The only objection to bas-
kets is that they will not support a load when it is placed upon them.

Mr. Haynes : We have shipped large quantities in baskets and have
realized good money. I realized more money for them in Ottawa than in
the West. The finest fruit was selected and put in cases, and the balance
in baskets. The trouble with the dealers in the West is that they will not
handle our goods other than on commission; they should come here and buy
from us.

W. L. Smith, The WeeJcly Sun : The fruit inspectors are doing good
work'in seeing that the fruit is packed honestly. I think they could also
do good work in seeing that the commission men make proper returns, and
that it should be part of their duty to investigate such cases as Mr. Thomp-
son has mentioned.

Mr. Armstrong : We all realize that the average fruit grower has
not attained perfection in any department, but it is well known, not only
in Toronto but in many other cities in Canada, that there are quite a num-
ber of fruit growers who pack their fruit perfectly. We have already re-
ceived statements from various points from the consumers saying that our
packing is equal to anything they have seen, not excepting California
packing. I do not take much stock in importing experts from California
to teach us. There are a large number of fruit growers who are simply
farmers who have added this department to their work. The real fruit
grower is handicapped by them. In this case, co-operation in picking and
packing is the only remedy. Let there be proper inspection at central
points to see that packing is properly done, especially when fruit is ship-
ped to Winnipeg.

W. W. Moore, Chief of Markets Division, Ottawa iWas any differ-
ence discernible in the condition of the fruit out of the two cars? Did the
Hanrahan car carry better or worse or how?

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 56

Prop. Eeynolds : There was no difference. The uniformly cool
wea,ther allowed each car to carry very successully. How hot weather
might have affected results I cannot say.

J. JJ. Sparling, District Supt., Canadian Express Co. : We do not
operate in the direction of Winnipeg, but we operate to Halifax in the East,
which is about the same distance. Our service is much faster than freight,
and we do not ship in refrigerator cars, but in what are called iced-cara.
These are ordinary express cars with an ice box at each end and a false
roof, so as to admit of the air circulating properly. The time to Halifax
is abouc 50 hours. We find that all classes of fruit can be handled satis-
factorily m that way. In 1903, large quantities of strawberries were
shipped to the lower provinces, and I believe the growers made large
1 rofits.

Five or six years ago we undertook to haul north-west fruit by way of
Chicago and St. Paul. But the cars usually got damaged, and had to re
main over for twenty four hours at those points for repairs, and the result
was that the fruit arrived in rather bad condition. We had such bad Jack
with cars breaking down that we gave up the idea of shipping to Winnipeg.

C. E. Dewey, Division Agent, G.T.E. System, Toronto : I have lis-
tened with much interest to Prof. Reynolds' account of his experiments. I
have not the particulars of the time made on these shipments. Generally
speaking, I can only say that the railway companies are very anxious to do
what they can to assist in developing this trade. We appreciate the fact
that Winnipeg is rather a long way to send tender fruit, but at the same
time we want to do what we can to help. We have been negotiating with
the fruit men lately through our mutual friend, Mr. Bunting, and 1 i^m
safe in saying that the understanding between us is better to-day than ever
before. Regarding Mr. Huggard's complaint as to overcharge on pears, if
he will let me have the particulars, I shall be very glad to look into the
matter, and if an overcharge has been made to refund it.

G. h. Graham, Supervisor of Refrigerator Service, C.P.R. : Our re-
frigeratoi cars are equipped with the Bohn system. The Santa-Fe people,
who have the largest number of refrigerators on the continent, have adop-
ted this, system. We have found it gives excellent results. Our company
is paving special attention to this refrigeration work. This season up to
date, we have sent to the North-west 650 cars of Ontario fruit, and only
three complaints have reached me so far that the goods arrived in poor con-
dition. One was the case of a car shipped from Port Dalhousie. There
was no ice at that point, and the car was not cooled, and was not *oed until '
it got to Hamilton. The result was that when the car arrived, the contents
were clightiy overheated. The two other cases were of cars shipped from
points in Eastern Ontario. We made enquiries and ascertained that the
cars had endorsed thereon that they had been iced at shipping point and
were not to be iced in transit.

Our Company is trying to co-operate with the fruit men in these ship-
ments, feeling confident that all classes of fruit can be landed in Winnipeg
in good condition.

W. H. Bunting : Our Canadian refrigerator cars compare favorably
with anything we saw during our recent trip of inspection to the United
States. Out cars are of newer construction, and, generally speaking, are
much better. This year in connection with some shipments I made to the
North-west, I had a service of a little less than six days from St. Catharines
to Winnipeg. I have no doubt that when this business is gone into more

oQ THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

extensively, tlie railway companies will be able to guarantee a time limit
on ftliipmenis, barring unforeseen accidents.

D. 1). WiLSOx, Seaforth : The fact that the fruit was such a long
time on the way and yet arrived in good condition proves positively that it
can be succesfully shipped to Winnipeg by freight. My experience has
been far more favorable in shipping to Winnipeg. I shippe.d a car of eggs
from Seaforth the other day, and it was in Winnipeg in four days. - I also
had a car of apples landed there in five days, which was just the other day.
With proper care and attention in packing and marketing, there is a large
business to be done in the North-west, and it is growing very rapidly.

THE CONDITION OF OUE EXPOET TEADE IN CANNED GOODS

WITH GEEAT BEITAIN.

By W. p. Gamble, Ontario Agricultueal College, Guelph.

Anyone who has followed the development of export trade must realize
that we have an invaluable market in the mother country. But many fail
to appreciate the fact that in order to establish a sound business with Great
Britain we must supply her merchants with goods of the very best quality.
The average English consumer does not consider the cost of household com-
modities so long as his taste is gratified; but he strongly objects to paying
even a very low price for an inferior article. The price paid for Canadian
cheese and butter illustrates this fact very well. In the case of cheese, there is
a large and growing demand for this article in England ; whereas, at the pre-
sent time, there appears to be a very strong prejudice against Canadian
butter. ^ It is gratifying to know, on account of the large manufacture of
cheese in Canada, that our output receives such satisfactory mention by lead-
ing merchants in London, Mancrhester, and other large centres. At the
same time, it should be a matter of sincere regret to all true citizens of Can-
ada that our export butter does not reach to the same degree of excellence.
Every effort should, therefore, be put forward to place our butter on the
market in a condition such that it will command the highest price. The
difference in cost of manufacture and proper handling of this perishable
product of the farm would be pracitically nil as compared with the enhanced
price which it is possible to obtain.

What has been said of our cheese and butter applies in a general way to
our canned goods trade. It was with the object of obtaining some reliable
information along this line that the writer, during the past summer, visited
a number of the leading wholesale houses in the Old Country.

Canned Peaches, Pears and Apricots. A number of the wholesale houses
did not handle Canadian canned goods at all. In other houses where our
canned goods are to be found the general complaint was that our peaches,
pears, and apricots are pulpy in appearance. When our cans were opened
and compared with those sent from the United States the difference was very
marked. The fruit from the other side of the line retained its perfect form,
and was certainly more attractive than ours, half of which was in pulp and
had more of the appearance of boiled turnips than of fruit.

The general impression among the merchants appeared to be that our
manufacturers purchased the fruit after it had become too ripe, or else that
a very inferior variety of fruit, such as windfalls, etc., was used. Notwith-
standing this fact, the flavor of our canned peaches was excellent, in fact

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 57

much superior to tliat of the California fruit. The general concensus of opin-
ion appeared to be, however, that Canadian manufacturers must look more
closely after the raw material if we are to have a leading place in this very
important industry.

Canned Raspberries. The writer was shown a very fine display of can-
ned raspberries. The fruit was put up in glass sealers, which were neatly
labelled. This particular kind of fruit presented a very attractive appear-
ance, and sold readily at good prices. In speaking of this fruit, Mr. Robin-
son, of the firm of Hanson, Son & Barter, said : **We cannot get enough of
your canned raspberries to supply the demand. We have had to cancel a
large number of orders for this brand this season. Our customers say the
fruit is excellent. If more of your fruit could be put in glass the prices
paid would certainly be much higher than they are at present."

Canned Tomatoes and Corn. There is a steadily growing demand for
tomatoes and corn in England. Some few years ago there was a decided pre-
judice against canned goods of any kind, the reason being that a few cases of
poisoning supposedly resulted from eating such goods. This prejudice ap-
pears to be gradually dying out. But there is a complaint at the present time
that our manufacturers are not sustaining their record in the matter of qual-
ity. One defect pointed out to me was a blackening of the corn at the top of
the can. This was probably caused by the soldering iron scorching the corn
during the process of sealing the cans. In contrast with the black surface
exposed when a can of Canadian corn was opened, several merchants showed
me how the American manufacturers overcome this difficulty. They place a
clean piece of parchment paper over the corn, and in this way are able to ob-
viate any blackening of the canned goods. One dealer told me that he did
not so much object to a little of the com being blackened, but it gave the cus-
tomers a bad impression of the goods to see this black surface when the can
was opened. The customers often mistake this blackening of ^orn for for-
eign matter, and very strongly object to it. A little care in sealing the cans
and a small piece of parchment paper placed underneath the lid prevents any
such false impression.

Canned Pifas. There is a very limited demand for Canadian canned peas
on the English market, mainly, for the reason that most of our peas are
white. The most of the peas sold in England come from France, and are
colored by the use of a dilute solution of copper sulphate. I may further add
that the canned pea trade in Great Britain at the present time is in a very
unsatisfacory state, because of a law prohibiting the use of oopper sulphate
in any process of manufacture. The merchants say that it is absolutely impos-
sible for them to sell canned peas unless they are colored, and it is practic-
ally impossible for them to obtain sufficient peas to supply the demand of
their customers unless they are permitted to sell peas which have been color-
ed by copper sulphate solution. Several merchants have been fined for selling
such goods, and a number of cases are now before the courts pending the
decision as to whether or not a small percentage of copper sulphate may be
used in the process of manufacture of this particular article of food.

Canned Beef and Tongue. Some of our Canadian manufacturers have
the reputation, in this particular line, of putting up a first-class article. In
other cases the complaint is made that our canned tongue cannot compare
with that placed on the market by Chicasro firm«. The main points of excel-
lence in the American canned tongue appear to be : first, the neat attractive
labels on the cans, second, a more attractive appearance of the tongue when

58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

the can is opened, and third, not so much of the throat of the animal is left
attached to the tongue. From the English buyer's standpoint the tongue
fihoud be freed from all appearance of the throat or gristle. The writer was
shown several of these cans opened, and in some cases the complaint is quite
justifiable.

In conclusion, let me say that I believe there is an excellent market for
canned goods in England. From what I was able to gather from conversa-
tion with prominent and reliable men in the business, I believe that it is
possible for Canadian manufacturers to develop a very profitable business
along this line. But in order to achieve the highest degree of sucqess we
must pay special attention to the following points : Our goods must be put
up in the most attractive style. The cans must be neatly made, and the
labels must be placed properly on the cans. (Appearance counts for a great
deal in England). The goods exported must be of the very best quality if
we are to compete successfully with our American neighbors. The goods
should also be packed so as to prevent, in so far as possible, any injury to
the cans. A final point, which of course is demanded in all lines of business,
is to fill all orders promptly.

I may say further that, in developing this trade, I believe the very
best and most ercnomical method is for our manufacturers to send forward
samples to some reliable merchant, and have him report upun their quality
and suitability for the English market. There is absolutely no use in sending
over goods that will not command a price, and moreover they give a bad im-
pression, and when once the consumer is prejudiced, it is diffi<n[lt to ovet
come it. The goods are examined on reaching England for bruised or dam-
aged cans, and care in packing is therefore necessary.

Alex. McNeill, Chief of Fruit Division, Ottawa: This is an
exceedingly valuable paper. There never was a great industry built up
where absolute honesty was not practised. The Englishman, from his love
of justice, has been able to impress himself on the civilized world. He is
a thoroughly honest and reliable individual ; he is here to-day and to-morrow
and is always the same. Hence he is the commercial giant of the age. Let us
apply the lesson to ourselves. Out of 32 samples of canned Canadian fruits,
as you will see by the Government reports, 24 were found to be adultera-
ted. There is little use our trying to build up a trade in that way. The
first thing we have to do is to clean out our own stables. Let us demand
of the canners that this practice of adulteration be discontinue]. I also
suggest that we ask consideration for our own home market. It is due to the
fruit growers that the Canadian public should get what it wants. It is a
ilisgrace to put such goods on the English aiarket, and i" is still greater
disgrace to offer them for home consumption.

Q. In wh:<f way wer5 Ihey adulteiated?

Mr. McNeill: In various ways. Some with nothing more harm-
ful than glucose; some with pulped apples and turnips. When say, itraw-
berries are scarce and apples are plentiful, they take pulped apples, and
strawberry extract, and timothy seed to represent strawberry seed. It is
in the interest of the fruit growers that this kind of thing should not be per-
mitted. They also use aniline dyes for coloring. Our manufacturers with
whom I have discussed the matter say that they cannot compete with Bri-
tish manufacturers of jams and jellies until we can get free sugar, and es-
tablish a reputation for our goods. I am happy to say that free sugar can
now be obtained for that purpose — that is to say, there will be a rebate al-
lowed to export goods. Of course this excites the envy of the Canadian

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION 59

who thinks he has to pay full price, while the Englishman can get the
goods with the rebate off. But I see no reason vihj the manufacturer
snouid iioi put up a pure article aai make .^ucli ai; article as the people
de7xiai)d.

Prof. Harrison, Baqfteriologist, O.A.C. : We have analyzed during
the past season a large number of varieties of canned products, such as,
peas, tomatoes, corn and apples. These goods were what the canners call
"swells," that is to say, the tins were bulged at the ends. In the majority
of cases, the swelling of the can was caused by the growth of micro-organ-
isms which were not killed by the sterilizing process. With canned apples,
however, a careful examination of the fruit and juice failed to reveal any
micro-organisms, and hence the swelling of the can must have been due to
some other cause. Whilst not absolutely sure, we think that a reasonable
explanation of this matter is that the apples in the can retain a small amount
of air which is not driven out by the sterilizing process. After the can is
closed, an interchange of the contained air in the cells of the apples and
the juice in the can takes place and the ends of the can become bulged. If
these cans are carefully punctured, taking precautions to prevent the in-
gress of air, and again resoldered, they will keep without further swelling.

Mr. Gamble has already told you that the English market requires a
green pea, and that the peas canned in Ontario are not vivid enough in
color. It is impossible to get the color that the English market demands
unless copper sulphate is added; but, by adding this chemical, the canner
becomes liable to a heavy fine. One of the latest developments in the pea
canning industry is the introduction of a machine called a 'Viner," which
takes the whole plant and threshes the peas directly from the pods. Since
the introduction of this machine, it has been found much more difficult to
sterilize the peas, and the reason for this is that the peas become surround-
ed wath a good deal of dust which contains the spores of micro-organismjs
very resistent to the sterilizing process. On account of the presence of
these resistent spores it is more difficult to can peas successfully than it was
formerly when the pods were hand-picked off the vines. Peas shelled by
the viner machine require a higher temperature to sterilize them, and this
higher temperature is apt to destroy their color. More investigation is
needed to ascertain the best temperature for destroying these resistant
spores which may be found upon the peas, in order to obtain a, satisfactory
product of whole peas, not ruptured or broken by the sterilizing process,
bright in color, and with a clear juice.

A number of factories have complained recently of the quality of the
tin-plate used in manufacturing the cans. Many export cans are not suf-
ficiently strong to stand' the rough handling they get, and various fruits
and vegetables contain acids which have an effect on the tin coating of the
cans. When the plate is not well coated with sufficient tin, the acid very
quickly eats through the iron portion of the can and if a minute hole i^
made, the contents of the can are soon spoiled. In conjunction with the
Chemical department of the College, we hope to conduct some experiments
as to the minimum amount of tin which should be used on the cans em-
ployed for various fruits and vegetables.

In the work that we have undertaken, we desire to have the co-opera-
tion of the canners and growers, in order that we may put to a factory test
the results of the smaller tests made under the more exacting experiments
of the laboratory.

60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

THE BLACK EOT OF GRAPES IN OHIO.
By Prof. W. Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

At the request of the Ministr of Agriculture, I recently visited the
grape districts of northern Ohio to ascertain the best methods of dealing
with the black rot of gra^pes. In Ontario, in the Essex district, black rot
has been more or less prevalent for some years, but no sustained effort was
made to check the progress^ of the disease. The result was that fruit growers
of that district found it necessary to pull out the vines and plant to other
uses. Many of the old vineyairds which were objects of pride five or six
years ago along the Detroit river have now disappeared. In the Niagara
region, where the grape industry is developing on a commercial basis, the
black rot is beginning to be felt, and grape growers fear they will suffer
the same fate as the Essex growers if they do not try to combat the attacks
of the fungus.

Through the kindness of Prof. Selby, of the Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station at Wooster, I was directed through the vineyards along Lake
Erie from Unionville on the east to Sandusiky on the west. Besides, he
gave me letters of reference to many of the prominent owners of vineyards
in the Cleveland district, with whom I consulted regarding their methods of
treatment. The results of the experiments these growers have conducted
have been very gratifying. They were conducted on the co-operative plan,
that is, the owners and the Experiment Station worked together to control
the disease.

Six sprayings are recommended by Prof. Selby for the Delawares,
seven for Catawbas, and eight for the Concords. He states that the Cataw-
bas and Niagaras are the most susceptible to rot; the Delawares quite resis-
tant; and the Concords not so susceptible as the Niagaras, but less resistant
than the Delawares. He does not believe that early sprayings are of much
use, and he bases his belief on the results of sprayings carried on for three
years.

When Sprayings Should be Done.

The first spraying is given when the new shoots are from one to two
feet in length, which in the Ohio district is about June 1 ; the second spray-
ing is applied about July 1 in an ordinary season. These two sprayings
are considered the two most important, inasmuch as they come immediately
before and after blossoming. Many of the grape growers told me that if
they failed to spray on or about July 4 they almost invariably lost their
grapes. The subsequent sprayings are given at intervals of a week or ten
days, and the last for the Delawares is usually applied about August 1.
The first four applications are made with Bordeaux mixture, and the re-
mainder with either ammonia-carbonate solution or soda-bordeaux,

This question has been studied very thoroughly by Prof. Selby for the
last three or four years, and he is of the opinion that grape rot will always
be more difficult to control on sandy, open soil than on the heavy clay soil
in the Cleveland region. In Ohio the fruit growers use their sandy, open
toils for other purposes than grape culture, and there the rot is less severe
on the heavy clay soils.

There are so many evidences of the good results of careful spraying,
according to the recommendations given by Prof. Selby, that no further
experimentation along the line of prevention of grape rot will be under-
taken at present. He is satisfied that the methods in use at present will cox)-

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 61

trol the black rot every time. I may add that vineyards which were left un-
treated, or not carefully treated, show either total losses or a very large per-
centage of rotten grapes. Even the most careless of grape growers in the
Cleveland region have come to the conclusion that they must get out of the
business, or spray according to the formula given them by the Experiment
Station, and which I have outlined. By the way. Prof. Selby does not
think much of the dust sprayers, and he is a strong believer in the use bf
the liquid Bordeaux as a fungicide, which he considers a fungicide par ex-
cellence.

There is no doubt that the black rot can be kept in check in Ohio, but
it remains for us to prove that it can be held in check in Ontario. It ap-
pears that one of the best means of preventing this disease is to burn all the
''mummy'' grapes which would naturally remain on the vines all winter.
These are probably the source of the contagion for the coming season, and
loo much care cannot be taken to have all such diseased grapes destroyed.

An important point that must be taken into consideration by grap^
growers is that the black rot is a very difficult disease to control, and that
two or three sprayings are not sufficient. It takes six or eight spraying^
to keep the disease completely in check and to get perfect grapes. As we
know that Bordeaux will discolor the grape when it reaches a certain size,
it is well to spray with the soda-Bordeaux or the ammonia-copper-carbonate
solution for the last two or three sprayings. It remains for the Ontario
growers to show that the black rot can be controlled in their own country
under slightly different conditions from those obtaining in Ohio.

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE IN ONTARIO IN 1904.
By W. T. Macoun, Hcrticulturalist, Central Experimental Farm,

OtTAV7A.

Knowing that rot was causing serious damage in a number of vine-
yards in the Niagara peninsula, I took an opportunity during September,
to visit some of them in the hope of learning facts of value in regard to the
diseases of the grape. Accompanied by Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Cathar-
ines, I visited his vineyard and others in the neighbourhood of St. Cathar'
ines and found that Mr. Bunting had sprayed seven times and his fruit wa'?
only slightly injured.

When the grapes were the size of peas Mr. Bunting had bagged 1,000
bunches in order to find out if infection took place before that time. Most
of the bunches thus bagged were perfect, but some had the black rot ;in
various stages of development, showing that infection had taken place be-
fore the grapes were as large as peas. The Niagara grape was tlie variety
most affected. Several vineyards of Concord near Mr. Bunting's were ex-
amined, but black rot had not worked to any extent in them. Brown rot
was, however, found in one vineyard, but had not done much injury to the
fruit. Another vineyard, containing about 15 acres, was visited, consisting
principally of Concord, Brighton, Niagara, and Moore's Early. Of Niag-
ara and Brighton there was scarcely a sound grape anywhere, and none of
the bunches of Concord, even with manipulation, could be made fit for mar-
ket. Moore's Early was not affected. This vineyard had not been spra-yed.

The infection by the black rot as it appeared in the vicinity of St. Cath-
arines was first noticed on the fruit as a round, brownish spot about the size
of the head of a pin. This brownish appearance gradually spread over the

62 THE REPORT OF THE N«. 16

surface of the berry, and by the time one-third of the surface was covered
the original brown spot had become paler, showing distinctly the mark of
infection. After the whole grape became brown, the tissue gradually shrunk
and dried, and when thus shrunken the fruit appeared black and promin-
ently and irregularly ridged, the surface being covered by small black
postules.
, The Brow^n Eot.

The vineyards of Mr. Murray Pettit, of Winona, Ont., and others in
that \icinity were also visited. No black rot was noticed at Winona, but
brown rot was quite abundant, and while it had not caused such damage as
the black rot, it had done considerable injury. The leaves of the vines
effected with brown rot had a downy appearance underneath. The affected
fruit first showed a brownish spot or patch on one side and a shrinking of
the tissue. The brownish appearance spread all over the grape and the
whole grape eventually shrunk into a hard shrivelled mass. When badly
affected the vine loses a large amount of foliage. Powdery mildew was also
found in these vineyards.

The Niagara grapes, both in Mr. Pettit's and adjoining vineyards,
were affected this year with either a new disease or more probably, as Prof.
Selby suggests, a condition caused by either powdery mildew or brown rot
affecting the stem to which the grape is attached. This disease causes a
hardening of the grape, and gives it a pale, unhealthy color.

Another disease of the grape which was doing a great deal of injury at
Winona was what we took to be the grape-leaf blight, a disease which has
mot received the attention that it deserves. This blight causes the leaves to
wilt and drop, thus preventing a free circulation of sap and the proper
development and maturing of the fruit.

Persistent Spraying Kequired.

The diseases of the grape can be controlled by thorough spraying, but
the work must be done persistently and carefully. The following are des-
criptions of some of the most injurious diseases of the grape in Canada with
the best remedies known ;

Anthracnose, Bird's Eye Eot, Scab (Sphaceloma Ampelinum). This
is the only grape disease which has given any trouble of the Central Experi-
mental Farm. It is difficult to control by spraying, but fortunately, only
a few varieties have been affected, Lindley being the worst. This fungus
attacks leaves, stems, and fruit, but it is on the fruit where it is most noticed.
The disease is apparent in depressed patches extending along the stems,
which checks the growth. There are also reddish brown patches on the
leaves.

The stems of the clusters of gra>pes are frequently affected, and when the
disease occurs there, the fruit remains green and eventually withers, mak-
ing an imperfect bunch. The disease on the fruit occurs in roundish brown
spots with a purplish margin, giving somewhat the appearance of a bird's
eye. Frequently spots unite and form a large irregular area. This is a
very difficult disease to control, and though spraying with Bordeaux has
not checked it to any extent, spraying before the buds open, before blos^
soming, after fruit has set and ten days later with Bordeaux mixture, is
recommended.

Black Eot (Laestadia Bidwellii). Up to recent years, this disease was
thought to have reached its northern limit south of Lakes Erie and Ontario.

ItMMr FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 63

but during the last few years in Essex county, and more recently in the
Niagara peninsula, it has caused much damage. The appearance of this
disease has already been described, but something further may be said re-
garding it. The spores live over winter on the vine and in the affected
grapes, and germinate when growth starts in the spring. The disease at-
tacks the leaves and shoots, the leaves showing the disease in iroundiah
reddish brown patches and on the stems, small, long shaped, dark, brown,
slightly depressed spots, on the surface of which appear the characteristic
pustules of the black rot.

When conditions are favorable, the disease only requires 8 to 12 days
from the time the spore germinates until the mycelium has run its course
through the fruit and has produced new spores. Before the grape shrinks
much in size the mycelium concentrates, as it were, in small masses under-
neath the skin, and in these are produced the spores. These masses sooa
break through the skin, and the black pustules with the spores appear. The
spores are scattered and they reinfect other fruit and vines. Although it
is possible for a new generation of spores to be borne within two weeks, it
requires favorable weather conditions for the disease to develop.

While early sprayings, in some cases, have not been found to give the
results expected, the life history of the disease shows that it is wise to en-
deavor to destroy as many spores as possible at or before the first infec-
tion. The first spraying should be made just after the fruit has set, the'
third and fourth at intervals of about a week — all with ordinary Bordeaux
mixture. There should then he three sprayings with ammoniacal copper
carbonate or soda Bordeaux. Although the disease will probably not be
eradicated from a vineyard in one season, the more thoroughly the spraying
is done the less trouble there should be. It is now 16 years since it was
conclusively shown that Bordeaux mixture would control this.

W. H. Bunting : Some years ago I found symptoms of this disease
among the Rogers varieties, and sprayed them spasmodically, but without
much effect, as the spraying was either too late, or not frequent enough,
frequent spraying being necessary. In 1901, I discovered some symptoms
of rot in my Niagara vineyard, but at first I was not much alarmed. The
following week, however, on again visiting the vineyard, on my return
from the Pan-American at Buffalo, I found that the disease had spread with
great rapidity. I became alarmed, and at once arranged for some spraying;
but we were too late in starting operations, and probably a third of the crop
was destroyed. In 1902 we did not have as much, but in 1903, almost in a
night, as it were, the disease attacked the Niagara vineyard. I then cam©
to the conclusion that something must be done or I should have to go out
of business. I made enquiries throughout the district and found that here
and there, more particularly along the lake shore on sandy land, the disease
had obtained a very serious foothold. I found that some people had been
treating it to some extent, but with little result. I then corresponded witk
Prof. Selby, of Ohio, received the bulletins issued in connection with his
work, and endeavored to inform myself as well as I could, and resolved on
a serious campaign. The past season has been very favorable to the spread
of the disease, owing to the frequent rains. I sprayed one vineyard seven
times, and am glad to Say I feel that I have been more than repaid for my
efforts. I did not eliminate the disease, by any means, owing, I think, to
the climatic conditions being so favorable to its spread, and from the fact
that the disease had obtained a very serious hold ; but the results have been
so encouraging that I have every hope of eradicating it next season. One
block of 500 Niagaras, which were the most seriously diseased in 1903, pro-

()4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

duced for me this year one of the old time crops, and the percentage of loss
in the vineyard I sprayed seven times, was very slight. I can say with
every degree of confidence that, if you take up the methods of treatment
advocated, and pursue it energetically, you will be quite successful in over-
coming the disease or in preventing its appearance. I am certain that in a
case of this kind, prevention is far better than cure. I have never engaged
in any work of this kind in which the results were so marked and unmistak-
able.

W. M. Orr, Fruitland : What is the effect of the disease on the fruit
from the time you first see it till the end?

Mr. Bunting : The first thing I ];^oticed wa? small red blotches on
the leaves. If this is present throughout the vineyard, even to a limited
extent, you may be sure that the vineyard is attacked. Those spores work
while you sleep, and do not show up in a very noticeable way until the ef-
fects are produced. The spot is a rusty red, as though molten lead had been
dropped on the leaf, which had just scorched the tissue without burning
through.

A Member : I think that the first indication is a black spot.

Mr. Bunting : It is quite possible ; but the first symptom I observed
was the red. As soon as it affects the crop, you will notice a soft spot on
the side of the grape, which in several days will spread all over the grape.
The diseased spot is lighter in color in the centre, and widens in a circle.
As it spreads, the grape becomes soft and rotten. After that, it dries up.
After the drying is completed, the black pustules form. These pustules
also form on the red blotches on the leaves. They burst later on and give
off spores.

Q. Have you any brown rot?

A. Not that I have noticed. I have had some forms of mildew.

Q. Do you practise clean cultivation?

Mr. Bunting : I have done so for many years. I plow late in the
fall and work early in the spring, but during the last few years, when we
have adopted cover crops to prevent winter killing, and have done; 'ajway
with late plowing on that account, we have sometimes allowed our vine-
yards to go a little later in the spring. This year I am taking two different
vineyards and plowing one late and allowing the other to remain in cover
crop, and we shall be able to determine which is the better method of treat-
ment to prevent rot. I think, however, that spraying is the only treat-
ment worth considering so far as this disease is concerned.

Q. Are any other vineyards in your neighborhood affected?

A. Yes, a great many.

Q. Have any escaped.

A. Yes, but it is probably only a matter of time until they will be af-
fected unless preventive measures are taken.

Prof. LocHHEAD : Yes, in every case in the Ohio district ; but clean
cultivation is general there. They find in Ohio that the rot is always more
severe on sandy soil, and because of that you will now seldom find a vine-
yard on sandy soil; they find it better to plant such land to other crops.

Q. Is there any noticeable difference between high and low land and
between drained and undrained land?

A. Undrained and low land is most seriously affected. On high land
probably half the crop would be injured, whereas on low land the whole
thing would go, but where the vineyards are treated, there is no apprecia-
ble difference. Of course where you grow a cover crop, you caniiot follow

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 65

clean cultivation, but that will not prevent the dead grapes and leaves be-
ing removed, which is the main source of infestation.

i^. Has damp weather any effect?

A. It is very favorable to the development of the spores, and the di-
sease is always worst in a damp season

A. W. Peart, Burlington : I have grapes on both clay and gravellyi
]oam. On the clay about five per cent were rotten, and on the other soil
about fifty per cent were affected.

Q. Were they treated.

A. No.

Q. At what stage do the grapes commence to drop?

Mr* Bunting : They drop all through the season. Most of the bal-
ance will drop o& at the time of pulling, although not all.

Q. I notice that some formulas give six pounds of popper sulphate
in the Bordeaux mixture?

Prof. LoCHHEAD : In some of the southern States they mix it in the
proportion of 6-4-40, but I see no necessity for it.

Q. Would it not be an improvement to use more than four pounds
for such a persistent disease as black rot?

Alex. McNeill : Mr. J. C. Harris, one of our most successful spray-
ers, insists that we use too little bluestone, and advocates 6 pounds to forty
gallons.

Q. Don't you think that bluestone without lime would give bettet
results in spraying grapes?

Prof. Powell : I know a good many in the States who are using pure
copper sulphate, even in the spring season, after the leaves have started
funp:(j\is diseases. I have used it on cherries at the rate of five pounds to
fifty gallons without any injury to foliage. In Michigan they use it for
apple scab in the same proportion.

F. G. Stewart: I use six pounds of blue stone in forty gallons of
water, using no lime. I sprayed certain rows of grapes once with this solu-
tion and they were entirely free from rot. I sprayed before there was any
growth at all. The unsprayed portion of the vineyard was affected.

Q. If we could do the work with one pound of blue stone without the
lime, instead of using four pounds of bluestone and four of lime, it would
be a considerable saving.

Prof. LocHHEAD : I do not think it would stick without the lime.

Q. What is the chemical effect of the lime in the mixture?

Prof. Harcourt : The action of the copper as a fungicide is not des-
troyed by the lime, except that it is rendered insoluble, and it is brought
into a solution again gradually by the action of atmospheric moisture. Its
action is simply retarded.

Q. If you put in six pounds of lime instead of four, it would be re-
tarded still further, would it not?

Prof. Harcourt: Not necessarily; there would only be so much lime
combined with the copper. The larger amount of lime would not mean
that the copper was put in a more insoluble form, but only that a larger
amount of lime was sprayed with the copper.

Q. Is it copper or the sulphur that is the active element in the fungi-
cide?

Prof. Harcourt : I understand that the copper is the active element,
although sulphur is also a fungicide.

Mr. Armstrong : I think that if we all adopt the plan of using lime
and sulphur, giving a thorough application during the dormant season, it

5 FG.

66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

would effect our purpose. I think that during the dormant season the cop-
per sulphate is better without the lime, and six pounds, or even eight
pounds is not too much, used in this way. In that case, you can do away,
I am satisfied, with a ^od many future sprayings. I am satisfied that one
good application is all that is necessary.

Q. Have you ever tried it?

Mr. Armstrong: I have tried it on peaches; not on grapes.

LATEST EESULTS FROM SPEAYING FOE SAN JOSE SCALE.
By Prof. E. Harcourt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

During the season of 1897 the San Jose scale was first discovered in the
orchards of Ontario. Since that time the scale has caused serious damage
and loss, especially to the owners of peach orchards; but, thanks to the
energetic manner in which the matter was taken in hand by the Department
of Agriculture, we are now able to say that methods for the q/ontrolling of
this pest have been devised and are in operation and that the majority of
the fruit growers recognize that the scale may be controlled and the vig^or
of an orchard maintained independent of its surroundings. It may not be
possible to entirely eradicate the scale, and, like the potato bug, it may al-
ways be with us; but, just as the proper use of arsenical poisons may be
used to control the latter, so the lime-sulphur may be used for the former and
with equally good results.

One pleasing feature in connection with the application of the lime^
sulphur wash is that it has greatly benefited the trees in other ways. To
ascertain whether it is possible to still further cheapen and simplify the pre-
ventives for the scale the following experiments were undertaken :

In reporting the latest results from spraying for San Jose scale. I wish
first to draw your attention to the trial of the relative efficiency of the lime
sulphur wash and the McBain Mixture. This test was made in the orchard
of Mr. Bunting, St. Catharines, and under the auspices 'of a special com-
mittee appointed by the Fruit Growers' Association. The orchard selected,
consists of 65 thrifty growing but badly infested peach trees. Before the
spraying was done each tree was carefully examined by Messrs. Bunting,
Thompson and Healey, the members of the committee, and by Prof. Loch-
head, and full notes were made regarding the condition of the scale on each
tree.

Every other row was then sprayed with the lime-sulphur wash, and the
intervening rows with the McBain Mixture. The application of the former
was attended to by Mr. Bunting and of the latter by Mr. McBain. Both
men were allowed to make the spraying as thorough as they saw fit, but
nothing further was to be put on the trees until after they were examined
by the committee. The lime-sulphur wash was the same as was being sold
in the neighborhood at 90 cents per barrel, and the McBain mixture cost
$2.50 a barrel.

The trees were carefully examined by the committee about the middle
of July and again about a month later, and later still by Prof. Lochhead;
and the general opinion was that there was practically no difference in the
efficiency of the two remedies. The cost of the McBain mixture, however,
practically put its use out of the question, unless it was for a few trees
where the lime-sulphur wash could not be procured.

5a F.G.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 67

Other Washes Tested.

Tlie same day a barrel of tlie lime-sulphur and sal soda and a barrel of
the lime-sulphur and caustic soda washes were prepared and applied on the
trees of an adjoining orchard which were also badly infested with the scale.
The former wash is one recommended by Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomolo-
gist, New Tork. His formula and directions for preparing the mixture
are as follows: Lime, 25 pounds; sulphur (flowers), 20 pounds; sal soda^
12J pounds; water, 1 barrel. 'Tut 5 or 6 gallons of hot w^ater in a wooden
barrel, add the lime, quickly following with the sulphur and sal soda, and
stir until the slaking is practically completed. It may be necessary to add
a little cold water at intervals to keep the mixture from boiling over. Af-
ter the violent action has ceased, cover the barrel to retain the heat and
allow it to stand 15 to 30 minutes, dilute to the full quantity and apply."
In our preparation of this wash we first stirred the sulphur into the hot
water and then added the lime and sal soda.

The lime-sulphur caustic soda was originated with the Geneva Experi-
ment Station, Now York State. The formula and directions for preparing
the wash are as follows: Lime, 30 pounds; sulphur (flowers) 15 pounds;
caustic aoda, 4' to 6 pounds; water, 1 barrel. "In prepariiig the wash, the
lime was started to slake with six gallons of water, and while slaking, the
sulphur, which had just previously been made into a thin paste with hot
water, was adding and thoroughly mixed in with the slaking lime. To pro-
long the boiling of the wash, the caustic soda was then added with water as
needed, and the whole mixture was kept thoroughly stirred. As soon as the
chemical action had ceased the required amount of water was added, when
the mixture was ready to use. Aside from the heating of the water, the
cooking of the wash was done in a tub or barrel, and took from ten to twen-
ty minutes. In some preparations, especially when hot water was used to
start the slaking of the lime, not all of the stated amount of caustic soda
was employed, but six pounds was the maximum."

In preparing this mixture, we followed the same plan as mentioned with
the former wash. The sulphur was first stirred into hot water and then the
lime added. When the boiling ceased all the caustic soda was put in at
once. The whole was thoroughly stirred to prevent caking on the bottom
of the barrel. The caustic soda should be used in the graulated or pow-
dered form to insure the best results.

___ *

Where the Tests were Made.

Both the washes developed the characteristic color of the well boiled
lime-sulphur combinations, and those present were delighted with the sim-
plicity of the method of preparation. These washes were made and applied
in the orchards belonging to the following gentlemen. Careful notes were
made on the condition of the trees before the wash was applied. The or-
chards and tests were: Mr. Geo. Robertson, one barrel of lime-sulphur and
sal soda, only two trees badly infested: Mr. W. C. McCalla, one barrel of
lime-sulphur and sal soda, trees badly infested; Mr. Griffith, one barrel
lime-sulphur and sal soda, one tree particularly badly infested; Mr. W. H.
Secord, one barrel of each wash, trees all infested, worst ones marked: Mr.
Titterington, one barrel of each, trees badly infested; Mr. McArdle, one bar-
rel of each, trees badly infested.

These orchards were visited in July and August by Prof. Lochhead, J.
Fred. Smith, Eobt. Thompson, P. W. Hodgetts and myself, and in every
case little or no difference could be seen in the amount of living scale be-

68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

tween the trees sprayed with these mixtures and those on which the boiled
lime-sulphur washes had been used. Some of the members of the commit-
tee were inclined to think that the mixture containing the sal soda gave
rather better results but there was very little difference.

Of this season's work Dr. F^t reports to the effect that excellent re-
sults were obtained from the use of the lime-sulphur and sal soda mixture.
The Geneva Experiment Station workers state that the results obtained from
the wash were good, but not uniform. At the New Jersey Experiment Sta-
tion, Prof. Smith reports that this wash has been quite effective, but that it
is not so good as the boiled mixture and cos,ts a little more. The indica-
tions from this year's experiments are, that if properly made, a useful mate-
rial is obtained.

The ease with which these mixtures may be prepared will greatly recom-
mend them to the small fruit grower who has not sufficient trees to warrant
the installing of a steam boiling plant. It cannot, however, be too strongly
emphasized that the greatest care must be exercised in the preparation of
these washes. Only freshly burned lime of a quick slaking variety should
be used and it must be handled in such a way as to recover the maximum of
heat from the slaking. In order to accomplish this, hot water should be
used to slake the lime. In preparing the lime-sulphur caustic soda wash,
the caustic soda must be added in the powdered form, as in this condition it
dissolves more quickly and causes more violent boiling than when in the
big lumps.

Regarding the cost of these washes, as compared with that of the boil-
ed mixture, it is impossible to give exact figures, for the cost of the boiling
will depend on the efficiency of the steam plant used. As about the same
amount of lime and sulphur are used in all cases, it practically leaves the
cost of the boiling to be compared with the cost of the sal soda or caustic
soda used, and the required quantity of these to make a barrel of the mix-
ture can be obtained for 25 cents.

There is no doubt any of these mixtures will destroy the scale, but every
part of the tree must be covered with the wash. Any part left uncovered,
acts as a seed bed for the reinfestment of the whole tree. As it is practically
impossible to cover every crotch and crevice on 'the tree, the use of the lime-
sulphur washes may not exterminate the scale, but there is no doubt that
when they are properly applied the pest can be controlled.

Q. What is the difference in cost in preparing the solution with caustic
so(la as compared with boiling? If the cost of the caustic soda method is
no greater, it seems probable that the boiling process will be discarded by
the smaller grower ?

Prof. Harcourt : I do not wish to say that it can be prepared cheaper
with caustic soda than by boiling; that will depend on the conditions under
which you are boiling. One grower told me that he prepared his mixture
by boiling at a cost of very little over fifty cents a barrel including
everything. Others say that it costs them a great deal more, depending,
I assume, on the efficiency of their plant for developing the steam required
in the boiling process. The sodium carbonate and caustic soda will cost in
the neighborhood of twenty-five cents a barrel, as against the cost of boiling by
the other method.

Q. Is the active agent in killing the scale found in the liquid or
in the insoluable substance at the bottom of the test tubes ?

Prof. Harcourt : I cannot answer the question definitely, as I am not
aware whether it is the lower or the higher sulphides that kill the scale, but
we assume that it is the sulphides in solution whiQh do the work.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 69

Q. If the flowers of sulphur is first reduced to a liquid and then added
to the water and lime, do you think that the efficiency of the mixture would
be lessened ?

Prof. Harcourt : I do not see why it should be.

A Member : I have been making my mixture in that way, and ,have
reduced the cost to 25c. per barrel. We dissolve the sulphur in hot water
We make a stock solution and keep a quantity on hand.

EoBT. Thompson, St. Catharines : I think there is no question that for
the large giower the old method of preparing the mixture by boiling wHh
steam is preferable to the caustic soda method, but for the small grower the
latter method may have some advantages.

Prof. Harcourt : In making the lime-sulphur-sodium carbonate and
lime-sulphur-caustic soda mixture, great care should be taken to procure the
right kind of lime. It must be a freshly-burned, quick-slaking lime. Select
the large pieces. Add a little water to start with to get the slaking started,
and then increase the amount gradually so as not to drown the lime, or you
will stop the reaction and prevent boiling. I think that the lack of uniform-
ity of results by this process is due to the fact that a uniform quality of
lime has not been used. Until the new process has been further experi-
mented with, I think it would be wise to stick to the boiling process. The
chief thing to be said in favor of the new method is that it ;is very con-
venient for growers with a small number of trees.

Inspector J. F. Smith, Glanford : We had hoped that the severity of
last winter would have had a destrudtive effect upon the San Jose scale, but
the appearance of infested trees this autumn proves that it had no material
effect. There was much more scale killed on peaches and plums than on
apples, owing, I think, to the protection offered by the woolly bark of apple
trees. ^ Another reason for this is found in the fact that in a severe winter
the vitality of peach and plum trees is at a very low ebb, and on that account
they provide very little nourishment for the scale, and it is probable that
the scale is starved as well as frozen.

It was noticeable that the scale did not winter as well in the Niagara
district as in some other exposed sections of the Province, and I am unable to
explain the reason for this ; but it may have been caused by different condi-
tions in the early winter. The fact that it survived such a severe winter, goes
to show that none of us who have scale in our orchards can afford to wait till
the winter kills it.

The department continued to supply spraying materials to growers at a
reduction on cost, purchasing 84,464 pounds of sulphur, 8,514 gallons of
crude oil, and 40 barrels of the McBain mixture. The strength of the latter
mixture was increased this year, and the results obtained from its use were
very good. It is rather an expensive mixture for large growers to use.
Crude oil is still the favorite remedy in the Niagara-on-the-Lake section. It
will kill the scale, but it is not safe to use on all fruit trees, and H is getting
more expensive every year. I am still of the opinion that lime and sulphur
is the best remedy for the scale, and it will pay to use it where no scale ex-
ists, as it is a good fungicide. Spray your trees with lime and sulphur and
you will never have the scale. It will prove to be the ''ounce of prevention.'*
If you wait till your orchard is thoroughly infested, you have an uphill task.

Q. How does the mixture work on the Oyster Shell Bark Louse?

Mr. Thompson : They use it for that purpose in the West, and claim
that it gives good results.

Q. What effect has the solution on leaf curl?

'70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

J. F. Smith : It has been very beneficial, and it is claimed to be just as
good .a remedy as Bordeaux mixture.

Q. Do trees that are sprayed with lime and sulphur stand the winter
better?

Mr. Smith : Yes ; I observed that in some cases trees sprayed with lime
and sulphur came through the winter all right, whereas trees in the same
orchard that were not sprayed were winter-killed.

CO-OPERATIVE WORK IN 1904.
By a. E. Sherrington, Walkerton.

Our Association was organized two years ago last spring. A year ago
each member was allowed to pack his own fruit, and was required to place
his name on the package, in which way he became responsible for his own
packing. This system did not work satisfactorily, and I believe it is not a
good one.

This season, we established a central co-operative packing house, con-
trolled by a joint stock company. We bought a building near the station.
There is a cellar under the building which we found cool enough for the pur-
pose even during the heat of summer. To this central packing house our
people brought their apples in barrels, the barrels having been purchased
wholesale through our Association. Where growers were not able to deliver
the fruit in spring wagons, we recommended them to use hay racks, placing
hay in the bottom, and we found that apples could be delivered in this way
at the packing houses just as well as in spring wagons. Any apples that
were delivered soft and unfit for packing were returned. Two or three lots
were returned for that reason. As the apples were brought in, boys and girls
were set to work to cull them. They were graded No. 1 and No. 2, and each
man was credited with the amount supplied by him in each class. In selling,
we tried to keep each man's apples separate, but put all the No. 1 together and
all the No. 2, and divided the proceeds among our co-operators, according to
quantity of each class they had supplied. Wo found it was less expense to
pack in the central packing station than it was in the orchard. This year we
were able to pack our apples for 10 to 15 cents per barrel. In other years it
has cost us 25 to 30 cents. This year we have also obtained better prices, and,
in addition, have been able to sell thousands of barrels of apples that would
have been wasted in other years through the buyers refusing to buy them
when they were ready for market.

^ During last winter I attended some twenty-five institute meetings, and
delivered some forty addresses on this subject. As a result, six organizations
were formed. I have had a great deal of correpondence from all parts of On-
tario with reference to the movement, so large indeed that, on account of ill
health, I was unable to reply to all the letters received.

Until we have central packing stations, we shall never have uniform
packing. In this connection I might state that we need some means by which
instruction can be given in packing. I heard what the Hon. John Dryden,
Minister of Agriculture said, in regard to securing a man to give instruction
in packing, and I heartily approve of the idea. If classes could be held at the
Agricultural College, uniform methods of packing could be taught, which
would be of great benefit. Every man has his own idea of what No. 1 fruit
is, and so long as every person packs his own fruit, there can be no uniform-
ity.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 71

In addition to uniform methods of packing, we need co-operation with
the consumer. It has been said that commission men may object to our enter-
ing the field and filling the orders of customers direct. What do we owe
commission men that we should heed their objections? The fact is, they
owe us far more than we owe them. We should have some method by which
we might know how much fruit is received in the principal consuming
centres, what it costs to handle that fruit and what the fruit realizes. This is
also true of shipments to Great Britain. Why should we send our fruit to
strangers and allow them to do practically what, they like with itJ^

In these co-operative associations which are being formed, we must not
look for large returns at first. In some casejS itj may be one or two years be-
fore they can be placed on a satisfactory basis. If we continue, however, we
shall perfect our methods and finally become established on a firm footing.
The great weakness of the various associations I have established has lain in
the fact that there is no means by which they can be united. They are sep-
arate, and lack cohesion. If we could arrange a method whereby these As-
soriations could become identified with the Fruit Growers' Association, it
would soon greatly increase the membership of the Association, and be a
benefit to all concerned.

Growers should remember, however, that co-operation will not advance
the price of poor fruit. Even an Association is unable to obtain good price^s
for anything except No. 1 fruit. Co-operation really begins in the orchard
in the growing of the fruit.

Q. I should like more information as to the formation of these local
orsranizations. What tie binds the individual growers together so far as cen-
tral packing houses are concerned ?

Mr. Sherrington : When I go into a district to discuss the question, I
simply point out the advantages of co-operation and leave the matter with
them. The rules and regulations governing local associations are practically
the same as for Farmers' Institutes, and the fee is 25 cents per year. They
are supposed to hold monthly meetings. I should like to see them afiiliated
with this Association, so that their efforts might be directed. They should
not be left entirely to their own resources. After a local association has been
decided upon, I then introduce the question of co-operative work. If they
decide upon this, they purchase or lease a suitable building and engage a
manager, and form their own rules and regulations. The duties of the man-
ager are to supervise the packing, make the sales and attend to the ship-
ments.

Q. What would be a fair wage?

Mr. Sherrington : That would depend on the extent of the business.
One man I know of is paid five cents per barrel. The year before last, when
I undertook the work at our packing house, I received two cents per barrel,
and considered I was overpaid.

Q. Have you had any experience with tender fruits? How could
peaches be handled in this way?

Mr. Sherrington: Just as well as apples. This system has been very
successful in the peach districts of Ohio, and in California they employ no
other.

Q. How do you keep the cellar cool?

A. It is underground, and we open the windows at night.

W. T. Macoun, Ottawa: What do you do when growers bring in soft
fruit :^

Mr. Sherrington : If it is not up to the standard, we refuse to handle
it. Our building is 30x100, and has a cellar in which the hardy winter stock

72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

is kept until we are ready to handle it. Most of our winter apples are still in
the cellar. In this way it is not necessary for us to leave our fruit in the
orchards in all kinds of weather, where most of it would be ruined. Most of
the fruit which is now in the cellar of our building would have been lost ,had
we not had this place in which to store it. As it is, the apples of our section
are now safely stored ready to be marketed when the time comes. This year
we marketed large quantities of such varieties as the Duchess and Astrachan,
which in other years were wasted.

Mr. Haynes, St. Catharines : Do I understand that each fruit grower
loses his identity when he turns his fruit over to your company, or do you
allow the growers' names to appear on their boxes, while stating that the ap-
ples have been graded by your company? There is considerable difference in
the quality of No. 1 fruit. This difference is so great that it makes it pos-
sible to have various grades of No-. 1 fruit. Growers who produce the best
grades of this fruit should, in my opinion, receive proper credit for it.

Mr. Sherrington : Our growers are not allowed to place their names
on the boxes. If there was a sufficient quantity of these exceptionally fine
apples there would be no difficulty in making up a separate car load of them.
Where our apples do not grade as strictly No. 1, they are graded as No. 2.

RoBT. Thompson, St. Catharines : There is sometimes a difference of 25
cents per barrel between No. 1 apples, and I think that the man who culti-
vates and handles his orchard so as to produce something superior to his
neighbors, should get the advantage of it. It seems to me that the name of
the grower should be placed on the barrel as well as the grade.

Mr. Sherrington: We have no objection to the name appearing.

Mr. Alex. McNeill : This is a matter for local regulation, but there
is a broad principle involved. One of the great difficulties in the way of co-
operative movement is the lack of public sentiment and the willingness to
sink individuality for the common good. We shall never succeed with these
co-operative associations until each grower is willing to sink his own inter-
ests for the benefit of the common cause.

Mr. Sherrington : In my case I did not need to join a co-operative as-
sociation. I was growing enough apples to enable me to ship for myself, but
my neighbors were not in such a position. By co-operating we have practic-
ally shut the buyers out of the district. Before we co-operated, buyers used
to visit our section and purchase a few crops at low prices. By threatening
not to buy the crops of other growers they were able to secure them at ridic-
ulously low figures, and in this way the average price was kept down to the
disadvantage of all the growers. Since the Association has been formed, the
buyers have not been able to do this, and we have all shared in the benefit.
Growers must work together if they are to succeed. One of the great advant-
ages of co-operative work is the benefit it brinsrs to the small grower who is
otherwise at the mercy of the dealer. I am willing to put my crop in along
with his, ana to sink my individuality and self interest to help him out. I
do not lose anything by it, and it benefits the community.

Q. What area does your packing system cover?

Mr. Sherrington : Ten miles is about the limit. It is better to have
more associations than to attempt to cover too wide an extent of territory.
Then there might be a larger central storage building in the district from
which shipments could be made. I am strongly in favor of f.o.b. sales, and
I find that the commission merchants are in favor of this system, if they can
be guaranteed as to the pack. I think it would be a good idea for the De-
partment to ]ssue a bulletin covering all the details of the movement — co-op-

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 73

erative packing, selling, buying, spraying, etc., — as at tlie present time the
small growers have a very hazy idea of the movement.

D. Johnson, President Forest Fruit Growers and Forwarding Associa-
tion : Our Association was formed only last spring. Its organization was
the result of two interesting meetings held in our section by Mr. Sherring-
ton. My father and I had been shipping apples to Great Britain for years,
and had won a name for our fruit. We thought at first that co-operation
might be desirable for small growers, but that it was not necessary for large
growers like ourselves. At my request, Mr. Sherrington visited our neigh-
borhood and held two meetings. After hearing him, twelve of us finally
agreed to ship together, and we sent a salesman to the North-West to intro-
duce our fruit. We thought there were a number of other growers in the sec-*
tion who would like to join us and we invited them to do so, but insisted
that they must submit to our rules, as we had too much at stake to care to
risk loss through any selfish action on the part of a few growers.

At first we tried shipping from the orchards, but soon found that this
would not do. The growers all had their own ideas as to how their fruit
should be packed; so we decided to establish two central packing places, one
on my own farm and one at Forest, which was done. Many growers were
afraid that their fruit would be bruised by being handled in this way. and
refused to send their apples to these packing houses. A number, however,
sent their fruit, and it was not long before more fruit was received than we
could attend to. We followed Mr. Sherrington's plan of placing hay in the
bottom of the wagons, and found it worked very satisfactorily.

Q. What did you realize for your fruit?

Mr. Johnson : At first we were offered |2.75 per barrel for No. 1,
f.o.b. This price, however, was soon forced down through competition. The
average price realized during the season was |1.90, f.o.b., for No. 1 fruit, and
1^1.55 for No. 2. We have shipped a large quantity, and have not received a
single eomplaint from the buyers.

Q. What did other growers in your district who did not belong to your
Association obtain for their fruit ?

Mr. Johnson : Very few growers were able to sell their fruit at any
price, but those who did sell realized 50 to 60 cents per barrel for their firsts
and nothing for their seconds. Some only obtained 10 to 12 cents per bag
for No. 1 apples.

Q. What did you do with your waste fruit? ■ ^ . , ,.

Mr. Johnson : It was sold to two evaporator firms and we obtained 15
cents" a bag for peelers and 5 cents for chops. One of these evaporators is lo-
cated at my place and handles 100 bushels per day ; the second one is at For-
est and is managed by a company which handles 500 or 600 bushels a day.'

Q. How much fruit did you handle?

Mr. Johnson : About 38 or 40 carloads. We also co-operated m secur-
ing our barrels. We bought our own material and employed a cooper. The
barrels were of excellent quality and cost us only 28 cents each. At the last
of the season, when our supply was exhausted, we tidied to buy some barrels
from coopers, and although we enquired everywhere we were unable to obtain
any for less than 45 cents per barrel and they were not nearly so good as
those we had made ourselves. Some one, this afternoon asked how a man
could be expected to sink his own identity when he joins an association of
this kind. The members of our association sunk their identity and have never
regretted it. Occasionally some of the growers place their initials on their
barrels, but the initials never appear in the invoices or bills. We are well
pleased with this year's work and look forward with confidence to next sea-

74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

son. One of the benefits that has resulted from handling our fruit in this
way has been that the steamship and railway lines have been anxious for our
business and have made material concessions to obtain it. Mr. Sherrington's
suggestion that the growers should have a central organization is a good
one. I have thought that if a central station could be established, say at To-
ronto, so that the various local associations could all ship their fruit to it or
arrange to have their fruit handled in bulk, it would be a much better method
than anything we have at present.

Q. Did you pack in cases?

Mr. Johnson : No. We were young in the business and did not care to
undertake too much the first year. I am sorry now that we did not ship
some of our fruit in that way.

Q. What was done with your culls?

A. We sent them to the evaporator and the returns were used to defray
general expenses.

Q. That seems hatd on the man who had a lot of culls?

Mn. Johnson : Yes, but we told such men that it cost more to handle
their fruit.

Elmer Lick, Oshawa : There are a great many difficulties before fruit
growers when iiiej try to co-operate. In our district the buyers combined and
coaxed the growers to forsake the co-operative association, and we found it
difficult to carry out our plans. There were many buyers this year and they
offered the farmers good prices.

Q. How much was offered?

Mr. Lick : As high as |1 per barrel in some cases, but in the end the
growers were unable to obtain this amount when the buyers settled. A few
of us combined and ship;^ed our fruit together, and I believe we are going to
obtain better prices than the growers who sold privately. Now that we are
forming so many co-operative associations throughout the country, it has
struck me that we need a central head to combine and watch the interests of
all. Such a body might be called The Ontario Fruit Growers' Union, and
the various subdivisions might be called the Forest Branch, the Whitby
Branch, etc.

Mr. Sherrington : It has been intimated that the reason the fruit
growers in the Forest and Walkerton districts have been able to co-operate
was because the buyers did not oppose the movement. That was not the case
in our district. The buyers tried the same game with us that they did with
Mr. Lick. Some of our growers were coaxed off, but they were afterwards
sorry and were glad to come back. It was the same at Forest.

Me. Egbert Thompson .: St. Catharines: The fruit growers of the
St. Catharines district became incorporated several years ago and lately we
have been devoting our efforts largely to improving the freight service. Last
year, in spite of the heavy crop of plums, we obtained fairly satisfactory
prices, and we now find that our members expect higher prices for their
crops than they used to before we co-operated. Last spring we held a num-
ber of meetings along the line of the railways to urge greater co-operation,
but as this year's crop has been rather small and the prices good, we did not
push the matter as we would otherwise have done. We do quite a little in
the line of co-operative spraying. In the township of Louth the fruit grow-
ers bought an outfit and did good work. In our township some of the thresh-
ers took charge of the work and the growers agreed to pay their share of the
expense. The results of this spraying have encouraged the growers to grow
more fruit. The response of the trees to this treatment has been very encour-
aging as the spraying not only prevents but acts as a remedy for the scale

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 75

and has an equally beneficial effect on the curl leaf and other kindred dis-
eases. The results have greatly encouraged the growers.

We have also co-operated in the purchasing of paris green, blue stone,
boxes, etc., and, thereby, have made a nice saving. When purchased in large
quantities we find that the quality of spraying material secured is much
better than where growers buy individually in small quantities.

In regard to the trial shipment of fruit to Winnipeg, I may say that the
fruit growers in the vicinity of St. Catharines are sufficiently well satisfied
with the results that they are willing to continue such shipments provided
proper oversight is given and the interests of growers are safeguarded at the
other end.

A. W. Peart, Burlington : We have had a small co-operative associa-
tion for the last ten or fifteen years. We co-operate in the buying of hotlea
and in shipping to the old country market, and find we save money by so
doing. We have rules to govern the packing of our fruit, but the individ-
uality of the grower is maintained, and the consignee is instructed to make
full reports for each individual. Each member places his name and ad-
dress on the package, and we have a common number to designate our as-
soc^'ation, instead of a name.

We ship in a box holding half a bushel — 9x12x18 inside measurement —
taining more for our fruit in thait way. Being near Hamilton, we find labor
hard to obtain, and many have to use family labor. In sorting and grading
apples we find that women do as much or more work in a day than men, on
an average, and we get them at half the cost. A bushel box is too heavy for
a woman to lift.

Q. Is your Association incorporated?

Mr. Peart: No; it is not necessary. It is co-operative in spirit, a few
neighbors combining together. There is nothing binding except honesty
among the members.

Q. Do you think it possible to put the name of the grower on the pack-
age where you have a central packing house ?

Mr. Peart : I think in that case we would try to preserve the individ-
uality of the shipper.

Mr. Hatnes : That is I think done in the case of California shipments.

Q. If you found a man was shipping poor fruit, is there any way
in which you could prevent his using your brand?

Mr. Peart : We are very careful when taking in members. We will
not allow a man to join our association unless we know he ships good fruit.
The price each grower receives is the best safeguard we have that he will
ship good fruit. We find it is a good one.

When the market in the Old Country is not satisfactory, we sometimes ar-
range to have our fruit stored. On some occasions fruit has been stored for
some months. Our system works out well for late pears suitable for export.
We have shipped without cold storage and have found that the pears arrived
in good condition.

Q. Do you send a man to Great Britain to watch your interests?

Mr. Peart : No, we simply consign our fruit to commission men.

Q. Could not growers place a man in Great Britain to watch their inter-
ests?

Mr. Peart : Such an arrangement would be very difficult. The British
firms, handling Canadian fruit, have been in the business for a great many
years and are firmlv established. Most of them have numerous connections
in other cities and know how much credit they can give their agents and how

I

76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

long it is safe to let their credit run. Were growers to try to compete against
these firms we would find it almost impossible to meet their opposition. Such
a man, however,, might be of great value in watching the prices at which
fruit was sold, etc.

Q. The English houses purchase largely f. o. b. in Nova Scotia?

Mr. Peart : I think that system is likely to become more of a factor
here.

H. W. Dawson, Toronto : I have studied the central packing house
idea, and I am convinced that it will do more for the grower than any other
system. The fact that the fruit is taken to the packing house as • soon as it is
picked, and not left on the ground in the orchard, and is uniformly graded
and packed, will insure the grower better returns than by any other method.
One or two nights on the ground will mature the fruit more than a month
under cover. If a packing house will establish a brand and keep the grade
up to that brand, it will be only a matter of time before buyers will be hunt-
ing these apples instead of your hunting a market for them. In California
every packing house has its own brand. When a dealer wants a car of
oranges, he goes to the house whose brand has the best reputation. As to
the package, the box is certainly the package of the future for high grade
apples. For low grade apples, it makes no difference whether they are in
boxes or barrels.

CO-OPEEATIYE COMMITTEE.

The following committee was appointed to forward the work of promot-
ing co-operative organizations during the year: A. E. Sherrington, Walk-
erton; Robt. Thompson, St Catharines; D. Johnston, Eorest; E. Lick, Osha-
wa; A. W. Peart, Burlington; W. D. A. Eoss, Chatham.

Tour Committee on Resolutions begs to report as follows :

''That the thanks of the Association be tendered the sister society of
Quebec for sending a representative in the person of Mr. Chapais, to assist in
our deliberations."

"That the thanks of this convention be tendered to Mr. G. H. Powell of
the United States Department of Agriculture for his attendance at our ser-
vices and his valuable address on cold storage."

"That the members of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association have
heard with sorrow of the affliction which has visited one of our oldest and
most respected members, Mr. T. H. Race, in the death of his wife and wish
to express thpir most sincere sympathy with him in the crreat loss sustained."

"That this convention, representing the fruit growers interests, of On-
tario, desires to express its appreciation of the services rendered by the Dom-
inion Department of Agriculture in inaugurating a system of crop reporting
in regard to fruit and hopes the service will be continued and be extended."

"That this convention urges upon the Minister of Agriculture for Can-
ada the advisability of securing such le.a'islation as will give the inspectors
under the Fruits Mark Act, or other suitable officers, absolute control over
the loading of apples on shipboard from Canadian ports."

"That this convention desires to respectfully but most strongly urge
the Parliament of Canada to so amend the Railway Act as to place express
rates under the control of the Railway Commission as freight rates are now."

"That whereas there is reason to believe that in many cases the returns
made to fruit growers by commission dealers do not represent the full

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 77

amount of the prices realized by such, dealers, therefore be it resolved that
the Minister of Agricultujre for Canada be urged to take such steps as may
be necessary to place commission dealers under Dominion regulations with a
view of wholly preventing or largely reducing such fraudulent practises.''

IMPORTANCE OF OEOP REPORTS.

Mr. Caston in presenting the resolutions said: "I think the one dealing
with the preparation of fruit crop reports a very important one. We all
know that certain parties are always at work trying to depress the market.
Probnblv their work has little influence with the larger growers, with whom
fruit is a specialty, but it does adversely affect the interests of growers who
are farmers first and fruit growers in a small way only. The Department of
Agriculture can render no better service than by furnishing us with reliable
statistics, at the proper time, as to fruit crop prospects.

*'The resolution asking that officers of the Government have control of
the loading of apples on shipboard is also a most important one. We have
all heard of barrels reported 'slack' on arrival in England. This 'slackness'
is often due to rough handling in loading. It should be provided, too, that
no ar»Dles'in barrels shall be piled more than five tiers deep."

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

TO CONTINUE THE EXHIBITION.

The following resolution was adopted, expressing the opinion that the
fruit, flower, and honey show shall be made a regular feature of the ann\]\al
convention. "That in the opinion of the members of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, the educational value of the Fruit, Flower and Honey
Show is of such importance to the horticultural interests of the Province,
therefore be it resolved that the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, be peti-
tioned to continue the assistance which he has so generously provided this
year, so that the Exhibition may be carried on from year to year." In
speaking of this resolu/tion, Mr. Caston said: "We have seen what the live
stock men have done with their annual Winter Fair at Guelph. They have
put up the best educational fair in America. I have long felt that we as
fruit-growers are much behind the stockmen in this matter. I believe we
can duplicate in fruit what they are doing in stock, bv continuing and ex-
panding this fruit exhibition idea. 'This exhibition can be made of great
educational value to growers, and be made as well the means of increasing
the demand for our fruits in the greatest consuming market of the Pro-

FRUIT GROWING IN QUEBEC.

By J. C. Chapats, Delegate of the Pomological and Fruit Growing
Society of the Province of Quebec.

I appreciate it as a very luck,y occurrence for me the fact that I have
been appointed a delegate from the Province of Quebec to your present Con-
vention, first, because it gives me the opportunity of meeting the best author-
ities in fruit culture to be found in America, and, second, because it gives

78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

me the pleasure of visiting the finest show of fruit, flowers and honey that
has ever been organized in our Dominion.

Of course, I am here only to observe, listen and learn, not to teach. I
have been sent as delegate by the members of our Quebec Pomological and
Fru't Growing Society, to gather all the possible information to be got from
such an important meeting as yours, and to report about what I will see and
hear for the benefit of our own Association. You will, then, understand that
I am not going to take your time in delivering a long speech.

In perusing the last valuable and very interesting report of your Society
I have seen that you take some interest in hardy fruit from Northern dis-
tricts, a subject that I have found exhaustively treated by Mr. Macoun of the
Ottawa Central Experimental Farm on page 90 of said report. I have
thought that, perhaps, you would be pleased to get a little information on
the success we have obtained in the growing of fruit in a section of our Pro-
vince which is probably one of the most northern of those where fruit trees
are planted in Quebec. I mean to speak of the eastern district situated north-
east below the city of Quebec, by about 47 degrees 30 minutes of latitude
north. There we grow with very good results, as good a quality of fruit as in
Montreal and east Ontario, of the following varieties :

Apples : Alexander, Bode, Duchess, Fameuse or Snow apple, Grand
Mother, Hare-Pipka, Hyslop, Orel, Peach of Montreal, Red Astrachan, Red
Queen, St. Lawrence, Summer Strawberry, Titovka, Transcendent, Wealthy,
Whitney, Yellow Transparent.

Cherries : Early Richmond the same as the cherry called in our district
French Cherry (Cerise de France) because it has been imported there by the
first French settlers who came from France; and Montmorency ordinaire
(Common Montmorency).

Pears : Flemish Beauty.

Plums : Blue Damson, Early Yellow, Reine Claude of Montmorency.

In small fruit we also grow with equal success :

Currants: Black Champion and Naples; Red, Fay's Prolific and La
Versaillaise ; White Grape and White Dutch.

Gooseberries : Columbus, Downing, Houghton and Pearl.

Raspberries : Cuthbert, Golden Queen and one yellow varietv brought
from France by old settlers and named White Raspberry (Framboise
blanche).

Strawberries : Lovett, Sharpless, White Alpine and William Belt.

These are what we call our '*Iron clad," because they stood the two sever-
est winters we have had since over sixty years in our Proiiince; those of 95-96
and 1903-04, the first one having been a root-killing and the last one a trunk-
killing winter. The thermometer, djiiring those winters, read as low as 34
and 35 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit.

Besides the varieties above named, we have many others which give us
very fair results every year. I may say that, in my own orchard, I have 40
varieties of apples, 12 of cherries, 7 of pears, 29 of plums, 2 of black, 3 of red
and 2 of white currants, 4 of American and 7 of European gooseberries, 1 of
black, 2 of red and 2 of yellow raspberries, 2 of white and 4 of red strawber-
ries. These are all cultivated at St. Denis, Kamouraska County, in our Pro-
vince, by 47 degrees 30 minutes of latitude north.

Now, if we have good results with many varieties of fruit, as I have just
pointed out, we have, I must say, to contend with almost as many insect,".

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 7'J

enemies and diseases of trees as you have. As you know them all, I am not
going to name them, except one bug, however, which is such a source of com-
plaint in all parts of the Province, and comes under such peculiar circum-
stances that it is, I think, good to draw your attention to it. I have seen a
queer, but very good description of that bug in one of your Ontario agricul-
tural papers, published in this city, and it may interest you to have it recall-
ed to your memory. This bug was identified some years ago by the celebrated
Darwin. He was known as the best entomologist of his time, and as being
able to identify, at hrst sight, any kind of bug. bome of his friends, one
day, pretended to have a joke at his own expense. In consequence, they made,
in a very artistic manner, a sham bug, in the following way : They took the
body of a grass hopper, taking away from it the head, wings, legs and tail
end. To that body they adapted the head of a May-bug, the wings of a butter-
fly, the legs of a milleped, the tail end of a cricket, and they put it in a little
card-board box. Then they went to Darwin's house and asked him to identi-
fy that new, and to them, absolutely unknown bug. The scientist gave first,
a sharp look to the bug in the box. Then he put on his spectacles and, tak-
ing the bug out of the box, he began to act as if making a close inspection
of it, putting now and then, a question to his friends : Where did they find
it? '^In a field." Was it flying? ^^Just a little." Did it hum? ''Yes,
very much." "Well, no wonder," said he, "it is a hum-bug."

Now, the bug we find the hardest to fight in our Province is the humbug,
not under the same shape as the one just described, but under that of tree
peddlars who, every year, come in our localities to sell trees, which, after their
own descriptions, are the very best of all the fruit trees to be found in the
trade. Some of these peddlars are honest, but our people have made, at their
own expense, the sad experience that many of them are nothing but humbugs
who have sold for thousands of dollars trees under false representations.
In this way, a very large quantity of fruit trees have been sold under various
names, which, however, have proved to be nothing but very common crabs.

This evil is growing so much with us that our Pomological Society has
passed, at its last summer meeting, a resolution which I will read to you :

"Resolved that the meeting of Fruit Growers, assembled at their Sum-
mer meeting at St. Jerome, after having heard many complaints irom larm-
ers wiio Jiaa suttered severely at the Jiands of certain fruit-tree vendors, who
had sold them trees which were not suitable for the climate and other condi-
tions of the Province of Quebec, believe that it would be to the interest of the
nurserymen of this Province, as well as to that of the farmers, that ail these
vendors of fruit trees should be licensed, after an examination, showing that
they possess the necessary knowledge of the fruit trees required and the cu^j.-
ditions necessary for their cultivation in this Province ; and this, for the rea-
son that, at the present time, they, as is plainly seen, do not know the nature
of the trees that they sell, as regards their hardiness, fruitfulness and their
adaptibility for cultivation in the districts in which they are offered for
sale."

We have thought necessary to take such a step because, as fhinrrs are
now s landing amongst our farmers who have been humbugged in the way
above described, it is very dangerous for a tree peddlar to come around.

If I have spoken a little at length about the trouble arising for us from
the doings of dishonest tree peddlars, it is in the hope that perhaps your As-
sociation would lend us a hand to secure the means of getting rid of that
trouble.

80

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

List of Fruit Trees and Small Fruits Grown in the Orchard of
Mr. J. C. Chapais, St. Denis, Kamouraska County, Que.

Apples.

1 . Alexander Bearing

2. Baxter Not B.

3 . Ben Davis Bearing

4. Bode

5 . Canada Baldwin "

6. Canada Red NotB.

7 . Duchess Bearing

8 . Fanieuse or Snow "

9 . General Grant "

10. Golden Russet ''

11 . Grand-Mother '*

12. Hare Pipka

13. Hyslop

14. Longfield

15. Mcintosh Red • ''

16. McMahon Not B.

17 . Mann Bearing

1 8 . Montreal Beauty "

19 . North-West Greening Not B .

20. Ontario "

21 . Orel No. 1 Bearing

22. Peach of IMontreal "

23 . Pewaukee Not B .

24 . Princess Louise Bearing

25 . Red Astracan "

26 . Red Beitigheimer Not B .

27 . Red Queen Bearing

28 . St . Lawrence "

29. Salome "

30 . Scott's Winter Not B .

31 . Summer Strawberry Bearing

32. Titovka '.

33 . Transcendant "

34. Wealthy

35. Whitney

36. Winter ^Arabka

37. Winter St. Lawrence "

38. Winter Dessert Not B.

39 . Wolfe River Bearing

40. Yellow Transparent "

Cheukies.

1 . Bessarabian Bearing

2. Common Cherry "

Imported from France.

3. Commcm Montmorency

4 . Dyehouse

5 . Elarly Richmond

6. Empress Kugenie

7 . Fouche Morello

8. French Cherry (home grown). .

9. Lurovka . . . /.

10. Orel

11. Ostheim

12 . AVindsor

PEAJiS.

1 . Beurn'e Durandeau Not B .

2 . Beurrce Giff ord * '

3. Bon Chretien William

4 . Flemish Beauty Bearing

5 . Longworth No."^ 1 Not B .

6. Osband's Summer "

7 . Vermont Beauty , ,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5,
6,
7,

1.
2.
S.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Plums.

Blue Damson Bearing

Bradshaw "

Canada Orleans "

Cheney Not B .

Coe's Golden Drop Bearing

Dery's Seedling Not B.

Grand Duke "

Gueii "

Imperial Gage Bearing

John Trotter ''

Lombard "

Mirabelle Not B .

Moore's Arctic Bearing

Niagara Not B .

No. 54 Seedhng "

Pond's Seedling Bearing

Purple Gage ' *

Red Wild Plum Not B.

Reine Claude de Bavay "

Reine Claude de Montmorency . Bearing

St. Denis Seedling "

Saunders Not B .

Shropshire Damson Bearing

Smith Orleans

Washington Not B .

Yellow Damson Bearing

Yellow Early "

Yellowof Normandy (imported). Not B.
Yellow Seedling *'

CUKKANTS.

Black Champion Bearing

Black Naples "

Red. Fay's Prohfic

Red La Versaillaise "

Red North Star

White Dutch

White Grape "

GOOSEBEURIKS.

Antrricaii.

Dow^ning Bearing

Houghton "

Pearl "

Smith Improved ' '

K\ir<)))i'an.

Chautauqua Bearing

Columbus "

Golden Prolific "

Industry "

Keepsake "

Lancashire Lad "

White Smith

Rasi'herkies.

Black Gregg Bearing

RedCuthbert

Red Marlboro "

Golden Queen "

White Raspberry "

Strawbkiikies.

Red Bush Alpine Bearing

Red Lovett

Red Sharpless "

Red William Belt

White Alpine "

White Bush Alpine

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 81

FEUIT CONDITIONS IN VICTOEIA COUNTY DURING 1904.
By Thos. Beall, Lindsay.

I have the honor to report : That the summer of 1904 has been unf av-
erable for fruit growers in this neighborhood. Strawberries were almost a
total failure. Raspberries but little better. Currants but little more than
half a crop. Gooseberries, however, especially the Whitesmith, were a good
crop, a full average. Cherries and plums were a total failure. The apple
and pear crop on the whole was very unsatisfactory; for although a good
crop of most varieties of summer and fall apples was grown, and much less
injury resulted from insect and fungous pests than usual, the wind storms
which prevailed before the several varieties were fit for market, lessened
the total value of the cro^ by one-third or perhaps more. But the most
serious loss was discovered upon finding that a large proportion of the most
valuable varieties of winter apples, trees such as Northern Spy, Ontario,
some of the Russets, and many others, had either died before the spring
opened or were foiund then to be in such a very unhealthy state,
that they died as the season advanced. Our experience with pears is about
the same as with winter apples. Many trees are dead, and the crop from those
which survived was much below the average. Clapps' Favourite produced
less than one-tenth of an average crop, Flemish Beauty about two-thirds,
Josephine de Malines about one-fifth and Bartlett, none. All the trees of
these four varieties seemed to be in a healthy state in the spring, and, at the
present time appear to be nuite healthy. Lar^e numbers of other varieties,
however, which had been planted within the past five years, mostly as experi-
mental work, died through the winter or soon after leafing out in the spring.
The cause of this great loss of fruit trees is generally attributed to the
supposed extreme cold of the past winter and this opinion appears to many
persons to be corroborated by the official Meteorological reports, where it states
and quite truly, that the' 'mean temperature of the last winter was the low-
est on record." But this statement is not equivalent toi saying that the cold-
est winter weather on record was that of the last winter. The "mean
temperature" of the past winter at this place was 10 degrees 13 minutes, but
the '^lowest temperature" of the winter was 26 degrees 9 minutes on the 19th
day of January, viz. : 37 decrees lower than the "mean temperature" of the
winter, and this was not extremely low, for, in eleven of the twenty-three
winters preceding that of 1903-04, the temperature reached from one to four-
teen degrees below that of January 19fh last, and during all those years it
would be difficult to show that the death of a previously healthy apple tree,
ten or fifteen years old was caused by extreme winter cold. Some other cause
should therefore be found for this calamity and perhaps we may not have far
to look for it. It will be remembered by some that many varieties of winter
applps did not ripen as well as usual in thje fall of 1903, and close observers
could have noticed that the foliage of such trees was not in its usual healthy
conditions. And further, in the spring following, they could have seen that
manv, perhaps most of thp -opar fruif-spnrs, were only about on^-haK devel-
oped. It was among such that the dead and dying trees were found in the
spring of 1904. Might not this have been caused by lack of rain in the au-
tumn ? The records of the past twenty-four years show the average depth of
rain-fall for September, October and November to bp 8.5 inchps. and that
for the same period in 1903 to be only 4.56 inches, showing a deficiency of
3.94 inches.

Now, I will leave this matter in your hands for further consideration,

bavins: but little doubt you will conclude with me, that this shortage of rain-
5 FG.

82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

fall (hiring the three autumn months of .1903, of 88.256 gallons per acre
might have caused the great injury to our orchards above referred to.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE SHOW.

Your Committee on fruit exhibition begs leave to present the following
report :

Much praise is due to the organizers of the Exhibition of th.e Fruit,
Flower and Honey Show which has been h(eld in the course of the present
week in the city of Toronto. In visiting the Exhibition your committee has
been very favorably impressed by many of its prominent features, and thinks
fit to make the following remarks about some of its features. In class No. 1.
Section 1, Commercial Division, barrels ready for Shipment, show a very
meritorious class of work and should servte as a lesson in the preparation of
fruit for export. In section No. 2 of the same class, boxes of unwrapped
fruit ready for shipment present a beautiful lot of fruit, but do not, however
as a whole, exhibit a uniformity of boxes and tightness in packing in some
instances. In section No. 3 of the same class, boxes of wrapped fruit for
shipment, we find another fine lot of fruit, but somewhat loosely packed, but
with too light tissue paper for any protection of the fruit. Yellow tissue
paper used in some boxes would be good if it were white.

Some barrels of class No. 2, Section No. 1, Fruit for Domestic and Home
Market Varieties, show more care in facing and packing, bu)t class No. 1, in
the same class, (boxes) of section No. 2 deserves the same criticism as boxes
of section No. 2 of Class No. 1.

In class 6, pears show an extra good tight packing, but th.e wrapping is
rather faulty in that it does not present a smooth surface.

Class No. 8 presents a very interesting exhibit of grapes. The best
educational part of the Exhibition is by far the various collections of fruit
exhibited in class No. 10, provided by Agricultural and Horticultural So-
cieties, Fruit Growers' Associations and Fruit Experiment Stations. There
one can see the influence of climate on the coloring and size as well as the
difference from early to later packing of fruits. These were disposed of in
a very artistic and attractive manner and is a credit to those in charge of
them. The educational value of the Women's Institute Department at
the Exhibition is worthy of special mention and is one of the characteris-
tic features of the Exhibition. We have particularly remarked as very
useful for the education of the public the exhibits from the Ontario Agri-
cultural College consisting of waxed fruits, specimens of parasites, insects
and diseases of trees and fruit, and it is to be hoped that this Department
of the Exhibition will be enlarged in the future.

For the Committee,

J. C. Chapais,

Chairman.

REPORT OF JUDGES ON APPLE CLASSES.

To the Fruit Committee, Ontario Fruit, Flower, and Honey Show.
We beg leave to report as follows on the exhibit of fruit shown in the
Commercial and Amateur Divisions.

6a F.G.

1901 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 83

A. — Class 1. — Export or Foreign Market Varieties.

Barrels ready for Shipment. The six sections in this class were fairly-
well filled in all, except Greening, which had only one exhibit, but that was
well grown, clean, and well packed.

The Baldwin, Ben Davis, King, Eusset, and Spy, were shown in suf-
ficient numbers to make competition interesting and were for the most part
fairly well selected, and packed. In several instances the barrels were not
as well made, and as strong as could be desired for shipment long distances
by rail or by sea. This was of course taken into consideration in the deci-
sion.

We would here suggest, that exhibits of fruit packed for market should
not be opened until the judges have examined the 'package j and tested it for
slackness.

Then in the case of barrels, open the ''tail" end, for the examination
of the fruit and packing. When this is done, close the barrel and open the
head for examination of the facing, and for exhibition.

In thia way the fruit may be thoroughly examined without injury, and
without disturbing the face.

Boxes ready for Shipment {fruit unwrapped) . In these sections,
there was a fair competition, most of the fruit being very good and well
selected, but in many instances there was evidence of a want of skill in
packing so as to get a good face, and a tight pack. These difficulties can
only be overcome by practice, and close attention to minor details, which
cover the whole of the packer's art.

Boxes ready for Shipment, (fruit wrapped). Here we also found
much loose packing. In some instances the paper used was too stiff and
thick, so that at first the box would seem full ; but later, as the fruit sweat,
and the -paper gave way to the dampness, the box would be slack.

To test the fruit, we opened some 5 or 6 specimens taken at randoni
from each box, but we paid more attention to the packing, and package, to
see that it would carry safely to its destination, than to the quality of the
fruit enclosed ; as no matter how good the fruit may be when picked if it ar-
rives in a damaged condition from bruising, it is worthless in the market.

Class 2. Domestic or Home Varieties.

Barrels ready for Shipment. In these sections there was not much
competition, but the fruit was good, and well packed as far as we could tell,
but some of the barrels were poor, and scarcely suitable.

Boxes ready for Ship>ment. In the named varieties there was not
much competition, but some very good fruit. Section "Any other Variety"
was well filled, and the prizes awarded, first, to Wagoner, second, to Hub-
bardston, third, to Ontario.

B. Amateur Division.

Class 3. Dessert Varieties.

Section 28. Three sorts 5 each. This section was well filled, good fruit,
well selected, and for the most part good varieties, for dessert.

Section 29. The two varieties entered in this section were not new but
well known, described, sorts; they were ruled out.

Section 30. In this Section we would suggest that conditions be ap-
pended, giving location, age, and history, of original tree, season of ripen-
ing, and name, etc., etc. So that any new seedling of value can be traced
and brought into cultivation, if desired.

84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Class 4. Coohing Varieties.

Section 31. Three varieties. This section was al'so well filled, the fruit
good and correctly named.

Section 32. In this sec. Bismark is shown as a new variety.

Class 5. — Special Exhibit. Collection of Varieties.

There were only three exhibits of exceptionally well grown fruit, and
the competition was close.

Pears.

We can only say that the Exhibit was very good and the com-
ments on the packing of Apples in Boxes will apply as well to pears.

In conclusion we will say that we are much pleased with the quality and
appearance of the fruit shown, and that Ontario need not fear competition
wiih the world in her special varieties, or those suited to her soil and cli-
mate. Signed, R. W. Starr,

G. H. Vroom, Judges.

THE FEUIT, FLOWEE, AND HO:^[ET SHOW.

The horticultural interests of Ontario have been obviously advanced by
The Provincial Fruit, Flower and Honey Show held in Toronto, November
16-19. The exhibits, in all sections, were ahead of expectations, and were
a revelation of the importance of the horticultural interests of the Province.
The thousands of people who attended have been thoroughly awakened to the
fact that fruit, flowers and honey are three important products of Ontario;
that there is a possibility for great development in this direction and that
everything possible should be done to forward the interests of these three
allied industries.

This impression having been created it is generally felt that the exhibi-
tion was a decided success, that it should be repeated next year, and that
there is every reason to believe that this first show will develop into an an-
nual affair of great importance. The exhibits of fruit, of flowers and of
honey were the largest that have ever been made in Canada and the quality
of the exhibits was of the best.

Toronto has held some splendid flower shows in the past but this year's
display set a new mark of excellence. The exhibit of fruit was also a re-
cord breaker. Owing to the lateness of the season the apples shown were
well colored which added greatly to the pleasing effect of the display.
More honey was shown than at the Toronto Industrial Exposition and the
exhibits were arrancced to the best possible advantage. This made the apiary
section one of the features of the exhibition.

The show was held in the two Granite rinks, on Church street, the
flowers being on view in the smaller of the rinks and the fruit and honey in
the larger. Both rinks were tastefully decorated, the former by ever-greens
wild smilax, and palms and the latter by bunting and flags. The combined
effect of the decorations and exhibits was most pleasing.

The educational features were so well arranged that the average fruit
grower might have spent a couple of days very profitably examining the ex-
hibits and questioning the exhibitors. In many cases the exhibits bore
printed cards or sl.ips of paper explaining their educational features.

The exhibits made by the fruit experiment stations, which are located
in different sections of the province, were very instructive. The main por-
tion of this exhibit appeared on an ekvated stand in the centre of the hall

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 85

and attracted general attention. The experimenters who exhibited were
the superintendent, Mr. Linus Woolverton, of Grimby, and Messrs. Harold
Jones, of Maitland, for Eastern Ontario; W. H. Dempsey, of Trenton, for
the Bay of Quinte district; Chas. Young, of Richard's Landing, for St.
Joseph's Island and Algonia ; G. C. Gaston, of Craighurst, for Simcoe dis-
trict; M. Petfit, of Winona, for the Wentworth district, and W. W. Hilborn,
of Leamington, for the Essex district.

An important part of the exhibit, as compared with former years, is
the separation of the desirable from the undesirable varieties of fruit. For
example Mr. M. Pettit, of the Wentworth station, who is showing about 127
varieties of grapes, when asked to set aside those which he considered pro-
fitable to grow from a commercial standpfoint, selected about 13 kinds, or
about one-tenth of the total number. These varieties were, of the black
grapes, Campbell, Worden, Concord and Wilder; of the red, Lindley, Dela-
ware, Agawam, Catawba and Yergennes, and of the white, Niagara and
Moore's Diamond.

A similar result occurred with Mr. Dempsey's collection of apples, for
he eet asid>9 nearly 100 varieties which he had tested and proved unprofita-
ble. His complete list for profit was as follows, named in order of ripen-
ing : Duchess, Gravenstein, Alexander, Trenton, Wealthy, Fameuse, Mc-
intosh, Blenheim, Greening, King, Ontario, Hubbardston, Spy, Ben Davis
and Stark, of which he could not show the first four, as they were past sea-
son. Some of these were useful for both dessert and cooking, but for des-
sert he would add Garden Gem, Cox's Orange, Banana, Boiken and Swayzie.

The St. Lawrence station, conducted by Mr. Harold Jones, showed
three hardy varieties as the most profitable in that district, viz., Snow, Scar-
let Pippin and Mcintosh. Three pyramids of these varieties formed an at-
tractive feature of the exhibit. Four other varieties not on exhibition have
oroved profitable also, viz., Duchess, Alexander, St. Lawrence and Wealthy,
but the' latter is not equal to the same variety grown along the Ottawa val-
ley.

The Algoma exhibit was a surprise to many showing fair samples of
Alexander, Wealthy, Wolf River and Lono-field, varieties which will do well
in that climate, with the Duchess to precede them. The Japan plums, Mr.
YouufT reports, have done well in St. Joseph's Island, especially Burbank
and Ogon. In Simcoe county and the Lake Huron district nearly all the
varieties do well which succeed in the Bay of Quinte district, and splendid
samples are exhibited by Mr. Sherrington, of Walkerton, and Mr. Caston,
of Craigrhurst.

Fruit Packing Demonstrations.

A large space at one end of the rink wa;s occupied by representatives of
the Dominion Fruit Division, of Ottawa, who gave demonstrations in pack-
ing fruit for export and exhibited boxes and barrels suitable for the trade.
The exhibit included packing house utensils, a packing table, presses, etc.
Talks were given at frequent intervals explaining the special features of the
work and important points relating to fruit packing. About 50 barrels of
fruit were handled in the demonstrations and valuable information was
priven in regard to the Fruit Marks Act. This work was in charge of Mr.
P. J. Carey, of Toronto, and Mr. A. Gifford, of Meaford, Dominion fruit
inspectors, assisted by two expert packers, Messrs. R. Wilson and G. H.
Boone, of Thornbury. The Fruit Division also made an exhibit of fruit
from the different provinces, including 19 plates from Nova Scotia, 14 from
Prince Edward Island, 27 from Quebec and 7 plates and 2 pyramids from

86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

British Columbia. The Quebec exhibit showed the class of apples that can
be grown in the colder sections of Ontario, Quebec and the Northwest Ter-
ritories. These included some Russian varieties and seedlings that have been
tested.

The Nova Scotia fruit closely resembled that of Ontario and included
such varieties at the Stark, Greening, Baldwin and Gravenstein. The fruit
from Prince Edward Island was not as large as that from the other provin-
ces, but was fairly well colored and included some Wealthy, Baxter, On-
tario, Fallawater and Baldwin apples, all of which showed good keeping
qualities. Some of the finest commercial Spys in the rink were included
in the British Columbia exhibit.. They were of fair siz^ and very even in
quality and color. The other varieties, such as Ontario, Stark. Canada Red
and Spitzenberg, were hardly up to the standard of the Ontario fruit.

A small exhibit, but one of excellent quality, was made by Mr. Rich-
ard Veale, of Mount Brydges, who showed five plates of Kings, Russets,
Baldwins, Greenings and Spys. These apples were all of large size and ex-
cellent quality, the Spys and Russets being particularly fine.

A large table was occupied with an exhibit of fruit from the orchards
of Morris and Wellington, of the Fonthill Nruseries. This exhibit inclu-
ded some excellent fruit.

One of the best exhibits at tHe show was that made by the Chatham
Fruit Growers Association. This exhibit attracted general attention and
proved a splendid adverisement for that association, as the fruit was all of
excellent quality, it was neatly packed and showed to excellent advantage
The exhibit included fruit in boxes and barrels as well as on plates.

The Feuit Growees' Enemies.

A most valuable section, from an educational standpoint, was that oc-
cupied by a display from the Ontario Agricultural College. A large num-
ber of the most common insects which plague fruit and vegetable growers
were shown in bottles. These included the peach borer, the celery cater-
piller, spruce gall louse, round headed borer, cabbage borer, canker worm,
squash bug, and many others. Branches of trees and leaves, showing how
these various insects attack the trees and the damage they do, were shown.
These included leaves attacked by shot hole fungus, currant leaf spot, aspar-
agus rust and others, as well as exhibits showing the apple scab, bitter rot,
sun scald, San Jose scale, etc.

Printed slips of paper describing the various pests and how they can
best be prevented and remedied werf3 attached to the various exhibits. There
was also an exhibit of a section of a tree showing how trees can be protec-
ted from mice, as well as branches of trees showing how grafting is done.
One of the best features of the college display was two cases of waxed fruits
which were wonderfully natural. The college received a great deal of
praise for making such an excellent and instructive exhibit.

COMMEECIAL EXHIBITS.

A number of well known firms made exhibits of fruit boxes, orchard
machinery, etc. These exhibits were among the most instructive of the
exhibition, although the number was not as larg,e as had been hoped for.
Next year it is probable this class of exhibits will be -much larger.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 87

The following is a list of the prize winning exhibitors of fruit : —

PRIZES AWARDED.
Apples, Commercial Division, Export Varieties, Barrels Ready fob Shipment.

Baldwin, 1, Chatham Fruit Growers' Association; 2, Harry Dempsey, Rednerville;

3, Biggs Fruit Co., Burlington.

Ben Davis, 1, Chatham F. G. A.; 2, Harry Dempsey; 3, Frank Dempsey, Albury.
Greening, 1, Chatham F. G. A.

King, 1, Biggs Fruit Co.; 2, Elmer Lick, Oshawa ; 3, H. J. Scripture, Brighton.
Russet, 1, Harry Dempsey ; 2, Frank Dempsey; 3, Chatham F. G. A.
Spy, 1, A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton; 2, Biggs Fruit Co.; 3, D. T. Elderkin,
Toronto.

Boxes Ready for Shipment.

Baldwin, 1, Elmer Lick; 2, Robert Thompson, St. Catharines; 3, W. H. Bunting,

St. Catharines.
Greening, 1, Chatham F. G. A.; 2, W. H. Bunting; 3, Ernest Woolverton, Grimsby.
King, 1, Chatham F. G. A. ; 2, Biggs Fruit Co. ; 3, Elmer Lick.
Russet, 1, Harry Dempsey; 2, Elmer Lick; 3, Chatham F. G. A.
Spy, 1, C. W. Challand, Marburg; 2, Biggs Fruit Co.; 3, Robert Thompson.

Boxes (Fruit Wrapped).

Snow, 1, Chatham F. G. A.; 2, A. D. Harkness, Irena; 3, Harold Jones, Maitland.

King, 1, Chatham F. G. A.; 2, Elmer Lick; 3, Biggs Fruit Co.

Mcintosh, 1, A. D. Harkness; 2, Elmer Lick.

Spy, 1, Biggs Fruit Co.; 2, A. E. Sherrington; 3, Elmer Lick.

Domestic Varieties — Barrels Ready for Shipment.

Wealthy, 1, Biggs Fruit Co.; 2, Harry Dempsey; 3, Frank Dempsey.

Blenheim, 1, A. E. Sherrington.

Gravenstein, 1, Elmer Lick.

Hubbardston, 1, Harry Dempsey.

Bellefleur, 1, Frank Dempsey.

Any other variety, 1, Harry Dempsey (Ontario); 2, A. M. Smith (Princess Louise).

Boxes Ready for Shipment.

Blenheim, 1, Biggs Fruit Co.; 2, A. E. Sherrington.
Gravenstein, 1, Elmer Lick.

Bellefleur, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, G. B. McCalla, St. Catharines.

Any other variety, 1, Elmer Lick (Wagener); 2, Harry Dempsey (Hubbardston);
3, Frank Dempsey (Ontario).

Amateur Division — Dessert Varieties.

Any three varieties, 1, C. W. Challand; 2, A. D. Harkness; 3, Biggs Fruit Co.;

4, Harry Demspey ; 5, A. M. Smith.

Any seedling, 1, J. I. Graham, Vandeleur; 2, Robt. Thompson.

Cooking Varieties.

Any three varieties, 1, Biggs Fruit Co.; 2, W. H. Bunting; 3, J. L. Hilborn, Leam-
ington ; 4, Geo. Ott, Arkona ; 5, G. W. Hodgetts, St. Catharines.
Any new varieties, 1, A. E. Sherrington (Bismarck); 2, A. M. Smith (Sutton

Beauty).
Any seedling, 1, G. B. McCalla; 2, Robt. Thompson.

Special.

Collection 6 winter varieties, 1, C. W. Challand.

Collection 3 varieties pears, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, A. M. Smith; 3, Biggs Fruit Co.

88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Pears — Export Varieties.
Halfcases Ready for Shipment (Fruit Wrapped).

Anjou, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, A. M. Smjth.

Bosc, 1, G. B. McCalla; 2, Robt. Thompson.

Clairgeau, 1, G. B. McCalla; 2, Robt. Thompson; 3, W. H. Bunting.

Duchess, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, A. M. Smith.

Keiffer, 1, Biggs Fruit Co.; 2, W. H. Bunting; 3, A. M. Smith.

Lawrence, l,.Robt. Thompson; 2, G. B. McCalla; 3, A. M. Smith.

Louise, 1, W. H. Bunting.

Domestic Varieties — 11-Quart Baskets.

Flemish, 1, Thos. Beall, Lindsay.

Seckel, ,1, G. B. McCalla; 2, W. H. Bunting.

Sheldon, 1, G. B. McCalla; 2, W. H. Bunting.

Any otner variety, 1, W. M. Robson, Lindsay; 2, A. M. Smith; 3, W. H. Bunting.

GRAPES.

Agawam, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, Robt. Thompson.

Concord, 1, Robt. Thompson; 2, F. G. Stewart, Homer; 3, W. H. Bunting.

Lindley, 1„ F. G. Stewart; 2, Robt. Thompson; 3, W. H. Bunting.

Niagara, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, Robt. Thompson; 3, F. G. Stewart.

Vergennels, 1, F. G. Stewart; 2, W. H. Bunting; 3, Robt. Thompson.

AVilder, 1, F. G. Stewart; 2," Robt. Thompson.

Black grapes, 9-pound basket, 1, F. G. Stewart; 2, Robt. Thompson; 3, W. H.
Bunting.

Red grapes, 9-pound basket, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, F. G. Stewart; 3, Robt. Thomp-
son .

White, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, Robt. Thompson; 3, F. G. Stewart.

Black grapes, best crate, 1, W. H. Bunting; 2, Robt. Thompson; 3, G. B. McCalla.

Red grapes, best crate, 1, Robt. Thompson; 2, W. H. Bunting; 3, G. B, McCalla.

White grapes, best crate, 1, W. H. Bunting.

Hothouse grapes, collection, 1, John Chambers, Toronto.

Hothouse grapes, 2 bunches, black, 1, John Chambers, Toronto.

Hothouse grapes, 2 bunches, white, 1, John Chambers, Toronto.

General collection by Association, 1, Chatham F. G. A. ; 2, Leamington Horticul-
tural Society, special mention, Orillia Horticultural Society.

PRESERVED FRUIT.

Cherries, 1, Mrs. P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto; 2, A. M. Smith.
Peaches, 1, Mrs. P. W. Hodgetts; 2; A. M. Smith.
Pears, 1, Mrs. P. W. Hodgetts; 2, A. M. Smith,
ii'lums, 1, Mrs. P. W. Hodgetts; 2, A. M. Smith.

Raspberries, 1, Mrs. P. W. Hodgetts; 2, A. M. Smith; 3, Halton Women's Insti-
tute.

PUBLIC MEETING.

A mass meeting, at which the general public were invited to be present,
was held in Association Hall, Toronto, on Tuesday evening, November w[
The programme was interspersed with music, and the following addresses
were delivered. Hon. John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario,
occupied the chair.

ADDRESS.

By John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture, Toronto.

The Province of Ontario excels in the three products represented a1
the show now being held in this city. Whenever we have undertaken to

1904 " FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 89

present any of tliem in competition witli our neighbors we have succeeded
admirably. At Chicago we certainly succeeded in astonishing the people
of the Union with our fruit. For the first time many of them were made
to understand that this country was something more than mountains of
snow and ice. On that occasion, we took the highest place and demonstra-
ted that we had a splendid country for growing fruit. I think we did
even better at the Pan-American in Buffalo. There, we came into compe-
tition with the great fruit growing State of New York, and if we did not
excel always, we made them hustle to kaep out of our way. I understand
that the same thing is taking place at St. Louis. What is true of our fruit
is also true of our honey.

All these products find a ready market. His Honor the Lieutenant-
GovernoT said this afternoon in opening the Fair that he remembered the
time when it was with considerable difficulty that you could purchase flow-
ers in this city for functions of any kind. We have advanced a long way
past that now, and send our flowers to Buffalo, Rochester, and even to 'New
York

Our hon^y commands the attention of the people of Great Britain, who
desire to purchase it. I am told that the only difficulty so far as market-
ing it there is concerned, is that the steamship companies charge too high a
rate for carrying it. If this is correct, somebody ought to take hold of the
matter. But although we find a great deal of fault with the transportation
companies, I have never j^et gone before a body of that kind and presented
a case such as you can present here, without their showing a desire to rem-
edy any abuse that might exist. If you can say to them, ''Here is a great
industry, but it is handicapped; we want you to help develop it," I believe
they will meet you. But you must have the case presented by some one
who is not specially interested in the article, or they will say to you, ''You
are interested, you want something for yourself." Whenever I have gone
to them, representing the people of the country and have said, "I want to
help develop the country and require your assistance," ihej were willing
to help.

Our fruit also finds a ready market in Great Britain. What troubles
me is that our fruit is being displaced actually on the home market by fruit
that has to come hundreds of miles, to compete with it. Go to Winnipeg
and you will find that they are dealing in fruit that comes mostly from out-
side the Dominion. Some of it may now come from British Columbia, but
they are dealing largely in California fruit. The same thing is true in this
city in the winter. Why is this? There must be some reason. I think I
have found one reason, and it is that we have no concerted action in the
disposal of our fruit in this country, such as they have in some of the coun-
tries of which I speak. I think that the time has come when we ought to
look into this question and see if we cannot have co-operative action in the
grading, packing and selling of fruit. Each one now is handling his own
product in his own way, and his own way in many cases is a very bad way,
and the fruit is not put up in the best and most attractive form. Each
hunts his own market. Some succeed well because they are extensive fruit
growers and know how to handle their fruit. Others who are smaller are
lost and are unable to get reasonably fair prices for their product. I hope
that one of the results of this Convention will be that the fruit growers will
become more closely allied, and realize that there is a field for co-operation
which has not yet been touched. They have some co-operation in the Niag-
ara District now to fight the San Jose Scale. We need to bring our fruit
to a common centre and have it packed by an expert packer. I have come

90 THE REPORT OF THE No. lb

to the conclusion that you will have difficult^ in finding in this country a
single man who is able to teach the people expert packing. I do not know
that I ought to be ashamed to have to say that, but I am sorry to have id
say it. In St. Louis there are two men, one from the State of Oregon and
the other from California, both Canadians, who went away from Canada
some years ago and engaged in this business. They are expert packers. I
will import one of these men with your consent and co-operation, if you
say so. Or if you like it better, I will export some of our men and 'let
them go over there and learn how it is done, and then come back and teach
us. We can produce the fruit, but must remernber that, in order to at-
tract the people and induce them to buy more of it, it must be presented to"
them in a very attractive form. The Winnipeg dealer says, ''When we
send to California for fruit we know exactly what is coming, but when we
send to Ontario we do not." We can overcome this difficulty by co-opera-
tion, by having a central packing house, and an expert packer to make the
best of the fruit produced. This is the day of specialties, and I am talking
of specializing in this particular line. The time has come for this co-operat-
tion, and this Convention ought not to break up without grappling with
the subject.

There arp two other things which I hope will be the outcome of this
Convention. I want to see more cohesion; I want the people to come to-
gether. I have been fighting for this for years, maintaining that the far-
mer must not separate himself from his neighbour. The moment he does so,
he loses and his neighbor loses. Therefore I want to impress upon you
the necessity of coming closer together, and uniting your efforts. Then I
want to emphasize the fact that we cannot do anything in agriculture with-
out enthusiasm. I hope that increased enthusiasm will result from thia
convention. A man working away off and alone on his farm, gets disheart-
ened and is helpless; but go to him and tell him there is a better way, and
he is encouraged, and will go on with fresh inspiration. I hope, therefore,
that we may see as a result of this convention greater cohesion among our
fruit growers and greater enthusiasm all over the country.

ADDEESS OE WELCOME.

By Mayor Thomas Urqithart, Toronto.

On being presented to the meeting by the Chairman, Mr. Urquhart
said that it afforded him great pleasure to extend the welcome of the city
to the three conventions meetincf in Toronto. He recognized the importance
to the city and country of the development of the agricultural interests.
Great advances had been made of recent years in the manufacture of cheese
under the fostering care of the Provincial Department of Agriculture. He
considered that the time was not far distant when, in connection with some
of our fruits at least, when the Province of Ontario would hold the same
place in the markets of the world as she had already secured for her dairy
products. Apart from the commercial aspect of the matter, the cultiva-
tion of fruit and flowers played an important part in the uplifting of the
community. The world was better and brighter because of the influence
they carried. One of the most pleasing things throughout the city was to ob-
serve the development of its parks and flower gardens, and an increased in-
terest, he had observed, was being taken in these things throughout the
country. He trusted that the Fruit, Flower and Honey Show would be-
come an annual event, just as was the great Fat Stock Show held each year

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 91

in the City of Guelpli, whicli had done so mucli to benefit tlie industries it
represented. The time, he hoped, was not far distant when the city of
Toronto would be able to provide a building properly equi^ried for a show
of this kind. Not long ago, the Board of Control had reported in favor of sub-
mitting to the ratepayers a by-law for the purpose of providing $300,000
for additional buildings at the Industrial Exhibition, one of which was to
be a large arena suited to such purposes as this. He hoped that' the Con-
vention would result in increased enthusiasm for the objects in which those
present were interested; that the Show would be a success and continue to
grow in success from year to year.

THE VALUE OF FLOWEES.

By C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario.

This Convention marks an era in the agricultural development of the
Province of Ontario. Go back in your mind to the time when this Province
was covered with its primeval forest of oak, pine, maple and elm, stretch-
ing from the Detroit River on the west to the junction of the Ottawa and
the St. Lawrence on the East. Into this wilderness came small bands of
settlers, some from across the ocean, some from the country to the south,
with the purpose of making homes for themselves. The making of a home
in those days was a matter of far greater difficulty than at the present time,
even in these days of strenuousness. Very soon in the little clearing in the
forest there appeared that rude, crude log house, which we still find here
and there as a relic of by-gone days. As the forest receded, the settler
was able to show the first era of his development. He became a producer
of wheat, oats and rye. A very simple life in many respects, and yet a dif-
ficult life owing to the circumstanoes of the times. Gradually, as his fields
increased, and the marketing of this grain brought him more and more re-
turns, he was able to add to his possessions a few cows, a yoke or two of
oxen, and perhaps some horses and sheep. Now he has raised himself to a
higher level in his agricultural work; he has become an owner of live stock.
As he mounts upward his family rises with him. His wants perhaps are
increased, but he is better able to supply them. After a while he finds that
he has a surplus supply of milk, and dairying is added to the other indus-
tries. He is now a grower of grain, a keeper of live-stock, and also a maker
of butter and cheese. Perhaps it has taken a generation to come to this
higher level. Now, however, a very important element enters into the life
upon the farm. In one part of the clearing he has set out a small orchard.
It has begun to bear; the time has arrived when he is able to place upon his
table apples and pears, and perhaps peaches and grapes of his own growing.
Certainly he has raised himself very much higher — he thinks so and we think
so, — as a producer from the earth.

In our agricultural work in this Province, we have been following the
farmer through all these stages. Our various Governments and some pion-
eer associations, in a simple way assisted the farmer to a small extent when
he was but a grower of grain. When he became an owner of flocks and herds,
it was found important and necessary to form live-stock associations. As he
branched out into dairying, we found it necessary and important to aid and
assist him in his dairy work with associations and by special instruction.
As he became a fruit-grower, it was found necessary to add another asso-
ciation.

92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

But the farmer, having added stock to grain growing, dairing to his
live stock, and fruit growing to his other industries, has not reached the
highest point in his agricultural development. The little log house has
been overhadowed by the more pretentious farm buildings, a neat frame
or perhaps a beautiful brick house. The old log stable has been thrust into
the background by the magnificent new barn, and has become a second rate
outbuilding. Now the farmer's tastes increase and the ideas of his family
begin to expand, and the place he has cut out of the forest begins to show
all the appearances of prosperity and thrift. His family and himself de-
mand that, not only shall he grow grain and have horses and cattle, and
have good butter and cheese upon his table and apples from the orchard,
but that the house shall become more attractive, more homelike. The flow-
ers and shrubs now come into evidence. He has added what, up to a few
years ago, was considered a luxury, but which we now regard as a necessity.
When the farmer's wife or the townsman's wife begins to grow flowers
about the home, and to have them on the table, we feel that a higher level
of life has been reached, and that the people in the home are getting more
out of life because of this. When we find that flowers have become not
simply a luxury but a necessity in our homes, then we may conclude that
we are raising ourselves to a higher level. When the farmers and the fruit
growers and the dwellers in towns and cities begin to love the trees and to
cultivate flowers, then we feel that a greater hope must be springing up
within them, and that there is a possibility of enjoying life unknown to
those who exclude flowers from their lives. We have reached the point in
Canada, especially in Ontario, when flowers have become as much a part of
our daily life as fruit.

I am going to refer to the flower aspect of our convention under four
heads. First, that which perhaps is likely to appeal to a large number in
the community, the commercial aspect. But, some may say, is there any
money value in flowers? Is there in that fine display of flowers which you
will find in the Granite rink anything of a commercial aspect?

We cannot give you accurate figures as to the production of flowers in
Canada, but we have available, some figures for the United States. In 1899,
the United States Department of Agriculture issued a report dealing wuth
the industry in that country, and the specialist who was commissioned to
gather the information has given us a few figures showing what great pro-
portions the industry has assumed in that country. In 1899 the flowers
produced under glass were valued at twenty-two and a half millions of dol-
lars, as follows : roses, $6,000,300 dollars, carnations, |4, 000, 000, violets,
1750,000, chrysanthemums, |500,000, lilies and other flowers, |1,250,000,
total, 112,500,000. In the business no less than fifteen thousand men were
employed.

Along with this has been developed another industry, — the production
of the finer vegetables under glass; so that for this department we have to
add four and a half millions. We in this country, are now developing rap-
idly along the same lines. I would strongly recommend any of our fruit
growers who are able to do so, to visit some of the large conservatories in
Toronto, or the large commercial flower houses at Brampton. In the pro-
duction of roses we have already been able to build up a very important
trade in this country. The Hon. Mr. Dryden stated in his address that oc-
casionally we were able to send roses from Ontario to Buffalo, perhaps to
Rochesiter and occasionally to New York. It may not perhaps be known to
all of you that this has became a permanent business, and is
assuming larger proportions every year. There is a point in con-

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 93

nection with, it wliicli lias not been very well understood by our competi-
tors on tbe otter side, but our fruit growers will understand it at once.
Tbey know that northern grown apples are superior to southern grown ap-
ples. The old rule that the farther north you can grow any apple to per-
fection the better its quality, the better its flavor, a^nd the better iis keep-
ing qualities, applies also to roses — the farther north you can grow them, the
longer they will last and the better they will be. The result is that On-
tario roses will outlast the best roses grown farther south. You will see
then, that there is a very important commercial aspect connected with the
growing of flowers. These chrysanthemums have a market value.
You may say that they are a luxury, but when thouands of people
want them and are willing to pay for them, they become a necessity and
have a market value, and our flower growers would be very derelict if they
do not take advantage of that demand.

The second point to be taken into consideration is the aesthetic aspect
of the business — that which appeals to the aesthetic taste, that which pleases
people. If w^e find it attractive and pleasing to cover our walls with floral
designs, and to hang pictures which represent flowers, why should we not
improve upon that, and have upon our tables the original flowers with all
their beauty and their fragrance?

One morning early last spring, I noticed in Queen's Park an incident
that impressed me very deeply. Soon after the snow disappeared, the gar-
deners had set out at the southern end of the park, a little plot of hyacinths,
in full bloom. I saw three little girljs upon their knees beside the bed.
They were petting the flowers with their hands, and every now and then
one would put her head down and smell. Those three little children pro-
bably had not seen a blossom all winter, and their souls had gone out to
these beautful flowers; they were drinking them in, feeding their souls, so
to speak, with that which wafi in the flower, — they were realizing the sesthe-
tic effect of these flowers.

The third aspect is the moral aspecjt. Morals in flowers? you say!
Well, there certainly are no bad morals. Did you ever know a vicious man
or woman to be fond of flowers? Did you ever know any man, woman or
child who had an insatiable longing for and love of flowens, and was al-
lowed to develop it, who had an immoral nature? I think we shall find it
a general rule that if a man or woman who loves flowers is allowed to cul-
tivate that love and enjoy them, the better side of their nature will be de-
veloped and not the other. The development of the love of flowers it seems
to me is co-ordinate with the development of the best tendencies to be found
in human beings.

My fourth point is an outcome of the other three, flowers have an edu-
cational value. If flowers have a commercial value, an aesthetic value and
a moral value, it seems to me that we ought to do all we can to help the
development of flowers in our midst. This ought to receive the encour-
agement of all persons, and ought to be incorporated in the school system
of our country, not that the children may know more, but that the instinct
which calls for flowers may be developed. It seems to me that in con,-
nection with the new development of our school work m our +'^wns and
cities, here is one way whereby the study of nature may be brought in, to
the very great improvement of our school work. There is in every boy and
girl a natural friendship for flowers, and if there are various simple ways
by which that instinctive longing for flowers may be cultivated, we shall
be instilling into these boys and girls a love, not only for the best to be
found in nature, but a love for the best to be found in human

94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

beings as well. If we can scatter flowers everywhere through the
whole community, bring them u^ to our door-steps and windows
in summer, bring them into our homes in winter time, we shall be
bringing into our schools, into our homes, and into our lives, that which
will help and that which will tend to elevate. What a picture one can
build up in his mind, if he allows his imagination to have free rein, of the
development of all lines of the fruit growing industry to their fullest ex-
tent,— of the encouragement of flower growing, not only around the homes
of farmers, but around the cottage homes and in our towns and villageis
and cities, — if we could bring these flowers to all our citizens, and at the
same time bring to them fruit in such perfection as we see it at this show,
what a wonderful improvement would be brought into the life of the peo-
ple. This Association can do a great deal, not only in the development of
the commercial life of the country, but in the development of the moral
life as well; and perhaps in our conferences it will help us to solve some of
the many difficult problems with which we have to contend if we know
that by this work we are seeking not only to make life brighter but at the
same time to make it better.

WHAT THE LITTLE BEE IS DOING.

By Dr. James Fletcher, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

The bee is doing a great deal that the world does not know of, and it
is not doing a great deal that the world thinks it is doing. Webster's dic-
tionary defines an insect as "something small and contemptible." The
bee is a very little animaj; everything is small or large by comparison. The
better we understand things the better are we able to put them in their
right places. The time is coming when we shall know more about these
common things around us and appreciate them at their proper value. All
the beautiful things around us which go to make life worth living, are just
those things which, until the last year or two, have been left outside the
ken of nearly everybody. I have lived, however, to see the day when edu-
cation IS becoming so practical that boys and girls are being taught by
learning of nature a little more about the common things that touch them
every day. These things are just as useful, and more so, in training the
child to use its mind, as all those uninteresting things which we found in
our school books some years ago. The boys and girls of to-day should
make better and more useful men and women than w^e are to-day because
they have better opportunities and a more practical education which will
teach them to understand more of the common things aibout them.

The bee has made itself so w^ell known that it has been a proverb for
many generation, but the knowledge w^e have gained respecting it ha^
only proved to us how much more there is to learn. You educationists,
who are teaching boys and girls to use their eyes with nature study, teach
them about the bee. It will teach them a great deal more than many
other insects because they can get it at all times and study it. Every boy
and girl should know something about bees because they are common, —
not because they are interesting or instructive or profitable, but because
they see them every day and therefore ought to know something about them.

In nature all the different component parts are part of each other. As
the animal cannot live without oxygen which the plant makes, so would
the plant cease to live if it were not for the carbonic acid gas which the

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 95

animal makes. This wonderful balance of nature mafy be summed up in
two general statements, — tbat without animals no vegeta^tion could exist,
and without vegetation no ainimals could exist.

There are one or two facts about tbis world of nature which cannot be
mentioned too often. First, nature makes things perfect as a general
scheme, and when man by his operations interferes with nature he ma^
mar it, but grand old Nature is going to bring that object back to perfec-
tion. The horticulturist may make new varieties, but what would be-
come of them if he did not keep at his efforts? They would gradually go
back to their original form, which is what nature wanted.- We say they
aire "improved." That chrysanthemum is a much more beautiful flower
than the wild groundsel from which it has sprung ; that is to say, we think
it is more beautiful, but it must not be forgotten that what nature makes
is perfect for what it has to do in the world.

The most useful thing perhaps, that bees do, is to secure the polleni-
zation of flowers, from which fruit is produced. To the ordinary indivi-
dual fruit is something nice to eat and to look at, but to the botanist the
fruit is simply that part of the plant which contains the seed.

Nature always performs her work in the same way, and that is by
the aid of two or three sets of workers. Of the different parts of the flow-
er, some are essential for the production of fruit, and some are merely
protective coverings to guard it from injury. In the central division of
the flower we flnd two necessary workers, without which the fruit and the
seed cannot be produced. It is necessary that the pollen from one essen-
tial part should come into contact with the pistil, the other essential part,
before we can have fruit produced. Not only so, but although many flowers
can be fertilized with their own pollen, when the pollen is brought from
another flower of the same kind, it is of far greater advantage to the plant,
as shown by the vigor and development of the progeny. Darwin laid
down the law that nature abhors self-fertilization or dislikes the fertiliza-
tion of a plant by its own pollen. To convey the pollen from one flower
to the stigma of another, nature has provided two great mediums, first,
the elements, water or air, and second, insects, and of all the insects the
honev bee is of the greatest use among cultivated plants and fruit trees.

Honey is more than a luxury; it is a utility. Mr, Dryden suggested
that a useful line of trade could be developed in this direction. It is be-
ing developed, and let me say that no honey is better than our Canadian
honey. Our flowers produce lots of nectar and lots of pollen which are
the two foods of the bee.

Bees are commonly accused of things they do not do. People talk of
bees when they do not mean bees at all. Unfortunately there is a) great
lack of knowledge among our people of the useful and injurious insects
which affect the revenue of the country so much. It is almost as true to-
day as it was twenty years ago, when the statement was first made, that
to most people in this country, anything smaller than a cat is a bug. Many
insects that get credit for being bees look like them but are not true bees,
such as the burnble bee and the false bumble bees, which are really flies.
Thev are parapifes of the bumble bees and look like them. But people are
beginning to know that many of the misstatements about bees are mis-
sta+f^ments. In this connection, one of the best thintrs that ever happened
to the bee industry was the unfounded charge made by fruit growers some
years aq-o that bees destroyed their fruit. Thi« the bee-keeners denied, and
took the trouble to ascertain the facts and to show fruit growers that it was
no^ Imp, and could not possibly be true. Most people speak of bees and

96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

wasps as tlie same thing, whereas they are very different and have different
habits. Bees do not eat fruit and wasps do. The bee feeds on nectar and
pollen, nectar being the substance which the bee converts into what we call
honey. Nectar as it exists in the flower is not honey as we understand it;
the honey is manufactured from it by the bee, and is put up in those per-
fectly made cells, with an antiseptic added to keep it from spoilng. The
wasp is supplied with cutting jaws with which it gnaws wood to make
paper for its nest. The bee has feeble jaws, strong enough to make w[>x
cells, but not strong enough to eat fruit; it is not possible for them to do
so. Nectar is the food of the bee, and pollen is the food of the young bee.
It is necessary to mix it with nectar to make pan to feed the young brood
with.

Those pollen grains which depend on wind for carrying them are ex-
ceedingly light. They are known in some instances, from actual observa-
tion to have been carried 200 miles. In the willow, the male and female
flowers are on two distinct trees. On some plants we find perfect flowers,
where all the essential parts occur either in the same flower itself or in
different flowers of the same plant. In such cases we should supp'ose that
fertilization would be a very easy mattei, but as outside pollen is required
in order to keep up the strength, vigor and perfection of the plant, nature
makes it difficult in various ways, — in some instances by making the pol-
len sterile or even poisonous, to its own pistil.

The devices which enable plants to secure pollen from other plants
are very diversified in nature. Some flowers can only give up their
pollen on contact with a firm object such as the trunk or tongues of cer-
tain insects, as bees, moths, etc.

If the bee went from place to place and took honey from every flower
it came to, the honey would be of all colors and flavors ; but because of the
habit so well known to bee-keepers of bees visiting one kind of flower at a
time, this difficulty is a^voided, and the visits of the bees are of great ben-
efit to the plants by pollen being carried from flower to flower. Why do
bees go to flowers at all? They go for two things, nectar and pollen; and
they go only just at that time in the development of the flower when they
can be of use to the flower. The pollen is there only at one particulac
stage of development, and the nectar is there only at that time, or at ap-
proximately the same time. It therefore follows that flowers of a certain
kind require the presence of the bees at a particular time in the season,
and during that time tlje bee devotes its attention to those flowers alone,
and because of this, honey made from them in that way should be kept dis-
tinct from different classes of honey made from other kinds of flowers.

The manifestations by flowers when certain stages of development'
have been reached form a very interesting study. When fertilization has
taken place, the flower immediately displays signs which indicate that
such is the case; scent pollen and nectar are no longer produced, and the
bee is not again attracted to that flower.

A study of these little insects is worthy of the attention of everybody,
and is full of surprises and interest. They are worthy of study from a utili-
tarian point of view. The fruit growler cannot do without the bee-keeper,
and the bee-keeper, although he can do without the fruit grower, is a great
deal better off because of him. The honey bee, which the fruit grower is
now beginning to keep in his orchard in a small way is repaying him by
fertilizing the flowers and thus increasing the yield of fruit, and the fruit
grower and bep-keeper are no lonerer enemies but friends and are working
together for the general good. I hope that this will be only the first of a
long series of joint meetings of fruit growers and bee keepers.

Provincial Horticultural Convention.

The sessions of the Convention of delegates from the Provincial Hor-
ticultural Societies, held in connection with the Provincial Fruit, Flower
and Honey Show, were well attended and interesting and proved a valuable
feature of the exhibition.

These meetings were held in the members' assembly room at the Par-
liament Buildings, about half a mile from the Granite rinks where the
exhibition took pla)ce. The fact that the meetings and the exhibition
could not be held in the same building caused considerable inconvenience,
but it had been found impossible to make better arrangements. In th«
event of the exhibition being made an annual affair, a determined effort
will have to be made to secure accommodation that will provide for the
holding of the exhibition and of these meetings in the same building.

The opening session of the horticultural convention was held Tuesday
afternoon, November 15th, and was well attended. The chairman, Mr
Kdward Tyrrell, on behalf of the Toronto Horticultural Society, exten-
ded a cordial welcome to the delegates.

THE PLANTING OF HOME AND SCHOOL GROUNDS.
By Prof. H. L. Hutt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelpii.

For centuries past, great attention has been paid to landscape garden-
ing in the older countries of Europe and Asia, ^nd each country as a rule
has developed a style of gardening peculiar to itself. Japanese gardeners
have excelled in the production of wonderful miniature gardens. The Ital-
ian, the French, and the Dutch each have formal and elaborate styles of
gardening peculiarly their own. In America, we are year by year giving
more and more attention to the beautifying of our surroundings, both in
public and private grounds, and while we may have copied to some extent,
the landscape architects of the Old World, yet we have struck out in a*
broader, freer, more natural way, so that it may be said that we too are
marking a style of our own. The stiff, formal production of the old-time
gardener is not now believed to present the artistic excellence of that of the
modern landscape architect, who accepts Nature as his teacher.

In the short time a^t my disposal for fv talk of this kind, I cannot do
more than briefly discuss a few of the principles which should guide us in
the beautifying of our surroundings. And it may be said at the beginning,
that the same rules apply in improving either the home or school grounds,
although, of course, the treatment and the effect produced in each case may
be quite different.

In beautifying the surroundings of a home, a school, or any public
Imilding, the aim should be to make each a picture in itself. The build-
ing naturally stands oivt as the central object, the lawn or green sward is
the canvas upon which we paint our picture, and the shrubs and trees make
the setting or frame which completes the picture. The artist who paints
such a picture has various pigments and materials with which to work out

[97]

7 F. G.

1)8

THE REPORT OE TH

No. 16

his ideal. TEe landscape gardener wEo lays out and beautifies a place like-
wise has various materials with which to work out the reality. For conve-
nience of description they may be classified as natural and artificial.
Among the natura^l materials are the ground, the grass, trees, shrubs, vines,
certain classes of plants which grow more or less naturally, and in some
cases also rocks and bodies of water. The artificial materials are the
buildings, drives, walks, fences, terraces, geometrical flower beds, and
plants of the greenhouse type. Trees and shrubs which have been clipped
into fantastic forms, may also be classed as artificial material, just as much
so as fountains or statuary, which are sometimes made use of. The skill
of the landscape gardener in producing beautiful effects depends upon his
judicious use of such materials. The more he makes use of the natural ma-
terials, and the more he adopts Nature's methods in combining them, the
more pleasing as a rule are the results.

Let me draw your attention to a few of these materials and to the prin-
ciples involved in making use of them :

Fig. 1. Water adds a charm to any landscape,

The Ground. One of the most important features in the ground sur-
rounding a home or school, is the contour of its surface. This is what
gives character to a place. A. low lying lawn, with something of a depres-
sion in the centre, has a somewhat tame, undrained appearance, while an
otherwise similar lawn, with but a slight crowning in the centre, has an
altogether different appearance. Sometimes a perfectly straight surface
line is pleasing, and the level lawn is more in keeping with the place and
its surroundings than any other could be, but as a rule some variation from
the straight line is preferable. In nature, we take more delight in bold
outlines of hills and valleys than wc do in level stretches of country. This
is because we love the variety which hill and hollow affords, and this sug-
gests the desirability of introducing undulations in landscape gardening,
whenever the size of the grounds and other circumstances will permit.

The buildings should, of course, be on the highest elevation, and the
grounds should be made to slope away from them. On a steep hillside the
grounds majv have to be terraced, which, if well done, adds much to the
appearance of a place, but also adds considerably to the cost. Whether
the grounds are flat or rolling the small irregulairities of the surface should

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 99

be levelled and smootlied so that tlie mower may be worked easily. Wher-
ever mucli grading or filling has to be done, due allowance must be made
for settling, and a few inches of Rood surface soil should always be left on
top. The character of the surface soil is a matter of great importance, be-
cause on it depends the luxuriance or poverty of the grass and the trees
growing over it.

The Green Sward. There are two ways of clothing the ground with
grass, either by sodding or by sowing grass seed. On small plots or steep
banks and along borders, sodding is the quickest and most satisfactory me-
thod, but on large areas seeding is not only the cheapest, but the best. In
preparing the ground for seeding is should be plowed, hairrowed, rolled and
made as fine as possible, and as a final preparation nothing is better than
going over it carefully with a garden rake.

The kind of seed to sow is a matter of importance. Coarse grasses,
such as timothy, are not suitable for lawn making. Many of the finer and

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s r Fig, 2. A. stretch of lawn showing great variety in !tree forms.
more delicate grasses may be obtained in '^lawn grass mixtures," but the
most satisfactory mixture we have found is made up of equal parts by
weight of blue grass, red top grass, and white Dutch clover. All of these
are hardy and stand well the extremes of our climate. The seeding should
be done on a still day when there is no wind to carry the lighter seeds.
Thick seeding should be the rule. Three or four bushels per acre is none
too much for seeding down a lawn. After the seed is sown it should be
lightly raked in, and if the weather is dry it is well to go over the ground
with a hand roller. The work of ma^iing a lawn may be done aH almost ^ny
time of the yea^ , but where much levelling and filling is necessary it is well
to do the grading in the fall, so that the ground will have finished settling
by the spring, and then the surface may be racked over as soon as it is dry
enough to work, and the seeds sown as early a^ passible. A lawn sown
early in the spring should be nice and green by the middle of the summer.

100

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

or seed sown early iu the fajl should give a ^ood grassy carpet ea^rly next
spring

Keeping a Lawn. To keep a lawn in prime velvety condition it should
be mowed frequently, pa^^ticularly during the season of rapid growth. The
mowings should be so frequent that none of the grass should have to be
raked off. This is the practice followed on well-kept city lawns where men,
money, and mowers, are available. On the farm, where these articles are
not so plentiful, and where the area to be gone over is usually greater, it
may be kept in very respectable condition with the ordinary farm mower,
the cutter bar of which should be set low and the knives kept sharp. On
the farm the front yard and back yard, the lanes and the roadsides should
be levelled, seeded, and put in such condition that they can all be gone
over with the farm mow^er, and if the mowing is done as often as the grass
is high enough for the knives to cut nicely, the improvement made in the
appearance of a place would in many cases add nearly 50 per cent to the
value of the property.

Fig. 8. The ruiple Fringe in shrubbery clump.

To maintain a luxuriant growth and a rich dark green in the color of
the grass, the lawn should occasiona^lly receive a top dressing of sta^ble
manure in the fall. The soluble portion of this is washed into, the ground
by the fall and spring rains, and early in the spring the coarsest portion of
the manure should be raked off.

We are often asked how to get rid of dandelions in a lawn. For my
part I like to see them when they are in full bloom, although of course,
they make the lawn look ragged when they go to seed. It is because they
are so common that we dislike them. If they grew only in South Africa
we would soon import them. There is no more effective way of keepinjcr
dandelions in subjection on the lawn than by keeping the ground rich and
encouraging a luxuriant growth of grass. If the ground is rich enougih
the grass will smother out most kinds of weeds. What cannot be smothered
must, of course, be spudded.

1904

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

101

Evergreen and Deciduous Trees. In the trees we have some of the
finest forms of natural beauty. They present a greait variety of ornamen-
tal qualities, in habit of growth, in size, and in color of foliage o^d bark.
They may naturally be divided into two classes, the deciduous and the ever-
green trees. On school grounds we think it is advisable to grow as many
as possible of our native trees and keep them labelled, so tha\t the children
become fa,miliar with their botanical and common names. On the home-
grounds more of the foreign species may be introduced as desired.

If time permitted, we could give a lengthy list and advocate the spe-
cial claim of ea^ch to a place on the lawn, but we must be content with men-
tioning only a few of the most desirable. Among the maples, we have the
sugar maples, the soft magpies, a^nd Weir's cut-leaved variety of the same,
the Sycamore maple, and the Box Elder, sometimes called the Manitoba
maple, which is particularly valuable on new places on account of its rapid
growth, but along with it should be planted some of the more durable trees,

Fig. 4. Beneath the Elm tree's shade.

which will come on and last long after the Box Elder has served its pur-
pose. As a successor to it we know of none better than our native American
elm. In its finest form, with feathered trunk, high spreading arms a<nd
long, pendulous branches, that is the most stately and graceful of our na-
tive trees. On large grounds, where there is room for variety, some of the
oaks and fragrant lindens add a charm to the scene. The cut-leaf weeping
white birch is very ornamental in both summer and winter, and shows a
striking color contrast, particularly when placed so as to have for a back-
ground a group of evergreen or a dark-colored building.

Among the evergreens, the pines and spruces occupy a first rank. The
Austrian and Scotch pines ma,ke handsome specimens, although when
young our native white pine is equal, if not superior, to any of the foreign-
ers. The same might be also said of our native white spruce, as compared
with its more vigorous relative from Norway. But for a handsome speci-

102

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

are

men of Nature's coloring let us have the dainty little blue spruce of Col
orada. Among the arbor vitaes, junipers, and retinosporas, there ar
some very beautiful forms, such as the pyramidal and globose arbor vitae,
the tall Irish juniper, and the plumose retinospora, but these last men-
tioned are less hardy than the arbor vitaes and require proection for a
few years in the colder sections of Ontao^io.

Ornamental Shrubs. For a list of some of the most desirable and
ha.Tdy ornamental shrubs adapted to our northern section, 1 cannot do bet-
ter than refer intending planters to the valuable list given in Prof. Mac-
oun's report in the Central Experimental Farm Report for 189T. One hun-
dred species and varieties are there mentioned, with twenty-five of the most
desirable marked. If we were compelled to reduce the list to half of thai
number, we would from our own experience select the following: These
are given in the order of their season of bloom, the first beginning with us
at Guelph about the end of April and the last holding on till late in the
autumn :

Fig. 5. A shelter belt of mixed evergreens.

1. Forsythia, or golden bells, in bloom about end of April, and lasts
about three weeks.

2. Ribes aureum, or golden currant, in bloom 9th of May, lasts two
weeks.

3. Pyrus Ja^ponica, or Japan quince, in bloom 15th of May, lasts
nearly three weeks.

4. Caragana, or Siberian pea-tree, in bloom about 24th of May, lasts
over a week.

5. Lilacs in great variety, in bloom about 24th of May, last about two

6. UerhteVs double flowering crab, in bloom about 1st of June, and
lasts two weeks.

7. Spiraea Van Houteii, in bloom about third week in June and lasts
about two weeks.

8. VibernuTn opulus sterilis^ or snowball, in bloom about 5th
June, and lasts over two weeks.

1904

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

103

9. Lonicera Tartarica, or bush honeysuckles in bloom about 5th
of June, and lasts about a week.

10. Weigelia rosea, in bloom about 5th June, and lasts nearly three
weeks.

11. Philadelphus or Mock oranges of several varieties, in bloom about
15th of June, and last fram two to three weeks.

12. Rhus cotinus, commonly known as purple fringe, or smoke tree,
in bloom about middle of July, and plumes last till November.

13. Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, in bloom about middle of Aug-
ust, and lasts for three or four weeks.

Arrangement of Trees and Shrubs. To artistically arrange and dis-
tribute a collection of trees and shrubs on the Ifvwn requires much more skill
and judgment than to set out trees in a straightt line in an orchard. The
following are some af the rules to be observed' in lawn planting:

1. Follow the Natural Order of Arrangement. Nature does not
plant in stiff and formal geometrical lines, but rather in irregular profu-

Fig. 6. A country home adorned with Trumpet Creeper and Honeysuckle.
sion. It may be necessary to modify the natural arrangement to meet the
needs of the case.

One has said that ''the aim should be to exhibit nature idealized rather
than nature real. A prominent American landscape gardener tells us that
for his first lesson in arranging trees on the lawn, he was told to take in,
his hands as many stones as he had trees to plant ; to stand by the house and
throw them in the direction he wished the trees to stand, then plant wherever
the stones fell. He says that with a few slight modifications the effect was
all that could be desired.

2. Arrange to Give an Air of Breadth and Expanse to the Place. This
is a most desirable effect, and is secured by preserving a more or less open
lawn in front of the house, by scattering and grouping the larger trees

J 04

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

at the outside of the grounds so as to more or less hide the boundaries.
This suggests an unlimited extent, beyond what the eye can see at any
point. Another means is by opening vistas between the trees, looking out
upon distant scenes beyond the boundaries. In this way we may shut out
undesirable objects, and we may appropriate to ourselves desirable scenes
such as a wooded hillside, a stretch of river, or a church spire, and thus
make our little grounds seem like part of an extensive park.

3. Arrange for Tr^ees to Give Comfort as Well as Ornament. One of
the first considerations should be to shade the buildings from the heat of
the sun and to shelter them from the sweep of the prevayiling winds. On
the south and west should be planted a^ few of the largest trees, such as elms
or maples, not so close as to exclude the light from any of the windows,
nor so that any of the branches, when the trees are full grown will overhang
the house, but close enough that their shade will fall upon it. 'In all
planting take into consideration what the results will be when the trees are
full grown.

Fig. 7. The Boston Ivy excells as a climber on brick or stone.

As a projection against the sweeping winds of winter some of the strong
growing evergreens, such as pines and spruces, are most useful. Thick belts
01 clumps of these should be planted on the most exposed quarters, and
along with them may be planted a few of the light-colored deciduous trees.
In winter the evergreens give a cosy a/ppearance to the place, a;nd in sum-
mer their sombre darkness is relieved by the bright green of the deciduous
trees.

In arranging the smaller trees and flowering shrubs, these may be
grouped into ornamental groups, or occasionally fine specimens may stand
out by themselves. When grouping into clumps, the tallest-growing speci-
mens should be placed in the centre; and along the border, the smallest
shrubs should come to the front so as to blend the grass with the taller trees
in the background.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 105

Beautiful color combinations and contrasts, both in flower and foliage
may often be arranged if tbe planter understands his work. For instance, a
beautiful color contrast is obtained by planting a purple-leaved barberry
near a golden-leaved spiraea or a dark Austrian pine as a background for
one of the light-colored Coloradp spruces.

Vines and Climbers. Among the vines and climbers we have a num-
ber of beautiful species which may be made very effective in many ways in
beautifying the home surroundings. They are pa/rticularly valuable on
small grounds and town lots, as they take up so little room, but they are
also, quite as valuable in beautifying a country home. One of the most
haray and vigorous is the common Virginia creeper. This is excellent for
covering a summer house or an unsightly wooden wall. As a covering for
a brick or stone wa^ll the Boston Ivy (Ampelopsds Yeitchii) is one of the
handsomest. In northern sections it requires winter protection for the
first few winters, but when once established it grows rapidly, and will soon
convert a brown or red front into a wall of living green. F'or a handsome,
hardy flow^ering climber we have nothing to equal Clematis Jackmanni,
with its large purple flowers; and Clematis paniculata, with its innumer-
able small white flowers late in the fall. Hall's climbing honeysuckle and
the Chinese Wisteria are beautiful climbers, well adapted to climbing ver-
andah posts or festooning a balcony, but they will not stand our winters
without protection except in the southern parts of the Province.

Flower Borders. Mixed flower borders at the side of the lawn, or
^long the drive or walks, are far more satisfactory and in better taste than
fancy shaped beds cut out of the sod in a prominent place on the lawn.
Every home and every school ground should have its mixed perennial bor-
der. Such a border may be stocked with an endless variety of bulbs and
hardy plants which give a continuous bloom from the time the snow is off
the ground in the Spring till it falls again at the beginning of winter. Our
perennial borders at the College are one of the special attractions for thou-
sands of visitors during the month of June. Most of the plants for such a
border may be grow^n from seed or may be purchased very cheaply from the
leading seedsmen. The following list includes; a few of the most desirable
kinds, a,nd it might be extended indefinitely :

Achillea^ "The Pearl." Convallaria majalis (Lily of the
Adonis vernalis. Yalley.)

Agrostemma coronaria (Mullein Crocus in variety.

Pink). Dianthus barhatus (Sweet Wil-
Aquilegia chrysantha (Golden Col- liam.)

umbine.) Dielytra spectabilis (Bleeding
Aquilegia coerulea (Rocky Moun- Heart.)

tain Blue Columbine.) Digitalis (Foxglove.)

Asclepias tuherosa (Butterfly Weed.) Doronicum caucasium.

Aster novae angliae (Wild Purple Funhia suhcordata grandiflora

Aster. (Giant Day Lily.)

Bellis perennia (English Daisy.) GaiUardia grandiflora.

Bocconia cordata (Plume Poppy.) Gysophila paniculata (Baby's
Calliopsis lanceolata. Breath.)

Campanula carpatica (Carpathian Helenium grandicephalum stria-

Bells.) turn.

Campanula media (Canterbury Hemerocallis flava (Yellow Day

Bells.) Lily.)

Hollyhock.

8 FG.

106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Iris Germanica (German Iris.) Platycodon grandi flora (Chinese
Iris Kaempferi (Japanese Iris.) Bell Flower.)

Lilium in variety. Rudheckia lajiceolata (Golden
Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal Glow.)

Flower.) Scilla Siberica.

Lychnis chalcedonica. Tulips in variety.

Mertensia virginca (Blue Bell.) Valeriana offcmalis (Garden He-
Myosotis (I^orget-me-not.) liotrope.)

Narcissus in variety. Veronica in variety.

t^aeonia (Paeony.) Yinca minor (Periwinkle or Trail-
Fapaver nudicaule (Iceland Pop- ing Myrtle.)

py.) Viola cornuta (Tufted Pansy.)
Pajpaver orientale (Oriental Poppy.) Yucca filamentosa (Adam's Nee-
Phlox, hybrid perennials in variety. die.)
PhJdx subulata (Moss Pink.)

Walks and Drives. These are not in themselves very ornamental,
but they are necessary and have a^n important effect in the appearance of a
place.

When properly located they convey the idea that the place is inhabi-
ted, and they seem to impart an air of welcome.

As the wa/lks and drives are a^rtificial, and not in themselves ornamen-
tal, there should be as few as possible. Business roads should a,s a rule be
straight, but pleasure drives give more pleasure if they are laid out in
graceful curves. The curves give variety, and help to relieve the angular
outlines of the buildings. They should not, however, be introduced at the
expense of utility, a^nd should offer no temptation to take short cuts across
the grass. Whenever a, curve is introduced there should be trees, or some
object in the road to make the curve appear necessary. If s^uch are not
there when the drive is laid out, they may be planted afterwards. A curve
without some apparent cause for it looks meaningless and affected.

The drive, whenever possible, should enter at the side of the lawn, and
curve gently around towards the buildings as though it were the nearest
and most natural way of approa<?h. It ahould be dotted here aaid there
along the side with trees and shrubbery, which partly screen the building
from sight, so that we keep getting a different view of the house as we ap-
proach. This gives variety and plea,sure, and always leaves just enough
unseen to make us feel like following it up to see where it leadsl to.

The width of drives and walks should vary according to their length
and the amount of travel upon them. If long and much travelled the
drive must be wide enough for two rigs to pass easily, but if short and not
«o much used, 8 to 10 feet, or room for one wagon, is enough. Walks or
footpaths will vary from 3 to 5 feet. The drive and walks should be prop-
erly graded and made slightly crowning from the centre to the sides so as
to give good drainage. If good gravel is obtainable they should be covered
with gravel, raked smooth and rolled hard.

Fences. As a rule fences enter largely into most landscapes, and are
worthy of note. They are artificial materials, and at best they are neces-
sary eyesores, but in the majority of cases their necessity is only imagin-
ary. If all of the really unnecessary fences were removed, and the ground
which they occupy levelled and seeded down or put under crop it would
make a wonderful difference in the appeara,nce of the country. It would
remove a great harbor for weeds and insects; it would effect a great saving
of labor and expense, and it would remove one of the most striking features

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 107

which advertise the slovenly farmers all over the country. The only fen-
ces necessary, or which should be necessary, are those for the purpose of
fencing in our own stock, and not fencing out that of the neighbors. Fen-
ces, in many cases, might be movable or temporary. Eoadside fences in
many sections might be dispensed with, the ground levelled and seeded and
the grass kept mowed from the boundary to the roadbed. Bill Nye says
that ''the farm without a fence in front of it looks as if the owner were hon-
est and thought his neighbors the same." If a permanent fence is neces-
sary let it be as inconspicuous as possible, or let it be an ornamental hedge.

Some of the other artificial materials sy3metimes used in landscape gar-
dening are trees, trimmed into fantastic shape, fountains and statuary, flow-
er beds of geometrical designs. All these are artificial and should be used
with as much discretion as one should use in wearing fine jewellery. The
more the artificial prevails in the general giurroundings the more these can
be used without giving offence. In proximity to large and expensive build-
ings, or in extensive parks, they may have t^eir place, but on the farmer's
lawn, where most of the surroundings are natural, and where the buildings
are not elaborate and costly, they would be altogether out of place.

Q. What do you think of the Catalpa as an ornamental tree for lawns?

Prof. Hutt : It is useful for variety. It has large showy leaves and
beautiful flowers, but is so late in leafing out in the spring that it is usually
bare until June. On small grounds one specimen will be sufficient, and I
would not include it in the first dozen varieties to be planted. We have
seven different species on the college lawn. Catalpa speciosa is the hardiest
one.

Q. I have had particular difficulty in growing Clematis. I have tried
both Jachmaxnni and Henrii, Jachmanni on a north-easterly exposure and
Henrii on a south-easterly, but failed to have any success with them, both
dying. Is there any particular difficulty in growing these varieties?

Prof. Hutt: It may possibly be accounted for by the poor soil around
youtr buildings, often the sub-soil from the cellar is piled around the foun-
dation walls, one should be sure of two or three feet of good soil before
planting climbers. They also want plenty of moisture and are robbed of
this by overhanging roof or eaves. I do not think the exposure makes much
difference; the vines should be laid down for the winter in any case. The
bloom lasts longer on a northern exposure.

W. T. Macoun, Ottawa : I have had similar trouble and think it is due
to the Clematis disease. This is a disease that cuts the plant off at the
collar. It is supposed that this is caused by tiny worms which come out of
the greenhouse and go on working around the collar of the plant until the
plant dies. The plan recommended is to put the plants out in the autumn
and let them freeze hard in the winter, which will kill the pest; but if you
are not troubled in your district it is not wise to experiment in that way.

E. Morris, Fonthill : My observation of this blight is that it appears
the second and not the first year, so that I do not think it can come from
the greenhouses. So far as 1 am awaie, the blight is still a mystery j there
is no known cause and no remedy.

Mr. Macoun : My authority is the Massachussetts Experiment Station.

H. Cameron, Niagara Falls : The plants appear -to have been raised of
late years from o-raftinj?, and they die off, presumably from the effects of
this disease. I think that all the Clematis of the Jachmanni type raised
some years ago from cuttings are living to-day.

108 . THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Mr. Morris : Has not this dying off occurred only within the last year

or two ?

A. For four or five years.

Mr. Morris : They are usually attacked in the second or third year; ^f
they last for three or four years, they will stand.

A Member: That is not my experience. I had Henm eight or ten
years old that was killed down last year. It withered from top to bottom m
SIX nours. Mas anyone here grown any from green wood cuttings and raised

tliem,? , ^, . XI, X

Mr. Morris : The bulk of the nurserymen propagate them m that way.

In Holland they propagate them by grafting.

Mr. Macoun : Troiessor Hutt m iiis remarks, spoke of some of the best
flowering shrubs and mentioned the lilacs. The marvellous improvement
made in the lilacs during recent years is not generally appreciated. We
have more than 100 varieties at Ottawa. In most gardens we see only the
purple and white. Shades from the purest white to the darkest purple are
now obtained both in single and double, and tliere are species which will ex-
tend the season for six weeks. We have them blooming from May till July
1. A partial list will be found in the Society's report of last year in a paper
by Dr. Saunders.

Q. Are the Japanese lilacs of the single stem form?

Mr. Macoun : Its stem branches soon after it leaves the ground, but it
starts with a single stem.

INTERESTING YOUNG PEOPLE IN HORTICULTURE.

By a. K. Goodman, Cayuga, Ont.

How can we best interest our young people in the garden and in the or-
-chard? There is one way, and that is the best way. Become interested your-
selves. Become enthusiastically interested. It is a case of ''Come along
boys and girls," not "Go on, boys and girls." To do any good, you must be
unselfish, and in the accomplishment of any object there must be prepara-
tion.

Cliildrfu's characters are more likely to be strengthened and developed
along with proper lines in the brightest and happiest surroundings. Lovely
flowers and green trees should, where possible, mark the abode of Canadians.
Ciiildrcn are imitators, and will in time, be largely what we have made
them by our example. Always welcome the children in t' e garden and teach
them ^i- much as thev are willing to learn, but never detain them when they
want to play. It will not be long before they will coax you into the garden.
A busy man cannot garden all day except for profit, but the overage
Canadian in the small towns "and villages, has enough time on his hands to
make a creditable showing. I have found that it is desirable to avoid the
midsummer flowers.

My garden opens with tulips. These are massed and are arranged in
various ways ann planted in the open to receive the full sunlight. Good
drainao^e is provided, care being taken to avoid the roots of trees. They are
planted four inches deep and top-dressed with well rotted manure. It is more
satisfactory, thcu^-h not* necessary, to take up tulips every j^ear. Then follow
the general bedding-out, after danger of frost is over, from the hot-bed, of
caladiums, geraniums, stocks, asters, ageratum, salvia, etc., while the flower-
ing shrubs and early perennials for a time hold the place of vantage.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 10^

With June the grandest flower of all reigns supreme, until the end of
July. I love to grow a rose, because it takes such a determined effort to
reach the best possible. Eoses love the open and need a clay soil, enriched
with cow manure, lime and wood ashes, as well as freedom to expand, good
drainage and deep root feeding. Plant in the fall, prune in the spring, and
spray every morning with tobacco water and lime, or soapsuds. Simply con-
quer the insect enemy completely. Do not tolerate any half-way measures,
and your reward will be a great source of pleasure to yourself and friends.

From the June roses you can go to the Ramblers (they will give you a
bloom for a month if you shorten the canes, cutting the old ones out every
three years), to other climbers, and to the tea roses, from which you will re-
ceive monthly crops of roses until the frost. After the roses, I satisfy my-
self with the formal bed, and in September enjoy a gorgeous display of asters
and gladioli.

The Effect on Children.

The object of interesting our young people in, horticultural work is to
strengthen their morality, train their character and make them useful citi-
zens. State eduf^ation in the schools is fast changing from the old law of
''Rod Rule, and Remembrance, '^ to what was once a goal to the natural in-
terest idea. Interest is said to be the master key of all possible education,
and it conquers all. The schools of the Province are doing noble work, and
horticulture and floriculture take a large part of the credit for the advance.

In Canada, we are fast entering on our growing time. The horticultural
societies must plead and work for play grounds, tree planting, gardens and
parks. Hundreds of our village schools are practically without play grounds.
A Provincial Horticultural Society would strengthen the hands of local en-
thusiasts.

The joy of possession is a rule that works admirably in the garden. If
a child plants and attends to an asparagus or strawberry bed, cuts or picks
the product, carries it in sympathy to the sick, or, if its favorite color is plant-
ed, cared for, developed into perfection and it is then allowed to gather and

gi4e it will soon learn to act with knowledge and discretion. To plant a

grape vine, prune it, watch it attain maturity, and then to gather and enjoy
ifs fruit thoughtfully, is the highway of wisdom.

But, first and always, cultivate and develop the inherent natural love of
flowers. Work that the children may plant; care for, that the children may
gather, until in time their natures will respond to the noblest ambitions of
man.

Q. What material do you use for covering roses in winter?

Mr. Goodman : Old barn yard manure; old, so that it will not burn the
plant or hurt it. Before applying the manure, I make a mound of earth. If
I want a longer cane, I cover with common straw. You should never smoth-
er roses.

Q. What do you spray with? ,

A. The best solution I have used for thrip and aphis is tobacco water
mixed with a little lime to make it stick. If you are preparing spray for a
large number of bushes, take a coal oil barrel, fill half full of tobacco stems,
fill up with cold water and leave for two days; then take the tobacco out and
add a bushel of fresh slaked lime. The nozzel shouldi be the kind that will so
throw the spray as to hit the leaves underneath, so as to get at the worm
that eats the leaf and causes it to curl. You must spray not once or once a
week, but every morning during the time the crop of roses is on.

Mr. Macoun : I think that to a certain extent, the love oJ flowers is in-
herent; but it may be developed also. My idea is that we should begin with

110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

cKildren just as soon as they are able to understand the difference between
root and top, and develop in them a love of flowers. We should set apart for
the children the very best piece of land in our garden, of small area of
course; not a piece that we cannot grow anything on ourselves. Let them
plant all the kinds that we are going to plant. My little boy last summer
wanted a plant of every kind that I was planting, and was disappointed if he
did not get it. If the soil had been such as to cause failure, he would have
been disappointed and discouraged. We should make it our business to make
his garden a success. If it is a dry time, get out at night and water his
garden thoroughly, without letting him know about it. A young child does
not understand everything, and it is better to practice a little deception than
to run the risk of his being discouraged by a failure.

R. B. Whyte, Ottawa: I quite agree with Mr. Macoun. Both
the boys and the girls should have a little bit of ground of their own. My
own children had until they were old enough to take a part in the garden.
I do not know of anything that has a better effect on the child's character
than to develop in him a love for growing plants, and I have done my best to
encourage it in my own children. It is a comparatively easy thing to develop
this love in our own children, but with city children, who never had a gar-
den and whose parents never had one, it is difficult. Their ignorance of the
subject is increditable. The most difficult problem we have to face is to
cultivate in children brought up in big cities, the love of growing things.
I have been disheartened in many cases to find how little the children knew
and how little interest the parents took in the matter. But in other cases th«
parents have told me how much the children had improved since they took
an interest in growing things.

Mr. Goodman : My idea was to make a partnership with the children in
the garden. They might have a little piece to experiment with, but I would
take them in and let them work with me and I would work with them.

Mr. Macoitn : The natural desire of the child is to have sompthing of
its own. I think the idea of personal ownership is far stronger than joint
ownership.

Prof. Hutt : I find that the children take great pride in having a little
garden of their own. They get their plants from me, and are learning all
the time by taking care of them themselves. They learn by experience, and
ownership is a strong incentive to action.

A Member : I believe that a move was made in some of the Horticultural
Societies recently to present children with flowers. I think that is a erood
plan, and if there are any representatives of such societies here, I should like
to hear from them.

J. 0. McCuLLOCH, Hamilton: One of the first things the Hamilton So-
ciety did was to make a public distribution of Aster seeds to about three
thousand of our children. The result was so satisfactory that we now hold a
show in September, at which the children make exhibits. Last year we had a
very fine display. In one particular district in Hamilton, the children be--
came so enthusiastic that their seniors took it up and set apart five streets
where they asked the people to form themselves into a society to improve
their gardens, front and back. They offered prizes for lawns, boulevards,
hanging baskets, and window displays. The result is, that a neglected gard-
en is now the exception, whereas five years ago the reverse was the rule. Of
course, the paving of the whole city has helped us very much, because when
a boulevard is laid out and the pavement put down, the space in front of every
h«use is exposed, and the necessity for putting that in grass has been to many

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. Ill

people their first lesson in gardening. The result is that on most of our
streets you see a continuous lawn of fifteen to twenty feet deep, right along
the street.

A Member of the Cobourg Horticultural Society : Three years ago,
our Society adopted the plan of distributing seed to children with very sat-
isfactory results indeed. We distributed early in the spring every choice aster
seed, which we procured in New York, to all our schools, together with in-
structions to the teachers, asking them to tell the children how to plant.
Then we_ offered prizes for the best specimens of flowers grown from th*s seed.
These are exhibited in September, and I can assure you that no finer floral
show can be seen anywhere, and Aster Day is a regular field day in our schools.
We offer prizes in cash and hardier kinds of bulbs, and again give prizes for
the best result obtained from these. I think that this is resulting in more
practical work along the line of nature study, than perhaps any other scheme
that has been devised. The Cobqurg Society is very anxious to form a civic
society for beautifying the town, and while we are succeeding to a consider-
able extent, I must say that the Agriculture and Arts Act under which socie-
ties operate is very much out of date, because it does not set before a society
the best objects that may be obtained. It seems to me that societies spend
too much on what may be called '^prize-packages," and the object seems to be
to give members about $5 worth of plants for a one dollar subscribtion. I
think that the time has come to change that.

A. K. Goodman, Cayuga : I have here a letter, which I will read, from
Mr. W. J. Neale, Principal of the De Cewsville Public School, in which he
gives an account of how his pupils became interested in horticultural mat-
ters, and the good results attained : —

*'In 1879, when I first entered Cayuga High School, I was struck with
the general delapidation of things. It was anything but an ideal place for
the culture of young minds. However, Mr. S. Keele, the new principal, un-
dertook to improve everything, and with such good e:ffect that now both the
interior of the school and the groutids present an appearance pleasing, not
only to the pupils and teachers, but to all interested in beautiful surround-
insrs. Having witnessed this improvement in Cayuga, I determined, if pos-
sible, to put into practice the lessons that I learned there when I became en-
engaged in a school of my own.

''In 1901 I became principal of the De Cewsville Public School; a fine
looking building, with very spacious but poorly graded grounds. I soon
found a chance to make attempts at improvement, and first decided to make a
terrace between the school house and the road. I called a meeting of the
ratepayers to discuss ways and means, but the meeting was poorly attended,
-although those present were very much in favor of my project. The trustees
also gave me every encouragement. It then required very little effort on my|
part to enlist the sympathy and co-operation of the pupils, and we decided
to have a bee in the autumn. Just three men came with teams, but we de-
cided to do all we could and with the aid of the school boys we moved over
fifty loads of dirt from a knoll behind the school to the space in front. Thus
we were grading the front of the yard and levelling the back. In the spring
of 1902, eicht men with teams came to our aid and the terrace was finished
and seeded."

''During the summer of 1902, we planted Geraniums, Coleus and Asters
and after the grass came up it presented a very nice* appearance. Every one
who passed admired the improvement we had made, and when I asked for
aid to grade a still larger space, all but two or three of our section willingly?

112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16^

came out. The grading was quickly done, and I have surrounded the graded
part on two sides with forty spruce trees. These two graded spaces con-sti-
tute our flower garden.

"In addition to the help given me, some fourteen in the section became
memheris of the Cayuga Hoiticultural Society, and they kindlv gave me the
bonus allowed to be used in ornamenting the school grounds. We also hold an.
annual school concert, and the receipts are devoted to the same purpose.

"There ite still room for improvement in our grounds here, but the start
has been made, and no doubt the work will be thoroughly finished before given
up. This fall we are having a hot-bed built and next spring we shall grow
our own plants and have set aside five dollars to be awarded in prizes to the
four pupils who can, from the plants furnished them in May, produce the
finest display of flowerfe in September. We intend having a Flower Day,
and all the plants will be placed on exhibit and the prizes awarded.

"In conclusion I may say that the only objection I heard raised to our
work was that the pupils in their games would destrov the plants, but I have
found on the contrary, that they are very proud and very careful of them,
and they take special pleasure in caring for the plants and keeping the lawn
nicely mown."

HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETIES; WHAT THEY ARE DOING.

Edv^^ard Tyrrell, President Toronto Horticultural Society : I am
pleased to be able to state that our gathering this year is to be laid partly
at the doors of the Toronto Horticultural Society, of w^hich I have the
honor to be President. In conversation with Mr. Creelman last year, who
was then Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association, I mentioned how dif-
ficult it was to get a suitable place in which to hold our Chrysanthemum
Show. He suggested co-operation with the Fruit Growers' Association,
and the final result was the Fruit, Flower, and Honey Show which is now
being held in this city. Our society makes no distribution of seeds or
•plants. We hold a monthly show in St. George's Hall, where plants accord-
ing to ' season, are exhibited. Judges score the plants and give ten cents
for every point. Some get as high as twenty points, others, perhaps, not
more than five, but all get a share according to their merits, and the sysh
tem has proved very successful. We find it more difiicult to maintain a
Horticultural Society in a city than it is in a town. One might naturally
suppose that in a city the size of Toronto we should have thousands of mem-
bers, but we find that people are sio engaged and engrossed in other things^
that it is difficult to get them to take an interest. 'Nevertheless, our So-
ciety is progressing very satisfactorily.

R. B. Whyte, Ottawa : I quite agree with Mr. Macoun. Both-
thing particular in the way of civic improvement; our work has taken a
dift'erent line. We consider that the strong point in our Society is the-
monthly me<^ting. We have monthly meetings for six months of the yeaT,
at which prizes are given and lectures delivered. We issue a prize list in'
advance, in which is stated the awards and the subjects of the lectures. We
have also issued bulletins on bulb growing and other subjects, which are
distributed free to our members. They have been much appreciated and
we consider it well spent money. We also think it wise to distribute to
our members the plants recommended for that purpose every year, and in
this way to introduce them. They are not necessarily all new varietiesi,
but they are all plants worthy of being grown for the house and garden.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 113

We find it necessary to offer some inducement to many of our people, and
we consider it well spent money. We offer a good three dollars' worth,
and we have special facilities for buying cheaply, as we buy in large quan-
tities. Consequently we have a( membership of 246, which is a very fair
number. Every member we get over the number necessary to secure our
grant, which is 117, is a bill of expense to us. If the grants were made on
the basis of the work done, we could easily have five hundred members.
We distribute about |300 worth of plants, hire a hall every month for six
months, and print bulletins and circulars. This year we had a balance of
only |28, but consider that we get value for the money expended, and have
every reason to feel encouraged at the result of the work. We are now in
our fourteenth year, and are stronger and better than we ever were. Our
prizes are not over one dollar as a rule, and we have a great many members
who are sincere and earnest, quite independent of the prize money.

We advoca,te very strongly monthly competitive exhibits with money
prizes. As a result of it the standard for fruit, flowers, and vegetables in
Ottawa is very much higher than that of outside societies. We had near-
ly nine hundred entries at our shows this year.

D. M. Clew, President, Deseronto Horticultural Society : In pur
Society we found that the old scheme of having the directorsi choose the
plants to be distributed to our members, caused considerable dissatisfac-
tion. Some wanted plants, othersi seeds and others bulbs, and it seemed
that we could not suit them. We therefore evolved a system which I do
not think has been adopted by any other society. We allowed each mem-
ber to choose anything out of the given catalogue up to a certain amount,
supplying each with a blank order form, so that the-- could order what was
desired, direct. We hold a successful flower show every year, and have
succeeded not only in interesting our members, but in improving the town.
This year we are offering prizes for the best kept grounds, which has added
very much to the interest taken in the work being done in the town, and I
think is a department which should be taken up by other Societies, in a^d-
dition to the growing of plants and flowers and the teaching of the chil-
dren.

A Member of the Guelph Horticultural Society : We have followed
practically the same lines as the Hamilton and Ottawa Societies in the dis-
tribution of plants to children. Last year we distributed about 4U0 hyd-
rangeas to the school children, and this year about the same number of
packages of aster seed. We secure the co-operation of the teachers. When
it comes to the exhibition of flowers and the distribution of prizes, each
teacher is there with his pupils, so that there is no trouble or disturbance.
This year nearly every child who took home seed made an entry. In addi-
tion to the seed, we distributed a pamphlet of two pages prepared by Mr.
Hunt, of the College Horticultural department, dealing with the culture
of the aster. We have distributed altogether four bulletins to our members,
apiong them one published by the Ottawa Society. To the members of our
Society we distribute bulbs and plants, and the members in nearly every
case take a deep interest in them. We hold eight meetings in the year.
This year we had addresses from four outside men, the other four meetings
being addressed by local men. I think that especially among the children
our work is proving very beneficial,

W. M. EoBSON, Lindley Horticultural Society: The first Horticul-
tural Society in Lindsay, was organized about the year 1869. The mem-
bership was not very large, and interest gradually subsided until the so-
ciety went out of existence. After an interval of a few years, the Horti-

114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

cultural Society was resuscitated. During this lapse of time, the public
had become better acquainted with the advantages and benefits of such an
organization. Then a new feature was introduced — that of midsiummer
fruit and flower exhibitions, with addresses in the evenings. This proved
successful for a. few years till jealousy crept in amongst a few exhibitors,
who thought the judges acted with partiality. This feeling spread, result-
ing in a gradual loss of members and brought about the collapse of society
number tw^o. Again, after a few inactive years had passed, the Society
was re-organized and affiliated with the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, which gave the Society greater advantages to offer to the public in the
distribution of plants, etc. This had the desired effect, and in the third
year we had one hundred members enrolled, system and order established,
regular board meetings, and an occasional open meeting during the win-
ter months. Such meetings were productive of much good to the Society,
by sustaining and increasing our membership. Toward spring we looked
forward with pleasant anticipation to the coming of the Fruit Growers'
lecturer, and thus ran our yearly routine of work.

Our present Society was inaugurated in 1891, with a minimum member-
ship of 50, which number soon rose to 100, our maximum being 132, and
during nearly fourteen years our average membership has been nearly one
hundred. We annually spend in bulbs, plants, shrubs or trees for pre-
miums to the members, between sixty and seventy dollars. The directors
think they can hold the membership and interest them more by the prac-
tical cultivation of these premiums than in any other way. Mr. Thos.
Beall and myself have been members during the existence of all the socie-
ties, and I may add that, of the fourteen years of the present society, I have
had the honor of presiding over seven of them.

THE AGRICULTUEAL AND ARTS ACT; HOW IT AFFECTS HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

By H. B. Cowan, Toronto.

Under the Act, grants are made to the agricultural and horticultural
societies of the Province according to hard and fast regulations which do not
take into account the work the societies are doing. The grants made by
the Department of Agriculture to societies amount each year to about $80,-
000. If the agricultural societies were spending their funds to as good
advantage as the horticultural societies are theirs, there would be lit-
tle need for a change in the act. The yearly grants to horticultural so-
cieties amount to about |6,000.

Three serious defects in the act were pointed out. One is that dis-
trict societies, by the act, receive much larger grants than township socie-
ties, although there are a considerable number of township societies which
hold better agricultural exhibitions than many district societies. A second
defect is that some societies, which receive large grants, ^ do not expend
nearly as much for the cause of agriculture as other societies receiving much
smaller grants. Many societies are doing almost more harm than good as
they conduct horse races, which are strictly against the law; allow gamb-
ling devices to be operated on the fair grounds (which is also against the
law) and in some cases even permit liquor to be sold.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 115

A third defect lies in the fact that where a horticultural society is es-
tablished, its grant is deducted from the grants of the agricultural societies
in that district. The result is that agricultural societies oppose the organi-
zation of horticultural societies in their districts. There are a number of
sections in the province where horticultural societies) are needed, but where
it has been found impossible to organize them on account of the opposition
of the agricultural societies.

A good suggestion would be that the horticultural societies should form
a provincial horticultural association similar to the Ontario Association of
Fairs and Exhibitions, which represents the agricultural societies. Such
an association could hold an annual meeting for the discussion of horticul-
tural matters, issue an annual report, arrange for the sending of speakers
to the meetings of local societies and in other ways increase the enthusiasm
of horticultural workers and add generally to the value of horticultural so-
cieties.

Views of the Delegates.

An animated discussion took place on the conclusion of Supt. Cowan's
remarks. The views expressed were in part as follows :

A. Gilchrist, Toronto Junction : I think that Mr. Cowan's sug-
getion to form a provincial association is in the right direction. There is
ample scope for such an organization. Many of our horticultural societies
are not working on any definite plan and might do much better work. In
many of the smaller towns and villages no horticultural societies exist. It
is in such places that they are most needed. The requirement of the act,
that the membership shall be at least 50, precludes their formation. Some
change should be made in the act in this respect and horticultural societies
should be made distinct from agricultural societies as regardsi their grant.

Alex McJNeill, Chief, Fruit Division, Ottawa: There is no doubt we
are all agreed that the funds for agricultural society purposes are in many
cases scandalously wasted, and something must be done, if we are to avoid
a great scandal in the administration of the agricultural affairs of this pro-
vince. Instead of being schools of virtue, many of our fairs are schools of
vice. I agree with Mr. Cowan that we need to make (a very strong move in
favor of better horticultural instruction. As to how that is to be brought
about, we may perhaps differ. It seems to me, that simply to form another
society does not solve the problem. Horticulture is just as much the ob-
ject of the Fruit Growers' Association as the growing of fruit. The trou-
ble is that the horticulturists have not forced themselves on the attention of
the public to the extent necessary to get their due share of interest and at-
tention. I believe that the best way to secure the ends we have in view is
to retain the present organization rather than to form another society, in-
volving a new set of officers. Let us have a fruit section, a horticultural
section, a forestry section, with the same set of officers, office expenses, etc.
There is no reason why the one society should not cover all this work.

Favored an Association.

Major H. J. Snelgrove, Cobourg : I desire to express the satisfac-
tion of our society at the very excellent service which our superintendent
is rendering us in his oversight of our work. We have received new in-
spiration from him since he occupied the office. I am glad that a move is
being made to establish a Provincial Horticultural Society which will
iorm an alliance with the local horticultural societies. The act under which

1J6 THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

we work lias been on the Statute book for 30 years, and it is bigb time that
it should be made to represent the present day requirements of horticultural
societies. We are performing a work which is entirely distinct from the
professional side of horticulture. The fruit growers look at the commercial
side, and while they are indirectly serving the community, they are first
and foremost serving themselves and filling their own pockets. We are
working for the good of the public, for municipal betterment and for the
beautifying of our homes and surroundings.

There is one strong reason why the Act should be amended : The
clause providing for the organization of horticultural societies stipulates
that the money a society receives as a government grant, shall be expended
only on lectures, exhibitions and the distribution of plants, tc. This is al-
together too narrow a limitation. It prevents a society from doing any-
thing for municipal betterment— towards the improvement of the parks
and public playgrounds of the towns.

I should like to take issue with Mr. McNeill, who claims that we should
retain the present organization. I had the honor to be a director of the
Fruit Growers' Association and know something of its workings. While
fully 80 per cent of its members are members of horticultural societies, the
fact remains that only one or two of its 'directors are interested in horti-
culture out of some 15 or 16 officers and directors. I am prepared to move
that we proceed to organize a Provincial Horticultural Association.

E. B. Whyte, Ottawa: I agree with Mr. McNeill as to the un-
desirability of multiplying organizations. I have always thought that the
horticultural element was fairly well represented on the directorate of the
Fruit Growers' Association. They have always had four to six directors.
I agree that horticultural societies should be entirely divorced from agri-
cultural societies. They have very little in common, and I think it tends
to prevent their formation in some districts, as Mr. Cowan pointed out.
Our grants should be made independent of the agricultural societies and
should be divided partly according to membership, but more in proportion
to the work done.

For the last three years the Fruit Growers' Association has held sep-
arate meetings in the interest of horticulture. I think there might be a
special committee appointed by the horticultural societies to look after that,
department and send delegates to the annual convention. I think that the
department should pay the expense of one delegate from each hundred mem-
bers. In that way you would get all the advantage of a separate orga^niza-
tion.

Mr. EuTHERFORD, Hamilton: It appears to be that all that is neces-
sary, is for us to remain as we are and have the Act amended. If it is any
object, let the horticultural societies have a meeting like this every year
and exchange views;. If there is any idea of forming such an association
as has been suggested, I think that the better way to go about it would be
to appoint a committee of representative men to outline the duties and ob-
jects and to state in what way it would be superior to our present organiza-
tion.

Mr. McClew : I have pleasure in seconding Mr. Snelgrove's motion
that we form a horticultural association. While we ha,ve no ill-feeling to-
wards agricultural societies or towards the Fruit Growers' Association, yet
our objects are entirely different from either of them. We have no com-
mercial interests. Our object is purely the advancement of the knowledge
of plants for beautifying the homes. By forming a provincial association
we should be in a much better position to help both the agriculturists and

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 117

the fruit growers. There always seems) to be a feeling of jealousy between
them, that the one society is talking from the other, which should not be. I
do not think that a provincial association would cost the province a great
deal. I am pleased to see that The Canadian Horticulturist is improving
as regards horticultural matters, and no doubt still more space will be devot-
ed to them in the future.

W. L. Stevens, Orillia : As to the formation of a provincial associa-
tion, there is a good deal to be said on both sides. There is a great deal of
opposition among horticulturists in different parts of the country to the
Fruit Growers' Association.

J. G. Jackson, Port Hope : I called a meeting of our directors re-
cently and obtained their views on this matter. In the first place, there
seems to be some dissatisfaction existing in our membership in regard to
the affiliation of the Horticultural Societies with the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation. They have thought for some time past that the fruit growers were
getting the best end of the horn in The Horticulturist. I assume it was es-
tablished for their special benefit. However, I frankly admit that it has
improved very much recently in this respect.

A Committee Appointed.

After considerable discussion, Major Snelgrove withdrew his motion _
and moved, instead, that a committee composed of Messrs. H. R. Frank-
land, R. B. Whyte, H. B. Cowan, J. G. Jackson, Alex. McNeill, D. Mc-
Clew and the mover be appointed to consider the advisability of forming
a provincial horticultural association and also the proposal to amend the
Agricultural and Ar[s Act as* it relates to horticultural societies, the com-
mittee to report as soon as possible.

An amendment was moved by Mr. McNeill, that the Agricultural and
Arts Act be so amended as to make horticultural societies independent ol
agricultural societies, that grants to societies be distributed in proportion
to the w^ork done and that a distinct horticultural committee be appointed
to direct the executive of the Fruit Growers' Association in connection with
hpritcultural matters. The amendment was put to the meeting and was
lost after which the main motion was carried.

An Important Resolution.

At the afternoon session of the convention Major Snelgrove, as chair-
man of the special committee, presented the following report which was
carried unanimously :

''That your committee is of the opinion that the Agriculture and Arts
Act should be amended because it permits of an unjust distribution of the
government grant and that it in many districts works to the disadva,ntage
of horticultural societies. We would, therefore, recommend that this com-
mittee be deputed to wait on the Hon. John Dry den. Minister of Agricul-
ture, to urge that the Agricultural and Arts Act be completely revised and
that the horticultural societies be placed on a footing of their own, separate
and distinct in every way from township and district agricultural socie-
ties. "We feel that such a step will greatly increase the usefulness of our
horticultural societies, more especially along the line of civic improvement.

''In this connection we would further recommend that the sunerinten-
dent of agricultural societies be instructed to arrange for a special meeting
of this committee to consider a basis on which future grants to horticultural

118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

societies should be made, and tiiat this committee have power to add to its
numbers.

*'We are further of the opinion that the formation of a Provincial Hor-
ticultural Association is desirable in the best interests of our horticultural
societies, but as any change in the Agricultural and Arts Act may affect a
move of this kind we would recommend that this matter be left over fori
further consideration by the special committee already named and that the
committee be instructed to report definitely at the next annual meeting
of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association."

Waited on the Minister.

On thfe following day all the members of the committee waited on the
Hon. John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture, and, on behalf of the horti-
cultural societies, laid the matter fully before him. The committee receiv-
ed a favorable reception, sympathy being expressed with the objects of the
deputation. The minister approved of the proposal that the committee
should meet to consider amendments to the Act and announced that he
would be pleased to consider any further suggestions the committee might
decide to make.

BEST ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS FOR CUT FLOWERS.
By Roderick Cameron, Niagara Falls South.

When we ask what is a good cut flower for table decoration, etc., there
are two main points to be considered : Fiiist, stem ; second, substance or dur-
lability. For vases it is imperative that flowers have a good stem. There are
many excellent flowers, but owing to the shortnesis of their stems they are un-
fit for table decoration, except perhaps to the commercial florist.

Some of the most beautifu^l flowers in the garden are ephemeral, and
would be a total disappointment as cut flowerts ; others again as the heliotrope,
lack stamina, and would not keep in water but for a very short time. The
hollyhock is an excellent example of substance, but the whole plant has to be
cut. The salpiglossis has a good stem, but lacks durability.

Bearing the points of adaptability in mind, there are other secondary con-
siderations, includiner the one of color. As there are no two persons whose
tastes are exactly alike, this is a most touchy subject; one person just revell-
ing in a certain color, while another thinks ''it's just horrid." There is a
good deal of error and misconception regarding colors and the harmonizing
of the same, which ought to be dealt with from a scientific as well as from
the sesthetic point of view. Then again there are plenty of flowers with good
stems, good substance and good colors, such as the zinnia, that are so stiff and
lacking grace they cannot be called good cut flowers. Such flowers, except in
the hands of an artist, would only tend towards the stiff, formal and math-
ematically exact bouquets of years ago, which looked as if they were formed
in a mould. We will not err if we follow nature closely^ whether in the
growing of our floral pets, the grouping: toioi'ether of our collections, or the
making up of a bouquet of nature's choicest gems.

It cannot be too widely made known that there is a wealth of decorative
floral beauty to be secured by utilizing a judicious selection of hardy peren-
nials. The growing popularity and increased usefulness of hardy perennials
is sufficient evidence of their value, if any is needed. Very little care is re-

1904

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 1^^

quired with perennials after they are planted, other than keeping them free
from weeds and the dividing of the roots when they become too large. The
offsets may be planted in other desirable spots or given to friends.

Some Good Annuals.

The choice of the professional florist in annuals is limited. The Aster
is probably entitled to first place, because they are produced in any, desired
color, on long stems, and they can be used with their own foilage. If seeds
are sown from time to time during the summer the blooms can be had up to
the time of hard frost. They are used for all purposes on account of their
various colors and lasting qualities. The aster carries as many desirable
points for cutting purpose's as any other flower in the garden.

The next choice would probably be Mignonette, principally on account
of the odor of the flowers, and their adaptability for all purposes. The Sweet
Peas would likely come next, and for the same reasons a's the Mignonette.
Centaureas, or Sweet Sultans, are beautiful, large, and sweet scented flowers
that should be more grown. They are produced freely on long stems, are
very easily grown, and their lasting qualities make them ideal for cutting.
Their height is two or three feet.

The Ten-week Stocks are probably more grown than any other annual.
No plant of its size will produce more bloom or is better suited for cutting
for the border. They are extensively grown by the commercial men/ for cut-
ting during the winter. Sweet Scabiosa, or Morning Bride, of late years,
have been very much improved in size and in the colour of their blooms.
The stems are ideal entitling these plants to rank among the first on our list
as cut flowers. They are produced in all colours, and grow to about three
feet in height. The hardines and very free blooming qualities of the Can-
dytuft, even when sown in the open border, claim for it a first place among
annuals. The flowers are produced in several colours, the plants being nine
inches to a foot high, good to cut, and suitable for the frorUt row in the
border.

Celosia plumorus, Plumed Cockscomb, has been much improved lately
and those wishing colour can obtain it in these beautiful plants. They are
choice objects when planted in a small round bed in mixed colours or used as
a line in a ribbon border. • They are grand to cut for autumn colouring ef-
fects when used with the coloured leaves of other plants. They can also be
u'^ed as dried flowers and can be had in almost any shade of colour. The
plants are one to two feet high. Rudhechia Tricolour Superba is an annual
that has taken a prominent place of late as a cut flower. Its growth is very
simple and the plants are worthy of a place in any garden.

The annual Gaillardias are among the most charming flowers to cut and
for the border on account of the long duration of their blooming, which lasts
from early summer until they are cut down by hard frost. They stand wind
and rain better than any other flower we are acquainted with. Their quick
growth and hardy nature commend them to all lovers of flowers.

There is no annual flower more popular than Nasturtiums. They are a
magnificent class which presents all the richest and most varied shades
found in flowers. The blooms are mostly used for table decorations. The
taller varieties cannot be surpassed as a trellis covering, and the dwarf
varieties are to be found in every window box and hanging basket. If long
lengths are cut from the taller ones in the fall and placed in a glass celery
dish full of water, they will root in the parlor window and be a thing of

120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

beauty during the winter. Even the roots, as seen through the glass, are
very pretty.

The varieties I mention are the annuals I consider best for cut bloom.
They are standard favorites which novelties have not been able to drive from
the lield.

HAEDY VINES FOR THE HOUSE AND GARDEN.
By W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottaw^a.

Vines or climbing plants play an important part in the decoration of our
homes. The vine is about the easiest plant to grow, especially around the
home. You can plant it '.close to the house, and if it is properly planted and
the right kind of a vine, there is nothing to prevent its going' ahead and soon
making a great improvement in the appearance of your dwelling. There are
six reasons in favor of planting vines near the home : first, it is the easiest
plant to establish; second, in a very short time it makes the home more at-
tractive ; third, by its means you can cover an unsightly place in a very short
time; fourth, it makes the house cooler in summer; lifth, it affords shade;
sixth, if judiciously planted, and you have a proper arrangement of varie-
ties, you can have bloom from early in the summer until it freezes up.

In order to properly plant vines, it is necessary to know how they climb,
as they require dift^erent kinds of support. There is a class which clim.b by
twining their stems around posts, such as the Climbing Bitter-sweet.^ This
vine makes a tremendous growth in summer. Vines of the Clematis type
climb by means of the petioles of the leaves. Another class, such as the
grape, climb by tendrils; another class, such as Boston Ivy, by means of
little discs on the tendrils. Another advantage of the climbers is that they
will grow in soil in which some plants will not succeed ; but the best success
will be obtained from good soil. Difficulty sometimes arises in growing
vines successfully where a lot of brick, stone, mortar and other rubbish
has been dumped near the house during building operations. This must
be removed before planting.

The first requisite in a vine is good foliage ; second, attractive
bloom; third, freedom from insect pests. Some vines are very much troubl-
ed with insects and this is a great objection to those varieties.

Foremost among the climbers which have the good points I have men-
tioned, are the varieties of Clematis, and for general purposes, I think thev
head the list. One of the easiest of these to get is Virgin's Bower {Clematis
Virginana^. The foliage is very attractive and I have never seen it ser-
iously attacked by insects. It begins blooming in the latter part of July in
the Ottawa district and continues for a number of days. If you have follow-
ing that, the European species. Traveller's Joy {Clematis Vitalha), you ;can
carry the blooming till the latter part of August. Then with the Clematis
Pajiicvhifa, it may be continued till the end of September. Then there are
the large-flowered sections of Clematis, Clematis Jaclcmanni and Clematis
Henrii. These are more difficult to grow, but when once established, they
will well repay the trouble.

Next in the list I would recommend plants of the honeysuckle class.
They have fine flowers, good foliage, and are not troubled with insects. The
Scarlet Trumpet honeysuckle will bloom all summer on account of flowers
coming on the new growth, if one keeps the vine growing thriftily. The

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 1-1

English Honeysuckle is another desirable variety, but it stops blooming in a
short time. The flower buds of this variety will be killed in winter unless
it is protected. A variety that is larg-ely grown in Western Ontario and in
the States is the Japanese Honeysuckle. This is quite attractive, has a yel-
lowish flower and blooms in great profusion for a long period. It is not
hardy in Eastern Ontario, and I would not advise it where the temperature
falls to 20 degrees below zero.

Next on my list comes the climbing roses. Some would put these at the
top, but they have one or two objections. First, they are very much troubled
with insects, and require much attention; second, their foliage is not always
attractive. If one can grow them in combination with something else, or
place them so that their foliage will not be prominent, they can be grown to
good effect. I think the best place is at the side of a house or a little way
from the front entrance; you get the effect of the bloom better in that way,
and when the foliage begins to fall it is not so noticeable. The very best of
the roses is Crimson Rambler. A gentleman in Ottawa assured me that he
had ten thousand blossoms on one bush recently. He prunes it so as to leave
only two or three stronor canes, which he can handle very easily. These he
takes down and bends along the ground, placing a box over them and filling
it with leaves.

There are three other varieties in this class which are very good indeed,
the Dawson, the Huby Queen, and the Philadelphia.

Another successful climber is the Chinese Matrimony Yine {Lycium
Chinese). This vine, while not the best for growing near a house, is very
useful in covering rocks, old stumps, etc., as it is of a pendulous nature.
In the autumn it is covered with scarlet berries.

There is a native climber which we should have at every home, but which
is scarcely seen at all, called- Climbing Fumitory (Adiumm CirrJiosa). It is
a biennial. The new plants of this year are ready for climbing next year.
It is very graceful, and the foliage and flowers are very attractive.

There are a few others which have attractive flowers, but I have not been
much interested in them as they are not hardy with us. They are the
"Wistaria and the Trumpet Vine. Where these are grown, they are very
satisfactory.

Where there are large verandas and summer houses, the Dutchman's
Pipe is one of the finest to grow. Its leaves are large and heavy looking,
and it looks well in large masses.

There are two or three perennial climbers which have attractive foliage
but do not have showy flow'Crs. The first of these is Boston Ivy, which is
well known in this locality. Then there is the Virginia Creeper. This is
unfortunately troubled a good deal with thrip, an insect which sucks the
juice out of the leaves, and during the latter part of the season causes the
withering of the foliage. We have a local variety in Ottawa, which we have
called the self-fastening Virginia Creeper. It has discs on the tendrils and
will climb a wooden or brick wall practically as well as Boston Ivy. It has
downy leaves. I do not know whether this makes it uncomfortable for the
thrin or not, but we have not nearly as much trouble with the pest on this
variety. This variety is now being propagated by many of the nurserymen.

Another vine which I consider one of the most desirable to plant, is the
^l^'^l^infT" Bitfer-Sweet (CeJastrvs Scar}den.<<), which is a native iilaiit. Its
foliage is bright green and it makes great growth, and is never troubled with
insects. The fruit is also attractive. It is suitable for fences or verandahs.
The Japanese Clmbing Bitter-Sweet (Celaistrus Articulafa) is even more at-
tractive, as there is a great contrast in the colour of the fruit vessels.

0 F. G.

122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

There are a few annual climbers, or climbers which have to be treated as
annuals, which I will give in the following order: 1, bweet Pea; 2, AasLur-
tium; 3, Scarlet Eunner; 4, Morning Glory; 5, Canary Bird Yine; 6, Mader-
ia Yine; T, Yarigated Japanese Hop; 8, Cinnamon Yine.

I would not think of planting Morning Glory and Scarlet Runner in
front of the house, which is frequently done on account of their showy char-
acter. They are distinctly back yard plants and it is far better to use some-
thing like Clematis or Honeysuckle in the front, where it will be seen by the
public.

Prof. HuTT : Do you find Dutchman's Pipe hardy?

Mr. Macoun : Yes ; but it takes three or four years to get established.

A Member: My objection to vines near a house is that they form a
nesting place for sparrows and are very dirty and noisy on that account?

Mr. Macoun : After the vines are established, they may be cut down
each year within two or three feet of the ground. They will grow up and
cover the veranda, but will not have sufficient strength to give support to
birds' nests.

WHAT MAY BE GROWN IN A SMALL GARDEN DURING ONE

SEASON.

By E. B. Whtte, Ottawa.

By the term garden, I mean not njerely a place for the growing of
flowers, but a general-purpose garden. Such a garden should contain a
good collection of such fruits as can be grown in the locality and the size
of the garden will permit, enough of all the common vegetables to supply
the early demand, atnd sufficient flowers to orniament the garden tfrom
April to October, sufficient cut flowers to decorate your house and give to
all your friends who appreciate them. My own garden contains about
seven-sixteenths of an acre. On this we grow eight or nine barrels of ap-
ples a year, large quantities of all the small fruits, all the common vege-
tables except potatoes, with a very large collection of ornamental plants.
It does not pay to grow potatoes in a garden of that size.

In the flower department, to have continuity of bloom we must have
spring and summer bulbs, bedding plants, as geraniums and begonias, and
the ordinary annuals, perennials and climbers.

There has been a great deal of discussion as to the relative advantages
of annuals and perennials for bloom. I grow perennials largely, but for
mass and a continuity of bloom, we have to depend on the annuals. With
five varieties of annuals, such as Phlox, Sweet Pea, Poppy, Eschscholtzia
and Candytuft, you can obtain a greater amount of bloom on a given space
than you /30uld get from any twenty varieties of perennials.

For early flowers the Dutch bulbs are indispensable. The April
flowers are all bulbs; the May flowers are nearly all bulbs, with a few early
perennials. The dainty - Snowdrop and Scilla, and gorgeous Tulip, the
fragrant Hyacinth, and the graceful Narcissus, make these not the least
attractive months of the garden season. June, the great flower month —
the month of Eoses, Paeonies, Iris, Lilies, and many other attractive peren-
nials,— ushers in the early annuals, and the garden is in its best attire.
(Lists are appended of the flowers in my garden during these three monthsl
of the present year.)

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 123

In describing what may be grown on half an acre of ground, I shall
have to take you to my garden a<s an illustration, and show you not what
may be grown, but what was actually grown during last season.

In vegetables, we grew all that a lai-ge family required of lettuce,
radish, asparagus, peasi, beans, beets, carrots, corn, and tomatoes. In corn
we grew Golden Bantam, a new variety which has the finest flavor of
any corn I ever tested. In tomatoes we grew Dwarf Stone and Champion,
both very desirable varieties for small gardens, as they occupy very little
space.

In fruits, you may be surprised to learn that we did not grow the
strawberry because it takes too much room, as it is necessary to leave bare
ground sufficient for a new patch every year, and more time to attend to
it than I can afford; but instead, we had a great variety of plums, cherries,
apples, grapes, 34 varieties of raspberries, currants, 20 varieties, gooseber-
ries, 32 varieties bearing, — not the small American gooseberry, but the
large European sorts, when ripe one of the most delicious fruits gfown.

Grapes take up too much room in a small garden to grow in the or-
dinary way. We grow them over a path, and in that way economize space
and have a shady avenue forty or fifty feet long, which is one of the most
delightful features of the garden. Possibly we do not get as much fruit
in that way, but we get a grea.t deal of foliage, which is a very attractive
feature.

The greater part of the garden is devoted to the growing of flowers.
We grow all the early bulbs. Of Narcissus we have seventy vairietiesj.
Some Narcussus will not grow here, and we have discarded thirty or forty
varieties because they are not continuous, dying out after the first year's
blooming. We have a large collection of tulips, about 150 varieties: hya^
cinths, 25 varieties; Paeonias, 40 varieties; Phlox, 60 varieties, Spiroea,
12 varieties; German Iris, 50 varieties; Japanese Iris, 35 varieties; Mont-
bretias, 15 varieties; Tigridias, 10 varieties; Hemerocallis, 16 varieties;
Cannas, 15 varieties; Lilies, 15 varieties; Aquilegias, 8 varieties; Troillius,
8 varieties; Oriental Poppies, 20 clumbs; and eighty other varieties of
perennials, and a few roses. A collection of 5,000 Gladiolus adds much to
the color show. We have all the common annuals, such as Sweet Pea, 40
varieties; Asters, 12 varieties; a large collection of Poppies, Zinnia,
Scabiosa, Phlox, Petunias, Pansies, Eschscholtzia, Sweet Alyssum, Yer-
benas. Candytuft, etc.

Very few Canadian houses keep a good collection of German Iris, and
you have to go abroad for them. I would advise no one to undertake to
grow roses unless willing to give a great deal of time to them; they are so
subject to vermin and disease that constant vigilance is the price of suc-
cess.

The Shirley poppy is the plant of all others that gives the greatest re-
turn in color and beauty. The seed is hardy, and if you are careful not to
let any inferior flowers go to seed, they will improve every year. I have
selected them for the last eight or ten years. Every ^season I go over them
and mark every flower with a string ticket, on which I write the color.
When they begin to go to seed, I pull up every plant that has no tag on,
and in that way no plant that is not wanted is allowed to go to seed. As a
result, I have the finest collection in the country. Out of ten prizes at Ot-
tawa, I took nine firsts and one second. By carefully selecting the seed
you can improve every annual. Poppies should be carefully thinned; they
should never have less than eight inches, and they are all the better if they
have twelve. The California Poppy, or Eschscholtzia, is one of the most

124

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

desirable annuals from the fact that it blooms from June till it is frozen.
In Petunias, some fine varieties have come in of recent years.

The great problem in a flower garden is to have continuity of bloom.
If you depend entirely on bulbs, you will have a. great show in April and
May, and bare ground for the rest of the year. You must so arrange your
plants as to have a continuous succession throughout the season. Our plan,
in order to secure this, is to plant tulips and narcissus along the borders of
the path. I do not attempt to make beds of them, but grow them m clumps.
They run about 24 inches ba,ck from the edge of the border, and I endea-
vour to break the color by planting bright colored tulips with narcissus be-
tween. This prevents a clashing of colors. At the back of this row there is
a double row of Lilies ; back of that are Paeonies, and back of that Pl^lox.
While the bulbs are growing, poppies are coming up among the bulbs,
That occupies the ground until the middle of July, at which time we pull
out all that we do not want to seed. By tlie time the Lilies are over, 1
have my seedling annuals ready to transplant to take their place, and a
continuous succession of bloom is kept up from end of April till October.
Good paths are very desirable in a garden. Loose material m which
the foot sinks is very disagreeable. The path should be hard, dry^ and
clean, and wide enough for two people to walk abreast. The border is an
important feature; boards are not admissible for this purpose, and a grass
border entails a great deal of work. I find that the best of all is a boulder
boarder The boulders should be about six inches long, three inches wide,
and four or five inches deep. These are sunk in the ground and will re-
main as long as the garden is in existence. They are never displaced, and
are always tidy and neat. In making a path, I take out the whole surface
for fifteen inches deep and fill in with unsifted coal ashes to withm two m-
ches of the surface, roll hard, and spread over it one and a half inches of
sandv soil, to prevent clinkers coming to the surface. This makes a pleas-
ant path to walk on, and it is dry even after the heaviest rams, is cheap to
construct, and easily kept clean.

Another feature, which I think is very desirable, is to have resting
places in the garden. We have summer houses at every convenient place.
1+ is a very fine thing to be able to sit down and enaoy your garden. Ihese
summer houses are covered with grape vines, climbing roses, or some other
climber.

List of Yaiuettes.

April Flowers :

Snowdrops.
Bulbicodum vernum.
Crocus.

Scilla Siberica.
Soilla Siberica alba.
Scilla bifolia.
Chionodoxa Lucillae.
Chionodoxa Sarniensis.
Chionodoxa gisrantea.
Erythronium Dens-canis.
Early Narcissus.
Early Tulips.
Early Hyancinths.
Yiola tricolor.

May Flowers :

Grape Hyacinths B. & W
Fritillaria Meleagris.
Fritillaria imperialis.
Eritillaria Pallidiflora.
Doronicum Caucasicum.
Doronicum Plantigineum.
Dicentra Formosa.
Dicentra spectabile.
Epimedium rubra.
Epimedium flavium.
Arabis alpina.
Primula Harry Mitchell.
Triteleia uniflora.
Spinar arguta.

190i

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

123

List of Varieties. — Continued.

May Flowers — Continued :

Lily of the Valley.

Iceland Poppy.

Trollius.

Forget-me-not.

All Tulips.

All Narcissus.

All Hyacinths.

Echioides Arnebia.

Pansies.

Aquilegias.

'Phlox subulata.

Phlox divaricata.

Scilla campanulata alba.

Scilla campanulata coerulea.

Scilla campanulata rosea.

Anemone fulgens.

Hemerocallis flava.

Hemerocallis minor.

Hemerocallis Eutilans.

Iris pumila.

Iris Florentina.

Iris cristata.

Iris Queen of May.

Adjuga Genevensis.

Camassia esculenta.

Lupinus polyphyllus.

Geum maximum.

June Flowers :

Iris.

Paeonies.

Poses.

Petunias.

Papaver orientale.
Papaver bracteatum.
Verbascum Phoenicium.
Polemonium Pichardsoni.
Anthericum Liliastrum.
Phlox ovata.

Phlox pilosa.
Hemerocallis Dumortieri.
Hemerocallis Thunbergi.
Hemerocallis Apricot.
Hemerocallis Sovereign.
Hemerocallis Midden dorphiana.

Incarvillea Dilavayi.
Dianthus plumarius.
Hesperis matronalis.
Valeriana officinalis.
Dictamnus Fraxinella.
Digitalis grand^'flora.
Spiraea Van Houte.
Spiraea Filipendula.
Spiraea Humbolti.
Spiraea macrophyllus.
Spiraea aureus plenus.
Phlox Drummondii.
Gladiolus Byzantinus.
Bellis perennis.
Geum coccinium.
Allium Moly.
Campanula glomerata.
Campanula persicaeolia.
Funkia ovata.
Sweet William.
Lilium tenuifolium.
Lilium Colchicum.
Lilium Croceum.
Lilium aurantiacum.
Lilium Tottenhami.
Lilium grandiflorum.
Lilium mulliflorum.
Lilium Martagon.
Lysimachia punctata.
Cannas.

Shirley poppies.
Shasta Daisy.
Sweet Peas.
Iris Hispanica.
Iris Anglica.
Canterbury Bells.
Achillea Pearl.
Delphiniums.
Geranium platypettalum.
Clematis integrifolia.
Phlox Defiance.
Phlox Linnet.
Potentillas.
Oenothera Youngi.
Dahlias.
Heliopsis Pitcheriana.

Q. What varieties of gooseberries do you recommend?

Mr. Whyte : We grow them for eating purposes, and have not had
any experience with canning varieties. For the English varieties a heavy
clay soil is necessary to prevent mildew. I do not think there is any finer

126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

fruit than a thoroui^hly ripe g-ooseberry of the English variety. Most
people think of gooseberries as the sour little things you see on the market.
I do not grow those at all, but grow the gooseberry that is intended for
eating raw.

Prof. Hutt: I have had the pleasure of visiting Mr. Whyte's^ garden
and can testify that it is ''A thing of beauty and a joy for ever." The
marvel has been to me that one man, and that man an amateur engaged m
business, can secure such results. I believe he has done more towards cul-
tivating a love for the beautiful in gardens at Ottawa and other cities which
he has visited and given addresses in, than any other man in Ontario, and
I look upon him as a public benefactor. I do not agree with him in every-
thing. I would not agree to leaving out the strawberry bed. I would
cut down some of the gooseberries and plant a few strawberries somewhere.
His garden is the most condensed experimental farm we have in the whole
Province.

Q. Have you grown the Moyer grape?

Mr. Whyte : I gave it up; it did not produce enough.

Q. We often see it recommended in agricultural papers; why is that?
Why do our horticultural papers persist in telling the people it is a good
variety when it is useless.

Mr. Hutt: I cannot agree to that statement. It may not be valu-
able for the Niagara sections, but it certainly is for the northerly sections
of our Province where it will fruit very well. For southern sections we,
of course, have many better varieties.

Mr. Kydd, Norfolk: I agree with Prof. Hutt. The Moyer is my
earliest and best producing grape. It requires severe pruning, and is small,
but the quality is good. .

Mr. McClew : It is not a grape that anyone can grow for commercial
purposes, but it is a sure ripener in the north, and that is the kind we
want. It is the earliest red grape we have. .

Mr. Harvey : I was secretary of the Horticultural Societly in Hamil-
ton for several years, and while there, I wrote a paper on the same topic
as that as which Mr. Whyte has addressed us. I agree with Mr. Whyte
in almost everything he says, but must say that I prefer perennials to
annuals. I do not like the path he speaks of; I think a grass path is
pleasanter.

THE CAEE OF WINDOW PLANTS.
By Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

To be successful with window plants one must really love them, and
not begrudge the time and attention they take. It is not usually those
who exclaim the loudest, on seeing a display of plants and flowers, ''Oh !
how I love flowers!" who are the most successful in their culture.

The most successful window gardeners are those who take a quiet, ob-
servant pleasure in watching the gradual growth and development of the
beautifully varied phases and features of plant life. Many persons only
love flowers as decorative objects; oftentimes from a sense of vanity or
frivolity. As a rule these people are not those who succeed best in the
culture of plants and flowers. The true student of nature takes as great
a pleasure in his plants when in a dormant or semi-dormant stage of com-
paratively uninteresting growth as when watching the flower buds develop
into beautiful, richly colored flowers.

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 127

The Window.

For window plants in winter a window facing the south or southeast
is preferable, especially for flowering plants, as this aspect gives a maxi-
mum of sunshine and avoids the cold west and northwest winds. Ferns,
palms, and many foliage plants will succeed as well in a window facing
the north or northeast as in a south window, but flowering plants will do
better in a sunny position.

Avoid draughts of cold air on plants, as they are injurious, checliing
the growth, and often inducing attacks of mildew. If outside air is given
plants in winter, and sometimes this is beneficial, give them ventilation
on sunny, calm, and not excessively cold days. Draw the top sash of the
window down an inch or two, or, if possible, induce ventilation from an
adjoining room. Plants like fresh air but object strongly to being in a
cold draught. A thick paper window blind, or sheets of newspaper between
the window and plants, will protect them on extra cold nights.

Potting Soil.

Every one who attempts to grow window plants should have a small
pile of prepared potting soil made from well rotted sod and thoroughly
rotted stable or cow manure. The too common practice of using earth
from the garden, or black soil from the bush, is oftentimes the cause of
failure and disapppointment in plant growing. The earth from the garden
is too often lacking in fertility and, what is of still more importance, is too
often deficient in the fibry matter found in parti*ally rotted sod. Good
potting soil may be obtained from some tough sod from an old, well fed
down, pasture field where the soil is of a loamy nature. This sod, before
being used, should be stacked in the open, mixed with well rotted stable
manure or cow manure and the pile be left to rot. Where this trouble 's
too great to be undertaken prepared potting soil may be obtained from a
florist.

Pots and Potting.

Use unglazed plain flower pots for growing plants. For potting rooted
cuttings or slips use small pots, a two and a half or three-inch pot being
usually quite large enough for potting rooted slips. When the plants are
fairly well roofed repot into a pot two sizes, or two inches larger. A change
into a pot two sizes larger is usually suflicient. Over-potting, or repotting
the plant into a pot four or five times larger, is a too common mistake with
amateur flower growers, often resulting fatally to the plant.

Use a mixture of one part of fine sharp sand, and three parts of the
potting soil for rooted cuttings. For re-potting larger plants one part of
sand to six or seven parts of potting soil is about the proper proportion for
most window plants. Even if common garden soil is used for potting soil,
the sand will be beneficial. In potting or re-potting plants be sure that
the hole in the bottom of the pot is open to allow of free drainage. About
half an inch of coarse gravel, or coal cinders, etc., should be placed in the
bottom of four or five inch pots to secure good drainage. In six or seven-
inch pots, an inch in depth of this drainage would not be too much. Yery
small pots seldom require drainage.

Watering, Spraying, Fertilizers.

All freshly potted plants should be watered once as soon as potted.
Give sufficient water to moisten all the soil in the pot. Do not give more

128 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

water until the soil shows signs of dryness. If the plant wilts a little, do
not saturate the soil with water, but remove the plant to a shaded position
for a few days. Too much water often kills newly potted plants, as there
is no root action to absorb the excess of moisture.

Water growing plants when they require it. To find out when plants
need water, watch the surface of the soil closely. When the rough uneven
portions of the surface of the soil begin to have a light, greyish color, or
when the top of the soil will crumble between the thumb and finger, the
plant requires water. Give sufficient water to moisten the soil to the
bottom. Plants should be watered only when the soil requires the moisture,
which condition can only be learned by experience and observation. The
diary or calendar is of no use as a guide in the watering of plants. One
rule should always be borne in mind, viz. : That sufficient water should
always be given growing plants to moisten, not saturate, all the soil in the
pot. Light sprinklings of water that only penetrate through an inch or so
of the sbil are useless.

In winter use tepid or rain water at a temperature of about 65 degrees.
In spite of assertions to the contrary I am satisfied that water of a tem-
perature at or near freezing point is injurious to plant life in greenhouses,
to say nothing of window plants.

Q. Do you use charcoal for drainage. ?

Mr. Hunt : It is very good but somewhat expensive.

Q. What is the best soil for Azalias?

A. About fifty per cent, of good loamy bedding compost and fifty per
cent, good peat. In order to procure good peat we have to send to New Jer-
sey for it, as our people have not got into the habit of putting it up in com-
mercial form.

Q. Cannot you obtain it in the woods?

A. Yes. Give Azalias plenty of drainage in the pot, and do not plant
too deep in the soil.

Q.' Do florists always use drainage ?

A. Not in small pots, but they do in pots of five inches and over. Drain-
age is more necessary in window plants than in commercial florists' work.

Q. Do you find that water impregnated with lime is injurious to the
Azalia? ^ . . i v

A. Yes; anywhere near a limestone ridge is an objectionable locality.

Hon. Mr. Deyden, Chairman : Mr. Hunt has presented a very interest-
ing topic. We must have an interest in a thing if we are going to undertake
to manage it successfully. It is the same in handling live stock. It is what we
are interested in and like that we do the best with. I am not a plant man,
and am inclined to follow animal rather than plant life, but I have learned
that the same principles hold good in breeding plants as in breeding animals.

THE EELATION OF BIRDS TO HORTICULTURE.

By C. W. Nash, Tot? onto.

I imagine that gentlemen engaged in horticulture had a very serious
time of it last winter, as I notice that thousands of dollar's worth of trees
were girdled and destroyed by mice. It perhaps seems a strange thing^ to
say, but it is a fact nevertheless, that all that enormous loss was caused sim-
t)]y because we have overlooked the value of certain classes of birds. In or-

190tlr FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 1^^

der that you may understand this statement, I will explain that the most im-
portant law in all nature is the one which maintains the balance between var-
ious forms of life in the animal and vegetable world. If that balance is by
any means destroyed to the advantage of any one particular form of life, then
the whole is more or less thrown out of gear, and generally speaking, it is
our intelligent, brilliant selves who suffer.

The mice I refer to, undoubtedly have a certain function to play in the
scheme of nature, but if they are permitted to increase to such an extent that
they upset nature's arrangements, then somebody or something must suffer
for it. In this case man upset the arrangements by destroying the animals
specially created to keep these mice in check, namely the hawks and owls.
These two forms of life are highly specialized for the purpose of keeping
down the number of these little rodents, which are not really mice, but the
short-tailed field Yole. It is more than twice the size of our common house
mouse, and has a short, round head and a very short tail. It does not as a
rule enter your house or barn, nor does it burrow in the ground, but it con-
structs its nest at the roots of rank herbage. From their nests they drive a
net-work of runways in every direction along the sides of which they find
their food. I have no doubt you have seen, when the snow was going off,
how these runways ramified from a pile of old rails or some shelter of this
sort. But when the herbage is high, you will not see the slightest sign of
these creatures; yet the fields may be fairly alive with them. Our eyes are
not sufficiently specialized to enable us to see them, but the hawks and owls
are able to do so, and they feed upon them almost exclusively when they are
abundant.

There are other creatures, such as foxes, weasels, and snakes, that feed
upon these little creatures, but the principal agency in checking them is the
birds I have mentioned. But we have taken it into our heads all over the
country that hawks and owls make a specialty of destroying our poultry, and
if a hawk happens to show itself around a barnyard, you will see all the peo-
ple in the neighborhood running for their guns.

Nearly all the hawks we have are quite innocent of chicken killing.
There are two kinds however that will do so : the Goshawk and the Sharp-
shinned Hawk. The Goshawk is a large hawk with slate coloured plumage
and black markings, and is mainly a winter bird with us. The Sharp Shin-
ned Hawk is very much smaller. It breeds here in the summer. These will
undoubtedly kill poultry. If they can find a brood of chickens they will pro-
bably get every one if not stopped, or if the hen is not game enough to pro-
tect them. The Goshawk is the more powerful, and can kill mature poultry,
during winter time particularly ; but I have never seen it in southern Ontario
during the summer. These are the only two kinds of hawks that I have ever
found guilty of destroying poultry in this country. Experts at Washington,
who have investigated the contents of the stomachs of thousands of hawks
support this assertion. The large slow flying hawks which are commonly
charged with killing chickens are as a rule perfectly guiltless. When you
see one of these hawks sailing about over a field, or floating slowly and, then
sailing in a slow, lazy sort of fashion, and occasionally dropping down to the
meadow you may be sure that i^ is of the harmless kind and should be rigidly
protected.

Of the owls there is only one to which any suspicion can ever attach, and
that is the Great Horned Owl or Cat Owl. All the others are strictly bene-
ficial. Some of them will occasionally kill small birds, the Short-eared Owl
in particular, but the rule is that they feed upon mice almost exclusively.

130 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

In regard to the Great Horned Owl, it will at times kill poultry, but it rarely
visits farm buildings in warm weather; it is only in winter time that it is lia-
ble to leave the woods, and at that season of the year poultry should be where
an owl cannot get at them, as otherwise there is no money in poultry. Mice
are their proper prey, '.md they are marvellouslv specialized for the Dumose
of catching them. Did you ever notice an owl when hunting? It floats
throno-h the air so silently that not the rustle of a feather reaches the ear.
It glides over the meadow and drops like a shot, and when it drops there is a
mouse gone. Its eyes are so constructed as to see the tiniest object that has
motion. Its ears are the most extraordinary perhaps to be found m any creat-
ed being. At first sight it does not app^ear to have any ears, but push the
feathers aside, and a large orifice is revealed, which is as big as the centre
of your palm. This peculiarly constructed ear is very sensitive and is lor tne
express purpose of permitting the bird to hear the slightest rustle of its prey.
The Short-eared Owls are a little bigger than a pigeon, and will eat irom
eight to ten mice every night, and perhaps kill a great many more that they
do not eat.

We have another smaller owl, the Screech Owl, which lives about our
buildings, or would, if permitted to do so. It is particularly fond of or-
chards, and likes to take up its abode in an old apple tree. It is no bigger
than your fist, but it is the most expert mouse catcher that the world ever
produced. It catches mice for the pure love of hunting, as well as for its
actual needs. If you examine a barn frequented by these owls during the
winter, you will find in almost any hiding place a lot of dead mice stored
away. What puzzles me in connection with the matter is that although the
farmer must, one would think, notice the way the owls are living about his
barns, yet he and his boys cannot resist the temptation of blowing them to
pieces every chance they get. Only last winter within ten miles of this high-
ly civilized and educated city of Toronto, I saw a dozen or more that had been
brought into a taxidermist to be stuffed. It is just because we have interfered
with the lives of these creatures. — because we have upset this balance of na-
ture,—that by degrees the mice have accumulated upon us until they caused
so many thousands of dollars damage last winter.

It is a law of nature that wherever a large accumulation takes place in
any form of life, we nearly always find that it is followed by an increase in
the creatures that prey upon it. In all probability we shall find that this
winter there will be a great increase in the number of owls, if we will permit
them to come and stay. This would only be an instance of history repeating
itself. These plagues of field mice have occurred before, and the whole thing
h^s been thorouo-hly investiorated. The Earl of Minto sat UT>on a commis-
sion, before which the evidence of about seventy farmers and game-keepers
was taken in Scotland. It was there proved that the mice had accumulated, be-
cause the game-keepers had shot off the hawks and owls. The game-keepers
admitted this; they did it because their masters ordered them to. They did
■Prom interest what we do from isrnorance. The penalty however is the same
in each case. During the investigation the value of the Short-eared Owls as
destroyers of mice was conclusively shown. The fact came out that not only
did large numbers of these birds accumulate in the districts affected by the
mire, but that they also changed their hab;ts to a great extent. In Great
Britain they had always been mere migrants, arriving late in the autumn and
leaving again in the spring. But when the mice became abundant, these
owls arrived in great numbers, and did not leave in the spring, as usual, but
built their nests there ; and whereas they usually averaged only four eggs for

1904 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 131

a brood, they now averaged seven and eight, and kept on raising brood after
brood so long as the mice plague lasted. The farmers did not shoot them,
and so they remained in the infested district till they cleaned out the pest.
This is precisely what they would do for us if we only had sense enough to
let nature alone.

Before leaving this phase of the subject, I would urge upon all who are
interested to prevent at all hazards the destruction of hawks and owls on your
farms and in your neighborhood.

Let us take another department of the subject. I suppose it is superflu-
ous for me to say to you that there is no part of a tree or plant which is not
But perhaps you may not have noticed that while there is some form of pest
'fitted to the destruction of all plant life, yet there is another form of life
equally adapted for keeping the pest in check. Among the most destructive
forms of life that we have to deal with in connection with trees are borers. T
suppose there is not a tree of any kind that is not more or less liable to
nttack from various species of borers. Some are very destructive, the worst
beinsr those larv9P which remain for two or three years feeding in the tree.
Some years ago they were not nearly so numerous as they are to-day. The
ravasres of borers now, particularly in Western Ontario, are simply terrible,
and they are increasing every year. More particularly is this so with our
shade trees. At one time, the maple was considered quite a safe tree to grow,
but it is now being destroyed continually, and I find that the maple borer is
gradually extending its ravages eastward. All forms of insect life are repre-
sented by some borer or other. Some remain in the larvse condition for two
years or more, and where they live so long, you will understand that they can
do much damage feeding on the cambium. After they have established them-
selves in the tree, they are about the most difficult thing to deal with that we
can possibly have. It is true you may go over your trees with a piece of wire
and try to jab the life out of the borers, but after one experience, y^u will
come to the conclusion that man is not by nature adapted to hunt borers in
that fashion. Nature never intended that man should do this work, and has
provided a class of birds that are so admirably adapted for the purpose that
it is hard to believe that anything better could be ctonceived. These birds
are called woodpeckers. If you examine a woodpecker, you will find that its
claws are hard and strong and peculiarly arranged. In other birds, the claws
are arranged three in front and one at the back, but the woodpecker has two
pointed forward and two back to enable it to balance as it clings to the bark
of a tree. Their tail feathers are pointed and very stiff, — almost like whale-
bone. These they press against the trunk and so obtain leverage to strike a
heavy blow to cut into the burrow of the borer. Their beaks are hard, sharp
and chisel like. Perhaps their most extraordinary organ is the tongue. All
birds that feed on borers and dig them out for themselves have a very long
tongue, extending in some cases from three and a half to four inches beyond
the end of the beak.^ It is round, very sharp at the point and barbed at
each side. It is curious to observe how it is coiled away. In some species
it goes back over the top of the head, comes down and around and coils un-
der the eye. When a woodpecker is working over a tree for borers, it is
Quite evident that it brings into play a faculty that we know nothing about.
You watch it tapping all tover the tree; presently it stops, begins to hammer
vigorously, cuts into the hole of the borer, thrusts in its tongue, impales
the borer and swallows it. How it knows where the borer is, it is impossible
to say.

182 THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. No. 16

On one occasion I was anxious to know how many borers a woodpecker
would require for its morning meal. I went to an old orcliard where I knew
borers were plentiful and watched some woodpeckers feeding till 11 : 30 or 12
o'clock. Then I shot one of the birds, took it home, and examined its stom-
ach contents under a microscope, and there found distinct evidence that the
bird had eaten eighty-two borers that morning. How long would it take
you to go over those trees and fish out eighty-two borers.

Some people have an idea that woodpeckers do an injury to the trees.
They say '^Look a± the sap-sucker, it is drilling a hole to get the sap and
will kill the tree." Therefore they kill the woodpeckers and so destroy a
useful friend. There is one bird of the woodpecker family, however, which
is not so highly specialized for the destruction !of borers as the others are, .
and it is fond of just opening the bark of the tree, early in the spring par-
ticularly, and feeding upon the sap. Its chief food is insects, and it des-
troys large quantities of wood ants, but it is not able to bore int!o the tree
and get out the borers in the same way that most woodpeckers do. I know
that bird well, and have watched it work for many years, but I never saw
any harm done to trees by it.

Let us take another class of birds the utility of which is sometimes dis-
puted by the horticulturist. I refer to the thrush family, which includes
the robin. The robin is a bird that is in bad repute with fruit growers. On
the other hand the farmer has no fault to find with the robin; to him it is
one of the most beneficial creatures nature produces. How then are j'ou going
to reconcile the interests of the two classes? Let us see how it works out.
Every bird that feeds upon insects will ctonsume about its cjwn weight of in-
sects every day. Young birds before they are fledged will eat much more
than that. I once took a young robin that had fallen out of its nest, and
raised it until it was big enough to feed itself. It was given cut worms and
the larvse of the June beetle, and I found that it consumed five and a half
ounces a day by actual weight. If you had a hardy family of boys who
could get away with a proportionate amount, how long would you stay out of
bankruptcy? On the other hand, the robin will undoubtedly eat some cher-
ries and some strawberries, but that is just at one time of the year, and the
quantity a robin will eat in a whole season will not exceed one pint. If you
balance ten cents worth of strawberries or cherries against the damage done
by 150 cut worms and white grubs during the spring season, how does the
account stand? Can we afford to allow these birds the paltry quantity of ber-
ries which they take for variety? If we cannot, fruit growing is hardly a
big enough business for a man to stay in.

I hope I have presented the case sufficiently clearly to enable you to form
a judgment which will be favorable to the birds.

INDEX.

Page.
Age of trees, effect on keeping qual-
ity 46, 49

Agriculture and Arts Act 114

Algoma Fruit Station 85

Annual Report 18

Annuals 119, 124

Anthracnose of grapes 62

Apples, 11, 12, 40, 41, 42, 43, 78, 80,

82 and 87

Beall, Tlios 81

Bees, pollination by 95

Birds Eye Rot of grape's 62

Birds in relation to Horticulture ... 128

Black Rot 60

Bordeaux, strength of 65

British Columbia, fruit from 86

Brown Rot 62

Bunting, W. H 7, 32, 36, 63

Burlington Association 75

Cameron, R 118

Canadian Horticulturist ... 17, 21, 34, 39

Canned Fruit Industry 56

Cardinal Horticultural Society ^S

Caustic soda wash for scale 67

Central Packing House 70, 73

Chapais, C. H 77, 82

Cherries 80

Children and Horticulture 109

Clew, S. M 113

Cold Storage 45

Committees appointed... 6, 27, 35, 76, 117

Committees, Reports of 28, 36

Concessions made by Railway Com-
panies 38

Cooperative Associations ...70, 72, 74, 76
Copper sulphate, amount required ... 65

Cowan, H. B 21, 39, 114

Crop Reports 27, 77

DeCewsville School grounds, improve-
ment of Ill

Deseronto Horticultural Society 113

Dewey, C. E 55

Directors' Meeting 7, 26, 27

Dryden, John 88

Evergreens, suitable varieties 101

Farm storage of fruit 47

Page.

Fletcher, Dr. Jas 94

Flowers, value of 91

Forest Association 73

Fruit Experiment Stations 14, 85

Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, 18,

82, 84 and 87

Fruit Growing in Quebec 77

Gamble, W. P 56

Gilchrist, A 115

Goodman, A. K 108

Graham, G. E 55

Grape Diseases 60, 61

Grapes 11, 14, 41, 60, 61, 88

Green fruit 46

Guelph Horticultural Society 113

Handling of fruit for cold storage ... 45

Harcourt, R 65, 66

Harrison, F. C 59

Hodgetts, P. W 8

Horticultural Convention 97

Horticultural Societies ... 15, 28, 112, 114

Hunt, Wm 15, 28, 126

Hutt, H. L 40, 52, 97

James, C. C 91

Jams, adulteration of 58

Johnson, D 73

Lawns, care of 100

Lime Sulphur mixture 66, 67

Lindsay Horticultural Society ... 31, 113
Local Fruit Growers' Association ... 9

Lochhead, W 60, 64

McBain Mixture 66

Macoun, W. T 42, 61, 120

McNeill, Alex '53, 58, 113, 20

Midland Horticultural Society 31

Millbrook Horticultural Society 30

Nash, C. W •. 128

New Fruits 40, 42

Nova Scotia, fruit from 86

Nursery agents 79

Officers for 1905 6

Ornamental Shrubs, List of 102

Ottawa Horticultural Society 112

Owen Sound Horticultural Society ... 32

Packages for Fruit 14

Peaches 11, 56

[133]

134 THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION,

INDEX. — Continued.

Page.

Pears 11, 13, 56, 78, 80, 82, 88

Peas, Canned 57

Perennials 105, 118, 124

Picton Horticultural Society 29

Planting of Grounds 9^

Plums 11, 13, 43, 44, 78, 80

Potting Plants 127

Powell, G. H 45

Premiums °

Preparation of lime washes ... 66, 68, 69

Preserved Fruit, prizes in 88

Prices of fruit in Winnipeg 51

Prices realized through cooperation. 73
Prize-List, Changes in Toronto In-
dustrial 11

Prize-List, Fruit Show 18, 82, 87

Prize Winners, 1904 87

Quinces H

Railway Commission 16, 34, 38

Raspberries, Canned 57

Rates, change in railway 37, 38

Refrigerator cars 51, 55

Representatives to Fair Boards 6

Resolutions 76, 79, 117

Reynolds, G. B 50

Robson, AV. M 113

St. Catharines Association 74

St. Lawrence Fruit Station 85

Sal-soda wash for scale 67

Page.

San Jose Scale 33, 66

School grounds, planting of 97

Severity of Winter 33

Sherrington, A. E 70, 72

Small Fruits 80

Smith, J. F 69

Snelgrove, H. J 115

Sparling, J. H 55

Spraying 62, 66

Stirling Horticultural Society 20

Sweating of Apples 47

Thornbury Horticultural Society 31

Tomatoes, Canned 57

Toronto Horticultural Society 112

Toronto National Exhibition 10, 12

Transportation Committee, Report

of 36

Treasurer's Report 20

Tyrrell, Ed 112

Urquhart, Thos 90

Varieties of Quebec 78, 80

Victoria County, Fruit Conditions in 81

Vines, hardy 120

Walkerton Association 71

Wentworth Fruit Station 85

Whyte, R. B 112, 116, 121

Window Plants 126

Winnipeg Shipments 17, 50

Woolverton, L 26, 35

Eleventh Annual Report

OF THE

Fruit Experiment Stations

of Ontario

UNDER THE JOINT CONTROL OF

THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH

AND

THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

1904

PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TORONTO

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

Printed by L. K. Cameron, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty,
Toronto. 1905.

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited,
TORONTO.

Printers,

la F.KS.

To the Honourable WILLIAM MORTIMER CLARK, K.C.,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario,

May it please Your Honour:

I have the pleasure to present herewith, for the consideration of Your
Honor, the report of the Fruit Experiment Stations for 1904.

Respectfully submitted,

NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.

Toronto, 1905.

[3]

Fruit Experiment Stations,

BOARD OF CONTROL, 1905.

G. C. Creelman, B.S.A., President of Agricultural College, Guelph Chairman.

H. L. HuTT, B.S.A., Professor of Horticulture Guelph.

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist at Central Experimental Farm Ottawa.

Elmer Lick, Director of Ontario Fruit Growers' Association Oshawa.

A. M. Smith, Director of Ontario Fruit Growers' Association St. Catharines.

P. AV. HoDGETTS, Secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association ...Toronto.
Linus Woolverton, M.A., Grimsby Secretary.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

G. C. Creelman Chairman.

Prof. Hutt ) j ,

L. Woolverton y''

P. W. Hodgetts Sec. 0. F. G. A.

THE ONTARIO FRUIT STATIONS.

Name. Fruit. Experimenter.

1. Southwestern Peaches W. W. Hilborn, Leamington.

2. Wentworth Grapes Murray Pettit, Winona.

3. Burlington Blackberries and Currants A. W. Peart, Burlington.

4. Lake Huron Raspberries A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton.

5. Georgian Bay Plums J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.

6. Simcoe Hardy Apples & Hardy Cherries. G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

7. Bay of Quinte Apples W H. Dempsey, Trenton.

8. St. Lawrence Hardy Plums and Hardy Pears. Harold Jones, Maitland.

9. Strawberry Station E. B. Stevenson, Ponsonby.

10. Maplehurst Cherries, Peaches, Pears, Plums

and other tender fruits ; also a
general collection of all kinds
of fruits for descriptive work
for "Fruits of Ontario." L Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

11. Algoma Hardy Fruits C Young, Richard's Landing.

12. Wabigoon Hardy Fruits A E. Annis, Dryden.

13. New Ontario* Hardy Fruits

■^Collections of fruits for trial have been sent to G. S. Royce and S. B. Bisbee, New
Liskeard ; to C. Chapman, Judge, and to F. Theaker, Hanbury, in the Teniiskaniing District.

W

Eleventh Annual Report

OF THE

Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations.

To the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture :

Sir, — I have the honor to send you the Eleventh Annual Report of the
Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations, which is every year becoming of greater
value to the fruit growers of Ontario. It is the intention of the Board to
enter at once upon some new lines of work, such as the best means of winter
protection ior the roots of the peach trees at our southwestern station, and
more extended trials of the adaptation of the best commercial varieties of all
fruits to the various sections of the Province. I have the honor to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

LINUS WOOLVERTON,
December, 1904 Secretary of the Board of Control

[•5]

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

Described and Illustrated by Mr. L. Woolverton, Secretary of the Board of
Control of the Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations.

Fruit growing has become so important an industry in the Province of
Ontario, that it deserves every encouragement at the hands of the Department
of Agriculture. The Canadian farmer who contemplates growing fruit asks
for information on two points in particular, viz., (1) What fruits shall I plant,
and (2) How shall I cultivate them ? The latter of these questions it is the
province of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association to answer through the
" Canadian Horticulturist" and the annual Report, while the former question is
one that can be solved only by years of patient experimental work by our fruit
experiment stations.

Of equal importance is some means of indentifying all varieties now grown
in our Province, and of knowing with some degree of exactness the size, color,
general appearance and real value of these varieties aside from the catalogues of
the nurserymen. To meet this latter need, the Secretary, with the advice and
approval of the Board of Control, has begun the work of illustrating and
describing the fruits of Ontario ; and in this work he desires to acknowledge the
valuable aid of the various fruit experimenters. The illustrations are new and
original, having been engraved from photographs made the exact size of the
fruit samples, except where otherwise specified, and in this way there will in
time be made accessible to the Ontario fruit growers a complete guide to all
the fruits grown in the Province. Such a work necessarily must be slow and
tedious, but it is all important that it should be characterized by scientific
accuracy, and the writer invites notes or criticism from pomologists generally.

Terms Used in Descriptions.

In the Tables it has been customary to use the figures 1 to 10 to show order
of value, 1 being the lowest and 10 the highest.

In the descriptions the following terms are used to correspond with these
numbers : —

1 to 3, Poor Third class.

4 to 5, Fair or Moderate lo -, i

^ , _' ^ 1 becond class.

6 to 7, Good j

7 to 8 to 9, Very good \ p.^^^ ^,^^^

10, Best J

[6]

APPLES.

BAXTEK (La Rue).

A fine large red
apple, which brings a
high price in the Brit-
ish market if grown
free from fungous
spots, to which unfor-
tunately it is some-
w^hat subject.

Origin : With Mr.
La Rue, near Brock-
ville, Leeds Co., On-
tario, but introduced
by Mr. Baxter.

Tree : Healthy,
vigorous, hardy, mod-
erately productive.

Fruit : Size large ,
3x3 J : form roundish,
slightly conical ; color
red ; stem f of an
inch in a narrow,
funnel form cavity.

Baxter.

Flesh : White ; tex-
ture firm; flavor
slightly acid.

Season : October to
February.

Quality ; Dessert
poor ; cooking good.

Value : Home and
foreign market, very
good.

Adaptation: Re-
ported to be a profit-
able variety at our
Simcoe Fruit Station,
and along the St.
Lawrence River.

Section of Baxter.

[7]

THK RKPORT OF THE

No. 17

BOTTLE GREENING.

Bottle Greening.

An apple grown in
isonie i)arts of Ontario
for home uses, for
which its excellent
rinahty makes it very
desirable ; it is not
recommended for the
commercial orch a r d ,
because the fruit is
rather tender for ship-
ment to distant mar-
kets.

Origin : Accoi'ding
o Chas. Downing this
variety was found
near the border line
between Vermont and
New York State, and
takes its name from a
hollow in the original
tree, where workmen
were accustomed to
keeping their l)ottle.

Tree : ^' i g o r o u s ;
fairly productive.

Fruit : Large, 2|^ x
3} inches; form oblate,

slightly conical ; color
yellowish with briglit
red oil one side, a thin
bloom and a few hght
dots ; stem half an
inch long in a deej),
funnel form cavitx ;
calyx nearly closed, in
a moderately dee]',
slightly plaited basin.

Flesh : g r e e n i
white ; texture fine
tender, juicy; fiavo?
subacid, almost melt-
ing, excellent.

Season : Noveml)e
to February.

Quality : Des s e r t ,
very good.

Value : Home mar-
ket, first class ; distant
market, second class.

Section of Bottle Green in<^

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

THE MAIDEN'S BLUSH.

A valuable apple for
the amateur l)eeause
of its extreme l)eauty,
but not considered a
very profitable market
variety by Ontario
fruit growers.

Origin : New Jersey.

Tree: Moderately
vigorous grower, and
fairly x>roductive .

Fruit : Size large, 2
X 3 inches; for m
oblate, very regular,
1 )ut slightly (3ne-sided ;
color lemon yellow
with beautiful crimson

Maiden's Blush.

blush ; stem t of an
inch long, set in a
moderately deep, wide
cavity ; calyx closed,
in a shallow% slightly
wrinkled basin.

Flesh : Color white ;
texture fine, tender ;
flavor pleasant ; sub-
acid.

Season : September
and October.

Quality: Dessert,
fair ; cooking, good.

Value : Good for all
markets.

Section of Maiden's Blush.

10

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

McINTOSH RED.

A very fine dessert apple for early
winter use. At Ottawa and along the
St. Lawrence and other places where
conditions are favorable, it is counted
one of the best dessert apples of its
season, adapted and profitable for
export, but in the Niagara District it
is worthless, owing to scab.

Origin : With John JNIcIntosh, Dun-
dela, Ont., in whose orchard the
original tree is still standing (1904. )

Tree : Hardy, vigorous ; fairly up-
right ; fairly productive ; an annual
bearer ; of Fameuse type ; inclined to
drop its fruit last of September in
Niagara District,

Mcintosh Red {reduced).

Fruit : Size medium to large, 2} x 3 inches ; form somewhat oblate ; color, deep crimson in
sun, light crimson on shady side, inclined to show broken stripes and yellow dots, often with
a heavy blue bloom ; stem one inch in length, slender, set in a wide, and often somewhat
irregular cavity, which is green at bottom ; calyx closed in a smooth regular, rather shallow
basin.

Flesh : Snow white ; texture crisp
tender, very juicy ; flavor slightly
sub-acid, aromatic, perfumed near the
skin.

Quality : Dessert first-class.

Value : Market first-class where
fruit grows to perfection, but worth-
less where it scabs, except where very
thoroughly sprayed.

Season : November to January;
(luite ready for eating by November
first in Niagara Disirict.

Adaptation : Northern apple dis-
tricts ; succeeds at Trenton and St.
J^awrence stations.

Section of IVIcIntosh Red.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

11

NEWTOWN PIPPIN.

The highest priced
apple that reaches the
English markets, but
not much grown in On-
tario because the fruit
is subject to the apple
scab.

Origin : Newtown,
Long Island.

Tree : A slow grower
and only moderately-
hardy ; needs rich soil
and good cultivation.

Fruit : Medium t o
large ; the sample
photographed was
grown near Simcoe,
Ont . , and measured
3| X 3f inches ; form,
roundish oblique, with
broad obscure ribs ter-
Newtown Pippin. minating in five crowns

at the apex ; color, dull green, becoming yellowish green during the winter, with reddish
brown tinge on the sunny side, and dotted with small grey russety dots ; stalk, 'three-quarters of
an inch long, inserted
all its length in a deep,
wide funnel - shaped
cavity ; calyx small,
closed in a small, mod-
erately deep basin.

Flesh : Greenish-
white ; texture firm,
crisp, juicy,:; flavor,
rich and highly aro-
matic.

Season : December
to May, at its best in
March.

Value : Home mar-
kets, good ; British
market, first class.

Quality : Cooking,
first - class ; dessert,
first-class.

Adaptability : Only
to certain favored sec-
tions .

Section of Newtown Pippin.

12

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

SALOME

A new Western apj)le whit-h promises to be of some value in tlie Province of Ontario. The
hardiness of the tree, the clean bright color of tlie fruit and its long keeping (juality seem to
combine in its favor as a commercial variety, especially in the colder sections. C. L. Stephens,
<tf Orillia, fruited it in his garden in 1903, and says be kept samples until June. The specimen
photographed was sent us by him on the 16th of April, 1904, and was in line condition.
Origin : K. (\ Hathaway, Ottawa, Illinois.

Tree : Very hardy, pr(Kluctive, a slow grower, an early and an annual ])earer.
Fruit : Size mediutn, the sample i)hotographed was large, 3x3 inches, but some growers
report it small ; form roundish, conical, somewhat angular or lopsided ; color bright red

with stripes of darker red and
numerous small grey dots, on a
yellowish ground ; when har-
vested the skin is green, but
during the winter it takes on
the coloring above described,
makings it very attractive ; stem
stout, 4 of an inch long, set in
a deep, uneven cavity ; calyx
half closed, segments erect, in a
moderately deep, slightly i^laited
basin, having five distinct ]:)ro-
minences ; core large, open,
sessile.

Flesh : Color yellowish ; tex-
ture tender, firm, becoming to-
ward spring moderately juicy;
riavor ])leasant, sub-acid.

Salome {('iihar/i'd).
Value : Promising for export .

Season : Xoveml)er to ^lay.

Quality : Dessert or cooking
fair to good.

Adai)tation : Succeeds remarkably well in the County of Simcoe. Mr. C. L. Ste[)hens, of
Orillia, who has fruited it there, counts it one of his hardiest varieties. Mr. John Craig,
formerly horticulturist at the Central Exjierimental Farm, Ottawa, reported that three trees
had been i)lant(Ml there in 1888, and had not been injured by the winter; he believed it pos-
sessed of sui)erior hardiness.

At our St. Lawrence station this apple has not been a success. Mr. Jones says in his report
for 1902, "Salome has fruited with me the second time, and although the tree is a hardy,
vigorous grower, the fruit has proved very unsatisfactory, being of small size, less than two
inches in diameter, ])Oorly colored and liable to drop before maturity.*'

At our P>ay of Quinte station the fruit is reported as being medium to large, and of good
(juality, and the tree as being productive.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

13

SCAKLET PIPPIN

A fancy dessert apple
which is esteemed profitable
to grow for market in Leeds
County.

Origin : Near
in Leeds County,
seedling.

Brockville
A chance

Tree : Upright in habit ;
hardy ; vigorous and very
productive ; inclined to over-
bear.

Fruit : Roundish oblate,
averaging 2] long by 2f
broad ; skin, Avaxy white
streaked ; splashed or almost
entirely covered with bright
scarlet covering ; stem stout,
J to I inch long in a narrow,
moderately deep cavity ;
calyx, closed in a narrow,
very shallow^ basin.

Scarlet Pippin.

Flesh : Pure white ; texture, ten-
der, fine, crisp, breaking, juicy,
with a brisk, sub-acid flavor.

Season : October to February ; at
its best in October and November.

Quality : Dessert, best ; cooking,
good .

Value : Home market, very good ;
export, fair.

Section of Scarlet Pippin.

14

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

SHIAWASSEE.

(ShiawRFPee Beauty.)

Perhaps the finest
variety of the Fameuse
type, next to the Fam-
euse itself, and much
less subject to scab
than that variety. A
fancy variety for des-
sert purposes.

Origin : In Shia-
wassee County, Michi-
gan, supposed to be a
seedling of Fameuse.

Tree : hardy ; vig-
orous ; upright ; pro-
ductive alternate
years.

Fruit : Size large,
2^x3^ inches ; form
decidely oblate ; color
yellowish ground,
almost entirely cover-
ed with stripes, splash-
ings and mottlings of
dark crimson, and a

few large prominent yellowish dots ; stem slender, f of an inch long, set in a broad deep

cavity ; calyx usually closed, in a large deep basin.

Shiawassee Beauty

Flesh : Color very
white ; texture firm,
very crisp, juicy, fine
grained ; flavor excel-
lent.

Season :
to January.

October

Quality: Cooking,
fair ; dessert very
good.

Value : Home or
foreign market very
promising.

Adaptation : Suc-
ceeds well at our
Simcoe station.

section

Shiawassee Beauty.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

15

STUMP.

shaped cavity ; calyx,

An attractive look-
ing fall apple, sometimes
shown at our Provincial
Fair ; considered a fairly
profitable variety.

Origin : United States ;
Thomas says in Monroe
County, N. Y., while
Downing supposes that it
originated in the State of
Delaware.

Tree : Spreading, pro-
ductive.

Fruit : Size medium,
sample photographed was
2|x3| ; form, oblate conical;
color, yellowish, splashed
and blotched, with bright
red ; stem, stout, f of an
Stump. inch long, in a narrow

moderately deep, funnel
half open, set in a deep wrinkled basin. >

Flesh : Color, white ;
texture, crisp, juicy, firm ;
flavor, sub-acid.

Season: September and
October.

Quality : Fair for des-
sert ; good for cooking.

Value : Home market,
good ; foreign market, good
or about second rate.

Section of Stump.

16

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

TOLMAN SWEET.

The best winter sweet
ai)])le ; valuable for baking
and by some people
esteemed a good dessert
apple ; useful also as stock
feed, in place of roots ; not
of much value for export.

Origin: A native
Rhode Island.

of

Tolman Sweet.

Tree: A vigorous
grower, very productive
and very hardy : valuable
as a stock upon which to
top graft other and more
tender varieties, as, for
example, the King, which
is more productive, and
the Spy, which may be
grown farther north, when
top grafted upon the Tol-
man Sweet than when
upon common stock.

Fruit : Size medium to
large, the sample being 2|
inches long by 3] broad ;
form roundish ; color light
vellow, sometimes with red-
dish cheek, and a line from
stem to calyx ; stem half an
inch long, often inclined,
inserted in a wide shallow
cavity ; calyx closed in a
small shallow basin.

Flesh : Color white : tex
ture firm, tine grained ;
llavor, sweet, rich.

(Quality : Dessert, good ;
cooking fair.

:Market Value: Second rate,
excei)t in special markets
and in limited ([uantities.

Season: Novend)er to
April.

Section of Tolman Sweet.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

17

WAGENER.

Wagener

\ fine dei^sert apple when
grown and highly colored,
bnt samj)les grown in the
shade are inferior both in
appeaiance and in flavor.
The texture of the fruit is
too tender to 1:>e planted in
the commercial orchard.

Origin : Penn Yan, N.Y.

Tree : Fairly vigorous,
hardy and an early bearer.

Fruit : Medium to large,
sample photographed 2^ x
3^ inches ; form oblate ;
color yellow, nearly covered
with crimson, obscurely
striped, with a few light
dots ; stem about | of an inch
long, "{inserted in "a broad,

deep irregular cavity ; calyx
closed, set in a funnel form,
somewhat ccjrrugated basin.

Flesh : Yellowish ; tex-
ture fine grained, very ten-
der, juicy ; flavor subacid,
very agreeable .

Season
Februarv .

November to

Quality: Dessert ver}-
good ; cooking good.

Value : Home m a r k e t,
good ; foreign market, fair.

/

Section of Wagener.

YELLOW BELLFLOWER.
(Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia. )

A favorite commercial apple in the United States, especially as grown on the sandy soils of
New Jersey; a popular variety in the Philadelphia market. At one time the Bellflower was planted
to some extent in Ontario orchards, but the tree has proved itself irregular in its bearing habits,
sometimes producing magnificent samples, and at other times small and poorly colored fruit,
and the fruit is tender and shows very slight bruises, so that we cannot recommend it as worthy
of a place among the most profitable varieties .
2 F. E. S.

18

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

Origin : Burlington,

N. J.

Tree: Vigorous,
forming a roundish,
spreading and somewhat
drooping head ; produc-
tive alternate years .

Fruit : size large,
3^x3i inches; form
a p'p a re n 1 1 y oblong,
because papering to-
wards calyx, somewhat
angular and ribbed;
color pale yellow, often
with a beautiful blush
on the sunny side and
numerous obscure whit-
ish dots ; stem slender,
one inch long, in a
narrow deep cavity ;
calyx closed in a small
corrugated basin .

Yellow Bellflower.

Flesh : Color yel-
low ; texture tender,
juicy and crisp ; flavor
sprightly sub-acid,
agreeable when eaten
in season .

Season: December
to February .

Quality : Dessert
good; cooking good.

Value : m a r k e t,
good ; might be called
first class, only that
the skin shows bruises
easily.

Section of Yellow Bellflower.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

19

YORK IMPERIAL.

York Imperial,

A fine export market apple,
highly valued in some of the Ameri-
can Stateg, but not yet much grown
in Ontario.

Origin : York County, Pa .

Tree : A moderate grower, pro-
ductive .

Fruit: Medium in size; angular,
oblique ; color of skin, bright red
in shades, stripes and splashes on a
yellowish ground ; stem J inch long
in a deep funnel shaped cavity ;
calyx nearly closed in an irregular
deep, slightly plaited basin .

Flesh : Yellowish ; texture
firm and juicy ; flavor, sub-acid,
good.

Quality : dessert fair ; cook- j
ing good . \

Value : First class for
market .

Season : Winter.

Section of York Imperial.

BLACKBERRIES.

BRITON.

(Ancient Briton.)

Counted one of the best varieties where it succeeds ; it is a special favorite with f.-uit-
growers in Wisconsin, in which State it originated.

Origin : A AVisconsin seedhng found by A. H. Briton ; first^nientioned in the " Keport of
the Wisconsin Horticultural Society, 18B9."

Plant : Hardy, vigorous and fairly productive. Budd in his ^ SystenuUic Pomology,"
speaks of it as one of the hardiest varieties yet tested.

Berry : Medium to large, i of an inch long by
melting ; flavor, very i^leasant.

Season : 1st to 10th August ; (July 21st to August 10th, 1901)

[20]

Ancient Briton.

•h lono- bv :] broad ; form, oblong, conical ; texture,

1904 THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

21

p:ldorado.

A hardy and productive variety. At our Walkerton station, the Eldorado heads the Ust
for profit ; but at our Burlington station, it is reported as not very productive.

Origin : Accidental seedling near Preble, Ohio, about 1882.

Bush: A strong, vigorous grower ; healthy; hardy; moderately productive.

Eldorado

Berry : Medium to large, ^^x | of an inch in length and breadth ; oblong, conical, irregu-
lar : drupes large ; seeds and core small ; flavor, sprightly, pleasant.

Quality : Table, very good.

Value : Market, good.

Season : August 1st to 20th, 1904.

22

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

AVACHUSETTS.

"This blackberry was first introduced as Wachusett's Thornless, on account of its com-
^parative freedom from spines. This, however, is the chief point m its favor, as the plant
J5 not productive enough to be of vahie to the Ontario fruit grower.

Origin : A wild plant on Monadnock Mountain, Massachusetts.

Bush : A slow grower, at first upright, afterward drooping ; healthy, not very produc-
tive ; spines few, fruit clusters few. ,

Wachusetts.

Berry : Size, medium, I of an inch long by | broad ; form roundish, moderately firm,
of good quality.

Season : Medium, last week in July to third week in August.

Value : Market, fair.

Adaptation : Hardy at our Walkerton station : Budd of Iowa speaks of it as more
productive on high, light-colored soils than on rich black soils.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

23

TAYLOR.

(Taylor's Prolific.)

Considered by some a valuable commercial berry for the colder sections, its season
being later than Snyder.

Origin ; Introduced by Mr. Taylor, of Spiceland, Indiana, about the year 1867.

Bush : Hardy, vigorous and productive.

Taylor.

Berry : Large, |xf of an inch ; roundish oblong ; texture, soft and juicy ; flavor, rich
and moderately sweet.

Season : August.

GRAPES.

GREEN MOUNTAIN (WINCHELL).

The best wliite grape of its season for the dessert table . Not miu-h planted for market.
OH-^ (TreenMc.imtainsof Vermont, by a Mr. Winchell, after whom it has been very
properly named ; but an.ong fruit growers the name (xreen Mountam has the^j>reterence.
Vine • Hardv. healthy, onlv fairly vigorous and tairly productive
Bunch • From 5 to (5 inches in length ; compact ; well shouldered.

Green Mountain.
Berry : Color greenish white ; size medium, ^ to 9-16 of an inch in diameter
pulp tender ; flavor sweet and excellent ; seeds few and small.
Quality : Dessert, flrst class.
Value: ^Market, second class.
Season : End of August.

[24]

akin thin

190i

THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

25

EMPIRE STATE.

A beautiful white grape, with well formed bunches, which was introduced with great eclats
but has not become very popular in the commercial vineyards of Ontario.

Origin : From seed of Hartford fertilized with Clinton, raised by James H. Ricketts. The
entire stock w^as sold to Geo. A. Stone, of Rochester, for $4,000.

Empire State.

Vine : Vigorous, healthy, and moderately productive.
Bunch : Size large, 6 to 8 inches long ; shouldered ; compact.

Berry; Medium, f of an inch in diameter; color white, with thick bloom; pulp tender,
juicy, sweet, and agreeable .

Quality : Dessert, very good . Value : Market, good.

26

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

MOORE'S EARLY.

A favorite with vineyardists in Ontario, because of its earliness and its good quality,

_ ^ . As
early as Champion and of very -niueh better (quality, it is superseding that miserable variety
^vhi*ch has done so much to prejudice buyers against our black grapes.

Origin : By John B. Moore, at Concord, Mass., from Concord seed, in the year 1872.

Vme : Hardy, healthy, fairly vigorous, but^only moderately productive, if compared with
the Concord ; needs good cultivation.

M(.(.ivV i:arly.

Bunch : Smaller than Concord, and rarely shouldered ; length of sample, 5} inches.

Berries : Averaging a little larger than those of the Concord ; round ; black ; thin bloom.

Flesh ; Vinous, juicy, with slight foxiness.

Quality : Good.

Value : First class of its season.

Season : Early September.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

27

WOODRUFF.

(Woodruff's Red).

An attractive red grape, which promises to be profitable.

Origin: C. H. Woodruff, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1874; a chance seedHng thought to be a
cross between Catawba and Concord .

Vine : Vigorous, hardy, productive ; somewhat subject to black rot.

Woodruff.

Bunch : Good size, about five inches long by four across ; shouldered ; compact .

Berry : Large, often one inch in diameter ; round ; red with thin bloom ; does not crack.

Season : About the same as Concord .

Quality : Dessert, good .

Value : Market, first-class.

PEACHES.

BOWSLAITIH.

Esteemed for canning, but inferior in size to the Longhurst, which it closely resembles.
Origin : Grimsby, Ontario, with a ]Mr. Bowslaugh.
Tree : Productive.

Bowslaugh.

Fruit: Size small to medium, 2.} inches long by 2 inches broad; color of skin yellow
with a dull red cheek ; suture traceable more than half way around ; cavity deep, irregular
apex prominent.

Flesh : Free from pit ; yellow pink at pit ; texture tender, not very juicy ; lacking in
flavor, neither sweet nor acid.

(Quality : Dessert poor ; cooking fair to good.

\'alue : ^Market, second class.

Season: First half of October.

1904

THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

29

CARLISLE.

A good late peacli with white skin, a
little later than Smock, averaging larger
in size ; it would be more ])o])nlar for
market had it more color.

Tree: Vigorous; productive.

Fruit : Ovate, somewhat fiat ; suture
deep on one side and terminating in a
prominent apex ; size large, often 3
inches long by 2^ broad ; skin pale
yellow, almost white, slightly tinted
and spotted with crimson on sunny
side ; cavity narrow and moderately
deep.

Carlisle.

Flesh : Nearly free ; color, white ; dis^
colors quickly after cutting ; texture juicy,
tender, but not soft ; flavor rich, good,
moderately sweet, if well ripened ; rather
disappointing in 1904.

Season : Last half of October (in 1904);
(September 1st to 15th, 1902).

Quality : Dessert fair ; cooking good,
but requires more time than some varie-
ties.

Value : First class in its season for
market on account of its large size.

Section of Carlisle

30

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

CHAMPION.

A beautiful white fleshed peach with a red
cheek, and free stone. The flavor is delici-
ous, and it may be classed as the best dessert
peach of its season, but a little tender 'for
distantlshipments.

Origin : Illinois.

Tree : Vigorous, moderately productive.

Fruit : Large, frequently measuring 2^
inches in diameter ; form roundish, fairly
regular ; color of skin, creamy white, with
red ;• cheek in the sun; suture two thirds;
apex small in .'a; slight depression ; cavity
deep ; stone free .

Champion.

Flesh : White, pinkish at the pit ; tex-
ture fine, tender, juicy ; flavor rich,
eweet and agreeable.

Season : September 1st to 10th, coming
in with last Yellow St. John and the first
Early Craw fords.

Quality : Dessert among the best.

Value : Very good for home markets,
and a good shipper.

Section of Champion.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

31

EARLY MICHIGAN.

A very good dessert peach .

Origin : Georgia.

Tree : Healthy, vigorous and produc-
tive .

Fruit : Medium, 2 inches long by 2^
wide ; form round ; color cream or
greenish white ground nearly covered
with crimson ; cavity large and deep ;
suture very distinct from cavity to apex
and beyond ; pit a clingstone .

Early Michigan .

Flesh : Greenish white, red at pit ;
texture tender and juicy; flavor sub-acid,
very pleasant.

Quality : Dessert very good .

Value : Market fair .

Season : Middle of August.

Section of Early Michigan.

32

THE Ri:iH)RT OF THE

No. 17

FITZG 1 : R A LD PEACH.

Since the Eai-ly Crawford has l)een such a
popular peach l)oth for home use and mar-
ket, every new introduction of a variety
which is of the same class, has been wel-
comed by the public, especially as it may be
used to extend the season. The Fitzfj:erald
is not as large as the Early Ciawford, but to
many the flavor is liner for dessert, and its
season is a trifle later. Like the latter, it is
too tender for long shipments.

Origin : In the garden of Mr. Fitzgerald,
Oakville, Ontario, about 1895.

Tree: Hardy, healthy and productive.

Fitzgerald.

Fruit : Size two and a quarter inches at
either diameter ; form roundish ovate ; color
bright yellowy covered wdth deep red ; down
moderate in quality ; cavity broad and
deep ; apex a small point in a slightly
depressed basin ; suture distinct ; stone
free.

Flesh : Yellow, with red at pit ; texture
tender and juicy ; flavor excellent.

Season : September 7th to 15th.

Section of Fitzgerald.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

33

GREENSBORO.

The best dessert peach of its
season, but too tender in flesh to be a
good shipper ; worthy of a place in
the home garden.

Origin : North CaroHna.

Tree : Vigorous ; very productive,
the trees at Maplehurst were break-
ing down with their heavy load of
fruit in August, 1902 ; an early bearer.

Fruit : Large ; form flattened ; 2J
inches long by 2\ wide one way and
2 the other ; color a deep cream with
bright red cheek; cavity narrow
deep ; suture slight ; apex sunken ;
not subject to rot.

Greensboro.

Flesh: Color cream; texture tender, melting, very juicy; flavor sweet and agreeable ;
free stone.

Quality: Dessert, good.

Section of Greensboro ,

Value : Near market very good ; distant market fair.

Season : August 15th to 20th in 190-4 ; harvested August 17th, 1904.
3 F.E.S.

34

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

HALE.

(Hale's Early.)

An early peach of very beautiful
appearance, but inclined to rot before it
ripens. The flesh remains firm, even
after the outside presents the appear-
ance of being ripe, so that it is not a
favorite variety. Its comparative earli-
ness at one time made it a very popular
market variety, but its season is now
preceded by that of Sneed, Greensboro,
Early Rivers, and Triumph .

Origin: Ohio.

Tree: Vigorous, healthy and produc-
tive.

Hales.

Section of Hales.

Quality : Dessert good ; cooking fair.

Value : Home market, very good .
3a F.E.s.

Fruit: Medium to large, sample was
2^ inches long by 2 J broad; form round-
ish; color of skin dark red on sunny side,
green with splash of red on shady side ;
apex small, slightly pointed in dimpled
depression ; cavity deep ; suture extends
to apex ; pit half free.

Flesh : Greenish yellow to white;
texture firm until very ripe, ithen melt-
ing and juicy ; flavor sweet and agree-
able.

Season: August 20th to 25th.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

35

JACQUES RARERIPE.

A fine yellow peach, succeeding the
Early Crawford, but too tender in flesh
for distant shipment.

Origin : Massachusetts.

Tree : Vigorous, healthy and produc-
tive.

Fruit : Size large, 2J x 2f ; form round-
ish oblate ; color dark yellow, shaded
with red, especially on the sunny side ;
down heavy ; cavity large and deep ;
apex in a depression; suture [distinct ;
stone free.

Jacques Rareripe.

Flesh : Color deep yellow, red at the
pit ; texture, tender, juicy ; flavor good,
not very sweet.

Season : September 15th to 20th.

Quality : Dessert good ; cooking very
good.

Value : Near, market, first class ; dis-
tant market, second class.

Section of Jacques Rareripe.

36

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

KALAMAZOO.

A popular market peach in Michigan ; inferior to Elberta.

Origin : Michigan.

Tree: Vigorous and very productive.

Fruit : Medium in size, sample was 2x2 inches ; form roundish oval, sides unequal ;
color yellow with red cheek ; cavity deep, narrow, irregular ; apex a small point in a slight
depression ; suture traceable beyond the apex ; freestone.

Kalamazoo.

Flesh : Color yellow, red at pit ; texture moderately tender and juicy ; flavor i fairly
sweet.

Season : T'sually September 15th to 20th ; in 1904 its season was from the 5th to 10th
October, in Niagara district.

Quality: Dessert, poor; cooking, good.

Value : Near market, good ; rather too small to sell with Elberta, or even to follow that
large showy variety .

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

37

LATE CRAWFORD.

A fine large yellow peach, not quite equal to Early Crawford in flavor. It has not
been very profitable because the tree is not very productive and the fruit is inclined to
drop before it reaches its best condition.

Origin : New Jersey.

Tree : Vigorous ; fairly productive.

Fruit : Large to very large, often 2J inches x 2f ; color dull yellow or olive green
with dark red cheek ; cavity large and deep ; suture traceable ; free stone.

Late Crawford.

Flesh : Deep yellow, red at the stone ; texture juicy and melting ; flavor rich, juicy,
vinous.

Quality ; Dessert poor ; cooking very good.

Value: Market, first class.

Season : End of September.

38

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

LEWIS.

A fine market peach to succeed Yellow St. John and to precede Early Crawford.

Origin : Michigan.

Tree : Healthy, vigorous, very productive.

Fruit : Medium to large ; form round ; color yellowish white, largely overspread with
red ; suture depressed.

Lewis .

Flesh : Yellowish white, red next the pit ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor very pleasant.

Quality : Dessert, good ; cooking good.

Value : Home markets, first class ; distant markets, second class.

Season : September 10th to 15th.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

39

LONGHURST.

A very productive late variety, highly esteemed for canning and for table nse . It is con-
sidered a profitable variety by many peach growers, but unless given the best culture the fruit
is small and unattractive in appearance .

Tree : Hardy ; fairly vigorous ; very productive . Budd says the fruit buds of this variety
have proven exceptionally hardy in Michigan.

Fruit : INIedium in size, 2^ by 2^ inches ; form oval, larger on side of suture, which is
clearly traceable, ending in a pointed apex ; color dull yellow, with dark red cheek in sun ;
down thick ; cavity deep, abrupt, shouldered ; pit small, free.

Longhurst .

Section of Longhurst.

Flesh : Color yellow, red at pit ; texture tender, almost buttery, moderately juicy ; flavor
vinous, sweet, agreeable.

Season : Usually end of September ; in 1904, the first week in October.

Quality : Dessert, fair ; cooking or preserving, very good.

Market value : Second class, unless unusually well grown .

40

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

NEW PROLIFIC.

A peach of the Crawford type, a few days later, which is highly esteemed by many peach
growers. Like the Crawford it is too tender in flesh for distant shipment, unless picked from
the tree before it reaches full maturity.

Tree : Healthy ; vigorous ; productive.

Fruit : Size medium to large, measuring 2\ to 2J inches in either diameter ; form round;
color yellow, with bright red cheek ; cavity narrow and deep ; suture distinct, extending
beyond the apex.

New Prolific.

Flesh : Yellow ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor sweet, delicate, very pleasant ; free from tip
Quality : dessert, first class ; cooking, first class .
Value : Home markets, very good .
Season : September 20th to 25th.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

41

TYHURST.

A very attractive golden-yellow peach ; considered a profitable variety for the commercial
orchard. After fruiting it several years at our Maplehurst station, we think its value has been
somewhat over-estimated.

Origin : A seedling raised by Mr. Tyhurst, of Leamington, -Essex County. This gen-
tleman was so pleased with the peach that he planted nearly his whole farm with trees
grown from its pits, and made considerable money out of his venture.

Tree : Moderately vigorous ; quite productive ; fruit is inclined to drop as soon as ripe.

Tvhurst.

Fruit : Size medium, 2^ inches long by 2 inches broad ; form ovate ; suture distinct on
one side, terminating in a small black sharp point ; color deep yellow, with tinge of red in
the sun ; skin separates easily from the flesh.

Flesh : Free ; color pale yellow ; texture very tender, fine grained, melting, juicy ; flavor
excellent.

Quality : Dessert, very good to beet ; cooking, very good .

Value: Home market, first class ; distant market, second class because too tender.

Season: September 10th to 20th (1904).

PEARS.

ANSAULT.
A good general purpose pear for home uses.

Origin : France.

Tree : An early and abundant bearer.

Fruit : Size medium, 2^ by 2| inches ; roundish oblate pyriform ; skin green, yellowing
at maturity, mostly covered with russet ; stem | inch to one inch long, in a small irregular,
often oblique cavity ; calyx small, open in an abrupt, deep basin.

/

Ansault.

Flesh : Color creamy white ; texture tender, fine grained, buttery, juicy ; flavor agree-
able, aromatic, very pleasant.

Season : September.

Quality : Fair for all purposes.

Value : Home market, fair ; distant, poor.

Adaptation to Province of Ontario : Not widely tested.

[42 1

1904 THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

43

BAUDRY.

A promising new winter pear, which has been fruiting at our Maplehurst station as a dwarf.
Fruit : Size large, 3j x 3^; form oblong, pyriform ; color yellowish green, with russet patches.
Flesh : Color yellow ; texture tender, but gritty at the core ; flavor very good.

W

Quality : Very good for dessert and cooking.
Value : First class for market.
Season : Late winter.

44

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

DEARBORN.

(Dearborn's Seedling).

Previous to the introduction of such choice early varieties as Chambers, Wilder, Giffard
and Clapps Favorite, the Dearborn was highly commended. Downing calls it, *' a very admir-
able early pear of first quality, succeeding Bloodgood, and preceding Bartlett ; " but it is no
longer to be commended for planting in the commercial orchard because of its small size. We
have grown it for thirty years at Maplehurst and now consider it only valuable in the garden
of the amateur.

Dearborn's Seedling.

Origin: At Boston, Mass., in 1818, by the Hon. H. G. S. Dearborn.

Tree : Of moderate vigor ; not subject to blight ; very productive.

Fruit : Size, small, 2} x 2^ inches ; roundish obovate ; skin, clear yellow with small grey
dots, smooth ; stem, 1 inch to 1^ inch long, insertted with little or no cavity ; calyx open in
shallow basin.

Flesh : Creamy white ; texture tender, buttery, juicy ; flavor agreeable.

Quality : Dessert, fair ; cooking, good.

Value : Market, third class.

Season : Middle to end of August.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

45

LAWSON

(Comet. )

Lawson.

Fruit : Medium to large ; sample
photographed 3^ x 2i inches ; obo-
vate, almost pyriform ; color yel-
low, shaded and obscurely streaked
with bright red on the sunny sides,
with a few small brown dots ;
stem 1| inches long, with fleshy
protuberance at point of inser-
tion, inclined ; calyx half open in
a large irregular basin.

Flesh : Color, creamy white,
coarse-grained, mealy when ripe,
inclined to rot at the core ; flavor
sweet, fairly good.

Season : August 1st to 10 th.

Quality : Dessert, good ; cooking,
good.

Value : Home market,
distant market, poor.

Adaptation
the Province.

good ;
Southern j)arts of

The most beautiful pear of its
season, which is about the middle
of August, but inclined to rot at
core and become mealy if left
hanging too long. Its flavor is dis-
appointing, so that in spite of its
beauty it is useless as a dessert pear.
It has been widely advertised and
too highly praised. In some parts
it is grown as a cooking pear for
home markets. For distant mar-
kets it is useless because too tender
in flesh .

Origin : On the farm of Mr.
Lawson, in New York State, about
the year 1800, judging from the
appearance of the original tree,
which was still standing in the year
1900 . Quite recently, it was intro-
duced to the public by Mr. Collins,
under the name Comet, because of
a fancied resemblance by reason of
its bright red color.

Tree : Tender, vigorous ; fairly
productive ; succeeds on the quince.

Section of Lawson.

4G

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

LE CONTE,

An American pear grown
able in Ontario .

Le Conte.
for market in the Southern States. It is not considered profit

Origin : A Chinese seedhng.

Tree : Vigorous ; productive ; apparently not subject to blight.

Fruit : Large ; form oblong, pyriform, turbinate ; color yellow, often with slight touch
of red on sunny side ; skin free from blemishes, and not subject to scab.
Flesh : White ; texture tender ; flavor sweet, perfumed, ordinary.
Quality : Dessert poor ; cooking fair.
Value : Second class for market.

Section of Le Conte,

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

47

RITSON.

A delicious dessert pear, which is worthy of a
place in every fruit garden ; it is not surpassed for
canning or for pickling, having an aroma and
a peculiarly agreeable flavor.

Origin : Oshawa, Ontario, wdth Mr. Wellington.
In response to our inquiry, Mr. W. E, Welling-
ton writes: — "It w^as my grandmother who
planted the seeds from a pear w^hich had
been, sent her from Boston. The tree has
always stood on my grandfather's homestead as
long as I can remember. ' '

Tree: Strong, healthy, upnght grower. The
original tree is now of immense size, probably over
30 feet high, and about one hundred years old.
An annual bearer of nice, evenlv formed fruit.

Ritson ,

Fruit : Size medium, reaching 2j x 2 ; form
obovate pyriform, usually one-sided; color of skin
yellow, heavily shaded with golden russet, and
numerous minute dots of a darker russet ; stem
one-inch long, often inserted in a fleshy protuber-
ance, and at a slight inclination ; calyx open wide
in a very shallow, regular basin.

Flesh : Creamy white ; texture, fine, tender,
buttery, juicy ; flavor, sweet, delicately perfumed.

Quality : Dessert, very good to best ; cooking,
very good .

Value : Market, promising for a special trade .

Season : October.

Section of Ritson.

48

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

SOUVENIR.

(Souvenir du Congres).

A very large, showy pear, but coarse in flesh and of ordinary quality. Single trees are
found in many Ontario fruit gardens, but so far we know of no orchards of this variety planted
for profit. Hogg, the British pomologist, however, speaks of it more highly, as follows : — * ' A
very handsome and excellent pear ; ripe in the end of August and the beginning of September.
It has a great resemblance to the Williams (Bartlett), but is quite a distinct fruit."

Souvenir du Congres.

Origin: France, by M. INIorel, of Lyon-Vaise, and dedicated to the PomologicaU Congress
of France.

Tree : Vigorous and productive, pyramidal.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

49

SOUVENIR (Souvenir du Congres) . — Continued.

Fruit : Very large, section photographed measured 4^ x S^ inches ; form oblong obovate,
indulating in outline ; color clear yellow ripe, with a red cheek and many brown dots ; stem
f of an inch long, stout, much inclined, inserted without a cavity ; calyx large, open, set in a
deep basin.

Flesh : Color white ; texture tender, juicy, melting ; flavor rich, vinous, aromatic, some-
what resembling that of Bartlett .

Section of Souvenir du Congres.

Season : Last of Septeml^er and early October.

Quality : Dessert, fair ; cooking, not tested .

Value : Home market, very good ; distant market, not tested.

Adaptation : Not widely tested in Ontario .
4 F-E.S.

50

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

TYSON.

A fine pear yielding enormous crops of medium sized fruit, very good for dessert or
cooking ; but too near the season of tlie Bartlett to be profitable for market.

Origin : A native, seedling found in a hedge on the farm of Jonathan Tyson, near
Philadelphia.

Tree : Vigorous ; upright ; very productive. Several old trees at Maplehurst, 40 years
planted, have reached an immense size and have never shown the least indication of
blight.

Fruit: Size medium; about 2^x2; form acute pyriform ; color green, turning yellow
when fully ripe, russet al)out basin, cheek crimson, dots brown, numerous ; stem 1^ inches
long more or less, fieshy at base ; calyx open.

Tyson .

Section of Tvson.

Flesh : Color white ; texture tender, buttery, fine grained, juicy ; flavor sweet,
aromatic, excellent.

Quality: Dessert, very good ; cooking, very good.

Value': Home market, second class.

Season: August 15th to 30th.
4aF.E.s.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

51

DOYENNE.

White Doyenne of Ontario ; Virgalieu of New York State.

White Doyenne.

Fruit : Size medium to large,
averaging 2|x2J in. ; form obovate,
variable in length ; skin green at
first, changing to yellow as it ripens
sometimes red in the sun, sprinkled
with numerous russet dots; stem |
of an inch long, set in a shallow
cavity ; calyx half closed in a shallow
slightly plaited basin.

Flesh : White ; texture fine
grained, buttery, fairly juicy; flavor
sugary, aromatic, perfumed.

Season : September and October.

Quality : Dessert, very good ;
cooking, very good.

An old variety with many French
synonyms, of which the proper one
according to LeRoy is La Doyenne.
Downing speaks of it as "unquestionably
one of the most perfect of autunm pears",
and on account of its excellent quality
and the productiveness of the tree, it
w^as at one time widely planted in the
commercial orchards of Ontario and the
United States. Latterly, however, like the
Flemish beauty, it has become subject
to black spot, for which reason it is los-
ing favor.

Origin : France.

Tree : Healthy, not subject to blight ;
a fairly vigorous grower, and an abun-
dant bearer ; usually grown as a
standard.

Value : Market, second class.

Section of White Doyenne.

PLUMS.

ARCTIC.

Tlie tree is hardy and the fruit is of some value where the better varieties do not succeed.
It is very productive, but too small to bring the best prices in the market, especially in view of
its ordinary quality.

Origin : Maine.

Tree : Hardy ; fairly vigorous ; productive ; trees at our Lake Huron station, eight years
planted, yielded from six to eight baskets each .

Fruit : Size small, 1^ x IJ inches ; form oval ; color very dark purple, with thin blue
bloom ; suture traceable ; stem slender, | inch long, set in a small cavity.

Arctic.

Flesh : Color yellowish green ; texture firm, moderately juicy ; flavor moderately sweet ;
free stone .

Season : August 15th to September 1st in southern parts of the Province, and early
September in more northerly plum districts ; at Lake Huron station it ripened September
4th in 1902.

Quality : Dessert, useless ; cooking, good .

Market Value : Second to third rate.

[52]

i904: THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 53

DUANE.

(Duane's Purple.)

A good commercial plum, double-starred as a profitable variety in the Western States.

Origin : Duanesburgh, N. Y.

Tree : Vigorous, productive.

Fruit : Very large ; form oblong, oval, longer on side ; color reddish purple with lilac
bloom, turning dark blue ; stalk slender, f inch long, set in a narrow cavity.

Duane's Purple.

Flesh : Color yellow ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor moderately sweet and good ; par-
tial clingstone.

1901.

Season : End of August in Niagara district ; at Walkerton reported ripe Sept. 5th in

L.

Quality : Cooking, good.
Market Value: First class.

54

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

(IRAND DUKE.
A valuable market plum, on account of its large size and handsome appearance.
Origin : Europe .
Tree : Healthy ; moderately vigorous ; quite productive.

Fruit : Size large, 21 inches long by 1| broad ; form obovate ; color dark blue or black,
with 'dark blue bloom ; stem about one inch long, in a small cavity ; suture deep.

Grand Duke.

Flesh : Color yellow ; texture firm ; fiavor agreeable ; cling.

Value : One of the best late market plums.

Season: Late September.

Adaptation: The southern part of the Province, as far north as Kingston and Collingwood.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

55

GOLD.

A very attractive plum, because of its golden yellow color, but not recommended for the
commercial orchard.

Origin : A hybrid of Chickasaw and Japan, originated by H. A. Terry, of Crescent

Iowa.

Tree : A poor grower, but an early and abundant bearer .

Gold,

Fruit : Large roundish ; size If by 2 inches ; color golden yellow, with a blush of
light red about the stem ; stem f of an inch in length ; skin tough .

Flesh : Yellow ; texture tender and juicy ; flavor sweet, aromatic, and pleasant ; clingstone.

Season : Last of August.

Quality : Dessert, fair.

Market Value : Fair .

56

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

LOMBARD.

One of the most prolific of the old varieties, and, until recently, considered the most
profitable. Of late, however, the price of Lombard plums has so far declined that other
varieties are being planted in its place.

Origin : Raised from seed by Judge Piatt, Whitesboro, N . Y. ; introduced to public by
M. Lombard, of Springfield, Mass., after whom it was named. Previously it was called
Bleeker's Scarlet.

Tree : Very productive ; very vigorous ; very hardy ; inclined to overload, and the fruit
needs thinning.

Lombard ,

Fruit : Medium size ; form roundish, oval, slightly flattened at ^the ends ; color
purplish red, paler in shade ; bloom heavy ; suture traceable ; stalk slender, about | inch,
set in a broad, funnel-shaped cavity; subject to rot when overloaded.

Flesh : Deep yellow ; texture firm, juicy ; flavor pleasant ; cling stone.

Quality : Dessert, good ; cooking, very good.

Value : Second rate for market.

Season: Last week in August to first week in September.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

57

HAND.
(General Hand.)

A very fine, large plum of the Gage group, which is worthy of a place in the amateur's
garden as a dessert or preserving plum, but not profitable as a market variety.

Origin : On farm of General Hand, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Tree : A very vigorous grower, but a shy bearer ; class, Domestica.

Hand .

Fruit : Round ; size medium to large, sample photograjihed. If by 2 inches ; skin deep
golden yellow, marbled with greenish yellow ; stem slender, about an inch long, inserted in
a shallow cavity ; suture shallow.

Flesh : Color pale yellow ; texture coarse, moderately juicy ; flavor sweet and very good ;
free from stone.

Season : September .

Quality : Very good for either dessert or cooking.

Market Value : First class .

Adaptability: Succeeds as far north as Collingwood,

58

THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. No. 17

KINGSTON.

A valuable market variety.

Origin : Province of Ontario.

Tree.: Vigorous and productive.

Fruit; Size medium to large, Ifxli; form oval; color dark purple, with thin blue
bloom ; stem slender, about f of an inch long, inserted in a small, deep cavity ; suture shallow ;
apex a small point.

r

-^

\

Kingston.

Flesh : Color yellowish green ; flavor tart.

Season : Early September.

Quality : Cooking, very good.

Market Value : First-class.

Adaptation: Since it originated and succeeds well on the north side of Lake Ontario, it
promises to be fairly hardy.

QUINCE

BENTLEY.

A variety grown largely for market in Maryland, and in Ontario it is gaining in favor. The
sample photographed was grown on the Maplehurst Experimental Grounds.

Bentley

Tree : Thrifty ; productive.

Fruit : Large, from 3 to 4 inches in diameter ; form roundish ; skin, yellow with heavy
down.

Quality : Excellent.

Market Value : First class.
Season ; Early part of October.

[591

Section of Bentlev.

1 60

Blackberries grown in young orchard at G. C. Caston s, Craighurst, Ont.

Fruit House ol" W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont. Capacity about 3,000 barrels of apples.
(Illustrating Prof. Hutt's Report, page 87).

61

A well kept Keiffer pear orchard, the property of M. Pettit, Winona, Out

mM

Huiiif ul G. C. Cdstoii, Craighurst, Ont.

[6:

View in orchard of Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont. Trees on the right killed last winter after heavy crop of
previous year. Tree at the left bore no crop last year, and came through the winter uninjured.

Pure-bred Poultry, a profitable side line with A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton, Ont.

[63]

Experimental dwarf pear orchard of L. Woolverton, Grimsby, unt.

Experimental cherry orchard of L. Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont. Eighty varieties under test.

64|

Fruit Experiment Stations.

THE SECRETARY'S REPORT.
By Mr. Linus Woolverton, Grimsby.

Duriug liie past nine years the writer lias been supervising the work of
the stations and tJie report thereof at a considerable disadvantage, having had
in addition the editorship and the business management of the Canadian
Horticulturist, and the oltice of Secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation.

All these offices he has resigned in order that he may give the time so
occupied to the superintendence of the work of the stations, and the study
of Pomology, a course of action suggested by the Minister of Agriculture,
who is desirous of having a comprehensive edition of the "Fruits of Ontario"
ready for publication as soon as possible.

For the study of the fruits under varying conditions the work of the ex-
perimenters affords excellent opportunities, but for careful observation of the
habits of the trees and for constant and original study of the characteristics
of each variety by frequent handling and tasting, the writer has found it
necessary to plant these fruits on his own grounds. He has therefore given
up about ten acres of his fruit farm for this purpose, and has planted a very
large collection of varieties of all kinds of fruit.

The Work of the Fruit Stations.

The following tabular statement shows approximately the number of
acres thus far occupied by each experimenter in experimental work, the num-
ber of varieties under test, and the special fruits to which he has thus far
been asked to devote especial attention.

Name of Station.

Name of Experimenter.

Number

of ^
varieties

200

200

200*

276

313

220

200
200

700
150
130

Number

of^

acres

Specialty .

W ^ r» f AA7 o vlV)

M. Petti t

3

5

5

2i

5

5

4
5

10
1
3

Grapes.

Apples .

Peaches.

Currants andBlackberries.

Plums

Bay of Quinte

Southwestern

Burlington

(TPore^ian Bav

W. H . Dempsey

\V. W. Hillborn

A. W. Peart

•John Mitchell

G. C. Caston

Simcoe

Hardy Apples and Hardy

Cherries .
Kaspberries.
Hardy Plums and Hardy

Pears .

Lake Huron

St. Lawrence

A. E. Sherrington

Harold Jones

Maplehurst

L . Woolverton

Strawberry Station

Algoma

E . B . Stevenson

Chas . Young

Strawberries .
Hardy Fruits.

Wabigoon

A. E. Annis

tNew Ontario ...

a i(

2,789

48^

*Mr. Hilborn's collection of varieties for test was destroyed by frost in the unusually
severe winter of 1903-4.

tCollections ot hardy fruits have been sent to several settlers about New Liskeard,
but no one has yet been definitely appointed experimenter.

5 F.E.S.

[65;

yg THE REPORT OF THE N°- 1'

This table shows a total of 2,789 varieties of fruit °'^'=»Py;.'^f . ^
.« Jin ?H attended to by 12 different managers, each a speciaUst m the

Meetings of the Board of Control.

During the year 1904 two ^-^^ori^\:^^'Z^Zn:ZTt Chat-
^embership of the Board o^^C^f ^^^.^t otthfoX^^^ Agricultural Col-
f^^f hL°Spid%r;os.tion, .. .#c. ever sin^^^^^^^

wL and the -^X^BoaVd^S C'r w'^Hodg'itSX' newly appointed
S:cSL?y'oft^*Sn\tioTruif Growers' Association, who as such is also an

'' Ihrrtings have been held ^^T^^L^'^X:^^
ment Buildings, Toronto, on Wednesday, 6*^ Ja^^^^f August; the third at

the southwestern station, and the former by the Secretary^

(4) An order for the sending of a collection of small fj-t^uAe^' and
a few hardy fruit trees, to reliable persons in New Ontario, on conQix
they report fully upon them to the Secretary. . .Wn op

:x :t:S tu' «a~ p...u.'i.. ».... •>.. p""" *» ••'"» '"-

Toronto in 1905, under the superintendence of the becretary

^nTctrdtf foroffivH^res, of which trees at least 10 per cent, are to be
those budded on plum stock.

5a F.E.S.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 67

(10) Planning that more extended tests of the adaptation of valuable
varieties of fruits to various parts of Ontario be undertaken by our stations.

(11) Preparing li,sts of desirable varieties of the various fruits for tEe
different sections of the Province.

(12) Publishing from tinae to time, lists of varieties tested at the vari-
ous stations and found undesirable in the districts represented.

(13) The revision by the Secretary of the Catalogue of Fruits, for guid-
ance of Planters, subject to the approval of the Board.

(14) Ordering the early publication of the first edition of the work by
the Secretary, L. Woolverton, entitled ' 'Fruits of Ontario," to include in
alphabetical order all the descriptions of fruits made by him during the past
nine years, with the original photogravures representing the same, together
with as many additional' ones as he can add during the year in orHer that
the work may be as complete a book of reference for fruit growers as possible.

Inspection or Stations.

The purposes of the visits of inspection to the various fruit stations by
the Secretary are (1) to gather details concerning the behavior of the various
fruits in different localities for use in his report, more especially, for the
revision of his work descriptive of the fruits of Ontario; and (2) to gather
such information concerning varieties tested as may be a guide to this Board
in their future action especially as regards the further testing of them at
other stations, in order to prove their adaptation to the various fruit dis-
tricts of our Province.

Burlington Station.

I visited this station last August in blackberry season, in order to study
the varieties and take photographs of them for use in Fruits of Ontario.
Other years I have visited it in the currant season and in the pear season.

I find that nearly ail the tests made at this station regarding the merits
of the many varieties of blackberries and currants have been made from six
plants only of each variety. Now this was no doubt sufficient to accomplish
the object in mind of the Board at the time when these plants were sent to
this station, viz. : (1) to test the identity of varieties and (2) to gain some
idea of their form, size, qualitj^ and other characteristics ; thus proving their
real value or their worthlessness. This is most desirable work because it en-
ables us to warn the public against worthless kinds and to give lists of those
which have promise.

Such tests as these however do not sro far enons-h. TL^ Dublic wish fur-
ther to know whether a variety is profitable, and if so in what localities and
in what soils it will prove successful. To do this we ouo-ht first to ask the
experimenter to make a small commercial plantation of three or four of the
most promising varieties judged from their past behavior at his station; and,
second, we must ask those experimenters differently situated to test these
same varieties in a commercial wav also, keeping a careful account of the
average yield of say 50 plants of each kind ; th^ number of fruits to a basket
or to a pound; the season of gatherinis:; the selling price of each, etc.

St. LoAvrence Stafiov .

Early last Novpmbpr. a"^on+, +}io pIosp of the anr)le season. I visited th^
St. Lawrence and the Bay of Quinte stations. At the former Mr. Jones

gy THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

=l,nwP.l me over his live acre experimental plot, with its large, but most
Ssappoiutmg coUectrorr of plums, apples, pears cherrxes and small ruxts^
Of th^;lums^ested, some were tender m.tree, othe- on y xn fruxt buds^ The
Americana varieties alone gave any promxse, and of these on'^ ™^' ^^^ ^IJ^"..
taker gave indications of proving to be a good cropper; but even so. it
Is yei .f question whether these natives will sell xn the markets for enough
money to make them profitable.

In aoT)les Mr Jones has yet to find a variety that xs more profitable to
^row for market than the old Fameuse, top-grafted on McMahon Whxte
icariet Pip" in! Mcintosh and Wealthy are all profitable, but not equal to the
first mentioned. , . i a

In TDears no variety, out of the large collection sent hxm, has proved
hardy except Zsemianka and Flemish Beauty, and the former xs worthless

for market. , , p •- •

In cherries, out of a large ixumber tested, only one has ^'ome fruxt xn any
quantity, and unfortunately the label xs lost, but xt was evxdently one of the
pie cherry class. ^ .

Alto-ether this five acre experimental plot, while of the utmost value xn
.uardng would-be fruit growers along the St. Lawrence rxver ^01-?-^*-/
varieties of fruit which are certain to prove a faxlure has been a b'H «* ^^^
pense to Mr. Jones, without any returns in fruxt sales o lessen xts extent
so that, even with the allowance made for his work, hxs experxmental plot
has proven to be the least profitable part of his farm.

In mv opinion this St. Lawrence station can be made of still greater
value in the future than in the past to the St. Lawrence districtby planting
a few of the tested kinds in large enough quantity to prove their value m a
commercial way, a work which can never be accomplished by plantin<r two
or three trees of a kind. 1,4. ^

I would suggest that the Board furnish this station with at least twenty
trees each of three or four of such varieties of the Pie cherry class as have
proved the most productive with your Secretary; with 20 trees of the Whxt-
taker plum, and with such other fruits as should be tested for hardxness xn the
St. Lawrence district. Further that Mr. Jones be asked to contxnue hxs ex-
periments with hardy stocks of apples, pears and plums, upon whiclx to top
graft varieties which promise to succeed in his district.

Mr. Jones pointed out to me a ridge of sandy soil on his farm, slopxng
toward the south, which ought to prove better adapted to cherry growxng than
the clay loam upon which he has so far been makxng hxs tests, and wUxcH He
would be willing to set aside for our work for a proper consideration.

Bay of Quinte Station.

At til e Bav of Quinte station Mr. Walter Dempsey accompanied me

tv. A bis immense apple orchard and pointed out to me a large number
through hi immense app ^.^^^ ^^^.^^.^^ ^^^^ j^.^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^

of trees ^^^fi^^^^^^'^!^^ of these still remained ungathered upon the trees,

""".i \ «,?,P there were too few of any one kind to fill a package, and partly
partly because therejere too tew oy ^^^^^ compared with varie-

&Tea1v"n'Yhr::ked Mr. Dempsey to xnake out^a li.t of variet es
fully proven to be undesirable for any purpose, or for any locality, so that I

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 69

may lay it before this Board. I would suggest that such varieties be en-
tered in our permanent catalogue as undesirable so that they may be re-
ferred to when enquired about, and not be reported upon any further.

A few, however, of the newer varieties sent him give promise of being
valuable, and I think these should be tested upon a larger scale. If properly
compensated I think Mr. Dempsey would top graft the whole top of
a twenty-five year old tree, to each of the promising newer varieties, and by
this means he would in a short time have a sufficient quantity of each of these
to test them in the markets, as well as to note their productiveness, and thus
be the better able io judge of their commercial value.

Wentworth Station.

During the grape season I have several times in the last few years visited
our Wentworth station, where Mr. Pettit has a very large collection of
grapes. Many of the varieties he has already reported upon as being worth-
less, and these we may dispose of by inserting them in our permanent refer-
ence catalogue for the information of enquirers, and not report upon them any
further. A few. however, are very promising, and these ought to be tested
upon a larger scale to know whether they have any commercial value. I
would suggest that at least ten vines of each of these be furnished Mr.
Pettit, so that he may have fruit enough to ship to market along with the
older kinds, and thus be in a position to report to us upon their real com-
mercial value.

Future Work.

What I have advised regarding the above four stations may of course,
be extended to all of them, but this is only preliminary work. Immediately
we have proved that a variety has absolute value at any one station, the Im
portant problem still remains to be solved of ascertaining to which portions
of our Province it is best adapted and to which it is unsuited for cultivation.
This work we have not yet begun to do to any extent; indeed it is only now
thai we are in a position to undertake it.

I would suggest that the Board of Control make a list of the varieties
that have been proved to have real value at any one station, and then make
arrangements to have these tested at all those stations at which there is the
least hope of their proving a success ; and, if the stations already open are not
sufficiently distributed to accomplish this work, I would suggest that a few
others be opened for the purpose.

With regard to the testing of new varieties of peaches, pears and tender
fruits, your secretary has already planted these for purposes of study in de-
scribing fruits, without any cost to the Board except the cost of the trees,
so that it will not be necessary to establish any stations to duplicate this
work. He will make full reports upon them to this Board if desirable. The
new stations would be wholly for the work of tes+ins^ thp adaptation to various
districts of those varieties whose merits are fully proven.

Experimental Fruit Exhibit at the Fruit, Flower and Honey

Show, 1904.

The object of making exhibits of fruits from our stations is educational.
The Board has thought it wise to show the public samples of new varieties
under test which are being referred to in the annual report ; also to show

70 THE RKPORT OF THE No. 17

collections of old varieties, correctly named, grown at the fruit stations in
diftierent parts of the Province in order to compare their merits, and to cor-
rect the nomenclature. A further object is to separate profitable from un-
profitable varieties, in order that intending fruit growers may take lists of
kinds for planting and be warned against those which are undesirable.

In accordance with an order from this Board, the experimenters were
asked to exhibit only the most desirable varieties in their collections at the
Industrial Fair, so that the exhibit there was this year very much curtailed.
The principal exhibit from our stations was made at the Fruit, Flower, and
Honey Show, in the Granite Einks, Toronto, from the 15th to the 19th of
November. The experimenters were asked by your secretary to separate the
desirable from the undesirable varieties, in order that the exhibit might be
of the greater service. The central trophy in the hall was placed at our dis-
posal, together with several tables near it, all of which were well filled with
our exhibits. Large signs were painted and set up over them, in order to
draw pubic attention to our exhibit as distinct from the exhibits which were
entered for prizes.

On one side of the central trophy was the exhibit from the Lake Huron
station, which included 45 bottles of fruit containing raspberries, blackberries,
strawberries, etc., which could not be shown fresh; and 28 varieties of ap-
ples, all of which were most creditable. Among the latter the more important
were Ontario, Wealthy, Spy, Tolman, King, Baldwin, Cranberry, N. W.
Greening, Ben Davis, Greening, Mann, Snow, Peter, etc.

On another side was the exhibit from the Burlington station, containing
about thirty l)ottles of blackberries and currants, and 28 plates of apples and
pears. On this trophy were also a collection of apples and pears sent in by
L. Woolverton, Grimsby, among them the Pitmaston pear, a varied which is
to be sent out to all the stations for a thorough test as to its adaptation to
the various fruit districts. Als;o there was a box of the Princess Louise apple,
which at the request of Mr. McNeill, the chief of the Fruit Division, was
forwarded to Her Eoyal Highness, the Princess Louise, through Mr. W. A.
McKinnon, our commercial agents at Bristol. Some Japan walnuts and
some Japan chestnuts were placed on the table by Mr. A. M. Smith of St.
Catharines. .

On another table were shown the exhibits from the St. Lawrence and the
Simcoe stations. The former showed 14 varieties of apples, among which
the more prominent were the three pyramids of each of three famous dessert
apples, viz. : Fameuse, Scarlet Pippin, and Mcintosh Ped. Among the
other varieties which were shown iu smaller quantities were Stark, Blue
Pearmain, Milwaukee, Wolf Piver, Scott's Winter, Canada Red, Baxter,
Canada Baldwin, Golden Pusset, Tolman and Haas.

The Simcoe station showed 30 varieties of apples, among which were
the Boiken, Peerless, Bottle Greening, Pewaukee, King, Bogdanoff, Baxter,
Romanskoe, Shiawassie, Hamilton, Wolf Piver, Bismarck, and Gano, be-
sides many well known kinds.

The apple exhibit by the Bay of Quinte station was a large one of more
than 100 varieties. One table was filled with kinds which had proven them-
selves unprofitable, and these made about 9-10 of the whole number. On the
other table were pyramids of the profitable varieties, so arranged as to catch
the eye in passing. Among these were included Fallawater, Seek, Cran-
berry, Wealthy, Golden Russet, Ontario, Hubbardston, Ribston, Spy, Snow,
Alexander, Mcintosh, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Stark, King, Greening, Baldwin
and Scarlet Pippin.

1904- FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 71

The Wentwortli station showed a fine collection of grapes, but of the
127 varieties shown only about a dozen were set one side as being the most de-
sirable to plant for profit, viz. : Black, Campbell, Moore, Worden, Concord
and Wilder; White, Niagara and Diamond; lied, Lindiey, Agawam, Dela-
ware, Yergennes and Catawba.

The Algoma station sent down a collection of varieties of apples which
had proved hardy on St. Joseph's Island, among which were the Duchess,
Longtield, Wolf lliver, Alexander.

Another year I would suggest that each experimenter be asked to show
the most desirable kinds in bulk, so as to form large pyramids, while those
which are promising or not fully tested may be shown in small lots about
them; and the condemned varieties on separate tables. I would also suggest
that the apple experimenters be asked to show separate groups of five varie-
ties more or less each of cooking and* of dessert apples so selected as to cover
the whole apple season.

The Central Experimental Farm also contributed very materially to the
interest and importance of our exhibit by showing a very large collection
of interesting varieties mostly new, which are being tested at Ottawa. Weal-
thy, Mcintosh and McMahon White were shown in large pyramids, and the
others in smaller lots.

At the close of the show all this fruit was handed over to the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association to be sold toward paying the expenses of the Fair.

Financial Statement for 1904.

Experimenters' salaries I 1,812 50

Secretary and Author of Fruits of Ontario 725 00

Inspectors' services 100 00

Fruit exhibits 234 48

Board meetings 172 35

Travelling expenses, Secretary and Inspectors 133 89

Experimenters' expenses to F. G. A. meeting at Leam-
ington 62 20

Photographs of fruit 56 77

Arndt Tree Protectors 48 00

StocS for stations 66 54

Freight, express and duty 18 16

Postage 11 50

" Stationery 6 32

Committees 6 35

Reporting Pomological Meeting of Experimenters 10 00

Bottles for showing fruit 55 28

Advertising 90 00

I 3,609 34

The foregoing statement shows that the Board of Control has managed
the grant at their disposal with the greatest care and economy, considering
the amount of work accomplished.

Yery little monev was expended in purchasing stock in the spring of
1904, but in future this expenditure must be increased, because of the ne-
ppssity of testing the best things at all fstafions in order to test their adapta-
bility; and, especially, in the spring of 1905, because of the severe winter

72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

of 1903-4, which has totally destroyed all the 237 varieties of fruits under
test at our southwestern station. The intention of the Board is to plant at
least five acres of the leading commercial varieties of peaches at this station,
and ask Mr. W. W. Hilborn to experiment with various means of winter
protection.

POMOLOGICAL MEETING.

Believing that a discussion of varieties by a meeting, of our experiment-
ers, who are each experts in some particular fruit, would be profitable,, the
writer arranged for a public meeting at Toronto during the week of the Pro-
vincial Winter Fruit, Flower and Honey S'how. This meeting was held in
the Member's Parlor, in the Parliament Buildings, and was reported ver-
batim for this report. The discussion elicited so much interest that the
Board has ordered that next ye'ar one whole day be given for this work.

The Eeports by the Experimenters.

These reports form a large and a very important part of this volume.
To some readers it may seem contradictory where the same fruit is highly
commended in one report and condemned in another, and we desire, there-
fore, to explain that the difference in meteorological and soil conditions is
so great that by it all these apparent contradictions are fully explained ; thus
Scott's Winter and Longfield apples are much valued in the northern apple
districts, but are omitted entirely from lists prepared for southern districts.

Similar differences may be noticed in the remarks about pruning, those
in the south advocating heroic treatment, while those in northerly districts
advise as litle pruning as possible. No doubt that trees grow rapidly, as they
do in the Niagara district, neglect of thorough pruning would soon lead to
such dense heads that no fruit would be produced, while in the Ottawa Valley,
where the growth is slower, very little pruning would be necessary.

It will be observed that the reports are so arranged that the various
fruits are mentioned in alphabetical order, and that the varieties of each fruit
are also arranged in the same manner. By this means, all the information
gathered during the year about a certain variety may be at once turned up
by the reader, without the need of an index.

FRUITS RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING IN VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.*

The Board of Control recognizing the great disadvantage which facQs
inexperienced persons who desire to engage in fruit growing for profit, be-
cause of the very large and confusing list of varieties, has ordered the pub-
lication of select lists of tested varieties which shall serve as a guide to in-
tending planters.

It is not claimed for these lists that the varieties named are the only
valuable ones, or that they are in any way complete. We hope year by year
to be able to add to these lists other valuable kinds, some of which may re-
place those now appearing. .

We also hope in time to be able to publish more complete lists of fruits
adapted to the various localities of the Province, as well as lists of those
found unsuited, thus preventing much loss to individual planters who might
otherwise be persuaded to plant fruits too tender, or otherwise unsuited to
their respective localities.

*ThesG lists will be varied and extended in our future reports. — Secretary.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 7S

APPLES.

List of the Most Valuable Varieties for Market.

Summer.

Red Astrachan : Adapted to all seations except the extreme north.
Duchess : Adapted to all sections.

Fall.

Gravenstein : Adapted to all sections except the St. Lawrence River
district and other northerly portions of the Province.

Wealthy : Particularly valuable for northern sections.

Alexander : For northern sections.

Mcintosh : Adapted especially to the St. Lawrence River district, but
can be grown over a much wider area.

Fameuse : Adapted especially to the St. Lawrence River district, but
succeeds well over a much wider area.

Blenheim : Adapted to all sections except the St. Lawrence River dis-
trict and other northerly portions of the Province.

Winter.

King : Adapted only to the best apple sections, and succeeds best when
top grafted on hardy stocks.

Hubbardston : Adapted to the best apple seqtions.

Greening : Adapted to the best apple sections.

Cranberry : Requires good soil and is adapted to the best apple districts,
l',ut especially southern Ontario.

Baldwin : Succeeds best on clay land, and is adapted to the best apple
districts.

Northern Spy : Adapted to the best apple districts, but can be grown
with success further north by top grafting on hardy stocks. This is also a
good method of bringing it into early bearing.

Ontario : An early an abundant bearer, but short lived. Recommend-
ed as a filler among long lived trees. Adapted to same districts as Northern
Spy, which it somewhat resembles.

Stark : Adapted to best apple distriqts.

Varieties Especially Adapted to Home Use. -
Summer.

Yellow Transparent : Adapted to all sections.
Primate : Adapted to best apple sections.
Sweet Bough: Adapted to best apple sections.
Duchess: Adapted to all sections.

Fait.

Chenango : Adapted to best apple sections.
Gravenstein:, Adapted to best apple sections.
Wealthy: Especially adapted to northern sections.
Mcintosh : Especially adapted to northern sections.
Fameuse : Especially adapted to northern sections.
Blenheim : Adapted to best apple sections.

74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

King: Adapted to best apple sections. Should be top grafted.

Wagener: Adapted to best apple sections.

Swayzie Pomme Grise : Adapted to all sections except most northerly.

Greening : Adapted to best apple districts.

Tolman Sweet : Adapted to best apple districts.

Northern Spy : Ad?,pted to best apple districts, but will succeed further
north if top grafted.

Mann : Adapted to best apple districts, but will succeed further north
if top grafted.

Hardy Yarieties Eecommended for Sections North of Latitude

46 Degrees.

Summer.

Yellow Transparent, Charlamoff.

Fall and Winter. . . •

Duchess, Wealthy, Hibernal, Longiield, Pa'tten's Greening, Whitney,
Hyslop, Scott's Winter, (Macoun).

Winter.

King : Adapted to best apple sections. Should be top grafted.

Wagener : Adapted to best apple secftions.

Swayzi'e Pomme Grise: Adapted to all sections except the most north-
erly.

Greening : Adapted to best apple districts. ^

Talman Sweet : Adapted to best apple districts.

Northern Spy : Adapted to best apple districts, but will succeed further
north if top grafted on hardy stock. .

Mann :" Adapted to best apple districts,, but will succeed further north if
top grafted on hardy stock.

Recommended for Simcoe County.

Fall : Alexander, Wolf, Peerless, Blenheim.

Winter: Spv, Baldwin, Greeninor, King, top grafted on hardy stock;
Gano, Stark, Fallawater, Pewaukee, Ontario. (Gaston.)

A List for Profit along the St. Lawrence River.
Fameuse, Mcintosh and Scarlet Pippin. (Jones).

Recommended for Home Uses along St. Lawrence River.

Transparent, Astrachan, Duchess, Alexander, Fameuse, Mcintosh, Scar-
let Pippin, Wealthy, Milwaukee, Scott's Winter. (Jones).

PEACHES.

A List for Profit, Intended to Cover the Season, Named in Order of

Ripening.

Sneed, Alexander, Greensboro, St. John, Champion, Early Crawford,
New Prolific, Elberta, Engol Mammoth, Stevens, Longhurst, Smock.
(Woolverton).

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 75

PEAES.

A list* of varieties for profit, for planting on north shore of Lake Erie
and Ontario, and on south shore of Georgian Bay and the country between,
named in order of ripening :

Chambers, Giffard, Clapps' Favorite, Bartlett, Hoosic, Hardy, Bosc,
Louise, Duchess, Pitmaston, Anjou, Easter. (Woolverton).

PLL^MS.

A Select List egr Profit.

Eed June, Bradshaw, Yellow Egg, Burbank, Satsuma, Chabot, Lom-
bard, Quackenbos, Grand Duke, Peine Claude, Monarch. (Woolverton.)

A List Eecommended for Home Gardens in the St. Lav^rence District,
No Variety being Worth Planting for Profit.

European: Gueii, Glass, Lombard, Sfhipper's Pride.
Japan : Maru, Ogon, Eed June, Burbank.
American: Milton, Whittaker, Hammer. (Jones).

DESIEABLE PLUMS, (H. L. Hutt.)

A few of the Ifeading varieties of European Plums, named in their or-
der of ripening*: 1. Bradshaw, 2. Imperial Gage, 3. Gueii, 4. Shipper's
Pride, 5. Lombard, (liable to over bear, requires thinning); 6. Quacken-
boss, T. Yellow Egg, 8. Grand Duke, 9. Coe's Golden Drop, 10. Eeine
Claude, (one of the best for canning.)

A few of the best Japanese Plums in order of ripening. These are ap-
parently quite as hardy as the European varieties: 1. Eed June, 2. Abun-
dance, 3. Burbank, 4. Chabot, 5. Satsuma, (red fleshed, desirable for can-
*iiing.)

A few of the best American Plums in order of ripening. These are
extremely hardy, and are desirable where the European and Japanese varie-
ties cannot be grown: 1. Atkin, 2. Cheney, 3. Bixby, 4. Mankata, 5. Wolf,
6. Hawkeye, 7. Stoddard.

CHEEEIES.

Varieties recommended for the Niagara peninsula, to cover the season,
named in order of ripening.

For Profit.

Governor Wood, Knight, Napoleon, Orel, Early Eichmond, Mont-
morency, Late Duke, Windsor, English Morello.

EoR Dessert.

Cleveland, Knight, Elton, Black Tartarian, Hortense, Choisy, Black
Eagle.

*For sections farther north the Flemish Beautv is ahont the only variety that can
be recommended as suflSciently hardy and at the same time of good quality. (L.W.)

76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Foe Nortiiern Sections.

Orel, Early Eichmond, Montmorency, Eiissian 207, Koslov, English
Morello. (Woolverton).

For Simcoe County.

Orel, Ostheim, Eussian 207, Bessarabian, Dyehouse, English Morello.

(Caston).

GEAPES.

♦Varieties for Profit in the Niagara District.

Black: Concord, Worden, Campbell.

White : Niagara, Diamond.

Red: Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Catawba, Yergennes. (Pettit).

EASPBEEEIES.

For Profit in Lake Huron District.

Early: Marlboro, Turner, Eeliance.

Medium io late: Cuthbert, Phoenix and Loudon. (A. E. Sherrington).

BLACKBEEEIES.

For Profit.

In Peach Sections: K^'ttatinny, Ancient Briton, El Dorado, Agawam.
In Colder Sections: Snyder, El Dorado, Taylor, Ohmer, Agawam.
(Woolverton).

CTJEEANTS.

For Profit.

Burlington District.

Fed: Wilder, Cherry, Pomona.

Black : Saunders, Naples.

White: Grape, Imperial. (Peart).

STEAWBEEEIES.

For Profit; to Cover the Season.

Earliest: Success or Monitor, where Michel or Van Deman do not
succeed.

Mid-Season: Tennessee Prolific or Splendid; Sample, Williams or Lyon.
Late : Aroma, Gandy or Joe, Nettie. (Stevenson).

•Where the soil and location is favorable for early ripening I would add Champion
and Catawba to the list, but would plant a larger proportion of Niagara and Concord
than any other. (Pettit.)

19^ FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 77

FIEST POMOLOGICAL MEETING.

After corresponding with Mr. G. C. Creelman, Chairman of the Board
of Control, the Secretary called a public meeting of the experimenters in the
Members' Parlor, Parliament Buildings, on Thursday evening, the 18th of
November, 1904, during the week of the E'ruit, Flower and Honey Show.

The object of this meeting was (1) to have the experience of the special-
ists in each fruit, si'pplemented by that of experimenters from different
parts; (2) to give the public an opportunity of asking questions about varie-
ties of fruits, and (3) to supplement and enrich the Report of the Fruit
Stations by the interesting and valuable matter thus obtained.

CHAIRMAN'S ADDRESS.
By G. C. Creelman, President O.A.C, Guelph.

As I have now assumed the responsible position of Chairman of the
Board of Control of the Fruit Experiment Stations, there are two or three
matters connected with tfhe work to which I should like to draw the attention
of the experimenters. These stations have now been in existence for nine
years, and in one or two respects a crisis has been reached in connection with
the work. This work has increased more rapidly than have the funds avail-
able for it. Each experimenter has more to do and has greater responsi-
bility than formerly, and I think that the time has come when the remun-
eration will have to be increased. There' has been some dissatisfaction ex-
pressed and some have talked of giving up the work. I hope that some ar-
rangement can be made that will cause them to reconsider this, because the
work is of the greatest importance to the Province. The people are just
beginning to realize the advantages to be gained by having an accurate
knowledge of the varieties of fruit best suited to their respective districts.
The time has come for us to broaden our work, and test at the different
stations those varieties which have given the best satisfaction at each indi-
dual station. The time has come for a weeding out process. Many of you
have been testing varieties which you knew all along were of no value to
your district. These should be discarded, and varieties introduced in their
placfe which have been tested sufficiently to warrant the belief that they may
prove desirable in your section also. This will simplify the work, and en-
able us to start the next decade on a much better basis. I think that the
Board should meet again at an early date and discuss these matters. If we
can obtain more funds to extend our work still further, well and good; if
not, we must make the best use of what we have.

Mr. Morris : I think our initial mistake was in furnishing young stock
to the Experiment Stations. If scions had been supplied for grafting on
older trees, results would have been obtained much sooner.

Q. You are thinking of apples?

Mr. Morris : Yes, and pears. Instead of planting more trees, the
varieties to be tested should be grafted on the trees the experimenters already
haA^e in the orchard.

Apples.

W. H. Dempsey, Trenton : There are very few new varieties of ap-
ples that, so far as my experience goes, I would care to recommend in pre-
ference to the older varieties, and I have tested them verv carefully. Hence

78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

my commercial list is practically the same as I liave been giving for a num-
ber of years. In selecting varieties, the object aimed at should be to have
a succession of apples to ship all through the apple season. My list' starts
with Duchess; second, Gravenstein.

Q. Would not Alexander come before Gravenstein?

Mr. Dempsey : WhaU trees I have had of Gravenstein have done
remarkably well, but it is a variety that has been neglected in our district.
Then would follow Alexander, and after that Trenton. The Trenton was a
production of my father's and is a cross beitween a Spy and a E-usset. It has
done well with me on light soil. It is a good size, attractive in color, and
brings high prices in Glasgow and Liverpool.

Then follow Wealthy and Mcintosh Red. The latter is not a heavy
cropper, but has about the same quantity of fruit each year. Then comes
Blenheim, a variety that yields heavily every alternate year. The Blen-
heim seems partial to certain small localities. Where it does well, it is very
profitable. Then Greening, and where you have lots of space, King, as it
is large and sells well. The Ontario bears exceedingly well with me and is
large.

Q. Is it more uniform in size than the Spy?

Mr. Dempsey : Yes, more evenly large, and it is a heavy cropper every
alternate year.

Q. I,s it not tender to handle?

A. It requires careful handling, but all apples require that. So far
as handling is concerned, I do not think it makes any difference whether
they are tender or tough.

A Member : It makes some difference when you come to pack them.
Some apples will stand the pressure in the barrel better, such as the Bald-
win, and look better when they get to market than others. I do not know
the Ontario very well. Does it turn black like the Spy when bruised?

Mr. Dempsey : Yes, the bruised spots become dark.

A. Does it take as high a color as the Spy?

A. Fully as high with me; I have very few green Ontarios.

Q. What is its habit of growth?

Mr. Dempsey : It grows very rapidly at first, and does not occupy as
much space when it begins to bear as the Spy. It is a stronger grower than
Wagener and makes a larger tree.

Q. It does not seem to stand the winter as well as S|3y?

A. Just as well with me. Last winter was a very severe winter. Not
far from me Talmans were killed by frost, but I had no trees killed in my
orchard.

Q. I lost a number of young Ontarios last winter.

Mr. Dempsey: The next variety on my list is Nonesuch. It is a very
profitable apple on higher ground in limestone gravel, producing a good
croD of apples of good size and color, where others would be very small. Next
come Spy and Ben Davis.

Q. You did not mention the Ribston Pippin?

A. It is a light bearer, but is a fine apple.

Q. It makes more money than any other in the Burlington district. I
have one lot of trees 13 years old, another lot 18 years, and a third lot of
much older trees.

L. WooLVERTON : I have an old orchard of them, and find that the
trees decav much earli<^r than other varieties.

Mr. Dempsey: Th^^ Ontario will not stand rousrh pruning; it shoiild
be left mo^e to itself. I fully agree with Mr. Ma<^oun's ideas of pruning —

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 79

the outside limbs should be thinned considerably, and not as much cut from
the inside.

In amateur varieties, there is nothing that will give better satisfaction
than the Benoni and Primate. The latter is an excellent cooker. Then
come Garden Gem and Parlin's Beauty, two new varieties. Then Cox
Orange Pippin, one of the best dessert varieties I know. It comes in in Oc-
tober and November.

Q. Is it better than Benoni?

A. Yes, better in quality. I like it better than Fameuse or Mcintosh,
but it is a tender variety and a slow grower, as it kills back. Next come
Banana and Boyd, and for late varieties for amateurs, there is nothing bet-
ter than Swayzie Pomme Grise.

Q. What about the Yellow Bellflower?

A. I do not think I would include it. I would not plant it myself,
but I am aware that it takes well in some of the western American markets,
which we have not been in the habit of supplying.

Q. Is Cox's Orange liable to spot?

A. I do not remember seeing spot on it.

Harold Jones, Maitland : The Duchess does well with us. In the
Ottawa valley and the lower S^. Lawrence valley it is classed as an early
fall apple, whereas in Central Ontario it is apparently classed as a summer
apple. It is not really ripe with us until the middle of September.

Q. It would come in with the Wealthy then?

A. No; Wealthy is later than that. Varieties such as Astrachan and
Yellow Transparent are our summer apples. Next in order of ripening,
come St. Lawrence and Alexander, then Wealthy.

Q. Do you recommend St. Lawrence?

A. Taking an average for a period of ten years, it has not proved sat-
isfactory in the markets. It is a good showy apple, but at times the de-
mar »1 for it seems almost to cease.

Q. You do not advise planting it, then?

A, .Vo; I do not.

Q. Have you ever exported it?

A. No; I have had very little experience in exporting.

Q- What time do you gather?

A. About the end of September, and the fruit will keep nicely for three
weeks. Alexander is a good apple and a good seller;
It has a good reputation as an export apple.

Q. For how long can you keep it in fair condition after gathering?

A. Until the middle of October.

Mr. Dempsey : It has given me good returns also.

Mr. Jones : It is perfectly hardy, and I have never heard any com-
plaints of winter injury. It is a fair bearer. The fruit is sometimes at-
t'acked by rot on the tree, but not seriously.

Q. Do you find that on older trees?

Mr. Jones : No, on young trees. I have trees bearing from 6 to 23
years planted. Just individual specimens will rot. I have sprayed regular-
ly, and have never met with any serious loss, although I have known of those
who have.

Q. Is it not subject to scab?

A. Not with me.

jVFr. Sherrington : It is in our section even when sprayed.

Mr. Dempsey : I have a few trees, and where not sprayed they crack
and rot

8« THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Q. Do you prefer the Wolf River to Alexander?

A. It has not been bearing long enough with me to form an opinion.

A Member : The Wqlf lliver will keep till Christmas and Alexander
will not. .

Mr. Jones : Following the Alexander and Wolf River, we come to
Wealthy. Our Wealthy is not quite equal to that of the Ottawa Valley. I
have watched Wealthy in the St. Lawrence valley for five or six years, anS
it does not grow to the same perfection either as to color or size that it does
in the Ottawa Valley. It has evidently found its home in the Ottawa val-
ley, although it is an admirable apple with us.

Mr. WooLVERTON : Mr. Wright, of Renfrew, has grown some of the
finest Wealthy s I have ever seen.

Mr. Jones : All will acknowledge that some varieties will do better in
one locality than in another. In the St. Lawrence Valley, the Fameuse is
the best commercial variety. It used to be supposed that it could not be
kept free from spot, and although it is difiicult some years, I have never yet
failed to accomplish it. It is a clean apple if it is sprayed and taken intel-
ligent care of. The Fameuse, Mcintosh and Scarlet Pippin belong to the
one group or family, and all are peculiarly adapted to our section. It is
only in minor points that one is superior to the other. Of the three the
Fameuse bears the largest crops of fair sized fruit. All are subject to spot,
but can be kept free by spraying. All are fancy apples and take well on
the market, and bring top price in their season. Scarlet Pippin is rather
inclined to run small as the trees age, but with me they have never run so
small as to be unmarketable. Mcintosh Red is the largest of the three and
the most attractive in color, but^does not ship as well as either of the others.
It is distinctly a box apple, and could be wrapped to advantage. In that
way you will get the greatest benefit out of a good article. I do not know
whether it is the fault of tlie packers or the fault of the fruit, but there is
more complaint of injury to these apples when packed in barrels than in
the case of any other variety. It has been bringing from twenty-five to
thirty-five cents per barrel more than Fameuse or Scarlet Pippin during
the last three years. I put up a box on October 12, and opened it yesterday
in perfect condition. The fruit was wrapped.

Mr. Macoun : I got ten barrels from Mr. Harkness, of Irena, a few
weeks ago. They were taken to the station, four or five miles, and then ship-
ped fifty miles by train to Ottawa, and afterwards delivered at the farm.
They opened up practically without a bruise; but they were well packed.
They bruise easier than Fameuse, but if carefully packed, they will stand
shipping in barrels for short distances.

Mr Jones : I think it' is just as well to emphasize the difficulties so
that they may be, taken into consideration. Mr. Dempsey mentioned Blen-
heim Orange as valuable in Trenton. It is tender with us, and so is Green-
ing. King is tender in the bud. I planted three trees of Ontario in 1896,
and as I rather liked the character of the tree and the appearance of Mr.
Dempsey 's orchard, I planted 165 trees. They are all dead now and cut
down. We have a few Ontario scions four years old on Pewaukee stock
nlive, but they were injured last winter, so that the Ontario must be classed
as tender in our section. The Spy top-grafted does fairly well, but the fruit
bud is uncertain. The Ribston Pippin is a light bearer and tender in bud.
We have no winter apple that is really valuable in a commercial way. The
best we have from the growers standpoint is Scott's Winter. It bears when
the trees are fifteen or sixteen years old, and the fruit is of moderate size,
2i inches on the average. The yield is from five to six barrels. This is

904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 81

the only winter apple we liave that there is any profit in. Golden Eusset
is the next best bearer, but it is shy with us. An acre of Gol-
den Eusset will give us about as much money in five years as an acre of
Fameuse will in one. The Canada Ked comes in the same category, and
cannot be grown on a paying basis. We have a promising winter apple in
the Milwaukee, which we are now testing. It is a seedling of Duchess, and
has a great many characteristics of that variety, both in the tree and in the
fruit. The tree requires very little care, does not run to suckers, develops
fruit buds early, and seems to be a business tree. The fruit is more oblate
than Duchess, and it keeps very well into Eebruary. I have twenty five
Milwaukee top-grafted on Gideon, Longfield, and other hardy stock. The
apple is from 3^ to 4 inches in diameter, and if it will only hang on the
tree, J think it it will prove a valuable variety. At Ottawa it gives bet-
tor on sandy soil than on heavy clay loam. It has borne with me since 1899.

Charles Young, St. Joseph Island : I have had an idea for many
years that we could grow apples in the Norfh, and I therefore determined
to attend this meeting in search of information. The trouble we have is in
the selection of varieties. Unfortunately we were sent varieties to test which
could not possibly succeed. If I had been asked previous to last winter to
give a list of varieties that would succeed, it! would have been a good deal
different from the lis;t I would give now. To give you an idea of the interest
taken in fruit growing in the north, I may say that in September I received
and answered 33 letters making enquiries in reference to fruit growing. I
have made most money out of Duchess, Pewaukee, Scott's Winter and Gid-
eon. They are classed as undesirable here, but we find them very desirable.
The Pewaukee is apt t!o drop from the tree, but this may be overcome by
heavy manuring and good cultivation. Scott's Winter is small, but has
good keeping qualities. Gideon is a very good apple with us and does not
decay at the core to the same extent as further south. I do not know of any
other varieties that I can recommend except Wealthy. A good keeping
winter apple we have not yet found. We cannot grow King, Baldwin or
Spy. A great manj; Spys have been planted, but I am not aware of one that
succeeded even when top-grafted on Baldwin and Talman stock.

Mr. Macoun : Mr. Caston recommends top-grafting on Talman stock
for his district, but what Mr. Young stat'es seems to point to the fact that
the same stock is not suitable for all districts. We have 90 tender varie-
ties that could not be grown in the ordinary way which we have top-grafted
on Russian stock. 'None of them survived last winter, showing that hardy
stock does not make the top hardy enough to stand any extra cold. The gen-
eral supposition is that a hardy stock makes the top hardy. We have found
that the only advantage of top-grafting on hardy trunks is that you avoid
sun scald on the trunks, and bring the trees into bearing earlier.

Mr. Caston : I do not think it was ever claimed that it would raakp
the top appreciably hardier. My claim has always been that where decay
and failure, either in the root or the stock occurs, it may be overcome by
top grafting.

Mr. HiLBOHN : I am inclined to think from my experience that^ the
stock influences the root. We had plums grafted on peach stock and grow-
ing in the same block with peach trees, and nearly all the plums came
through last winter, whereas every peach was killed, — the roots of the pea-
ches were killed, not the tops.

Mr. MoERis : My opinion is that the root has no influence on the top,
but the top does influence the root. Talman Sweet is usually recommended
for top-grafting, having come into use years ago when it was about the only

6 F.E.S.

82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

hardy variety we had. At the present time we have a large number of vari-
eties tiiai are better than Talman for top-grafting, and make stronger, hand-
somer, and far better trees in every way, such as Gideon, Haas, McMahon
White, Pewaukee, Wallbridge, etc. I would avoid the Russians because they
stop growing early in the season. They have but one growth in the season,
and that is the reason >they are successful in cold countries. American and
English varieties make a second growth of wood, which in cold countries
like Manitoba is killed in winter, because it has not ripened. Ripening
early, as Russian varieties do, you will notice that in a rainy season fol-
lowing a season of drouth, they will throw up suckers from the root.

Q. How is Yellow Transparent?

A. I would not recommend it for topping.

Mr. Caston : Yellow Transparent is one of the best stocks there is to
work Spys on in our section.

Cherries.

G. C. Caston, Craighurst : I have been experimenting with the Rus-
sian varieties. These are excellent canners. If I were asked for a list, I
would place them something like this : First, Orel 24. This is hardy with
us, although last winter the fruit buds were killed on all plum and cherry
trees. The tree does not make a rapid growth, but the trunk is smooth, and
not inclined to blemish. The fruit is fair size, about the same as Ostheim,
and nearly black when ripe. Then Ostheim; then Russian 207. This isi a
red cherry. Then Lithaur and Bessarabian. Bessarabian is a red cherry
and a very good one, but more subect to black-knot. Next in quality is
Pyehouse, and English Morello. The latter has not behaved as well in the
last few years as it did at first. It bears early, and I thought at one time
it would take the lead. The Montmorency I have not fruited yet. The
cherry most generally grown in our section in years gone by was Early Rich-
mond.

Charles Young, St. Joseph Island : We succeed remarkably well
with cherries, that is sour cherries. I like Richmond, Montmorency, and
English Morello. Up to last winter I could noti say that one was more ten-
der than another. Ostheim I do not think much of, and have never succeed-
ed in getting a full crop. The only thing to recommend it is {hat it is the
nearest approach we have to a sweet cherry when it is dead ripe.

Q. Do you get a crop of Montmorency?

Mr. Young: Yes; a full crop.

Q. Did you have cherries this year?

A. Yes J but not' a full crop.

Q. Have you the Orel?

A Yes, Cjuitp a lot of them, and they are doing fairly well.

Mr. j\I/coui\ : Last summer I visited the Lower St. Lawrence, sixty
miles below Quebec, and was surprised to find that they could grow cherries
there to perfection, ai» i they have a very severe winter. I think that owng
to the moisture in the air caused by fhe presence of large bodies oi water,
the buds ar? better protected in winter. It is the drying out of the biids by
thf^ cold dry v.'inds of winter that does he killing. Damp cold has quite a
different oflVot 'mcl does not dry them out.

Mr. Jones : My experience bears this out. I am satisfied that rriuch
of the loss last winter in apples, cherries and plums was due to drouth ^^-
ther Than to cold in the sense in which we usually regard it'. Last winter
(inr trees were frozen solid on November 15, and we had no thaws during

6a F.E s.

1904: FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 83

the winter and the trees remained frozen till the middle of March. During
that time a certain amount of evaporation was going on from the twigs,
and no moisture was supplied by the root system, and consequen^tly the buds
died.

Q. Would you say that winter thaws are good for trees?

A. I think so. I think it was the lack of a January thaw that was
the chief cause of our serious loss.

Mr. Macoun : If trees are protected from the winds during cold wea-
ther they will not dry out nearly so rapidly. I had fifteen varieties of ap-
ples sent me from Eastern Manitoba this fall which were as fine as any that
could be grown at Ottawa. The grower had his orchard pro^tected by wind-
breaks. I think that spruce hedges will partially solve the problem of ap-
ple growing in Manitoba.

Mr, Young : We never have a January thaw in St. Joseph's Island.
All small fruits are perfectly hardy with us except the blackberry, but of
course some varietif^s are hardier than others. I can make more money
out of strawberries than anything else. I sold from |500 to -''^GOO worth last
year, none of them at less than ten cents per box. I even shipped them to
Toronto towards the latter end of the season.

Q. What is your strawberry season?

Mr. Young: It is about two weeks later than at Oakville. It be-
gins about the last week in June. Easpberries do not do quite as well. The
Cuthbert grows too late into the season and the frost is hard on it on that
account. The Louden is an all round better market berry.

Q. What is your principal market?

A. The local m^arket. We cannot begin to supply the demand. We
do not ship further than the Soo. Our market is of course very limited, but
eastern e-rowers send their fruit to Winnipeg and sell it for less money than
they could get with us.

Grapes.

M. Pettit, Winona : I have fruited about 150 varieties, new and old.
The new varieties have been very disappointincf, and the onlv one I can re-
commend for general market purposes is Campbell's Early. It is early, pro-
ductive and of fine quality and appearance. For vineyard purposes, I would
recommend planting the following : Worden, Concord, Delaware, Lindley
and Agawam. The latter has shown a weakness this year, being very sub-
ject to rot, p^ore so than almost any other variety. I think tbis is on ac-
count of the leaf beinar rather smooth, which enables the spores to take hold
more readilv than on downy-leafed varieties. I would also recommend Yer-
gennes, and Catawba, where it ripens. In White grapes, Moore's Diamond
and Niagara. Moore's Diamond is early and of good quality. Rogers No.
43, 44, and 28 are also good grapes to plant. I would strongly recommend
the Kniffen system of pruning grapes. It is more simple and cheaper than
the old fan system and can be done by inexperienced help.

As regards fertilizers, I have used wood ashes, stable manure and com-
mercial fertilizer. I do not think there is anything to be gained from lime
fertilizers on heavy soils where you have sufficient moisture. They may give
a little ni(>re growth of wood, but little if any more fruit.

Q. Will it not pay to fertilize if the wood growth is poor?

Mr. Pettit : Yes, with varieties that do not make enough wood
growth, you can force it in this way to advantage. With the stronger grow-
ing varieties, if you have moisture enough you will have plenty of wood
growth with ordinary cultivation.

84 THE REPORT OE THE No. 17

Peaches.

W. W. HiLBORN, Leamington : As you are aware, in tlie Leamington
district we lost most of our peach trees last winter, owing to the cold wea-
ther killing the roots? The tops came through in good condition and came
into bloom. In some cases the fruit set, but it shrivelled up later on, and
the trees died.

Q. Is the bark sound around the trunk above the ground on the trees
that are living?

A. I examined a good many orchards containing' trees of different ages,
and found that trees were killed sometimes solely at the root, and some-
times there was a ring around the tree just above the ground or just below
the limbs. Most of the trees that escaped were young trees one year plan-
ted.

Q. Would not a cover crop prevent winter-killing?

Mr. HiLBORN : I see by the Horticulturist that a grower in New York
State saved his trees by growing chickweed as a cover crop where hundreds
of trees not so protected were killed. It is, however, diflB.cult to grow a'
cover crop in an orchard of mature Irees, as immediately around the trunk,
the crop will not grow.

Q. Would it not be beneficial to grow the trees in sod and mulch heavi-
ly around the tree?

Mr. HiLBORN : It might be worth trying. Rape was formerly a good
cover crop, but will not grow now as there apnears to be a blight on the
leaves.

Q. What do you think of budding peaches on plum stock? Would it
not give a hardier fruit?

Mr. Morris : My experience in that connection was very satisfactory.
We budded several thousand trees, and w^hile they made a good growth the
first year, they 'soon died out.

Prof. Hutt: I watched the conditions in Mr. Hilborij's district, and
think that what is needed is a good heavy crop. On their light land it is
difficult to secure this, but I think that the hairy vetch would be found satis-
factory. We have tried eighteen different cover crops at the College, and
we find that hairy vetch makes a quick growth in the fall and is very thick,
and comes through the winter without any trouble.

Mr. HiLBORN : Would it not be difficult to get rid of it close to the
frees in the spring:

Prof. HuTT: The shade of the trees would kill it out.

Mr. Morris : I find that if sown early it will grow around the trees
nicely, and will form a mat which will hold the moisture to the roots dur-
ing winter.

Q. Is not the seed very expensive?

Prof. Hutt : You can get it at |4.50 a bushel The seed w411 not ma-
iure in this country.

Mr. HiLBORN : The following list of recommended varieties covers the
whole season: Alexander, St. John, Early Crawford, Fitzgerald, Garfield,
New Prolific, Engol Mammoth, Elberta, Crosby, Bronson, Golden Drop,
Kalamazoo, Banner, Smock.

]\rr. WooLVERTON : For home use I would suggest the Sneed, coming
in about July 26.

Mr. HiLBORN : It as not been very satisfactory with us, as it is small
and rather poor in quality.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 85

Pears.

A. W. Peart, Burlington : If I were planting a peai orchard next
spring and you asked me what variety I would plant, I would say Duchess
on Quince root. If you asked for a list for the Burlington district I would
recommend the following: Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Duchess, Keilter,
and Winter iVelis.

As regards money in pears, there has been very little this year, for the
reason that the crop was only a moderate one, and pears were badly stung-
by curculio, and some varieties were badly spotted. Many of the growers
who have been in the habiif of exporting tender pears such as Clapp and
Bartlett, did not ship any at all. We have had a sad experience in connec-
tion with our export shipments, and until facilities are such as will com-
mand the confidence of the shippers, I do not think we shall ship many. We
can ship Duchess without cold storage to Glasgow, and it is the best bearing
pear we grow.

Q. Do you plant Duchess deep?

Mr. Peart : About six inches below the point of grafting. If planted
higher a heavy rain followed by hail is apt to throw them sideways. I think
six inches is quite deep enough.

Q. Have you tried Duchess Standards?

J\[r. Peart : Yes, but they are not nearly as good as Duchess Dwarfs.

Mr. Pettit : I can find no sale for Keiffer. I think there are too many
Keiffer trees^ in the country now. There is not more than a quarter of them
in full bearing, and when they do come in. what are you to do with the
fruit?

Mr. Peart : In my experience they have brought in as much money as
any other variety we grow. It is a variety that will rise in public estimation
as it becomes better known. When fully ripe, the flavor is superior to Bart-
lett.

Mr. Pettit: Where did you sell your Xeiffers and make money out
of them ^

A. Glasgow is our market. Ynu can afford to sell them at a low price
because of their productiveness. The average price last year was four shil-
lins-R per box, reckoninpr five boxes to the barrel. Aftfer deductinsr nine
shillings for grading, packing and packages, you have a net profit of about
eleven shillinors per barrel. Duchess sold at eleven and twelve shillings
per box; that is 50 to 60 shillings per barrel.

0. Do you still advocate the general planting of Keiffer?

Mr. Peart: Merely in the Burlington district. I would plant some,
but there is more money in Duchess.

A Member : In our section Keiifers are being grafted over.

Q. If thpre T.« more money in Duchess, why should you plant Keiffer?

Mr. Peart : The Keiffer will, I believe, establish a name for itself as
a preserving pear.

Q. What were they worth at the Burlington canning factory this year^

Mr. Peart : I did not sell any to the canning factory.

A Member : I sold some and got only half a cent a pound.

Mr. Peart : The price on the local market is no test, provided you
can place the fruit on the foreign market in good condition.

Q. Is not the Keiffer an excellent pear to graft on?

Mr. Pettit: Flemish Beauty trunks are larger than Giffard while
Keiffers are very much smaller.

86

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Mr. Peart , I believe there are different families of Keiffers. I find
that one line of stock may give larger pears than another line

Mr Pettit • We thought' the same thing, and marked the trees tnat
had small pears. Next season they were the trees that bore the larger pears,
and the other trees the smaller ones.

Q. Do you find the Winter Nelis blights-'

Mr. Peaut : Not with me

Q. Can you give a remedy for blight?

Mr Peart • i can give a preventive. Over-culfivatiou and cure tends
to induce blight. Do not take too good care of the trees, and do not over-
cultivate and fertilize them.

Q. Have you tried Giffard? - ^ • i

A. The Wilder is better with me, although not quite as fine in qual-

^ ^' Charles Young, St. Joseph's Island : Pears have never_ been much
of a success with us, and I'm afraid they never will be An]0u has win-
tered well with me, whereas Flemish Beauty has been killed.

Plums.

Harold Maitland : My European varieties of plums last winter were
almost entirely killed out. This year we had no fruit and no bWms on
any of the trees except on Glass, Gueu, and Shipper's Pride The latter
is the only one that grows to maturity, and Glass is evidently the har-
diest of the three. I have two varieties of Dunlop seedlings from the is-
land of Montreal - Eaynes, and Mount Royal - that came through
last winter without injury and grew nicely during the summer; they pro-
mise to be hardier than anything I have m European varieties. The Jap-
anese have proved tender with us both m wood and bud. I ^ave Red June
Burbank and Maru. They came through without any injury and bore two
specimens of fruit, which goes to show that they were hard.er than the
European varieties as they were growing under the same conditions.

Plums of the true American type have not been doing as well with me
on heavv clay loam as thev hdve been doing on the sandv soil at Otiawa. 1
think that this is a case where the soil should be changed. I l^ave plums of
the same group and of the Chickasaw group that are doing remarkably wel
Among them the Whittaker gives promise of being quite valuable as a gai-
den vfrietv. I cannot say whether it will be valuable ^^ -"^^^''\l\\l-
riety, as whenever I have placed Whittaker and other red P^.^^ "^U^^^J;-
cal market in competition with the European plums grown m the Niagara
district, thev have not sold well. .

Q What is their value for preserving or canning.'' .

Mr Jones: Whittaker is a nice canning plum: it. is thin skinned,
does not break, and gives a nice clear syrup, but there is a slight bitterness

*'°™4%"*Tf.art. Burlington: The best commercial plums in the Bur-
lington district are the European varieties such as Bradshaw. Niagara
Quackenboss, Yellow Egg and the Reine Claude. Speaking g^^^f ^"j; ^.f ^^
say that too many plums are planted m this province and that there is no

money in^ ^Hildoen, Leamington : In Essex we are not growing many
plums ■ I have handled a few hundred trees, but last year they were affec-
tTiL same wav as the peach trees, through wmterkilling. We^ did not
have a January thaw and the frost went so deep that it destroyed the r,ots
while the tops were not injured. We lost three quarters of our plum and
peach trees.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 87

A. M. Smith, St. Catharines : I obtained two new varieties of Bur-
bank from California, and both have done remarkably well with me during
the last two years.

Mr. HiLBORN : The Bradshaw, Lombard and Monarch have succeeded
best with us. The yellow varieties are very grood on light soil.

Q. How did the Monarch stand last winter?

A. About the same as the others; the young trees came through, but
the older ones were killed.

Charles Young, St. Joseph Island. In plums, the American varie-
ties break down. European varieties may give a good crop one year, and
the next the tree may be dead. The Japanese have been the most :iuccessful
of anv varieties: I have tried,

Mr. Macoun : We ^nd that American varieties of plums recover so
rapidly after breaking down, that it pays to grow them, and growers around
Ottawa are planting more every year. To avoid this difficulty, you might
plant Cherry or Aitken ; they are of the wild type and never break down. We
have tested one hundred varieties of new American plums and some of them
and very line mdeed, including Admiral Schley, Bonberger and Smith.
These are superior to the Hawkeye. We are growing a seedling called Wel-
come, which has more good points than any American plum I L-^.e tested.
Japanese varieties have not been successful at Ottawa, the buds having been
killed every winter, with the exception of Eed June. We are growing
seedlings of this variety which had a very fair crop this year where other
varieties were killed. We have called these Togo and Oyama.

EEPOET OF INSPECTION.

By Prof. H. L. Hutt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

The past year has been one of the most trying that Ontario fruit growers
have experienced in a long time. The extreme severity of last winter caused
the loss of at least one-third of the fruit trees of the Province. This loss was
not confined to any particular section, but was more or less general through-
out the Province. On the whole, the Niagara district suffered less than most
others, the injury being confined mostly to the loss of fruit-buds. In the Es-
sex district hundreds of acres of peach orchards were destroyed, while plums,
cherries, and even apples were more or less seriously injured. In northern
and central Ontario more than half of the plum and pear trees were winter
killed, and many varieties of apples proved too tender. In eastern Ontario
apples are the principal tree fruits grown, and the most of these are of the
hardier varieties, but in many cases even the so called hardy varieties were
winter killed, particularly where the trees had borne heavily the previous
season. This fact was quite evident in all sections : that those trees which
were over-loaded last year and consequently were somewhat weakened by the
heavy drain upon the vitality, suffered most severely from the severity of
the winter. An excellent example of this was afforded in the orchard of
Harold Jones, Maitland, where a dozen or more of his Fameuse trees most
heavily loaded last year are now dead ; and one tree which bore very heavily
only on one side is dead upon that side, and so far quite healthy on the other.

Note — For illustrations of this Report see pages 61-54.

88 THE REPORT OF THE No. i;

On account of the great loss of trees throughout the country there wil.
necessarily be an extra lot of replanting to do next spring. For this reasoi
I have made it a point to get from each of the experimenters a carefully pre-
pared list of the varieties of the different kinds of fruit he would recommend
for planting in his section. These lists, coming as they do from men of wide
experience in fruit growing, are of particular value to intending planters,
and I would strongly urge that they be published as soon as possible so that
they be in the hands of the planters before the time for ordering the stock.

The Southwestern Station, Leamington.

This station is in the centre of what has been regarded as one of the best
peach sections in Ontario. Many growers in this district had gone so ex-
tensively into peach culture that they had from fifty to one hundred acres of
peach trees in bearing. The first great set back came with the severe winter
of 1898 and 1899, when nearly 90 per cent, of the trees were winter killed.
Mr. Hilborn at that time had one hundred acres of peach trees just nicely
in bearing, but lost all but four or five acres. Since then he had been re-
planting till he had about eighty acres again in trees. Last winter, however,
killed out nearly every peach trees on his place, and I h^rd it stated that
there was probably not ten acres of healthy peach orchard left in all of that
district.

Mr. Hilborn is not discouraged, however, but would like to plant again
a small orchard of the leading varieties for experimental work.

My own impression is that the best thing we could do for the fruit grow-
ers of that section would be to set out an orchard of ten or twelve acres of the
leading varieties of peaches and conduct experiments more along the line of
cover crops and methods of winter protection. This at the present time would
be of greater value to that section than extensive variety tests.

In this connection Mr. Hilborn said that if the Board decided on plant-
ing more trees, he would like to be allowed to procure them himself, on an
order from the Board. He says that he can procure them cheaper than they
are usually supplied to the Board, and in fresher and better condition when
they come to him direct.

The following is a list of the varieties of peaches, plums, and cherries
which Mr. Hilborn recommends for planting in his section :

Peaches : Alexander, Yellow St. John, Brigden, Early Crawford, Fitz-
gerald, New Prolific, Engol Mammoth, Elberta, Crosby, Kalamazoo, Gol-
den Drop, Banner, and Smock.

Plvm..^: Burbank, Satsuma, Bradshaw, Lombard, Monarch, Imperial,
Gage, and Reine Claude.

Cherries : Napoleon Bigarreau, Schmidt's Bigarreau, Mercer, Yellow
Spanish, Windsor, Montmorency and Earlv Richmond.

Since Mr. Hilborn has had to turn his attention to (something else than
pen^h'^s, he has g-one larsrely into the growing of early vegetables, such as
cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, and melons. As he is in one of the most
southern sections of Ontario and on particularly warm sandy soil, he has
all the natural advantages for producing very early crops, which usually
brin^ a high price in the market. He says his tomatoes this year paid bet-
ter than peaches ever did.

1904: FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 89

The Went worth Station, Winona.

The fruit to which special attention is being given at this station is
grapes, of which Mr. Pettit has about twenty-five acres, including 146 va-
rieties.

The vines set their usual heavy crops this year, but on account of the
cold, backward season, the fruit was very late in ripening, hardly any of it
being fit for display at the time of the Toronto Exhibition. Many of the
late varieties, in fact, did not ripen their croo at all. The brown and black
rot of the grape were much worse this year than ever before in Ontario. In
many vineyards, particularly of the Eoger varieties, the crop wa.^ more than
half spoiled. It is important that grape growers should know that both of
these forms of rot can be kept in check by thorough spraying with the Bor-
deaux mixture. If the disease gets a good foothold in this country, as it has
in many of the grape growing sections of the United States, it will be im-
possible after a time to get a crop of grapes wiihout thorough spraying.

The results of Mr. Pettit's variety tests are already valuable, for they
show plainly that very few of many new varieties advertised are of value
in this country. From among the large number tested, the following are
recommended as a few of the best : Blach — Concord, Worden, Wilder, and
Campbell's Early; Red — Delaware, Lindley, Agawam and Catawba; White
— Niagara and Moore's Diamond.

In addition to his vineyard, Mr. Pettit has about forty acres in orchards,
mostly of pears and plums. He has 28 varieties of peaches, 25 of plums, 16
of cherries, 12 of pears, and 6 of apples.

So far he has been reporting almost wholly upon his specialty, grapes,
but we think it would be well to have from him, as well as from the other
experimenters, a report on the other fruits which they are growing largely.
This would widen considerably the usefulness of the stations, and we could
well afford to allow the experimenters extra for the extra work required of
them.

Of the other fruits tested Mr. Pettit recommends the following varieties
as the most profitable for his section :

Peaches : Alexander, Greensboro, Yellow St. John, Early Crawford,
Elberta, Smithson, and Smock.

These are given in their order of ripening, and he would advise planting
only a few of the first two mentioned.

Pears : Gitfard, Bartlett, Howell, Duchess and Anjou.

Plums : Bradshaw, Lombard, Gi^and Duke, Burban(k, Yellow Egg,
Peine Claude, and Monarch.

Cherries : Napoleon Bigarreau, Windsor, Peine Hortense, Black
Heart, Early Richmond, and Bessarabian.

The Burlington Station, Freeman.

Mr. Peart has a larsre qreneral collection of fruits made up of 69 varieties
of apples, 45 of pears, 50 of plums, 10 of peaches, 8 of cherries, 28 of grapes,
27 of currants, 6 of gooseberries, 22 of blackberries, 3 of raspberries, and one
of quinces. Many of these he has had under test for a long time, and is thus
in a position to give valuable information regarding the best varieties to

90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

plant in Lis section. Following is a list of the varieties he recommends of
the various classes of fruits :

Apples : Summer : Astrachan, Duchess. Fall : Ribston and Blenheim.
Winter : Baldwin, Spy, Greening and King.

Pears : Wilder, Bartlett, Clapp's Favorite, Anjou, Clairgeau (dwarf),
Kieffer, Winter Nelis, Easter Beurre.

European Plums : Bradshaw, Niagara, Quackenboss, Lombard, Imper-
ial Gage, Eeine Claude ; Japan Plums : Willard, Abundance, Burbank, Sat-
suma and Wickson.*

Peaches :' Champion, Crosby, Elberta, Early and Late Crawford, Smock
and Tyhurst.

Cherries: Early Eichmond, Montmorency, English Morello, May
Duke, and Windsor.

Grapes : Worden, Concord, Delaware, Lindley, Niagara and Moore's
Diamond.

Currants: Eed : Wilder, Cherry, Pomona,' New Victoria, North Star;
Black: Saunders, Naples, Collin's Prolific; White: White Grape and Im-
perial.

Raspberries : Marlboro, Miller, Cuthbert, and Loudon.

Gooseberries : Industry and Downing.

Fruit trees on the whole wintered fairly well in this section last year,
and the crop this year was about up to the average. In Mr. Peart' s apple
orchard the crop of Eibstons was exceptionally fine. His plum orchard has
suffered severely with shot hole fungus during the past two or three seasons
and most of the trees will not survive another year. The young experimental
pear orchard set out six or seven years ago is coming nicely into bearing, a
number of new varieties were fruiting this year for the first time.

The Black Eot of the grape made its appearance in this isection this
year as well as in the Niagara district. The crop in Mr. Peart's vineyard
was more or less severely injured.

The Lake Huron Station, Walkerton.

At this station we have also an excellent general collection of fruits for
experimental work, made up of 75 varieties of apples, 85 of pears, 45 of
plums, 25 of cherries, 20 of raspberries, 15 of blackberries, 15 of
currants, 6 of gooseberries, and a half dozen or more strawberries.
So far Mr. Sherrington has been reporting principally upon apples, plums,
and raspberries. At the time of my visit he was in the midst of his small
fruit harvest. Currants and gooseberries were an excellent crop. The rasp-
berries had suffered from the severity of the winter, and also from the drouth
in that section last summer. Plums and cherries had suffered from winter
killinsr more than any other fruits, and there was no crop in the trees left.
Strange to say, the Japan plums had, with few exceptions, proved more hardy
than the European or Domestica varieties. This has been the case also at
most of the other stations.

Mr. Sherrington is very thorough in his management of his orchards and
fruit plantations, and success usually crowns his efforts. He has been par-

*The Wickson is not prorlnotive enough to be profitable. — The Secretary.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 91

ticularly successful with his apple orchard, and has not missed a crop during
the last six or eight years. His crop of Northern Spy® this year was well
worth seeing.

Mr. Sherrington intends putting out a new plantation of raspberries in
the spring, and will use very largely the plants of his own growing, but would
like our iioard to furnish him with a few plants of some of the newer varie-
ties which he has not yet tested.

The Georgian Bay Station, Clarksburg.

At this station there is a good general collection of apples, pears, peaches,
etc., but special attention has been given to plums, of which about 170 va-
rieties have been under test.

The trees Lere, as in most other sections of the Province, had suffered
more or less from winter killing, particularlj^ in the old orchard vrhere the
trees were so heavily loaded last year. The crop this year was comparatively
light. Quite a number of the Japan plums have for several years been
fruiting heavilj^ at this station, and last winter they stood well while a num-
ber of the European varieties succumbed to the severity of the weather.

The following is a list of the European varieties which Mr. Mitchell rec-
ommends as having done the best with him : Washington, Imperial Gage,
Bradshaw, Quackenboiss, Arch Duke, Diamond, Monarch, Yellow Egg, Coe's
Golden Drop, and Eeine Claude.

He has found the Japan plums not nearly so salable as those of the Euro-
pean class, but considers the following the best : Eed June, Burbank, and
Satsuma.

Mr. Mitchell has under test ten varieties of peaches, all the trees of
which bore heavily last year, but last winter gave them a severe test, and
where the trees were not killed outright the fry it buds were destroyed.

The Simcoe Station, Craighurst.

In this section of Ontario, hardiness is necessarily a first consideration
in thp selection of varieties of fruits for planting. Mr. Canton has an excel-
lent general collection of apples, pears, plums, cherries, and the small fruits,
which he has had under careful test for a number of years. He is thus in a
position to give valuable information on any of the fruits suitable for that
district. He has for a number of years past strongly advocated the plan of
toD workinqj- the best vnripfips of a-n-olps, such as Soy and Kins*, uoon hardier
stock, such as the Talman Sweet. The advantage gained by this practice
was auite evident this year, after the severe test to which the trees were put
last winter. The varieties of apples which he recommends for that section are :
Duchess, Alexander, Peerless, Snow, Blenheim, Greening, Eallawater, On-
tario, Spy, Gano, and Stark. The Baldwin, Greening, King, Spy, and On-
tario, he says, should always be top grafted on hardy stock in that district.

Out of the 25 varieties of cherries tested for a number of years he recom-
mends Ostheim, Orel No. 24, Russian No. 207, Bessarabian, Montmorency
and Dyehouse.

Mr. Caston has been very successful in the cultivation of raspberries and
blackberries, which not only bear well but bring profitable prices in the local
markets.

92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

The Culhbert lias been his best red raspberry, while Agawam and Eldo-
rado have been his most profitable varieties of the blackberry.

The Bay of Quinte Station, Trenton.

This station is in the centre of one of the best apple growing sections of
Ontario, and nowhere else in the country do I know of a more successful ap-
ple grower than our experimenter, Mr. W. H. Dempsey. His annual crop
averages about 2,000 barrels. This year it would be somewhat over that
amount.

Not long ago I was asked by the editor of one of our leading commercial
papers why it was that growers such as Mr. Dempsey and a few others obtain-
ed such prices as |2 and over per barrel, while the great majority were glad to
get |1 per barrel. My answer was that it was all a question of business man-
agement. Mr. Dempsey not only looks carefully after the packing of his
fruit, but he keeps in close touch with the leading apple markets, and watches
closely the cabled reports of each day's sales. At the time of my visit to his
place last October he had already shipped to the Old Country two or three car
lots of Snows and Alexanders and was just putting up 100 barrels of Kings for
shipment when the reports came of the ^reat slump in the Ens^lish markets.
He decided at once to leave the Kings in his fruit house till the market re-
vived, and went on with the pickiner and storing in the same way of the later
varieties still on the trees in the orchard.

His fruit house has a capacity of 2,500 barrels, and when not filled with
fruit it affords storage for the empty barrels which are made up on the place!

Mr. Dempsey has in his orchards 300 varieties of apples, 40 of pears, 30
of plums, 6 of cherries, 3 of peaches, and 2 of quinces.

The following are the lists of varieties he recom,mends for planting in his
section :

AiipJps : 13 of the leadin^o' commercial varieties in order of their ripen-
ing, Duchess, Gravenstein, Trenton, Wealthy, Fameuse, Mcintosh, Pomme
Cjrise, King, Greening, Ontario, Seek, Spy, Swayzie, Jonathan and Tolmau.

A few of the most promising new varieties : Star, Fanny, Garden Gem,
Parline's Beauty, Coe'is Eiver, Winter Banana, Boiken, Windsor Chief and
Rome Beauty.

Pears : Giffard, Tyson, Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Boussock, Beurre
Hardy, White Doyenne, Dempsey, Bosc, Clairgeau, Gooidale, Lawrence and
Josephine de Malines.

Phims : Saunders, Burbank, Abundance, Imperial Gage, Lombard,
Shipper's Pride, Chabot, Niagara, Damson, Reine Claude.

Cherries : Early Richmond and Montmorency.

Peaches : Fitzgerald stood last winter uninjured.

Quince : Orange.

The St. Lawrence Statiox.

Fruit trees in the St. Lawrence Valley suffered severely last winter. Mr.
Jones has made careful note of the relative hardiness of the different varieties,
and will be able to give valuable information upon this point in his report.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 93

He has a good general collection of the hardiest varieties of fruits, made
up of 74 varieties of apples, 40 of pears, 51 of plums, and 11 of cherries, ^

Only a few of the hardiest varieties of pears and plums survived the win-
ter, and none of them, with the exception of the Americana plums, have
fruited satisfactorily. .

Many varieties of apples supposed to be quite hardy were not suihcientiy
so to stand the severity of last winter. A young orchard of 150 Ontario ap-
ple trees, three years planted, was entirely destroyed Blenheim, Ben Davis,
and Stark trees also were killed or more or less severely injured. Even large
trees of Fameuse and Scarlet Pippin, which have been bearing regularly for
the past 20 years, were killed outright. In nearly all cases, however, these
were trees which had weakened their vitality bv over-bearmg the previous
year. Trees of the same variety along side, which bore no crop last year,
were quite healthy and bore heavily this year. In this connection a valuable
lesson may be learned as to the importance of keeping trees at all times m
good health if possible, and not allowing them to lose vigor through over-
bearing, attacks of insects, fungi, or other causes.

For a commercial orchard Mr. Jones has found the Fameuse, Mcintosh
and Scarlet Pippin the most profitable varieties for his section, but for a gen-
eral home collection, covering the season from early to late he recommends

^^^aIX":^' Yellow Transparent, Astrachan, Duchess Alexander Fam-
euse, Mcintosh, Scarlet Pippin, Wealthy, Milwaukee, Scott's Winter, and
(iolden Hussett. ^ . ,., ,

Pears and plums cannot be relied upon for profit in that section, although
a few may be grown for home use. The following are the varieties which Mr.
Jones recommends as a result of his testing so far :

Pearls : Flemish Beauty, Clapp's Favorite, and Ritson.

Plums : Whittaker, Wolf, Stoddard, Eed June, Maru, Ogon, and Glass.

Cherries : Early Richmond, Montmorency, Orel, and English Morello.

The Maplehurst Station, Grimsby.

Mr Woolverton has 100 acres closely planted with fruit His collection
of varieties is one of the largest and most -P^^f -<; ,*° ^^f J"X^^^ %
tario It is made up of 60 varieties of apples, 60 of pears, 60 of plums, lUU
of peaches, 100 of cherries, 5 of quinces, 12 of apricot., 50 of grapes, besides
his collections of currants, gooseberries, and strawberries.

From this collection, as well as from those of all of the other experiment
stations, Mr. Woolverton is taking notes for his descriptive work on the
"Fruits of Ontario." In our annual report he has been reporting chiefly on
his collection of cherries. The following are the varieties he recommends for
planting in his section :

Sweet Cherries : Governor Wood, Napoleon, Knight, Tartarian, Elk-
horn, and on clay soil, Windsor.

Sour Cherries : Montmorency and English Morello.

He has about 200 Windsor cherry trees six or seven years old which have
made good growth, but have borne very little fruit. While trees of the same
variety on heavy soil at Mr. Orr's a few miles farther west have fruited
heavily.

The past winter killed the fruit buds on most of the sweet varieties in
Mr. Woolverton' s collection, and the crop as a consequence this year was very

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

light. The sour varieties came through the winter uninjured and bore heavi-
ly this year.

The Algoma Station, Rich.ied's Landing.

Last winter was a severe test for the hardiness of trees in Northern On-
tario and some vlluahle lessons have been learned as the result of this year s
observations Mr. Young is an enthusiastic fruit grower and a careful ob-
server aad his reports are of great value to all interested m fruits m north-
ern Ontario. , i i +

mg to grow a little '^if^°f J^^one thing The work so far has been pure-
^ithout making a ^P/"f ^ f^^^^^ had been what had made the most money,

l-U S of black ras^^^^^^^^^^^^^ l^^:t^ ^^ SI^ou reeom-
In answer to the 1"e^"on vv ^ ^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ .

mend for planting m your '^f^^'.^TYellL Transparent and Gideon.
Fa;Z-Astraohan, Uiichess, Oharlamott, ^^^^?^^y. ^^/i^ tl,e i^est late win-
Early W^nter-Longheld and^\ ea thy^ Se keeping apple of good size and
ter, out It by no means fills the bil ^ ^^^J^^^P^'^g^i,^^; not gotten so far.
,ua.uy ana as ^"f ^^^ --;;,, rbuasrwrntlrw:! too much for it, al-

out au right, as it is now, i am disappointed m this apple

r t. th^ nuesuon as to how trees wintered in his section, he

In answer \l^^^^{^''l^^\^"'i, the winter fairly well, but the spring

says : "They apparent y came tMougn summer and

?airoftron:L'eSemeS"w W w\th i^duce^d a long sappy growth
which was noTfulIy matured when winter set in. We had no fall to speak
Tf betwien summer'^.nd winter, then followed the excessive cold of winter, 48
degreeTbelow zero on the main land, and 46 below ^^ ^his station and for
tfsin succession 30 below zero. This, no doubt, weakened the vitality of
the trees, but with the exception of the tips of last season s growth I cou d
see nothing the matter when they got their annual pruning between the 12th
and 20th of April. The first week in May was excessively hot m the day,
with hard frost at night, which brought on sun scald, which is the principal
cause of failure in fruit growing in the north. The trees leafed out all right
with the exception of a few cherries, but just as soon as the sap, in tHe top or
the tree was exhausted and the circulation stopped, the tree began to die.
There was no root killing, although the snow at no time was very deep. Most
of the trees were killed to the snow line and are making new growth a foot
above ground. They may in a few years make better trees than they were
originally. Six feet of a clean trunk is not the thing for trees in this sec-
tion three feet is quite high enough. If I had taken my usual precaution
and protected the trunks of the tree from the sun I have no doubt most of
them would have come out all right, but this I omittgd in the fall.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

95

"As to what varieties have suffered most: This has puzzled me some,
for varieties that had been considered hardy for instance, Tolman, Golden
Russett, and Ben Davis, are nearly all killed. I have lost no trees planted
six years ago except two Wageners. Among pears, Keiffers, which bore
some fruit last year, were killed to within a foot of the ground. Anjou,
which I had not considered extra hardy, was uninjured and came out better
than even Flemish Beauty. A few sweet cherries I had are dead, others are
gradually dying."

First Report From New Ontario.
List of fruit sent to S. B Bisbee, New Liskeard, June, 1904.

Gkapes

• Campb(41s' Early

Concord /.

Niagara

Lindley

Delaware

PJ-U3IS

Burbank

Red June

Abundance

Cherries

English Morella.

Montgomery ....
Apples

Salome

Duchess

Wealthy ....

Charlmof

Berries

Cuthbert

Marlboro

Shaffer

Gainor

Currants
White Grape. . . .
Black Naples . . .
Fays

Number
Rece'd

Number
Living

3

3^
3
3
3

3
3
3

2
1

3

Dead

3

3

6

4

5

3

6

4

6

5

6

4

6

6

Remarks

Growth sixteeen inches
" twelve inches
" twenty-four inches
" ten inches
*' fourteen inches

Tops dead

Tw^o living, one dead top

All thrifty

Not thrifty
Strong and healthy

One with dead top

One with top dead
Fairly healthy

Growth 12 inches. Bore Aug. 20th and until

frozen, Sept. 15th
Grow^th 10 inches, a few berries on one bush
Growth about 9 or 10 inches, bore a few berries
Growth eight inches, in bloom Sept.

Growth in all, good, white grapes bore two
bunches of fruit but did not mature.

Deak Sik, — The above report is, 1 consider, very good, as the trees were
to al] appearances dead, havino- been one month in transit. Plums and cherry
trees had been in bloom in the case an<l had become all mildewed and all were
in such poor condition that I had very little hopes of any success.

^ I was very much pleased with the Cuthbert Raspberry, as the first ripe
fruit was picked in nine weeks after planting and several of the bushes bore
abundantly until frost came in the middle of Septemler.

96

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

GENERAL NOTES BY EXPERIMENTERS.

John Mitchell {Georgian Bay Station).

The winter of 1903-4 will be long remembered by the fruit growers of
Ontario For depth of snow and prolonged period of cold it was the
severest in the memory of the o'ldest inhabitant of the district Thous-
ands of trees were killed by the frost, a great many were girdled by mice,
others were so much weakened that, altogether with the unusual cold ot the
summer, they did not bear at all, or brought forward a moist imperfect crop
of fruit. Only about one-third of the apples were fit for export, the rest were
generally too small and were left in the orchard for the pigs.

Plums.

Of plums we had only about twenty baskets, scattered among twelve hun-
dred trees. I have not a single new variety to give a detailed description of.
Fortunately there is no great blanks of the most desirable varieties m the ex-
perimental plot, although we lost many in the older part of ^^^ ,«^^^^^^^^^^^
it has been a poor year for fruit it has been a good one to test the hardiness
of varieties, which I will try and describe m notes on varieties.

Cultivation. I have noticed some articles written this season rather re-
flecting against cultivation. After many years of experience with thorough
cuStion I would consider it indispensable to success m he plum orchard.
In years like the last two or three, when there is a disposi ion to over-abun-
dant moisture cultivation m the apple orchard would not be so necessary,
but in a dry season it would be the salvation of the crop. It l^^s been su^-
^ested that it will promote scab. I do not ,see it that way unless under certain
fonditions. Trees growing in sod usually make little wood, and therefore
need little pruning; while trees in cultivation grow rapidly, producing a
Zi g owth of yo^u'ng wood and heavy foliage which shuts out f-e circula
tion of air and si'nshine; and, if not properly pruned, this would develop scab
more rapidly than in the more open and slow growing sod orchard.

Cover Chops. For our part of the country we find nothing more reh-
able than the common red clover. The Crimson failed last season while the
red lived through, producing a heavy stand in good time for plowing m.
It should be sown here about the last of July.

Insects. We have had no trouble with insects this season and therefore
nothing to note. -, i . ^ .i.

Ahndt Thee Protector. We put on a number of tree bands about the
fir.t of May. They were examined occasionally and about the middle ot J ul> ,
Ihflarva of a few codling moths were found, not any more than would be
f oundTn any old sacking tied around the tree. They might keep down cater
pillars if thly were not numerous; but if they were, they would soon bridge
over them. I cannot recommend them until further tested.

Fertility-. This is certainly the.key to success. In ^f ^f ^^^^^^.^^^
fruit I have noticed there was always some special reason for better ±rint m
some places than in others and the reason generally was the degree of ^ er^^^^^^^^
of the soil. No amount of spraying, pruning or cultivation will produce tne
best fruit without fertility.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 97

Harold Jones (St. Lawrence Station).

Apples.

The low temperatures of the past winter caused great damage in the or-
chards of this district. Many varieties of apples that have been succeeding
fairly well for a number of years paist were killed, while others, not injured in
the wood, had their fruit buds injured. Such varieties as Ben Davis, Stark,
Ontario, and Mann, are nearly all killed or severely injured, while Canada
Red, Blue Pearman, Ribston and even Tolman Sweet were injured to some
extent in the fruit bud, Fameuse and Scarlet Pippin trees that were
heavily loaded last year were injured, and Mcintosh, the hardiest of the
Fameuse group, showed weakness in the foliage where loaded heavily the
previous year.

Plums.

Plums were ruine'd, especially those of European type. The Americana
plums proved hardy, and all but a few varieties of the Japanese plums were
killed. The detailed report on plums show tlie European and Japanese va-
rieties that survived.

Pears.

Pears were also killed to a large exthent, only a few varieties like Flem-
ish Beauty, Clapp's Favorite, and Ritson, coming through with any appear-
ance of health. Some of the Russians are very hardy, viz. : Bessemianka,
Winter Pear and Victoria ; but the fruit is of no value, as it all seems to have
the same serious defect of decaying at the core, even before fully ripe.

The injury to the fruit trees generally seemed to be caused by a drying
out of the buds and twigs, as the roots in every case lof loss were in a healthy
condition and sent up sprouts where allowed to do so.

From the middle of November until the middle of March we had steady
cold weather with much wind and bright skies, which gave us a cold, dry
atmosphere, and which caused constant evaporation of moisture from the
twigs; and there was no rise of temperature during January or February to
cause the trunks to thaw out sufficiently to carry water from the roots to the
twig.

To sum up, the trees did not die from rupturing of the cell tissue due to
low temperatures, but died of drought or drying up of the cell tissue of the
twigs and small branches from lack of moisture that should have been sup-
plied from the root system.

The apple crop on the whole was under the average, but the quality is
good, as there were very few insects, and *'spot" did not develop to do dam-
age, even to Fameuse, which is very subject to this disease.

A. E. Sherrington (Lake Huron Station).

Owing to the severe winter of 1903-4 and a very late spring, notes on
varieties will of necessity be short; so many trees and plants being killed
or so weakened that they bore little or no fruit.

Insects of all kinds were very scarce this season, and very little harm
was done to fruit of any kind by them.

Fungi were not so prevalent as in some seasons, and spraying was more
thoroughly done. Mildew destroyed all of the English gooseberries, as usual.

7 F.E.S.

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Tree Protectors. Some 60 feet of what is called the Arndt tree pro-
tector was sent to this station fot trial, and were put on the trees according
to directions. As to protecting the trees from "all manner of crawling and
creeping insects" it is simply an absurd claim, anyone that knows anything
about the habits of insects injurious to fruit trees, knows that most insects
are hatched or brought to life up in the trees, above the so called protector.
How then, can it protect the tree? In my opinion this protector is of little
use. A good spraying machine is worth a car load of the so called ''tree
protectors."

Chas. Young (Algoma Station).

The winter of 1903-4 has been a very trying one on fruit trees at this
station. The failures have been many, and the result rather discouraging;
especially is this so in a section of country where fruit growing is as yet
largely in the experimental stage.

The summer of 1903 was very hot, warm, moist weather continuing into
winter; this no doubt induced a long sappy growth of wood and not fully
matured. Then the winter of 1903-4 was extremely cold ; the thermometer on
one occasion going as low as 46 decrees below zero, and for days as low as
30 degrees below. Then about the end of March during the day the sun
came out strong, followed by sharp frost at night, producing sun scald, one '
of the chief obstacles in the way of successful fruit growing in the north. I
had neglected to protect the trunks of young trees the previous fall. Had
I done so, many might have been saved. As it is the loss among young trees
planted less than five years ago, is about 15 per cent. Among those that have
borne one or more crops,, and are killed or partly killed, are Tolman,Wagener,
Ben Davis, and Ontario. I am disappointed in the last, as it had previously
borne heavy crops of fine winter apples, and I had thought that in this ap-
ple we had found just what we were looking for all these years — a long keep-
ing variety of good quality, attractive appearance and sufficiently hardy to
stand the cold in the north. As it is, all trees of this variety are killed back,
although not entirely killed, and all are making growth low down on the
trunk. When we bear in mind that no such a trying season has occurred
within the memory of the oldest inhabitant, say in fifty years, the Ontario
is still worthy of further trial, and I will try them top grafted on Longfield,
as this variety seems capable of standing anything in the way of sun scald.
Owing to the early and continued snow the frost was never more than three
inches in the ground. Eoot killing is therefore unknown in this locality.
In my experience here of twenty-one yeans, I cannot recall an instance of a
tree being killed by freezing of the roots.

It is now five years since experimental work was begun at this station.
Three years after planting, some fruit was gathered from Yellow Transpar-
ent, Ben Davis and Wealthy. At four years. Princess Louise, Longfield,
Scott's Winter and Duchess came in. Several others while making satisfactory
growth have had no fruit. Last season the fall varieties had a fair crop,
and winter varieties, with the exception of Wealthy, and Scott's Winter,
none. In my old orchard there was a full crop of fall and about a half crop
of winter fruit. In some cases five barrels each were picked from trees 15
years planted, which sold here on the local market, 25c per 11-quart basket,
or $2 a barrel. Winter fruit was undersized and not quite half would grade
XXX.

7a F.E.s

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 99

A. W. Peart {Burlington Station).

In a general way this Las not been a profitable fruit year. With, the ex-
ception of apples and pears, prices were good, but there was not very much
fruit. The winter was so severe that the buds of peaches, plums, and many
cherries were destroyed, and the crop of these fruits was short. All kinds of
trees and vines, however, fared better, few being killed by the winter. The
season was cold, backward, and wet until the last of August. Since then
little rain has fallen, plantations generally look well, and the wood is going
into winter well ripened. In the interests of fruit growers something should
be done to secure a better distribution of fruits over our home markets. As
it is at present the cities are more than filled with fruit at times, a glut results^
and prices say below the cost of production; whereas if there were a better
distribution among the consuming points, prices would be sustained and a
higher average reached.

Apples were only a half crop. The quality was good, although the spot
and the codling moth were somewhat in evidence. The canker worm and
the tent caterpillar were scarce. Prices were low, but improved as the season
advanced.

Blackberries were a light crop, many varieties being frozen to the snow
level.

Currants also were short in quantity. The worm was not plentiful.
Cherries gave a very low yield, the Montmorency probably taking the lead.

Gooseberries were a light crop.

Grapes were about two weeks behind time in ripening, and many varie-
ties rotted badly.

Pears were a fair crop. Prices, however, ruled very low. The ideal
pear soil appears to be a rich clay loam, well drained. The Keiffer, how-
ever, seems to thrive better on sand.

Plums were conspicuous by their absence. Prices were high. The Japan
trees appear to be very hardy. Where there were plums the curculio was out
in force.

Peaches were not plentiful. There was little or no disease among them.

Raspberries were a fair crop at good prices. The slug was easily kept
in check by spraying with hellebore.

A. E. Annis (Wabigoon Station).

Apples.

The only apples we have are about 15 seedlings. They are not old enough
to fruit, but are apparently hardy; the terminal growth not Qn the most of
them, being destroyed by frost. The stocks are protected from sun scald.
One Whitney crab is alive, but freezes back badly.

Strawberries :, Clyde have done well, but Saunders has a great many
of green points, which make them unsuitable for a table berry.

Raspberries : Cuthbert is hardy and gave a good yield. Columbia,
(purple), with extra protection has now for two seasons given excellent re-
sults. Black raspberries are altogether too tender, and the same may be
said of gooseberries, most of the bush killing back to main stock. Black
currants as usual have proved very hardy and gave a good yield.

100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 15

Following are notes on fruits under test, with lists of varieties which
have proved to be undesirable in the districts represented. The varieties
named are in alphabetical order :

APPLES.
By W. H. Dempsey (Bay of Quinte Station).

The experimental apple orchard came through, practically without in-
jury last winter, and some of the varieties bore fine crops.

Boihen : Yielded an abundant crop of fine, clean, handsome apples.
Cooper^ s Market : Bore a fine crop of good sized apples, for the variety,
and well colored.

Canada Reinette : Heavily loaded with fair sized, dull looking apples,
not very attractive.

Fanny: Heavily loaded with fine dark red apples; ripened in August
and remained in very good condition through September; they were of very
good qualHy.

Blunt : Fairy loaded with handsome apples of no special value.

Bismarch : Yields a good crop eyery year, but is of little value.

Beechers Red : A very productive crab apple of good quality ; makes
delicious jelly; ripens last of August.

Barcelona Pearmain :\ Bore a good crop of fine looking apples of the
Russet type, but they wither soon after picking ; they (are a long keeper, but
of no value.

Coo^s River Beauty: Bore more freely this yelar than usual; the apples
were very clean, handsome and red, of good quality, shewing signs of keep-
ing longer than in ofher years ; may be of some value.

Carlough : Had ;a very heavy crop of greenish yellow apples ; does not
look as if it woud be of any value here; it is a fair keeper.

Dora : Is a heavy cropper, similar to Ontario in fruiting (in fact it is
of the same parentage), large yellow fruit; ripe ;about the last of September,
but of no value.

Ella : Another seedling of Spy and Wagener, a . handsome summer
apple, of good quality, but entirely too tender for shipping; a good amateur
apple.

Green Fameuse: Heavy crop, badly spotted; of no value.

Garden Gem : Very heavily loaded ; size, medium, excellent quality for
home use.

Haas: Heavily loaded; medium size; no value.

Hastings : Heavily loaded, very even in size, of Fameuse type, very sub-
ject to fungus, of good quality.

Highland Beauty: Bears heavily; small, handsome apples, good for
dessert; of no value for market.

HashelVs Sweet: Has been a long time coming into bearing; very poor
sweet apple.

Isabella: A large whitish yellow apples, ripe in September; no value;
fruits sparingly.

IsJiam : Heavily loaded, large sweet apple, similar to Bailey sweet, but
not so valuable.

Baxter: Fruits sparingly; very large red apples of very poor quality;
upright grower, subject to scab; of no commercial value in this distriodb.

1904

FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

101

Lady Sweet-. A medium grower; loads heavily each alternate year;
fruit large, dull red; good keeper; does not take the place of the Talman.

Late Strawberry : Good grower; very shy bearer; fruit handsome, strip-
ed red, of good quality, ripe 1st October, would not recommend planting it.

Lawver : Fair grower, good foliage ; crops heavily every alternate year ;
of medium size; a dark red apple, very showy, medium in quality; very
subject to apple scab; would not recommend it for planting.

Maggies^ Favorite:. Excellent grower, similar to King, fruits very
sparingly; size, large, roundish, dark red on yellow background, showy,
very coarse grain, medium quality; October; of no value for planting here.

Magog Red Streak : Large yellpw apple with faint streaks of red ; of
poor quality; undesirable.

Undesirable Varieties.

Archer.

Akin.

Barry.

Baxter.

Beauty of Kent.

Blunt. .

Barcelona Pearmain.

Cabashea.

Canada Eeinette.

Ceiiini.

Carlough.

Dora.

Ella.

Eicke.

Green Fameuse.

Golden White.'

Grand Sultan.

Haas.

Hastings.

Hawley.

Highland Beauty.

Hurlburt.

Haskell's Sweet.

Hamilton.

Isabella.

Isham.

Lady.

Lady Henniker.

Lady Sweet.

Lawver,

Harold Jones

Landsfinger Rennette.

Maggie's F/avorite.

Magog Eed Streak.

Mountain Tulip.

Mountain Beet.

Newtown.

Norcaster Spy.

Plumb's Cider.

Powell.

Piotieer.

Rawles Janet.

Royal Russet.

Rivers Winter Peach.

Rochelle.

Scott's Winter.

Sops of Vine.

Stump.

Switzer.

Scott's Russet.

Starr.

Titter's Red.

Wine Sap.

Winter St. Lawrence.

White Winter Pearmain.

Willow Twig.

White Pippin.

Winter Fameuse.

Walbridge.

Whinnery.

(St. Lawrence Station).

Alexander : Planted 1881. This has proved a vigorous., healthv tree,
v«^ry hardy and fairly productive, coming into bearing about six years after
planting in the orchard; fruit larsre, 3f to 4 inches in diameter; high col-
ored and attrartive and takes well both in the Canadian city markets and for
export. Especially adapted for cooking^;' season, September and October.
A desirable apple in eastern Ontario counties.

102 I Hi<: Ri.'POK r OF THE No. 17

Brochville Beauty: Planted 1880; tree a hardy moderately vigorous
grower, coming into bearing about five years after planting in the orchard,
bears heavy crops in alternate years. Fruit conical, 2 to 2i inches in dia-
meter; skin white, almost covered with bright red; flesh white, crisp, ten-
der, breaking, brisk acid; a desirable apple for cooking as well as dessert;
season, last of August to middle of September. Fruit inclined to run small
when trees overload. .

Blenheim Pippin: Three trees planted 1896. Tree tender, severely in-
jured in 1893 and dead in the spring of 1894.

Ba.vter: Planted 1880. Tree a hardy, vigorous, upright grower ; mod-
erately productive, coming into bearing about eight years after planting.
Fruit large, 3i to 4 inches in diameter; skin greenish white, almost entirely
covered with bright red and numerous' dots; flesh coarse, juicy, brisk acid;
a desirable cooker and a desirable market variety ; season, 1st October to 1st
January;^ some trees show sunscald but are generally free from blemish.

Bhie Pearmain: A hardy, vigorous tree, but lacking in productiveness;
trees planted in 1880 have never given a profitable crop as yet. A desirable
variety to plant for home use on account of its high quality as a mid-wmter
variety, but not profitable commercially. t ^ i

Bellfloicer: Planted 1880; a moderately vigorous, spreading tree ; mod-
erately productive; quality, good to best; season, from January to April;
not an attractive apple in the package, but commands good prices when its
value is known. This apple is known as Bishop's Pippm m Nova bcotia
and Massachusetts, where it is much sought after on account of its quality

as a dessert apple. ^ j- -u -u-j.

Chenango : Three trees planted 1896; a slow grower of spreading habit,
comes into bearing four or five years after planting; a nice dessert apple for
September, but has not shown vigor or productiveness enough to make it

Canada Red : This apple has been grown in the district for many years.
The first trees grown on this farm were top grafted by my grandfather about
1830; a vigorous spreading tree that attains great age but lacks productive-
ness; keeps well until April; quality only fair, not acid enough to make a
good cooker and not a favorite for table use. ^ ^ ^^^ ,

Canada Baldwin: Three trees planted in 1896; a vigorous healthy tree
coming into bearing slowly, but gives promise of being a desirable variety.

Gideon: A vigorous, healthy, hardy tree; fruit not desirable, owing to
the serious defect of decaying at the core soon after ripening This tree is
generally liked as a stock for top grafting on, as it is very hardy and ol vig-
orous growth, so that it can support a heavy top. ^

Hamilton: Three trees planted in 1896; a hardy, vigorous, upright
grower, but fruit of no value for this district. , ^ ^ x

Hibernal : Three trees planted 1896; fruit of no value here, but the tree
proves excellent stock for top working, making a vigorous growth, and no
signs of injury by sun scald in the most exposed situations. , .

Longfield: A moderatelv vigorous tree, very hardy; comes into bearing
in four to five years after planting; fruit of good quality ; season Septem-
ber and earlv October; inclined to overbear and of very little value here.
Tree makes a good hardv stock for top grafting moderate growing varieties
such as Wasrener, Ontario, Wealthy, etc., but would not support a heavy

top like Baldwin or Canada Red. , ^ xi. ^ '-t-

Late Strawherry: Tree a small scrubby grower, almost a thorn; truit
of no value: both tree and fruit undesirable.

190i FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 103

Mann : Tree a rapid, slender grower, but not very hardy, being subject
to sun scald and blight; can be classed among the undesirable varieties for
this district.

Milwaukee : A seedling of Duchess; tree resembles the parent in
growth and hardiness and comes into bearing at an early age; fruit large,
more oblate than Duchess, but resembling this apple; season, November —
Maroh; a good cooking apple to the end of the season. This tree gives pro-
mise of being valuable for northern districts on account of its late keeping
and good cooking qualities.

McMahon White :\ A very hardy, vigorous, healthy tree, with very-
tough wood not easily broken at the union of the limb to the trunk of the
tree ; fruit not valuable for this section, but the tree is one of the best I have
have ever used for ttp grafting; a valuable tree for northern sections for
top working desirable varieties that are subject to sun scald on their own
stumps.

Ontario \ The tree is subject to sun scald, and is not hardy in this sec-
tion ; 160 trees planted in 1899 were all winter killed last season ; a few tops
worked on McMahon White and Pew^ukee stock were partly injured but not
killed; not dcvsirable.

Pewaukee : A hardy, vigorous tree coming into bearing at an early age,
and bearing good crops; fruit drops at or before maturity, which is a very
serious defect; fruit a fair keeper, coming out in good condition in Feb-
ruary; possibly of value for northern sections on account of its hardiness,
but should be planted in a limited way on account of the promptness neces-
sary in harvesting the crop.

Peter : Three trees planted in 1896 ; no difference can be detected bet-
ween this apple and the Wealthy.

Salome : Six trees planted 1896 ; tree a hardy, vigorous grower with
round close head; fruit undersized and inferior; not successful in this dis-
trict.

Sutton Beauty : Three trees planted 1896 ; these trees have shown weak-
ness from year to year, and are all dead except one tree which struggles for
existence; not successful and not hardy.

Undesirable Varieties for the St. Lav^rence District.

Ben Davis. Orion Crab.

Blenheim Pippin. Palouse.

Dartmouth Crab. Eoman Stem.

Excelsior Crab. Salome.

Gideon. Sutton Beauty.

Hamilton. Stark.

Hibernal. , Shackleford.

Longfield. Waxen Crab.

Late Strawberry. Winesap.
Ontario.
This list will be much enlarged from yea<r to year.

A. E. Sherrington {Lake Huron Station).

The apple crop this year was the best that has ever been in this district ;
the crop was not only heavy, but was free from spot or worms, and all varie-
ties were loaded, both early and late. The trees in my young orchard are
seven years old; those in the old orchard twenty-five.

104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Alexander: Badly affected with twig blight last year so bore no fruit;
will be grafted over.

A. G. Russet: Bore the finest crop that has been produced here, four
to eight barrels per tree.

American Pippin : Tree six years old, had a few fine shapely apples the
first fruiting.

Astrachan : Bore a heavy crop of clean fruit, which met with ready sale.

Barry : Trees top grafted to York Imperial.

Beauty of Kent: Bore a good crop; apples on the small side.

Ben Davis : Crop heavy, clean and of good size and color, eight bar-
rels to the tree.

Bismarck : A very large, fine showy apple, one barrel per tree.

Colvert : Bore a heavy crop of under-sized fruit.

Cranberry Pippin : Was somewhat affected by the winter's frost, but
appears to be doing well; a fine apple.

Duchess : A heavy crop this season, quality fine, four barrels per tree.

Fall Jenneting : A fall apple of fair quality, but a poor shipper and
should not be planted.

Fameuse : Crop a little light ; quality good ; four barrels per tree.

Gano : As planted here is nothing but a Ben Davis ; half a barrel per
tree, six years old.

Grimes Golden : Crop heavy ; a fine apple for home use ; eight barrels
per tree.

Greening ; Crop heavy, clean and of good quality ; four barrels per
tree.

Hurlhut : Bore a few unshapely apples for the first ; quality appears to
be very good.

King : The crop of Kings was light and fruit rather small in size.

Mann : Crop good ; apples large and clean ; a long keeper ; four bar-
rels per tree.

Mcintosh Red : Bore for the first this year a few apples of good size and
appearance.

Mountain Tulip : A nice dessert apple, but too small to be profitable.

Northern Spy : Crop very heavy ; clean and free from spot or worms ;
eight barrels per tree.

Ontario : Is top worked on Crab stock, and is doing well ; crop good ;
apples large and clean; two barrels per tree.

Pewaukee : Is also top worked on Crab stock, and is producing large
crops ; fruit drops badly.

Peter : Produced a heavy crop of very fine apples resembling the
Wealthy so much that the difference cannot be distinguished; one barrel
per tree.

Ribston: Bore a good crop of fine apples; two barrels per tree.

SeeJc-no- further : Gave the largest yield ; apples large and clean ; eight
barrels per tree.

St. Lawrence: Gave a large yield of fine clean fruit; six barrels per
tree.

Salome : Tree healthy, vigorous and hardy ; fruit medium to large,
color striped and splashed with red: yield one barrel per tree eight years old.

Sweet Bough : A fine sweet dessert apple ; tree hardy ; fruit large ;
quality best for dessert.

Sour Bough: An apple of poor quality; not worthy of cultivation.

TetofsJy : Too small to be valuable in this district.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 105

Wealthy : A good fall apple if well cared for and thinned when apples
are about the size of plums; tree hardy and healthy; yield one bushel.

Yellow Transparent: Tree a vigorous grower; season, August; yield,
one bushel.

Varieties Undesirable in the Lake Huron District.

Alexander. Lowell.
Barry. . Maiden's Blush.

Cayuga. Pomme Grise.

Colvert. Pound Sweet.

Early Harvest. Eambo.

Early Joe. Swazie.

Fall Jenneting. Sour Bough.

Fall Pippin. Tetofsky.

Gideon. Walbridge.

Haas. Winesap.

Hawley. Wolf-Eiver.
Keswick Codling.

In my opinion it would be better for the grower and the country if we
had only about a dozen good varieties in each section for export purposes.

By G. C. Caston (Simcoe Fruit Station).

The year 1904 will be long remembered by fruit growers. It has been
a year to test the hardiness of all kinds of fruits. The winter was the most
severe in the memory of the present generation, the temperature reaching
the lowest point ever known here, viz., 34 below zero, the first week in Jan-
uary, and the coldest average for the winter months on record. The cold
was continuous nearly all through the winter. For days together the tem-
perature stood at 20 degrees below zero. The surprising thing is that the
damage was not greater. The reason is probably that two favorable condi-
tions existed. The new growths of wood were well ripened, and there was
a great depth of snow. There was no damage to the roots as they
were well protected. Whatever damage was done was above the surface of
the snow. Reports of serious damage to the tender varieties of apples come
from all over the country. Baldwins, Kings and Spys have suffered most.
However, very few apple trees were killed in my own orchard, though some
were injured. The Ontario trees were considerably injured; but where top
worked on hardy stock it came through all right. Some trees of the Starr,
Peck's Pleasant and York Imperial were killed outright.

It was an off year in this locality for nearly every kind of fruit. Early
apples were plentiful as they are all hardy sorts, but the effect of the severe
winter could be noticed even on them in their apparent failure to carry
their usual load of fruit to maturity, much of it dropped before fully mat-
ured or colored. Winter appleg were a rather poor crop, straggling and
under-sized. Here and there there was a bunch of fairly good ones, but in
most orchards the yield was light, and in many a total failure. In 1903,
there was a very uniform crop, quite up to or over the average. This, fol-
lowed by such an unusually severe winter, no doubt weakened the trees to
such an extent that they were unequal to the task of bearing a crop of good
qualitv this year. I am of the opinion that the full effect of last winter's
cpld has not been fully realized yet, and that many injured trees which

106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

struggled through the summer alive this year, will be dead next spring. A
season like the past one emphasizes most forcibly, what I have been advo-
cating for years, the importance of top working our best apples on hardy
stocks. It is the safest and surest plan to follow in growing commercial
apples in this locality.

This was also an off year in prices, so far as apples were concerned.
Early and fall varieties were a drug, and the price so small that in this era
of high wages and scarcity of help it did not pay to handle them, and a great
part of them went to waste. Prices were a little better for winter varieties,
but not nearly so good as in the previous year when we had a full crop. Two
things are apparent regarding our apples, viz: — (1) That a full crop in
Europe has a verj^ marked effect on the market value of our apples, more so
than can be said of any other product we export; and (2) that the whole
business needs to be placed on a better basis.

Of the top-worked trees there was slight injury to a few Baldwin grafts
of bearing age; also a few grafts of the previous season with one year's
growth of wood which had made a rank growth were killed. With these
exceptions the top-worked trees came through well, and showed the healthiest
a])])('aiance all through the summer.

No new varieties fruited this year, except a couple of Russians of such
].()()r quality as not to be worth describing. They were, as is the case with
nearly all of them, early varieties. The only Eussian that I have fruited
vet that has any protenoe to keeDins: qualities is Bogandoff, and we have no
use for it here where we can grow so many far better ones. It might be use-
ful in the northern sections where they cannot grow the better class of winter
apples, as it is, I believe, very hardy.

There is a Eussian fall apple that I think may be an acquisition, if we
admit that there is room for any more fall apples than we already have. I
think this one would probably take the place of the Colvert. It is of the
same season, a little coarser in texture, but a first-rate cooker; it is also lar-
ger and handsomer than the Colvert, and is moreover clean skinned and
attractive. This is an early and heavy bearer, and very vigorous, healthy
and hardy. I have it under three names, and it would be hard to say which
is right — Eomna, Hibernal and Eomanskoe. I think this one would also be
a useful fall apple farther north, where Colvert would not succeed. I would
class it as the best Eussian apple for its season that I have fruited so far.

There is one bad trait of the Eussian apples. They do not cling well :
but, like the Wealthy and Pewaukee, they are easily blown off before full
maturity. This fruit is characteristic of most of them. The one mentioned
above, however, is an exception, for it clings well until fully matured.

This year has been remarkably free from insect pests. The leaf-eating
insects were conspicuous by their absence. There was also very little cod-
ling moth, probably the hard winter destroyed them. All the trees in the
experimental ground get clean cultivation, and are fertilized by manure and
ashes, and by plowing in clover occasionally.

There was little or no damage done by mice in this locality.

Alexander: One of the most profitable fall apples in this district. It
bears well, is a splendid cooker and sells well.

Wolf Fiver: Is also a good variety in this locality. It is later and
keeps longer than Alexander; is very large, qlean and attractive, and is a
first-rate cooker.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 107

Peerless : I still have a good opinion of this apple. It is one of the hand-
somest of the fall apples and unrivalled as a cooker; but the tree is rather
a slow grower, and I propose to try it top grafted on other stock.

Blenheim : Is one of the very best late fall apples grown here. It is
quite hardy and a good grower. The fruit is clean skinned and handsome,
but it seems inclined to bear heavily in alternate years. This is, in fact, its
only fault.

These four would make a very commendable list of fall apples for this
locality. If I were to add another one, I think it would be the Russian
variety, Romanskoe, described elsewhere. I have little use for Wealthy,
for as the tree gets older the fruit becomes worthless. They overload, that
is, they set more fruit than they can, mature. Most of the Wealthy grown
about here are wasted, they fall off before they are mature, and before they
can be harvested.

A Commercial List for Simcoe Coua^ty.

A list of winter apples which I would commend for this locality would be
as follows :

Spy : Always first and best. The very best qommercial apple.

King : Where top grafted on Tolman Sweet, it is bearing well.

Baldwin : Popular at home and abroad.

R. I. Greening: Always in demand for home market; needs to be well
cultivated.

These four should always be top-grafted on some healthy, hard;^ stock,
such as Tolman Sweet.

Of the varieties hardy enough to be planted in the usual way and grown
without top grafting :

Gano : I prefer this to Ben Davis.

Stark : Not an earlv bearer, but a fairly good market apple.

Fallawater : Large, clean-skinned, handsome ; growing in popularity
every year.

PewauJcee : Hardy, healthy, a good bearer. Not recommended for ex-
port, but fills a place in the home market. Its chief fault is prematurely
dropping from the tree.

Ontario : This variety should probably be in the list for top grafting,
as the tree is not vigorous. It seems to be favorably spoken of by shippers
as an export apple, but it will always be popular in the home market.

Sum\iner and Antumn.

Chas. Young (Algoma Station).

Charlamoff : A perfect apple, but in season olily two weeks.
^ YeJloic Transparent : About the same season ; not so showy, bruises
easily.

Duchess : In every way a perfect apple in its season.

Astrachan: Has to be handled carefully; not so productive as some
others.

Ale/cander: Large and showy; good; irregular bearer.

108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Winter.

Longfield : Requires thinning to have fair sized fruit, inclined to over-
bear, tree very hardy, good stock on which to top graft less hardy varieties.

Wealthy: No better winter apple for St. Joseph's Island; inclined to
carry its fruit at the end of long, slim branches. For a perfect top, branches
should be cut back, and fruit spurs encouraged to form closer to the trunk.

Scotfs Winter : While not an extremist in clean cultivation, or heavy
manuring, in a bearing orchard, this variety to do its best requires both;
otherwise the fruit will average small; the top requires to be kept open in
the centre to produce well colored fruit.

Walhridge : Hardy; regular bearer; of poor quality.

Golden Russet : Shy bearer, not a profitable apple ; a good keeper.

Gideon : A very hardy, showy apple when grown in the north ; inclined
to rot at the core; succeeds better here than further south; very desirable.

PewauJcee : Desirable ; needs good, rich ground in order to strengthen
the stem; fruit not so much inclined to drop here as in some other sections;
a good all round apple.

So far Wealthy has been our most profitable winter apple in the north.

Undesirable Varieties.

Undesirable varieties as far as I have tested them here are Blenheim,
Stark, Rolph, Spy, King, Sweet Bough, Ben Davis, Baldwin, Mann; these
should not be planted, nor do I think they would be satisfactory as top
grafts. There are many others under test on which I am not yet prepared
to report upon.

Snows, Scarlet Pippins and Mcintosh as top grafts are satisfactory,
but have not yet fruited.

Conclusions.

The following are a few conclusions arrived at from twenty-one years'
experience in the north :

(1) That trees, as usually received from the nursery are headed too high.

(2) That top grafting upon a hardy stock is by far the most successful
method to propagate those varieties which are not quite hardy.

(3) That in selecting a site for planting, low flat ground should be
avoided, if possible, even if the soil is naturally dry or underdrained. I
would prefer a hill top, if not too much exposed, to the valley at the bottom.

(4) That a free circulation of air is necessary and shelter from the north-
west is desirable.

(5) That clean cultivation is absolutely necessary for the first few years.

(6) That some protection should be given to the trunk of the tree for
some years such as a piece of bass bark, or a thin veneer. I have found a
thick, heavy coat of whitewash, applied in the late fall, to answer the pur-
pose, especially where the branches start from the trunk, that part being
particularly liable to sun scald.

(7) And finally, that there is a local demand for all the fruit we can
raise here for many years to come, and at very much better prices than can
be obtained in the east.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT. STATIONS. 109

A. W. Peaet {Burlington Station).

Commercial List for Burlington District.

Duchess, Greening,

Eibston Pippin, Baldwin,

Blenheim Pippin, Northern Spy.
King,

One should have a tree or two for domestic and dessert purposes of the
Astrachan, Sweet Bough, Gravenstein, Wagener, Seek-no-Further and Gol-
den Russet.

Ne\y Varieties .

These were top-grafted on Roxbury Russet trees in 1901, and the fol-
lowing have borne fruit :

Hauseley's Winesap : Fruit, mottled red, small to medium, conic-
round; stem, medium length; very few spots; basin, shallow; subacid vinous.

Highfile : Fruit, medium, roundish flat, yellow, mantled with dark
red. Some spots; sub-acid, juicy.

Minnesota Pippin : Fruit, medium to large, round turbinate, yellow
striped and mantled with deep red. A few spots ; acid, sprightly.

Ozark : Fruit, very dark red, fine grained, smooth skin ; medium, round,
some spots, slightly acid.

Pennsylvania Red Streak : Fruit, medium to large, roundish flat, yel-
low, splashed and striped with red, slightly spotted, sub-acid.

Revel : Fruit, large, striped with red, roundish flat, no ispots ; sub-acid,
of pleasant flavor; promising.

Red Limherton : Fruit, small, round, mottled greenish red ; some spots ;
sub-acid. A poor specimen.

W. C. Limherton: Fruit, very small, deformed spotted, roundish flat;
sub-acid; poor.

The above varieties appear to vary from early to midwinter in iseason.
It is too soon yet to determine their quality and value.

Undesirable Varieties for Went worth County.

Speaking from a commercial standpoint, I would not plant the following
varieties :

Holland Pippin : Spots too badly.

Snow : The same trouble.

Pewaukee : *Poor appearance and quality, and drops from the tree too
easily.

Keswick Codlin : Color and season against it.

Ramho : Too small.

Cranberry Pippin: Not productive enough; rough and spotted.

J. G. Mitchell (Georgian Bay Station),

Baldwin : There has been a great loss in young trees one to three years
old ; hundreds of them have been killed outright in this district. The older
trees endured the cold better, still there were a great many branches and
large limbs badly injured on many of the trees, the Baldwin is one of the
most tender of the apple trees we have in the Georgian Bay district.

110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

King : The King was tKe next after the Baldwin to suffer from the cold.
Many branches and limbs were killed, and the trees were so much weakened
that the fruit was under size and poor.

BLACKBEEEIES.
A. W. Peaiit' {Burlington Station),

Blackberries were a light crop. Owing to the cold, wet weather in May,
blooming was delayed ten days to two weeks beyond the average season.
Similar conditions also retarded ripening. The exceptionally severe winter
drew a sharp line between woody and tender kinds, only eight of the twenty-
two varieties pasising through safely ; the others were frozen to the snow level.
Blackberries appear to thrive best on a high, well-drained soil, but yet require
a damp, though not wet bottom. Wood ashes or potash in one of its forms
are probably the best fertilizers. Stable manure, or an excess of nitrogen,
tends to promote a rank, soft growth, not isuitable for passing safely through
the winter.

Hardy Varieties for Burlington District.

The hardy varieties are :

Agawam, Stone's Hardy,

Snyder, Eldorado,

Western Triumph, Wachusetts,

Taylor, Ancient.

Briton : The tender varieties are mentioned below as they occur in the
list, but their roots were not frozen. All were grown on a well-drained grav-
ely loam. The roots grew up strong young canes, and the whole plantation
is going into winter in good condition.

Commercial List for Wentworth County.

Agawam, Taylor,

Snyder, Ancient Briton.

Western Triumph,

Eldorado, Early King, Wilson's Early and Humboldt require further
trial. Undesirable varieties are found elsewhere in this report.^

Agawam: Planted 1901; cane dark red, vigorous, upright grower,
hardy and productive ; berry roundish-oblong, medium size 7-8x3-4 inch, firm
of good quality; season, medium; yield per hill, 1 quart.

Ancient Briton: Planted 1901; cane dull red, moderately vigorous, up-
right, hardy, productive; berry oblong-conical medium 7-8x3-4 inch, of good
flavor; season, medium; yield 1 1-4 quarts per hill.

Dorchester: Planted 1901; cane, brownish red, vigorous, upright
spreading, tender, a poor cropper; berry, large to very large, 1 1-8x3-4 inch,
roundish-oblong, firm, when ripe of fine quality; season, medium; no fruit
this year; frozen.

Early Clusterr : Planted 1901 ; cane dull red, vigorous upright-spreading,
tender, not productive; berry roundish oblong, medium size, 7-8x3-4 inch;
sweet, of good quality; season, early to medium; no fruit; frozen.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Ill

Early Harvest: Planted 1901; cane greenish color, moderately vigor-
ous, stiff and upright, tender, retains foliage late in season, very produc-
tive, requires close pruning; berry medium, 1x5-8 inch, oblong, thimble
shaped, of fair quality; season early; no fruit; frozen.

Early King: Planted 1901; cane dull red, medium vigor, tender, up-
right spreading, productive; berry small to medium, |x5-8, rich, roundish
oblong, of excellent quality; season, early to medium; no fruit; frozen.

Eldorado : Planted 1901 ; cane brownish-red, upright-spreading, med-
ium vigor, hardy, moderately productive; berry medium to large, 1x3-4
inch, oblong-conical, sprightly, of excellent quality ; season, medium ; yield,
j quart per hill.

Erie : Planted 1901 ; cane greenish-red, moderate vigor, spreading, re-
tains leaves late, tender, but productive; berry of good quality, medium 7-8x
3-4 inch, roundish-conical; season medium; no fruit this year; frozen.

Gainor : Planted 1901 ; cane, reddish green, very strong, spreading
grower, retains foliage late, tender, but productive; berry very large, 1 1-4
x7-8 inch; roundish-oblong, of fine quality ; season, medium; no fruit; frozen.

Humboldt: P'lanted 1902; cane reddish-green, upright, tender, medium
vigor; no fruit, frozen. No chance as yet to report on fruit.

Kittatinny : Planted 1901 ; cane, dark red, with greenish patches, very
vigorous, upright-spreading, late foliage, tender, productive; requires long
pruning, very resistive of drouth; berry large to very large, 1 1-8x3-4 inch;
oblong-ovate, sub-acid, rich and juicy; season late; no fruit; frozen.

LovelVs Best : Planted 1901 ; cane, dark red, strong, very stiff upright
grower, tender, but productive; berry, oblong-round, medium, 7-8x3-4 inch,
of fair quality; season late; no fruit; frozen.

Maxwell : Planted 1901 ; cane reddish-green, retains leaves late ; very
weak, light grower, very spreading, tender, poor cropper; berry oblong-round,
large to very large, 1 1-8x3-4 inch, of excellent quality; season medium;
no fruit; frozen.

Minnewashi : Planted 1901 ; cane greenish-red, retains leaves late, strong,
upright-spreading, tender and unproductive; berry, medium, 7-8x3-4 inch,
roundish-oblong, of good quality; season, early to medium; no fruit; frozen.

Ohmer : Planted 1901 ; cane reddish-green, vigorous, spreading, retains
leaves late, as most of tender varieties appear to do, tender and productive;
berry, very large, 1 1-4x7-8 inch, coreless, soft, oblong-oval of good quality;
season, medium; no fruit; frozen.

Snyde(r : Planted 1901; cane, dark red, vigorous, upright, hardy and
very productive; berry, medium, 7-8x3-4 inch, oblong-oval, of fair quality;
season early to medium; Jike many of the medium size varieties it requires
severe pruning, otherwise the fruit will be small, and some of it will shrivel
on the bushes. This berry also turns red when picked, if exposed to the sun;
yield, 1 quart per hill.

Stone's Hardy: Planted 1901; cane brownish-red, strong, upright, har-
dy and productive; berry, oblong-oval, somewhat soft, small to medium,
|x 5-8 inch, of good quality; season, medium; yield, f quart per hill.

Taylor : Planted 1901 ; cane, reddish-green, medium vigor, upright,
spreading, hardy and productive ; berry, medium size, 7-8x3-4 inch, oblong-
oval, of good quality; season, medium to late; yield 7-8 quart per hill. A
good commercial variety.

Wachusetts : Planted 1901 ; cane dull red, medium vigor, upright,
hardy, but not very productive; has but little commercial value; berry of
fine quality, medium size, 7-8x3-4 inch, oblong-round; iseason, medium to
late; yield 1-3 quart.

112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Western Triumph : Planted 1901 ; cane dull red, strong, upright, hardy,
very productive; requires severe pruning; berry medium, 7-8x3-4 inch, ob-
long-round, of good quality; season medium; yield, 1 quart per hill.

Wilson s Early, : Planted 1901 ; cane dark red, strong, upright, spread-
ing, tender, tends to propagate by tips as well as suckeiis; berry large, 1x3-4
inch, oblong-round, rich, of good quality; season, medium; no fruit; frozen.

Wilson'^s Junior : Planted 1901 ; cane reddish green ; moderately strong
grower, spreading, waiting, tender, not productive; propagates by tips and
suckers; berry, medium 7-8x3-4 inch, oblong-oval, sweet; season, medium;
no fruit; frozen.

No ideal blackberry has been found here. If one be hardy it lacks in
size or quality, and if large it is wanting probably in hardiness.

Undesirable Varieties for Wentvs^orth County.

Dorchester : A poor cropper as well as tender.

Early Cluster : Tender and unproductive.

Early Halrvest : Too tender.

Gainor : Too tender.

Lovett's Best : Too tender.

Maxwell : A low bush variety, too tender and unproductive.

Minnewaski : Tender and not productive.

Ohmer : Too soft and tender.

Wachusetts : Not productive enough.

WiUon's Junior : Tender and not productive.

G. C. Caston (Georgian Bay).

Agawam aiid Eldorado are the two varieties for this section. Of nearly
20 varieties tested, those two are the only ones recommended. But for the
first time they were killed back this year. Other winters they never lost an
inch of their bearing wood. Last winter they were frozen down several inches
below the surface of the snow, so that there was only about one-fifth of a
crop. Up to this year I have had splendid crops of both varieties above men-
tioned, and I do not hesitate to recommend them still, as they will stand our
ordinary winters all right. I consider the blackberry one of the most profit-
able of the small fruits.

Charles Young (Algoma Fruit Station).

Blackberries with me havie been a perfect failure. If I attempt to lay
them down the canes break; if I let them stand the snow breaks them down.
I will try a new plantation in the spring and see if I can do any better.

A. E. Sherrington (Lake Huron Station).

Blackberries were a total failure here; the plants were all broken down
by the snow or frozen out. However, they made a splendid growth the pre-
sent season.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 113

CHERRIES.
L. WooLVERTON (Maplehurst Station).

My report on cherries for the year 1904 must be very brief owing to the
almost complete failure of the crop. This failure was in part due to the
unusually severe winter which k'lled the fruit buds on a large number of the
sweet cherry trees, and in part to almost continuous rains during the month
of July, which caused the Monilia rot to develop to such an ex-
tent as to destroy what few of this class of cherries had escaped
the eftectfe of the isevere winter. The black aphis also appeared

quite early, an enemy which is often very injurious to both tree
and fruit; but this s'^ason, owing probably to the continuous rains,
this insect did not increase as wo anticipated, and did very little injury.

The Bigarreau class of cherries, such as Napoleon, Yellow Spanish,
Rockport, etc.. were almost a complete failure from rot; indeed all the mag-
nificent cherries of this class need a perfectly dry atmosphere in which to
ripen if a good yield of fine fruit is to be harvested. This explains why it
is that in British Columbia and in California such magnificent crops of Napo-
leon Bigarreau are raised free from rot.

The Duke cherries gave a small yield, and these too were much affected
by the rot. These are in a sense intermediate between the sweet and the
sour, and are most excellent for all culinary purposes. One, the Reine Hor-
tense, is so very large and of such excellent quality that it is suitable both
for dessert and for cooking. Even this variety gave but a few scattered
fruits.

The Morellos bore a prodigious crop, but the later pickings were so
badly stung by the cherry fly that the fruit was worthless. These cherries
are the latest to ripen in my whole list, and bear so heavily almost every
year that we would recommend them for profit were it not for the fly, which
during the last few seasons, has become a most destructive pest.

The Pie Cherry class or Kervtish, came through the best of all and gave
a splendid yield. They were neither affected by the cold of winter nor by
the rains of summer, nor by the aphis, nor by the cherry fly. The Early
Richmond^ and the Montmorency are the two favorites of this class, and are
everywhere known among cherry growers. The former is the earliest, the
latter a little later, and the best for main crop. The Montmorency loads so
heavily that it is easily gathered and is so litle affected by the curculio
stings that it needs little or no sorting for market. Some others of this class
may prove very desirable for cold sections, even more so than tliose men-
tioned. For example the Orel 28 is a very productive variety; it succeeds
well in Simcoe county and Mr. Jones, our experimenter in the St. Lawrence
district, believes from the description that it is the kind which has seen the
most promising at his station. With us, this cherry ripened on the 18th of
July. The fruit is not as large as the Montmorency.

Another promising variety of this class is the Russian 207, which is a
little earlier than the Orel, and the tree is very productive.

The Shatten Amarelle ripened on the 18th of July; its fruit is very
similar to the Montmorency, both in size and in appearance. The tree is
\ery vigorous and very productive.

Ostheim bore small dark red cherries, quite scattered on the tree, and
quite subject to curculio. It is of no use at all in the Niagara district.

Lutovha was badly subject to curculio this season, and the fruit was bad-
ly affected by curculio.

8 F.E.S.

114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Grenner Glas was also unproductive this season; the fruit was of tlie
same season as the Orel.

Strauss Weichsel gave fruit very similar to the Ostheim, but it was
sweeter. The yield was small.

Of the Heart cherries one only of the whole list is worthy of mention
this season, viz., the Knight. Like the Montmorency it seems to be proof
against weather, fungus or insects, and yields a fine crop every year of the
very highest class of dessert cherries, the fruit, although thick upon tlie
tree, does not hang in clusters, and every cherry is perfect. It is almost
black when ripe and of a fine size. The tree is quite productive; one old
tree, 40 years planted, gave me a crop this season of 160 quarts of fruit.

Governor Wood also gave me a fair crop of white oxheart cherries, and
is about the best of its color.

My experimental plot in cherries has now reached a good bearing age
and should give valuable data for future reports.

G. C. Caston (Simcoe Station).

The fruit beds were entirely killed on all varieties of cherries, which
shows that while they will survive an ordinary winter, yet it is very doubt-
ful if they will stand a temperature of 30 degrees below zero uninjured.
There may be some modifjdng circumstances which might affect the
result of a very cold dip, such as if the cold dip were of very
short duration, instead of a long continued spell of ''below zero
weather;" the condition of the trees, etc. But I would say that
anything colder than 24 below zero, if continued for several days,
will endanger the fruit buds on nearly every variety now under cul-
tivation. We have had cherry trees come through a dip of 25 degrees and
26 degrees below all right. However the cold was of short duration. li
would be a difficult matter to define the exact limit of cold that cherry buds
will stand without injury.

Two varieties were winter killed this year, viz., Love Apple and "[Ira-
nian Kirsch. All the others came through the winter with the loss of the
fruit buds only, of the varieties tested the following are my preference :

Orel 24: Tree a slow grower but healthy and hardy. Fruit, fair size;
dark in color, nearly black when ripe; flavor rich, spicy, agreeable: would
rank as a fairly good dessert variety, and is taken in preference to any other
for canning purposes.

Ostheim : One of the best of the Russian varieties.

Litham : A small black cherry. Its chief fault is its small size. An
excellent canning variety.

Russian 207 : A red cherry, a little later than Early Richmond ; of
good size and the tree is hardy and thrifty.

Bessarahian : A red cherry of good quality ; tree only moderately pro-
ductive, healthy and thrifty

Dyehouse : Somewhat resembles English Morello ; a great bearer, but
a short' lived tree here.

English Morello: Is not entirely hardy here. It beats all other
varieties for early bearing; it bears a great crop when in good health, but
for the last two years has shown signs of early decay.

Wragg -. Is English Morello under another name. There is no differ-
ence between the two varieties. Should the fruit buds come through all
right next year I hope to have something more satisfactory to report.

8a F.E.s.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 115

W. H. Dempsey {Bay of Quinte Station).

The wood of tlie cherry was uninjured by frost, while the fruit bud on
all varieties were killed except some of the more protected buds of the com-
mon red cherry, acd the Russian Koslov cherry received from the Fruit
Growers' Association some years ago.

Chahles Young (Algoma Fruit Station),

Sour cherries have been a success, but sweet cherries are a
failure, and if the trees are not dead, they might as well be so.
I have some 14 varieties under test, many of them so near alike
that I cannot see a difference. This climate seems to suit the
cherry to perfection, and they can be grown profitably. Early Richmond.
Montmorency, and English Morello I consider the best varieties to plant,
and I would plant Richmond only because it comes in a few days ahead of
the others. A few trees were killed back last winter. I have never expe-
enced any trouble with frozen blossoms, in looking for the effects of a frost
at night. I have noticed a thin film of ice in the morning covering the
blossom which drops off as the sun gets up, leaving what is under untouched.
Perhaps this is on account of our near proximity to the water causing more
moisture in the air. Cherries with me have been a success.

A. E. Sherrington {Lake Huron Station).

Here again we met with some loss, especially among the Black varie-
ties. All the Elkhorn trees were killed; also the Tartarians. The Morellos
came through all right, with the exception of having the fruit buds killed.
The only variety to fruit was the English Morello and the Wragg, which
are essentially the same cherry.

Harold Jones {St. Lawrence Station).

Undesirable Varieties for the St. Lawrence District.

Governor Wood Cnot hardy).
Blach Knight (not hardy).
May Duhe (not hardy).
Olivet (not hardy in bud).
Reine Hortense (not hardy in bud).

CURRANTS.

A. W. Peart {Burlington Station).

Currants were about two-thirds of an average crop. The backward
spring delayed their blossom nearly two weeks over the average time, while
ripening was from a week to ten days behind. All the varieties tested here
appear to be hardy. Currants require a rich, damp, but not wet, soil. Pro-
bably no fruit will so quickly and generously respond to liberal manuring
and cultivation. Stable manure is without doubt, the best for them, mulch-
ing and fertilizing the soil at the same time. They also require severe pru-
ning and thinnins: out the old woJod to keep the bush in a well balanced shape.
The ends of the longer young shoots may also be cut off to maintain sym-
metry.

116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Commercial List.

The best commercial varieties liere seem to be : Victoria, Wilder, Cher-
ry, Prince Albert and North Star for red; Saunders, Naples, Lees Prolific
and Collin's Prolific for black; Grape and Imperial for White.

The following varieties are in full bearing :

Belle de St. Giles* : Planted 1896; bush, weak spreading, hardy and un-
productive. Leaves, dark green; bunch, long, compact, berry, dark red,
acid, large to very large, J to 5-8 inch; quality fair. Season, medium. A
large showy variety but a poor cropper, yield per bush. 1904, IJ lbs.

Brayley^s Seedling : Planted 1896 ; bush of moderate vigor, upright,
spreading hardy, not very productive; leaves, light green, bunch, medium
length, loose and straggling ; berry, dark red, medium size, 3-8 inch, very
acid, sprightly flavor; season, medium; yield 3 lbs.

Champion : Planted 1896 ; })ush upright, moderate vigor, hardy, pro-
ductive; leaves dark green; berry, very large, 5-8 inch in diameter, black,
aub-acid; season, late; yield 2| lbs.

Cherry : 'Planted 1896 ; bush upright, spreading, vigorous, hardy and
very productive; leaves, dark green; bunch short and compact; berry dark
red. medium to large 3-8 to J inch, acid, season, medium, yield 5 lbs.
sweet sub-acid, firm; season medium to late; yield, 5 lbs.

Collin's Prolific : Planted 1898 ; bush very vigorous, upright, variabl^e
cropper, leaves dark green; berry, black, large to very large J to 5-8 inch,
sweet sub-acid, firm; season medium to late; yield, 5 lbs.

Crandall : Planted 189T ; bush upright, spreading, very strong, vigor-
ous, rampant grower; hardy and moderately producive; leaves very light
green; bunch, short, compact, l^erry, variable in size 3-8 to 2-3 inch, bluish
black, with thick skin, sweet sub-acid; ripens unevenly, fruit found in all
stages from very small and green to very large and ripe, some of the later
berries hanging until frost ; season, medium to very late ; yield T lbs ; said to
be good for canning.

Fay's Prolific: Planted 1898; bush moderately vigorous, very spread-
ing, hardy and fairly productive; leaves, dark green; bunch long and loose;
being large to very large; J to 5-8 inches in diameter, red, firm, sub-acid;
season, medium; yield, 3 lbs.

Lee's Prolific: Planted 1896; bush, spreading, fairly vigorous, hardy
and moderately productive; berry, black, large to very large, J to 5-8 inch,
sub-acid; season, medium, yield, 3 lbs.

Naples: Planted 1896; bush, upright, spreading, hardy and very pro-
ductive; leaves, dark green; berry, black, large, J inch, sub-acid; season,
medium; yield, 3J lbs. "

New Victoria : Planted 1897 ; bush, spreading, very vigorous, hardy
and productive; leaves, dark green; bunch, long and loose; berry, red, small
to medium, 3-8 inch; sub-acid, agreeable flavor; season, medium; yield, 6
lbs.

North Star: Planted 1896; bush, stron^g upright, hardy and moder-
ately productive; leaves, green; bunch, medium long, compact; berry, red,
medium to large, 3-8 to ^ inch, acid, sprightly; season, medium to late; a
good late variety; yield, 3 lbs.

Pomona: Planted 1897; bush, medium vigor, upright, spreading, har-
dy and fairly productive; leaves, dark green; bunch long and compact; ber-
ry, red, medium to large, 3-8 to J inch, sub-acid of fine quality; season, me-
dium, yield, 4 lbs.

*Note by Secretary. — We doubt if this is true to name. We will identify it by
securing plants from various sources for comparison.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 117

Prince Albert: Planted 1897; busli, strong, spreading, hardy and pro-
ductive; leaves, dark green, large and deeply serrated; buncli, short to me-
dium; berry, small to medium, 3-8 inch, light-red, very acid; season, late;
yield, 5 lbs.

Rahy Castle : Planted 1876 ; bush, upright, very vigorous, hardy, and
productive; leaves, light green; bunch, short and compact; berry, light-red,
small to medium, 3-8 inch, firm acid; season, medium; yield, 5 lbs.

Red Cross : Planted 1896 ; bush, spreading, vigorous, hardy and pro-
ductive; leaves, light green; bunch, short and compact; berry, red, med-
ium to large, 3-8 to ^ inch, firm, sprightly sub-acid; season, medium; yield,
4 lbs.

Red Dutch : Planted 1897 ; bush, spreading, moderately vigorous, har-
dy and very productive; leaves, light-green; bunch, medium length, loose
berry, red, small, 1-3 to 3-8 inch, acid and fine flavor; season, early to med-
um; yield, 5 lbs.

Red Vidtoria* : Planted 1896 ; bush, upright, spreading, very vigorous,
hardy and very productive; leaves, light-green; bunch, long and loose, berry
medium to large, 3-8 to J inch, red, tenacious, firm and acid; season, medi-
um; yield, 6i lbs. One of the best commercial varieties.

Saunders: Planted 1897; bush, vigorous, upright spreading, hardy
and productive; berry, black, large, J inch, sub-acid to sweet, fine flavor,
season, medium; yield, 5 lbs. One of the best.

Versailles : Planted 1896; bush,, medium vigor, upright, hardy, and
moderately productive; leaves, dark green; bunch, medium length, rather
compact; berry, red, medium, 3-8 inch, acid; season, early to medium; yield
3 lbs.

White Grape : Planted 1896 ; bush, strong, upright-spreading, hardy
and productive; leaves, light-green; bunch, long and loose; berry, white,
large, J inch, sub-acid, pleasant flavor; season, medium to late: yield, 3 lbs.
White currants do not sell so well as red or black on the general market.

White Imperial: Planted 1896; bush, moderately vigorous, upright-
spreading, leaves, light-green; bunch, long and loose; berry, white, medi-
um to large 3-8 to J inch, very sweet, fine quality; season, medium; vield,
2 lbs.

Wilder: Planted 1896; bush, strong, upright grower, hardy and pro-
ductive; leaves, dark green; bunch, medium length, comDact: berry, red,
tenacious, medium to lare^e, 3-8 to J inch, sub-acid of excellent quality; sea-
son, medium; yield. 5 lbs.

Healthy Ghowers.

In regard to health of the above varieties the following may be classi-
fied as sturdy and rugged bushes.

New Yictoria. Eed Dutch. Raby Castle, Red Victoria, Prince Albert,
Pomona, Cherry.

The other varieties of red and white currants have a more or less
red appearance in midsummer, and are more susceptible to fungus disease
such as leaf blight.

The black varieties generally may be clas^fied as healthy. Prices of
currants this year ranged from 6 cents a quart for red currants to 10 cents
for black.

*Note by Secretary. — We think Victoria and Raby Castle identical. Further test
is required.

118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Undesirable Varieties.

Belle de St. Giles : Not productive enough.

Brayley's Seedling : Rather small berry and lacking in production.

New Victoria : Fruit too small,

Raby Castle : Too small for market.

Red Dutch ' Too small.

Versailles : Fruit rather small.

White- Imperial : Scarcely productive enough.

A. Tl. Sherrington (Lake Hmron Station).

The currant crop was excellent this year, both red and black, and the
quality was air that could be desired; tlie fruit all sold at good prices.

Eed Currants.

Cherry : Bush a poor grower, does not make wood enough; fruit large;
quality good; color red; no fruit this season.

Fay's : Bush strong and vigorous, hardy and healthy; fruit very large;
quality good; color red; ripe July 15th; yield 81 oz. per bush.

North Star: Bush of a spreading habit, canes small and weak; fruit,
small and of poor quality; color red; ripe July 18th; yield 15 oz, per bush.

Prince Albert : A strong upright grower, vigorous and hardy, healthy,
makes a fine compact bush; fruit medium to large; color red, quality good;
yield, 48 oz. per bush a good one.

Pomona : Bush fairly vigorous, strong and compact ; fruit medium to
large, color red; quality of the best; ripe July 12th; yield 32 oz.

Red Cross : Bush vigorous and hardy ; fruit large ; color red ; quality
good; yield 22 oz. per bush, 2 years old.

Raby Castle: Bush very vigorous, strong and hardy, very productive;
fruit small to medium; color red; quality good, but rather tart; ripe July
.18th; yield 66 oz.

Versailles : Bush fairly vigorous, hardy and healthy; fruit large; col-
or red; quality ^ood; ripe July 15th; yield 52 oz. per bush.

Black Currants.

Black Victoria: Bush strong and vigorous, hardy and healthy; fruit
large, quality good; ripe July 15th; yield 11 ounces per bush; four years
old.

Champion : Plant a very strong and vigorous grower, hardy and
healthy; fruit, large, black, quality good, ripe July 15th; yield, 56 ounces
per bush

Naples : Plant a vigorous grower, hardy and healthy, and very pro-
ductive; fruit large; color black; quality 1st class; ripe July 15th; yield,
66 ounces.

Saunders: Bush not very vigorous; fruit large; color black; ripe July
25tli; yield 10 ounces.

Charles Young (Algoma Station).

Currants are satisfactory every way. The climate seems to suit them
to perfection. Some varieties are under test and all are good. The whole

1904: FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 119

secret of success is plenty of barnyard manure; clean but sballow cultiva-
tion; cutting out tbe old wood; encouraging new wood, and keeping down
the currant worm.

GOOSEBEEEIES.

A. E. Sherrington {Lake Huron Station),

The gooseberry crop was the largest ever grown here; over 1,200 quarts
were sold, realizing good prices. Downing and Pearl were the favorites; but
so far as I can see there is no difference between them. The English varie-
ties all mildewed so that they were worthless. Downing and Pearl each yield-
ed about eight quarts per bush, and Red Jacket gave 4 quarts. The bush of
the latter was only three years planted.

Chas. Young (Algoma Station).

Gooseberries have all done well; some six varieties are under test. Pearl,
so far, has been the most profitable. The few English varieties I have are
of poor quality; although the fruit keeps clean, the leaves sometimes show
mildew. They are not profitable to grow at the same price per quart as
Pearl ; they are not so good in quality and there is nothing save their size to
recommend them.

GEAPES.

M. Pettit (Wentworth Station).

We have at this station tested nearly 150 varieties of grapes, new and
old. Very few of the newer are of much value; some of them have good
points such as hardiness, vigor, and productiveness, but are entirely lacking
in quality; while others may be of excellent quality, but entirely lacking in
vigor and productiveness. In the early part of the season there was a pros-
pect for an immense crop. The vines had passed through the winter in good
shape, and made a vigorous growth.

The cool, cloudy wet weather through the early part of the summer
caused the Brown rot, which seriously injured the Agawam, Niagara and
Catawba. Nearly all varieties were subject to it. Lindley and Delaware
suffered the least. Vines that had been sprayed with the Bordeaux Mixture
once, soon after the fruit set, showed a marked difference in favor of spray-
ing. Judging from the previous history of this disease, now that our vine-
yards are infested with the spores, a thorough system of spraying will have
to be adopted, which will also be an effectual remedy for mildew.

All kinds of grapes were about ten days later than usual this season, and
the later varieties were of very poor flavor, not enough heat or sunshine.

Commercial Varieties.

Champion: Was the earliest; the vines were heavily laden and it was
one of the most profitable; first picking September 5th.

Moyer : Next in ripening, bore a heavier crop than usual and averaged
a higher price than any other grape on account of its earliness; first picking
September 10th.

Moore's Early : Also bore a full crop and sold at higher prices than
usual; first picking, September 10th.

120

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Delaware : Bore a heavy crop, and averaged higher prices than usual ;
first picking September 20th. .

Lindley : A much heavier crop than usual and brought high prices ; tirst
picking, September 26th. ,

Worden : Bore a heavy crop ; later than usual in ripening ; fruit was in-
jured with Brown Rot; price medium.

Niagara : Was very bad with the rot ; flavor was poor ; prices low ; first
picking, September 28th. ^

Salem: Promised a full crop but was badly injured with Brown Rot;
sold at low prices.

Concord : Suffered considerable rot ; flavor poor, price lower than usual ;
first picking, September 28th.

Agawam : Heavily laden; badly affected with rot; flavor poor, sour, not
enough warm weather or sunshine to ripen it well ; many vineyards did not
ripen ; price very low.

Catawba : Suffered the same as Agawam.

Some Grapes for the Home Garden Only.

The following are some varieties which are suitable only for the home
garden, where quality is required more than quantity.

Winchell : A white grape; large, handsome shaped cluster; berries below
medium size; very sweet; ripens early.

Black Delaware: A small black grape; long, compact clusters; excel-
lent quality; vine is hardy, a slow grower, and not very productive, season
about the middle of September.

Early Dawn: A small black grape; long loose clusters; excellent
quality; not productive; season about 20th September.

Golden Drop: A small, light colored grape of excellent quality; a slow
grower; not productive.

Jeff^erson : A red grape ; handsome, compact clusters ; crisp, sprightly,
excellent flavor; a long keeper; season late.

Mills : A large, black grape ; of good quality and one of the best long
keepers ; with ordinary care will keep in the baskets in a cool place three or
four months and retain its sprightly flavor better than any other grape ; sea-
son very late.

Cultivation.

I am still more convinced that shallow cultivation is better and cheaper
than the usual amount of plowing done in vineyard cultivation, where the
surface has been kept mellow and clean by shallow cultivation the results
have been better than where much plowing has been done.

Pruning.

I have always adopted the fan system of pruning, but I find by making
tests that the Kniffin system of pruning and tying is cheaper and answers as
well for strong growing vines. The fruit can be gathered more readily and
one wire less is required in tirellising.

A. W. Peart (Burlington Station),

Tne grape crop here this year was very disappointing. They passed the
winter in good condition, and the outlook for a good crop when in bloom,
was never better. Early in August, however, many varieties were stricken

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 121

with rot. Tlie vineyard on tlie clay loam suffered not more than 10 per cent.
loss, while that on the gravelly loam was, upon the whole, depreciated prob-
ably 60 per cent. Worden and Niagara, especially suffered.

Commercial List.

The best commercial varieties here are : Worden and Concord for black :

Delaware and Massassoit for red; and Niagara and Moore's Diamond for
white.

Ripening was about two weeks later than usual. The vines are not pro-
tected here in the winter, but left on the wires.

Undesirable Varieties.

Moore's Early, Eaton, Lady, Eldorado, Brighton, Wyoming Red, Moyer
and Winchell. None of these have proven money makers here.

Chas. Young (Algoma Station),

Grapes : We are too far north for this fruit. Nine varieties are under
test. Many of them color up and look ripe every year, but try eating a bunch
of southern grown grapes, and then try an apparently equally good bunch
grown in Algoma, and your mouth will show the difference, even if you do
not speak.

NUTS.

A. M. Smith (St. Catharines).

To the Members of the Board of Control :

Gentlemen, — By your instructions I secured from the purchaser of the
Burrill farm, where we had our station for tender 'fruits and nuts, a few trees
of Japan chestnuts and walnuts which I planted on my own place four years
ago. I also had several seedlings of these nuts, obtained from Rochester,
planted two or three years previous to this, and I thought a report of my suc-
cess would be of interest to you and to the public. All of the walnuts have
made a good growth, and one in particular which was planted seven years ago,
made a remarkable growth, the trunk being over 6 inches in diameter and the
branches extending 10 feet from the trunk each way. It has produced near-
ly a bushel of nuts this season. Several others have produced quite a number.
The tree resembles the butternut in foliage, and the nuts are somewhat sim-
ilar in appearance, though not so long in shape, and grow in clusters of from
eight to thirteen in a bunch. When the outer shuck is removed it looks more
like the English walnut, though the shell is much harder. The meat in taste
is about a cross between that and a butternut. The tree is quite hardy and
was not affected in the least by the extreme cold of last winter, though the
English walnut and peach trees near by were, many of them, severely in-
jured. I believe it will be a valuable tree for timber, if not for the nuts, on
account of its rapid growth. I have planted about a thousand of the nuts, and
if they grow they will be at your disposal, if you wish to experiment further
with them.

In regard to the chestnuts, those obtained from the Burrell place, and
which I believe had been grafted or budded, have not made very much
growth, but seem to be of a dwarfish habit. They have borne some nuts —
much larger than our native and I think about equal in quality — but th«

122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

tree is tender, one of them being killed and another injured last winter.
Some seedlings imported from Japan seem to be much hardier, and the nuts
are larger than our natives. I have an English walnut, grown from nuts
raised in the states, which has borne two or three years, but it was injured
some by the frost last winter and did not bear this year. I intend grafting
it on the Japan, and will report results.

PEACHES.

Linus Woolverton (Maplehurst, Grimsby).

Notwithstanding the severe winter, the experimental peach orchard at
Maplehurst came through without the slightest injury. The notes which I
have taken during the past season on the fruits, other than cherries, m my
collection, have been made for my work: ''The Fruits of Ontario," and lack
some of the details which should be given in an annual record. These minute
details I will include in my notes next season, if it is considered desirable.

Alexander: My Alexanders ripened early in August and gave a heavy
crop; but except where the fruit was thinned, and the trees highly cultivated,
it was small and unprofitable.

Bowslaugh : Is so similar to the Longhurst, both in appearance and in
flesh that we do not think it worth while to say more about it than that it is
smaller in size and a trifle later in season than the latter, continuing fit for
use this season until about the middle of October. It is an excellent canning
peach, but in my opinion not profitable.

Carlisle : This is quite a new variety with us in Ontario, which has given
me large crops of fine sized fruit for two seasons past. It is very late, com-
ing in after the Smock is over. It requires a most favorable location m order
to thoroughly ripen its fruit. This season I gathered it during the last half
of October, and had some samples of it in November; but it was inferior m
flavor to the fruit it gave the year previous when there was more sun, and the
season was not so late. It was therefore somewhat disappointing this year
on this account. In size it is the largest peach of its season, nearly equalling
the Elberta, but it is flatter in form. The skin is green m color, which is
against its sale; still its size should make it a profitable market peach, and
in most seasons the flavor would be better than it has been this year.

Champion : This was the finest white-fleshed peach in nay orchard ; be-
ing very large in size and excellent in quality. In season it ripened with the
last of the St. John and with the first of the Early Crawfords. The tree gave
a very abundant crop of uniform size, which packed well m the six quart
baskets, two tier deep, and took well in the market.

Crosby • Yielded a heavy crop of well colored fruit, desirable for the
dessert table, but rather small for profit. The fruit dropped badly as soon
as ripe.

Early Crawford: Was as usual the most desirable market peach of the
whole season, and met with a sharp demand. The fruit was unexcelled m
beauty and where assorted to size and packed two layers deep m the basket,
presented a most attractive appearance.

Elberta : This peach easily held its place as the leading market peach
of its season. The tree was not affected this season with curl leaf, to which
it is subject other years, and it yielded abundant crops of large, highly col-
ored fruit, ripening a week later than the Early Crawford.

1904: FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Emperor : Bore with me for the first time ; a very handsome late peach
with yellow flesh and a colored cheek, medium in size, ripening even later
than the Carlisle. I gathered it about the 20th of October.

Fitzgerald : Bore a heavy crop of fine quality peaches, yellow in color,
quite similar to the Early Crawford, and nearly of the same season.

Greensboro : Bore its usual good crop of early fruit, which was harvest-
ed between the 15th and 20th August. The flesh is rather soft, but for a
near market we would count it valuable, for it is a very good dessert peach-
I think it worthy of test on a commercial scale.

Hale : Ripened about the 20th of August, and, though a peach long
grown in our orchards, it still holds its place as a good market variety be-
cause of its fine size and color. Its great fault is that it is inclined to rot
before it is fully ripe.

Hynes : Yielded a fine crop of most delicious dessert fruit, not very
large, but good enough to make up for its small size. The fruit hangs well
to the tree. We gathered it about the first week in September this season,
which is about a week later than usual.

Jacques' Rareripe : My trees of this variety bore a moderate crop of very
large yellow peaches, ripening just after the Early Crawford. For a near
market we would think it valuable; it is too tender for long shipments.

Kalamazoo : Gave a good crop of yellow fruit, ripening in 1903 about the
end of September, and this year during the first week in October. The tree
is vigorous and productive, but the fruit is a little small to be a first class
market peach.

Longhurst : Bore an abundant fcrop, and where the 'itrees had high culti-
vation and manure, the fruit was of good size and f a;ir appearance ; but where
poorly cultivated and not thinned, it was very inferior, aiid of little market
value. The flesh is first class for table use or for canning.

Lewis : Came in just between Yellow St. John and Early Crawford and
yielded an abundant crop of beautiful large round white fleshed fruit, with a
fine red cheek. It is a splendid dessert peach, but a little tender for distant
shipment.

New Prolific : Is another peach of the Early Crawford type, a little lat-
er, but quite tender in flesh. Tt is yellow, with a bright red cheek, and the
flesh is very juicy with a sweet delicate flavor.

Rivers : As usual bore a heavy crop, but the fruit, though large in size
is too delicate and too easily bruised to be desirable for shipping, neither is
it possessed of very high quality ; for these reasons it is declining in popular-
ity as a market peach.

Smock : Was so late in ripening that the flesh did not acquire as good
a flavor as usual, nor did the fruit reach its usual size and color.

Sneed : Eipened about the 26th of July, and was chiefly valuable because
it had no competitor.

St. John : Bore its usual crop of very fine fruit, yellow in color, with a
fine red cheek. When neatly packed in small baskets two layers deep, it
equalled the Early Crawford in appearance and brought about equally good
prices. This is a variety that should not be omitted from the commercial
list for profit.

Triumph : A yellow fleshed peach, which has not proved itself very sat-
isfactory. The tree is subject to leaf and twig blight, and the fruit to rot, so
that it is fast losing its place among the profitable market varieties.

124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

W. W. HiLBORN {Southwestern Fruit Station).

In submitting my report for 1904, I will necessarily have to be brief, as
all our experimental peach trees were either killed or so badly injured by last
winter's frost that they had to be pulled out and burned. Again, as in 1899,
the injury was in the roots. Nearly all peach trees on high, dry, sandy soil
were destroyed in this locality. Those that escaped were grown on lower lev-
els, and heavier soil, where the frost did not penetrate so deeply. Where
the frost goes below the bulk of the roots the trees are usually killed. Dur-
ing the great part of the past winter we experienced steady cold, with very
little covering on the ground. The trees came out in leaf and full bloom, and
many set a crop of fruit and then died. However, as soon as the frost was
out, the roots were found to be brown and dead. In many places the frost
penetrated to the depth of five feet. If some practical method could be de-
vised of protecting .the roots during the winter it would be a great boon
to the fruit growers of Essex County. Cover crops do not grow vigorously
enough under the branches of the trees to form sufficient protection. Straw
would help if it could be obtained, but we have to go many miles and pay a
high price for the few loads we require for bedding in the horse stables. If a
cover crop could be found that would grow vigorously enough, with the aid
of a little mulch material immediately around the trunk of the trees, the
danger from root killing would be very much lessened. It has been suggested
by some that we should experiment along the line of budding the peach on
stocks that are more hardy. While that would be a good field for experiment,
past experience would lead me to think that the top influences the root rath-
er than the root the top.

I have a number of Wickson and Hale plums* budded on peach roots
that came through the winter equally as well as the other plums budded on
plum stocks.

The following list of twelve varieties are the most profitable for market
among those tested at this station. They are named in their order of ripen-
ing, and give a continuous succession of fruit from the earliest to the latest,
that is profitable for market :

Alexander, Engol,

St. John, Elberta,

Brigden, Golden Drop,

Early Crawford, Kalamazoo,

Fitzgerald, Banner,

New Prolific, Smock.

A. W. Peart (Burlington Station).

There were few peaches here -this year. Although the trees generally are
in fair condition, most of the fruit buds were frozen last winter.

Alexander, Triumph,

Champion, Crosby,

Greensboro, Golden Drop,

Longhurst, Yenshi,

Sneed, Captain Ede.

Each of the above bore a few peaches; while there were none on the Craw-
fords, Steven's Rareripe, Tyhurst, Hortense Eivers, and Connecticut.

*From the plum tests made at some of our northern stations we hiave about con-
cluded that the Japan plums are hardier than the European. — The Secretary.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 125

A. E. Sherrington, {Lake Huron Station).

Peach trees were all killed out by frost last winter.

W. H, Dempsey, (Bay of Quinte Station).

The Triumph and Yellow St. John were killed to the ground, also' seed-
lings of Crawford and Yellow St. John, planted in 1898. The trees of Bokhara
are about half killed, while Fitzgerald is practically uninjured, except in the
fruit buds, which were all killed.

PEARS.

L. WooLVERTON, (MapIehuTst, Grimsby).

Having over 60 varieties of pears growing upon my grounds, planted
there for purposes of study in connection with my work as your secretary, and
in order that I may study the habits of the trees for my descriptive work in
the Fruits of Ontario, it seems quite proper to make an annual report to this
Board concerning their behavior each year. Thus, after a few years' experi-
ence with each variety, we shall be in a position to judge correctly of the re-
spective merits of each, and to know which ones ought to be tested at various
stations for proving their adaptability to various districts and locations. I
will therefore give you notes upon a few of them this year and take fuller
notes for future reports if you so order.

Bartlett : For market this pear excels all others in my district, being a
general favorite for all purposes. I have about 1,000 trees in full bearing in
my orchard. The fruit this year was large, clean and beautiful. The trees
were fully loaded, the second year in succession. There was little if any
blight, and, where this did show itself, it was among the upper limbs, so
that the trees can be easily renewed from below. I shipped one car to Winni-
peg, just previous to Prof. Reynold's experimental shipment, and it arrived
fn perfect condition and sold for fair prices. On the 8th of September I sent
forward to Glasgow a car of nearly 900 cases of XXX stock, but I was in-
tensely disappointed when I found that the lot had arrived over-ripe and had
been sold at very low prices; especiially considering that some of the same
stock, held in cold storage in this country was still in perfect condition.

Bosc : I am much pleased with this pear. I have it top grafted on an
old pear tree and the fruit is always of good form, of high quality and firm
enough to export with perfect safety. Its color is that of russety yellow
which is popular in the foreign market. I am top grafting a large number
of my old pear trees with this variety for the export market.

Boussoch : I have this variety as a standard and it yields large crops of
very fine fruit. It is a good market variety.

Beurre d'Anjou : 1 have grown this variety for many years both as a
dwarf and as a standard, and find it much larger and finer as a dwarf. I have
exported this pear to Glasgow, wrapped in tissue paper and put up in half
bushel boxes, and it uniformly brings the highest price in that market. In
cold storage it easily keeps until January. The tree is fairly productive, and
shows no indications of blight.

Diel : A fine export pear, green when gathered and yellowing toward
maturity, late in autumn. I find it better as a dwarf than as a standard.
It has high quality.

Brandywine : Is a very good pear, but not very profitable. I have it top
grafted on old pear trees, and get a good crop almost every year.

126

THE REPORT OF THE . No. 17

Buffum : I have about a dozen large trees about 50 years planted, wbicb
have grown up like Lombardy Poplars. They are P-fectly healthy w^^
the slightest tendency to blight, and produce large crops of fruit The pear
is, however, too small for profit compared with other varieties of its season,
which closely follows the Bartlett.

Clapp's Favorite: The finest market pear of its season, which ]ust pre
cedes that of the Bartlett. I have it on the quince and the fruit is magnifi-
cent. I have also exported it to Glasgow with good success.

Doyenne d'Ete : The earliest of all pears, and is very fine for the liome
dessert table, especially as grown on the quince. I do not, however, find it
profitable as a market pear.

Giffard : I have this pear top-grafted upon old pear stock, and it has
grown rapidly and given a fine yield every year. I have it also upon the
quince stock, but I do not think it does any better than when grown on the
pear, which latter of course makes the larger tree. The fruit is of good size,
yellow with a red cheek, and it is the best early market pear we have.

Fldmish Beauty : I have quite a large number of trees of this variety,
most of them in full bearing. Usually the fruit scabs and cracks so badly
that it is unmarketable. The season of 1903 was an exception, and the fruit
was so clean and well colored that I was able to export a great part of my
crop with success ; but this year, 1904, it was again as badly scabbed as ever
and entirely worthless, except on trees that had been well and thoroughly
sprayed with Bordeaux. It is a pear of the highest quality, but as an export
pear, even if clean, it is not very desirable, because if gathered on the green
side it shrivels up, and if left hanging until fully ripe it becomes too soft
to carry. I am top-grafting my Flemish Beauty trees to Bosc.

Goodale : Does not impress favorably as I have it in my experimental

^ ^^'HoA'dv : An excellent autumn pear, smooth, clean and of uniform size. I
have shipped it to Glasgow with my Duchess, and have about concluded to
class it among the desirable export varieties.

Howell ' I have grown this pear for many years, and find the tree a regu-
lar abundant bearer; the fruit is large, and it yellows as it begins to ripen,
without softening. It has brought me a high price m the British market
Tnd always reaches the consignee in good condition, which is a great point
in its favor. , . , i • x

Josephine : I have always looked upon this as a most desirable winter
pear, but since I have been fruiting it I have come to the conclusion that it
is too small to bring much money and w therefore not very profitable.

Kieffer: Is the most productive pear in my orchard. Trees that are
highly Cultivated and manured, and the fruit upon them well thinned out,
be!r fine crops of large pears which are most attractive m .^PP^^^^Tf^- ^^f
yellow in color with a beautiful red cheek I had great hopes of this as a
Lost valuable market pear, and planted largely of it, ^^f''l^\\^^^l
boomed; but have found it most disappointing. One season I P^tiip? large
quantit; for the British market, expecting to make some «i°^«y ?«*.f *^^^:
but met with disappointment. The pears turned black on the skm m transit
and presented a ve?y different appearance from that shown -^^^^^^^^y -^;«,
being picked, and they sold for low prices. The quality too ^^^ ?° .P°f *X
the dealers Reported that they could not place the pear a second t.me with
the same buyers. It is esteemed by many as a canning pear, but of late our
factor's see'm to prefer paying a higher price for Bartletts rather than put
up Kieffers. I am top-grafting my Kieffers to A.n]ou and Bo=.c.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 127

Lawrence : Is my favorite dessert pear for early winter use, but I have
not found it very profitable. The tree is fairly productive, but the fruit is
often undersized; it also lacks color until stored a few weeks when it begins
to yellow.

Louise : Has been fruiting in my orchard for over forty years, both as
standard and as a dwarf, the latter succeeding best. This is the handsomest,
and at the same time one of the most salable of our autumn pears, if grown
on suitable soil and given first class culture. It has brought the highest price
of any kind which I have shipped to the British market. In season it just
precedes the Duchess, although I have shipped both of them to Great Britain
at the same time. I have one tree remaining of the first orchard planted, a
dwarf of over forty years of age, which has taken root above the quince stock,
and has reached a height of about twenty-five feet. This year it bore about
twelve baskets of very fine pears. The tree is growing on deep rich sandy
loam.

Law son : Has fruited with me for several years. The fruit is of great
beauty, bright yellow with a rich crimson cheek; and of a large size, but I
do not think it will be profitable because it rots at the core as soon as ripe, and
will not carry; besides the quality is only ordinary. It is of about the same
season as the Giffard.

Leconte : Has been fruiting for the past ten years with me, and I can-
not say much in its favor. The fruit is of fair size, very clean and smooth,
and ripens very late in the fall. This year the tree bore a heavy crop which
I put up for export, but the pear lacks both color and quality, two very im-
portant characteristics in an export pear.

Manning : A. very productive and very highly-colored summer pear of
very good quality, but it is not large enough to compete in the markets with
such an excellent variety as Wilder or Clapp's Favorite.

Mount Vernon : I have tested this pear for over 40 years, and consider
it undesirable for any purpose.

Margaret : I have top-worked the Margaret on pear stock, and also I have
it growing on quince stock, and find little difference in either growth of wood
or in size of fruit. It is a fine dessert pear, but green in color and scarcely
large enough to be a very profitable market variety.

Oshand : I have tested this variety for thirty years. Once I looked upon
it as the finest and most profitable early dessert pear, but, now that we have
so many larger and better ones of the same season, I do not think it has any
place in the commercial orchard. The fruit is small and the tree is only
moderately productive.

Pitmaston : A variety which I found much grown in Kent, England, on
the occasion of my visit in 1903, and it is there esteemed as superior for mar-
ket to the Duchess, which is about same season. I have some trees in bear-
ing in my experimental plot, and I am inclined to think it is likely to prove
the most promising of all the newer varieties under test. The tree is a mag-
nificent grower and very productive ; the only fault being a slight inclination
to blight. The fruit is large, smooth, clean and uniform in size; it yel-
lows a litle earlier than the Duchess, without softening. The season of it is
October and November. I am inclined to think we shall find this to be one
of our most valuable export pears, especially as grown on quince stock.

Rostiezer : I have fruited this pear for the past thirty years and must
conamend it as the most desirable dessert pear of its season, which is just pre-
ceding the Bartlett. On account of its high quality it has received the name
of the Summer Seckel. It is not a profitable market pear, however: it drops
from the trees as soon as it ripens, and it quickly softens. I have tried every

128

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

way to get its proper value from buyers, shipping it as Summer Seckel or
rdding under its own name the words "Dessert Pears, but it never has
brought a good price, because it is too' small, and too dull m color to please

*^^ "IheUon ■ A splendid dessert pear, of fair size, russet in color, and would
1, fitiwp W it were more productive. I have old trees of this variety, but
fheyneer yield cToJ Tqu a'ntity sufficient to make it a profitable pear.

^Superfile:\ fine large pear of good quality as I have it growing on

-'^Zi^^'tl^l^'i^^'^^ ^aSce: but it lacks uni
formity InsTze, and in shipe. The quality is not high. I have not tried it as

' "'r';L'"l'have tested this pear for over 40 years.. My trees are now
.hJiihiiu feet in height, and they are remarkably vigorous and healthy,
thev have never shown !he least tendency to blight, and they are quite pro-
ductive each alternate season, with a light crop the intervening season The
fruit is above medium in size, well colored and of good quality. I do not
?owevr! esteem it a very profitable variety coming m as it does so near th
season of the Bartlett, which it just precedes, and which admits of no com

^""^'Xchel: In the old days this variety was counted a very valuable mar-
ket pear because of its very high quality for dessert, but now larger pears
Sf inferior quality seem to take its place for profit, unless m special sale^^
f find the fruit on rtandard trees to grow small and in erior, biit on the quince
I get good crops of high colored fruit, and large for the variety.

Vicar : I have fruited this pear for over thirty years, and have not found
it profi able. It is a large winter pear, keeping until .T'ebruary in ordinary
storage, but the color is a dull green and the quality is poor. My trees are

''" lti:f thus^'gtn a brief account of the behavior during the past season
of some of the more prominent varieties in my collection in ^o^^^^'^?^^lf^
upon many years acquaintance with the variety. In fntn-^^ ^^=1; led ac-
Board so orders, I will take notes for the preparation of a more detailed ac
coimt of the varieties in my collection, showing their behavior each year.

Hadold .Tones, (St. Lawrence Station).

Pears are proving as unsatisfactory as plums in the St. Lawrence coun-
ties and can never be grown profitably m a commercial orchard. _tor gar
den planting ttee are only three varieties hardy enough to withs and the low
Jemperat'lres we are apt t'o have, that are of good enough equality to recom-
mend viz. : Flemish Beauty, Clapp's Favorite and Ritson, and of these t^ee
Flem sh Beauty should be given the preference as it succeeds very well even
m eZosed posftions. Further tests may find a hardypear of good qaiality
Jhat does not spot as badly as Flemish Beauty, but this trouble can be con-

''''^^Jii^::^S^^:^ee planted 1898, dead in the spring of 1904; win-

^'"^Bevrre Clairneau: Three trees planted 1896, not hardy, iniured to some
extent evervwint'er and killed in the spring of 1904. Top grafted on Besse-
mianka. it is more hardy but shows injury this sprmg.

Baha : Two trees planted 1897, died of blight m 1900_.

BLemianka: Three trees planted 1896; hardy and vigorous, bears an-
nuallv, but fruit is worthless.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 129

Bergamot : Three trees planted 1896, tree in ordinary seasons quite har-
dj', but fruit small and inferior, last winter it was seriously injured.

Beurre Hardy: Three trees planted 1896; tree has proved quite hardy
up to last winter, when it was seriously injured; fruit buds tender.

Clapp's Favorite : Three trees planted 1896; healthy and hardy and gave
some fruit of fine quality in 1903; slightly injured last winter, but promise of
recovering; no fruit this year.

Cherburn, (Russian) : One tree planted 1896, fruited in 1903 ; fruit of
poor quality; blighted in summer of 1903; dead in spring of 1904.

Dempsey : Three trees planted 1896. Fairly healthy and hardy until last
winter, when it was severely injured.

Eastern Bell: One tree planted 1898; dead in the spring of 1904.

Flemish Beauty : Three trees planted 1896 ; hardy and healthy ; fruit
buds tender on seven years; fruited in 1903, no fruit this year; tree not in-
jured by the winter of 1904; one of the most desirable varieties for this dis-
trict.

Goodale : Three trees planted 1896 ; fairly hardy and healthy up to last
winter when it was severely injured; bore some fruit in 1902 and 1903, but
they were small and inferior specimens.

Japan Golden Russett: Three trees planted 1897; fruited in 1901, fruit
of poor quality; undesirable; winter-killed in 1904.

Howell : Three trees planted 1896 ; fruited in 1900 a few specimens ; tree
tender, died in 1903.

Idaho : Three trees planted 1896 ; trees suffered with blight and died in
1903 and 1904.

Kiejfer^s Hi/brid: Three trees planted 1896; this was very promising
for a few years giving me some nice fruit in 1900, 1901-2 jand 3, but the trees
were severely injured last winter and will die.

Lincoln: Three trees planted 1896; injured in 1903 and killed in 1904.

Lincoln Coreless : Three trees planted 1896; tender; blighted in 1903;
killed in 1904.

Le Lecture : Three trees planted 1897 ; fairly healthy and vigorous un-
til last winter when it was killed.

Petite Marguerite: One tree planted 1898; injured in spring of 1904.

Ritson : Three trees planted 1896 ; healthy and vigorous, has borne fruit
for two years past, and one tree had three pears this year; trees slightly in-
jured this spring.

Sudduth : One tree planted 1896 ; a round headed, moderately vigorous
tree, bore fruit in 1903 of inferior quality ; no fruit in 1904 and tree slightly
injured.

Varonish : One tree planted 1896 ; a Russian variety of poor quality ; bore
a few specimens in 1903 and died of blight.

VicHorina : Two trees planted 1896 ; a Russian of vigorous growth ; blos-
somed in 1904 for the first time, but did not set fruit. .

Vei^mont Bedpty : Three trees planted 1896 ; a vigorous grower, but ten-
der, showed injury in spring of 1903; dead spring of 1904.

Winter Pear : Three trees planted 1896 ; a Russian of vigorous growth ;
fruit of poor quality; useless.

Wilder : One tree planted 1898 ; dead in spring of 1904.

Undesirable Varieties for St. Lav^rence District.

Bartlett, Seckel, Beurre Clairgeau, *Bessemianka, Bergamot, Beurre
Hardy, Cherburn, Dempsey, Goodale, Japan Golden Russett, Howell, Idaho,

*Bessemianka is good stock to top graft on.
9 F.E. S.

180

THE REPORT OF THE No. 1

Lincoln, Lincoln Coreless, Le Lecture, Yaronisli, Vermont Beauty, Winter
Pear.

A. W. Peart, {tiuriington ^Station).

Pears were a fair crop of rather poor quality. Such varieties as the
Duchess spotted worse than usual. Most of the kinds were rough and pitted,
owing, probably, to the curculio bite. Blight also was quite prevalent, How-
ell Buffum, Clapp's Favorite, Easter Beurre, and President Drouard suiier-
ing more especially. Conditions which produce a firm, but only moderate
growth of wood, seem favorable to check blight.

Commercial List.

^il(ier. Duchess, (dwarf),

Clapp's Favorite, Anjou,

Bartlett, Keiffer,

Boussock, Winter Nelis,

Louise, Easter Beurre.

Anjou : Planted 1890. Tree, spreading, istrong grower, hardy, stocky,
productive and handsome; fruit, season, November; lacks tenacity; a good

export pear. ^ j 2

Bartlett: Planted 1890. Tree, upright, moderate grower, hardy and
very productive; inclined to blight; fruit, season, early September; with ef-
ficient cold storage a very profitable export pear.

Bartlett SecJcel : Planted 1898 ; tree a spreading, moderate grow^e^, somfe
blight; fruit, small to medium, resembles a small Clapp's Favorite m shape
and appearance; fine in srrain, sweet and juicy; season, early September.

Bosc: Planted 1896; tree upright, vigorous, hardy and productive with
age. A good export pear; season, October.

Giffard: Planted 1896; tree very spreading, vigorous, hardy and pro-
ductive; fruit, season, early August. i • . ^ n- i,^

Buffum: Planted 1897; tree strong, hardy, upright; siib]ect to blight;
fruit, season, September.

Clairgeau: Planted 1896; tree upright, hardy, moderate grower; fruit
lacks tenacity; a good export variety; season, November.

Clapp's yavorite: Planted 1896; tree an upright, spreading, vigorous
grower, hardy, productive, tendency to blight; fruit season, last of August.
A good early commercial pear. o -^ 4.

Dempsey : Planted 1898 ; tree, an upright, moderate grower ; no fruit yet.

Doijenne Boussoch: Planted 1896; tree a spreading, moderate grower,
hardy, fruit, season, early September. -, n -1^ 1

Duchess: Planted 1890; as between the dwarf and standard Duchess,
we prefer the dwarf, as being more productive, and bearing larger fruit. Tree
upright, hardy, moderate grower; fruit, season, October; one of the best ex-
port pears ; when grown as a dwarf should be well cared for.

Easter Beurre : Planted 1897 ; tree, spreading, very vigorous, hardy and
sturdy; branches somewhat wild and straggling; fruit, season, winter ; will
keep until Easter; this pear is subject to blight, and the fruit lacks tenacity.

Flemish Beauty: Planted 1880; tree spreading, vigorous, hardy and
very productive; fruit, much subject to scab and almost useless; season, Sep-

Howell: Planted 1896; tree, upright, hardy, vigorous, productive, but
subject to blight; fruit, season, late October to early November.

1904- FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 131

Idaho : Planted 1896 ; tree an upright, moderate grower, hardy and sub-
ject to blight ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, of poor quality ; season,
early November.

Josephine de Malines : Planted 1896 ; tree, spreading, moderately vigor-
ous, hardy, productive, tendency to blight; begins to fruit young; season,
early winter.

Kieffer: Planted 1899;" tree, upright, strong grower when young,
hardy and very productive; fruit, variable in size, from medium to large,
ovate, when freely ripe melting, very juicy, with a quince flavor. Season,
November ; a good canning pear, when quite ripe ; a profitable export pear ;
should be grown on light soils.

Lawrence: Planted 1896; tree, a hardy, spreading, vigorous grower;
fruit, season, early winter.

Lawson: Planted 1896; tree, upright, hardy, moderately vigorous, ten-
dency to blight; fruit, medium size, 3x3 1-2 inches, roundish pyriform, yel-
low skin, with bright red cheek, quality fair; season, middle of August.

Lincoln: Planted 1898; tree, upright, vigorous, hardy; fruit, small to
medium ; resembles Josephine de Malines ; fair quality ; season, last of Sep-
tember.

Louise : Planted 1897 ; tree, hardy, spreading, moderate grower ; fruit,
season, late September.

Osband's Summer : Panted 1897 ; tree, somewhat spreading, hardy, mod-
erately vigorous; fruit, season, August; some blight.

Petite Marguerite : Planted 1896; tree upright, vigorous, some blight;
fruit, small to medium, obovate, melting, juicy and agreeable; season, late
August.

President Drouofd: Planted 1897; tree, a spreading, moderate grower;
blights badly; fruit, season, mid-autumn.

SecJcel: Planted 1897; tree, spreading, hardy, compact top, moderate
grower; fruit season, late September.

Sheldon: Planted 1889; tree, strong, vigorous, hardy, upright,, some
blight; fruit, season, October. Have not exported this pear with any suc-
cess.

Souvenir de Congres : Planted 1896; tree, upright, fairly vigorous, har-
dy ; fruit large to very large ; shaped something like the Bartlett ; quality
good ; season, late August to early September.

Sudduth: Planted 1897; tree, spreading vigorous, hardy, productive;
fruit small to medium, green, roundish, thick in skin, soft, coarse flesh or
poor quality. Of no value here; season, October. Looks like a walnut.

Summer Doyenne: Planted 1896; tree, upright, vigorous, hardy grow-
er; fruit, season, early August.

Tyson : Planted 1897 : tree, upright, hardy, vigorous grower ; no fruit
yet.

Vermont Beauty: Planted 1896; tree, spreading, vigorous, hardy, and
shapely in appearance; no fruit yet.

Wilder: Planted 1896; tree, an upright, vigorous, hardy grower; not
so productive as the Giffard, but of better quality; season, middle of August.

Of the eleven varieties of French pears planted here in 1900, one, Berga-
motte Esperen, is dead, the others are growing well.

Undesirable Varieties for Went worth County.

Buffum : Too small for profit. Blights badly.
Flemish Beauty:: Spots too badly.

132

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

IdaJw: Tree blights badly. Fruit not of good quality. Lacks also pro-
ductiveness.

Petite Marguerite: Too small lor prolit.

President IMouard: Tree very subject to blight.

Sudduth: Fruit small and of very poor quality.

Summer Doyenne : Fruit too small for profit

Ske and appearance of pears, as well as quality, count for much, under
present market conditions.

Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

I cannot report much success with pears. Until l^t winter nearly all
had made a satisfactory growth, but yielded very little iruit.

Kreffer : Bore heavily in 1903, but the fruit was small and poor.

BJlera^anka : A Russian, bore fair si.ed frmt which rotted as fast as it
ripened. Flemish Beauty had a few samples, but of inferior quahty.

Goodale and A»;o«, with the Russians, have come through the winter
untouched Kelffer 4ith more injured than any of the others, but now were
completely killed. I do not think pear growing here will be a commercial
success, and unless for the satisfaction of growing a few for home use, I would
not advise planting them.

W. H. Dempsey, {Bay of Quinte Station).

Pear trees were very much weakened from the efiects of Pear Psylla last
year, together with the extreme cold weather. The trees thus attected did
not make as strong growth as usual, and bore very little fruit.

Ser Was but slightly damaged and bore a heavy crop, but thefrun
was fr^all, and the qualitfwas not as good as those grown further south where

*'*' 7oT i^^dTbou^ock, Goodale, White Doyenne and Hou-ell seem to
be ecSly affected by Psylla, and where the trees were bad, they were more
or less injured in the fruit buds. „ ^ . -j.

The trees not affected bore fair crops of fine fruit.

A. E. Sherrington, (Lale Huron Station).
Pears were a failure at the station this season; none of the trees in the
experimental plots fruited. The most of t^^e trees came through the . jnte^
all right, except a few of the French pears planted a le« years ago. IJio^,
k led were frozen to the snow line, the stocks were grafted m the spring, so
no varieties were lost. Some young Kieflers planted one year ago were also

J. G. Mitchell, {Georgian Bay Station).
I am pleased to again report favorably on pears. They wintered quite as
well if not better than apples. The following varieties seem well adapted to
This dktT°ct, Bartlett, Beurre.d'Anjou, Clairgeau, Duchess, Boussock Flern-
ish Beauty, Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett-Seckel, Seckel. Louise Boline Howell ,
Kkfier, Winter Nelis, and Belle Lucrative These varieties all fruited fair-
Iv well this season, which shows they are all hardy enough to stand the sever-
est climatic conditions we are ever likely to have. Besides those, there are
Tuite a number of others which promise wel . The young pear trees brought
from France are doing nicely, and seem quite adapted t« this country, hav-
ing wintered as well as any, but they are too young to fruit yet.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 133

• ,

PLUMS.

J. G. Mitchell, {Georgian Bay Station.)
European.

Arch Duke : One of the most hardy and least aifected by the winter, bore
quite a sprinkling of fine plums.

Bradshaw : This fine, large handsome plum may be classed among the
hardy vsfrieties. None wintered better and no trees of this variety were lost.

French Damson : Hardy, came through last winter fairly well ai d
fruited.

Gueii : The only variety which bore a full crop this season.

Glass Seedling : Trees hardy and healthy but not productive this season.

Hughes : Very much like Yellow Egg, only it produces larger fruit.
This variety aljso wintered well.

Prune d'Agen: The only prune on the grounds to bear any fruit this
season. This plum, although not so large as German Prune, is about as good
in quality; it is an annual bearer and the tree is more hardy than the Ger-
man Prune.

Lombard : Bore more fruit than all the others together ; but it rots badly
some times.

The above varieties are the only ones tfhat bore anything to speak of
this season.

Coe's Golden Drop, Reine Claude and Burgundy Prune were all killed
last winter.

Japan Plums.

These plums are now proved to be quite as hardy as the European varie-
ties, though they bore no fruit this season. There was only one variety lost,
the Wickson, the trees of which were all killed by the frost last winter.
The quality of the Japan plums is against them as compared with the Euro-
pean that ripen at the same time. The following are the only varieties of
them I would plant, viz. : Red June, Burbank, Satsuma and Chabot.

Undesirable Varieties for Grey County.

Admiral De Riany, Milton,

Becksley, Maru,

Berckmans, Normand,

Brunswick, Ogan,

Czar, Orange Prune,

Copper, Pottawattamie,

Communion, Saunders,

Chas. Downing, Tatge,

Comfort, Ungarish,

Cheney, Willard,

Forest Rose, Wild Goose,

Golden Cherry, Wolf,

Hattankio, Whitaker,

Hammer, Wyant,

Hungarian Prune, Youkin's Golden,

and to these might be added General Hand for its poor bearing.

134

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Harold Jones, (St. Lawrence Station).

Plums in the St. Lawrence counties are never likely to be of any com-
mercial value to the growers. Nearly all the best varieties of the European
t.pe are tender, and the varieties that will succeed are uncertain croppers,
owing to injury to the fruit buds. For planting m gardens for home use m
this class, Gueii, Glass Seedling, Lombard and Shipper's Pride have on the
whole, proved the most hardy, but have not yielded enough to make them ol

much value

mucn value. i j- • i

Among the Japanese plums Maru, Ogon and Red June have been lamy
hardy, and the only ones so far tested that have produced fruit, with the
exception of Burbank, which bore two plums in 1900.

Plums of the American type are found to be the hardiest and will give
fruit of fair quality when others fail. Many varieties are of poor quality, but
Milton, Whitaker and Hammer are among the best so far tested.

Abundance : Three tree^ planted 1897; this variety has never proved of
any value here, being tender in fruit bud; trees severely injured and nearly
dead in the spring of 1904. , i p -^ -. j

Blood No. 4: Three trees planted 1898; tender m wood and Iruit bud;
two trees killed and one injured this spring. i ^ • -. j

BercJcmans: Two trees planted 1898; tender m wood and fruit bud:

this spring. ^ _ , i p •- •

Burbank: Two trees planted 1899. A few blossoms developed fruit m
1900; no bloom since; one trees dead and one injured this spring.

Col Wilder : Two trees planted 1897. A hardy vigorous grower, blos-
somed and bore fruit every year since 1899; fruit small, bright red, cling-
stone of poor to medium quality. -, -, , i - . ,

Chas Downing : Three trees planted 1896 ; tree hardy but subject to a
disease similar to plum pocket; fruit bud somewhat tender; bore some fruit
in 1901 and 1903; not desirable. , t i. -x j j

Communia: Three trees planted 1896; tender m wood and fruit; dead

thiR spring. ^ i. i ,i • • ^

Coe's Violet: Two trees planted 1898; tender, slightly injured every

winter; dead this spring. -, -, ,i •

Chabot: Two trees planted 1899; not hardy; dead this spring.

Beaton : Three trees planted 1897; not hardy; dead this spring.

Field: Three trees planted 1897; tender in tree and fruit bud; severe-
Iv injured this spring. . ,

^ Forest Rose: Three trees planted 1897; tree a very rapid grower, wood
soft and apt to break down, hardy in wood and fruit bud, blossoms profuse-
ly and bears moderate crops of medium sized, dull red fruit, thick skinned,
fair for cooking, season, September 5th.

Forest Garden: Three trees planted 1897; trees weak m growth; wood
subject to winter injury; fruit bud hardy, fruit not desirable; trees dead this

'^^"(fum : Three trees planted 1896 ; trees hardy and vigorous, foliage large
and healthv; fruit buds partly injured every winter; bore some fruit this
spring, but it was destroyed by plum rot m June. , . ,^^^ i? •+ • .

Green Gage : Three trees planted 1897 ; blossomed m 1900, no fruit ; in-
jured in 1903 and dead this spring. i • mm a ^ r^^ ^
^ Gold Plum: Three trees planted 1898. Blossomed m 1901 and bore 5
fruits that came to maturity; injured in 1903; 2 trees dead m 1904.

Grand DuJce : Three trees planted 1897; more or less injured every win-
ter; dead spring of 1904.

1904- FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 1:^5

Gluss Seedling : Three trees planted 1897. A hardy tree of moderate
growth, develops fruit buds slowly; a few blossoms this year, but no fruit
came to maturity.

Hughes' Seedling: Three trees planted 1896 ; has been a fairly vigorous
tree up to last year, but badly injured in spring of 1904 and nearly dead.

Hammer : Three trees planted 1896 ; a hardy, vigorous, healthy tree,
bears every year medium crops; fruit medium, dull red with gray dots, skin
tough, but not astringent, fair for cooking; ripens late in September.

Hattasnhio : Two trees planted in 1899 ; tree tender ; killed in spring of
1904.

Kelsey : Two trees panted 1899 ; tree tender, killed in spring of 1904.

Lincohi : Two trees planted 1897; tree hardy, slow grower; slow to come
into bearing.

Lombard: Three trees planted 1894; tree a vigorous, healthy grower;
bore a heavy crop in 1898; fruit buds tender in most years; slightly injured
in tree this spring.

Lombard Improved: One tree planted 1898, tree dead spring of 1903.

Large Golden: One tree planted 1898; tree injured every winter; dead
spring of 1904.

Muir : Three trees planted 1899; tree injured every year; dead in spring
of 1904.

Milton : Three trees planted 1896 ; a hardy, vigorous, spreading tree ;
fruit buds injured some years; a few fruits developed this year; fruit med-
ium, bright red; quality poor; ripens early August.

Maru: Two trees planted 1899; tree hardy, upright, vigorous; blossom-
ed this spring and a few specimens developed, but did not come to maturity.

Moore's Arctic : Three treeis planted 1896 ; trees were healthy, vigorous
growers for a few years, but bore no fruit; killed in spring of 1904.

Montreail : Three trees planted 1896 ; trees have not proved vigorous
growers; were severely injured last winter and will die.

No't^mands: Three trees planted 1898; trees injured every winter; dead
in spring of 1904.

Raynes (Dunlop's Seedling, No. 53) : Planted 1901; a vigorous, healthy
grower; no injury to wood last winter.

Mount Royal (Dunlop's Seedling, No. 64): Planted 1901. A healthy
tree of slow growth; no injury to wood last winter and shows development of
fruit buds.

Ogon: Two trees planted 1899. A hardy, vigorous, upright grower;
fruit buds slightly injured last winter; some fruit developed, but did not
come to maturity.

Pond's Seedling: Three trees planted 1896; trees injured every winter;
dead in spring of 1904.

Prince of Waleis: Three trees planted 1897; trees injured in spring of
1904.

Red June : One tree planted 1899; tree vigorous and healthy; no injury
to tree last winter; bore a few fruits that came to maturity.

Satsuma: Two trees planted 1899; trees injured to some extent every
winter; killed spring of 1904.

Shipper's Pride: Three trees planted 1897; treeis fairly hardy, partly
injured in spring of 1904, but a few blossoms developed fruit that ripened the
first week in September.

Saundem : Three trees planted 1896. Apparently hardy in most seasons;
killed in the spring of 1904.

I3(i

THE REPORT OF THIi

No. 17

Smith's October: Three trees planted 1899 ; winter-kU^^^^^^

Tatge: Three trees planted 1896, bore one crop of fruit m 1900, wm-

''"™lll%W trees planted 1896, hardy and vigorous; came mto
V. .^r^in 1900- have borne medium crops annually; fruit medium size, col-
t™ rei'JL^s^^^^^^^^^ quality fair to good; ripe about September 5th;

certa^ bearer; fruit of poor quality, not as good as Hammer and Forest

^^ Vo?/^re: ttes^Sdl^r^^^ dose, compact tree; very sub-

iect to attacks by aphis; fruit small to medium, color, red; of f air quali y^
' Wyant: Three trees planted 1897 ; tree and fruit somewhat similar to

'"'^''^icJcson • Three trees planted 1899 ; tree tender ; killed in spring of 1904.
leUow Egg Three traces planted 1897; fairly hardy m ordinary rea-
sons, but severely injured in 1904 and will die.

Summary of Report on Plums for 1904.

Winter killed

Severely injured.

Blood No. 4.

Berckmans.

Communia.

Coe's Violet.

Green Gage .

Gold.

Grand Duke.

Hatankio.

Kelsey.

Lombard Improved

Large Golden.

Muir.

Moore's Arctic.

Normands.

Pond's Seedling.

Satsuma .

Saunders.

Wickson.

Slightly injured,

Abundance.

Burbank.

Forest Garden.

Hughes' Seedling.

Montreal.

Tatge.

Yellow Egg.

Chas Downing.
Lombard .
Milton.
Shipper's Pride.

Not injured,

Col. Wilder.

Forest Rose,

Gueii.

Glass Seedling.

Hammer.

Lincoln.

Maru.

No. 53, Dunlop's Heed-

ling.
No. 54, Dunlop's Seed-
ling.

Ogon .

Red June .

Whitaker.

Weaver.

Wolf.

Wvant.

Undesirable Yarieties for the St. Lawrence District.

Abundance,

Blood No. 4,

Burbank,

Berckmans,

Communia,

Chabot,

Charles Downing,

Coe's Violet,

Forest Garden,

Green Gage,

Gold,

Grand Duke,

Hughes* Seedling,

Hatankio,

Kelsey,

Lombard Improved,

Large Golden,

Muir,

Montreal,

Moore's Arctic,

Normands,

Pond's Seedling,

Satyuma,

Si^ainders,

Tatge,

Wiekson,

Yellow Egg,

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. l:i7

A. W. Peart, {Burlington Station),

There were very few plunus here this season, the buds being destroyed
by the severe cold of last winter. A leaf blight swept over most of the Euro-
pean varieties the latter part of summer, entirely defoliating them. Of some
thirty kinds the Niagara, Bradshaw, and Glass Seedling were the most re-
sistant. The Japan varieties, however, retained their leaves to the usual
season.

Leading European Plums.

Of this class the Bradshaw, Niagara, Lombard, Glass Seedling, Eeine
Claude, YelloV Egg and Imperial Gage take the lead here.

Leading Japan Plums.

Among the Japans, the Red June, Abundance, Burbank, Chabot, Sat-
suma stand at the front.

Undesirable Varieties for Went worth County.

Weaver, Fellemburg, Mariana, Czar, Shropshire Damson; none are
profitable.

A. E. Sherrington, (LaJce Huron Station.)

It wais in plums that we met with the greatest loss from the severe win-
ter. The crop was not only a total failure, but a large number of trees were
killed; the varieties that suffered the worst* were: Lombard, Moore's Arc-
tic, and Grand Duke; these were all killed out-right. The varieties that were
more or less injured, were: Monarch, Prince Englebert, Lincoln, Victoria,
and Imperial Gage. Satsuma was the only Japan variety that was damaged,
one tree being killed. It seemed strange that one tree out of three of a variety
should be killed and the other two not injured, but this happened in iseveral
cases. The only variety to fruit was the Red June, which produced a few
plums.

G. C. Gaston, (Simcoe Station,)

In my former reports I have mentioned the Staunton as the hardiest of
European plums I had tested. It came through last winter with only the loss
of the fruit buds, but the tree is still healthy and sound. Of the Japan
plums, Burbank came through with the loss of the fruit buds only. vSome
of the Abundance and Red June were killed. Ogon, Shense, Willard and
Satsuma are either killed or so badly damaged as to be of no further use.

The American varieties that I have came through fairly well, but they
are not worth growing. There was practically no plums in this section
this year. Where the trees were not killed outright the fruit buds seemed
to have perished from the intense cold. Plum growing as a commercial
venture would be a doubtful enterprise in this immediate locality. We
are too far from the large bodies of water.

*PossibIy these trees which suflFered_most from the winter had been previously
weakened through over-production of fruit the previous summer. — Secretary.

188 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

CiiAS. Young, (Algoma Station.)

If ail}- one in the fall of 1903 had asked me what plum I preferred above
others I would have said lied June; now in the spring of 1904 Red June are
nearly all killed. I may class this along with the Ontario apple as a disap-
pointment. The only varieties that have proved too tender in ordinary win-
trrs here are America and Wickson. I still prefer the hardier varieties of
Japan plums to any others, but I am beginning to tsee the good qualities of
the American plums. Perhaps their defects were more observable in the be-
ginning, before they fruited, and if we could only get them with less resemb-
lance to the native wild plum, they might take the place of all others in the
north. Burbank and Ogon among the Japans have done best with me; some
others as Gold have made satisfactory growth but yielded litle fruit. Europe-
an plums may be fairly satisfactory for some years, but a tree may carry a
good full crop one year and next year, from no apparent cause it is found
dead. All European plums suffered sligMy last winter; Reine Claude was
killed outright.

W. H. Dempsey, (Bay of Quinte Station.)

The Japan plums suffered from the severe winter. Every fruit bud on
Burbank, Abundance and Wickson were dead, also the wood killed back
some, while Chabot was uninjured and bore a fine crop of fruit, it is very
subject to rot before ripening.

The Saunders fruited heavily, and were fine, followed later by fair crops
from Reine Claude de Bavay, Shipper's Pride, McLaughlin, Niagara, and
De Soto, while the Damson produced a very heavy crop.

RASPBERRIES.

A. E. Sherrington, (Lale Huron Station.)

The raspberry crop was very good considering the way the canes were
broken down by the weight of snow, and weakened by ^the frost. Thei
quality was very fine although the yield was not equal to last season.

Red Raspberries. (Yields; given from 20 ft. of row.)

Brandy wiaie: An early red variety; canes small and weak, hardy and
healthy fruit small and soft; yield 39 ounces; finst picking, July 13th; last
picking, August 4th.

Cuthhert : This old variety still stands at the top of the list as the best
all round berry grown; plants very strong and vigorous; healthy, and hardy
enough to produce paying crops; fruit large; color red; quality, best; ripe
Julv 21st; last picking, August 15th; yield, 375 ounces.

"Harris : Thi^s variety has done nothing here; has only made about a foot
in growth, and has not fruited yet; it is perfectly useless.

^ London : This variety has done much better this season than any year
since planted, the plot in the experimental grounds failed entirely, but those
m ihe field did very well this season ; the plant came through the winter m
good condition; fruit large, and of very good quality, not so firm as Cuthbert.

Marlboro : Canes strong but lacks vigor; healthy and hardy; fruit large
and firm; color bright red; quality good; ripe July 14th; last picking, Aug-
ust 6th; yield 99 ounces.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ' I3!4

Miller : Canes ratter small and weak; hardy and healthy; fruit small to
medium; color red; quality only fair; first picking, July 13th; last picking,
August 6th; yield, 121 ounces.

Phoenix : Plants vigorous enoJugh to make a good row; healthy, and very
hardy; fruit large, firm; quality good; color, bright red; ripe July 13th; last
picking, August 15th; yield 432 ounces, a good variety.

Reliance : An early red berry of fair quality ; good for near market or
home use; plants hardy, and vigorous enough to make a good row; fruit,
medium, color, bright red; first picking, July 13th; last picking, August
4th; yield, 309 ounces.

Turner : This is another early red variety; plants very hardy, fair grow-
er; fruit small to medium; value, 1st class for home or near market; too soft
for shipping; firist picking, July 13th; last picking, August 6th; yield 160
ounces.

Thompson : Canes small and weak ; lack vigor ; fruit small to medium ;
soft, of only fair quality; color red; ripe July 13th; last picking, August
4th; yield, 112 ounces.

Of THE Red Raspberries.

The three best early varieties are, Marlboro, Turner, Reliance.
The three best medium to late varieties are, Cuthbert, Phoenix, and
Loudon.

Black Raspberries. (Yieldis from 6 plants of a kind.)

Conrath: A strong, vigorous grower, but a little tender; fruit large,
quality first-class; rine July 16th, last picking, August 16th; yield 149
ounces; one of the best.

Hilborn : Plant very hardy and healthv, strong and visrorous ; fruit large
duality srood ; ripe July 23rd, last picking August 6th; yield 154 ounces; one
of the best.

Older: Canes rather small and trailing, but hardy and healthy; came
throuQ-h the winter in perfect condition, beinsr completely covered with snow;
fruit larare, nuality good: 1st picking, July 16th, last picking, August 4th;
yield, 233 ounces; a profitable variety.

Other Yarieties of Raspberries.

Caroline : A strong grower, hardy ; fruit small and soft ; color yellow ;
ripe July 7th; not worth cultivation.

Columbia: Plants strong and vigorous, rather tender, habit of black
caps; fruit large, quality fair; color, purple; ripe July 11th; last picking,
August 16th; yield 112 ounces.

Strawberry-^Raspberry : Plants do well here, and there is a growing lo-
cal demand for the fruit ; fruit large ; color bright red ; quality poor, only fit
for canning; ripe July 25th; yield 52 boxes from a plot 4 feet wide by 20
feet long.

Undesirable Varieties for Bruce County.

Brandywine, Caroline, Columbian, Gregg, Miller, Thompson.

140 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

G. C. Caston, (Simcoe Station.)

The Cuthbert is still the leading variety here. Its chief fault is that it
is not siiiRciently hardy. It kills back in the tips every winter. Last winter
it killed down to a few inches below the snow line. Had it not been for the
ffroat depth of snow, there would have been no bekrmg wood left this year.
However, owing to this protection there was enough live wood left to produce
;i medium crop.

Marlboro stood the winter fairly well. It requires good strong soil or
liberal fertilizer, but the qualitj^ is rather poor. As an early berry the
first to ripen; it fills a place until Cuthberts begin to ripen.

Miller and Loudon have proved to be quite hardy. These were growing
on sloping ground with a northwestern exposure, and came through without
the loss of an inch of bearing wood. Neither of them came up to Cuthbert
in productiveness, but the berries are of good size and fair quality. They are
both slow growers and do not seem to sucker freely so that they propagate
slowly. But they can be depended on for hardiness, and on rich soil might
be the most profitable kinds to grow here or farther north. I have discarded
Black Caps entirely. There is really no market demand for them. Very
few people ever ask for them. The demand is for a red berry, large, and of
good quality.

Chas. Young, (Algovia Station.)

Raspberries have been fairly successful. Nine varieties are under test.
Cnthhert keeps growing into winter and gets frozen back ; otherwise it is a very
fine berry. Marlboro is very large but fruit is crumbly. Loudon with me
comes nearest to a perfect berrj^ on account of its hardinesiS ; but for an ama-
teur who wants to grow a few berries for his own table, nothing equals Brin< -
kle Orange; it is quite true that it is tender and when the snowfall is light
needs to be laid down and covered up ; but here, where the snow comes heavy
and lays on the ground all winter, it requires no covering; the tips will get
frozen, but the plant has a faculty of throwing out side shoots that will pro-
duce a full crop of berries, which no other kind can approach in quality.
Black Caps are open to the same objection as black berries; they break down
under the weight of snow. Anyhow, there is no demand for them.

A. W. Peart (Burlington Station).

The crop was scarcely up to the average. Prices were good.

Leading Varieties.

These take the lead : Red, Marlboro, hardy, large, productive, firm and
early; Cuthbert, healtliy, vigorous, large and productive, medium to late;
Blach; Kansas, Hillbom and Smith's Giant; White, Golden Queen. The
Marlboro is probably the most satisfactory red raspberry grown here. It is
a somewhat light grower, so that it should be carefully manured and culti-
vated. One great advantage it has lies in the fact that the berries are not
hidden, the pickers can see them.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 141

STUAWBEimiES.

Rev. E. B. Stevenson, {Strawberry Station).

I have to begin my report this year with a somewhat similar observation
to that in the commencement of last year's report. The season 1904 could,
not be considered a normal one, and this is true of the last few years. Our
strawberry seasons have been so much out of what we consider an ordinary
or normal season, that our report on the different varieties as to their con-
duct the past season would not be a true criterion of their value. Some of
our standard varieties made a very poor showing this year, owing to the un-
favorable circumstances; .so that the season of 1904 must be considered as
very unsatisfactory from the strawberry standpoint. The yield was in most
places light, the season short, quite late in beginning, and. delayed by wet,
cool, cloudy weather. In many places the plants suffered very much from the
severity of the winter^ some plantings losing one third. Many plants were
killed outright; in some sections the beds were ploughed up. I believe a good
deal of the bloom of this season was from secondary buds developed in the
crowns after those first prepared by the plant for fruiting has 'been killed by
the frost. Many of the blosso^is were quite small and^appeared to have little
pollen ; some of the berries were not well fertilized, as was evidenced by their
imperfect shape. Last year the plants made a good growth, but developed
some rust; generally, they went into winter quarters in good shape. We had
a good covering of snow about the ITth of November, which was added to as
the year advanced. The very isevere weather in February, when the plants
were bare for a time, was very hard on the plants, and I believe it was then
that the most of the damage was done to the plantations. Two years ago
we had late frosts, injuring the crop. Last year q^uite a percentage was de-
stroyed by successive frosts in May, and the severe winter of 1903-4 brought
about the same results, a very much diminished crop. Where the plants were
heavily mulched they came through the winter in fair shape. As I have said
the fruiting season was late and quite short.

Succession of Varieties.

Excelsior, Michel's, Van Deman, August Luther, Cameron, Success and
Early Market, were among the first ripe, but not very much ahead of the
bulk of the mid-season varieties. Gandy, Nettie, Hunn, Hobbie, Buster and
Irene were among the last' picked. There was only one or two pickings oi
the earliest when the mediums, viz. : Clyde, Williams, Bubach, Tennessee
Prolific were ready, followed immediately by Glen Many, Sample, Aroma, Joe,
Nettie, etc. ; the very late varieties were not far behind.

The experience of the past season (as also other seasons) has emphasized
the great importance of a good heavy mulch, especially where the plants are
thin in the row ; this is to prevent the great damage that results from heavy
freezing, or alternate freezing and thawing, which verv often, in loam and
heavier soils, is the occasion of very serious damage. Where the plants were
well covered the past winter they came through fairly well ; where they were
without covering they suffered very much, many of the plants were killed
outright. In some plantations it was said fully one-half were found quite
dead in the opening of spring.

Prices ruled higher, no doubt owing to the generally light crop, as some
varieties that had suffered from the extremely cold had also developed more
or less rust, which prevented the plants that had come through all right

j^^2 THE REPORT OF THE ^o- 1'

from producing a full crop. The season of fruiting was fully two^weeks
l-,tpr than last year. The iirst ripe last year was picked May cSOth. lUi. yeai
it wal June 12th before I picked any. Last year's crop was a very heavv
one, this year's crop was a very light one.

New Varieties.

Of the new varieties planted and fruiting for the first time a success:
President Polonioke. Fafrfield, Ben Davis did the W^^^^

small plants, but is a good runner, makes plenty of plf ^^/'^'^'l »^ '^^^^ •
berries are medium in size. It may prove to be a good early

President (Imperfect blossom) : Quite promising; developed some rust
it winTaSi A rich loam and clean cultui-e; it is ^^^^^^
well; berries are large and showy, of good quality it seems i

^''''"iL FiAer (Imperfect): Did as well as any; thi-s is going to prove a

Fairfield: Comes among the early ones; berry a little irregular , a g
plant ; is well worth a trial as an early variety.

Challenge : Again failed. During the three ye.rs IJ^^^^^^^ ^ some
it has not onoe done even fairly well. It is ^^PfJ^ed as doing we
places. A. W. Clark, of Providence, E.I., XwoTbefore exXted.'' It
prize with it for "Best quart of any new variety not betore ex
does not suit my soil. ,.j .. ■ i „ii .

Cameron's Early: A great runner; plenty of foliage; it did fairly well,
berry small to medium. . ,

Commonu^eaim: Did not show up very well; wil give it another tiia^^
Oom Paul: A strong plant; healthy; has a few large berries; will give

it another trial. , , , , ^ ■,

Latest: Very late, and a good one; plant healthy, stools out, quite pro-
ductive; berries a good size.

Beaver : Rusted quite badly ; plant is small ; hugs the ground ; some fine
berries In such an unfavorable season; not a fair test; will try it further.

Unrle Jiw Did fairly well; berries large and good color; somewhat
soft very i like the New York, Corsican, Armstrong, or the old Jessie.

' Clyde ■ Did not do as well as usual, nor as well as some of the old stand-
ard varieti;s, but I suppose every variety will sometimes have an off 3 ear.
The Clyde is a good one.

1904 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 14.S

Old Standard Sorts.

The old standard sorts such, as Haverland, Biibach., Sample, Gaudy,
Brandywine, Saunders, Woolverton, Williams, and the fancy sorts as Mar-
shall, Nick Ohmer, Margaret, held their average, most of them had some
rust except Sample and Bubach.

Such varieties as the above and Miller, Parison's Beauty, Ridgeway,
Senator Dunlap, Wariield, Wm. Belt have been so often described and are
so well known that there is no need to describe them further.

Lyon, Minute Man, Greenville, Emperor, Kansas, Monitor, did well and
were free from rust, also Buster, (a good one) ; Nick Ohmer suffered very much
from the freeze up; it is a very tender varietj^; a very fine one when it has
a favorable season.

The Sample, (Imperfect) : Is a grand berry, seems to be very hardy ; it
is a healthy plant ; berry regular, large, good color ; very productive ; a goad
one for a nearby market.

Senator DunloKp, (Perfect) : A great runner ; should not be allowed to
grow too thick; in appearance like old Wilson in the basket; of good flavor.

The Nevt Trial Plot.

I have quite a list of new varieties, received last spring for trial plot as
follows: Cardinal, Ben Davis, Duncan, Howard's No. 2, Howard's No. 92,
Perfection, Oline's Pride, Wonder,. Jaggets, Early Hathaway, Louis Hu-
bach, Oscar's Early, Sunny vSouth, Fremont Williams, Alice Hathaway, Peer-
less, Nellie Hubach, Ford, Arkansas Black, Annie Hubach, Velvet, Stader-
man. Morning Star, Great Washington, Eeliance, Floretta, Heflin's Early,
Olympia. Of the above most of them have made a good growth of plants,
very little or no rust as yet developed, (Oct. 31st), and look well for next year's
fruiting.

The Cardinal : Plants in the new trial plot look the best, so bright and
clean, vigorous; plant is strong, large and very healthy, with not a trace of
rust; and if the berry turns out to.be as fine as the plant, it will prove to be
the * 'perfect" berry we have been so long looking for. The plant ha,s not a
single weakness so far as I can see. Mr. Crawford, who saw -it growing in
the originator's grounds in Ohio says : ''It impressed us as (Something won-
derful," it makes plants freely, long runners, setting the -plants wide apart.
I have quite a good lot to fruit the next season, and look forward with great
hopes. Of the other new varieties, the Peerless ,is a strong, health v grower.

Arkansas Blaclc : Is a very large plant branching out.
Annie Huhach : Hugs the ground, a good runner.
Alice Hathanmy : Is a good, healthy runner; makes plants freely.
The Sunny South, Fremont, Williams, Ford are strong and healthy.
Among the best, we trust we may have a more favorable winter than last.

List for Growlers and Season of Fruiting.

Extra Early and Early.

Excelsior, Success, Van Deman, Yandevere, Michel, August Luther, Cam-
eron, Palmer, Monitor, Johnson's Early, Beder Wood, Clyde, Sampson, Lord
Sheffield, Texas.

14i THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. No. 17

Mid-Season.

Bubach, Haverland, Lyon, Splendid, Marie, Bismarck, Tennessee Proli-
fic, Kuby, ijlen Mary, ^^aunders, Sample, Wiliiams, Wm. Belt, Lovett, Sen-
ator Dunlap, Miller, Brandywine, Emperor, Nick Ohmer, Mrs. Fisher, Presi-
dent, Woolverton, Parson's Beauty, Minute Man.

Late to Extra Late.

Joe, Gandy, Klondike, Nettie, Eobbie, Lester, Lovett, Timbrell No. 18.

G. C. Caston, (Shncoe Statioji.)

1 have tested a great many varieties of strawberries here, and I am still
testing new varieties. Among those now on trial are Monitor, Lester, Lovett,
Fairfield, and several seedlings of my own which will fruit next year. Of
those tested in the past, the greatest cropper and the most profitable has been
the Crescent, but it has seen its best days unless someone will take the trouble
to grade it up again by a persistent system of selection and breeding. At the
present time probably the best all round berry is the Williams. Its chief
fault is its uneven ripening, leaving a white tip, but when pickers get accus-
tomed to it, this difiiculty is largely overcome. It holds its size well through
the seaison, and seems to succeed well on all soils. A strawberry for market
purposes must be large. People have got educated now to look for large ber-
ries, and if they are bright and attractive in color, the flavor is not usually
much taken into consideration.

Chas. Young, {Algoma Station.)

Strawberries are by far the best paying crop of any, either large or small
fruits. Nine varieties are at present being tested. Clyde, which did best a
few years ago, has to give place to Haverland. This latter has proveH an ex-
cellent berry here, having a fine appearance in the box. Saunders and Wil-
liams will have to be discarded, the green tips are objectionable, and they do
not yield as well as some others. As laild is of little value here, I prefer
planting in rows four feet apart, with plants two feet apart in the row. This
gives a better chance for horse work with the cultivator and lessens the hand
labor. I let all runners grow, merely keeping them somewhat straight in
the row. 1 do not consider it profitable to take more than one crop. Our sea-
son lasts six weeks, and is about two weeks later than Toronto. We have
never yet filled the local demand at 10c a box here.

During the past season I received a package of strawberry plants by ex-
press. The plants had been good and were carefully put up, but the express
carried them through the ''Soo," where they lay until brought here by boat.
T have managed t^ save at least one plant of each variety. Six dozen cherry
trees, Dukes, received in good order are all alive. One parcel labelled South-
ern Apples, according to advice note were just 15 days in getting here by ex-
press, and of no use whatever. The labels were defaced and the trees useless;
thev are all dead.

THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF

ONTARIO

1904

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TORONTO.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :
Pnnted by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty

1905

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER. Limited, Printers
TORONTO

To THE Honourable William Mortlmer Clark, K.C,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it f lease your Honour :

I have the pleasure to present herewith for the consideration of your
Honour the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontaiio for 1904.

Respectfully submitted,

Toronto, 190."

NELSON MONTEITH

Minister of Agriculture.

[iii.]

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Letter of Transmission 1

Officers for 1904-1905 2

Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 3

Report on Insects of the Year — Division No. 1: C. H. Young 3

Division No. 2: C. E. Grant ^.: 4

Division No. 3: J. B. Williams 5

" " " Division No. 4: G. E. Fisher 7

" " " Division No. o: R. W. Rennie 9

Report of tne Council 12

'' " Montreal Branch 13

" " Quebec Branch 16

" " Toronto Branch 19

" " Botanical Section 21

" " Microscopical Section 21

" " Jbibrarian and Curator 21

" " Treasurer and Auditors 22

" " Delegate to the Royal Society 23

Insects and Weeds in the North-AVest Territories: T. N. Willing 25

Injurious Insects of the Season of 1904: W. Lochhead 27

Recent Experiments against the San Jose Scale: W. Lochhead 33

Annual Address of the President — Recent Progress in Entomology : W.

Lochhead 35

Insect Distribution in the Great Basin: H, F, Wickham 42

Second Day's Session 46

Insects injurious to Ontario's Crops in 1904: James Fletcher 49

Entomological Record, 1904: James Fletcher 56

Further Notes on Basswood or Linden Trees: Artuhr Gibson 78

Note on the Columbine Borer: Arthur Gibson 81

Insects collected at Light during 1904: J. D. Ev^ans 82

Spinning Methods of Telea polyphemus: J. W. Cockle 86

Insect Names and Insect Lists: J. B, Williams 87

Notes on the Season of 1904 in Queoec : C. Stevenson 90

Insects affecting the Oak: T. W. Fyles 91

On the Food-habits of certain Hymenoptera : T. W. Fyles 94

An Elementary Study of Insects: W. Lochhead 96

The Pear-tree Psylla, and how to ueal with it: G. E. x- isher 108

Obituary: The late John Alston Moffat 109

[v.]

LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF ONTARIO.

Rrovince of Ontario.

Albright, W. D London.

Andrus, G. A "

Arnott, Dr. D. H

Baker, A. C

Balkwill, J. A

Bapty, Miss Gertrude "

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S.,

D.C.L., F.R.S.C

Black, Davidson Toronto.

Blackmore, Miss E "

Blue, John

Bock, H. P London.

Bond, I. B

Boon, Miss Bella C

Bowman, Prof. J. H "

Brodie, Dr Toronto.

Butterworth, C London.

Buttery, Miss G "

Cornish, G. A Lindsay.

Dearness, Prof. Jojin London.

Dunlop, Miss M. V Woodstock

Durand, Napier N Kglinton.

Evans, J. D., F.L.S Trenton.

Fisher, George E Burlington.

Fletcher, Dr. J., LL.D.,

F.R.S.C Ottawa.

Fox, Charles J London.

Eraser, W. J Toronto.

Gammage, Wm London.

Gibson, Arthur Ottawa.

Grant, C. hj Orillia

Green, B London.

Haas, S. Ward .Valkerville

Hahn, Paul Toronto.

Haight, D. H Copper Ciiif

Hallam, R Toronto.

Hallam, M '' •

Hamilton, W. H London

Harrington, W. H., F.R.S.C. .Ottawa.

Hicks, F. M London.

Horton, C. W Toronto.

Hotson, Miss Maude London.

Johnston, J Bartonville

Keays, J. E London.

King, R. W Toronto.

Law, John London.

Lawson, F <«

Lochhead, Prof. W ..'.'.'.. Guelph.

Maughan. J., Jr Toronto.

Mayou, Miss London.

Mayou, Mrs '<

McCready, Prof. S. B '.'.'.' Guelph.

AfcQueen, Alex London.

Merchant. Principal F. W. ... "

AForden. John A Hyde Park.

Mosey, Miss Toronto.

Nash, C. W

Paine, John ....• London.

Parsons, C. E <'

Priddis, Miss "

Pugsley, E Port Rowan.

Rennie, H. C London.

Rennie, R. W "

Richard, A. E Ottawa.

Rigsby, Rev. W London.

Saunders, Henry S Toronto.

Saunders, W. E London.

Silcox, Sidney St. Thomas

biniui. waiter London

Stewart, E., D.L.S Uttawa.

Stewart, J London.

Stevenson, Dr. W. J. .. "

Stuart, F. A. ".'.'.''".' <c

Tanton, John <i

Thomp&'on, P. J n

Thompson, W. Robin ...

Walker E. M., M.B .■.■;.■.■. Toronto.

Webb, John H u

Westland, Malcolm London

Simpson, Miss J <<

Spittal, Miss <«

White, James ^'^'V.'.'.'.'.Snelgrove.

\Villiams J B Toronto.

w 1^ f K Coldstream

Woolverton Dr London.

Yerex, 0. E Little

\r /-i TT Britain.

Young, C. H Hurdman's

Bridge.
Province or Quebec.

Barwiclv^ E. C MontreaL

^?^"V, ^;^' "^^''^^ ^"' '^ Sherbrooke.

Bickell, Miss .^ Quebec.

Bowen, Miss "

Brainerd, Dwight .'.'.■■.■.Montreal.

Bramerd, E ic

Brodie, Mrs. Alex Quebec

Burgess, Dr. T. J. W Verdun.

Chagnon, Gustavo Montreal.

Denny, E <c

Dunlop, G. C. .. <c

Elliott, w R. ::;:::::':::;;:sherbrooke.

Freeman, Miss I. H Quebec.

^.yfs, H Levis.

Fyles, Miss W «'

Fyles, Mrs '<

Fyles, Rev. Dr., F.L.S. ... ''

Geggie, James Beauport.

Geggie, Miss Lois <<

Gibb, Lachlan Montreal.

GrifBn, A ^

Hamel, Miss Julia ...Levis

Hedge, Miss Louisa Montreal.

Huard, Rev. Victor Quebec.

Johnstone, Walstan Montreal.

Lindsay, Col. Crawford Quebec

Lyman, H H., F.L.S Montreal.

MacDonald, Miss Elloe Quebec.

MacLeod, Miss E. . . ''

McCuaig, Rev. W. W. ...■.'..Levis

Moore, G. A Montreal

Morgan, Mrs. James Quebec

Newman, C. P Lachine Looi-.s.

Norris, A. E Montreal.

Ouellet, C. S. V

Poston, Mrs. T. A ...Levis.

Reford, L. Montreal

Reich, Emil "

Robinson, T. S Ouiremont.

Roy, Rev. Prof. Elias Levis.

[ vii. ]

THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 9

Scott, Kev. F. G., F.R.S.C., Quebec.

Seton, Mrs. W. W Levis.

Simmons, J. H Levis.

Simmons, Mrs. J. H "

Southee, G. R Outremont.

Stevenson, Charles Montreal.

Tourchot, A. L St. Hyacinthe.

Turner, Hon. Richard Quebec.

Turner, Mrs. Richard "

Wade, Miss Annabel ''

Wade, Miss Gladys H

Winfield, Mrs

Winn, A. F Montreal.

AVintle, Gilbert Oomo.

Wood, Rev. Edmund Montreal.

Alberta.

Baird, Thos High River.

Dod, F. H. WoUey Millarville.

Gould, Henry Red Deer.

Gregson_, Percy 13 Blackfalds.

Sanson, N. B Banff.

ASSINIBOIA.

Willing, T. N Regina.

British Columbia.

Anderson, Ernest M Victoria.

Bryant, T Victoria.

Bush, A. H Vancouver.

Cockle, J. W Kaslo.

Danby, W. H Rossland.

Draper, R Vancouver.

Findlay, Rev. George H.,Fort Steele.

Hanham, A. W Victoria.

Harvey, R. V Vancouver.

Jones, AV. A. Dashwood New Westminster

Keen, Rev. J. H Metlakatla.

Livingston, Clermont Duncan's

Station .

Marrion, B Vancouvei*.

Reed, E. Baynes Victoria.

Sherman, R. S Vancouver.

Skinner, E. M Duncan's

Station.
Taylor, Rev. G. W Wellington.

Towler, J Vancouver.

Venables, E. P Vernon.

Wilson, T Vancouver.

Manitoba.

Roger, H. W. O Brandon.

Criddle, Norman Awoiiie.

Dennis, A. J Beulah.

Heath, E. Firmstone ... Cartwright.

Hutchinson, H Kinosota.

Marmont, L. E Rounthwaite.

New Brunswick.

Mcintosh, Wm St. John.

Nova Scotia.

Mackay, Dr. A. H., F.R.S.C, Halifax.
Swaine, J M Antigonishe.

Honorary Members.

Ashmead, Dr. W. H. ...Washington,

D.C.

Cresson, Ezra T Philadelphia, Pa.

Edwards, William H. .. Coalburgh, West

Va.
Howard, Dr. L. O Washington,

D.C.
Osten Sacken, Baron R., Heidelberg,

Germany.
Scudder, S. H. Cambridge,

Mass.
Smith, Prof. John B. ...New Brunswick,

N.J.

7hler, P. R Baltimore, Md.

Webster, Prof. F. M. ..Washington, D.C.
Wickham, Prof. H. F. Iowa City, Iowa.

Life Member.

Saunders, Dr. Wm., F.L.S.,
F.R.S.C. (Director of the
Experimental Farms of
the Dominion) Ottawa.

WILLIAM LOCHHEAD. B.A., M.SC.

PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.
PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 1902-4.

THE LATE JOHN ALSTON MOFFAT.

LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 1890-1904.

THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Entomological Society of Ontario

1904.

To the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture :

Sir, — I have the honour to present herewith the Thirty-fifth Annual
Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, which contains the proceed-
ings of the Forty-first Annual Meeting, held at London on the 26th and
27th of October, 1904. The report includes the papers read and the reports
sutmitted by the various Ofiicers, Sections and Branches of the Society.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly organ of the society, has been
regularly issued during the past year and has now completed its thirty-sixth
volume, which has fully maintained the high scientific standard of its long
series of predecessors.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Charles J. S. Bethune,

Editor.
London, Ontario.

OFFICERS FOR 1904-1905.

President— J. D. Evans, F.L.S., C.E., Trenton.

Vice-President— Dv. James Fletclxer, Ottawa.

Secretary— ^Y . E. Saunders, London.

Treasurer — J. A. Balkwill, London.

Directors'. Division No. 1— C. H. Young, Hurdmari's Bridge.
Division No. 2— C. E. Grant, Orillia.
Division No. 3— J. B. Williams, Toronto.
Division No. 4— G. E. Fisher, Burlington.
Division No. 5— S. B. McCready, Guelph.

Directors £;^-o^cio- (Ex-Presidents of the Society)— Professor Wm.
Saunders, LL.D., F.R.S.C, F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms,
Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C, London; James
Fletcher LL D , F.R.S.C, F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist of the Ex-
perimental Farms, Ottawa; W. H. Harrington, F.R.S.C, Ottawa; John
Dearness, Normal School, London; Henry H. Lyman, M.iL, F.R.G.S
F.E.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W. Fyles, D.CL., F.L.S., South Quebec; Prof.
Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Librarian and Curator— -R^^ . C J. S. Bethune, London.
Auditors— W. H. Hamilton and F. A. Stuart, London.
Editor of the ''Canadian Entomologisf'-neY. Dr. Bethune, London.
Editing Comm^ttee-■Y)r. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal;
J. D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Lochhead, Guelph; G. E. Fisher, Burlington;
J. B. Williams, Toronto.

Delegate to the Royal Society-^i . D. Evans, Trenton.
Delegates to the Western Fair-J .A. Balkwill and W. E. Saunders,
London.

Finance Committee-3. Dearness, J. A. Balkwill and Dr. Bethune.
Library and Rooms C«mmi«ee-Messrs. Balkwill, Bethune, Bowman,
Dearness and Saunders, London.

12J

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
was held in London, on Wednesday and Thursday, October 26 and 27, 1904.
The chair was taken by Professor Wm. Lochhead, of the Ontario Agricul-
tural College, Guelph, President. Among the members present were Dr.
James Fletcher and Mr. Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, Ot-
tawa; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge;
Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton; Mr. J. B. Williams, Toronto; Mr. G. E. Fisher,
Burlington; Rev. Dr. Bethune, Dr. Woolverton, Profs. Dearness and Bow-
man, Principal Merchant, Messrs. Balkwill, Bock, Law, McCready, Saund-
ers, Thompson, Westland and others, London; Miss Dunlop, Woodstock.
The Society was also favored with the presence of Prof. H. F. Wickham, of
the University of Iowa, Honorary Member of the Society; Mr. T. N. Will-
ing, Government Inspector of Weeds and Insects in the Northwest Terri-
tories, Eegina; and Prof. Creelman, President of the Ontario Agricultural
College.

During the morning of Wednesday, Oct. 26th, a meeting of the Council
was held. The Treasurer's report was discussed and gratification was ex-
pressed at the improvement in the Society's financial position as a result of
the economies put in practice last year. Yarious matters of business were
brought forward and discussed, and after the preparation of its annual re-
port the Council adjourned.

In the afternoon the Society met at 2.30 o'clock. Prof. Lochhead, the
President, on taking the chair, congratulated the Society on the large and
comfortable room in the London Public Library building, in which they
were assembled, and into which their library and collections had recently
been removed. The improved quarters and greater accessibility would, he
felt sure, increase very much the popularity of the Society and add to its
usefulness. He then paid a tribute to the memory of the late Mr. John
Alston Moffat, the curator and librarian for many years, who died at the
end of February last. ''We all," he said, ''missed his kindly face and gen-
tle courtesy. He did much good work for the Society and in entomology,
but at the ripe age of nearly eighty years, we could not have expected a
longer maintenance of the industry and activity that characterized his earlier
days." The Society was fortunate in having Dr. Bethune to fill the vacant
place. The reports of the Directors on the insects of the season in their re-
spective Divisions were then called for by the Chairman.

REPOETS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR.

Division No. 1— Ottawa District. By C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge.

I am glad to be able to report that there have been no serious outbreaks of
any injurious insects during the season of 1904, in the Ottawa district. The
whole season has been a remarkable one for the absence of insects of all kinds.
In the eight years, during which I have resided near Ottawa and collected
insects, I have never in any season seen so few. This no doubt was due in
a large measure to the unfavorable weather which prevailed, the nights par-

[3]

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

ticularly being cold and disappointing. Tlie only time during which any
success at all was to be obtained from collecting was from about the middle
of May till about the middle of June.

Of injurious insects, the most serious outbreak was that of two kinds of
cutworms, viz., the Red-back Cut Worm {Paragrotis ochrogaster) and the
Dark-sided Cutworm {Paragrotis m&ssoria). The former of these was the
most abundant, and did considerable damage. Those who tried the poison
bran-mash had remarkable success. This is a splendid remedy, being made
by simply moistening some bran with sweetened water and adding Paris green
in the proportion of half a pound of Paris green to 50 lbs. of bran. The
mixture may then be scattered among the plants to be protected, and strange
to say the cutworms will feed upon it in preference to the growing plants.

The Colorado Potato Beetle was very plentiful, but was easily kept under
control where the plants had been sprayed with Paris green and water. Root
Maggots were destructive throughout the district. The Onion Maggot did
the most harm and some of my neighbors lost all their plants before the
pest was detected. It is to be regretted that there is no good practical rem-
edy for these troublesome insects. For the Onion Maggot mixtures con-
taining some form of carbolic acid have given good results in the hands of
some. These have to be applied just as soon as the young plants appear above
the ground, and further treatments made at intervals of a week or ten days.
The Turnip Aphis was rather prevalent in some fields, but I do not think it
did much damage, as it was accompanied by numerous parasites.

The Eye-spotted Bud-Moth was abundant in one orchard, being observed
particularly on a crab apple tree.

The nests of the Pall Web-worm have been rather noticeable, particular-
ly on shade trees. There is no reason why these unsightly nests should be
allowed to remain on the trees. If the twigs bearing the nests are cut from
the trees and burned, all the caterpillars which are inside these tents will be
destroyed.

In my last report I omitted to mention a slight infestation of a small
bristly caterpillar, which I found at Meeck's Lake, Que., attacking cab-
bages. Dr. Fletcher has just told me of a similar, but more important out-
break of the same species (Evergestis straminalis) in the Maritime Provinces.
An account of this latter and notes on this new pest of cabbages and turnips
will be found in the Report of the Entomologist and Botanist to the Do-
minion Experimental Farms for 1904. This insect, which has been given
the name of the Purple-banded Cabbage Worm, did not do very serious dam-
age to the cabbage plants at Meeck's Lake in 1903, only two or three speci-
mens being noticed on each plant.

During the year I have continued to collect the lepidoptera of the Ot-
tawa districts, but outside of a. collection of over 700 specimens of micro-
lepidoptera which I made, I did not take very many interesting butterflies
or moths. Over fifty specimens of my collection of micros have been very
kindly named for me by Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N.J., who I
am pleased to state found some very interesting species, and one or two which
may be undescribed.

Division No. 2 — Midland District. By C. E. Grant, Orillia.

Yery few insect pests have come under my observation or have been re-
ported to me this year — in fact like the previous two years most insects were
very scarce. Whether the cold weather last winter or the cool summer are
responsible for the scarcity I do not know, but when you have to hunt for a

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

specimen of A. plexippus, C. philodice or P. rapoe and other common butter-
flies there must be indeed some great drawback to- their propagation. I made
some very good catches, however, of insects not before taken here but un-
fortunately I have not had time to work out their identification. The fol-
lowing noxious insects were reported to me or observed.

Phorhia ceparum, the Onion Maggot — this insect was again reported as
*very destructive. I recommend carbolic acid to be applied according to
Dr. Fletcher's formula.

Anthrenus scrophularioe — the Buffalo beetle — I had numerous complaints
from the ladies of Orillia of the havoc caused by these beetles. They seemed
to be extremely common this year but I could not suggest a remedy.

Pulvinaria innumerahilis — the Cottony Maple Scale — this insect was
very plentiful on the maple trees of Orillia and must have caused some dam-
age to the trees but will likely not appear next year as it is about six years
since I noticed it as plentiful before.

Doryphora decemlineata (Potato beetle) and Carpocapsa pomonella —
the Codling moth— were about as plentiful as usual though the apples were
not nearly as good a crop as last year.

Haltica chalyhea (the Grape-vine Mea-beetle). This insect was very
numerous and attracted the attention of most vine growers in the vicinity.

Cut Worms and the grubs of June beetles (Lachnosterna fusca) were
very plentiful.

MaJocoscoma Americana and disstria — (Tent caterpillars) — were quite
scarce and have been now for three years.

Nematus rihesii. It is a reraarkable fact that this currant worm ap-
pears to have left us. During the last two years currant bushes left without
protection from hellebore or Paris green have not had a leaf eaten, whereas
in former years they would not have had a leaf remaining.

Crioceris asparagi and 12-punctata. I have kept a sharp lookout for
these beetles amongst the neighboring , asparagus beds, but the destroyers
have evidently not reached this northern country as yet.

Division No. 3 — Toronto District. By J. B. Williams.

As an inhabitant of a large city, I have not many opportunities of hear-
ing about the pests that are troubling the farmers and fruit-growers; and
cannot) therefore, say very much about them.

In Toronto itself the Tussock Moth (Hemerocampa leacostigma) has
done a great deal of damage this year to the shade trees of the city. Mr.
Chambers, the Park Commissioner, tells mo that they were about fifty per
cent, more numerous than last year, and they most affect parts of the city
where chestnut trees are abundant. He has tried, this year, a plan of en-
circling the trees with a ring of sheet-brass, frayed out on the lower edge.
This has been fairly successful in preventing caterpillars from ascending the
trees. As soon as the leaves have fallen he intends to have the egg-masses col-
lected from the trees in the streets and public parks and burned, as the City
Council made a grant this year for that purpose; but in order that the pest
may be got under control it is most necessary for private owners to co-oper-
ate in this work, and clear the egg-masses off their own trees ; otherwise it is
almost waste of time to clear adjoining shade trees, for they are soon occupied
again by caterpillars from private grounds and gardens.

G

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

There lias been a remarkable abundance of Walking-stick insects {Dia-
pheromera femorata) Fig. 1, in Niagara Glen this year; they have also been
more plentiful than usual around Toronto. Some of us were at the Glen on
the 18th of August, and took a few specimens, nearly all of which were
males, but did not notice, then, anything remarkable in their nuniber. Dr.
Brodie was. over again on September 18, with some friends, and reported
them as very numerous; many specimens having fallen on them from the
trees, as they walked through the woods ; so I went over on September 23 to
get a few more specimens. I could have got hundreds, if I had wanted them.
They are not generally very plentiful around Toronto; one may sometimes
get about a dozen, in an afternoon by specially looking for them ; but often
one may not see that number in a whole season.

Fig. ]. Walking-stick insect.

I Lave read accounts of their being very numerous in parts of Pennsyl-
vania; but I never expected to see such hosts of them m Canada as I did on
the afternoon of September 23. In a part of the north end of the Gl^n where
they were most numerous, many of the bushes were qmte stnpt of their foli-
age, only the thick veins of the leaves being left, and some large trees aleo
were quite bare. ^■ c

On one tree, whose top still retained a little foliage, there ^^^ a line of
them almost covering one side of the trunk and reaching ^'^^J^^^'^tU
as far as the eye could see. Some were constant y running across the paths
BO that it was'difiicult to avoid treading upon them; -^^ a continual dro^-
pino- could be heard as they fell from the trees and bushes. I took some
We ones, that were at least half an inch longer than the average Toronto

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

specimens. These were on the outskirts of the crowded parts, as the supply
of food was more plentiful than in the congested district, where it seemed to
be almost exhausted, and the specimens were small. (Specimens from Nia-
gara and Toronto were exhibited, showing the different sizes.)

I was near Jackson's Point on Lake Simcoe the beginning of September,
and found the Potato-beetles rather numerous. They suddenly increased
about the 5th of September, and were very plentiful along the roads for a
day or two. I heard that some potato crops had suffered a good deal from
them.

Butterflies have not been generally plentiful this year. The Monarch
(Anosia plexippus) is the only one that I have seen a really good number of
at one time. On August the 24th, they were very thick at the north end of
High Park. You could hardly stand anywhere in an area of several acres
without seeing seven or eight of them almost within striking distance. The
first of this species seen during the present year was on May 10th, and the
last on October 18th, both on Yonge street, in the centre of the city. Where
had the first come from, and where was the last going to?

I heard from a friend, living just north of Toronto, that ants had been
very troublesome in his garden this summer, and he thought they injured his
potato plants; but I did not have an opportunity to secure any specimens,
and so do not know what kind of ants these were.

In the discussion that followed the reading of this report. Dr. Fletcher,
Mr. Balkwill, Dr. Bethune and Mr. Fisher, all stated that they had never seen
any injury done to foliage by ants. The damage was probably done by some
species of aphis, and the ants were attracted by them to the plants.

Division No. 4 — Hamilton District. By George E. Fisher, Burlington.

In submitting my report of insect conditions during the past year, per-
mit me to explain that the business in which I ^am engaged is so exacting of
my time there was little opportunity for investigation, which is to be re-
gretted, as the advantage, to growers of directing the attention of this im-
portant meeting to conditions that really exist cannot be overestimated.

The Entomological Society's year just closing was not in my district
suitable for insect, advancement. The sudden plunge from almost tropical
to Arctic weather which occurred in October last, unexpected even by the in-
sects, was a terrible shock and put most of them out of business. This fol-
lowed by a winter of unprecedented frigidity and a cold wet summer that
came late, cut, them off in large proportion and seriously hampered develop-
ment. Unfortunately this abnormal weather which so seriously inconveni-
enced insects was equally trying to fruit crops, trees and plants. Apples
and plums were not plentiful in some, sections and where this occurred there
seemed to be a curculio or codling worm for every specimen that formed. A
great many plum trees had died. Peach trees have fared better. There will
be a rattling among the dry plum trees when spring comes ; and as the supply
of plums has been greatly in excess of the demand of late many dead and
dying orchards will not be replaced. The roots of fruit trees are more tender
than the tops and I would emphasize the importance of a cover crop for root
protection in Winter. Orchards may be cultivated with much advantage
down to July 15th ; but after that date it is equally advantageous to give the
weeds full possession or in the absence of weeds to sow something.

Some of the insects that have occasioned trouble from time to time in
this section were hardly to be found, particularly Canker Worm, Pear Psylla,
Cherry Maggot, Stink Bug and Pea Weevil, while others unusually bad were

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

the Potato Bettle, Asparagus Beetle, Plum Lecanium, Curculio, Codling
Moth and San Jose Scale.

There are some fine examples of successfully combatting Plum Lecanium
and Oyster Shell Bark-louse with lime and sulphur. In several instances no
live insects have been observed since the treatment was given in the spring.

For some reason the Pea-Beetle did not appear and farmers count on
growing peas more extensively next year. For a long time it has been my
contention, that a severe winter will destroy the Pea-Beetle and our present
experience seems to 'bear out this idea.

The San Jose Scale was on deck as usual when summer came; not how-
ever without suffering a heavier loss than from any previous winter in Can-
ada. Owing to the cold spring the larvse did not apear till July, about
two weeks after the usual time, and the multiplication during the season was
not nearly so great as in ordinary years, but was sufficient to greatly increase
the degree of infestation beyond what it was a year ago. The area of in-
fested sections is increasing, as the scale (besides increasing the density)
reaches out continually and extends the limit. Several new infested points
were discovered. One new outbreak not very far from home I have had un-
der observation during the summer. Where the scale was plentiful and the
vigour of the trees reduced, the effect of the winter was very marked. Many
such orchards have already r^ied and others cannot long survive. The peach
orchards are so reduced by scale and frost that there will be no glutted mar-
kets until other orchards are produced.

Pealizing this, the more intelligent growers treated their orchards last
spring. A greatly increased quantity of spraying material was used which
was again supplied by the Government at half cost as follows : — 8,631 gallons
of crude petroleum, 772 112 lb. sacks of sulphur and 40 bbls. of McBain's
crude carbolic acid mixture which cost fl7.50 per barrel. This latter was
used regardless of the price (which is prohibitive) with results somewhat bet-
ter than last year, but not very satisfactory. The crude petroleum was used
mostly in the township of Niagara and my information is that its use will not
be continued as most of the growers now recognize the superiority of lime
and sulphur which has come to the front very much during this season. In
my judgment there is no spray remedy for scale equal to it and its effect as a
fungicide is such that fungus did not appear in considerable quantity where
it was used on trees, bushes or vines ; and on orchards which had been treated
regularly there was apparently no fungus at all. In the spring of 1902 an
orchard comprising 160 apple, pear, plum, peach and cherry trees some-
what infested with scale was sprayed with 20 bbls. of a heavy mixture of lime
and sulphur thorouorhlv cooked. The trees were whitened in every part and
attracted much attention. Although there has been no subsequent treat-
ment there is aparently no live scale remaining and this is not the only in-
stance of perfect work in killing the scale with a single operation.

Letters from New Jersey complain of the inefficiency of lime and sul-
phur and speak of. returning to crude petroleum. These letters also explain
their methods of preparation and what better results need they expect? In
many cases they depended upon the slaking lime to reduce the sulphur,
using both in small proportion and making a weak mixture. When they
cooked it, the boiling was continued only from thirty minutes to an hour
which is insufficient. For best results (and these alone are satisfactory) the
wash should contain i lb. of sulphur to the gallon and enough of lime to
thoroughly reduce it, sav ^ lb. to 1 lb. of lime to the gallon and the cooking
be continued two full hours. At the end of the first hour it will be changing
color. In a little longer time the color will be a good amber and tinged with

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

red. A little later this amber will liave become much, darker and have a
green shade. When this condition is reached the pumps do not clog; the
work of applying it is not so objectionable and if the trees be well covered a
good result is guaranteed.

As far as we have gone I have discussed this question entirely from the
standpoint of a fruit-grower which in your judgment may seem out of place
at this meeting. This is the only means I now have of reaching the people
and my desire to encourage and assist them must be my apology.

Division No. 5 — London District. By E. W. Rennie.

No case of serious injury by insects has been reported to me this season.
Of course, we have had all our old enemies with us,, but not in larger num-
bers than usual, excepting probably the Tent caterpillars (Clisiocampa Am-
ericana) which appeared in large numbers early in the season, but which
seemed to confine themselves mostly to the wild cherry, orchards being
comparatively free from them.

One pest, which is ordinarily called ''Eed Spider," and is quite com-
mon in gardens of sandy soil, which also is not very particular as to its food
plants, has selected a new one this year, at least it is the first time I have
observed them on this plant, namely, the tomato.

About the first of August I noticed one of my tomato plants looking un-
healthy, and upon investigation found it had been attacked by these mites ;
some days afterwards, while walking in the country, I noticed some tomato
plants which appeared to be suffering from the same cause, and upon examin-
ation such proved to be the case. Several other places were also noticed dur-
ing the season.

In my own garden the plants attacked did not set any fruit above the
second cluster of buds, the leaves curled in tightly, very much like the leaves
of the shrub-snowball, when attacked by Aphis, making it almost impossible
to apply any remedy.

If the pest should take generally to the tomato, it will mean serious
loss to private and market gardeners, as it will be very difficult to apply any
remedy in the fields owing to the leaves curling so tightly and the mites be-
ing on the inside.

DISCUSSION OF THE DIEECTOES' EEPOETS.

In the discussion which followed upon the reading of the Directors' re-
ports, the first subject taken up was that of the remedies employed for the
San Jose Scale.

Dr. Fletcher stated that he had used the lime and sulphur wash after
slaking only, without boiling, on Snowballs (Viburnum) for Aphis with good
results, but had not tried it for the San Jose Scale.

Mr. Fisher said that one great cause of failure with this wash was that
the boiling was not continued long enough ; the mixture was not fit to use till
the green shade appeared. This he had learnt as the result of repeated ex-
periments. In California the boiling process was continued for three hours,
but he had obtained the same results in two hours. The most effective mix-
ture was made with the proportions of half a pound of sulphur to one pound

10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19,

of lime; lie intended, however, to use a mixture of equal weights of each.
He did not consider it necessary that the wash should remain fox any length
of time on the trees as he found that the insects were killed by n immediately.

Prof. Lochhead thought that the continuance of the ^Vash on the trees
was important as a protection against fungous diseases, even if not neces-
sary for the destruction of the scale. He was of opinion that making the
mixture by slaking instead of boiling might do for the Aphis, but was not
effective for the scale.

Dr. Fletcher was anxious that the question should be thoroughly test-
ed, as, if slaking will do, a hundred people will make the wash by this easier
process to one who will take the trouble to boil it for two hours.

Mr. Fisher then referred to the Pear-tree Psylla. In February his
man used lime slaked and applied without any sulphur; he put it on thick,
as much as he could get to stick. The result was that the trees were per-
fectly cleared of the insect and of fungus, though the orchard had been con-
demned.

Mr. Macoun and he had experimented on a small orchard near Niagara
which they treated with plain white-wash. Some trees they covered once,
some twice and some three times. In the spring more scale was touna un-
der the white-wash than on the untreated trees ! It seemed that the insect
was actually protected against the severity of the winter by the white-wash.

This year at Burlington the Psylla was absent, though they had always
had it for many years previously. No less than 400 dwarf Duchess pear
trees were killed by it only a few years ago. At that time, unfortunately, he
did not know that it could be controlled by kerosene emulsion, or the lime
and sulphur wash. The latter should be applied between the middle of
March and the middle of April. If applied in December the lime and sul-
phur wash injures the tree because the wood is not sufficiently matured and
late in the spring it injures the buds.

Mr. Balkwill stated, in reference to the Pea-weevil, that it was very
bad this year in some places about London, while some farms were quite free
Irom it.

Mr. Evans said that it had entirely disappeared about Trenton; he
thought that the exceptionally cold winter had killed the beetle.

Dr. Fletcher urged that now is the time to fight this insect while its
numbers were reduced and it was comparatively- weak; everyone should
fumigate his peas and make a complete destruction of the weevil.

Mr. Fisher, in reply to an enquiry, said that the New York Plum Scale
had increased from neglect in many places ; the severe winter had not affect-
ed it. The Oyster-shell Bark-louse was entirely killed by the lime and sul-
phur wash. Lime used alone has only a mechanical effect by causing the
insect to fall off with it, but does not itself kill the louse.

He wanted to know whether there was any practicable remedy for Wire-
worms. Acres of melons had been destroyed by them in his district.

Dr. Fletcher advised double plowing — in early August and in Septem-
ber; Mr. Fisher replied that this would not be practicable in the case of
tomatoes, but both Dr. Fletcher and Prof. Lochhead said that Wire-worms
did not attack tomatoes, but were often very destructive in wheat fields and
to other crops. In the case of melons Dr. Fletcher advised trapping the
parent-beetles by means of poisoned potatoes ; these should be raw, sliced and
dipped in Paris green and water, and then scattered about the infested places.
This would be of use as a protection for the future, but there was no known
remedy that was practicable for the Wire-worms themselves nor for white
grubs, the larvse of June beetles, which are also root-feeders.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11

Mr. Fisher said that it liad been recommended to plough rye under
where melons were to be planted on the supposition that the Wire-worm
would find enough food in the rye and would leave the roots of the melons
alone.

Dr. Fletcher replied that the theory was incorrect, us rye was dis-
tasteful to these worms and kept them away. If wheat or oats were plough-
ed under instead they would be attracted. A cause of the trouble in the case
of melons was that the large quantity of manure employed served as a great
attraction to the Wire-worms. The reason for the ploughing that he recom-
mended was that the insect became mature in the second autumn after the
eggs were laid; ploughing in August destroys them in the pupa state, and
the repetition in September disturbs the beetles in the ground and by bring-
ing them to the surface ensures the death of a large proportion.

Mr. Evans said that he had known acres of tomatoes to be destroyed by
Wire- worms.

Mr. Fisher stated that he had observed the same thing. He had also
found that if tomatoes weris sown early and well-grown in hot-beds before
planting out, they were then large, over-grown and tender; if the weather
should be unfavorable, the lower leaves became blighted. Much the same
thing happened with potatoes which had grown rapidly. This j^ear in his
neighborhood the Colorado beetle had in many cases left the potato plants
and attacked the tomatoes, causing much destruction; it had also been very
bad on egg-plant.

Dr. Fletcher said that the Colorado beetle was worst of all on egg-
plant, very bad on potatoes and least injurious to tomatoes.

Fig. 2. Squash Bug.

Mr. Fisher next referred to the Squash-bug (Fig. 2), commonly called
the ''Stink-bug" and sometimes ''the Bishop-bug" (Anasa tristis). Though
it had been abundant and very injurious for a long time, this year he had
seen none. Last year it took three days to get 20 tons of pumpkins for his
canning factory; this year 30 tons were procured in two hours — thanks large-
ly to the absence of this bug. As a general rule it was difficult to grow
pumpkins, owing to the destruction of the foliage by the Squash-bug. The
striped Cucumber beetle was, however, as abundant and injurious as ever;
he had been informed that it might be got rid of by watering with a solu-
tion of one pound of saltpetre in ten gallons of water.

Dr. Fletcher stated that in all his experience he had never known in-
sects of all sorts so scarce as they were this year, and this was the case from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. Other members from different parts of the
country corroborated the statement.

12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

EEPOET OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its
Annual Report for the year 1903-1904.

The fortieth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario
was held in Ottawa, on the 3rd, 4th and 5th of September, 1903. The day
meetings were held in the commodious and comfortable rooms of the Ottawa
Board of Trade which were kindly put at the disposal of the Society and for
the evening meetings the large Assembly Hall of the Normal School was
secured.

The meetings throughout were fairly well attended both by members of
the Society and by citizens of Ottawa.. Several members of the Montreal
and Toronto Branches were present and added greatly to the interest of the
meetings.

The reports of the various Directors of Divisions showed that good work
had been done in differe^nt parts of the Province in observing injurious in-
sects and distributing information concerning remedial treatment. Most
of these reports were illustrated by specimens. The full report of the pro-
ceedings and the discussions at the sessions has already been published and
distributed to the members of the Society. This was the Thirty-fourth An-
nual Report on practical and general entomology and was presented to the
Honorable the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario in December last and was
printed and distributed in March.

It contains 116 pages and is illustrated with 59 wood cuts and 5 plates;
one of the Rev. G. W. Taylor, an active member of the Society for many
years who has done excellent work in fostering the study of practical and
systematic entomology in British Columbia and was at one time the honorary
Provincial Entomologist. Four plates show the results of remedial treat-
ment for the San Jose Scale carried on under Prof. Lochhead, the President.
Besides the account of the annual meeting, the reports of Divisions and
Branches, the sections and officers at London, and the President's Annual Ad-
dress on ''The Progress of Economic Entomology in Ontario," the volume
contains papers on the injurious insects of the year by Prof. Lochhead, Dr.
Fletcher, Messrs. C. Stevenson, A. H. Kilman and T. D. Jarvis; ''The pre-
sent condition of the San Jose Scale in Ontario," and "A key to the insects
affecting the small fruits," by Prof. Lochhead; "The Entomological Record
for 1903," a most useful and important contribution by Dr. Fletcher; "A
menace to the Shade-Trees of London," and "The Great Leopard Moth," by
Dr. Bethune; "A card. system for notes on Insects," by A. F. Winn; "The
Syrphidae of the Province of Quebec," by G. Chagnon; "An interesting
enemy of the Iris," and "Basswood, or Linden, Insects," by A. Gibson;
"The food-habits of Hymenopterous Insects," by Dr. Fyles; "Collecting at
Light in Manitoba," by A. J. Dennis; "Fly-tormentors in New Ontario,"
bv T. D. Jarvis; "Hunting for Fossil Insects," by Dr. S. H. Scudder; "Re-
collections of the past," by the late J. A. Moffat. There were also full re-
ports of Dr. L. 0. Howard's addresses on "The Transmission of Yellow Fever
by Mosquitoes," and the work being carried on by the Washington Division
of Entomologv against the Cotton Boll Weevil. The volume closes with a
biographical sketch of the Rev. G. W. Taylor and an obituary notice of the
late Prof. A. R. Grote, one of the honorary members of the Society.

The Society regrets very much that the distribution of this Annual Re-
port was so greatly curtailed owing to the destruction in the great Toronto hre
of April 19th, of no less than 5,000 copies, together with all the plate^ and
engravings used in its illustration. These copies were to have been bound

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL bOCIETY. 13

up with the report of the Ontario Fruit-Growers' Association and given to its
members and to those of the Provincial Horticultural Societies.

The Canadian Entomologist has been regularly issued at the beginning
of each month. The 35th volume was completed last December, and con-
tains 352 pages illustrated with six full-page plates and fifteen original
figures in the text. The contributors number sixty-one, a larger number
than usual, and represent Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Ger-
many, Luxemburg and Cuba.

During the greater part of the year meetings for the study of Entomo-
logy have been held on Saturday evenings, alternately with those of the
Botanical and Microscopical Sections. Several very interesting and enjoy-
able excursions were made to places in the neighborhood of London by the
entomologists and botanists and their friends. The Council regrets very
much that owing to the removal of several of its most active members the
Ornithological Section has not held any meetings during the past year, and
the Geological Section has not been revived, though Dr. Woolverton con-
tinues to give lectures on Geology to the students of the Western University.

It is a matter of much gratification that the Council have been able to
lease the large and convenient room in the Public Library on Queen's Avenue,
in which the annual meeting is now being held. The room in the Y. M. C.
A. building occupied by the Society for the last eight years, was very in-
conveniently situated and had become too small for the steadily increasing lib-
rary and collections. The removal was carefully and safely effected under
the direction of Messrs. Bethune and Balkwill, and to them the thanks of
the members are due for the labour they bestowed upon it and the excellent
order in which the property of the Society is now to be found.

The Council desire to place on record their profound regret at the loss
they have sustained through the death of Mr. John Alston Moffat, which took
place on the 26th of February last after a prolonged illness. For fourteen
years Mr. Moffat discharged the duties of Librarian and Curator of the So-
ciety with the greatest devotion and care. He was always ready to do
everything in his power to further the objects of the society and to assist the
members in their investigations and studies. His kindness and unfailing
courtesy endeared him to all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. He
contributed many valuable papers to our magazine ^^The Canadian Entomo-
logist,^^ and to our annual reports to the Legislature of Ontario; his scientific
attainments thus became widely known and his work in some sections of the
Lepidoptera was much appreciated.

All which is respectfully submitted.

Wm. Lochhead,

President.

PEPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.

Minutes of the 258th regular and 31st Annual Meeting held on the 9th of
May, 1904, at the Natural History Rooms, University Street, Montreal.

Minutes of the last resrular meeting were read and confirmed, and the
minutes of the previous annual meeting taken as read, and confirmed.

The following members were present : —

Messrs. Charles Stevenson, A. F. Winn, A. E. Norris, L. Gibb, A.
Griffin, G. R. Southee, Geo. A. Moore, and Master K. R. Stevenson and
Alfred Hoi den, visitors.

The President reported that Mr. Gibb's case had been filled and sent to
St. John's School.

14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The Librarian reported that the new unit to bookcase had been ordered
but had not yet been received.

The President, Mr. Charles Stevenson, read the following report on be-
half of the Council : —

The Thirty-first Annual Eeport of the Council of the Montreal Branch
of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

Tour Council have pleasure in presenting the following report for the
Session 1903-1904.

Nine regular meetings were held with an average attendance of eight, at
one of which we had the pleasure of the attendance of Dr. James Fletcher.

The following papers were read, the greatest number since the founda-
tion of the Branch.

1. Annual Address of the President Charles Stevenson.

2 Method of coloring photographic lantern slides of

Butterflies. (Illustrated) ...A. E. Norris.

3. The Lepidoptera of Kirby's insects of the Fauna

Boreali-Americana s H. H. Lyman.

4 Eeport on the Annual Meeting of the Entomological

Society of Ontario, 1903 Charles Stevenson.

5 Notes on the Season, 1903. Western Quebec Charles Stevenson.

6 Notes on the Season, 1903 Geo. A. Moore.

7 Ten minutes collecting late in October Charles Stevenson.

8. A late capture of a Cerambycid Charles Stevenson.

9 To preserve the natural colors of Dragonflies Charles Stevenson.

10. My first attempt to rear Caterpillars Edward Dennv.

11 Notes on Cerambycidse with special reference to the

Prionid^ G. Chagnon.

12. Notes on Ennomos magnarius, Guenee A. F. Winn.

13 On occurrence of larvae of Feniseca Tarquinius m

November A. F. Wmn.

14. Miscellaneous Entomological Notes H. H. Lyman.

15. Collecting Notes for 1903 ?* -? w^°'^''*

16. Notes on Hepialus mustelinus. Pack -■'•'-- f • ■?_• ^Z^^*

IT. Collecting at light during the Season of 1903 A. E. Norris.

18. Phymatid^ Geo^A^Moore.

19. Montreal Gortynas H. H. ^y^^^'

20. An Address on various insects ^r. Jas. Fletcher.

n. Membracid^ ^^^- ^ ^^^^l'

22. Notonectid^ ^... •; • .^•..•.••. Geo. A. Moore.

23. Eemarks on Dr. Fletcher's New Species and Yarie-

ties cf Canadian But::erflies A. F. Wmn.

24. Attemnts to rear Cerambycid^ p' ^V^Mootp

25. Capsid^ or Leaf Bugs A % w^n

P.6. Thecla Laeta Edw ^^^- q.^^;,^„^^

27. Cyanide Bottle for Micro-Lepidoptera Charles Stevenson.

Two field days were held, one at St. Hilaire, 24th May, and the other at

Eigaud, July 1st. -o ^.i. i, «4!

Two cases of insects have been presented to .f l^^^l^^^^^/^^iK*

arousing an interest in insect study among the pupils, one to t^e McGrll Nor

maT School, and the other to the St. John the Evangelist bchool.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15

Five of the members attended tLe annual meeting of the Entomological
Society of Ontario which was held in Ottawa and four papers from our
Branch were read.

Our membership remains the same numerically.

Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council,

(Signed.) Charles Stevenson,

President.
9th May, 1904.

The Treasurer's account showed a balance on hand of |58.10.

The Librarian submitted the following report : —

Our bookcase is full. One unit as authorized by the Society has been
ordered, but has not yet arrived. The library contains many useful books,
including ^'The Canadian Entomologist,^^ Yol. I to X, bound and unbound.

The following were added this year : —

1 Bulletin No. 59, 1902, H. H. Lyman.

1 Bulletin No. 64, 1902, H. H. Lyman.

Paper on Plusidse, Dr. Ottolengui.

7 Annual Reports of the Entomological' Society of Ontario, 1895-1904.

1 Paper Book ^'Insects affecting forest trees, 1903."

A quantity of paper for copies of members' papers from A. F. Winn.

1 Bulletin No. 68, N. Y. State Museum by purchase.

Proceedings of the South London Ent. & Nat. His. Soc, 1902, L. Gibb.

Check list of Coleoptera, G. E. Crotch, M.A., 1874.

Label list of insects, Dom. of Can., 1883, A. F. Winn.

Bibliography of Canadian Entomology, 1902, Dr. Bethune.

The following were donated by Charles Stevenson: —

Monthly Bulletins, Pennsylvania, No. 4-9-10-11-12, Vol. 1, 1904.

6 copies of papers read during 1903.

The President's (Charles Stevenson) Annual Address.

Report of Annual Meeting at Ottawa, 1903.

Eeport of case of insects donated by our Society and arranged by Charles
Stevenson.

29 parts of ''Canadian Entomologist,'' containing incomplete volumes
17-18-19-22, by A. F. Winn.

45 Pamphlets and 'Tsyche" (11 vols.) from J. G. Jack.

(Signed.) A. E. Norris, Librarian.

The Curator read the following report : —

The cabinet is complete as far as the drawers are concerned and I am
now ready for generous donations from the members. ^ It should be our
pride to have a good local collection of all orders if possible. The following
members have contributed since the last Annual Meeting : —

Mr. Lachlan Gibb, 10 Butterflies and 34 Moths.

H. H. Lyman, 5 Melitsea and 3 Phyciodes Butterflies. ''These 8 butter
flies are not likely to be taken here."

A. F. Winn, 3 Ichneumons.

G. Chagnon, 80 Diptera.

D. Brainerd, 44 Moths.

Eespectfully submitted,

(Signed) A. E. Norris, Curator.

16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The President, Mr. Charles Stevenson, read his Annual Address.
Mr. Gibb moved and Mr. Griffin seconded that these reports be accepted.
Carried.

The following officers were elected for 1904-1905 :

President A. E. Norris.

Vice-President A. F. Winn.

Librarian and Curator D. Brainerd.

Secretary-Treasurer Geo. A. Moore.

H. H. Lyman.
Council Charles Stevenson.

L. Gibb.

Mr. A. F. Winn gave a talk on the Lycsenidse.

A. E. Norris ''Hydroecia" illustrated by lantern views and other slides
ol butterflies and moths.

Geo. A. Moore on the Leaf-Hoppers, Family Jassidge.

Mr. Stevenson exhibited a specimen of Aphodius erraticus caught, June
Ist 1904 by K R Stevenson under stones at Maplewood, near Outremont.
This is the first record of its capture in Canada. It was reported by Horn
in the United States, and is an introduced species from Europe.

After the examination of specimens the meeting adjourned.

Geo. a. Moore,

Sec.-Treas.

REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH.

The annual meeting of the Quebec Branch was held on the 19th Nov-
ember, 1904, at the house of the President, extensive repairs being earned
on in Morrin College. ^ , /-, r j

There were present: Rev. Dr. Fyles in the chair, Lt. -Col. Crawford
Lindsay, secretary-treasurer, Rev. W. W. McQua.g, J^K Simmons, E q.,
Mr. Ha ton Fyles, Mrs. R. Turner, Mrs^Fyles, Mrs. McQuaig, Mrs Sim-
mons, Mrs. Seton, Mrs. Boulton, Miss Hamel, ^^f J^^^^^.^'./^^V^^^"
Leod, Miss Hedge, Miss Bickell, Miss Johnson and Miss Winifred Fyles.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The secretary stated that eight meetings had been lieM during ^.^e year,
besides two field-days. Lectures had been delivered on the following sub-
iects--By the President: Pitcher Plant Insects-Insect Pests of the Oak
-The Willows of Canada and the Insects that feed on t^iem-Garden Pests
and how to deal with them; by the Rev W W. McQuaig : Edible and
Poisonous Fungi (two lectures); by Miss MacLeod: On Light and Colour.

The President then gave his annual address as follows :

I am glad to welcome so many of our members and friends to my house
Morrin College is undergoing extensive repairs and will be m the hands
^ the workm^en for some time to come. A few days ago I 1;^/ our cabinet
removed to a safe place in the laboratory of the college. I hope, when the
repairs are completed, the college authorities will allow us, as m the past,
to hold our meetings in that institution.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

A few interesting things — entomologically speaking — have come under
my notice in the past season : —

Vespa Diabolica.

In the 34th report of the parent Society, page 11, will be found a
notice of a colony of this species which had their nest under the cap of a
newel-post of a flight of steps to the verandah of the residence of J. H.
Simmons, Esq. Attention was first drawn to this colony by a servant maid,
who, while sweeping the steps, knocked her broom upon the post and
brought upon herself an attack from the wasps. With a swollen and in-
flamed face, she rushed to her mistress, exclaiming : "Ah, Madame, les
petites betes jaunes sont venues me piquez;" (Ah, Ma'am, the little yellow
flies have stung me).

Through the kindness of Mr. Simmons, I am now able to lay the nest
of the wasps before you. It contains, you perceive, one tier of cells only,
and this was closely attached to the under side of the cap. The number
of cells is seven hundred. Between the cap and the top of the post itself
was a small space as there was between the side casing and the post. The
insects worked in the confined space under the cap and carried on their oper-
ations in darkness. They found entrance and exit through a small hole
in a joint of the casing. The means taken by the wasps to prevent intrusion
by predacious insects is remarkable. They suspended a series of paper
curtains, some fifteen in number, which closed up the space between the
post and the inner sides of the casing, &o that an intruding insect, groping
in the dark, would find itself entangled in a veritable labyrinth. If it
happened to strike the well guarded way of the wasps, it would doubtless
meet with a warm reception.

Fig. 3. Larva of Wasp : dorsal view, Fig. 4. Parasite of Cimbex Americana, sho^ving

greatly enlarged. under side, much enlarged.

It may be wondered how the larva of a wasp (Fig. 3), hanging in an
,open-mouthed cell, with its head downward, can retain its position. Last
summer I had the opportunity of studying the live larva. I found a nest
in which the first of the larvae had attained their full growth. I found
the creatures somewhat top-shaped, very, broad at the shoulders so as to fill
the opening of the cell and press upon the sides, and then gja/lually taper-
ing to the extremity. The body ended in a pair of claspers which reached
into the narrowed end of the cell. When a larva was turned out of its
dwelling, I noticed that it extruded from its under side a series of excres-
cences as if to find a hold by means of these. I think we may say that the
larva is held in place by its claspers, its pseudopodia, and by the pressure
of its thoracic segments upon the sides of the cell.

A Battle Eoyal.

On May 29th, I witnessed, in the hangard at my place, a fierce contest
between a female of Vesjja arenaria and a spider. I separated the com-
batants, for I wanted the wasp for my collection. A few hours afterwards
i noticed that the spider was dead.

2 EN

18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 1^

A Parasite of Cimhex Americana.

Last fall, Miss Hamel brought me from Kamouraska, some larvg^e of
Cimhex Americana. On tlie Tth September, there broke from the under
side of one of these, near the hinder parts of it, a remarkable parasitic
larva (Fig. 4). It was an inch long and was dirty white in colour with a
row of continuous yellow folds, extending the length of the body on either
side. It had an irregular dorsal line of brown and an irregular side line
just above the yellow folds. On the under side there was an undulated
line on either side. The after part of the body was darker than the rest.
The head was small and the four or five segments following tapered towards
the head. The anal segment was truncated and yellow. I have no doubt
that this was a larva of Opheletes glaucopterus . A few days after this appear-
ed I found a dead Ciinhex larva some inches deep in the soil at the roots of
a plant of Aquilegia that I was digging up. I inferred from this that
parasitized Cimhex larvae buried themselves; and I placed the parasite I
had on some earth in a flowerpot and covered it with damp moss. I am
sorry to say that this treatment was unsuitable — the larva died.

Strange Food for Wire-Worms.

On the occasion of our field-day at Montmorency, the Eev. Mr. Mc-
Quaig and myself wandered off in search of fungi. On examining a speci-
men °of the Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria, we found a wire-worm eating
into the stipe of the fungus. The Czar Alexis of Eussia died from eating
this species of fungus ; the wire-worm seemed to be eating it with impunity.
The poison of the Fly Agaric taken into the system paralyzes the nerve«»
that control the action of the heart.

A little further on we found a specimen of the most deadly of all the
fungi, Amanita phalloides, known as the ''Death-Cup" and the "Destroy-
ing Angel", for the poison of which there is no known antidote. It acts
upon the blood, dissolving the corpuscles. Strange to say, we found a wire-
worm apparently of the same species as the other, biting a way into this.

Fungoid Grow^th on a Wasp.

It is well known that insects are liable to destroying fungoid orowths.
Among some of the specimens captured by Miss Freeman, was one of Crahro
singularis. Over the thorax and parts of the abdomen of this was such a
growth as we are speaking of.

Captures.

On June 17th, a fine specimen of Macromia IlUnoiensis, Walsh, was
taken on the Louise Embankment. On June 27th, I found Hylotoma
dulciaria at the Natural Steps, Montmorency. So late as September 12th
I took a fine specimen of Aeschna conHricta at a pond on Spruce Cliff.
The species seemed to be plentiful. On September 27th, Mr. McQuaig
found a female Meloe angusticollis in th'e same locality.

A very interesting paper by Mr. Albert F. Winn of the Montreal
Branch was then read. It described in a charming way the haunts and
habits of the water-lily moth, Nymphula maculaUs, Clemens, found at Lake
Charcbois, and the methods adopted for the caDture of the in«pct^ Some
beau' -ful specimens of the tnoth, sent by Mr. Winn, were (inhibited.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

The Eev. Mr. McQuaig gave a graphic description of two fungi giving
out very different odours. To the first, on the occasion of the field-day at
Montmorency, he was drawn by the delightful perfume it emitted, which
resembled that of Sweet Grass, but stronger. Let by the scent, he found
the fungus in the recesses of a growth of young spruce and near the bolls
of the trees. It was a species of Hydnum. It was remarked that perfumers
might turn a knowledge of this to practical account, judging by the power-
ful scent retained by the dried specimens of the fungus exhibited.

Mr. McQuaig, continuing, stated that while taking a walk with the
President in the woods near the Levis cemetery, they encountered the same
fine perfume and, after a little search, found large patciies of the fungus
in the shade of the most entangled growths of spruce.

The other fungus he wished to refer to was a mflZ-odourous one, Phallus
impudicus , known as the Stinkhorn. He gave a minute description of this,
both in its egg-like stage and after its full development, when it emitted
its overpoweringly offensive odour.

Mrs. Turner said that she had found several specimens of this fungus
in her garden at "The Cedars", Island of Orleans. Numbers of Blue-
bottle flies were buzzing about them and settling upon them.

Mr. McQuaig explained that doubtless the offensive odour was intended
to aid in the dissemination of the species. It attracted carrion insects and
these carried away the spores which adhered to their feet.

The officers chosen for the year were : •

President, Rev. Dr. Fyles; Yice-President, Miss E. Macdonald; Sep-
retary-Treasurer, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay; Council, Rev. W. W. ^
Quaig, Hon, R. Turner, Mrs. Turner, Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman.

Hearty votes of thanks were passed to the authorities of Morrin College
for the countenance they have given the Association, to the President and
the Secretary-Treasurer for their services, and to Mr. A. F. Winn for his
valuable paper.

Report of Council.

The Branch now includes twenty-six members (twenty-three adults and
three juniors).

The Treasurer's report is submitted and will no doubt be found satia-
factory.

During the past year eight meetings were held at which interesting::
lectures were delivered and two enjoyable field-days were held.

Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having-
continued to allow us the use of their rooms for our meetings, and also to»
the President, Rev. Mr. McQuaig and Miss MacLeod, for their interestingr
lectures.

Crawford Lindsay,

Secretary-Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.

The eighth annual meeting and ninety-fifth regular meeting of the
Toronto Branch, Entomological Society of Ontario, was held in the Pro-
vincial Museum, Toronto, on the 19th of May, 1904.

20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Secretary's Report.

I beg to hc^rewitli submit tlie annual report for the season of 1904: —

Our membership this year has been most gratifying in point of numbers,
an increase of eight members over last year, and all in good standing, the
total number now being fifteen.

During the last year we have kept up our subscriptions to publications
as heretofore, and have been enabled to add doors to the fine large cabinet
presented to the Society by ^*Ir. McDonough, which now stands in the
Ornithological room of the museum.

The permanent collection has been added to considerably, and through
the efforts of our Curator a case of representative Butterflies found near
Toronto, has been beautifully mounted and labelled and hung for public
inspection.

Our specimens of Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera liave also been
sorted out, and each placed in their respective drawers.

The papers read and lectures delivered have been of a high educational
order, shedding new light and knowledge, added to by the exhibition of
ifj>ecimens to illustrate the same.

Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa, and Mr. Lyman, of Montreal, we are very
^;?eatly indebted to, for two of the most interesting and instructive lectures
ci the season.

Dr. Fletcher's lectures on, "The Opening of Spring, and Spring Work"
T^ill not soon be forgotten by those fortunate enough to hear it. This meet-
ing was splendidly attended, about fifty being present; the Canadian In-
stitute and public schools being well represented.

Our financial statement this year has not been surpassed, no doubt
owing to the increase in menibership.

Your Secretary-Treasurer in closing, wishes to thank the members of
the Toronto Branch for the help and courtesy extended to him, making his
duties a pleasure to perform for the Society.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

J. Maughan, Jr.,

Secretary-Treasurer.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President,
Jt. Wm. Brodie; Vice-President, Paul Hahn; Secretary-Treasurer, John
Maughan. Jr, ; Librarian and Curator, J. B. Williams; Council, W. J.
Fraser, Henry S. Saunders, J. H. Webb.

Lectures and Papers — Season 1903-4.

1st. J. B. Williams: "Butterflies in 1903 and Classification of same.'*
2nd. Exhibition of Specimens.

3rd. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa : "Some Work done in the Division of
Entomology at Ottawa during 1903" (Published in Toronto World).

4th. Mr. Lyman, Montreal : "Moths of the Genus Gortyna and Hy-

droecia." . - ^ ^ ,,

5th. E. M. Walker, M.B. : "Two collecting trips m Algonquin Park.
6th. Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa: "Opening of Spring and ;^ring Werk.^*
7th. Annual Meeting; Dr. E. M. Walker and Mr. Paul Hahn : "Collect-
ing in Algonquin Park". Illustrated by electric lantern.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

EEPOET OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION FOR 1904.

The Botanical Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario met for
organization on the 7th of May, 1904, when the following officers were
elected for the coming year: Mr. S. B. McCready, Chairman; Prof. Bow-
man, Vice-Chairman; Master H. C. Rennie, Secretary.

Nine fortnightly meetings were held during the season, at nearly all
of which there was a satisfactory attendance, the average number present
being about seven. Two very successful field-days were held, the first at
Dorchester and the second at Komoka.

An interesting paper was read by Mr. Dearness on June 18th, on "Plant
Societies", and many interesting talks on Botanical subjects were given
during the year. A great variety of plants were brought to the meetings
for examination and identification. The last evening of the season was
devoted to fungi, of which an account was given by Profs. Bowman and
Dearness.

S. B. McCready,

Chairman.

REPORT OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.

The Microscopical Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario has
much pleasure in presenting its fourteenth annual report. The meeting for
reorganzation after the summer recess was held on the 3rd of October, 1903,
and the following officers were elected: Prof. J. H. Bowman, Chairman;
Mr. R. W. Rennie, Yice-Chairman; Mr. C. E. Parsons, Secretary.

Prof. J. Dearness and the officers were appointed the Executive Com-
mittee for the year^

Thirteen meetings were held during the winter season, with an average
attendance of nine members, besides a number of visitors. Papers were
read or addresses given on the following subjects :

Aphids, Ants and Honey-dew: Rev. Dr. Bethune; Ferns, their Spores
and Modes of Growth: Mr. S. B. McCready; The Inhabitants of an old
Basswood Limb : Prof. Dearness ; Barnacles Found on some Pine Logs :
Prof. Bowman; Platino-Cyanide Crystals of Barium: Prof. Bowman; Col-
lembola : Mr. F. A. Stuart; Sea-weeds from Santa Monica Bay, California:
Mr. M. Westland; Algae: Prof. Dearness.

These papers were illustrated by specimens and slides for the micro-
scope. At nearly all the meetings a number of objects of interest and
beauty were also exhibited and discussed.

J. H. Bowman,

Chairman.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR.

The following is the report for the year ending August 31st, 1904 :
The number of bound volumes added to the library during the year
was twenty-eight, making the number on the register 1,832. Among the
new acquisitions there have been received volumes VIII and IX of the
Harriman Alaska Expedition, being the two parts devoted to insects; Dr.
Holland's Moth-Book, presented by the late librarian, Mr. J. Alston Mof-
fat, to the Society as "an acknowledgment of its generosity in his declin-
ing years"; Sir George Hampson's Catalogue of the Noctuidse in the British
Museum, being volume IV of his "Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalsense";
and Rothschild and Jordan's "Revision of the Sphingidse".

22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

A large number of scientific magazines, bulletins of experimental sta-
tions, and°otlier publications, have also been received. Many of these will
be bound into volumes and the rest catalogued and arranged in such a way
as to be readily accessible.

The number of volumes issued to members during the year was thirty-

three .

The collections of Canadian insects have been increased during the year
by the generous gift of 103 specinjens (52 species) of Coleoptera and two
specimens each of six species of Lepidoptera taken by Mr. Norman Griddle
at Aweme, Manitoba. The local members have contributed specimens in
various orders taken in the immediate neighborhood of London.

The Curator would very much like to receive specimens of almost all
our Canadian insects to fill blanks in the cabinets and to replace old and
imperfect examples. Any member who has specimens to spare would con-
fer a favour by sending first a list of those which he is willing to present
to the Society in order to avoid duplication. In many of the orders our
collections are very meagre.

The removal of the Society's library and cabinets to the room in the
Public Library building was satisfactorily accomplished last month, and
no damage was done to either books or specimens. The increased space now
available will enable the Society to find room for large additions to both
the collections and the library.

Eespectfully submitted.

Charles J. S. Bethune,

Librarian and Curator.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

Receipts and expenditures of the Entomological Society of Ontario for
the year ending August 31st, 1904 :

Receipts. Expenditure.

Balance on Sept. 1st, 1903 $293 34 Rent $165 00

Members' fees 362 68 Pins, cork, etc 97 38

Sales of pins, cork, etc 90 59 riinting 701 26

Advertisements 35 50 Expense account 76 10

Sales of Entomologist 119 50 Annual meeting and report ^l^ ^l

Government gmnt 1,000 00 Library 22 06

Interest T. 4 10 Salaries .^ 262 50

Balance on hand 445 74

$1,906 Oo *1>906 OS

We, the auditors of the Entomological Society of Ontario, hereby cer-
tify that we have audited the books and vouchers of the Treasurer and find
them all well kept and correct, the above being a true statement of accounts

up to August 31st, 1904. o -n i^r n

S. B. McCready,
W. H. Hamilton,

Auditors.

J. A. Balk WILL,

Treasurer.

London, Ont., Oct. 25, 1904.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. :;3

REPORT TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

The following is the report to the Royal Society of Canada from the
Entomolog-ical Society of Ontario, through the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune,
D.C.L., Delegate.

The Entomological Society of Ontario has now continued in active op-
eration for two score years, and held its fortieth annual meeting in Ottawa
on the 3rd and 4th of September last. Of the little band of enthusiasts
who met in Toronto in April, 1863, for the purpose of organizing the
Society, but three now survive, Dr. Wm. Saunders Rev. Dr. Bethune and
Mr. E. Baynes Reed. It is gratifying to note that they have continued to
take an active interest in the welfare of the Society from that time to the
present.

"The Canadian Entomologist, *' the monthly magazine of the Society,
is now in its thirty-sixth year of publication. The volume for 1903 con-
tains 352 pages and is illustrated with six full-page plates and fifteen figures
in the text, all from original drawings. The contributors number sixty-
one and represent Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Lux-
emburg and Cuba. The principal articles may be grouped as follows : Des-
criptions of new genera, species and varieties in Lepidoptera by Prof. J.
B. Smith, Dr. H. G. Dyar and Mr. G. M. Dodge; in Hymenoptera by Dr.
W. H. Ashmead, Profs. T. D. A. Cockerell and H. T. Fernald, Messrs. J.
C Bradley, A. W. Morrill, J. C. Crawford, R. A. Cooley, C. Robertson,
Rev. T. W. Fyles and Dr. S. Graenicher; in Diptera by Messrs. D. W.
■Coquillett, F. V. Theobald, and J. S. Hine; in Coleoptera by Prof. H. F.
Wickham and Mr. C. Schaeffer; in Hemiptera-Homoptera by Prof. Cocker-
ell, Messrs. A. W. Morrill, R. A. Cooley, A. L. Quaintance, G. B. King,
E. B. Ball and W. T. Clarke; in Hemiptera-Heteroptera by Mr. C Steven-
son; and in Orpthoptera by Messrs. E. M. Walker and E. S. G. Titus.
Thirty-nine new genera are described, 106 new species and eight new vari-
eties and sub-species.

Life-histories more or less complete, are given of the following insects :
C'rocigrapha Normani and several Canadian species of Apantesis by Mr.
Arthur Gibson; the strawberry Aleyrodes {A. Pacl<ardi) by Mr. A. W.
Morrill; Hydrcecia appassionata found boring in Sarracenia by Mr. H.
Bird; the Apple Bud-borer (Sterjanoptycha pyricolana) by Prof. E. D. Sand-
erson; Mamestra laudahilis by Dr. H. G. Dyar; and several species of Mos-
quitoes by Mr. F. V. Theobald.

Papers on Classification. Nomenclature and systematic Entomology;
the Wasps of the super-family Vespoidea by Dr. Ashmead; Arctic Hymen-
optera by Mr. W. H. Harington; Nomadinse and Epeolinse by Mr. C.
Robertson; Prof. Aldrich and Mr. Coquillett on Culex; Mr. J. C. Bradley
on the genus Platylabus; Mr. E. M. Walker on the genus Podisma in East-
ern North America; Dr. Dyar and Mr. A. Bacot on Aplia tau; Mrs. Fer-
nald on Coccidae; Dr. Fletcher and Prof. Grote on Lepidoptera; Prof.
Cockerell and Mr. Titus on Hymenoptera.

Collecting notes, and paDers on the geographical distribution of species,
are given by Prof. A. D. Hopkins on Forest Insect Explorations; Mr.
Coquillett on the Phorid genus jEnigmatias in Denmark and Arizona; Mr.
O. B. King on Records of Coccidse; Dr. Fyles on Quebec Diptera; Mr. J.
D. Evans on the Coleoptera of North- Western Canada; Mr. W. T. Clarke
"P^. Califcrnian Aphididse; Butterfly notes from Toronto by Mr. J B. Wil-

24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

liams; Collecting in February by Mr. J. E. de la Torre Bueno; tbe capture
of j^gialites dehilis in British Columbia by the Rev. J. H. Keen.

Among the miscellaneous papers may be mentioned a House-boat col-
lecting trip in China by Mr. C. L. Marlatt; a Coleopterous Conundrum
by Mrs. A. T. Slosson; a Migration of Butterflies in Yenezeula by Mr. A.
H. Clark; the habits of Ranatra fus^ca by Mr. Bueno; the Spinning methods
of Polyphemus by Mr. J. W. Cockle; papers on Coleoptera by Prof. Wick-
ham, on Bees by Prof. Cockerell and Entomological notes by Mr. H. H.
Lyman. There are also several reviews of new books by the editor and
others.

The thirty-fourth annual report of the Society was published by the
Ontario Department of Agriculture in March last. Its distribution has
unfortunately been very much limited owing to the destruction of 5,000
copies by the disastrous fire in Toronto on the 19th of April. The volume
consists of 116 pages illustrated with a portrait of the Rev. G. W. Taylor,
four half tone plates of orchards affected by the San Jose Scale and sixty
figures in the text; all of the blocks of these illustrations have also been
lost in the fire.

The volume contains satisfactory reports from the Officers of the
Society, the Sections in Botany, Microscopy and Ornithology, the Branches
at Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, and from the Directors, Messrs. Young,
Grant and Balkwill, on Insects of the year. Further notes on the season
of 1903 are given by Messrs. Stevenson and Kilman, and extended reports
by Dr. Fletcher and Prof. Lochhead. The latter, in his annual address
as President, gave an interesting account of the "Progress of Economic
Entomology in Ontario", and furnished further papers on "The Present
Condition of the San Jose Scale in Ontario", and "A Key to the Insects
Affecting Small Fruits". Dr. Fletcher contributed his very valuable
"Entomological Record for 1903"; Mr. Arthur Gibson, papers on "The
Insects Affecting Basswood", and "An Interesting Enemy of the Iris";
Dr. Bethune on "A Menace to the Shade-trees of London, Ontario", the
Great Leopard Moth, and a memoir of the late Professor Grote; Dr.
Fyles on "The Food-habits of Hymenopterous Larvae" ;Mr. Jarvis on "Fly-
tormentors of IS'ew Ontario", and a list of injurious insects taken in the
Abitibi Region; Mr. A. J. Dennis on a remarkable experience in collec-
ing moths at light in Manitoba. Dr. S. H. Scudder gives an interestinij
account of his "Hunting for Fossil Insects" in Wyoming and Colorado;
and the late Mr. Moffat furnished a paper on his "Recollections of the
past". Dr. L. 0. Howard, United States Entomologist, was a welcome-
visitor at the annual meeting and gave two most interesting addresses, of
which abstracts are given in the report, on "The Transmission of Yellow
Fever by Mosquitoes", and the warfare that is being waged against the
Cotton Boll Weevil in Texas.

It is with profound regret that we place on record the death of Mr.
John Alston Moffat, which took place in London on the 26th of February.
For fourteen years he had been the efficient Librarian and Curator of the
Society and had endeared himself to all who frequented the rooms by his
uniform kindness and courtesy.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

INSECTS AND WEEDS IN THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES.

By T. N. Willing, Regina, Assiniboia.

It gives me a great deal of pleasure to be able to meet the members
of the Ontario Entomological Society as a representative from tbe North-
West Territories, a -portion of Canada in wliicli there is so much work yet
to be done in the study of its insect life. Many of you have already ably
assisted in this work and I hope to be able to call on you for yet more help
in the identification of material collected. Moving about the country a
great deal as I do in the capacity of chief Inspector of Weeds for the De-
partment of Agriculture at Regina, my opportunities for collecting are
much greater than for classification and study. As our Department has
no official whose time is specially devoted to entomology, it falls to my lot
to investigate insect depredations, and in this connection I may mention
that preparations are being made for a reference collection of the insects
injurious to crops. Fortunately the losses from insects in the Territories
have not been heavy, but it would be too much to expect a continued im-
munity and there is no doubt a close watch must be kept to check promptly,
if possible, any threatened danger from such a source. The annual visits
of our popular and valued advisor, Dr. Fletcher of the Experimental Farm,
have aided greatly in the dissemina:tion of information relative to insects
and weeds affecting crops, and I think no one has done more for the ad-
vancement of the study of natural history in the West than he.

Another help in this line is the work being done by our Territorial
Natural History Society, which developed from the North- West Entomo-
logical Society, started by Mr. Percy B. Gregson, an untiring worker, who'
continues to be president. The Society is recognized by the Government
and its annual report is printed as an appendix to that of the Department
of Agriculture. The aim of the Society is to encourage the study of natural
history in its various branches, giving prominence to the economic side,
and also to gather material for collections which will be available for refer-
ence. Local branches are encouraged and records of the migration of birds
are being made at points where observers can be found. Several of the
members are keenly interested in the study of entomology and are doing
good work, notably Messrs. F. H. Wolley Dod and Arthur Hudson, near
Calgary, who make a specialty of the Noctuidae and have added many
new species.

It has been found that specialists have. been exceedingly kind in identi-
fying material sent them and my thanks are due to Dr. Fletcher and Messrs.
Taylor, Kearfott and Dod for their services in this respect. Recently Rev.
G. W. Taylor named some forty odd species of geometer moths which I
had collected, and Mr. Kearfott has now in hand a lot of our western
micros for study. Of Coleoptera I have a large number not yet classifieds

During the season few' insects attracted attention by their numbers'.
In May a multitude of hairy caterpillars were reported on the prairie north
of Medicine Hat and proved to be those of a species of Apantesis. The ap-
pearance of such as were found on 30th May indicated that they were
affected by parasites. Small pupa cases were soon found amongst the
caterpillars, which were collected and from these ichneumon flies emerged
about 25th June. No moths were obtained from the larvse, but a small
specimen of Apantesis Willianisii was taken with the net on 28th June where
the larvae had been so abundant.

In the same locality, but on the river flat, a grove of the box-elder,
Acer negundoy was found t9 b^ >3tjipped of its foliage by the larvae of the

26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Lime-tree looper Hihernia tiliaria. On May 30tli the larvse were first seen
and then were a half -inch in length. They fed voraciously and pupated
about 18th June, one male moth emerginnj" in confinement on Tth October.
The moths of Tent caterpillars, probably CJisiocam'pa fragilis, which seems
a very variable species, were noticed in abundance at two points north of
Edmonton amongst the aspen, on 21st July, when they were just emerg-
ing from their cocoons. In several instances, two or three males were seen
clustered on the cocoon from which females were apparently expected to
emerge. Some larvse of this species were taken at an earlier date south of
Calgary from several of which Tachina flies emerged. About Reg-ina, on
11th August, the weed Chenopodium album was noticed to have been des-
troyed by the larvae of a small moth, not yet identified, many of the chry-
salids of which, about a quarter-inch in length, were found in the withered
remains of the leaves. Larvae of the Beet moth, Loxostege sticticalis, were
also prevalent on the same species of weed and in the same locality. These
two last mentioned insects may, in this casQ, be looked on as beneficial in
helping to destroy a weed responsible for considerable loss to the grain
growers. At harvest time complaints were received of the Grain Aphis
being so abundant on wheat north of Wapella that binders were stopped
by the canvas slipping and the Aphids were removed by the shovelful.

While no appropriation is made by the Territorial Government for the
control of insect pests, owing to the necessity not being forced upon them,
a large amount of money is expended in the crusade against weeds ofiicially
proclaimed noxious. While, by legislative enactment, power is in the hands
of the inspectors, fifty of whom are employed for a short period during the
summer, to havp a crop des\royed: it is .seldom, found necessary, the farmers
being mostly willing to do their best to eradicate weeds when their atten-
tion is drawn to the appearance and the noxious character of such weeds
as may be found in their crops or about their places. The estimated area
cropped during the past season was over 1,800,000 acres and if even a frac-
tion of a bushel per acre were the loss in yield sustained through weeds it
will be seen that it would represQ.nt a sum of money well worth saving. Edu-
cational work is pushed close after settlement by means of institute meet^-
ings, bulletins and displays of mounted or green specimens of weeds. The
difficulties that inspectors have to contend with are great, one being the
fact that the population of some districts is of a very mixed character, as
indicated by the fact that twelve distinct languages are spoken in one dis-
trict within a radius of twenty-fi^^e miles. The early plowing of summer
fallow and subsequent surface cultivation, followed by harrowing of the
growing grain, is the method generally recommended for the subjection of
annual weeds. Working of the soil in this way results in increased crops
of grain, which well repay the labor. Spraying has been recently advo-
cated by some, but is not looked on with favor by the most practical men
and will probably never be adopted to any extent in the prairie country.

In 'many districts therp is a perceptible im-orovement in the appear-
ance of the fields since the inspection system was begun.

In the weed ordinance there is a clause which prohibits the sale for
seed of grain containing seeds of noxious weeds, and this is quite an aid m
preventing the spread of weeds, but unfortunately very dirty grain may
be sold for feeding purposes without restriction.

Dr. Fletcher, in commenting" on this Daper, spoke in high terms of ap-
preciation of Mr. Willing's work in the Northwest, having known him for
many years, and having had many opportunities of observing his work and
methods. Mr. Willing, h'^ rt^.ted, has ^harg*^ of all the weed ijispeciion

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27

and insect investigation in Assiniboia; he is an enthusiastic and capable
man in his department, and an excellent collector. He has helped special-
ists in Entomology very much by procuring varieties, having, for instance,
been the discoverer of Apantesis QuensolUi, var. turbans.

Mr. Willing was educated in Ontario, and then went to the Northwest
where he spent ten years on a farm and in ranching. He thus acquired
a thorough knowledge of the country and became well prepared for his
duties as inspector of weeds and insects throughout the Territory. Hap-
pily in that part of the Dominion the farmers are ready to accept and profit
by the methods taught them by their instructors. In Ontario, on the con-
trary, the farmers have little respect for Entomologists and do not appreci-
ate the value of their suggestions. The Northwest settlers came to the
meetings from all directions to hear what he and Mr. Willing had to tell
them and were anxious to learn all they could regarding such matters
as the proper methods of fallowing, times for sowing, means of fighting
weeds and insects, etc. He met with many young men in the Northwest
who had come from the older Provinces with the intention of spending a
year or two in the new country. It usually ended in their remaining there,
and in almost every case they were doing well. Among these men he found
a keen appreciation of this scientific work, and an eagerness to learn all
they could about it. The farmers generally derived much benefit from the
very good work that Mr. Willing was carrying on. He was also advanc-
ing the knowledge of plants and birds and insects in the schools, building
up the Natural History Society, and in one way and another developing
scientific methods and causing the farmers to adopt them. Dr. Fletcher
concluded by saying that he was anxious to let the Society know how valu-
able a work Mr. Willing was carrying on in the Northwest, and how much
it was appreciated there, and he also wished to express the gratification that
all the members present felt that Mr. Willing should have undertaken so
long a journey in order to participate in our annual meeting.

INJUEIOUS INSECTS OF THE SEASON 1904.

Bt Prof. W. Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

It is clear that the damage done by insects in 1904 has been below
normal. The Pea Weevil, the Hessian Fly, and the Codling Moth, which
wrought much damage in previous years, have not been very much in evi-
dence this season. The causes which operated in the controlling of insect
pests are difficult to understand. So far as 1903 and 1904 are concerned,
however, we feel pretty certain that the climatic factors have had very much
to do with the control of the number of injurious insects. The summers
were cold and wet, which condition acts strongly on larval life. Sudden
changes of temperature and moisture are very hurtful to larval existence,
and it would seem that these causes were the main ones in controlling the
injurious insects this season.

Insects of the Orchard.

Our Fruit Station experimenters do not report much injury from fruit
insects this season. As a rule they term it an "off year". From Trenton,
Mr. Dempsey reports that the Green Apple Aphis, the Pear-tree Psylla, the
Plum Curculio, and the Codling Moth could readily be found, but no seri-

28

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19»

ous damage was done; at "Walkerton, Mr. Sherrington reported few insect
pests; Mr. L. Woolverton, at Grimbsy, says that the season is remark-
ably free from insect pests; Mr. A. W. Peart, of Burlington, mentions
only the Curculio; Mr. Caston, of Craighurst, reports very few insects; Mr.
Jones, of Maitland, mentions the Codling Moth as doing some injury, and
states that very few insects were in evidence this season; Mr. M. Pettit, of
Winona, reports the Curculio as being very bad; and Mr. Hilborn, of
Leamington, had trouble with the Cherry Aphis and Peach Borers.

Apple-leaf Sewer (magnified).

The Apple-Leaf Sewer (PJioxopteris nuheculana, Clem.) (Fig. 5), one
of the Leaf-Eollers, was quite abundant, and did cosiderable damage iVi
some orchards near Winona. In the orchards of Jos. Tweddle, Fruitland,
which I visited, the lower leaves were practically free from this insect, but
they were very prevalent in the topmost leaves. The owner informed me
that before the trees were carefully and systematically sprayed nearly
every leaf was infested, and he attributed the presence of the Sewer in the
topmost leaves to the fact that it was almost impossible to treat properly
the upper twigs of the very large trees.

The caterpillars (Fig. 5«) are about two-thirds of an inch in length
when the leaves fall in autumn. In color they range from green to green-
ish yellow. There are two rows of light-colored spots beside the middle
line of the back, and one or two along each side, each spot provided with
a hair. Its head and shield of next segment are yellow.

The leaves are folded by using the silk threads which the caterpillar
spins as draw-threads. The edges of the leaf are soon drawn together,
which, when glued, form a hollow case. (Fig. 56.) Within this case the
caterpillar feeds upon the green tissue. Leaves frequently give indications
of being tied or folded over at different times, according to growth of larva.
Mr. Tweddle, always a careful orchardist and a strong believer in cleanli-
ness about an orchard, believes that he can control this insect by thorough
spraying in the summer with arsenite of lime.

The life history appears to be as follows : The winter is passed in the-
folded leaf as a larva ; in early spring the larva transforms to a chrysalis,
and in May the adult moths appear. Soon after, or in early June, the eggs
are laid on the leaves, and caterpillars appear in a* few days. Small folds
are first observed, which do not involve the whole leaf, but finally the entire
leaf is folded over. There is, thus, but one brood per year. «

In the Fruitland district, the first brood of the Codling Moth was not
so destructive as the second, although it damaged the Yellow Harvest,
Astrachan, Duchess, and St. Lawrence varieties. The second brood of
larvae was abundant in August, and damaged the Baldwins and 'Greenings.

In other districts the Codling Moth was not very destructive.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

The Plum and Apple Curculios were abundant th.rougliout tlie Pro-
vince. In the Winona district, where spraying was altogether neglected,
the plum crop was very seriously damaged.

The Apple Curculio was most destructive in orchards that had been m
sod for a period of years. In one orchard it was noticed that the pear trees
m a row next to an open drain, which had not been cleaned out for some
time, being full of leaves, etc., were badly attacked by the Curculio, while
the trees in the centre of the orchard, where the ground had been cultivated,
were entirely free from the pest.

The Peach Borer was reported as being abundant in several portions of
the peach areas.

The Grape Thrips were unusually abundant in the vineyards of the
Winona district. As a rule nothing was done to control them, and little
harm seems to have been done by them.

Insects of the Garden.

The Raspberry Saw-Fly (Monophadnus ruhi). This insect -does not
often call for attention, but this year reports came in early in June from a
large grower near Fonthill that ''numberless green larvae were devouring
the leaves of raspberries". An application of Paris Green put a stop to
their ravages.

Wireworms did considerable damage near Burlington by destroying
acres of melons and tomatoes. The plants would make a good start, but
in a few days they would turn yellow and wilt. When such sickly-look-
ing plants were pulled wireworms were found on the root stock.

Cabbage Root-Maggots continue their depredation year after year with-
out apparent hindrance. Many growers of cabbages confine their patches
to clay soil, for they found that nearly every plant succumbed on sandy
soil. It seems strange that growers will not take the trouble to apply the
tar-disk when the plants are set out, or to use one of the many solutions
which are at least partially effective. They prefer to replant rather than
go to the trouble and expense of using preventive measures.

The Onion Root Maggot v/as also very destructive this past season.
This pest is even more difficult to treat than the Cabbage Poot Maggot,
but good results can be secured by the use of a solution of insect powder,
or bv Cook's Carbolic Wash.

The Carrot Rust-Fly (Psila rosm) was severe at Barrie this season, and
many specimens were sent to me which showed the characteristic rusty
colored channels on the roots. This insect winters over in the ground "^n
a puparium, and the winged flies emerge in spring to lay their eggs on the
young carrots. Late sowing seems to be the most practicable treatment,
for, although washes may be used to advantage, few growers will take the
trouble to treat their carrots.

Currant Worms (Nematus ribesii) were very abundant on gooseberries
and currants. Many cases are reported where the bushes were completely
stripped of their leaves before the owner was aware of the presence of the
worms.

Potato Beetles (Doryphora decemlineata) were reported as being more
abundant than usual.

Asparagus Beetles are plentiful in the southwest section of the Pro-
vince. The 12-spotted species {Crioceris 12-punctata) is by far the more
abundant species, although in the Niagara region the other form is more
numerous.

3Q THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Red Currant Aphis (Myzus ribu) is one of the most commoB insect
„ests of Riudens. The cause of the reddish-purple swelling of the leal is
no known by most people, but if they would only observe carefully and cpn-
Unuously the currant leaves, and watch the development of the swelling
as wel as the multiplication of plant lice they would have no tesi ation
in Concluding that the swelling is due to the punctures of the Aphids

Lettuce Aphis was quite destructive in some greenhouses in the latter

^''^^RaS^Mangots were very numerous in most sections. On heavy clay
soil fn the Berlin section they ruined the entire crop, but in lighter soil

°'^^tlt::S^^-^'^."T• correspondent from Oakville^r^^^^^^

.arly June that the Strawberry Weevils --%-\Yd -Vnott tiaT^H^
and had done considerable injury. The report said: I ^f ">« Jf^; ^l
Wtles commit their depredations largely m the second year patches, the
fiSvearTaTche being comparatively free from their attacks. The damage
aonefnthTs neighborhood is serious in some cases-in one case at least one-
third of the blofsoms have been nipped ofi. The 'Williams' variety which
s largely grow^ here is suffering most". Specimens were sent me for
dpntilcation with a request as to best method of treatment,
xdentifacation wim q ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ,*^\T'

t^.tb nf an Inch in length, with the snout about half as long as the body,
itre i ^ut'one Wd^ 'year, and the lij-^^-^ -,Tt\he Umf o^th"
follows: The adults winter over m protected places and at the tj^^ °^^^«

,ti... ..d tie d.m.g. in <!«« to Ih. d..traot,«n of tke p.H.n »..d •« «•"■•

s'p's r.ViJss*.v.r3.r.o.d ,it.in z .».p...d wd.

Insects of Garden Ornamentals.

TKe Hollyhocl. Borer. ^^^^^ ^^:^^l^:t;ToZ''l^^ 'SX
broke down near the base^ h wL urbv afarge Yepidopterous borer re-
pith tunnelled for about ^,f ^^^^^^ ."Pj^t^^lksToles could be seen through

S.X l"S'.' r i.-£i.*"'. r?.dt°"i d£u„ .pot. .long .pi.

acular area on eacli side.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31

The Aquilegia Borer. At the same time the Garden Aquilegias were
being destroyed by a large borer which worked in the crown of the plant.
The borer was about an inch and a half long, was reddish or pinkish color,
.with a white line down the middle of the back. I was unable to rear these
borers to maturity. Dr. Bethune, to whom I mentioned the occurrence, is
of the opinion that these J^orers are the larvae of Payaiyema, probably F.
purpurifascia.

The Dahlia Stalk-Borer. On the 30th of June a correspondent from
Strathroy wrote me as follows : ''We raise a number of Dahlias and this year
we are greatly troubled with a worm which bores a hole in the stalk and
works upward and also downward inside the stalk. It is about three-quart-
ers of an inch in circumference, brown in color with fine white stripes form-
ing rings on the back and sides. Some may be completely ringed." On
July 23rd, I received specimens of infested Dahlia stalks, with an added
note that ''the borer, early in the season, appears to work upward, but later
downward, e\'en to the bulb. As soon as we find a plant that has been
bored, we make a slit in the stalk with a sharp knife, and follow either way
till the borer is captured. The incision is then carefully drawn together
and bound with soft rags. So far we have lost no plants entirely, although
many have been attacked, and some plants several times".

The Primula Sjjring-Tail. Many florists find great difficulty in grow-
ing Chinese Primroses from seed. The seeds apparently germinate and are
perfectly healthy, but in a short time the heads of the seedlings, that -s
th^e seed leaves, disappear. Frequently seedlings develop sufficiently far to
produce the seed leaves, and when once they have reached this stage they
have no difficulty in growing into Primrose plants. In the College green-
house some of the germinating boxes in which were planted Primrose seed,
developed quite normally, while in boxes close by the young seedlings did
not develop very far before they disappeared. It occurred to the florist,
Mr. W. Hunt, that the cause of the trouble was some insect pest. On ex-
amination I found that the surface of the soil of the germinating boxes
contained immense numbers of minute Spring-Tails. It is usually stated
in text books that the Spring-Tails do no damage to the plants. Dr. J. B.
Smith, in his "Economic Entomology", writes as follows regarding Spring-
Tails : "Spring-Tails are found in moist localities, wherever decaying
matter occurs. In manure beds they often occur in millions, and on warm
days may come to the surface in astonishing numbers. They are often
found in damp cellars on any vegetable matter stored there, and are some-
times accused of promoting decay. As a matter of fact, these insects are
never injurious. Healthy vegetable tissue is not attacked by them, and
their mouth parts are adapted for food of moist or soft tissue only, hence a
decaying or bleeding spot attracts them. They are sure to occur on manure
and on manured land".

Suspecting Spring-Tails of gnawing off the leaves of the Chinese Prim-
roses, we planted some more germinating boxes in the hope that we might
be able to settle the matter, and the boxes were kept in the Biological labor-
atory, where it was under constant observation. Although I was not able
to detect the Spring-Tails at work on the seed leaves, yet if they are found
on soft vegetable tissues I see no reason why they might not develop a
taste for the young seed leaves. Experiments will be conducted later to
find out the best way of treating infested soil. It is very probable that
some mineral or commercial fertilizer will act as a repellant, and keep the
soil free from these tiny pests.

32

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

Some Household Pests.

It would appear as if the Buffalo Carpet Beetle (Fig. 6) was gradually
extending its sphere of operations in Ontario. Reports reach me from-
widely separated points of its presence in injurious numbers, and requests
are freely asked for the best remedies. This insect is not an easy one to
control, and only long continued persistent eiiorts will eradicate it. Fiiat
oran the carpets should be taken up, thoroughly beaten, and it would be
advisable to spray these with benzine while they are out of doors. The
bare floors should be swept and dusted and washed with hot water. Care-
ful attention should be given to the cracks m the floor and it would be we
to pour some benzine into the cracks, then, after it has evaporated to fil
up'ihese cracks with putty or plaster of Paris. The cracks are the best
breeding places for the insect, and these should be done away with if pos-
sible. Rugs should be used rather than carpet, for experience shows that
the edge of the carpet is most liable to injury from the attacks of tjus insect
In rooms where the Carpet Beetle has efiected an entrance, it would be well
to leave the edges of the carpet free, so that they may be examined freely
at intervals. If the house-keeper carries out the measures which I have
ladiS! she will have little trouble from the operations of the Carpet
Beetle,

Fig. G Buffalo Beetle ; a larva (destructive stage) ; 6 pupa within larva skia ;
■ c papa ; d beetle— all much magmhed.

Powder Post Beetle. This minute beetle belongs to the genus Lyctus.
It is more or less common throughout the Province, ^nd many mqumes
have been made during the past season as to the name of the }^««°tjjf
is converting some of the oldest and most valuable furniture 1^*° Poy'!^^-
The cluse of the injury is a minute beetle called the Powder Post Beetle
It not only is injur ous to old house furniture, but it is an insect to be
L^dedb/ woodworkers generally. This minute ^-'k p-^^^^ „"
in the wood, and the eggs are deposited m the spring, ihe grubs, on
I'at tLrfrom the egg, b'egin to operate in all f^-'^'ri^^l°:t ^1:'^
There they remain until full grown and transform to the PY^f;f j^^^^^
in a short time afterwards they emerge as adult beetles It ^^ probable
ihat there is but one brood annually. These insects prefer very dry wood
materiar The best methods of treatment for this particular insect are :
First to subject infested timber to a thorough steaming in a tigW room
or to a very hi-h temperature in a kiln, or to make applications of coal oil
or lenzine to the infeLd parts. I have advocated the use of hydro-cyan-c

''"'^ Mites in Flour. Occasionally packages of flour have been sent in
which showed the presence of Mites, Naturally the ^^J^-\^^^X^:tCi
to usmg flour containing Mites, and mquiries are made as to the best metnoa

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

of dealing with infested flour. These Mites are the common Tyroglyphus
longioT. I have recommended the thorough cleaning of the flour b'n as
one of the first essentials. If the owner does not care to throw out his flour
or use it for other purposes, he may fumigate it with carbon bisulphide or
hydro-cyanic acid gas. After thorough ventilation there is no danger
whatever from poisoning due to the use of either of these chemicals.

Some Bot Flies of oue Smaller Mammals.

Two interesting cases of infestation by bot-fly larvae came under my no-
tice this summer. The first was that of a kitten which had a large growth on
the neck. Upon opening the growth a large bot maggot was taken, which
measured more than an inch in length and more than half an inch in diam-
eter. The second case occurred on a rabbit which had a tumor-like growth
on the neck.

There seems little doubt that the larva taken from the rabbit is Cutere-
hra cuniculi, Clark, (Rabbit Bot-Fly), and as the form taken from the kitten's
neck is very similar, it is probable that it is the same or a very closely allied
species.

The Eabbit Bot-Fly (adult) is quite large, and resembles to some extent
a bumble-bee. Its head is. black, the upper surface of its thorax is yellowish
•^nd hairy, and its abdomen blue-black, with the exception of the first seg-
ment which is covered with yellow hair.

The larva, as will be seen by an examination of the specimen is a large,
black spiny maggot. It has two small hooks at the anterior end by means
of which it can cling to linings. It is sometimes stated that bots which live
in tumors have no oral hooks but only fleshy tubercles. The rows of spines
do doubt serve in locomotion.

All the larvae of bot-flies descend to the ground, where they burrow to
some extent. There they transform to pupae within a puparium, and remain
as such until spring, when the adult flies emerge. The adulia are very con-
spicuous insects, and are fond of sunshine.

Osborne states that the Qg^ and early larval stages of this bot-fly are un-
known. Much investigation has been done with regard to the bot-flies,
which are parasitic on our large domestic animals, such as sheep, cow, and
horse, but very few studies of importance have been carried on with the bots
which parasitize our common wild animals. Every observation is of value,
hence for this reason I have presented these notes.

RECENT EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE.
By Prof. W. Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

In cu.e last report of the Entomological Society I called attention to the
excellent results which were being obtained by the use of the lime-sulphur
wash. The great objection against the general adoption of this wash was the
d'fficulty of preparation and of application. It was noted, however, by many
of the fruit-growers who prepared this wash in large quantities that it was
not so difficult to prepare as was anticipated.

Occasional experiments had been conducted last year to determine if it
were possible to prepare the lime-sulphur wash without the prolonged boil-

3 EN.

34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

ing that was necessary. Early in the spring Dr. E. P. Felt, State Ento-
uologist at Albany, New York, asked me to try the following mixture :

Lime ; 25 pounds

Sulphur (flowers) 20 pounds

Sal soda 12^ pounds

Water 1 barrel

The method of preparation was as follows : Put five or six pails of hot
water into a wooden barrel, add the lime quickly following the sulphur and
sal soda, and stir until the slaking is practically completed. It may be nec-
essary to add a little cold water at intervals to keep the mixture from boiling
OA er. After the violent action has ceased, cover the barrel to retain the heat,
and allow to stand from 15 to 30 minutes. Dilute to the full quantity and
apply.

After advice from the Department at Toronto, Prof. Harcourt and my-
self were urged to test not only the above formula but also another lime-sul-
phur wash in which caustic soda is used, the formula being :

Lime 30 pounds

Sulphur (flowers) 15 pounds

Caustic soda 5 pounds

Water 1 barrel

The method of preparation was as follows : Slake two-thirds of the lime
\^ ith water enough to prevent either burning or drowning, and during the
process sift over and stir in one-half the sulphur, then add the remainder of
the lime and more water, and as the boiling continues stir in the balance of
the sulphur, adding water as needed, stirring to help the combination.
While the mixture is still steaming add one-third of the caustic soda, which
w'll cause violent boiling, and before this is over add another third. If then
the mixture has not reached a brick red color add the remainder, and after
standing for a time dilute to the required amount. The formula was first
tried by the Experiment Station at Geneva, and is, consequently, known as
the Geneva Formula.

Prof. Harcourt and myself, acting in co-operation with a special com-
mittee appointed by the Niagara Fruit Growers' Association, made arrange-
ments to test the two lime-sulphur mixtures. The first experiment was tried
in the orchard of W. H. Bunting. The application was made on the 23rd
of April. The trees were not over thrifty and were well covered with scale.
iScxt, one barrel of the lime-sulphur sal soda wash, was applied on trees in
ihe orchard of Geo. Robertson, two trees of which were badly infested. One
barrel of same mixture was applied on several badly infested trees in W. C.
McCalla's orchard, and one barrel of the same mixture in Mr. Griffith's or-
chard, one tree of which was badly infested. A barrel of each kind of wash
was applied on badly infested trees in the orchards of Messrs. Secord, Titter-
ington, and McArdle.

In the preparation of both of these mixtures there was little trouble in
obtaining the characteristic amber color of the well boiled lime-sulphur com-
bination, but it was found that quick slaking lime should be used and that too
much water should not be present, and that with hot water better boiling is
secured with probably better results.

These orchards were visited in July and August by the committee and
ourselves, and in every case little or no difference could be seen in the num-
bers of living scale on the trees sprayed with these mixtures and those sprayed
with the usual boiled-lime-sulphur wash. Dr. Felt, in a recent letter, re-
ports that excellent results have been obtained from this season's work with

1904 ' ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

the lime-sulphur sal-soda wash. The ease with which these mixtures can be
prepared will greatly recommend them to the small fruit grower who has not
sufficient trees to warrant the installing of a steam boiler plant.

In the discussion that followed the reading of this paper it was stated
t^ at, the "McBain Mixture" was too expensive, as it cost |2.50 per barrel,
while the lime-sulphur only cost sixty cents. Comparisons had been made
ly treating alternate rows of trees with the two compounds. When exam-
ined in the middle of July, no difference could be observed and there were
badly infested trees in each row ; the same condition was found in August and
again in September. As a result it seems that the one mixture is just as ef-
fective as the other, and consequently the expensive one is out of the market.
At the last inspection some live larvae of scale were still found on trees which
had been badly infested at the outset. The lime-sulphur mixture was made
with 15 pounds of the former and 17 pounds of the latter, and boiled about
an hour by which time it had reached the red amber color stage.

Evening Session.

A public meeting of the Society, to which the people of London were in-
vited, was held in the Normal School on Wednesday evening, October 26th,
hj kind permission of Principal Merchant. Though the weather was in-
clement, a rainy afternoon being followed bv the first snow of the season, the
attendance was very good and the lecture-room was well filled. At eight
o'clock the chair was taken by Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botan-
ist of the Dominion Experimental Farms ; after a few introductory remarks
be called upon Professor Lochhead to deliver his address, as President of the
Society.

RECENT PROGRESS IN ENTOMOLOGY.

(Annual addr^s of the President.)

Bi Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Professor of Biology, Ontario Agricul-
tural College, Guelph.

Another eventful year in the history of the Entomological Society of On-
tario has just passed, and we are met again to exchange greetings, and to,
gather information through the exchange of opinions and the reporting of
observations. The Annual Meeting of our active members, all interested
in a common cause, cannot help but be a tonic in its effect. We return to
our separate fields of work stimulated to renewed activity, and refreshed
by the mutual exchange of opinions.

While encouraged by the meeting of so many of our members, we are also
saddened by the thous-ht that one of our oldest and most active members has
passed away since our last meeting. Mr. J. Alston Moffat, our elder brother,
18 no longer here to welcome us to our own home. For fourteen years Mr.
Moffat was Curator and Librarian of our Society, and for more than thirty
years was an active worker in the field of Entomology. He died on Friday,

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

February 26th, after an illness of six months. His services for us will be
long remembered, and his kind attention will not soon be forgotten by those
who had occasion to use the collections and books of the Society.

I am sure we were all pleased when Dr. Bethune consented to assume the
duties of Librarian and Curator, in addition to his other duties as Editor of
the Canadian Entomologist.

It is the privilege of the President to review the progress of Entomology,
and to note the chief entomological contributions of the past year. In my
last year's address I reviewed the progress of Economic Entomology in Onta-
rio during the last fifty years. It is unnecessary to state at the outset that
i* is impossible to deal with Ontario or Canada apart from our great neighbor
to the south of us. In Entomology, as in other branches of science, the two
countries are one, and there are no boundaries between them. The very fact
that some of the prominent United States entomologists are present at our
Annual Meetings, and some of our members at theirs is strong evidence that
we are working together to the same end. On account, however, of their vast-
ly greatly appropriations and facilities for entomological investigations, they
have taken the lead, and we have come to look to them for both inspiration
and suggestion in the prosecution of our w^ork.

Great problems have come up for solution in the last few years both in
Canada and United States. The first problem to which I shall refer was the
control of the San Jose Scale. Hundreds of investigators have been study-
ing this insect with the object of finding* simple, effective methods of de-
stroying it. During the progress of the investigations many new insecticides
have been tried, and new spraying machinery has been contrived, with the
result that our knowledge of insecticides has greatly increased. Among the
many insecticides prepared, one in particular may be mentioned on account
3f its cheapness and effectiveness. This is the lime-sulphur solution, which
is now almost universally used in controlling the scale. Incidentally, also,
it was found that it possessed fungicidal properties of great value, and it is
now possible to control the Peach leaf-curl at the same time that the scale is
treated.

Experiments are now in progress to find an easier method of preparing
the lime-sulphur solution, which many fruit-growers' found difficult to make.

It would appear that many important additions to our knowledge of in-
secticides and fungicides may be looked for in the near future, for the ento-
mologist is now working in co-operation with the chemist and physiologist.

The second problem to which much attention is now being given, is the
determining of the value of parasites in the controlling of injurious insects.
As you all know, there are entomologists who believe that there is no need
of spraying to control insects. They bring forward the evident fact that a
balance is maintained in wild nature, through the operation of parasites and
predaceous animals when there is a limited food supply, and that man has in-
terfered with the order of things by his clearing of the land and his planting
of large areas, and by his ruthless destruction of birds and other animals
which prey upon injurious forms. These entomologists believe that in time,
the balance would again be established; that the beneficial forms would keep
the injurious forms under control. The main objection to this argument is
that the establishing of this balance is slow, too slow for the farmer and
gardener who would lose heavily during the return swing of the balance.

Moreover, when foreign pests are the disturbers of the balance, many
years may be required to bring them under control, for it is well-known that
predaceous forms tend to leave foreic^n pests severely alone; they have, as it
were, an aversion to imported food. It becomes necessary then, in such

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

cases, to import the insects which prey upon the pest in its foreign home.
There have been two or three signal successes in this direction. The first and
best known was the importation of the Australian lady-bird Yedalia cardi-
nalis for the purpose of preying upon the Fluted or Cottony Cushion Scale
of the orange groves of Southern California. After a careful study it was
found that this scale had come from Australia and there it is not particularly
destructive. There it is preyed upon by several predaceous insects, and it
was thought advisable to import these and to place them among the infested
orange groves. One of these lady-birds soon increased rapidly in numbers,
because ft preyed upon the Cottony Cushion Scale, and saved the orange
groves.

The second successful case not so well-known is that of the JSouth African
parasite of the Black Scale, Lecanium olece, which infests the olive and
orange trees of California. This parasite known as Scutellhta cyanea, a spe-
cies of fly, was imported from South Africa, first to Louisiana, afterwards to
.California, where it has done wonderful work against the Black Scale. The
larva of Scutellista feeds entirely on the eggs of the scale, and a study of its
habits shows that it is admirably adapted for the control of the Scale. Its
resting period occurs when the Black Scale is resting in the larval stage;
consequently the absence of the food supply of eggs at this time does not in-
terfere with its development. The fly has now become widely spread, and
the olive and citron orchards have been fairly well cleared of the scale which
tareatened their destruction. Arrangements are now made for the breeding
oX the Scutellista at Los Angeles, and for the distribution of colonies to in-
fested ranches.

The third case of importation is that of the Chinese Lady-bird Chilocorus
similis, for the control of the San Jose Scale. It will be remembered that
Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Assistant Entomologist at Washington, was despatched
to Japan and China about three years ago to learn more about the habits
and distribution of the San Jose Scale in those countries. After a careful
survey of many parts of Japan, Mr. Marlatt was satisfied that Japan was not
the original home of the scale. He proceeded to China, and in the Pekin
markets he found scale readily on fruit raised in the region south of the
Great Wall. Further examination revealed several forms which preyed up-
on the scale and kept it in check. One of these predaceous forms was a lady
bird, and this one appeared to be doing most to control it. He sent a large
number back to Washington, but unfortunately only a few survived. By
careful breeding, however, these multiplied, and in time small supplies were
sent to different States for liberation in orchards infested with the San Jose
Scale. Up to the present time the Lady-birds have not done well, with the
exception of those sent to some Georgia orchards.

The fourth and last experiment of this nature to which I shall refer is the
recent introduction of a Guatemalan ant, called the Kelep, to prey upon the
Cotton-Boll-Weevil of the cotton plantations of the South. This species of
ant was discovered in Guatemala, where it '^attacks and kills the adult boll-
weevil thus permitting the regular harvesting of a crop of cotton, even under
conditions favorable to the weevil. It is carnivorous and predaceous; it in-
jures no form of vegetation and takes nothing from the cotton plant except
the nectar secreted for it on the leaves and floral envelopes." It stings and
paralyzes the weevil and frequently tears the weevil to pieces. Colonies of
+his ant have been established in Texas, but recent reports are not encourag-
ing.

It will be seen, therefore, that we can already point to some cases of suc-
cessful application of predaceous and parasitic insects to the control of inju-

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

rious forms, but it must be confessed that the number of such cases is remark-
ably small. Too frequently in popular talks and newspaper articles tbe ex-
ceptional cases are referred to at such length and in such terms, that the
impression given is that all injurious forms can be controlled in such a man-
ner. So far is it contrary to the facts of the case that man must depend
largely upon other means of saving his crops. I do not wish to leave the
impression that parasitic and predaceous insects do not perform a very im-
portant function in holding injurious forms in check. I know that facts
point otherwise, but we must not fold our arms and lull ourselves by the sweet
cf lusion that all will be well with our crops, for the parasites will look alter
the insects which would do injury.

Eef erence must be made to the great interest that has arisen jvith regard
to Mosquitoes and the Cotton Boll-weevil across the border. With regard to
the latter insect, we Canadians, can do nothing directly, as cotton is not
grown within our borders, but we should not be uninterested spectators in a
struggle against an insect which threatens the cotton industry of the United
States We have cotton mills in Canada, and are dependent to a large extent
for our raw supplies on the Southern States. A reduction of the cotton crop
there would mean a rapid rise in the price of cotton goods m this country.
We also know that Great Britain would suffer very heavily by a shortage of
the cotton crop in the United States.

The Department of Entomology at Washington has been called upon for
help in the fight with the Cotton-Boll-Weevil, and Dr. Howard is now con-
ducting the campaign. A large appropriation has been placed at his dis-
posal, and the outlook is quite encouraging.

It has been shown that with new cultural methods the weevil can be con-
trolled. That the apparent evil may turn out a blessing is very probable.
It may lead to a better system of cotton growing, which is desirable in many
parts of the South. , -n'

The Mosquito question is one that is largely discussed m the Eastern and
.Southern Atlantic States, for these troublesome pests have always been most
annoying and deadly in the neighborhood of the Great Cities of the coast.
The Entomologists have shown by patient investigation that malaria and yel-
low fever are due to the bites of certain mosquitoes, viz., Anopheles puncti-
pennis and Stegoviyia fasciata. In the case of malaria the insect becomes
infected by sucking the blood from an infected human being. ihe malarial
organism, having thus entered the stomach of the mosquito, passes through
certain changes of its existence in the body of the insect, and at the end o±
about eight days reaches the poison gland. After this time, if the mosquito
bites another human being, the malarial organism is introduced into the cir-
culation of the latter, and malarial fever follows. The organism causing
malarial fever (the Plasmodium malaria) is the true parasite, and so tar as
we know finds the conditions necessary for its existence only m the Human
blood and this species of mosquito. • / • t j

On to the relation between Yellow Fever and btegomyia fasciata, i need
not now enter into a discussion, for Dr. Howard dealt very fully with this
subject in his address at our last Annual Meeting at Ottawa.

Although the Yellow Fever Mosquito is not with us, the Malarial Mos-
quito, and several other species are far too common in early summer m some
localities, where they make life a burden by their continuous tormenting
stings (Fig. 7). Individually and as a Society we might do much to im-
prove the conditions of living in mosquito-infested districts. We might
emulate our friends across the line and form a Mosquito Extermination 6o-
cicty. This Society should enlist in its membership all persons interested

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

39

j*Q this important matter, should place and carry out means of extermination,
should secure information regarding the distribution of mosquitoes in this
country, and disseminate information throughout the infested areas. It has
leen proved that mosquitoes can be exterminated from an infested locality
by a thorough drainage of the meadows and swamps, and by careful atten-
tion to standing water in pools, ditches, ponds, tanks, cisterns, wells, cess-
pools, so as to have them drained or covered.

On account of the great importance of the subject, I would suggest that
our Society take measures to begin an active anti-mosquito campaign.
\Luch could be done during the coming year to call the attention of the public
to the fact that mosquitoes can be exterminated, and I am sure that our pub-
I'C men throughout the country would come to our aid as soon as practicable
propositions were laid before them. As Dr. Howard says : "When we con-
Bider the enormous sums of money spent for luxuries, how much more should
be spent for bare comfort and peace V

Fig. 7. Malarial Mosquito (Anopheles), male on left, female on right hand of

figure .

The last illustration of Entomological work of great importance is the
•fluccessful introduction of the Caprifig insect (Blastophaga grossorum) from
Southern Europe for the fertilization of the Smyrna figs in California. For
■seme years attempts had been made to produce Smyrna figs in California, but
without success. The failure was due to the fact that the flowers of these
figs were all female, and there was no natural mode of pollination. It is well
known that the fine flavor of the figs imported from Smyrna is due to the fact
ithat the fig flowers there are fertilized by pollen from the Wild Caprifig.
"When branches of the Wild Caprifig bearing figs are tied to branches of the

THE REPORT OF THE No, 19

Smyrna fig tree an insect emerges from galls within the former and pollinates
the female flowers of the latter.

After much labor the Blastophaga has now been successfully introduced
into the fig orchards of California, where both Caprifig and Smyrna fig trees
thrive as well as they do in Asia Minor, and successful means have been
adopted for the caprification of the Smyrna fi^s. The value of this experi-
mens to the United States will be above one million dollars a year.

As I have already stated, much work is b^ing carried on to determine the
value of insecticides other than Paris Green. Reference has already been
made to the lime-sulphur solution which is now used extensively against the
San Jose Scale. So effective is this insecticide that the fruit-grower may be
said to have the scale at his mercy, and it will only flourish where the fruit-
grower is indifferent and will not spray.

Experiments were carried on this year in the St. Catharines district by
Prof. Harcourt of the Agricultural College and myself, in co-operation with
a committee of the Niagara Fruit Growers' Association to determine the value
of the lime-sulphur-soda mixture against the San Jose Scale. This mixture
does not require boiling, hence is more readily prepared than the lime-sul-
phur mixture, now in common use in scale-infested orchards. It was prepared
as follows : 20 pounds sulphur were stirred into hot water at the bottom of a
barrel ; 25 pounds of quick lime and 12 pounds of sal soda were put in and hot
water added as needed. After thorough stirring the whole was covered and
left for at least half an hour. When required for use dilute to ^40 gallons.
The results were quite satisfactory, and gave about as good results as were
secured from the use of the lime-sulphur mixture. '

Another lime-sulphur-soda mixture was also tried, caustic soda being
used instead of sal soda. The formula is :

Lime 30 pounds

Sulphur 15 pounds

Caustic soda 5 pounds

Water 40 gallons

In some localities arsenite of lime has been used extensively instead of
Paris Green alone and with Bordeaux Mixture, when a combination insecti-
cide and fungicide is required.

Arsenite of lime has been proven to be a very effective insecticide. It ^s
prepared by boiling 1 pound of white arsenic and two pounds of lime in two
gallons of water for 40 minutes, and when required for use 1 quart to a barrel
of water. As white arsenic is cheaper than Paris Green this preparation is
to be preferred to the latter.

The Kedzie Mixture or Arsenite of soda, known for some years, is even
a better mixture than the arsenite of lime. It is prepared by boiling 1 pound
of white arsenic, 4 pounds of sal soda in two gallons of water for 15 minutes,
until a clear solution is obtained. When required for use take IJ quarts
c*^ this solution, 4 pounds of freshly slaked lime and add to a barrel of water.
It can also be used with Bordeaux Mixture.

Another arsenic compound has also come rapidly into general use, viz.,
arsenate of lead. This insecticide was tried and found effective in Massachu-
setts a few j^ears ago in the fight against the Gypsy Moth. The formula is ::

Arsenate of soda 4 ounces

Acetate of lead 11 ounces

Water 150 gallons.

The arsenate of soda is dissolved in 2 quarts, and the acetate of lead in
4 quarts of warm water, then added to the 150 gallons of water.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41

As a rule most of our insecticides are applied in the liquid form, but with-
ir the last two years dust-sprayers have been used in some orchards. The
value of dust-sprays is not definitely known; some experimenters openly op-
pose their application on the ground that they are not nearly so effective as the
liquid sprays, while other experimenters strongly advocate their use. It is
possible that dust-sprays can be used to advantage in wet weather when the
foliage is wet and the ground is too soft to allow the heavy liquid spray out-
iiis to be employed.

I must not conclude this address without referring to the eaucational side
of the work of this Society. In the first place, it is the duty of the Society
to take the lead in educating the public as to the best means of combatting
the insects which prey upon the products of the country. This must be done
ir telligently ; by this I mean that in any treatment the why as well as the
how should be kept in mind. Recent insect scourges have done much to
educate the producers of the country ; but it must be acknowledged that even
in the presence of these enormous annual losses the farmers, as a body, stand
apathetic. They will take action on minor matters which involve only a few
hundreds of dollars, but will do nothing when thousands of dollars worth of
products are involved. As a community, the farmers of Ontario require to
waken up to the tremendous losses they are annually sustaining. They are
making many efforts to cheapen production and to cheapen transportation,
but what efforts have they made to prevent these tremendous annual losses of
millions of dollars? Education is required. Surely, it is not too much to
expect the farmer who has to deal with enemies which produce such a loss to
acquaint himself with the habits of the pests which work him so much injury.

Many of our most prominent fruit-growers have become experimenters,
and an experimenter, you know, is usually a live, wide-awake man, with great
influence in his community. The members of this Society should esteena it
a privilege to help along the good work ol enlightening the people regarding
the wonderful world of insect life. The Department of Agriculture is gen-
erous to us, and, what is better, is sympathetic. It understands the difficul-
ties of our work, and knows how small the army of workers is. It expects,
lowever, every member to do his duty, for it must give an account to the pub-
lic of the sum placed at our disposal.

Prof. Slingerland, in a recent article in the Cornell Countryman, ad-
vances a powerful argument for a better diffusion of insect knowledge. He
shows that "it costs the New York farmers more than twice as much to feed
tl eir insect foes as it does to pay their share of the cost of maintaining the
schools for educating their children." If this is true for New York State,
it is equally true for Ontario. Arguments like this one are needed to make
tht farmer take an interest in a matter which is vital to his welfare.

In the second place, this Society should take a leading part in the new
educational movement, called Nature-study, and help to usher in the time
when every child will have an acquaintance with his surroundings and take
pleasure in the world of Nature which a beneficent Creator has provided;
when the method of instruction in our schools will be more rational; and
when the schools will send forth students equipped for their life work, pre-
pared for complete living.

Power as well as culture should be the result of our education, for ' 'edu-
cation for culture alone tends to isolate the individual, while education for
sympathy with one's environment tends to make the individual an integral
part of the activities and progress of its time.'*

The study of insect-life we entomologists believe to be a valuable Nature
i^tudy. It is interesting; it is a practical study, that is, one which can be

42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

carried on without much expense ; and it is a study which, perhaps better than
most others, gives the student a conception of the wonderful inter-relationship
of organisms. Let us hasten the time , therefore, when the teachers in our
schools will be able to use the abundance of insect life about them in the edu-
cation of their pupils.

After the conclusion of the President's Address, Professor H. F. Wick-
1 f.m, of the State University of Iowa, Iowa City, one of the Honorary Mem-
bers of the Entomological Society of Ontario, gave a very interesting address,
illustrated with a large number of lantern slides, made from photographs
which he had taken at the various localities referred to. The following is
au abstract of his address :

INSECT DISTRIBUTION IN THE GREAT BASIN CONSIDERED IN
THE LIGHT OF ITS GEOLOGICAL HISTORY.

By H. F. Wickham, Iovta City, Iovta.

In the discussion of the problem of the present distribution of ani-
mals on the earth's surface, the influence of the better marked features in the
geological history have been widely recognized. It is well known, for in-
stance, that an island lying far out to sea and separated from other land areas
fi :r vast periods of time will be inhabited by an assemblage of animals quite
distinct from those of other regions — and in general, it may be said that the
length of time during which this island has been thus separated, and the com-
pleteness of its isolation are the principal determining factors in the develop-
ment of a peculiar fauna. Temperature, climate, chemical nature of soil
and water, together with numberless other physical conditions, all conspire
to work on organisms with the result of constant, though often slow change —
until in the course of numberless generations the members of the isolated
colony present an assemblage of characters quite different from those pos-
sessed by their relatives elsewhere. The occurrence of beetles on the high
peaks of the Rocky Mountains, and on the summits of Mounts "Washington
and Katahdin, whose nearest allies are characteristic of the cold plains of
the far north, has been explained in the light of our knowledge of the great
southward movement of the ice in remote times. The ancestors of these
stranded insects fled to the south in front of the advance of the tremendous
glaciers. When these finally melted, their borders, retreating northward,
were followed by the beetles which flourished in the cool climate of the edge
of the ice-sheet; but some of the indivdiuals sought to escape the ever in-
creasing heat by ascending the mountains. Where these were high enough
to furnish proper climatic conditions for the colony thus formed, communi-
ties have been carried through to the present day, and the collector may find
on the summit of the highest Rockies the identical species that he catches on
the frozen shores of Labrador, though the intervening valleys of the United
States and southern Canada will not furnish him a single specimen.

Another well known characteristic of insect life, is the tendency of suc-
cessful species — those which are in such perfect harmony with their sur-
roundings that the increase in number is very -rapid — to spread, and to in-
vade new territory. Where this spread is natural, that is to say, not depend-
ent on human agency, it usually takes place along definite lines. These lines
aie determined by various conditions, depending on the nature ot the insect,
as well as on the country which it is invading. Some are very sensitive to

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

43

Fig. 8. Map of the Great Basin.

44

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

climatic changes, and are limited in their distribution by the isothermal lines
or by the extent of rainfall. Thus, a desert may prove impassable for one
species, while another may be equally unable to surmount the barrier pre-
sented by a low swampy tract, a high mountain range or a great plateau.
The valley of a large river, with its gradual slope and protected nooks, forms
a natural highway for the passage of migrating or spreading species.

Within the Great Basin of North America, certain problems of insect dis-
tribution are presented in almost perfect purity. In these desolate areas
ai. ^pots rarely trodden by the foot of man, still supporting the life that has
been theirs since the time when the valleys were filled with lakes that have
left their tide-marks and old beach lines hundreds of feet up the sides ol ine
Wasatch and the Sierra Nevada ; inland seas of fresh water, gradually dwind-
lincT away as the result of widespread climatic changes, and now represented
only by the few meagre salt and bitter lakes that mark the bottom of the an-
cient bed. Even these remnants are in danger of disappearance through
the loss of their tributaries, diverted for irrigation, so that if we are to study
the insects peculiar to their borders the work should not be delayed.

The Great Basin lies between the Wasatch and the Sierra Nevada. It
includes the western part of Utah, nearly all of Nevada, a great part of east-
ern and southern California, extending a short distance down the Peninsula.
It alsQ takes in a portion of southern Oregon, and small sections of Idaho and
Wyoming. Though termed the Basin, it is chiefly high plateau, fringed by
still higher mountains, whose outer slopes drain into the Colorado and the Co-
lumbia, excepting along the western edge where the surplus ramtall is
prathered up by the Sacremento and other rivers that discharge more directly
into the Pacific Ocean. The moisture which falls withm the limits ol the
Great Basin, however, can escape only in one way, namely by evaporation.
None of the streams rising there ever break through the rmi nor reach the
ocean. The rivers either waste away on the vast deserts or empty their Hoods
^nto shallow lakes that act as evaporating pans, precipitating the solid mat-
ters and returning the rest to the air again. As a consequence o± this con-
tinual concentrating of the fluids, the waters of the lakes are nearly all strong-
ly alkaline or saline, often so bitter as to be useless for drmk. Ihe shores
are incrusted with salt and soda, sometimes the deposits are several inches m
thickness. These beaches, in spite of their forbidding ^PP^?^f ^^^'/I^I*
a life peculiar to themselves— they are inhabited by an assemblage ol insects
fitted for just such conditions, and existing nowhere else. .

The lakes are separated by immense tracts of desert— black volcanic rocK,
old hard-baked mud flats or wide valleys of srnd, accordin,^ to fln^^^rcp^ that
have been at work in the making of the land. Much of the valley country
is in the neighborhood of five thousand feet above the sea, but it falls oft to the
southwest where it occasionally sinks ^e-^ral hundxed fe-t below the level of
the ocean. In the northern part, the climate is moderate, m the southwest
it is extremely hot, but certain features are common to the district as a
whole— the air is very dry and the rainfall scanty, so there is a constant
though not regular, dwindling of the water bodies. The plant Ule is
essentially that of the desert except on the higher mountain ranges where
the trees occasionally reach a profusion of growth which we may call forest.
It is, however, with the insects that we are mostly concerned, and ot the
insects we are best acquainted with the Coleoptera. Several types are quite
characteristic of the Basin, hardly occurring outside of it or at most barely
passing the borders. In this category, may be mentioned ^'^'""fi™^^
fine tiger beetle; Cicindela tenuicincta: Tanarthrus sahcola and its allies,
small species frequenting the borders of alkaline lakes and ponds; three hairy

190* ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45

Eleodes, circus bugs as they are called in the West; and a considerable num-
ber of the genus Bembidium, ground beetles that pick up a living on the
ghores of streams and pools, not dwelling at any considerable distance from
moisture. Many others might be named, but I have endeavored to call at-
tention only to a few of the more striking instances.

In studying the shore-inhabiting species just mentioned, the question has
arisen, whence do they owe their origin ? Are they immigrants from the sur-
rounding lands, and if so, do they come from the north or south, the east or
west? Do they have near allies on the shores of lakes lying outside of the
Great Basin, or are they isolated types that may be supposed to have arisen
*/ii the ground they now occupy? My own belief, founded on several years'
work with material collected on my trips to nearly every part of the Great
Basin and the surrounding districts, is that they are true endemics — that
tl ey have undoubtedly arisen, as species, in their present locations or the im-
mediate vicinity thereof. Occasionally a small colony may be established
in the outlying districts adjacent to the Basin, but such cases are rare. A
study of the distribution of some of the principal types, will, in my mind,
cast a good deal of light on the question as to whether or not these beetles
are recent acquisitions to the Basin fauna. It is unnecessary to enter into
details here, as I have gone over the matter with more minuteness in a paper
now in press.

Taking as an example, one of the tiger beetles, Cicindela echo Casey, we
find it distributed as follows, — on the mud beaches of Great Salt Lake, Utah
Lake, Sevier Lake and Little Salt Lake, in Utah; at Humbolt Lake, in Ne-
vada; and at Honey Lake in eastern California. All these points lie within
the Great Basin, and the beetle is entirely unknown from any other localities,
though it has a close relative, Cicindela pseudosenilis, at Owens' Lake, also
within the Basin. All these lakes are now separated by miles of burning
desert, forming a barrier that completely prohibits intercourse between the
different colonies. The breeding of the species on these deserts is equally im-
possible, since a certain amount of moisture, the year round, is necessary for
its growth.

How are we to explain such a distribution? Why do we tind colonies,
V- idently arising from the same stock, though the members of one differ more
CT less from those of another, scattered in these widely separated localities,
when it is perfectly evident that conditions are such that passage from one
lake to another is out of the question? My reply is, we must look to the an-
cient history of the region — to its geological record — for our answer.

Even the earliest explorers of the Great Basin noticed that the terraces
on the mountains near Great Salt Lake indicated the former existence of a
much larger body of water on the same site. The geologists of the United
States Geological Survey have completed a study of the evidence, and have
mapped the boundaries of the great lakes that are now known to have occu-
pied the valleys during the Pleistocene periods. Their maps show the exist-
ence of two principal water bodies, one to the eastward, which has received
the name Lake Bonneville, and one to the westward, known as Lake Lahon-
tan. Between them was a plateau, dotted with smaller lakes.

With the passage of the ages, there came about a great diminution of
the rainfall, and a consequent shrinkage of the great lakes of the Basin.
Then came a period of humidity and a second rise of the waters, followed by
a time of drought even more complete. The lakes, as a result, lost greatly in
volume, bays became detached from the main bodies, forming separate inde-
pendent lakes, each in its own restricted basin. Some of these, in their turn,
dried up altogether, others persisted, though often, perhaps, only as small

46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

pools, fed by perennial springs — a condition exemplified to-day on the Sevier
and Humboldt flats. These are practically extinct as lakes, since they con-
tain water only in the winter or after heavy floods, and the shore beetles have
been forced to gather about the few small springs that moisten the ground
along the borders.

My proposed explanation, correlating the briefly outlined geological his-
tory with the facts offered as to the distribution of the insects, may be suni-
marized as follows : —

1. The shore beetles under consideration are confined to the Great Basin
or its immediate borders, and have, in general, no allies in other districts
^rom which they could have been recently developed. This in itself is strong
presumptive evidence that they are endemic, not immigrants.

2. Within the Basin, recent conditions are such that the present dis-
tribution cannot possibly be a matter of modern origin. The small lakes now
remaining in the Basin are separated by great tracts of arid desert, impassable
lo beetles depending on a moist soil for their development and food supply.
The nature of these insects is such that they cannot be carried long distances,
as eggs or larvse, on the feet of birds or other animals.

3. Ancient conditions, as shown by the geological history through the
Pleistocene, were favorable to the diffusion of shore-loving insects through
the Basin, because of the much greater extension of the lakes in those times.

4. The insect most thoroughly studied, Cicindela echo, is entirely con-
fined, in its present range, to the neighborhood of lakes, which from their size
and the presence of nearby springs, may be presumed to have lasted in some
fcrm from a remote period — even through times of severe drought. Other
littoral forms follow the same general law, though some of them are less sen-
sitive to local conditions.

From these facts, I think we can come to but one conclusion — the beetles
under consideration are types that have inhabited the Basin during the Pleis-
tocene times when the shores of the great lakes stretched over hundreds of
miles of what are now desert sands. As the lakes shrunk during times of
drought, the insects followed the retreating beaches. Those which attached
themselves to bodies of sufficient size or permanence were able to sustain their
specific existence, while such as were dwelling on the edges of pools of a tran-
sient nature were exterminated altogether. Thus we have the phenomenon
of discontinuous distribution, presented not by one species alone but by an
entire assemblage.

The Chairman, Dr. Fletcher, expressed in happy terms the thanks of the
audience to Prof. Wickham, for his interesting address and his kindness in
travelling so far to attend the annual meeting of the Society.

SECOND DAY'S SESSION.

The Entomological Society resumed its meetings at 10.30 o'clock, a.m.,
the President, Prof. Lochhead, occupying the chair. The first order of busi-
ness was the election of officers for the year 1904-5, which resulted as shewn
on page two.

Dr. Fletcher moved, seconded by Mr. G. E. Fisher, "that popular articles
should be published in the Canadian Entomologist next year, at least two
pages per month, or more at the discretion of the Editor." After some
remarks by the mover and seconder and also by the Editor in support of the
resolution, it was unanimously adopted.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47

Dr. Fletclier moved, seconded by Mr. J.D. Evans, "that a special vote of
thanks be given to the Library and Eooms Committee for the work they have
undertaken and so successfully carried out in moving the Society's library,
collections and other property into their new room." — Carried unanimously.

On motion of Dr. Bethune, seconded by Dr. Fletcher, Dr William H.
AsHMEAD, of the United States National Museum at Washington, author of
many works on Hymenoptera, and a regular contributor to the Canadian En-
tomologist, was elected an Honorary Member of the Society.

During the last forty years the Society has only elected 21 Honorary
Members, of whom eleven are still living.

The next order of business was the reading of papers, which occupied the
rest of the morning and the session in the afternoon ; among those read were
two, which have since been published in the Canadian Entomologist as
they were of a somewhat technical character, viz. : "The systematic position
oi the JEgialitidae" by Prof. Wickham and '^Further notes on types in the
British Museum," by Mr. Lyman. Both these papers were illustrated with
specimens of the insects referred to.

The following exhibits were shown by those attending the meeting : By
Dr. James Fletcher : A box containing specimens of about twenty species of
Canadian XyJinas, illustrating his remarks upon the genus; also Dimor-
pliopteryx pinguis and the Negundo Twig-borer Proteoyteryx WilUngana,
two new and interesting species; Syngrapha ignea, Autographa flagellum,
a co-type of Autographa ruhidus, and Panchlora viridis taken at Winnipeg
the first record in Canada.

By Mr. T. N. Willing: Several boxes of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, etc.,
collected in the Northwest Territories.

By Mr. Arthur Gibson : A collection of about twenty inflated larvae, and
a box of lepidoptera bred at Ottawa, among which were specimens of Apan-
tesis superha, Papaipepia purpurifascia, etc. Also some American Beauty
Hoses from a conservatory in Toronto which were badly affected by a Thrips.
It attacked the buds on the outside and thus spoiled the bloom. Fumiga-
tion with tobacco was found to control it satisfactorily.

By Mr. H. H. Lyman: A number of species of Gortyna {Hydroecia^,
both moths and inflated larvse, among which was a new species not yet de-
scribed. Also some Lepidoptera collected in Italy and other European coun-
tries.

By Mr. C. H. Young : A collection of Micro-Lepidoptera, containing
about three hundred specimens of these exquisite moths, all most beautifully
and perfectly mounted.

By Mr. J. D. Evans : A number of specimens collected at light in illustra-
tion of his paper.

By Mr. J. B. Williams: Specimens of Lepidoptera taken in the neigh-
bourhood of Toronto.

By Prof. Wickham : Dissected specimens of ^gialites and allied gen-
era, showing the structure of the under-side of the prothorax, in illustration
of his paper.

By Mr. C. E. Grant : A box containing over seventy specimens* of moths
collected at Orillia.

By Mr. J. W. Cockle : A number of specimens of cocoons of Telea poly-
phemus shewing a great variety of spinning methods, in illustration of his
paper.

In connection with the exhibits, Dr. Fletcher read an extract from a let-
ter recently received from Dr. Ottolengui of New York, which referred to cer-
tain species of Canadian Plusias. It was as follows :

48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Autographa rubidus, Ottol.

'^I have retained the male of rubidus and send you one of my three fe-
males. It is in quite as good condition, and, as it was before me when I de-
scribed the species, I find it has a co-type label on it. This I leave, and
i lust that the specimen may find its way into one of your society or national
museums.

The species is an interesting one to me as I think it accounts for the re-
ported captures of iota to be found in Canadian literature. I have the true
iota from Europe, from which it differs greatly, but it is not so dissimilar
from the iota of some of the old published lithographic plates, and as the
older writers used the European names for the American fauna rather more
freely than we do now, I think rubidus is what they all called Iota. I have
seen in all, only seven specimens of this, three of which I have. All came
from eastern Canada except one determined for Mr. Wolley-Dod. This gives
you the range, and it should be found anywhere in Canada.

You have two specimens of flagellum. This was long called monodon,
until Prof. Smith discovered both types in the British Museum, and correctly
announced in his Bulletin of the Noctuidse, that both types referred to one
species, thus giving flagellum antecedence. Nevertheless subsequently he
renamed the species insolita, which of course falls. My specimens have been
compared with all true types.

A word about fratella, a name which I notice in turning the pages of the
Catalogue before me. I omitted this from my list, as a synoym of ou. Just
before his death Mr. Grote isent a note to the Canadian Entomologist denying
this synonomy. The same denial is to be found on the same authority in
Sjuith's Catalogue; Morrison having declared fratella to be ou. By closely
reading the paragraph referring to ou in the same work we find that though
it is stated that the ou of the Grote collection agrees with Guenee's type in
the British Museum, nevertheless we are told that Californica is a form of
ou rather than of gamma. As a matter of fact, Californica is quite easily
separated from ou, but is not so distinct from European gam,ma.

Sir George Hampson kindly made comparison of my material for me and
selected a brilliantly marked large specimen as agreeing with the type of ou,
and a very small dull colored specimen from Texas, he says "agrees with
types of ou and fratella. Both identical." I should add that I sent all my
material to Sir George Hampson without labels other than numbers, my la-
bels being kept at home on pins similarly numbered. He was therefore not
influenced by my views. As this comparison was made long after Mr. Grote
had parted with his type, and as he gives no distinguishing characteristic in
bis description, by all rules fratella must pass into the synonomy.

Oxy gramma is usually considered a southern species, but I already have
it from London, Ontario, through Dr. Bethune."

At the close of the meeting votes of thanks were unanimously adopted
to Principal Merchant for his kindness in allowing the Society to use the
Lecture-room at the Normal School, and the lantern for their public meeting
en Wednesday night; to Mr. S. B. McCready, for so satisfactorily manipulat-
ing the lantern and slides ; and to Prof. Wickham and Mr. Willing, for conn-
ing such long distances to read papers and take part in the proceedings of the
annual meeting.

INSECTS INJUEIOUS TO ONTAEIO CEOPS IN 1904.
By Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist.

The season of 1904 was very similar to that of 1903 being irregular and
on the whole unmarked by serious attack by insects upon our staple crops.
The systematic entomologist has seldom seen such a poor collecting year, and
with few exceptions outbreaks by injurious crop enemies were few. There
were, as usual, local occurrences of cutworms, plum curculio, asparagus bee-
tjes, root maggots, etc., but most of the regular pests of the farm and garden
w( re absent. No new insect enemies of importance were recorded during the
past year. Loss from the ravages of the San Jose Scale was considerable in
the small corner of the Province infested by that insect ; but careful spray-
ing was invariably followed by good results.

Cereal Crops.

Cereal crops throughout the province suffered little from insect enemies.
There was very little injury by Hessian Fly, although Prof. Lochhead received
c(mplaints from Wentworth and Halton Counties. On the whole the wheat
crop suffered much less than it has done in recent years from Hessian Fly
and other Insects. Perhaps the worst injury to wheat was from rust. Oats
wer3 a fine crop, both yield and quality being above the average.

The Pea Weevil has been scarcer this year than for a great many years.
Owing to the excessive ravages of this insect, many farmers during the past
two or three years had almost given up growing this important crop, but the
yield of 1904 and the general quality of the grain reaped will do much to re-
store confidence in peas as a paying crop, and a much larger acreage of this
pulse may be looked for next year. It is surely of the greatest importance
for all members of our Society to use every endeavor to persuade farmers to
take the utmost care to sow no seed peas next spring, unless they are certain
that they have been fumigated to destroy any chance weevils they might con-
tain. As with every other frequently occurring injurious insect, the best
work can be done by applying remedies even more assiduously than usual in
those years when the enemy is present in the smallest numbers, and the pres-
ent time seems opportune for us to continue vigorously our campaign against
the Pea Weevil which was begun two years ago, and which has certainly had
much to do with the present satisfactory diminution in injury by the Pea Wee-
vil. It will be remembered that the remedies for the Pea Weevil are : 1.
Sowing early so as to hurry on maturity as much as possible. 2. Heaping
directly the crop is in a fit condition and threshing and fumigating with bi-
sulphide of carbon at once, the seed to be then bagged up and kept in bags
until required for use. As a general precaution no seed peas should ever be
used while the Pea Weevil is abundant which are not known to have been
treated, and buyers should always demand from their seedsmen such seed.
There are several other methods of treating weevilly peas, besides fumigat-
ing, one of the most convenient being to sprinkle a little coal oil or turpeni ine
over the seed and turning it well for two or three days before sowing. An-
other effective method is to hold over the seed in tight bags until the second
yrar. The weevils always emerge the first spring after maturing and as they
cannot perforate the sacks, they will die many months before the bags need
be opened to use the grain.

[49]

4 EN.

50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Fodder Plants.

Grass and liay crops in eastern Ontario were of exceptionally good qual-
ify. Corn in most places was late, and in many places was caught by the
frost. Clover seed was on the whole a poor crop. The severe winter of 1903,
injured the roots considerably in the best seed-growing districts and the sec-
ond growth from which the seed is reaped ripened slowly on account of dull,
cool weather. The Clover Seed Midge was exceedingly active in nearly
every part of the province. The well known remedy of feeding off seed-clover
fields up to the 20th June so as to destroy the larvae of the first brood before
tbey mature, does not seem to be practised nearly as much as it ought to be
by seed growers. This has been proved by constant experiment to be a very
useful remedy and again indicates a means by which the members of the En-
tomological Society of Ontario may by giving timely advice in their various
divisions, do much good for the province.

EooTs AND Vegetables^

The attacks on these crops were all by well-known insects, and were severe
in some instances. Undoubtedly the first place must be given, from the extent
of injury, to the Root Maggots of cabbages, cauliflowers, radishes, turnips and
onions, and 1904 was perhaps, signalized by wider-spread and more excessive
injury by these troublesome insects than has ever been recorded. From the
Atlantic coast right through to the Pacific, serious injury was wrought and
from many places which had never previously been visited, reports of injury
were received. All the usually recommended remedies were experimented
with, but it must still be acknowledged that in some places and in years of
very severe infestation no infallible remedy has yet been discovered. A rem-
edy which sometimes, and in some places, answers satisfactorily and saves a
crop, will in another year, or in a different locality, be useless. These dif-
ferences cannot yet be explained and it is imperative that entomologists
should give attention to this matter, so as to discover as soon as possible a
practical remedy for these insects which every year do so much harm. It
may not be amiss to repeat again the remedies which have given the best re-
sults. In early cauliflower or cabbage beds, surrounding the stems of the
plants when first set out with discs of tarred paper, gave with us at Ottawa,
excellent results, but at Nappan in Nova Scotia, they were found by Mr. W.
S. Blair, the Horticulturist of the Experimental Farm for the Maritime Prov-
inces, to be almost worthless. Where the bands have not been put on oarly,
pouring around each plant a small quantity, not more than half a small tea-
cupful, of a strong decoction of pyrethrum insect powder (4 ounces to the gal-
lon of water), will frequently save the crop and among many experiments
tried by Mr. Blair at Nappan, was the remedy which gave the best results.
To apply the liquid the earth should be removed from the stems of the plants
to the depth of an inch and a half, the liquid poured in and the earth replaced.
In onion beds dusting white hellebore along the rows once a week as soon as
the young plants appeared gave good results in years of a light infestation,
but, when, as in 1904, onion maggots could be found throughout the season,
this was comparatively useless and became impracticable on account of cost.
Cook's carbolic wash, the manufacture of which was mentioned in our last re-
port at page 65, proved a useful remedy and enabled radishes to come to per-
fect development without injury by the maggot. In our last report a method
was mentioned of growing radishes, cauliflowers and some other vegetables un-

-la ENT.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. > 51

der light coverings made by stretching cheese-cloth over a cheap frame of
wood. These experiments were continued during 1904, and gave very satis-
factory returns. Small frames six feet by three feet and two feet six inches
high, were very convenient for radishes and early cauliflowers.

Asparagus Beetles {Crioceris asparagi, L., and C. 12-punctata, L.) con-
tinue to do some damage in the Niagara and St. Catharines districts. The rem-
edies most in vogue are dusting the plants at short intervals with freshly
slaked lime at the time the slimy larvae occur upon the plants. Poisoning with
Paris green in either dry or wet mixtures is also useful.

The Cabbage or Turnip ApKis (Aphis hrassicoe, L.) was the cause of ap-
pjeciable loss in crops of Swedish turnips in central and eastern Ontario.
Prompt spraying or hoeing out of the young plants when the colonies first
appeared in August were attended with satisfactory results. It was no-
ticed that high knolls in fields or areas near trees, where the turnips were
somewhat starved, for lack of moisture, were invariably the first places of at-
tack in turnip fields, therefore when looking for these insects it would be well
for farmers to remember this and examine such places carefully when hoeing
their turnips. When a colony is first noticed it should be destroyed by
spraying with kerosene emulsion or a solution of whale-oil soap one pound in
6 gallons of warm water.

Cutworms. Several species of cutworms occurred in different parts of the
province, and did a great deal of harm in field and garden crops. The most
abundant of these was the Red-backed Cutworm {Paragrotis ochrogaster,
Gn.), which was accompanied by the Dark-sided Cutworm (Paragrotis mes-

Fig. 9. Dark-sided Cutworm and moth.

soria, Harr.), Fig. 9. These caterpillars were enormously abundant on light
land near Ottawa and attacked almost all kinds of crops. As in past years a
prompt application of the poisoned bran mash stopped injury at once.
Gardeners who had not previously tried this remedy were literally amazed at
its prompt effectiveness. The habits of the Red-backed Cutworm are as fol-
lows. The eggs are laid in the autumn, and pass the winter as such, the
young larvae not hatching until the following spring. Whether this is al-
ways the case, I have as yet been unable to learn ; but eggs laid late in August
passed through hot weather in September and October and did not hatch until
the following May, but at that time much larger larvae were found out of
doors in the ground.

The Climbing Cutworm (Paragrotis scandens, Riley), which here is ex-
tremely local attains almost half its growth before winter sets in, increases
rapidly in spring and is frequently troublesome in gardens on sandy soil.
In making the bran mash mentioned above it is best to dampen some of the
bran slightly with water containing a little sugar. After mixing thorough-
ly, add the Paris green little by little stirring the mixture all the time.
Half a pound of Paris green is sufficient to poison fifty pounds of bran. The
mixture when ready for use, should be dry enough to crumble freely through
the fingers and may then be distributed through an infested drop either by

52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

placing a small quantity between the plants or along the edge of an infested
crop by scattering it broadcast or running a drill of it close to a crop by
means of a seed drill, or similar implement. There are other remedies which
may be used for cutworms with good effect. A collar of paper or a ring of
tin put around the stem at the time of planting will prevent the destruction
of many plants, and a wise precaution is to destroy by burning the haulms and
stems of all plants from which the crops have been reaped. This should be
done as soon as the crop is picked so as to leave the land available for other
props and to remove many insects and fungi which might harm a future crop.
The moths of many cutworms lay their eggs in autumn, and for this reason
land should be kept scrupulously clean of all weeds and useless vegetation in
autumn, as these woul^ be an attraction to the female moths when seeking
suitable places for laying their eggs, at the same time many weed seeds would
be prevented from maturing.

The Beet-leaf Miner (Pegomyia hicolor, Wied.) appeared in several
places, more particularly in Western Ontario. This caused some alarm lest it
should injure the sugar-beet crop, which is now receiving much attention.
These fears fortunately appeared to be unfounded, and in late summer all ap-
pearance of the attack had disappeared. The injury consists of large blotch
mines which are formed in the tissues of the leaves by the maggots of a small
rty. Occasionally these are so abundant that the greater part of the leaf is
irvolved and the roots do not form properly. I know of no practical remedy,
but fortunately the injury is seldom so severe as to affect the crop, the chief
growth of which takes place in summer and and autumn.

s

Fig. 10. Cabbage caterpillar, a ; chrysaiiH, />.

The Green Cabbage Caterpillar {Pieris rapcc,, L.). Although present to
some extent, this destructive enemy of the cabbage was noticeably less abund-
ant than usual It-st season and was easily controlled. The best remedy is to
dust the plants as soon as the eaten leaves show the presence of the caterpil-
lars, with a mixture consisting of one pound of insect powder in four pounds
of cheap flour. This powder falling on the caterpillars or diluted and washed
down to them by dew or rain, kills every one of them it comes in contact with,
in a few hours. The practice of using Paris green in any form on cabbages,
is much to be condemned. Insect powder, known also as Dalmatian, Per-
sian and Pyrethrum Insect powder, is a vegetable poison made by pulveriz-
ing the flowers and buds of certain species of plants allied to the Chrysanthe-
mum, and, although so very fatal in its effects upon most insects, is almost
harmless to the higher animals.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

The Carrot Rust Fly (Psila tosob, Fab.). The maggots of this insect
bore into the carrots giving them a rusty appearance on the outside and pro-
aucing brown discoloured channels which run in all directions through the
roots. The attack was not so severe last season as has sometimes been the
case of late years. The worst injuries were in the Maritime provinces, but
there were also one or two occurrences reported in Ontario, as at Ottawa,
Perth, and even as far west as Barrie, which as far as I know is the furthest
point west, where the insect has occurred.

Fruits.

Fruit crops were little injured by the well known and usual pests. The
apple crop was large and where properly sprayed was of excellent quality.
Plums were the chief failure and the injuries of the Plum Curculio upon the
light crop were serious. This insect also turned its attention in many places
to the apple crop, and gnarled and spotted fruit from this cause was sent in
from many places. Regular spraying with poisoned Bordeaux mixture, re-
duced the injury to a considerable extent and orchards which were cultivated
and kept free from undergrowth during the autumn seemed to be less at-
tacked than where sod or even cover crops were on the land.

The San Jose Scale (Awidrotus perniciosus, Comst.) still exists as a very
injurious pest of the orchard in that small part of the Province where it
exists, and where it has done much harm for the last six or seven years.
There is now no doubt that the lime and sulphur wash as worked out by Mr.
George E. Ei.-lier, and other experimenters is a practical remedy for the San
Jcse Scale, and where persistent spraying is practised, clean paying crops can
he grown, and the trees preserved in a healthy state for future crops. The
necessity of persistent work, however, must be expected with this insect. The
Blatter is now in the hands of the fruitgrowers themselves and it is well un-
derstood by all who will read and observe for themselves that even in infested
districts, paying crops of apples, peaches, plums and pears, can be grown if
the recomimended measures are carried out. ' There are several methods of
preparing the lime and sulphur wash, the more important of which have all
bten described from time to time in our annual reports. The chief difference
in their preparation consists in the time it is deemed necessary to boil the
washes. Mr. Geo. E. Fisher, who certainly has had as much experience in
this matter as any living man, claims that there should be in every gallon of
wash, half a pound of sulphur and one pound of lime, which must be boiled
together for not less than two hours. The usual practice however among
fiuit growers, who used this wash to a large extent in 1904, in the Grimsby,
St. Catharines and Niagara districts, I found was to boil the wash for about
one hour only. Excellent results were obtained, which, however, might
possibly have been improved by longer boiling. The new methods of com-
l^'ning the sulphur with the lime by means of the heat of the latter while
slaking and the addition of either caustic soda or sal soda, up to the present
seem to be giving very satisfactory results not only in our own experiments
but in careful investigations which have been carried on by Prof. Felt in New
York. Further study will be given to the matter and if an effective wash
can be made in this way without the long boiling, it certainly will be a means
■of inducing many to do so, who at the present time do not use this useful
lemedy.

The range of usefulness of this wash as an insecticide and fungicide is
\\ider than that of many other materials. Experiments in destroying the
i'i^ga of Apple Aphis and of the aphid which is so destructive to the appear-

54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

ance of the High-bush Cranberry (or Guelder Rose, also called Snowball
tree), distorting and curling up the leaves, were extremely satisfactory at Ot-
tawa. The latter insect is so prevalent that it is a rare thing to see a tree
which instead of being an ornament is not a disgusting mass of distorted
leaves, swarming with plant lice. Bushes sprayed with the lime and sulphur
wash, just before the buds burst, were perfectly clean, with only a few dis-
torted leaves on the tips of some of the top twigs which evidently had been
missed when the bushes were sprayed. The fungicidal value of this washi
was also plainly manifest on apple trees, which were sprayed for the destruc-
tion of the eggs of the apple aphis.

The common Oyster Shell Scale, which all through Canada every year
does so much harm is easily controlled by means of the lime and sulphur
wash. This wash is for winter use only, as it is destructive to all kinds of
fcliage.

The New York Plum Scale {Lecanium cerasifeiv, Fitch). This soft scale
was seen in several places in the Niagara district but does not seem to have
done very much harm. Its habits are different from those of the two scales
mentioned above. The San Jose Scale passes the winter as a half -grown scale
attached to the bark, with its delicate threadlike beak sunk into the tissues
of the wood, whence it can never withdraw them. The New York Plum
scale, on the other hand, migrates in the autumn to the twigs where the young
and very small scale insects cluster together and pass the winter. In the
spring they again move and take up suitable places for growth upon the young
and forming wood. Here they grow rapidly during May, and in the fol-
lowing month the females produce eggs beneath the scales from which about
mid-summer the young bark-lice emerge and distribute themselves over the
trees. The Oyster-shell and Scurfy scales on the other hand pass the winter
as eggs beneath the protecting scales of the dead females. These different
habits should be borne in mind when a remedy is being adopted. The San
Jose Scale breeds continuously during the summer and up to frost, producing
an incredible number of young. It is this enormous ratio of production,
and the long period during which young are continuously brought forth,
which renders this insect such a serious pest. The three other scales men-
tioned have only one brood of young in the year.

The New York Plum Scale is best treated by spraying the trees, upon
which it occurs, early in spring before the buds burst, with a strong kerosene
emulsion dilution, a whale-oil soap solution, or with the lime and sulphur
wash. If trees are found to be infested after the leaves have opened, the
kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution may be used advantageously.
When the scales are large and swollen, and this is the time they are gener-
ally noticed, they are capable of doing very little harm. It is better there-
fore to. wait until the young insects leave the scales and are noticed crawling
about on the trees. Spraying at that time will destroy large numbers with-
out any fear of injuring the trees.

A noticeable feature of the past season has been the small amount of in-
jury attributable to many of the well known destructive enemies of the or-
chard and garden. The Codling Moth, which is every year the cause of se-
rious loss in the apple crop, did remarkably small injury and hardly occurred
at all in those sections of the province east of Toronto where there appears to
be only one brood. West of that point the first brood was little noticed, but
the second brood in some places was the cause of some loss. The remedies for
the Codling moth are a combination of spraying in spring and banding the
trees with burlap in late summer. With regard to this latter method it must
be pointed out that unless the burlap bands are taken off regularly and either

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55

scalded or crushed between rollers, more harm than good may be done by
these bands being placed on the trees. Another point also which will require
attention is to see that the bark of the trees beneath the bands is scraped with
a wire brush, or other hard instrument, to destroy the cocoons of such cater-
pillars as have partially bored into the bark to pupate. These are extremely
difficult to see unless carefully looked for.

The Squash Bug (Anasa tristis, DeG.). Another troublesome enemy of
the fruit grower and gardener which this year was less destructive than has
for many years been the case, was the large so-called '^stinkbug" or ^'Bishop
bug" of western Ontario.

Tent Caterpillars which some years ago stripped many orchards and
tracts of forest land were only noticed in a few districts in south-western On-
tario, and they were so thoroughly destroyed by parasites two years ago that
not a moth or caterpillar of either of the common species was seen at Ot-
tawa during the past year. There is no doubt that they will soon reappear
again ; but, with ordinary case, no well kept orchard will ever suffer seriously
fiom these insects. Regular annual spraying will prevent injury by Tent
Caterpillars, Cankerworms, Eye-spotted Bud moth, leaf rollers, and all the
ordinary foliage-eating pests of the orchard. If spraying is supplemented
with the washing of the trunks in the beginning of June and July, with alka-
line washes, most of the different kinds of borers which attack apple trees,
will be kept at bay. For the Peach Borer, special steps will have to be taken
and for the small Shot-borers and Bark Beetles, carbolic washes must be ap-
plied early in spring. If besides these precautions proper attention is given to
the fertilization of the soil and the pruning of the trees so as to allow a free
action of sun and wind, there will be little harm from injurious insects and
funsrous diseases. There is nothing so manifest to the practical entomologist
as the fact that vigorous, well-cared for trees, are far less attractive to their
insect enemies than those trees which are stunted or in some other way in-
jured.

House Plants.

The insects which do injury in window gardens and upon house plants
generally, are few in number and may be treated in a wholesale manner.
For the satisfactory cultivation of house plants one of the prime principles
is to grow only such number of plants in a window as can be properly at-
tended to, and as can obtain a suitable amount of light, air and space for their
symetrical development. The number of insects which attack house plants
IS small and the same treatment answers for most of them. There is a great
deal of trouble saved by choosing such plants as are seldom infested by in-
sects. To this class belong the different kinds of Geraniums, on the whole,
perhaps, the most valuable and satisfactory plants for house culture. They are
easily propagated, very resistant of neglect and most profuse bloomers.
Fuchsias, begonias and bulbs of various kinds are seldom attacked by insect
pests. On the other hand, palms, cacti, foliage plants and ferns are liable
to be' much infested by different kinds of iscale insects, Thriyidm and the so-
called Eed Spiders; roses, by scale insects and plant lice. The first principle
of window gardening is to give the plants suitable soil, pots large enough but
nol too large, and good drainage with regular watering. The insects as
slated above may be easily controlled on general principles. The first of
these is to wash the foliage regularly to free it from dust and scale insects ;
spraying plants of almost all kinds is very beneficial to them. Palms and
thick-leaved plants like the oleander, may be washed with a piece of soft flan-

56 • THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

nel or a sponge, drawing tlie leaves one by one tiirougli a fold of the flannel.
Kor this purpose any soap will answer, but tar soap is the best. There is also
:i special tobacco soap which is made for this purpose. When a plant is re-
ceived and is found to be thoroughly infested by scale insects it is well to make
a email quantity of kerosene emulsion and this may be done easily in an or-
dinary quart bottle, placing the ingredients in it and shaking it violently by
hand. After treating a plant, either with strong soap suds or kerosene emul-
sion, it is well to let it stand for a short time, from half an hour to an hour, and
then wash off the soap. When spraying or washing large plants they may
be stood in a bath or other large receptacle. When roses or other plants are
infested by plant lice, many of these may be dislodged by simply puffing pyre-
tbrum insect powder on to the colonies. This will cause many of them to
drop, but will not kill them and unless they are swept up and destroyed they
will crawl back again on to the plants. For thoroughly cleaning the plants
both of the insects and of the honeydew produced by them, a washing with
soap suds or kerosene emulsion will be necessary. When a prickly cactus is
found to be infested with woolly aphis or other scale insects, perhaps, the
easiest treatment is to touch the separate insects with a small paint brush
dipped in alcohol. ''Red Spiders," which are among the most troublesome
pests' of the window gardener, are reduced in numbers by keeping the plants
as cool and damp as possible, but more than this is necessary, and the sov-
ereign remedy for these and all kinds of mites, is to dust them frequently
with flowers of sulphur. This material in no way injures the plants but ren-
ders them very distasteful to the spinning mites which as a class are known
by the name of Red Spiders.

ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD. 1904.
By James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.

The season of 1903 was cool and disappointing, but that of 1904 was
even more so. Collectors from every part of the Dominion make com-
plaints of the small number of days which could be called good collecting
days. In my own experience of thirty years in Canada I have never known
a season when insects were so scarce, and this character extended from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. I have been pleased to note the stimulating effect
of the publication of the Entomological Record among all classes of collec-
tors; but as compiler I must still urge collectors to read this Record care-
fully and make the fullest use of the many opportunities for advancing
their studies thereby afforded- In preparing the lists herewith submitted,
I have received much assistance from collectors who have sent in much
more regularly than heretofore, records of their captures. Special lists have
also helped very much by giving critical notes when identifying specimens.
Valuable reports of a more extended nature, given herewith, have been re-
ceived from Mr. W. D. Kearfott on Micro-lepidoptera, from the Rev. G. W.
Taylor, on Ceometridse, and from Mr. E. D. Harris, on Cincindelidse
These reports are of special value, and the writers have most generously
offered their services to any of our collectors who will correspond with them-

Other specialists, who, as in the past, have done good service for Can-
adian ento^^ology, have this year again put us under deep obligations for ex-
pert assistance. Dr. Howard, the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, at
Washington, as well as Messrs. Dyar, Coquillet and Ashmead, of Washing-

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57

ton; Dr. J. B. Smitli, of New Brunswick, N.J.; Mr. W. Beutenmueller, of
New York; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia; Mr. E. P. Vanduzee, of Buf-
falo; Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Prof. J. S. Hine, of Col-
umbus, Ohio, and Mr. W. H. Harrington, of Ottawa, Ont. ; have examined
and named numerous collections during the past year, and, although the
thanks of the individual collectors have been expressed to them, I take plea-
sure in publicly acknowledging here their help to the general cause of
Canadian entomology.

Collections of insects have been made in various parts of Canada this
year by visitors, perhaps the most important of these being by Mrs. Nicholl,
of Merthyr Mawr. Bridgend, South "Wales, who spent the summer in the
Hocky Mountains and made extensive collections. Possibly the most inter-
esting result of Mrs. Nicholl's work was the discovery of Erebia Vidleri in
considerable numbers in the Okanagan valley. The original locality where
the types were collected by Mr. Vidler, thirty years ago is somewhat in
doubt. Nothing had been seen or heard of the species after it was first
taken, until in 1898, when I rediscovered it on Mount Ch6am near the mouth
-of the Eraser Eiver in British Columbia. Mrs. Nicholl also took during the
summer several specimens of that Rocky Mountain Greyhound, Brenthis
astarte, and many other rarities seldom seen in Canadian collections.

Mr. C. W. Leng, of New York, tells me that Mr- W. S. Genung spent
three months this year, collecting beetles in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and
Newfoundland, and sent him 11,000 specimens containing some great rar-
ities.

A few small collections were brought back by the officers of the Geolo-
gical Survey of Canada, but a great deal more good work might be done
by these gentlemen, with their exceptional opportunities, in adding to the
large collection of insects already in the museum of that Department.
Specimens from any little visited locality are of great scientific value if the
date of collection and exact locality are noted — even a single specimen may
be of the greatest interest. A few specimens well preserved are of far more
value than a large number in poor condition or without data. Mr. Jos.
Keele secured some specimens of special interest in the valley of the Mayo
River, Yukon Territory. Mr. E. R- Faribault collected in Nova Scotia,
and Mr. Andrew Halkett, who was the naturalist on the ''Neptune" in her
explorations under Mr. A. P. Low, in Hudson Bay in 1903-04, brought back
£ome very interesting specimens.

Literature.

Among the works which have dealt with Canadian insects and which
have appeared during the past year, mention may be made of the following :

Dyar, Harrison G. Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British
Columbia, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. XXVII., pp. 779-938. — One of
the most important publications of 1904 for Canadian entomologists is Dr.
Dyar's annotated list of the lepidoptera taken by him and Messrs. Currie
and Caudell during a three months' visit to Kaslo on Kootenai Lake in the
summer of 1903. This list also includes mention of the species found in
the rich local collection of Mr. J. W. Cockle. The^ great value of this list
will be found in the critical and comparative notes on the species mentioned,
with their near allies. 653 species are mentioned, with more or less com-
plete larval notes of 167. There have been many collectors in the Rocky

68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Mountains of Alberta and British Columbia, and this report will be invalu-
able in working up their captures, enriched as it is by Dr. Dyar's experience
and great knowledge of the forms occurring in the adjacent western States
of the Union- Naturally many species were added to the list of Canadian
Insects, and many indefinite western forms after careful study were given
varietal or specific rank and described. By the publication of Dr. Dyar'a
list several doubtful cases of identification are cleared up and future stu-
dents of western mountain lepidoptera will have a firm basis for their studies.

Smith, J. B. Common Mosquitoes of New Jersey, Bull. 171, N. J.
Agric. Ex. Stn. — A pamphlet of 40 pages well illustrated and the matter
chiefly original, conveniently arranged in^ Dr. Smith's usual thorough and
practical manner. It will be found very useful to those taking up the
study for the first time, and also by the advanced student on account of the
new matter relating to life histories.

Felt, E. P. Mosquitoes or Culicidae of New York State, N.Y. State
Museum Bull. 79, pp. 165, 57 plates, 113 wood cuts. — This is a sumptuous
bulletin beautifully printed and profusely illustrated. The literature deal-
ing with mosquitoes is now very extensive, and this paper will be found
one of the most valuable of those dealing with this now popular study.
The subject is very fully dealt with, and many species are treated at length.
A valuable bibliography mentions all the important publications from 1847
down to the present time, 130 in number. As an appendix of six pages
is a generic revision of the Culicidae- The whole is completely and care-
fully indexed, a most satisfactory character of all the publications by Dr.
Felt and his predecessor. Dr. Lintner.

Swezey, Otto H. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Described Species of
the Family Fulgoridse of North America, north of Mexico. Ohio Dept.
Agric; Div. Nursery and Orchard Inspection, Bull. No. 3. — This catalogue
of 48 pages contains much valuable information concerning these little
known homopterous insects- Not only is an attempt made to include all
of the described species from North America, north of Mexico, but with
each genus and species are given a full synonymy and bibliography, as well
as notes regarding localities, food plants, and life histories, as far as known.
The want of such a source of reference was much felt.

The Harriman Alaska Expedition, vols. YIII. and IX., Insects. —
These volumes published in co-operation with the Washington Academy of
Sciences are an important contribution to American entomology. The

material was collected by Prof. Kincaid, of the University of the State of
Washington. More than 8,000 insects were collected representing 1,001
species, 344 of which wei*e new to science. The identifications have been
made by experts through Dr. Howard at Washington. Unfortunately,
the price at which these volumes are published will preclude their wide dis-
tribution amongst the students of the different orders. The style of print-
ing, binding and illustration are of the very highest class.

Busck, August. Tineid Moths from British Columbia, with descrip-
tions of new species. Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. XXVII. , pp. 745-778.— This
paper is based mainly on a large collection made in British Columbia, chiefly
at Kaslo, on Kootenai Lake, in 1903, by Dr- H. G. Dyar assisted by Messrs.
A. N. Caudell and R. P. Currie. There are also notes on collections re-
ceived by the National Museum from the States of Washington, Oregon and
Idaho. Notes of more or less length are given of 55 British Columbian
species, and among these 17 are described as new.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59

Currie, Rolla P. An Insect Collecting Trip to British. Columbia,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash-, vol. VI., p. 24. — This paper, although it does not
attempt to cover all the insects noticed or studied during the visit of Messrs.
Dyar, Caudell and Currie to Kaslo, B.C., gives much valuable information
regarding the region, the plants and insects which were noted in the differ-
ent localities in the Kootenai District visited by the above named gentle-
men. It will be of special interest to anyone contemplating a visit to that
interesting part of British Columbia.

Dyar, Harrison G. Notes on the Mosquitoes of British Columbia,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. VL, p. 37. — Twenty different species of mos-
quitoes are noted in this article, represented by 1,238 specimens collected in
1903. Biologic notes are given of many of the species.

Beutenmueller, Wm. American Museum Journal, vol. IV., No. 4.
(Reprint.) The Insect-Galls of the Vicinity of New York City. — This is a
most useful pamphlet of 38 pages, and will be found of great value in the
identification of many of the insect-galls about which, so little is known*
87 different species of gall insects are listed and an illustration of the gall
in each instance given.

Specialists.

The records received this year are again chiefly made up from the work
of lepidopterists and coleopterists. Collections have been made in other
orders; but the number of certain identifications is smaller than was hoped
might be the case, and the recording of these, except in a few instances, does
not seem to be advisable just now. On the whole decidedly more interest
was shown in the study of various orders during 1904 than for many years
past. Mr. R. V. Harvey, of Vancouver, has done much in encouraging the
British Columbian collectors and holding them together. He has also pub-
lished a list of the Butterflies of his province, which will form a basis for
future work. The Rev. G. W- Taylor, has pushed forward his studies of
the geometridse and is now in correspondence with nearly all the collectors
in the Dominion. It is to be hoped that before long Mr. Taylor will see
his way to publish the results of his labours. Mr. J. W. Cockle at Kaslo,
and Messrs. E. H. Wolley-Dod and A. F. Hudson at Millarville, Alta.,
have made great advance in their studies of the noctuidse. Mr. T. N.

Willing at Regina, and the Criddle brothers at Aweme, Man., have added
largely to their general collections of insects. Mr. E. F- Heath, at Cart-
wright, in Southern Manitoba, has collected vigorously and added much to
the local fauna of his province. In Montreal Messrs. H. H. Lyman, A. F.
Winn and C. Stevenson have been actively at work on the life histories of
lepidoptera. At Ottawa Mr- C. H. Young has made extensive collections
in some of the families of the lepidoptera and has sent them to specialists,
all of whom comment upon the great excellence of his mountings. In the
Division of Entomology at the Central Experimental Farm the entomolo-
gists have devoted much time to working out life histories, and besides
have endeavored to help and encourage students in all orders.

Active Workers.

The following list gives the names of the most active workers in Can-
ada which have been heard from during the past year. There are doubt-

60

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

less many others, but I have not heard from them during 1904. The initials
in parentheses after their names indicate the orders they are studying, or
if they have general collections.

Anderson, E. M., Victoria, B. C. (L.)
Bethiine, Rer. C. J. S., London, Ont.

(Gen., L., C.)
Begin, Rev. P. A., Snerbrooke, Q. (Gen.y
Baird, Thomas, high River, Alta. (Gfm.)
Biainerd, Dwight, Montreal, (L.)
Bryant, Theodore, Wellington, B. C. (L.;
Biirman, Rev. W,. A., Winnipeg. (Gen.)
Push, A., Vancouver, B. C. (L.)
Ccmpbell, D. A., Ottawa. (Gen.)
Chagnon, Gus., Montreal. (C.)
Ccckle. J. W., Kaslo, B. C. (L.)
Criddle, Evelyn, Aweme, Man. (L., Gen.)
Criddle, N., Aweme, Man. (L,, Or., C.»
Criddle, Stewart, Aweme, Man. (.b., (ren.)
Crew, R. J., Toronto. (C.)
Dennis, A. J., Beulah, Man. (L.)
Denny, Edw., Montreal. (L.)
Desrochers Rev. J. E., Rigaud, Q. (L.

C.)
Dod, F. H. Wolley, Millarville, Alta. (L.)
Draper, R., Vancouver. (L.)
Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. (Gen.. L., C.

xjym.)
Findley, Rev. G. H., Ainsworth, B. C.

(L.)
Fletcher, Dr. J., Ottawa. (Gen., L., (J.)
Fyles, Rev. Thos. W., Levis. Que. (Gen .

L., Hym.)
Garrett, C, Calgary, Alta. (L.)
Gibbon, H., Beulah, Man. (L.)
Gibson, Arthur, Ottawa. (L., Gen.)
Grant. C. E., Orillia, Ont. (L.)
Gregson, P. B., Blackfalds. Alta. (Gen.)
Guignard, J. A., Ottawa. (Gen., Hym.)
Hanham, A. W., Victoria, B. C. (L., D.,

C.)
Harrington. W. H.. Ottawa, i^., Hym.,

Hem., D.)
Harvey, R. V., Vancouver. (L., Odon. »
Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. (L.)
Huard, Rev. Vi«tor. Quebec. (Gen.)
Hudson, A. F.. calgary, Alta. {l,.)
Jones, W. A. Dashwooa, New Westm'ii

ster, B. C. (L.)
Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B. C. (C.^

Lochhead, Prof. W., Guelph, Ont. (Gen..

Or.)
liyman, H. H., Montreal. (L.)
Mcintosh, W., St. John, N. B. (L., D ,

C.)
Mclntyre, A. D., Boisdale, Nfld. (C.)
MacLaughlin, T. J., Ottawa. (Odon.)
jVJarmont, L. E., Rounthwaite, Man. (L.)
Metcalfe, AV., Ottawa. (L., C, Hem.)
Moore, G. A., Montreal. (Hem.)
Morden, John E., London, Ont. (L.)
Perrin, Jos., Halifax, N. S. (L.)
Norris, A. E., Montreal, (L.)
Ouellet, Rev. C. J., Montreal. (C, Hym )
Richard, A. E., Ottawa. (L.)
Roy, Rev. Elias, Levis, Q. (C.)
Sandercock, W. C, Lauder, Man. (L.)
Saunders, H. S., Toronto. (L.)
Simpson, Willibert, Ottawa. (C.)
Suflield, J. D., Morden, Man. (L.)
Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. (Gen., L.)
Schmitt, Dr. J., Anticosti. (Gen.)
Southee, G. R., Outremont. (L.)
Stevenson, Charles, Montreal. (L., C.,

Hem.)
Tanton, J., London, Ont. (L.)
Taylor, Rev. G. W., Wellington, B. C.

(L., Hem., C.)
Tipping, Dalton, Blackfalds, Alta. (Hym..

Gen.)
Thompson, W. Robin, London, Ont. (L,,

C.)
Venables, E. P., Vernon, B. C. (L., C..

Hym.)
Walker, Dr. E. M., Toronto. (Or., Odon.)
Winn, A. F., Montreal. (L.)
Wilson, E., Vancouver. (L.)
Vvilson, Jno., Vancouver. (L.)
Vv'ilson, T., Vancouver. (L.)
Wilson, vv^. J., Ottawa. (Gen.)
W^illiams, J. B., Toronto. (L.)
Willing, T. N., Rogina. (L., Or.. C.)
Wood, A. A., Coldstream, Ont. (L.)
Young, C. H., Hurdman's Bridge, Ont.

(L.)

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61

NOTES OF CAPTUEES.

Lepidoptera.

(Arranged according to Dyar's List of North American Lepidoptera,
U. S. 'N. M. Bull. No. 52.)

RHOPALOCERA.

(Dyar's number.)

8. Papilio daunus, Bdv. Eegina, N.W.T., (Mrs. J. E. C. Honeyman).

16. Papilio machaojif L., a. aliaska, Scud. Quite common along the
shores of Mayo Lake, and valley of Mayo Eiver, Yukon Territory,
during July and August. (J. Keele).

28. I^eophada menapia, Eelder. 1904 was a "menapia year"^ — millions
these butterflies could be seen around the Douglas firs and on the
sea between Vancouver Island and the mainland in August last.
Pontia brassicoB, L. Two larvae of this well-known European species,
the ''Large White," taken on Nasturtium vines in Westmount,
Que., Sept. 4. Both parasitised. (Winn). The larval skin was
exhibited at the annual meeting, Ent. Soc- Ont., 1904, and was
undoubtedly rightly named by Mr. Winn.

62. Eurymus meadii, Edw., a. elis, Strk. Just coming out near Laggan,
July 20, (Mrs. Nicholl).

64. Eurymus hoothii, Curtis. Mayo Valley, Yukon, (J. Keele). A fe-
male. Elwes's fig. 5. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, part III. 1903, cor-
responds exactly with this specimen.

73. Eurymus pelidne, Bdl. a. Skinneri, Barnes. Just coming out, near
Laggan, B.C., July 19, (Dod).

75. Eurymus nastes, Bdv. Not rare above timber line on several moun-
tains near Laggan and Field, B.C., July 20 and onwards, (Mrs.
Nicholl and Mr. Dod).

85. Eureme euterpe, Men., (Lisa, Bdv.). Halifax, Aug. 24, (Perrin).
143- Brenthis Alberta, Edw. On several mountains near Laggan, near
the summits. Less of a peak-lover than astarte, much more local
and less common, but not nearly so difficult to capture. Both
sexes were taken in about equal numbers. Mrs. Nicholl who subse-
quently collected on many mountains between Laggan and Field
reported alberta to be ^'common everywhere." July 19 and on-
wards, (Dod.)
144. Brenthis astarte, D. & H. Fairly common on several bare peaks
near Laggan, July 19 and 20. The males play around the ex-
treme summits at 8,000 ft- or over. They are very hard to net, as
their flight is exceptionally swift. The females were met with,
biit very rarely, much lower down, almost or quite at timber line
(about 7,000 ft.). Mrs. Nicholl met with it almost everywhere she
went in the Eockies. (Dod.)
207. Polygonia satyrus, Edw., High Falls, Que. July 12, (Saunders).
284. Coenonympha typhon, Eott., a. laidon, Bork. {inornatsi, Edw.).
One damaged specimen taken at Lac Charlebois, Que., (Laurentian
Mts.), July 21. Several seen from train window in same dis-
trict June 4, (Winn).
286. Enodia portlandia. Fab. Scotch Lake, N.B., July 9, (W. H.
Moore)- This is a new record for New Brunswick.

H2 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

295. (Eneis noma, Thun., L Beanii, Elwes. Yery common on sev-
eral bare peaks near Laggan, over 8,000 ft. July 19 and 20. Mrs.

Nicholl found it common everywhere (on peaks) round Laggan,
Field and Banff. (Dod.)
308. Aiiosia 'plexipyus, L. One specimen in fresh, condition, Yernon,

B. C, Aug. 13- A rare visitor here, (Yenables).
TJwtia Johnsoni, Skinner. Ent. News, XY., 298. North Yancou-

ver. May 22, (Bush).
384. Strymon titus, Fab. Three specimens at Yernon, B. C, Aug. 15

and 16, (Harvey & Draper).
401. Chalceria Snowi, Edw- Fairly common on several mountains near

Laggan, July 18-20, above timber, also on Mt. Assiniboine, 30

miles south of Banff, (Dod).
430. Rusticus Shasta, Edw., Red Deer River, 50 miles N.E. of Gleichen,

July 5-9, very local, (Dod).
463. Amblyscirtes samoset, Scud. MacNab's Island, Halifax, (Perrin).

Rather abundant along a railroad track, Chelsea, Que-, May 28,

(Gibson & Campbell).
4:6s. Pamphila palcemon, Pallas, (mandan, Edw.). MacNab's Island,

Halifax, (Perrin).
564. Phycanassa viator, Edw. Coldstream, Ont., July 31, (A. A.

Wood).

624. 2'hanaos martialis, Scud- Coldstream, Ont., Jiily 31, (Wood).

625. Thanaos juvenalis. Fab. MacNab's Island, Halifax, (Perrin).

HETEROCERA.

657. Lepisesia flavofasciata, Wlk., a. ulalume, Strk. Yancouver. Sev-
eral in May, 2 sp. May 14, (Harvey & Bush). Larva feeds on
Epihbium, (Cockle). Wellington 14 specimens, (Taylor).

659: Lepisesia Clarkice, Bdv. Yernon, May, (Yenables).

664. Aellopos tantalus, L. Sydney Mines, C.B., (Miss Margaret Brown).
One of the most remarkable captures of the year. Dr. Bethune
also took a specimen of th^ southern hawk moth, about ten years
ago, at Port Hope, Ont. See also Can. Ent., XXIII., p. 41, for
note on a specimen taken at Grimsby, Ont,

681. Ampelophaga choerilus, Cram. MacNab's Island, Halifax, (Perrin).

713. Sphinx Canadensis, Bdv. When looking over the collection of Mr.
H, S. Saunders, I noticed a specimen of this rare moth, which was
taken by him in Ottawa, July 7, 1899, (Gibson). Ottawa, Aug-
12, a remarkably late date, (Fletcher).

765. Ps'eudohazis Shastaensis, Behrens. Kaslo, several taken in June,
(Cockle).

934. JEmilia roseata, Wlk. Yancouver, July 10, (J. Wilson).

981. Apatela cretata, Sm. Millarville, female at sugar, June ;:0- Al-
ways a great rarity, (Dod). Wellington, (Taylor). Fifut record
in British Columbia.

996. Apatela Manitoba, Sm. Cartwright, 2 at sugar, June 20, (Heath).
1,017. Apatela parallela, Grt. Aweme, June 18, (Criddle).
1,032. Apatela distans, Grt., a. dolorosa, Dyar. Kaslo, several at sugar

(Cockle).
1,034. Apatela perdita, Grt. Kaslo, several at sugar, (Cockle).
Platyperigea anotha, Dyar. Kaslo, Aug. 12, (Cockle).

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

1,102. Caradrina multifera, Wlk- Wellington, new to B. C. list,

(Bryant).
1,156. Radena adnixa, Grt. Cartwright, at sugar, only one taken.
1,170. Radena tonsa, Grt. Cartwright, one at sugar, July 25, not

taken here before, (Heath).
1,186. Radena lona, Strk. Cartwright, at sugar, always scarce, June 27,

(Heath). A specimen received from Rev. J. H. Keen taken at the

mouth of the Skeena River, B.C., July 10, and submitted to Dr.

Smith, was named runata, Sm., which name is now a synonym of

hna.
1,189. Hadena Barnesii, Sm. Aweme, July 23, (Criddle).
1,192. Radena mustelina, vSm. Wellington, new to B. C. list, (Bryant).
1,216. Hadena contradicta, Sm. Millarville, June 27 — July 9, a few at

sugar. Not seen for years. (Dod.)
1,286. Momophana Comstocki, Grt. Vancouver, 3 specimens at light,

April 30— May 3, (Harvey).
1,281. Hyppa brunneicrista, Sm. Millarville, June 24, at sugar. Rare, not

seen for years. (Dod-)
1,290. Dipterygia scahriuscula, L. Cartwright, July 1, One at sugar, a

record for Manitoba. (Heath.)
1,317. Romohadena stahilis, Sm. Regina, Aug 1, (Willing).
1,354. Oncocnemis viriditincta, Sm. Cartwright, one at sugar, not taken

before- Recorded from Winnipeg by Hanham. (Heath.)
1,370. Adita chionanthi, S. & A. Cartwright, Aug. 12, several at sugar.

I think I have only once before taken it. (Heath.)
1,389. Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis, Grt. Lac Charlebois (Laurentian Mts.),

July 23, (Winn).
1,396. Rhynchagrotis variata, Grt. Oak Bay, Victoria. Early in Sept.

at sugar. Rather a rarity here. (Hanham.)
1,419. Platagrotis condita, Gn. Cartwright. Two at sugar- Condita h

always much rarer here than pressa, Grt. (Heath.)
Eueretagrotis inattenta, Sm. Millarville, July 2, not common, at

sugar, (Dod).
1,450. Setagrotis infimatis, Grt. Oak Bay, Victoria, Aug. 23 to Sept.

17, at sugar, (Hanham) -
1,477. \Noctua esuralis, Grt. Meech Lake, Que., July 24, (Young).
1,492. Noctua juncta, Grt. Meech Lake, Que., July 4, (Young). The

first specimen of this interesting species taken in the Ottawa Dis-
trict.
Noctua dislocata, Sm. Can. Ent., June, 1904. Millarville. A

few males at sugar with N. Calgary, Sm. June 28 — July 4.

(Dod.)
1,522. Chorizagrotis terrealis, Sm. Millarville. One specimen June 30.

A great rarity. (Hudson.)
1,548. Feltia ceneipennis, Grt. At sugar. Kaslo, (Cockle).

1.610. Paragrotis citricolor, Grt. Cartwright, Sept. 16, at sugar. A

great rarity; only one taken before this. (Heath.)

1.611. Paragrotis acornis, Sm. Cartwright. Two at sugar Aug. 19,

rare, (Heath). During latter part of Sept. (Heath.)

1,682. Paragrotis fuscigera, Grt. Cartwright. A few at sugar during
the latter part of Sept. (Heath.)

1,687. Paraarotis ternarius, Sm. Wellington, (Bryant). Addition to
B. C. list.

64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

1,693. Paragrotis mollis, Wlk. Millarville, Sept. 3, at light by Mr. Hud-
son. Only two specimens previously taken. (Dod-)
1,716. Paragrotis basalt^, Grt. Cartwright, one at sugar, Aug. 2. The

first time I have seen it here. (Heath.) Eegina, (Willing).
1,720. Paragrotis Idalioensis, Grt. Wellington, (Bryant).
1,727- Paragrotis abar, Strk. Cartwright, one at sugar, Sept. 3. I took

one last year which was named by Dr. Smith, and this agrees

with it. (Heath.)
1,767. Agrotiphila maculata, Sm. Mts. Fairview and St. Piran, Laggan,

B. C, above timber (7,500—8,500 ft.), July 19 and 20— rare,

(Mrs. Ni'choll and Mr. Dod).
1,806. Mamestra rubefacta, Morr. Millarville. June 17 at sugar, very

rare, (Hudson).
1,840. Mamestra sutrina, Grt. Millarville, May 30, at light. Always

a great rarity. (Hudson.)
1,877. Mamestra circumvadis, Sm. Millarville, June 30 and July 2, at

light, always a great rarity, (Dod.)
Mamestra acutermina, Sm. Cartwright. At sugar with M. Good'

elliiy Grt., June 20, (Heath).
Mamestra Dodii, Sm. Can. Ent., June, 1904. Millarville, June

25. As usual, not rare at sugar, (Dod).
1,895. Xylomiges rubrica, Harvey. Kaslo, a splendid specimen of this

very variable species, (Cockle). Vancouver, several in April,

(Bush).
1,907. Scoto gramma densa, Sm. Kaslo, one specimen, (Cockle).
1,953. Heliothis unipuncta, Haworth. Oak Bay, Van. Island, one at sugar,

Sept. 10. The only specimen I have seen in British Columbia.

(Hanham.)
1,983. Heliophila calgariana, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 2, at sugar. Prob-
ably a variety of anteroclara, Sm. . (Dod.)
2,006. Himella, contrahens, Wlk. Lac Charlebois, Laurentian Mts.

several at sugar, July, (Winn).
2,026. Graphiphora peredia, Grt. Cartwright, July 14, at sugar. This

moth is of very uncertain occurrence. (Heath.)
2,067. Cleoc'eris populi, Strk. Millarville, Alta. Bred July 28 — Aug.

4, from larvae common locally on black poplar. Began pupating

about June 25. (Dod.)

2.071. Cleoceris curvifascia, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 26. Rare,

(Heath).

2.072. ApoT^orphila yosemitce, Grt. Mr. Heath has shown me that the in-

sect which I have recorded from Rounthwaite and Aweme as
Hadena relecina is really A. yosem^itce. It has been taken from
Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains.

2,076. Pleroma apposita, Sm. Victoria, on fences and at light, during
March. In 1903 this species was out at the end of February. A
pair taken at light early in April are very black and may prove to
be another species. (Hanham.)

2,084. Xylma torrida, Sm. Wellington, April 4, (Bryant).

2,107. Xylina tepida, Grt- Cartwright. At sugar, seems to be more
abundant than usual this year. Sept. 16. (Heath.)

Xylina ancilla, Sm. Nepigon, bred from larva on Cornus stoloni-
fera, (Fletcher). Cartwright, (Heath).

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

Xylina Fletvheriy Sm. Ottawa. Among material recent-ly sent
to Dr. Smith was a specimen of a new species which, was taken at
Ottawa, Oct. 7, 1903, and given this name- Mr. Gibson also
took a specimen on Oct. 3 of this year.

2,116. Litholomui Dunbari, Harvey. Wellington, B.C., (Taylor).

2,168. Gortyna medialis, Sm. Millarville, Alta., Sept. 6 at light, (Dod)-

2,178. Papaipema purpurifascia, G. & R. Larvse common at Ottawa
working in the roots of Aquilegia, moths emerging from Aug. 18
to Sept. 13. (Gibson.)

2,180. Papaipema nelita^ Strk- Aweme, Aug. 30, (Griddle).

2,192. Papaipema marginidens, Gn. Trenton, (Evans),

2,224. Orthosia inops, Grt. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 8. This is the
second time that this little moth has been taken by me. (Heath.)

2,230. Orthosia helva, Grt. Coldstream, Ont. Aug. 23, (Wood).

2,235. Parastichtis discivaria, Wlk. Regina, Aug. 7, (Willing).

2,255. Epiglcea decliva, Grt. Cartwright. At sugar Sept. and Oct. At
first by the faint light of collectrng lamp, confused with Gloea
inulata; must have seen a dozen or more. Not noticed in pre-
vious years. (Heath.)

2,259. Calymnia orina, Grt. Grand Bend, Lake Huron, July 20, (Saun-
ders).

2,288. Nycterophceta luna, Morr. Aweme, June 25, (Criddle). A most
beautiful silvery white species, now first recorded from Canada.

2,302. Heliothis scutosus. Vernon, very common, Aug. 11, (Harvey).
Kaslo, one specimen, (Cockle).

2,332. Schinia trifasciata, Hbn. Grand Bend, Lake Huron, Aug. 20,
Saunders).
Pseudotamila Avemensis, Dyar- Aweme, Aug. 1, taken in some
numbers in the sand hills, near a tamarac swamp on the flowers
of HeJiaiitlius petioJaris, in the daytime. (Criddle). Two fresh-
ly-emerged specimens were taken crawling quickly over the hot
sand in the same locality, July 18. (Fletcher and Criddle.)

2,494. Autographa rubidus, Ottol. Ottawa, (Young). Only one speci-
men.

2,496. Autographa brassiccBy Riley. Toronto, Sept. 2, (Saunders).

2,498. Autographa oxy gramma, Geyer. London, (Bethune). Toronto,
Saunders). Orillia, (Grant). A southern species.

2,508. Autographa xaccinii, Hy. Edw. This was recorded in 1903 as

"very common at St. John, N.B." (Mcintosh); but Dr. Ottol-

engui writes recently: ''I obtained material from Mr. Mcintosh,

so labelled, but they were octoscripta. I am moderately certain

that vaccina has never been found except on Mount Washington,

or the neighboring peaks."

2,519. Autograp\ha falcigera, Kirby, a. simple\v, Gn. Very abundant on
red clover at Vernon in August. Not I think previously recorded
from Brit. Columbia. (Harvey.) Mr. Venables also found it
common at Vernon.

2,528. Autographa Sackenii, Grt. Mayo Lake, Yukon, Aug- 7, (Keele).

2,540. Ogdoconta cinereola, Gn. London, July 22, (Bethune).

2,548. Pcectes oculatrix, Grt. Aweme, June 20, (Criddle)- A striking
species. See figure in Holland's Moth Book, Plate 29, f. 4.

2,601. Eustrotia albidula, Gn. London, June 25, (Bethune).

2,604. Eustrk)tia concinnimacula, Gn. Trenton, June 7, 2 sp. (Evans).
5 EN.

66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

2,826- Catocala relicta, Wlk. Millarville, Sept. 3 — 5, at light and sugar.

Never before seen on Pine Creek. (Dod.)
2,827. Catocala cara, Gn. Coldstream, Ont. Aug. 27, (Wood).
2,829. Catocala marmorata, Edw. Hyde Park, Ont., Aug. 21, (Morden).
2,839. Catocala aspasia, Strk. Cartwright, only one, (Heath).

2.855. Catocala faustina, Strk., b. verecunda, Hulst. Cartwright,

(Heath).

2.856. Catocala irene, Behr. New Westminster, (W. A. Dashwood- Jones).
2,856. Catocala wene, Behr., b. volumnia, Hy. Edw. Victoria, Sep. 15,

(Hanham).

2,866. Catocala innuhens, Guen. and C. scintillans, Grote. Hyde Park,
Ont., Aug. 23, (Morden).

2,905. Catocala gracilis, Edw. Ottawa, (Young).

2,923. Remigia repanda, Fab. Abundant, Toronto, Sept. 29. — Oct. 10,
(Saunders).

i^991. Homoptera calycanthata, S. & A. Kaslo. Fairly plentiful, sev-
eral beautiful varieties, one with bright blue banding. (Cockle.)

0,002. Homoptera duplicata, Bethune. Wellington, (Taylor). New to
B. C. list.

3,022. Zanclognatha ohscuripennis, Grt. Yernon, July, (Yenables).

3,024. Zanclognatha ochreipennis, Grt. London, July 14, (Bethune).

3,159. Centra scitiscripta, Wlk., a. multiscripta, Rilev. Aweme, June
15, (Criddle).

3,211. Tolype laricis, Fitch. Trenton, one. specimen Sept. 17, (Evans).

GEOMETRID^.

Canadian collectors have devoted considerable attention to these in-
teresting moths during the past season, and many have taken advantage of
the kind offer made by Rev. G. W. Taylor to identify their material. Mr.
Taylor has furnished me with the following interim report, and fuller
papers will appear later.

^'At the request of Dr. Fletcher I gladly furnish some notes on the
principal species of Geometridse referred to me during the year by Cana-
dian collectors.

Beginning at the east. — I have beeen able through the kindness of Mr.
A. F. Winn, of Montreal, to see specimens of most of the species' occurring
at Montreal and Quebec. Three are additions to the list. —

Rachela hruceata, Hulst.

Plagodis serinaria, Herr-Sch.

Cleora umhrosaria, Hiibner.

Two species were on the list 'Geometridse taken at Quebec and Montreal,'
by G. E. J. Bowles, Can. Ent., XY., p. 164., under other names, viz.:
Rheumaptera sociata, as Rheumaptera unnng-ulata, and Tlienna fi.scellana,
as Therina fervidaria. With regard to the first of these, — In all the old
lists and collections the insect stands as R. unangulata. Whether the true
Hydriomena unangulata, as it is now called, really occurs in America or not
I cannot say of my own knowledge. I have a good series of European spe-
cimens, but have not so far seen any taken in North America. The spe-
cimens from Montreal, Winnipeg and British Columbia, of which I have
seen verv many, are quite clearly all Rheumaptera sociata.

With regard to the Therinas, formerly Therina fervidaria, Hubner, and
T. fiscellaria, Guenee, were considered to be one species, which went under

5a ENT.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67

the older name of fervidaria. (See Packard's Monograph, p. 493.) This
name, therefore, was the one placed on the older lists. The two forms
pre now considered distinct; but it is the form fiscellaria that is so abundant
in Canada and of which our western somniaria, Hulst, is the representative.
T. fisceflaria and T. s'punniaria feed as larvae on deciduous trees, while T.
fervidaria feeds on Conifers.

From Ottawa I have received a number of splendid specimens from Dr.
James Fletcher and Mr. C. H. Young; indeed, the insects sent by the last
named are more beautifully set up than any I have ever seen in any collec-
tion.

Mr. Young has sent me the true Nyctohia vernata, Packard, under
which name one usually receives anguilineata, Grote, {fusifasciata, Walker).

He has also sent me specimens of the moth which stands on our lists as
Eustroma prunata, L.

Mr. Young's specimens, however, are not really conspecific with this
European insect. Neither do they agree with our western form, which Dr.
Hulst separated under the name Neolexia xylina. For the present I have
placed the Ottawa moth in my cabinet as Eustroma triangulata, Packard,
.(5th Kept. Peab. Acad. Science, p. 54.), as it is undoubtedly the form re-
ferred to by Dr. Packard under that name. I will point out the differen-
ces between the three forms : prunata, triangulata and xylina in a paper
on our American Eustromas, which I hope shortly to publish.

Mr. Young has also sent me a beautiful specimen of Anaplodes remo-
taria, Walker, taken at Meech Lake, Que. Among the moths sent by Dr.
Fletcher were specimens of Eupith'ecia interrupto-fasciata, from larvse found
bj^ Mr. W. Metcalfe on Juniperus communis in May. This was consid-
ered by Packard himself (Monograph, p. 52.) to be a synonym, oi Eupithecia
miserulata, Grote, and in the Monograph Packard actually reprints his own
description of interrupto- fas data almost word for word as the description of
miserulata. The American Eupithecia; are in a state of great confusion
(See note at end of this paper). Nearly all the specimens sent out by eastern
collectors bear the label E. miserulata, and two or three different larvae have
been described under this name. (Compare the descriptions in Packard's
''Insects injurious to Forest and Shade Trees, 1890." pp. 190, 910 and
919.) But if Crete's original d*escription is to count for anything, his
species is quite different from Packard's and easily to be distinguished.

Miserulata has a linear discal spot on the fore wing and is without any
black band on the 2nd segment of the abdomen. It flies in April and May.

Interrupto -fas data has a large round discal dot and a distinct black
band on the 2nd segment of the abdomen. It flies in August.

Several collectors have been good enough to furnish me with specimens
from Manitoba, and, as a result, I can add 14 species to Mr. Hanham's list
published in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. XXXIII., p. 213 et seq.

Rheumaptera lu6tuata, Dennis & Schiff. Aweme, (Criddle).

Cinglis ancellat^a, Hulst. Aweme, (Criddle).

Synchlora liquoraria, Guenee. Aweme, (Criddle).

Macaria infimata, Guenee. Cartwright, (Heath).

Homochlodes^ fritillaria, iGuenee. Winnipeg, (From Dr. W. Barnes.)

Cleora pampinaria, Guenee. Winnipeg, Cartwright, Aweme.

Therrina fiscellaria, Guenee. Cartwright, (Heath). Beulah, (Dennis).

Ennomos magnarius, Guenee. Cartwrig"ht, (Heath).

Gonodontis duaria, Guenee. Beulah, (Dennis). Aweme, (Criddle).

Euchloena astylusaria. Walker. Aweme, (Criddle).

68

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Euchlccna marginata, Minot. Cartwright, (Heath). Aweme, (Criddle).
Eutrapela hentarh, Grote. Winnipeg-, (Hanham).
Caherodes majoraria, Guenee. Cartwright, (Heath).
Sabulodcs (?) furciferat\iy Packard. Cartwright, (Heath).

Mr. T. N. Willing sent me a nice lot of moths from Regina and some
points in Alberta.

Among them were the following : —
Rheinnaptera ruhrosuffusata, Packard. 'North of Olds, Alberta,' 25, iv.,

97.
Annemoria his^triaria, Packard. Lethbridge, 11, vii., 04. New to Canadian
list.

Pherne jubararia, Hulst. Olds, 19, ix., 98.

Euclihrna marginata, Minot. 'North of Olds, Alberta,' 8, vi., 98.

and a long series of what I take to be CymatopJiora hitactataj Walker. These

last were taken at Regina in August of the present year.

Mr. F. H. Woolley Dod, of Calgary, has sent me a complete series of his
captures in this family. It contains many difficult forms and several un-
described species, but I must defer comment on them^for the present as I
feel they are entitled to be dealt with in a separate paper. The Calgary
district furnishes many additions to the Canadian list. Its fauna includes
a large number of Manitoba species with a sprinkling of Pacific coast forms,
e.g. Mesplevca grafulata. There are also of course a large number of
species peculiar to the Rocky Mountain region. I may here very grate-
fully acknowledge Mr. Wolley-Dod's liberality and the great help he has
given me.

In British Columbia the year has been made memorable by the publica-
tion of Dr. Dyar's elaborate paper on the Kaslo Lepidoptera.

In this paper Dr. Dyar has described the following species and varieties
as new to science and therefore of course new to Canada :
Talledega monfanato, Packard, var. Tnagnoliatoidafa, Dyar.
TepliTOclystia ijiphadophilata, Dyar.

" cootenaiata, Dyar.

" co'sloata, Dyar.

" columhiata, Dyar.

" bifasciata, Dyar.

" isubfoveata, Dyar.

Me.'toJeU'Ca nmidata, Hubner, var. Otisi, Dyar.
AvJodes rtibrifrontarin, Packard, var. Darwiniaia, Dyar.
Macaria minorata, Packard, var. incolorata, Dyar.
Selidosema humarium, Guenee, var. emascidatum, Dyar.
M elanolophia canadariay Guenee, var. subgenericata, Dyar.

I shall not be surprised if the two last named prove to be not new var-
ieties, but new species.

' Dr. Dyar has also identified the following European species of geome-
tridse amongst his Kaslo captures :
Teijhzochjstici laqucraria, Herr-Sch.

*' satyrata, Hubner.

" lariciata, Freyer.

Eucymatoge linariata, Fabricius.

Mr. Cockle, of Kaslo, to whom is due the credit for the discovery of this
rich field has most generously placed in my collection specimens of nearly all
the species of Geometridse taken in his neighborhood.

11^04 ENTOxMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69

Mr. E. P. Venables, of Vernon, B.C., sent me a few moths, and among
them to my surprise was a specimen of Sabulodes lorata, Grote, taken at Ver-
non, and two specimens of J^udule nietidica, Walker, also taken at Vernon
last June. I should not have expected to find either. of these well known
eastern species West of the Kocky Mountains.

Mr. R. V. Harvey collected in the Vernon district for a few days in
August last and has sent me from amongst his captures :
•Cymatophora sulphurea, Packard, taken 15th August, 1904. The first re-
corded from B. C, and
E'ois Califormaria, Packard. I think the real thing and distinct from
Leptomeri'ii sidieraria, Guenee, with which Dr. Hulst united it.
Mr. Harvey has also generously given me a specimen, taken in May,
1903, of Nyctobia viridata, Packard. I cannot see any difference between
this specimen and others received from New Brighton, Pennsylvania. This
species was made the type, by Dr. Hulst, of a new genus Cysteopteryx; but
though viridata is named as the type, the characters of the genus are evi-
dently drawn from a different insect. (See Pearsall, Can. Ent. xxxvi., p.
208.) Hulst afterwards redescribed this species as Agia ehorata; but this
of course falls before Packard's older one.

Il appears to me that neither Cysteopteryx nor Agia can be recognilzed
as valid genera and that the species viridata must for the present at least
remain in the genus Nyctohia.

On Vancouver Island, at Victoria, Goldstream, Duncans and Welling-
ton, large collections have been made.

A new species of Eupithecia has been found in the collection of Mr. E.
M. Anderson and named E. harJequinaria by Dr. Dyar, and a new species
Gahriola Dyari has been described by myself in Can. Ent., xxxvi., p. 255.
Hydriomena reflata, Grote, has been taken by Mr. Anderson rather com-
monly at Victoria, and I owe a fine series in my collection to his
generosity.
Plagodis appro ximaria, Dyar. A fine pair of thi's, the most beautiful

species in the genus, was bred by me from larvse found in Septem-
ber, 1903, and another specimen was taken on the wing by Mr.
Bryant, at Wellington, in May.
Phengommata'a Edwardsata, Hulst. A fine specimen of this rare moth

was given to me by Mr. Joseph Richards, of Wellington.
.Aids latipennis, Hulst. This species occurred for the first time at Wel-
lington, 27 August, 1904. Mr. Bryant took it last year at Cam-
eron Lake in the last week of July.
Many other species of British Columbian Geometridse merit a place on
this list; but, as I am now engaged i^n preparing for publication in the
Canadian Entomologist, a paper on the Geometridse of this province, with
descriptions of a numl^^r of new species, I think it best to reserve for it the
bulk of my notes on the family.

In conclusion, I should like to say that, when the above mentioned
paper is out of hand, I propose to attempt a revision of the North American
species of the very difficult genus Eupithecia. I have about 60 species in
my own cabinet at the present time, and I anticipate that at least 100
species will eventually be found to occur in North America. Very few of
these moths are at all well known; and, indeed, the bulk of the species
so far described could not be recognised by description alone or without
comparison with the type specimens. I shall be very grateful if collectors
in Canada and elsewhere will endeavour to collect series of these interesting

70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

moths and allow me to see them. The metropolis of the genus in North
America is evidently in the West, the eastern species being comparatively
few, and, as I have shown above, are far from being well understood.

I will return specimens sent to me, determined to the best of my ability
and will gladly give co-types of our new western species, as far as they will
go, to those who are good enough to help me. It should be borne in mind
that these small moths make much better specimens if spread while fresh.
They suffer more or less damage in the process of relaxing, and a rubbed
specimen in a genus in which species run so close together is comparatively
useless."— G. W. Taylor.

The following notes on geometers have also been received :
3,501. jCinglis fuscata, Hulst. Goldstream, B.C.; flies freely by day on

open hillsides, high up, May 24 to end of June. (Hanham.)
3,651. Sciagraphia heliothidata, Gn. Trenton, Aug. 6, one specimen,

(Evans).
Gahriola Dyari^ Taylor. Oak Bay, Victoria. I have taken this

species here since 1901, Aug. 1 to 21, at light in close pine woods

in one locality. (Hanham.)
3,782. Nepytia phantasmaria, Strk. Mr. Harvey writes that the locality

given in last year's Ent. Record * 'Victoria" should have been

A^ancouver, as up to the present time he has no record of its having

been taken on Vancouver Island.

3.840. Selidosema excelsariurriy Strk. Goldstream, B.C., at rest May 24,

(Hanham).

3.841. Selidosema albesdenSf Hulst. Oak Bay, Victoria, Aug. 23, one

specimen, (Hanham).

3,876. Apocheima Racheloe, Hulst. Millarville, one male at rest. May 9,
(Hudson).

3,883. Erannis defoliana, Clem., a. vancouverensis, Hulst. Kaslo. One
male, Oct. 14, 1903 ; 3 males and 2 females, 1904, all taken under
electric light. Not previously recorded from the mainland.
(Cockle.)

3,976. Synaxis pallulata, Hulst. Oak Bay, Victoria, Sept. 10 to 13, sev-
eral flying by day.

Micro-Lepidoptera.

There hc.s been a most satisfactory and encouraging revival in the study
of Canadian micro-lepidoptera. This has been in the largest measure due
to the kindness and untiring work of Mr. W. D. Kearfott, who has examined
and named for Canadian collectors during the past year, an enormous num-
ber of specimens. Mr. August Busck, who in the past has done so much
for Canadians, during 1904, was specially engaged at the St. Louis Exhibi-
tion, but will always be willing to receive specimens of tineids for'examina-
tion and for deposition in the U. S. National Museum. I again take the
opportunity of pointing out the wisdom of Canadian collectors sending speci-
mens of rare species to this international depository, where every conceiT-
able care is taken to preserve the specimens and make them accessible for
the use of students from the whole world. It is to be hoped that in time
we may have in Canada a National Museum, where proper provision will be
made for the preservation of representative entomological collections; but
until that is done, undoubtedly it is the duty of Canadian collectors first to
build up the collection of the Entomological Society of Ontario and then de-

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71

posit as complete a series and as perfect specimens as are to be obtained in
Washington, where not only ' is every courtesy extended to Canadian stu-
dents b;^ the officers in charge of the different departments, but better pro-
visions are made for safe-guarding the specimens, than anywhere else.

Mr. Kearfott has taken a special interest in Canadian species and has
kindly supplied me with the following condensed report of his work during
the past year. Mr. Kearfott also makes the following generous offer : —
**I have still a supply of separates of my ^Suggestions for Setting, Collect-
ing and Breeding Micro-Lepidoptera,' which were published in Entomolo-
gical News. I shall take pleasure in mailing a copy of these to anyone
who will take the trouble to write and ask for it."

Mr. Kearf ott writes as follows : —

*'The acceptance of Dr. Fletcher's kind invitation to contribute a few
notes on this subject, gives me the opportunity to congratulate the Cana-
dian entomologists upon the rapid development of a wide spread interest in
the study of and desire to know more about these the most beautiful of all
of our Lepidoptera ; and at the ^ame time to thank all of them and express
my obligation for the many opportunities given me for studying large and
small collections from many localities, between Montreal and Vancouver.
It is, of course, natural that interest in these small moths should awaken
last; first, because it was necessary to acquire proficiency by handling and
expanding the larger ones, and second, the very great difficulty, heretofore
of getting specimens named. I know by experience that collectors have
little use for species that have to be stored in their ^unknown' boxes, and to
maintain the interest and incite greater enthusiasm the supply of
names must be equal to the demand. Students in America have been very
greatly handicapped, in the work of identification, by reason of the
fact that descriptions are scattered through many publications, the majority
European, and that the types likewise are not readily available for com-
parison. For instance, in the Tortricids, of which there are about five hun-
dred species in Dyar's Catalogue less than ten per cent, of the types are in
public museums, the balance being in inaccessible private collections in this
country or in European collections. Hence, the doubt that must oftentimes
remain, even after repeated readings of a description, which would be in-
stantly dispelled by the sight of the type. It is my ambition to push these
clouds of doubt and uncertainty away, and in their place let in the flood of
sunlight of popular knowledge, and, to do so, purpose trying to build up at
least two collections : one at the National Museum Washington, and lOne at the
Entomological Society of Ontario's rooms at London, by depositing co-types
or carefully compared named specimens where anyone can freely go and ask
no favor. This work must necessarily be slow, but, with the continued as-
sistance of my good friends in Canada, it will be expedited to the full extent
of my ability. There is an explanation running through these remarks
that will be recognized as an apology by some, whose specimens have been
retained apparently entirely too long, but, it must be remembered, that even
those of us who have worked the hardest over descriptions and structural
characters, are little more than beginners, yet groping along in the dark,
thinking they are sure of an identification one day and doubtful the next, but
always hoping and waiting for the something to turn up that will evolve
certainty out of doubt.

For all of these reasons, a list of notable captures, ifei not an easy thing
to prepare, practically all Micro-Lepidoptera captures are notable, inas-
much as Canadian records are almost entirely barren of their names. But

72 THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

a goodly start will be made during 1905 in the pages of the Canadian Ento-
mologist towards a Canadian list, that I hope to see largely added to from
year to year.

;From Mr. T. N. Willing, Eegina, the following are of especial inter-
est:

OhthreMtes vetulana, Wslm. Recorded from California and Texas.
'Eucosma argentialhana, Wlsm. Recorded from Texas.
Eucosma culminana, Wlsm. Recorded from California.
Eucosma illotana, Wlsm. Recorded from Oregon.
Tliiodia parvana, Wlsm. Recorded from Oregon.

Semioscopsis inornata, Wlsm. Locality 'unknown' in Dyar's Catalogue;
this is first record of locality.

From Mr. Norman Criddle, Aweme, Man., a large and beautifully ex-
panded collection, two of which must be noted here.
Pseudogalleria inimicella, Zell. Hitherto only taken in the Atlantic States.

The larvae are borers in the stems of Sviilacece. (Busck.)
Eucosvia Sct/ddcriana Clem. Common in Eastern States, not before
recorded from so far west.

I have also received from Manitoba, very interesting lots from Mr. E.
Firmstone Heath and Mr. A. J. Dennis, a complete paper on all of this
Manitoba material will shortly appear in the Canadian Entomologist.

From Rev. G. W. Taylor and Mr. Theodore Bryant very complete col-
lections of Vancouver Island specimens. A paper on these will follow that
on the Manitoba material.

From Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge, near Ottawa, Ontario, the
most beautifully prepared examples I have ever seen of about seventy species,
some of them new. His list will appear elsewhere. From Ontario I have
also a small collection from Mr. H. S. Saunders, of Toronto, and another
from Mr. Albert F. Winn, of Montreal, whose records of captures will be
elsewhere recorded.

It may not be amiss to state that at the present time the localities that
have been the least worked and from which the most valuable material can be
expected, are Eastern Canada, the Maritime Provinces, and of course all of
the territory north of Eastern Canada. Both Mr. Young's and Mr. Winn's
collections contain many surprises, and throughout the extreme eastern re-
gion will be found species, hitherto only known from Labrador and Northern
Maine and doubtless connecting links with the European fauna. It is
hardly necessary to add that my services are always at the disposal of any-
one wanting names of species of the families in which I am working." — W.
D. Kearfott.

Among the specimens of Micros reared at Ottawa was one ,of more than
usual interest Simwthis Fahriciana, L., several specimens of which were bred
by Mr. Arthur ^Gibson from larvae collected 24th May, 1901, in the tips of
stinging nettles (Urtica gradlis). Specimens were again reared by Mr.
Young last summer. Mr. Kearfott says of this moth that it is a European
species never previously recorded from America. The Ottawa specimens are
slightly larger than the typical form^

Another small moth, of considerable interest from the injury done by
the larvae to the young twigs of the Ash-leaved maple in Manitoba and the
Norlhwest Territories, has recently been nnmed Froteopteryx W illingana, by
Mr. Kearfott. (Can. Ent., xxxvi., p. 306.)

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73

COLEOPTERA.

(Arranged according to Henshaw's List of the Coleoptera of America, North.

of Mexico.)

As announced in the Entomological Record of 1903, Mr. E. D. Harris,
of 280 Broadway, New York, has been paying special attention to Canadian
Cicindelidse, and has very kindly supplied me with the following notes on the
rarer species which have come into his hands. Some further records shown be-
tween brackets — have been kindly sent to me by Mr. C. W. Leng, of 83 Reade
Street, New York, another well known student of these beetles.

18. Cicindela longilahris, Say. Cape Breton, taken by A. D. Mclntyre.
Black, or very dark brown (corresponding with the form as taken
freely in the Province of Quebec, at Mt! Desert on the Maine coast,
and sparingly in August, 1904, in the Adirondack mountains in
N.Y.); humeral and post-humeral dots, slender middle band often
broken, and small sub-apical dot. July and August.
18c. longilabris, Say, var. ipiontana, Lee. A single specimen sent me by
Mr. Yenables, taken at Yernon, B.C., April. [Aweme, Man.,
Criddle, (C.W.L.)] Regina (Willing).
l\ongilahris, Say, var. Kaslo, B.C., and vicinity, taken by Mr.
Cockle. Brilliant green (occasionally blue) and deep bronze
brown, highly metallic, with all intermediate shadings of color;
humeral lunule either entire or broken; middle band broader than
in type and frequently extended at margin, anteapical >dot. May,
August and September.
25/;. purpurea, Oliv., var. graTniuea, Schaupp. Yernon, B.C. Sent to
me by Mr. Yenables. A single specimen in the series approaches
the typical insect of Olivier in its colorings; but the others closely
correspond to Schaupp's description.
25/. pvrpitrea, Oliv., var. limhaUs, Klug. Cape Breton, taken hj Mr.
Mclntyre, represented by but two specimens, in one of which the
middle band is less sinuate and shorter, and in the other much
more deflexed and extended than in the P. Q. race. There is no
doubt as to the identification, but the specimens would seem to in-
dicate a wide diverq-ence in a series from this region. August.
[Aweme, Criddle (C.W.L.)]
32 vulgaris, Say. Cape Breton, taken by Mr. Mclntyre; a single speci-
men of the horiclonensis form of Mr. Leng, (Revision of Cicin-
delidae. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XXYIII.), but with markings
more attenuated than usual. August.

Kaslo, B.C., and vicinity, a very large series taken by Mr.
Cockle. The variety has distinctive characters; more slender and
arched than type; humeral lunule broken and the anterior portion
often absent ; middle band scarcely touches the margin ; apical
lunule generally complete, often strongly accentuated, occasion-
ally broken; color variable, from coppery bronze to a dull green
bronze. April to October, very plentiful at the close of season.
The same variety was taken in April at Yernon by Mr. Yenables.

Calgary, N.W.T., taken bv Mr. Willing, the variety generally
recognized as ohliquata, Dej., distinguished by the broad mark-
ings, entire humeral lunule, middle band extended at the margin,
and apical lunule entire and strongly accentuated. In the series

74 THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

from CalQ-ary there is no variation in color; the greenish reflec-
tions and metallic lustre so pronounced in the Kaslo form are ab-
sent. [Aweme, Griddle. (C.W.L.)]
33c. duodefiim guttata, Dej. Cape Breton, taken by Mr. Mclntyre. In
the series of one hundred specimens no divergence from the type in
maculation is noticeable, but the variation in color mentioned by
Mr. Leng in the Revision is quite apparent, many individuals be-
ing dull grayish green, and a single one is blue. Abundant in
August.

33c?. oregona, Lee. Kaslo, B.C., and vicinity. In a very large series
from Mr. Cockle, the adherence to the type form is universal in the
maculation, but the variation in color that is noticed in the Cape
Breton specimens of 33c. duo decim guttata, occurs here, the ten-
dency being towards a blue gray tone in many specimens. It
seems to be plentiful through the summer. — E. D. Harris.
19^. Cicindela rugifrons, Dej. Longueuil, Que., Aug. 3, (Stevenson.)

153. Elaphrus cicatricosus, Lee. Aweme, June 2, (Criddle.)

378. Bemhidium Oberthuri, Hayw. Aweme, April 26, an uncommon
species, (Criddle). This is "B. viridicolle, Laf." of Mr. Hay-
ward's revision of the genus, but the true viridicolle is known only
from Texas.

550. Pterostichus punctatissimus. Rand. Rimouski, Que., June, (Mr.
Beaulieu.)

711. Diplochila impressicollis, Dej. Aweme, May, June, (Criddle).

752. Pristonychus cpmplanatus, Dej. Victoria. A pair under bark,

Feb'y., (Hanham). This is a European species occasionally taken
in North America. A very interesting capture.

753. Pristonychus terricola, Hbst. St. John, (Mcintosh). Prof. Wick-

ham writes of this : '^The first American specimen I have seen, al-
though it was already known to occur in this country as well as in
Europe."
795. Platynus carho, Lee. Trenton, Sept. 29, (Evans).

1,244. Laccophilus proximus. Say. Aweme, June 16. (Criddle).

1,646. Hydrohius scahrosus, Horn. Vancouver, April 11, (Harvey). Met-
lakatla and Inverness, B.C., (Keen).

9,508. 'Lomechusa rmontana, Casey, var. hirsuta, Wasm. Aweme, in
nest of wood ants (Campo]notus), July 30, (Criddle). The varietal
identification is provisional (H.E.W.).

2,140. Staphylinus rutilicauda, Horn. Goldstream, B.C., May 24, a pair
under stones, June 1, 1901, (Hanham). Vancouver, (Harvey). A
rare and beautiful species.

2,234. Philonthus aurulentus, Horn. Aweme, May 12-28, (Criddle). In-
teresting for locality.

2,434. Stcnus croceatus, Casey. Trenton, June 19, (Evans).

2,820. Tanyrhinus singularis, Mann. Vancouver, Eeb. 28, (Harvey). This
remarkable and very rare staphylinid is figured in Can. Ent., vol.
XXIX, p. 287.

3,105. Hyperaspis undulatu. Say. Trenton, 1 sp. May 4, (Evans).

3,380. Crrnoscelis ferruqinea, Sahl. Trenton, one at light, July 16, (Evans).

3,739. Meligethes mutatus, Harr. Aweme. Very plentiful on flowers of
Erysimum arkansanum, July, (Criddle).

3,916. Lara avara, Lee. Vancouver, July 15, (Harvey). Prof. Wickham
says : ''One of the rarest of North American beetles previously
known only from California. The first Canadian record."

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

3,984. ArCEopus rmonaclius, Lee. Yancouver, May 2, (Harvey).

4,081. Adelo\cera c^htecta. Say. London, May 24, (Bethune).

4,095. Alaus melanops, Lee. Shawnigan Lake, B.C., July 1, (Hanliam).

5,514. Aphodius erraticus, L. A European species which has been found
around Baltimore and has now been taken under stones on waste
ground at Montreal, May 1, (K. R. Stevenson).

5,524. Aphodius congregatus, Mann. Vancouver, several, March 19,
(Harvey).

5,568. Aphodius prodromus, Brahm. Trenton, May and October, (Evans).
This is now one of the commonest dung beetles in Central Ontario.

5,983. Opsimus quadrilineatus y Mann. Elk Lake, Victoria, August, (Han-
ham).

6,005. Phymatodes decussatus, Lee. Victoria, 2 sp., June 26, July 1,
(Hanham).

6,013. Callidium vile^ Lee. Coldstream and Victoria, June, (Hanham.)

6,101. Calli\mpxys sanguinicollis, Oliv. St. Hilaire, Que., one pair in blos-
soms of cherry, May 24, (Chagnon).

6,161. Stenophenos notatus, Oliv. Montreal, one specimen, on log, June
12, (Chagnon).

6,201. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, Fab. London, July 8, (Bethune).

6,219. Atimia dorsalis, Lee. Vancouver, May 13, (Harvey).

6,226. Necydalis Icevicollis, Lee. Vancouver, (Harvey).

6,228. Ulochoetes leoninus, Lee. Vancouver, May 18, (Bush.) A rare
and remarkable beetle.

6,239. Toxotus flavolineatus, Lee. Coldstream, July, 1901, (Hanham).
One on the wing, Shawnigan Lake, (Harvey). A rare and hand-
some beetle.

6,250. Pachyta rugipennis, Newm. Hull, Que. About 40 specimens of
this handsome longicorn were taken by Mr. W. Metcalfe pairing
at the base of a dead pine tree on 29 May la^t. Originally described
from Canada, but very rare.

6,335. Leptura vagans, Oliv. London, June 25, (Bethune).

6,345. Leptura hiforis, Newm. St. John's, Que., July 8, (Chagnon).

6,361. Leptura muzahilis, Newm., black var. Levis, Que., (Rev. Elias Roy).

6,440. Hyperplatys aspersus, Say. Montreal, June 12, beaten off willows,
four specimens, (Chagnon).

6,454. Pog&noche\:rus Oregonus, Lee. Victoria, July 27, 1902, one specimen
only, (Hanham.)

6,479. Saperda mutica, Say. Montreal, July 14, on willow, (Chagnon).

6,487. Saperda puncticollis, Say. London, June 9, (Bethune). Montreal,
June 12, (Chagnon); Ottawa, on grape vine, July 5, (Guignard).

6,538. Donacia puhescens, Lee. St. Hilaire, Que., July 1, (Stevenson,
Chagnon).

6,771. Graphops nebulosus, Lee. Aweme, April, May, (Criddle). ''Inter-
esting for locality and will probably be found in numbers later."
(H. E. Wickham.)

6,814. Chrysomela pnirsa, Stal. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, (Mrs. C.

Stevenson).
6,827. Plagiodera oviformis, Lee. Aweme, June 11, (Criddle).
7,654. Emmesa connectens, Newm. St. John, (Mcintosh). This is an
elongate beetle about one-third of an inch in length, blackish in
color and each elytron bears an antemedian and apical spot of yel-
low.

76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

7.713. Priognathus monilicornis, E-and. Vancouver, June 5, (Harvey).

Widely distributed in the north but very rare. (H. F. W.)
7,724. Calopus angustus, Lee. Victoria, April 19. (Hanham). Metla-

katlah, (Keen). ''Rare in collections, ranges from California to

Northern British Columbia." (H. F. W.) This is figured by Prof.

Wickham, Can. Ent. XXX, p. 150.
7,782. Mordella octopunctata, Fab. London, July 16, (Bethune).
8,487. Lixus TuheUus, Rand. Aweme, June 5, (Criddle).
8,513. Stephanocleonus plumheus, Lee. Aweme, June, July, (Criddle).

* 'Described from Lake Superior and New Mexico, quite rare."

(H.F.W.)
8,581. LixeUus jUiformis, Lee. Aweme, June 7, (Criddle).

8.628. Acalyptus carpini, Hbst. Aweme, May 15, (Criddle). Interesting

for the locality.

8.629. Coccotorus scutellaris, Lee. Aweme, Aug. 28. I found this insect

common in the stones of the Sand Cherry (Prunus pumiJa),
(Criddle.)

8.714. ConotracheJus nenuphar, Hbst. Aweme, June 30, July 8, (Criddle).

The wild plum (Prunus nigra) is common in Manitoba ; but I have

no record of injury to the fruit by the Plum Curculio. The beetle

also attacks the haws of Cratcegus.
8,835. Coeliodes acephalus, Say. Trenton. This is the first time I have

ever taken this, June 19. (Evans.)
8,872. Paris t'ransversa, Say. Trenton, May 5, (Evans).

Hymenoptera.

There are few records of work among the Canadian hymenoptera during
the past season. Mr. Harvey, of Vancouver, Mr., Hanham, of Victoria,
B.C., and Mr. Willing, of Regina, N.W.T., have collected in all families
of this order; and Mr. E. P. Venables, at Vernon, B. C, has made a
specialty of the Bomhi. The distribution of the species is being worked out,
and reference to rarities is held over for the present. Several of our lepi-
dopterists are paying attention to hymenopterous parasites, which is a sub-
ject much requiring special study.

Orthoptera.

Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, has named several collections of Cana-
dian material and is publishing results of his examinations in the Canadian
Entomologist. Mr. Venables, of Vernon, B.C., Mr. Willing, of Regina,
jST.W.T., and Mr. Criddle, of Aweme, Man., are accumulating material. Mr.
A. N. Caudell, has published some notes on British Columbian and Northwest
species.

Blattidce.

During the past summer there have been three interesting records of the
occurrence in Canada of the beautiful southern cock-roach, Panchlora viridis,
Burm. Two specimens are reported from Montreal by Mr. Charles Steven-
son, one having been taken on the sidewalk in the street and the other fly-
ing around a lamp in a neighbor's house. The evidence was that these speci-
mens had been introduced in bunches of bananas. Mr. Stevenson also col-
lected under similar circumstances some other species of cock-roaches which
had also been introduced with bananas. Another specimen was found by Miss

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77

Dorothy Coates, at Winnipeg, inside a box pf candies purchased at the Win-
nipeg" exhibition. Mr. Cockle found a specimen of Panchlora vindis at Kas-
lo, B.C., which he believed had been introduced with bananas. Under lepi-
doptera, reference is made to Ceramidia ButJeri, a moth from the South which
came into Canada in the same way and was found by Mr. Cockle at Kaslo.

Neuroptera.

Mr. G. W. Taylor and some of the British Columbian members have be-
gun, with the help of Mr. Nathan Baiiks, to work up the Neuroptera, Tri-
choptera and Plectoptera of their Province and several new species have been
discovered.

DiPTERA.

Bittacomorpha clavipes, Fab. London, June 18, (Bethune).
XyJophagus fasciatus, Walk. Vancouver, May 24, (Harvey).
Sargus viridis, Say. High River, Alta., (T. Baird).

Nemotelus nigrinus, Fall. Ottawa, June 26, (Metcalfe).
Chrysops proclivis, 0. S. Vancouver, June 4, (Harvey).
Chrysops mitis, 0. S. Weyburn, Assa., June 21, on horses, (Willing).
Chrysops noctifer, 0. S. Vancouver, June 4, (Harvey).
Triptotrichia lauta, Lw. Victoria, B.C., (Hanham).
Bhyphus punctatus, Fab. High Eiver, (Baird).
LepHi dimidiafa, Lw. Vancouver, June 11, (Harvey).

Leptis macuUfera, Bigot. Mount Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28, (Fletcher).
Asilus notatus, Wied. Regina, July 4, (Fletcher).
Cyrtopogon proBpes, Will. High River, (Baird).
Laphria vultur, O. S. Vancouver, May 15, (Harvey).
Anthrax alternata, Say. Victoria, (Hanham).

Anthrax fulviana, Say. Victoria, Sept. 13, (Hanham). Vancouver, Aug,
(Harvey.)

Anthrax lucifer. Fab. Vernon, August, common, (Harvey).
Anthrav SacJcenii , Coq. Fort Walsh, Aug. 23, .(Willing).
Spogostylum analis, Say. Mission, B.C., common, Aug. 8 and 9, (Harvey).
Bomhylius major, L. Ottawa, May 1, (Metcalfe); Coldstream, B.C. May
17, (Hanham).

Bomhylius lancifer, 0. S. Okanagan Lake, B.C., May, (Venables).
Dipalta serpentina, O.S. Wellington, July 27, 29, (Harvey).
Systoechus oreas, 0. S. Victoria, (Hanham).

Pterodontia flavipes, Gray, Boucherville Island, Que., July 25, (Stevenson).
Chriisoi\ixinn puhescens, Lw. Spruce Grove, Alta., July 21, (Willing).
Melanostoma Kelloggi,^ Snow. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, Aug. 23, (Fletcher).
Sei'icomym chalcopyga, Lw. Vancouver, common, April- June (Harvey).
Eristalis Meigenii, Wied. Vernon, Aug. 15, (Harvey).
Helophilus latifrons, Lw. High River, (Baird).

Helophilus similis, Macq. Vernon, Aug. 15; Vancouver, Sept. 15, (Harvey).
Helophilus conostomus, Will. Vernon, Aug. 12, (Harvey).
Criorhina ninrives, Will. Vancouver, not common, April, (Harvey).
Criorhina 1iri(ioloi\ Coq. Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C. July 28, (Fletcher).
Pocota grandis, Will. Victoria, (Hanham). This is a rare species. Speci-
mens will be acceptable at the National Museum, Washington.

78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Brachypalpus pulcher. Will. Yictoria, (Hanham). Yancouver, May 7,
(Harvey).

Xylota harbata, Lw. Vancouver, June 11, (R. Sherman).

Physocephala Burgessi, Will. Yancouver, June 4, (Harvey).

Belvosia trifasciata, Fab. High. River, July 4, (Baird).

Ocyptera Carolince, Desv. Yictoria, (Hanham).

Exorista chelonice, E-ond. Yictoria, (Hanham).

Tachina mella, Walk. Reared at Ottawa from larvae of Clisiocampa, re-
ceived from Lacombe, Alta.

Phorichceta sequax, Will. Indian Head, July 1, (Fletcher).

Gonia capitata, DeG. Yancouver, uncommon. May 14, (Harvey). Yernon,
(Yenables). Dr. J. B. Smith gives this as a parasite of Peridroma
saucia.

Epalpus signifer, Walk. Olds, Alta., April 28, (Willing). Ottawa, May
1, (Metcalfe). This handsome tachina was unusually common at
Ottawa in 1904, (Fletcher).

Lucilia sericata, Meig. Yancouver, (Harvey).

BoTnhylioTnyin ahrupfa, Wied. Yancouver, not common, May 14, (Harvey).

Tephronota Canadensis, Johnson. Ottawa, June 26, (Metcalfe, Harrington).

Trypeta occidentalis, Snow. McLeod, Alta., July 5, (Willing).

Tepliritu alhiceps, Lw. Ottawa, June 26, (Metcalfe).

Sapromyza connexa, Say. Mt. Arrowsmith, July 28, (Fletcher).

FUETHEE NOTES ON BASSWOOD, OE LINDEN, INSECTS.

By Arthur Gibson, Division of Entomology, Central Experimental

Farm, Ottawa.

In the last Annual Eeport of this Society, 1903 (pages 50-61), the writer
contributed a paper treating of 94 different species of insects which have been
found attacking Tilia Americana, L. The season of 1904 was a remarkably
poor one for insects of all orders in the Ottawa district, and consequently few
additional observations were made, but such as were noted are presented
herewith, along with one or two other records which were omitted from the
above article.

Attacking the Foliage.

Order Orthoptera,

95. The Walking Stick Insect, Diapheromera femorata, Say. At the
annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, held last October,
Mr. J. B. Williams, of Toronto, spoke of the great abundance of the Walk-
ing Stick insect, at Niagara Glen, Ontario, in Sepjtember, 1904, and said
that the species did considerable damage, feeding on the foliage of a number
of trees, particularly hickory, butternut and oak. He also told me that he
was pretty sure they had been eating basswood. He has since confirmed this,
stating that both Dr. Brodie and Dr. Walker, of Toronto, have also found the
Walking Stick insect feeding on the basswood.

Order Coleopiera.

96. Dichelonycha elongata, Fabr. This common beetle occasionally
does considerable damage to the foliage of a number of forest trees. The
perfect insects have been observed at Ottawa feeding commonly on the leaves

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79

of linden in June. Other trees upon wliich the beetles feed are birch, bitter
hickory, elm, beech, oak, etc. The beetle is about one-third of an inch long,
cylindrical, the body of a dark colour with the wing covers testaceous and
more or less tinged with green. Beneath, the body is densely clothed with
short white hairs, and is sparsely hairy above. The legs are long and slender,
the hind ones being blackish.

Order Lepidoptera.

97. Gluphisia septentrionalis y Walker. This is a common species at
Ottawa, the larvae usually occurring on the aspen, Populus tremuloides . A
single caterpillar of this notodontian, three-quarters of an inch in length,
was found feeding on basswood at Ottawa on the 10th August. When ma-
ture the larva measures one and a quarter inches in length, and in general
appearance is smooth, cylindrical, pale green, with a distinct yellow subdorsal
band, and a series of bright red dorsal blotches on all the body segments ex-
cepting the abdominal 1st, 2nd and 10th. The head is darker than the body
and has on each side a conspicuous black stripe.

98. Heterocampa hilineata, Pack. The larvae of this species were fair-
ly common at Meech Lake, Que., in 1901. Most of the specimens collected
had been feeding about five feet from the ground, on the foliage of new
shoots. Mature larvae found by Mr. C. H. Young about the end of August
produced moths the middle of the following June. Other food plants of the
larvae of this species are elm and beech. Notes on the larval stages may be
found in Packard's "Bombycine Moths of America North of Mexico."

39 of 1903 list. Coleophora tilicefoUella, Clem. One case of the larva
of this tineid moth was found attached to a basswood leaf on the 21st June,
1904, the moth emerging on the 30th June. The imago was identified by
Mr. W. D. Kearfott, who has sent a description of the moth for publication
in the Canadian Entomologist* This is the first record that we know of, of
the species having been found in Ontario.

99. ElUda aaniplaga, Walk. In Holland's Moth Book linden is men-
tioned as the food of the caterpillar of this notodontian. The moths h^ve
been taken infrequently at Ottawa, the dates of their capture being 13,
16, 17 May," 5, 8 June, and 6 July. We have never collected the larva.

'Order Dipt era.

68 of 1903 list. The Basswood Wart Gall, Cecidomyia verrucicola,
0. S. This gall was very common on basswood leaves the past summer
at Ottawa. It occurs irregularly in 'numbers on the same leaf, in numer-
ous cases more than a hundred galls being found on the same leaf.

Order Acarina.

69 of 1903 list. The Linden Gall-mite, Phyt^optus ahnormis, Gar-
man. On the 27 July some leaves of basswood were received from Mr.
Z. A. Lash, Four Way Lodge, Lake Rosseau, Ont., which showed the work
of this mite.

* This description appeared in the November number, 1904.

80

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

Occurring on the Bark.

Order Homoptera.

4.00. Eulecanium qtiercitronis, Fitch. This large scale insect was
found rather plentiful on the twigs of two large trees at Ottawa on the
28th May, 1904, and specimens were sent to Mr. Geo. B. King for identifi-
cation. Basswood is not mentioned among the food plants of this species
in Mrs. Fernald's catalogue of the Goccidae of the World, so this may be
a new record of the food plant. On the 19 October further examples
were collected from the same trees. These varied in size from 4.5 mm.
to 6.5 mm. in length.

Boring into the Wood.

Order Coleoptera.

92 of 1903 list. The 'Northern Brenthid, Eupsalis minuta, Drury. (Fig.
11). Among some insects sent to the Division for identification, by Mr. W.
Wintemberg, of Toronto^ was a specimen of this beetle, with the note "Two
specimens found in a piece of basswood near Washington, Ont." This
insect is widely distributed over the United States and Canada. It is
chiefly an oak borer.

Fig. 11.

The Northern Brenthid {Eupsalis
Minuta), Drury.

101. Clytanthus ruricola, Oliv. Mr. W. H. Harrington tells me
that he has taken specimens of this cerambycid on basswood stumps and
from felled trees. Two dates which he gave me are the 9th and 10th July.

102. Synchroa punctata, Newman. The Melandryidae, the family
to which this insect belongs, are feeders in dry wood, dry fungi and dry
vegetable matter generally. This particular species is about 5-lOths of an
inch in length, of a brown colour, coarsely punctured and pubescent. Mr.
Harrington found three pupae under the bark of basswood at Ottawa, from
which he bred the beetles.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SI

NOTE ON THE COLUMBINE BORER

{Pa'paipema purpurifascia, G. & R.).
By Arthur Gibson, Ottawa.

An interesting occurrence of the larvae of Papaipem{a purpurifascia,
G. & R. was observed by the writer in the latter part of July, and begin-
ning of August last. This borer cannot be considered a common species
in Canada, but H seems to have the habit of occurring occasionally
in suflS-cient numbers to do serious harm to cultivated plants of the genus
Aquilegia. In 1893, Dr. Fletcher tells me, the larvae of this species did
considerable damage at Ottawa to columbine plants in gardens, but since
that date it has not been seen until the present year, when it was noticed
in several beds at the Central Experimental Farm. Specimens of the
larvae were also received from Mr. D. Francis, of Perth, Ont., on the 27th
July, with the statement that they had destroyed nearly all of the Aquile-
gias in one of his gardens. He also stated that he had a similar visita-
tion when living at Hamilton, Ont., some ten years ago. The most serious
infestation this year at Ottawa occurred in a large bed of hybrids of the
beautiful Russian variety, Aquilegia oxysepala. In this bed of 135 plants
fully 70 per cent, were injured, many being killed outright.

Larvae were found boring in the roots on the 28th July, all in their
mature stage. Many had left the plants, doubtless to pupate, as three
pupae were found in the earth near the plants, and one pupa at the very
base of the leaves, on the surface of the ground. On the 4th August more
full grown larvae were collected from the roots, also one pupa, and three
other larvae which had begun to pupate. These three latter and the pupa
were found near the plants about an inch below the surface. At this date
many of the infested plants showed noticeable sign of injury.

The larvae bore inside the stems of the plants and gradually work their
way down into the roots, which are large and tuberous. Here they con-
sume the inner part and reach maturity. In many instances the whole
of the inside of the secondary roots had been eaten, nothing being left but
the outside covering. The following description was taken of the larvae;
Length, 37 mm. ; one specimen measured 40 mm. at rest, and 46 mm. when
extended, width at centre, 5.5 mm. ; head well rounded, rather quadrate,
slightly depressed at vertex, almost tawny, paler towards mouth parts which
are dark ; ocelli black in a black field ; from ocelli to outer edge of the thor-
acic shield there is a dark band, more conspicuous in some specimens than
in others. Thoracic shield, noticeably wider than head, almost the same
colour but paler and margined distinctly on each side with black. Dorsum
of body salmon colour, below spiracles paler with none of the salmon colour ;
some specimens much brighter dorsally than others. Dorsal stripe dis-
tinct, but pale, same colour as venter. Tubercles black each in a black
spot, the size of which varies in different specimens; setae inconspicuous.
Laterally there are also a number of black spots, some almost in a line
with the spiracles, others above and below. Spiracles black, elongate.
Anal shield in most specimens wholly black, but in some reddish centrally.
Thoracic feet fulvous darkened at tips; prolegs pale.

From the above description it will " be seen that the larvae had a dis-
tinct dorsal stripe, but no subdorsal marking as is mentioned in the des-
cription of the mature larva by M. Y. Slingerland (Can. Ent. XXIX,
161). In H. Bird's description of the full grown larva no stripes of any kind
are mentioned.

6 EN.

82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Two of the larvae which were found pupating on the 4th August had
changed to pupa by the 5th August, and the moths emerged on the 30th
August. Other moths emerged on the 18th and 25th August, and 2nd,
5th, 6th, 8th and 13th September.

The pupa is 20 to 25 mm. in length, and 5.5 to 7.5 mm. in width, at
widest part; shiny, reddish brown, darker in the incisures; anterior third
of each abdominal segment distinctly pitted, posterior third minutely
pitted. Cremaster blackish, bearing two stiff spines, which are distinctly
hooked at ends.

INSECTS COLLECTED AT LIGHT DURING THE SEASON OF 1904.

By J. D. Evans, Trenton.

The writer having collected, at light, at odd times in 1901-2 and 1903,
usually commencing late in the season and then continued only intermit-
tently, this season a start was made on the 6th of May and continued uninter-
ruptedly, except when the weather conditions were against it, such as rain
or extremely cold weather, and for ten days in August while the writer was
called away from town.

On the whole the season was very wet and cool, frequent rains during
the whole summer, which invariably ended in extremely cool weather.
Rain fell on six days in the month of May, nine days in June, eleven in
July, seven in August, ten in September, and six in October up to the 21st.
many of the rainstorms being accompanied with thunder and lightning.

In former years very many specimens of leaf hoppers and parasitic
Hymenoptera were taken, but this season very few of the former, and I
may say none of the latter. It was noted that exceptionally few insects
were ^observed coming into the house in- the evenings, in fact, only upon
one occasion were they observed at all. Consequently the captures were
small, numerically, as compared with what they might have been if the
season had been warm and dry, as is usually the case.

The trap was usually put out at dusk, and taken in the following morn-
ing between five and seven o'clock. Oftentimes there would be nothing
in the trap by 10.30 or 11.00 p.m., but in the morning almost invariably
no matter how much appearances would indicate a blank, a number of
things would be found.

All insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenop-
tera and Diptera, except the numerous midges and phrygania flies, would
be assorted out each evening following the evening of capture, and one
specimen at least of each species pinned, and the number of duplicates of
that species indicated on a card, together with the date of capture affixed
on the pin and put away for future reference.

In the case of rare moths all specimens would be spread, as also one
or two perfect specimens of the commoner species. 126 species have thus
far been named and classified. Many of the microlepidoptera yet remain
to be determined, as well as about 16 species of the noctuidse, etc.

The following is a list of the captures, with the number of specimens
of each species, and the range of the dates of capture. The numbers are
after Dyar's List.

787 Scepsis fulvicollis, Hubner 2 sp., 28 August and 12 September.

798 Ctenucha virginica, Charp 2 sp., 20 June and 26 July.

808 Hypoprepia fucosa, Hubner 1 sp., 6 August.

851 Estigmene acraea, Drury 4 sp., 12 June — 14 July.

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

83

855 Hyphantria cunea, Drury 9 on 1^ Tnr,^ iq t i

859 Isia Isabella, S. &'a. .... ... 4 s^-' \% jT.T'oo^^^^- .

^60 Phragmatobia fulginosa, L ^ [ ['r 2 sp" 19 Jnlv ~ H i^"^' .

862 Diacrisia virginica Fab ..... 6 11" 8 InnlJo A^ "^"P'^*

874 Apantesis virgo, Linn u 'n'' 16 ?,?ir"\l tT'**

878 Apantesis parthenice, Kirby. i H" \ <^^^l~dl '^"^^•

168 Raphia frater, Grote ^ t H'' {4 T,^l^ 9 A .

1('32 Apatela distans, Grote ..•': .- 1 Z" 5A.l\^^ ''^'''^^

10496 Arsilonche Henrici, Grcte " 10 sd* 7 M«v Q A

1084 Catabena lineolata, Walk ' 6 Z" 1 2 7.^7 /a ^'''*'

1C87 Crambodes talidiformis, Gn. ..:.. 1 s^" sf Tn]^~^ ^''^^''•

1166 Hadena mactata, Gn. "■ ' i f^' AQpnll'^h.

1208 Hadena basilinea Fab [i:; 1 s^" ?« jfnT

lil9 Hadena suffusca/ Morr I l^" i /X

1227 Hadena dubitans, Walk "... . u sd" 25 LW l« q f k

1232 Hadena devastatrix, Brace 3q H'' 07 i^l^ril ^/P^^^^er.

1235 Hadena arctica, Boisd 8 S'' 7 Tn W ^ a ^""f^'*-

1241 Hadena verbascoides. Gn .■..: 1 Z" 20 ll.^ ''^'''^'

1278 Hyppa xylinoides, Gn ^ .' 1 Z'' f Spn?p;,w

1288 Enplexia lucipara Linn . 3 3^" 7 j.^J'^^A^^f 1

1295 Pyrophila pyramidoides. Gn :. 3 sd 9 sZt^W i?' fl . u

1297 Heliotropha reniformis/ Grt 1 sd " 5 InWK ^^^ September.

1422 Eueretagrotis sigmoides, Gn ... :. 2 sd' 12 Sulv

1423 Eueretagrotis perattenta, Gr 1 H" l^/X^-

1462 Peridroma occulta. Linn \ ^^" i^ Anl'..f

]4'78Noctua bicarnea, Gn 3 sd ' SO f,?W q a .

1481 Noctua c-nigrum, Linn .. ; [ ? 'd ' 1 OotihTr ''^'''*'

1490 Noctua plecta, Linn 9 H'' 7 j'*''^^-, o , ^

1493 Noctua haruspica, Gr i 'P" 7p "^tZ i September.

1538 Feltia subgothica Haw ':".::" {^ H" 6 Aw-r IQ Q^^'f ' u

1540 Feltia jaculifera, Gn 51 'P- ?« L?lv Vi Q^^?*^T^^''-

1540d Feltia herilis, Gr oi II" q a ^7""i g^P^^^^er.

1545 Feltia venerabilis, Walk. ..:'..;:::';:..": (I 'P- fo w1~^ ^^^^^'fZ' u
lc49 Feltia volubilis, Harvey .. .. 'P- 1^ September-20 September.

1552 Porosagrotis vetusta, Walk. ..'.■.*..'*;... .* I 'd' 24 wi.cf

1724 Paragrotis obeliscoides, Gn 4 S**' 9 t.^S a .

1^07 Mamestra picta, Harris .. \ '^^ n T f.T^ ''^'''*-

1822 Mamestra legitima, Grt 1 'P" 11 'fX

1823 Mamestra lilacina, Harr 1 sd ' !r S"

1829 Mamestra renigera, Stephens 4 Z'' 20 T?i^!: 9 a

1842 Mamestra lorea, gA. ....^ 14 'P- f^ June-2 August.

1950 Nephelodes minians, Gn ...;;: 9s s^" 24 1^/7. ^«^q . ^.

1957 Heliophila luteopallens, Smith in .n'' fi T,i.^ ?:VP i.^^P*^°'^^''-

1963 Heliophila albilinea. Hubn ...['^ sd" 9 lnl~^ ?'*^^f '

1975 Heliophila insueta, Gn t H'' ?/?!77^ i^'P'*'

1979 Heliophila commoides o Z'' 7 l^u^ a T\

1980 Heliophila phragm...dicola, Gn. ... ^ S'' oi T^yji 7^0^*^^^ '
1997 Orthodes cynica Gn. . . V Z" 19 V^~^^ September.
2015 Graphiphora oviducta, Gn. *...'... '.V. :;::'; 99 sn'' V l.T^Loi T

2040 Graphiphora alia, Gn. ..<. 1 'P" 7V.V ^ '^''''^•

2060 Tricholita signata, Walk !. ' 3 f'' 9 A?,L«f fi a

2149 Sphida obliqua, Walk 1 '?•' 14 ^3'*"^ '^"^^'*'

2162 Gortyna nictitans, Bork ' 3 'P'' q a^Z.V 9q a

2L^7 Papaipema cataphracta. Gr | s^" 18 S' 7w ^^^nl* u

2192 Papaipema mariinidens. Gn 9 t^'' 17 tZ^^^^J~,i q'^^^^'I

2199 Xanthia flavagofFab 9 !n" 9 O f?K 7^/^^^^^*®^^^^'

2203 Brotolomia irif , Gn . ;.";; 1 ll' « ?'*?.^^" ^"^ ^ ^^*°b«^-

2^07 Scoliopteryx libatrix, Linn. ..." 7 1 1 s^'' 1 jX

2222a Orthrosia ferruginoides Gn 7 c^* la a 1 u ,, ^

2430 Euthisanotia grfta Fab.^ i:;::: 5 sd" 11 J?1v%'a ^^^^^ ^^*^^^^-

2474 Plusia ^rea, Hubner q .n " 10 T ^'^^^."l'''*- .

2475 Plusia oroides, Gr o ?d'' 18 tT ^^.^^ September.

2476 Plusia balluca, Geyer :[ 2 sd*' 21 T.^W ^"^ Qn'^VS^'*"

2479a Enchalcia PTx'tnami, Gr ...•;7'.'.7 l %'' 29 AuLs? "^^•

2^'83 Autographa bimaculata. Steph 1 sd" 23 lX

2488 Autographa precatonis, Gn. . 9 S' |f i^lLiA q . u

%36 Abrostola urentis, Gn 7.*. 4 sd" 17 Junt^n ?7*^^^«^-

2540 Ogdoconta cinereola, ^>^. 5 'P'' Ig T^^7i2 i^^^/ ^

f568 Rivula propinqualis,' Gn. ..:-7;:.77 32 H:, I' J^y^^'Ll^^!''^' '

84

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

2604 Eustrotia concinnimacula, Gn 2 sp., 7 June.

2007 Eustrotia muscoscula, Gn 5 sp., 21 June — 11 July.

2613 Eustrotia carneola, Gn 36 sp., 1 June — 12 September.

2682 Tarache cretata, G. and R 15 sp., 6 June — 17 September,

2'o91 Tarache eandefacta, Hub 9 sp., 13 June — 21 July.

2734 Homopyralis contracta, Walk 2 sp., 7 July and 12 July.

2754 Drasteria erechtea, Cramer 35 sp,, 6 June — 7 August.

2911 Euparthenos nubilis, Hub 1 sp., 1 July.

3098 Datana ministra, Drury 1 sp., 15 June.

3142 Heterocampa bilineata, Pack 1 sp., 6 June.

3149 Schizura concinna, S. and A .. 1 sp., 2 August.

3166 Gluphisia septentrionalis, Walk 5 sp., 15 June — 26 August.

3211 Tolype laricis, Fitch 1 sp., 17 September.

3214 Malacosoma americana, Fab 5 sp., 11 July — 20 July.

3238 Opheroptera boreata, Hub 1 sp., 4 November.

3248 Endule mendica, Walk 3 sp., 8 July— 11 July.

3327 Eucymatoge intestinata, Gn. 9 sp., 7 June — 9 August.

3340 Hydria undulata, Linn 1 sp., 11 July.

3348 Eustroma diversilineata, Hub 1 sp., 12 July.

3349 Eustroma testata, Linn 2 sp., 5 September and 11 September.

3370 Peronc^tilota fluviata, Hub 2 sp., 14 July and 20 July.

3371 Mesoleuca ruficiliata, Gn 1 sp., 25 July.

3374 Mesoleuca lacustrata, Gn S sp., 28 May — 19 July.

3376 Mesoleuca intermediata, Gn 13 sp., 7 May — 9 August.

3402 Hydriomena latirupta, Walk 1 sp., 29 September.

3409 Hydriomena unangulata, Haw 1 sp., 15 June.

3419a Ccenocalpe cumatilis, G. and R 2 sp., 12 June and 19 June.

3438 Gypsochroa designata. Hub lo sp., lio May — 11 September,

3487 Synelys ennucleata, Gn 2 sp., 18 July and 21 July.

8587 Aplodes mimosaria, Gn 4 sp., 6 June — 1 August.

3008 Orthofidonia vestaliata, Gn 1 sp., 16 July,

3619 Gueneria basiaria, walk 2 sp., 18 June — 8 July.

3()23 Deilinia variolaria, Gn 4 sp., 14 June — 20 July.

3651 Sciagraphia heliothidata, Gn 1 sp., 6 August.

3662a Sciagraphia atrofasciata, Pack 1 sp., 9 July.

3667 Philobia enotata, Gn 1 sp., 19 June.

3690 Cymatophora ribearia, Fitch 2 sp., 22 July and 31 July.

3865 Lycia ursaria, Walk 1 sp., 14 May.

S867 Lycia cognataria, Gn 1 sp., 14 July.

3884 Erannis tiliaria, Harr 2 sp., 29 October.

3913 Metrocampa prsegrandaria, Gn 1 sp., 5 September.

3923 Ennomos magnarius, Gn 5 sp., 19 September — 14 October.

3925 Xanthotype crocataria, Fab 4 sp., 19 June— 11 July.

3939 Ania limbata, Haworth \1 sp., 12 July— 31 July.

3941 Gonodontis hypochraria, H. S 1 sp., 14 June.

3181 Metanema inatomaria, Gn 2 sp., 8 June — 16 July.

3982 Metanema determinata, Walk 2 sp., 19 July— 27 July

4001 Azelina ancetaria. Hub 3 sp., 7 August^-28 August.

4007 Caberodes confnsaria. Hub 1 sp., 11 July.

4011 Tetracis crocallata. Gn 2 sp., 7 June.

4026 Sabulodes transversata, Drury 2 sp., 28 August.

4191 Bembecia marginata, Harr 1 sp., 26 June.

4277 Desmia funeralis, Hub 2 sp., 19 June and 16 July.

4336 Evergestis straminalis, Hub 348 sp., 1 June— 18 September. 41 dates.

4487 Nymphula icciusalis. Walk 4 sp., 9 July and 21 July.

4492 Nvmphula badiusalis. Walk 10 sp., 9 July— 12 September.

4521 Herculia olinalis, Gn 5 sp., 9 July— 19 July.

4545 Sch^nobius melinelluu, Clem 5 sp., 11 July— 7 August.

4573 Crambus laqueatellus, Clem 2 sp., lo June— 20 July.

4620 Argyria nivalis, Drury 47 sp., 1 July— 11 September.

4622 Argyria auratella, Clem 1 sp., 14 July.

.5139 Eucosma Sondderiana. Clem 1 sp., 19 June.

5331 Epagoge sulfureana, Clem 9 sp., 9 July— 19 September.

5661 Tricotaphe nonstrigella, Cham 1 sp., 18 September.

Of Coleoptera 60 species were taken at light, viz. :

Bombidium variegatum, Say 1 sp., 18 July.

Bembidium sulcatum, Lee 1 sp., 9 July.

Bombidium mimus, Lee 1 sp., 11 July.

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

85

Amara latior, Kirby 6 sp., 11 July — 5 August.

Amara sp 1 sp., 12 July.

Platynus decorus. Say 1 sp., 29 September.

Platynus carbo, Lee i sp., 18 July,

Platynus placidus, Say ' sp., 9 July — 31 July.

Lebia pleuritica, Lee 1 sp., 25 September.

liebia viridis, Say 2 sp.", 11 September.

Chlsenius tricolor, Dej I sp., 18 July.

i^gonoderus pallipes, Fab 4i sp., 3 May — 14 September.

Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Dej 15 sp.^ 18 July — 5 August.

Harpalus erythropus, Dej 17 sp., 11 July — 6 August.

Harpalus sp 2 sp., 9 July.

Stenolophus ochropezus, Say 5 sp., 21 June — 11 July.

Acupalpus carus, Lee 1 sp., 9 July.

Anisodactylus discoideus, Dej 3 sp., 9 July — 18 July.

Anisodaetylus terminatus. Say 7 sp., 16 July — 29 Augilst.

Ccelambus impressopunctatus, Sch 1 sp., 9 July.

Helophorus laeustris, Lee 1 sp., 19 July.

Hydrochus squamifer, Lee 2 sp., 16 July.

Hydrobius fuscipes, Linn 4 sp., 16 July — 6 August.

Cercyon prsetextatum, Say 1 sp., 30 July.

Trogophloeus memnonius, Ev 1 sp., 16 July.

Staphylinidse G. sp 2 sp., 9 July and 30 August.

Psylloibora 20-maculata 2 sp., 2 August and 3o September.

Lsemophloeus bis:uttatus, Say 1 sp., 9 July.

Cryptophagus sp 1 sp., 19 September.

Coenoscelis ferruginea, Sahib 1 sp., 16 July.

Tomarus sp .,. 1 sp., 30 September.

Epuroea labilis, Er 7 sp., 6 June — 19 July.

Melanophthalmus distinguenda, Com 5 sp., 6 June — 11 September.

Scirtes tibialis, Guer ^ «;p., 9 July — 31 Julv.

Cyphon variabilis, Thunb 14 sp., 9 July — 30 September.

Melanotus fissilis, Say. 4 sp., 19 June — 1 August.

Athous Brightwelli, Kirby 1 sp., 19 July.

i^saphes memnonius. Hbst 5 sp., 12 July — 6 August.

Thrcfecus Chevrolati, Bonv 5 sp., 1 June — 12 September.

Podabrus sp 3 sp., 18 June.

Podabrus sp 1 sp,, 15 June.

Hadrobregmus errans, Melsh 3 sp., 9 July — 31 July.

]^yletinus peltatus, Harr 2 sp., 16 July.

Copris anaglypticus, Say 1 sp., 16 June.

Aphodius ruricola, Melsh 6 sp., 21 June — 31 July,

Aphodius prodromus, Brahm 1 sp., 11 October.

Serica vespertina, Gyll 3 sp., 6 June — 18 July.

Serica sericea. 111 3 sp., 12 June — 19 June.

Diplotaxis tristis, Kirby 1 sp., 14 May.

I/achnosterna fusca, Froh 1 sp., 7 June.

lachnosterna dubia, Smith 3 sp., 2 June — 4 June,

Cithosoma brunneum, Forst 1 sp., 5 August.

Saperda calcarata, Say 1 sp., 31 July.

Strongylium tenuicoUe, Say . 1 sp., 6 August.

Hymenorus niger, Melsh 4 sp., 17 July — 1 August.

Hymenorus sp 1 sp., 6 August.

Canifa pallipes, Melsh 5 sp., 6 June — 18 July.

Anthicus scabriceps, Lee 2 sp., 25 July.

Otiorhynchus ovatus, Linn 5 sp., 19 July — 29 August.

Tomicus pini, Say 1 sp., 2 August.

Addenda. — The following Coleoptera hare been kindly determined for me by Prof
Wickham.

9923 Cryptophagus acntangulus. Gyll 1 sp.

Cryptophagus laticlavus, Casey ... .1 sp.

Atomaria (very near) oblongula, Casey 1 sp.

3986 Ptilodactyla serricollis. Say 1 sp.

4882 Podabrus basillaris, Say tH sp.

Podabrus basillaris (var. flavicollis),

Lee 1

Hymenorus sp 1

sp.
sp.

8 May.

19 September.
30 September.
19 June,
18 June.

, 15 June.
, 6 August.

86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The species of Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera Lave not yet been
determined, the first named number 24 species, the second 25 species, in-
cluding 20 of Leaf-hoppers and the last (Diptera) 27 species.

SPINNING METHODS OF TELEA POLYPHEMUS.

By J. W. Cockle, Kaslo, B. C.

After the publication of my letter on the above subject in the Cana-
dian Entomologist of April last, I received several letters from corres-
pondents bearing upon this subject, and in re-opening the discussion and
adducing such data as I have been able to procure, I would touch upon
reasons ascribed for the peculiarity displayed by the larvae of this species
in its different habitat.

In an article published by Mr. Wm. T. Davis, Journal of N. Y. Ento-
mological Society, March, 1897, he gives as his reason for the suspension of
the cocoon that it affords a protection from the attack of woodpeckers, and
cites instances where he has found the contents of the pupa had been ex-
tracted through an opening made by these birds, and he thinks that the
fact of allowing the cocoon to swing on the end of a twig affords great
protection against attack from this source.

Another of my correspondents, Mr. F. M. Webster, also takes the same
grounds as an explanation of this fact; to both of these querists I would
suggest the consideration of the fact that larvae of various sorts must, accord-
ing to natural law, have been pre-existent to the woodpecker, and, whilst
agreeing with them, that there are some grounds for their . argument, I
would seek a broader cause for the reason of suspension. The footnote of
the Editor of Canadian Entomologist, in April, "that he had never seen
a cocoon suspended as described and figured by the late Dr. Grote," con-
firms the observation of many eastern entomologists, and bears out the
rule that dominates the habits of these larvae in the east.

In order to have some practical demonstration of the habit of these
larvae I raised a small brood, and after they had passed the last moult they
were liberated, without any restraint or protection, amongst a patch of
brush, comprising a small birch (their food plant), a willow, and a Coeano-
thus with a good undergrowth of grasses and small evergreen shrubs.

28 larvae were turned down, and in about four days they commenced to
spin, occasional visits a few days apart for a further period of ten days
found some of them still feeding, at the expiration of three weeks a search
resulted in the discovery of twenty cocoons, the balance may be accounted
for in having strayed ofi or being destroyed by birds; those recovered gave
the following results :

Exhibit A. 3 cocoons. Found in grass under the food tree, encased
in dried leaves, with the cocoon firmly attached to the ends of the grass
stems which were bent and fastened with a lot of silk forming an arch,
which would effectually keep the cocoon suspended off the ground when
located under the protection of the overhanging boughs and brush. It
will be noticed that some of the silk bands run down the grass stems for
several inches.

Exhihiz B. 14 cocoons. Firmly attached to the branch by a silken
thong which is spun from the inside of the leaf along the leafstem, and
thence extended completely round and along the branch.

1904: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87

Exhibit C. 1 cocoon. Silk spun up leaf stalk, but insecurely attached
to brancli, only two threads had been spun out to the normal distance, but
the fact of the leafstem being completely surrounded with a casing of silk
which extends up to the branch, shews an evident intention of securing it
against falling.

Exhibit D. 2 cocoons. Spun between folded leaves without any ap-
parent intention of securing them from falling.

Fig. 12. Telea polyphemus cocoon spun
between leaves.

The results thus obtained show that out of twenty cocoons, eighteen
had in some way made provision against falling to the ground, and, whilst
an inspection of the cocoons sent will shew that many of them are so firmly
attached to the branch that a woodpecker would find little trouble in pierc-
ing them, yet, the characteristic protection of the group would seem to
point to some other cause than that assigned by my correspondents, and
after having seen the result of my experiments to determine whether the
suspension was accidental or premeditated. I can only reiterate my sug-
gestion in Canadian Entomologist of April last, that this protection is
mainly against climatic change, and their consequent destruction by wet,
and is governed by the local climatic conditions.

Exhibit E. 1 Imago. Emerged 22nd August, another emerged two days
later.

In conclusion, I would draw your attention to the paragraph dealing
with this species by Dr. H. G. Dyar, Proc. National Mus. Vol. xxvii, 1,376,
page 792, in which Dr. H. G. Dyar characterizes this moth as having a
tendency to a distinctly local race, and in addition to the variation in colour
mentioned by him it may be added that the submarginal band on the
primaries is almost straight, and not curved as in the case of eastern and
southern specimens, the wing being more angular than the falcate form
of the eastern States, but at the same time not being sufficiently different to
warrant a varietal name.

INSECT NAMES' AND INSECT LISTS.

By J. B. Williams, F.L.S., Toronto.

Some time ago the British Museum received a pair of giraffe skins from
East Africa. They were mounted for the museum,, and it became neces-
sary to identify the exact variety of giraffe to which they belonged, so Dr.
Lydekker wrote a paper revising the species and subspecies of giraffe all
over Africa, ''atid without," he says, "any desire to add to the burden of
zoological nomenclature," he came to the conclusion that the right scienti-
fic name of these museum specimens was Giraffa camelopardalis Uothschildi;
or the "Baringo Giraffe."

88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

It is all very well for a great creature of this kind to have a long name,
but there is a quiet, harmless, little brown bird with a yellow spot over the
eye, and on the bend of the wing, that builds its nest every summer among
the grasses of our fields and meadows; and if you wish to speak of it scienti-
fically you must call it Ammodramus SandivicherDsis savanna; I allude to
the Savanna Sparrow.

And worse, still, a western form of the little common blue butterfly
is labelled Lyccena pseudargiolus Arizonensis. What has the little crea-
ture done to deserve such an awful title ? These titles have 30 or 32 letters
in them; some names of the small moths are even worse, and have 36 or
37 letters.

It is necessary to have some means of designating well defined varieties
or subspecies, but the present method of adding a third word just like
another specific name is awkward, and cumbersome; and, I may add, un-
scientific, for it uses as long a word to define small and unimportant differ-
ences as it does to indicate great and important ones. A number of names
are thus occupied that might otherwise be employed for genera and species,
and this is a serious thing, for species are now so numerous that suitable
words of Greek or Latin origin that have not previously been used, are
very hard to find. Mr. Taylor complains of this difficulty in the Cana-
dian Entomologist for last month; and ejvery year the difficulty increases.

The plan of naming varieties after the discoverer or his friends is one
way of getting over the difficulty, but it is in many ways a very objectionable
method. Some people like to see their names cut on the trunks of trees,
or deeply engraven on the benches of a. public park; but entomologists have
a weakness for tacking them on to the title of some poor little bug or butter-
fly, and, possibly, the hope of being thus immortalized sometimes gives
additional incentive to their zeal for uselessly multiplying subspecies and
varieties, and thus piling up outlandish names that make, not only ama-
teurs, but also many professional naturalists complain of the grievous heavi-
ness of the burden.

Is there no possible relief from such a system? A great number of
subspecies are merely geographical races, and might always be designated
as Northern, Southern, Eastern or Western forms. For all these the first
three letters of the Latin words — borealis, australis, orientalis and occiden-
talis might be affixed after the specific name; this would give us hor., aus.,
ori. and occ. as the mark of such varieties. In the same way Spring, Sum-
mer, Autumn or Winter forms could be designated by ve7\, ccst., aut. and
hibf respectively, and, as every one interested would soon know what such
signs stood for, it would never be necessary to write the words in full. For
certain varieties that could not be described by these marks a few others
would, perhaps, be necessary. Differences in color, such as pale or dark
forms, could be designated by ohs. and pal., or differences in pattern, such
as streaked or spotted, could be shown by lin. or mac, or where it was de-
sirable to distinguish differences in size, such as small, middle sized, and
large, parvus, medius, and magnus could be shown by par., med. and mag.,
and typ. could be affixed to the species that was regarded as the typical
form. Thus fourteen or fifteen marks of this kind would suffice for nearly
all existing varieties, not only of insects, but also, probably, of birds and
mammals, and even if they had to be increased to twenty-four, or twenty-
five, there would be no great difficulty in remembering that number. Dr.
Fletcher's little Thecla would become Thecla strigosa occ, and the two
forms of G. comma would be G. coTuma oost., and G. comma aut. This
would be a shorter and more compact method than the present one, and as

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89

the signs do not spell real words they could not be mistaken for anything
else.

There would then be a marked di:fference between the specific and sub-
specific designations, and the one that marks only slight variations would
not appear very important, nor could it be used alone, but only in connec-
tion with the specific name. The dislike of trinomials has led some natura-
lists to maintain certain forms as species, which ought to have only sub-
specific rank; if some short and simple method, such as this, were in use
these species would soon be relegated to their right position, and the num-
ber of species be materially reduced. There has been, sometimes, almost
a craze for the discovery of new species, and to gratify it small and unim-
portant differences have been unduly magnified.

There is an amusing and satirical passage in one of Mr. Ruskin's lec-
tures to the students at Oxford, which we would still do well to bear in mind
when we are tempted to devote too much time and energy to the detecting
of slight differences. He was speaking of birds, but the same principle
applies to all branches of zoology. "None of you," he says, "could have
much hope of shooting a bird in England which would be strange to any
master of the science, or of shooting one anywhere which would not fall
under some species already described. And although at the risk of life,
and by the devotion of many years to observation, some of you might hope
to bring home to our museum a titmouse with a spot on its tail which had
never before been seen, I strongly advise you not to allow your studies to
be disturbed by so dazzling a hope, nor your life exclusively devoted even
to so important an object."

This Society has, I believe, officially recommended its rnembers to
adopt the nomenclature of Dyar's List of the Lepidoptera; but for identify-
ing species, I suppose many of us find Holland's books much more helpful
and useful, on account of the splendid illustrations, but to get Holland's
names, and then try to identify them with those in Dyar's List, is a work
that has a tendency, at tim-es, to nearly drive one frantic.

Then for general reference, when you want to see at a glance the posi-
tion and relationship of the different genera, a condensed list like J". B.
Smith's is very much more convenient than a voluminous one like Dyar's,
and, as he is very conservative of the old names, its use does not necessitate
the entire relabelling of a collection. Even Holland has left the old paths
in his arrangement of the Sphingidse, and has followed the revolutionary
scheme of Rothschild and Jordan; though after preparing his plates for
the old way, it seems a pity to have changed the letter press at the last
moment; indeed, the opposition in order of the plates and the letter press
causes a good deal of irritation to the reader.

All this confusion, of course, arises very largely from a persistent
application, without any discrimination or consideration of the great Law
of Priority, which, like other good things, is good in moderation, and tends
to secure a fixed and permanent nomenclature, but carried to an extreme
it defeats its own ends, and often produces an opposite result. If, when-
ever any obscure old author is found to have suggested a name for a species,
which, perhaps, no one else ever adopted, a few days even before the usual-
ly accepted name came into use, everything must be changed to carry out
the Law of Priority to its bitter end; why the Law becomes a curse instead
of a blessing. There are many instances just like this where for seventy
or eighty years every writer has used a certain name, but because some old
fogey, two or three years before, suggested something else, the time hon-
ored and familiar appellation is all swept away, and confusion and irrita-
tion reign in its place.

90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

It is very well to apply such a law to recent names, or where several
titles have been equally in use for some time, but to make it binding in every
instance, seems absurd, and is a method that we should never think of
adopting in the ordinary affairs of life. Mr. Lyman suggested in his presi-
dential address, a few years ago, the formation of an Entomologists' Union,
that should bring out an authoritative Insect List; there are, I suppose,
many difficulties in the way of such an undertaking. It would, however,
be a great convenience if we had a list of Canadian Lepidoptera — a work
which this Society might very well undertake — so that beginners would
not have to wade through page after page of irrelevant matter when seeking
information about our own species.

It might be formed on the general plan of Dyar's List, and, according
to his nomenclature, if that was thought desirable, but the old names of
genera should be placed in brackets beside the new ones where changes
have been made, and the geographical range of each species, and time of
appf^aring, given as far as possible.

The Montreal branch had, at one time, something of this kind in view,
and prepared some material for it, I believe. And if some method of in-
dicating subspecies, as here proposed, could be adopted in such a publication,
it would recommend itself to many, I think, as a partial deliverance from
the grievous burden of scientific nomenclature.

NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1904, (WESTERN QUEBEC).

By Charles Stevenson, Montreal, Que.

The agriculturists of this district have been little troubled by insect
pests. The potato heeile,Leptinstarsa (Doryphora) decemlineata Say, has
not been troublesome. The Tent caterpillars Malacosoma Americana, Hub,
and the Tentles M. disstria, Hub., have been scarce. Some colonies of the
former were seen at St. Hilaire, which had practically destroyed some
young and isolated apple-trees, but there were no signs of attack on the old
trees, thanks to the excellent care taken of the orchards and the applica-
tion of insecticides. The common Tussock-moth caterpillars Hemero-
campa leucostigma, S. and A., continue to increase on the shade trees of
Montreal and throughout the district. The caterpillars of H. definita,
Pack, were more prominent this year.

The Rliopalocera usually found in this district were more abundant
than last year, except Anosia plexippus, Linn, which still remains con-
spicuous by its scarcity. Enodia portlandia, Fab., has been taken several
times on Montreal Island in the month of August.

The flight of Heterocera was more interesting in the numerous species
found in comparison to the quantity of specimens on the wing, thus making
collecting at light more enjoyable. The most attractive catch was, pro-
bably, that of a specimen of Erehus odora, Linn, on the 13th September on
Cadieux Street, Montreal. That beautiful moth Euclea delphinii, Bois, was
taken on the 18th Tuly, and the attractive geometer Euchlaena serrata
Drury, on the 11th May. Tolype velleda, Stoll, was very abundant at light
from the 14th to 16th September, and there was a veritable plague of En-
nomos magnarius, Gn., in all varieties of markings on the 26th September,
with practically nothing else flying.

The collectors of Coleoptera have worked hard this season, and obtained
good results. A patch of Elder bushes Samhucus Canademsis, Linn, at Cote
St. Paul were swarming with our beautiful longhorn beetle, Desmocerus

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91

palliatus, Forst, during the second week of July. Six specimens of Obrium
rubrum, Newm., were taken on the Boucherville Islands on the 25th July.
Cicindela scutellaris var. rugifrons, Dej., was taken near Longueuil on the
3rd August. This is an interesting capture, as it has not been previously
reported north of Massachusetts. Other interesting captures were :

Thermonectes basilaris, Harr, Montreal, 16 July.
Buprestis femorata, Fab, Montreal, 9 July.
Leptura mtens, Forst, Longueuil, 24 July.
Hoplosia nubila Lee, at light, Montreal, 18 July.
GraphisuTus fasciatus, DeG., Montreal, 8 June.
Donacia pubescens, Lee, St. Hilaire, 1 July.
Chrysomela pnirsa, Stol, St. Hilaire, 24 July.

Nacerdes melanura Linn. This is an introducel species, and was ex-
tremely common about the wharfs and warehouses of Montreal during June
and July. A few specimens were also found on the sidewalks uptown and
in Longueuil.

Aphodius erraticus Linn. Another European beetle, two specimens
were found for the first time in Canada at Maplewood, near Montreal, by
Master K. E. Stevenson, on the 1st May. (Can. Ent. xxxvi. 164).

In the Diptera, the most interesting capture was two specimens of
Pterodontia flavipes Gray, a large fly with a very small head, on the Bouch-
erville Islands 25 July.

In the Orthoptera, two specimens of Panchlora viridis Burm, of the
Blattidae or "Eoaches" were captured, evidently introduced in some cargo
of fruit.

INSECTS AFFECTING THE OAK.*
By THE Eev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S.

The oak is one of the lords of the forest. It is a stately, handsome
and long-lived tree. Its wide-spreading branches make a grateful shade;
its rich foliage is pleasant to the eye; its timber is valuable for a variety of
purposes. In former days it was more largely used than it is now. The
"wooden walls of old England," the mighty "three-deckers," were built
of it. The forest of Dean in Gloucestershire supplied the trees. It was
used also for the frames and wainscotting of houses; and oak furniture
was highly prized.

The oak is not a common tree in the neighborhood of Quebec; and in
the eastern townships it is seldom met with; but in Ontario it is more fre-
quently seen.

Unfortunately, this handsome tree is much troubled with insect pests —
perhaps more so than all our other hardwood trees put together.

Many an interesting and instructive volume might be written on the
oak tree, and its inhabitants. In a paper, such as I have to read to you,
I can only tell of some of the most remarkable of the frequenters of the
oak.

*Read before the Quebec branch of the Ent. Soc. of Ont.

92

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

First, then, there is the broad-necked Sawyer, (Prionus laticollis, Dru).
Fig. 13. I have not met with this in Quebec, but I have seen a specimen
that was taken near Sherbrooke. This fine beetle is two inches long, and
broad in proportion. Its larva feeds on the roots of the tree.

Boring in the trunk is the carpenter worm — the larva of the fine moth
Prionoxystus rohinioe, Peck. This caterpillar is nearly three inches long.
It has a livid, reddish body, and a glossy black head. It makes a tunnel
as large as the bore of a half-inch auger. When nearing perfection it
works its way to the surface of the wood, and prepares a way of exit for
the future moth. It then retires about three inches, and spins a cocoon,
in which it undergoes the pupal change. In due time the pupa breaks
from its cocoon, works its way to the opening made by the caterpillar, and
allows the moth to escape. The moth appears in June and July. This
species tunnels in the locust tree {Rohinia pseudacacia^ L.,) as well as in
the oak, and from this it derives its specific name, rohiniae.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Mr. Albert F. Winn, of Westmount, P. Que., has found upon oak trees
on Mount Roj^al specimens of the fine moth, Prionoxystus Macmurtrei Guer-
in-Meneville. The larva of this species is known as "The Lesser Oak Car-
penter Worm."

A great variety of beetle-grubs are miners in the oak, and are very
injurious to it, Buprestidce, Curculionidce, Cerumbycidce, Scaly tidce, etc.

The specimen I exhibit is Urogr aphis fasciatus, De Geer, one of the
Cerambycidse. The species to which it belongs is found throughout the
United States and Canada. Notice the long ovipositor of the female in-
sect. With this she pierces the outer layers of the bark of the oak, that
she may deposit her eggs in the softer layers within.

The larvae tunnel in the bark close to the white wood, and pack their
passageways so full of fine frass that it is hard to trace them. The beetles
appear early in June. The larvae and pupae should be looked for early
in the spring.

It may have been to this beetle that the damage we noticed to the oaks
in the grounds of Mr. Wade at New Liverpool, two or three years ago, was
due.

Another injurious beetle is Ithycerus noveboracensis, Forster. This is
the largest of our weevils or curculios. (Fig. 14c.). The female gnaws
a small opening in a branch of the oak, (Fig. 14a), and then deposits an
egg in it. The larva (Fig. 146.) burrows in the twigs.

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

Among the interesting things that affect the oak are the CynipidcE. You
will remember that on one of our field days we visited the country-house
of our friends, Mr. and Mrs. Morgan, on the Island of Orleans; and that
our attention was drawn to the woolly galls upon the oak trees around it,
and to the curious beetles, Balaninus rectus, Say, that we shook in such
numbers from the branches.

Galls of the kind mentioned are formed by the four-winged fly, Calli-
rhytis seoninator, Harris. They are polythalamous, each being made up of
distinct cells with flocculent matter attached. The flies that come from
them differ in the sexes. The males are shining black, with tawny yellow
legs and antennae; the females have the head and thorax cinnamon red.

A remarkable gall that I have found on oaks, near Montreal, I's that
of Amphibolips inanis, 0. S. It is produced on the red oak, and comes
to maturity in June. When opened at this time it is found to consist of
a mere shell with a central chamber, held in place by radiating filaments.
The fly makes its way from this central chamber, bites a round hole in the
outer rind, and so escapes.

A variety of larvae, both of moths and butterflies, feed upon the leaves
of the oak. The most injurious of these is the Forest Tent-caterpillar, the
larva of Clisiocampa disstria, Hbn., (Fig. 15.,) which spins a cob-web like

Fig. 15. Forest Tent-caterpillar.

nest against the sides of the tree, and swarms along the branches, stripping
them of their foliage.

This caterpillar must not be confounded with that of the Clisyocampa
Americana, Fabr., of the orchard. It differs from it in several respects.
One of these is easily remembered. The larva of C. disstria has a row of
white spots along the back, that of C. Americana has a white stripe.

The largest larvae that sometimes feed on the oak are those of the hand-
some Saturnian, Attacus Cecropia, Lin, and the no less handsome Telea
Folyphemus, Cram., beautiful larvae feeding on the oak, and well worthy
of observation are those of :

Anisota pellucida, Hubner.

Halisidota tessellaris, A. and S.

Halisidota maculata, Harr.

Edema alhifrons, A. and S.

Several kinds of oak-feeding larvae are stingers :

Uemileuca rnaia, Drury.

Lagoa crispata. Pack.

Phobetron pithecium, A. and S.

Sibine stimulea, Clem.

XT. Pi ^^^^^ *^® ^^^y °^® ^ ^^^® iound at Quebec is Phobetron pithecium,
the o-flapped slug-worm.

Of butterfly larvae that are found on the oak, these may ue mentioned •

Limenitis disippus, Godt.

Thecia calanus, Hbn.

Nisoniades brizo Bois., Lee, and occasionally Papilio turnus, Linn

These are all found in the neighborhood of Quebec.

94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

With brief accounts of two diminutive moths that frequent the oak
I must bring this paper to a close.

A few seasons ago I found on the oaks growing on the Rhodes estate at
Bergerville great numbers of the caterpillars of the beautiful little Tortrix,
Cacoecia fervidana, Clem. The caterpillar of this species is brownish
buff, and has a dark brown head. When disturbed it lets itself down by
a thread, dangling at the end of it spider-wise. It gathers several leaves
together and binds them with silken threads. Within the nest so formed
it makes itself a silken case — feeding from it upon the pulpy portions of
the leaves. And in this case it undergoes the change to the chrysalis.

The moth is a pretty little object with reddish brown fore-wings, much
clouded with fuscous and marked with several brown patches. The hind
wings are very dark. The fringes are pale.

The other moth— the last I shall mention — is a miner, Litliocolletes
hamadryadella, Clem. Its larva forms whitish blotches in the leaves, for
it feeds between the upper and lower skins of the leaf. Sometimes four or
five of these blotches will be found in one leaf. The tiny caterpillar is
brownish yellow, flat, footless, but very active. " When full fed it goes
into chrysalis within its mine. The moth is a brilliant little object with
white fore-wings, having bronze bands with black borders on the inner
side. The hind wings are silvery. It is one of the numberless minute
things in nature that glorify God by bearing witness before men of His
almighty power.

ON THE FOOD HABITS OF CERTAIN OF THE HTMENOPTERA.

(Paper No. II.).

By Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, Quebec.

Gall-Inhabiting Hymenopetra.

Galls are abnormal growths upon various parts of plants, resulting
from the operations of insects of different kinds, every kind of insect agent
producing its own peculiar gall. But here it must be observed that the in-
sects found in galls are not, in all cases, the producers of them; they may
be intruders, either hurtful or harmless, upon the domains of others.

The insects belonging to the Hymenoptera that are found in galls may
thus be grouped :

A — Gall producers.
a — Solitary.
b — Social.
B — Gall invaders.

a — Feeding upon the substance of the gall,
h — Preying upon the producers of the gall, or their guests.
A, a — Of galls produced by Hymenopterous insects, the kind found
upon the leaves of the White Willow {Salix alba, L.) is so abundant and
conspicuous that even the least observant dweller in the country, having
a knowledge of the tree and the use of his eyes, will readily call the galls
to mind. They are produced by a small Saw-fly.

The White Willow is not indigenous to this country ; it was introduced
from Europe, and the saw-fly was, probably, introduced with it. In 1885
I submitted specimens of our Canadian insect and its galls to Mr. Edward

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 96

A. Fitch, of Maldon, England, and he wrote, "The saw-fly I have but little
doubt is identical with our British Nematus gallicola, Westw. (vallisnerii,
Hart.) as far as I can judge from the female and gall sent."

The female insect makes a slight wound in the leaf, and then deposits
an egg in the wound. It may repeat the process a number of times on the
same leaf. Around the egg the gall begins to form, and it soon becomes
a stronghold and storehouse for the larva that is hatched from the egg.

What a strange existence is led by this larva ! It is unacquainted
with its kind; its knows nothing of its future; it abides in its "assigned and
native dwelling place." Its sole occupation is eating away the walls of
its cell, as they thicken around it,- and making room for its own growth.
It obeys a blind instinct; and so it spends the summer. In the autumn
it is carried in the leaf to the ground, or, if the leaves be unusually per-
sistent, it bites its way out of the gall and drops to the ground. In either
case, having vacated its cell, it creeps into the soil, and there spins itself
a close, brown cocoon of the size of a grain of wheat, and in this it abides,
changing to a pupa about the close of the winter. In spring the perfect
flies appear.

At one period of its existence this insect is liable to the attacks of a
very formidable foe, the house sparrow.

From my study window I can see three large willows standing in my
yard, and several times, at the close of summer, I have observed flocks of
sparrows ^ busily engaged in cracking the Nematus galls with their bills,
and picking out the larvae.

I do not think this Nematus does any harm to the tree, and the kidney-
shaped, Tosy-tinted galls are, rather than not, an embellishment to the
leaves.

A, 6, The Bedeguar of the Eose, or, as the children in England call it,
Poor Eobin's Pincushion, affords an example of a gall community. It is
formed by a cynips, Rhodites rosm, L. It consists of a number of cells
closely united and tufted with numerous branched filaments, which serve
the inhabitants of the galls as a protection from the winter's cold, and
also, it may be, against the attacks of feathered enemies.

I do not find this gall around Quebec ; but, some years ago, I found a
number of them upon wild rose bushes growing in a pasture at the foot of
Tamaska Mountain, on a farm that belonged to the late Eev. Canon Eobin-
son; and I was able to raise the gall-fly from them in considerable num-
bers.

r 77^?^*^®^ interesting example of these polythalamous galls is that of
CalhrhyUs seminator, Harris. This pretty insect lays its eggs m the
wounds it makes around the twigs of the white oak. The galls develop
mto a flocculent mass, imbedded in which the larval cells may be found.
The perfect insects appear in the end of July. Galls of this kind are, in
some seasons, abundant on the Island of Orleans.

B, a, I have often found upon the Canadian Blueberrv (Vaccinium
Canadense, Kalm), a very pretty gall of the size of a cherry, and of a rosy
hue. The maker of this, Solenozopheria vaccinii was described by Mr
Ashmead in 1887 (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XIY., p. 149). I have never
raised it ; but I have obtained from the galls a species of guest-flv, Megaris-
mus nuhhpennis, Ashmead, in considerable numbers. A cross cut of a
gall will shew the cells of this parasite in orderly arrangement. The

96

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

larvae found in the cells are white and plump, and waxen in appearance,
and have sharp mandibles. They are liable to attacks from predaceous
secondary parasites. (Fig. 16).

B, b. There is a two-winged fly (Trypeta solidaginis, Fitch), which
forms a large, round, pithy gall in the st^ms of the Golden Rod (Solidago
Canadensis, L.). The larva has its cell in the centre of the gall, but bites

Fig. 16. a. Gall on Blueberry. Natural size. h. Section of Gall,
showing cells of Guest-fly.' Natural size. c. Larva of Guest-fly .
Greatly enlarged.

a passage to the outer rind. Through this passage, probably, an insidious
foe finds its way, viz., Eurytoma gigantea, Walsh. I gave a minute des-
cription of this species, both of the male and of the female, in the Canadian
Entomologist, vol. xxvi., p. 122.

The country naturalist, who takes the trouble to study the plant galls
and their inhabitants, finds many things to awaken his interest and to ex-
cite his admiration.

AN ELEMENTARY STUDY OF INSECTS.

By Prof. W. Lochhead, Guelph.

The late Prof. C. Y. Riley, of Washington, estimated the number of
kinds of insects on the earth at ten millions. Of this immense number only
200,000 are known, yet these make up two-thirds of all the kinds of animals
known. The question will naturally arise : In what way do insects differ
from other animals? Although they differ much among themselves, all in-

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

97

socts are seen to have much in common when their structure is studied. They
ail have, when full grown, three pairs of jointed legs; their bodies are com-
posed of rings, or segments, more or less closely joined together into three re-

Fui. 17. Diagram of the underside of a Beetle {Harpalus Caliginosus) ;1A. Mandible ; B. Maxil-
lary palpus ; C. outer tub^ of Maxilla ; D. inner tube of Maxilla ; E. labial palpus ; F.
paraglossfe ; G. Ligula . jj. mentum ; I. antenna ; K. prosternun ; L. episternum of pro-
thorax ; M. coxae ; N ' ^-rochanter ; O. femur ; P. tibia ; Q. tarsus ; E.. claws (ungues) ;
S. meeosternum ; T. j^etas^^^^^^^ ' ^- episternum of mesothorax ; V. espisternum cf
metathorax ; W. vent ^ g^gments ; X. epimeron of mesothorax ; Y. epipleuron.
7 EN.

98

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 1^

gions, head, thorax, and al)(ioni;^:a ; Uiey breathe air; they have one pair of
feelers, or antennae; and usually one or two pairs of wings. By these char-
acters, insects are readily distinguished from true worms, or from spiders,
certipedes, and cray-fish, their near relatives.

The Head. The head bears the feelers or antennae, the eyes, and the
mouth-parts, and is concerned with the sensation of touch and the g&tting
of food.

The feelers function as organs of touch and perhaps of taste, and are very
varied in shape. The eyes are compound and are composed of a large num-
ber of simple eyes. The mouth-pfirts are very unlike in different insects.
In those insects which feed by chewing or biting their food, there are an
upper lip, the labrum; a pair of jaws, the mandibles, which work sideways;
a pair of smaller jaws, with feelers, the maxillce; and a lower lip, the labium
(Fig. 17). In those which take up fluid food, the mouth-parts are modified
for sucking (Fig. 18), licking or piercing (Fig. 19). To combat injurious

Fig. 19. Head of a sucking insect (Siiuash bug) ; a antenme ; h the eye ; c the 4-jointe.l l:»eak ;
d and e the four lances ;/ the labrum, (original).

insects succec^sfully, the farmer or gardener should be able to tell biting
forms from sucking forms, for it is possible to poison the food of the former,
but not that of the latter.

The Thorax. The thorax is composed of three united segments. The
ill st bears a pair of legs, while the second and third bear not only a pair of
legs, but also often a pair of wings. It is clear that this region of the body
is concerned with movement. (Fig. 20).

The legs of insects are jointed, and are composed of the following parts :
The coxa, or hip; the trochanter; the femur, or thigh; the tibia, or shank; and
the tarsus, a three to five jointed foot ending in claws. (Fig. 17).

The Abdomen. The abdomen is composed of many segments without
limbs in adults; but in the young state, some insects, such as, butterflies,
moths, saw-flies, there are un jointed feet, or pro-legs, on the abdomen.
(Fig. 21). The organs of reproduction and digestion are situated within the

abdomen. . i i j j •

The alimentary canal occupies the middle portion of the body, and is
composed of gullet, crop, gizzard, stomach, and intestine. The crop may be
{ ailed the storing stomach, and the gizzard the grinding stomach. Digestion
takes place in the true stomach, into which the coecal tubes empty their se-
cretions. With most sucking insects, however, the gizzard is wanting.

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

99

Tke nervous system lies below the alimentary canal, and close to the
lower body wall. It is composed of a series of ganglia connected by two
long, slender cords. The ganglia in the head is the largest, and supplies
nerves to the eyes, feelers, and mouth. In general, each segment of the body
has a ganglion which sends off nerves in all directions, to supply the segment.

Fig. 18. ^Viouth parts of
a House-fly.

Fig. 20. Under surface of Head and Thorax of a Squash
bug ; a the odour glands ; h the sucking beak ; c the
antenna?. (Original).

The respiratory system is clearly shown in Fig. 22. The breathing-
pores, or spiracles, are valve-like openings lying along each side, and open al-
most directly into a tube which runs lengthwise of the body. From these

pro-legs as well as feet.

two main tubes branches run in all directions through the body to the main
organs. In many insects there are bulb-like expansions which act as air-
reservoirs. By means of the system of tubes, or tracheae, air is carried to all
portions of the body, and the blood is rapidly purified by exchanging carbon-

100

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

dioxide for oxygeu. In the case of sucking insects, the most effective way
ot' killing them is to suffocate them by clogging the spiracles with such sub-
stances as tobacco, soap solution, kerosene emulsion, insect powder, lime, or
dust.

The blood, which is nearly colorless, flows free within the cavity of the
cavity of the body, and bathes the various organs. The requisite amount of
oxygen is obtained by exchange from the tracheae which contain air.

Reproduction and Metamorphosis. Most insects lay eggs, but a few
biing forth living young. As a rule, insects have great powers of reproduc-
tion, but seldom are the newly hatched insects exactly like the adults. In

Srif^aCal I '■ochea

Fic. 22. Respiratory S3'stem of Grasshopper (after Hyatt).

fact, most insects pass through a more or less marked change during their
lives. This is known as Metamorphosis, which is said to be complete (Fig.
23), when the insect passes through a stage of almost total rest, takes no food,
and moves but little; and incomplete (Fig 24), when the insect does not pass
through a stage of rest, but feeds and changes its form gradually with every
moult, becoming more and more like the adult. As insects grow they cast
off their old skin at intervals. The new skin is soft and elastic, but as it
gets older, it becomes hard and inelastic. This is stripped off' and replaced

Fig. 23. Complete metamorphosis ; a caterpillar ;
b chrysalis in a cocoon ; c moth.

by a new one. By this moulting, growth is not interfered with. Among
these insects which undergo complete metamorphosis are : Butterflies, moths,
beetles, bees and wasps and flies. The different stages are known as egg, larva,
pupa, and adult. The larval stage of insects is the most important one
from an economic standpoint, for it is the feeding stage, and it is then that
vegetation is injured. The larvse of butterflies and moths are known as
caterpillars (Fig. 21), and have usually 8 pairs of legs, sometimes only 5
pairs; those of saw-flies have usually 10 pairs of legs.

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

101

Grubs are tlie larvae of beetles (Fig. 25), and liave commonly only three
pairs of legs. Maggots are the larvse of flies (Fig. 26), bees and wasps, and
are footless.

4 U-. \i m

i J4

■> y - \

Fig. 24. Incomplete metamorphosis of a Cockroach ; a, 6,
c, d, young larvae ; e, f, h, winged adults ; g eggmass,
magnified.

The grasshoppers, crickets, and bugs (Fig 27), undergo incomplete meta-
morphosis, so that the young resembles the adult, and becomes more like the
adult with each succeeding moult.

/:

Fig. 25. Grub of
beetle.

^^

/^^.

i I

f

%X /Vc

Fig. 26. Maggot of
AYheat midge.

Fig. 27. Development of a Sqaash-bug from a young
individual to an adult.

102

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

Although the pupa stage is inactive, nevertheless it breathes slightly,
and uses up some of the food which is stored in the body as fat-bodies during
the larval stage. Some pupae are naked (Fig. 28), and others are surrounded
by a cocoon (Fig. 29), or web, which is spun by the larva. All pupae, how-
ever, are invested in a more or less tight-fitting case. With some, the case
covers tlie body loosely, but in others, the outlines of' every external structure
are clearly shown.

Life History : The life-history of an insect means simply the life story,
that is, "all the changes it goes through, and all that it does from the time
it hatches from the egg, or is born, until it dies of old age." It becomes an
important matter to learn the whole life story when we wish to combat in-
jurious insects, for very frequently there is a stage (not always the same stage
for all insects), when they are most easily attacked and destroyed.

Fig. 28. Pupa of an
Archippus but-
terfly.

Fig. 29. Pupa in a cocoon.

Fig. 30. Two-winged fly (Diptera

ULASSiPiCATiON OF INSECTS. Insects are, for convenience of study, di-
vided into Orders, named according to the nature and number of the wings.
Only seven orders will be discussed here, as nearly every insect of economic
importance belongs to one of the seven :

1. With two wings Diptera. (Fig. 30).

2. With four wings :

A. Upper and lower wings similar in texture.

a. All wings scaly Lepidoptera. (Fig. 31, 32).

b. All wings naked or a little hairy :

(1) Wings many veined Neuroptera. (Fig. 33).

(2) Wings few veined Hymenoptera. (Fig. 34)

B. Upper and lower wings unlike in texture.

(a) Mouth-parts formed for ^\ick\i\g...tLermptera, Heteroptera,
(Figs. 19 and 20).

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

103

(b) Mouth-parts formed for biting :

(1) Upper wings horny Coleoptera. (Fig. 35).

(2) Upper wings parchment-like . . .Orthoptera. Fig. 36).

Fig. 31. Butterfly ( Lepidoptera )

Wh<in both the mouth-parts and the wings are used for classification
ihe following may be used:

Fig. 32, Moth (Lepidoptera)

Fig. 33. Dragon-fly (Neuroptera)

1. Insects with both a biting and sucking mouth and wings with but
few veins Hymenoptera.

Fig. 34. Wasp (Hymenoptera)

•2. Insects with a biting mouth
A. Upper wings horny

Fig, 35, Beetle (Coleoptera)

C;;Jcovicra.

104

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

B. Upper wings parchment-like Orthoptera.

C. Upper wings with many veins Neuroptera.

8. Insects with a sucking mouth :

A. All wings scaly Lepidoptera.

B. Only two wings Diptera.

C. Upper wings half leathery and half membranous

The Hymenoptera contain many beneficial forms, and some injurious
forms. The metamorphosis is complete. They are often divided into the
stinging species, such as bees, wasps, digger-wasps, ants, etc.; and the pierc-
ing species, such as Ichneumon flies (Fig. 39), Chalcid-flies, Gall-flies, Saw-
fl^'es (Fig. 40), and Horn-tails.

Fig. 86. Grasshopper (Orthoptera)

The Coleoptera or the Beetles are divided into the True Beetles, and the
Snout Beetles. The True Beetles are again divided according to their tarsi
and antennce into : —

1. Carnivorous beetles with thread-like antennse, and nearly all are
beneficial. Such are the Tiger-beetles (Fig. 41), and the Ground-beetles.

Fig. 37. a. Bug
(Hemii>tera
Heteroptera)

Fig. 39. Ichneumon Fly
(Hymenoptera)

Fig. 38. Bug with wings

expanded (Hemiptera)

2. Club-horn beetles with club-shaped antennae. Most of these are-
beneficial. Among these are Rove-beetles, Burying-beetles, and Lady-bird
beetles (Fig. 42).

3. Saw-horn beetles with saw-toothed antennae. These are mostly in-
jurious, and include the Wire-worms and Buprestid Wood-borers. (Fig. 43.

4. Leaf-horrt beetles knobbed antennae made up of many leaf-like
prrts. (Fig. 44). Most of these are injurious, and include the Rose-beetles,
June bugs, and Stag-beetles.

5. Plant-Eater beetles with bead-like antennae. (Fig. 45). All of
these are injurious, and include the potato-beetle (Fig. 46), Flea-beetle, an J
Pea- weevil.

Among the Snout beetles (Fig. 47), are Plum-curculio, Grain-weevils;,
and Bark-beetles. Most are injurious.

The Lepidoptera are divided into the Moths, Butterflies, and Skippers,
("Fig. 48), Their larvae are caterpillars, and ?ome are among our most in-

1904

ENTOMOJ OGICAL SOCIETY.

105-

jurious forms. Such are the Tent Caterpillar, Army-worm, Cutworm, Peach-
tree Borer, Cabbage-worm, Codling worm. Canker Worm, and Mediterranean
Flour Moth.

The Diptera are two-winged, and include such insects as the Hessian Fly,
Wheat Midge (Fig. 49), Mosquitoes, Craneflies, Eobber-flies, Bot-flies, House-

Fig. 41. Tiger-
Beetle.

Fig. 40. Saw-flies : a. male ; h. female
(Hymenoptera)

Fig. 42.

Lady-bird

beetle.

Ficx. 43.

Saw-horn

beetle (Bup-

restis).

Fig. 44. Leaf-
horn beetle.

flies, Tachina flies, Syrphus flies (Fig. 50) and cheese flies. The Tachina and
S'yrphus flies are very beneficial.

The Hemiptera or Bugs are divided into the True-bugs (Fig. 51), the
Leaf-hoppers and Plant, lice (Fig. 52) and Lice. Nearly all are injurious,
and frequently do much injury. They suck the juices from plants.

Fig. 45.

Plant-eater

beetle.

Fig. 47. Snout-
beetle.

Fig. 46. Colorado Potato-beetle.

The Orthoptera are often divided into the Jumpers, the Walkers, the
Graspers, and the Runners. The first includes the Grasshoppers, Locusts,
Crickets; and the last the Cockroaches.

The Neuroptera comprise the Ant-lions, Lace-wings (Fig. 53), Dragon
flies (Fig. 54).

106

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

,.Fic;. 4S. Skipper butterfly

Fig. 50. Syrphus fly.

~^

Fi(i. 49. Wheat-niidge.

Fi(i. 51. Triu'-1>ii(

Fr<;. 52. Plant-lire (.\uhis.)

Fk;. 53. Lace- winded fly and its
egg? on stalks.

Fi<i. 54. I)ra!2on-flv

Fici. 55. Cvaiiide bottle

1904

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

107

Collection of Insects. The best way to become familiar with, the dif-
ferent insects is to make a general collection. This is but a means to an end,
ic a real knowledge of insect life can. only be acquired by observation in the

Fig. 56. How to pin and label a
beetle.

Fig. 57. Spreading-board<

Fro. 5S. S])reading-board.

Fig. 59. Storage box for specimen^^.

fields. The insects should be watched during all their stages of growth, their
food plants, and their habits noted.

108

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

The outfit for collecting is neither expensive, nor hard to prepare. It
consists of (1) An insect net for catching the insects, made by sowing a bag
tf cheese-cloth to a stout ring, one foot in diameter, which is fastened to a
broom handle; (2) A cyanide bottle (Fig. 55), for killing the insects, pre-
pared by pouring some soft plaster-paris over a few lumps of potassium cyan-
ide m a wide-mouthed bottle. When the plaster has set and the bottle
corked, the whole is ready for use; (3) pins (Fig. 56) to mount the specimens;
(4) Spreading-board for butterflies and moths (Figs. 5T and l58) ; (5) a cigar-
hox, lines with cork, or corrugated paper of the druggist's to hold the speci-
mens. (Fig. 59).

When one considers the large number of injurious insects which attack
the various crops, it is not surprising that the yearly losses amount to many
millions of dollars. Of recent years, the Hessian Fly, the Pea-Weevil, the
Clover-Seed Midge, the Wheat Midge, The San Jose Scale, the Codling Moth,
and the Tent Caterpillar have been very active; and, in some sections of On-
tario, many crops were complete failures by reason of their ravages.

Careful estimates of the probable losses have been made at dift'erent times
b;y competent scientific men, and the conclusion was that the annual loss was
about one-tenth the total agricultural product of the United States and
Canada.

THE PEAE-TREE PSYLLA AND HOW TO DEAL WITH IT.

By George E. iFiSHER, Burlington.

Several instances of disastrous and even fatal effects to valuable pear or-
chards from being attacked by the Psylla have come under (my observation,
as well as entirely satisfactory results from treating the trees.

The life-history and habits of injurious insects must be accurately deter-
mined before we can know just how to deal with them. A knowledge of the
habits of such insects will often enable the farmer to so manage his land and
crops that the insects are placed under unfavorable and even destructive con-
ditions.

Fig 60.

Fig. 61.

The Psylla winters in the full-grown or perfect state, a minute
brick-red fly, about one-eighth of an inch in length. From the broad head
the body tapers to a point at the caudal extremity. There are two pairs of
large transparent wings, which when closed cover the body. The thighs are
abnormally developed, which enables it to jump a long way; hence the name
'Tear-tree Flea-louse." In form this insect is the counterpart of the Dog-

1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109

day Harvest fiy (Cicada) in miniature (Fig. 60). During the winter it se-
cures shelter in the crevices of the bark on the trunks and large limbs of the
trees, in nearby rubbish, or wherever it can find protection ; hence the advan-
tage of clean culture, in which case it will be confined to the trees. The
small lemon-coloured eggs are laid about the middle of April, and hatch about
tlve middle of May, according to weather conditions (Figure 61). There are
probably four broods in a season. When the nymphs appear, if there be no fo-
liage, they make their way into the opening buds. They secrete large quan-
tities of honey dew, which frequently drips from the leaves, and gets over the
whole of the tree and fruit, in which a black fungus develops.

There is difficulty in treating the Psylla during the summer. Except
immediately following a heavy rain, the nymphs are usually so completely en-
veloped with honey dew that spray will not reach them, and the mature in-
sects are so active that when spray strikes a tree they instantly fly away, and
do not return until spraying is discontinued.

An ounce of crude petroleum in the proportion of 1 in 16 (1 gal. of pe-
trolelim in 16 gals, of emulsion), has in my experience proved the most satis-
factory in case a treatment must be given in summer, but I would depend
upon a very thorough application of lime and sulphur (lime 30 lbs., sulphur
20 lbs., in 40 gals, of wash, cooked two hours), made in March, to wipe out
the pest. At this season there are no eggs. The overwintered adults are
very sluggish, not at all like those of the summer broods, and these alone are
present. If the wash be driven well into all of the cracks of the bark thp
(i( struction of the insects will be complete.

Lime alone will destroy Psylla perhaps as completely as with sulphur
added, and will go a long way in cleaning off the black fungus, but lime alone
will not destroy scale insects, and these are invariably present. Whether it
be lime, or lime and sulphur that is used, the wash must be liberally applied,
for it will not diffuse, but remains where it strikes the tree, and if the Psylla
is to be killed it must be hit.

OBITUARY.

The Late John Alston Moffat.

Through the kindness of Mr. G. L. Johnston, President of the Hamilton
Scientific Association, we are enabled to present our readers with an excellent
portrait of our late friend and colleague, Mr. J. Alston Moffat, who died at
the Victoria Hospital in London, on the 26th of February, 1904. For four-
teen years he had been the Librarian and Curator of the Entomological Soci-
ety of Ontario, and endeared himself to all with whom he came in contact by
his kindness and courtesy. It was always a pleasure to him to identify speci-
mens, and to exhibit the beautiful objects in the Society's cabinets to anyone
interested in natural history. He was a frequent contributor to the Canadian
Entomologist, and to these Annual Reports. In the last volume (the 34th
Annual Report, 1903, page 103) will be found an interesting account of his
''Recollections of the Past," which contains reminiscences of his life and re-
lates how he came to study entomology.

''Mr. Moffat was born on the family estate of Milton, about three miles
frcm the city of Glas^row, Scotland, in the year 1825. Through business
inisfortune his father lost his wealth and removed to Glasgow, where he en-

110 THE REPORT OF THE .:N TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 19

gaged in mercantile pursuits. Not liking city life, he came to Canada by
himself, proposing to find a home for his family in this new country. Soon
after he left Scotland, his wife — Mr. Moffat's mother — died; he at once sent
for his family, who landed at New York on July 1, 1836, and settled in the
Township of Nassagaweja ; there the father married again. This homestead
IS still in the possession of the only son of that marriage. After a time
John's eldest brother took up land and settled in the township of Binbrook,
I nd there John Alston made his home for some years.

''After a time he came to Hamilton and engaged in business as a mer-
chant tailor, but being in indifferent health he was in the habit of taking long
V alks in the open country as a relaxation from business. It was during these
walks that he formed those habits of observation of the insect life which he
saw around him, that shaped all his future career. He found so much en-
joyment in the capturing of insects and observing their life history, and be-
came so absorbed in the science of Entomology, that in spite of much good
natured ridicule from his friends, he gave up his city business altogether and
'going from bad to worse' as he expressed it, devoted his whole time to the
study of insect life.

"He soon became well-known to all the entomologists of Canada, as well
as to many in the United States, and was a most industrious collector of speci-
mens. His habits of observation were exact, and as a result he found a new
species of moth which was named Scopelosoma Moffatiana in his honour by
Mr. Grote, an Entomological expert. It is figured in Dr. Hollands's Moth
Book," plate xxvi. fig. 3-3, and is called by him 'Moffat's Sallow.'

''He was a nephew of the well-known Dr. Moffat, who was surgeon to
Wellington, during the conflict with Napoleon, and also of Bailie Alston, a
well-known philanthropist of Glasgow. Mr. Moffat was a man of quiet
ard retiring disposition, and at his death in his eightieth year, was as straight
of body, and clear of mind as in his youth. He passed away honoured and
respected by all who knew him as a friend, and this society and the one with
which he was most intimately connected are all the poorer from his loss."

Mr. Moffat's first contribution to these Reports was made in 1880, when
he furnished a short account of an assembly of Archippus butterflies that he
had observed. This was followed by "Collecting Notes" in each of the next
thr^e volumes. In 1884 and 1886 two papers appeared from his pen on the
habits of Ant-lions. From this time on, he became a regular contributor ; the
following are the more important of "his papers; "Species, Varieties and Check-
lists" (1887) and "Some thoughts on the Determination of Species" (1889),
"Origin and perpetuation of Arctic forms" (1890); "The power of Insects to
resist cold" (1892); "A microscopical examination of an unexpanded wing
of Callosamia promethea" (1891); this became a special subject of interest
to him and led to papers "Remarks on the structure of the undeveloped wings
of the Saturniida^." "Growth of the Wings of a Luna Moth" and "The Wing-
structure of a Butterfly" (1894-1899); "Mosquitoes" (1893); "A reappear-
ance of Pieris protodice" (1894) : "Variation with special reference to In>ects"
(1895) ; "Value of Systematic Entomological Observations" and "Protective
resemblance" (1897): "Random Recollections" and "A bit of History"
(1898); Observations on the Miarration and Hibernation of the Archippus
Butterfly (1900-1901): "A talk about Entomology" (1892), and his "Remin-
iscences" in 1903 already referred to. He also contributed "Notes on the
Season" every year from 1895 to 1902. Though he never had any educa-
tional advantages, he was an interesting writer, and often displayed much
thought and accurate powers of observation. C J S. B

INDEX.

PAGE.

Anasa tristis 11, 55

Anosia plexippus 7

Aphodius erraticus 16

Apple leaf-sewer 28

Aquilegia borer 31

Arsenical compounds 40

Ashmead, Dr. W. H., elected an hon-
orary member 47

Asparagus beetles 51

Autographa Calif ornica 48

flagellum : 48

fratella 48

iota 48

on 48

rubidus 48

Basswood, or Linden, insects 78

Beet-leaf miner 52

Bethune, C. J. S., articles by 23, 109

Blueberry, gall on 96

Book Notices 57

Bot-flies ot Kabbits 33

Buffalo Carpet-beetle 32

Cabbage insects 4, 29, 50. 51, 52

Cacoecia fervidana 94

Caprifig insect 39

Carrot Rust-fly 29, 53

Cecidomyia verrucicola 79

Cereal crops, insects injuring 49

Chenopodium album, insects attack-
ing 26

Cicindela echo 43

" pseudosenilis 43

" tenuicincta 43

Cicindelidae. notes on Canadian 73

Cimbex Americana parasite 18

Clisiocampa fragilis 26

Clover-seed Midge 50

Clythanthus ruricola SO

Cockle, J. W., article by 86

Cockroach, a southern, in Canada ... 76

Codling Moth 54

Coleophora tilisefoliella 79

Coleoptera, captures in 1904 73

Collectors of insects in Canada 60

Columbine borer 81

Cotton Boll-weevil 37

Currant, insects affecting 29, 30

Duterbra cunicnli 33

Cutworms 4, 51

Dahlia stalk-borer 31

Diaphoromera femorata 5, 78*

Dichelonycha elongata 78

Diptera, captures in 1904 77

Ellida caniplaga 79

Eulecanium quercitronis 80

Eupsalis minuta 80

Evans, J. D., article by 82

Evergestis straminalis 4

Fisher, G. E., article by 7, 108

Fletcher, J., articles by 49, 56

Fulgoridse, Catalogue of : Swezey 58

Fyles, T. W., articles by 16, 91, 94

Galls and their makers 94

Garden insects 29

Geometridse, notes on 66

Gibson, A., articles by 78, 81

Gluphisia, septentrionalis 79

Grant, C. E., article by" 4

Guelder Rose Aphis 54

Harris, E. D., notes on Cicindelidae... 73^

Hemerocampa leucostigma 5

Heterocampa bilineata 79

Hibernia tiliaria 26

Hollyhock borer 30

Household pests 32

House-plant insects •. 55

Hymenoptera, Food-habits of 94

Insect Names and Lists 87

Insects, elementary study of 96

Insects, outfit for collecting 107

Ithycerus noveboracensis 92

KeartVitc, \^ . D. on Micro-Lepidop-

tera 71

Lecanium cerasifex 54

Lepidoptera, captures in 1904 61

Lepidoptera of Kootenai District,

B.C.: Dyar 57

Light, Insects collected at 82

Lime and sulphur treatment

8, 9, 10, 34. 40, 53

Lithocolletcs h ?> 'ni '^ d r\r doll a 94

Lochhead, W., articles by, 27, 33, 35, 96

Malaria Mosquitoes 38, 39

Micro-Lepidoptera, notes on 70

Mites in flour 32

Moffat, J. A., memoir of 109

[111]

112

l^^DEX.

I A(iE.

Mosquitoes 38

" Books on 58, 59

Oak insects affecting 91

Onion maggot 4, 5, 29, 50

Orchard insects 27

Ottolengui, Dr., letter from 48

Panchlora viridis 76

Papaipema purpurifascia 81

Paragrotis messoria 4, 51

" ochrogaster 4, 51

" scandens 51

Parasitic insects, value of 36

" " importation of 37

Pear-tree Psylla 10, 108

Pea-weevil 8, 10, 49

Pegomyia bicolor 52

Phoxopteris nubeculana 28

Phytoptus abnormis 79

Pieris rapse 52

Powder Post beetle 32

Primula Spring-tail 31

Prionoxystus robinise 92

Prionus laticollis 92

Psila ros£e 29, 53

P.ed Spider 9, 56

I'AGii.

Rennie, R. W,, article by 9

Hoot maggots 50

Fsan Jose scale 8, 33, 53

Snring-tail insects 31

Scale insects 54, 55

Squash-bug 11, 55

Stevenson, C, article by 90

Strawberry weevil 30

Synchroa punctata 80

Taylor, G. W., notes on Geometridae 66

Telea polyphemus, Spinning methods 86

Tent caterpillars 5, 9, 26, 55

Tineid Moths from B.C.: Busck 58

Tussock moth 5

Vespa diabolica 17

Walking-stick insects 6, 78

Wasps 17

VVickham, H. F., article by 42

Williams, J. B., articles by 5, 87

Willow galls 94

Willing T. N., article by 25

Wire-worms 10, 18, 29

Young, C. H., article by 3

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