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ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MECHANIC ARTS.

PAR — hl:

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1888.

om Dm mS

AUGUSTA :
FLYNT, PRINTERS TO THE STATE.
1889.

MAINE) STATE COLLEGE.

B,
sY. oH af a7 L of hy)

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

STATION COUNCIL.

Hon. Z. A. Giipert, No.Greene, Me., Commitiee

Routitus ALprEN, Esg., Winthrop, Me., of

Wo. H. Srrickianp, Esq., Bangor, Me., Trustees.

IMER@APEURNALD, ha. Dia 5 22 esa da eal ee President College.
President.

NVA e OR DIAN Mls Sis. G.6 5 eee bare sieartelie «eve ... Director Station.
Secretary.

WaLTeR Baventiny, M.S. ............Professor of Agriculture.
Be ee vELAR Vins (MSY oe. oo. ... Professor of Natural History.

BMA CSSHEL IIMs Secu c eee ee ee ek. Veterinarian to Station.

STATION OFFICERS.

DV PEER LORDAN IVE AUS swiss gel tle weer dee wud ceed ia ean Director.
Vrs Cee re Nar De: Dea Dias as Gee Se hae evel Meteorologist.

Water Baventing, M.S............. Experimental Agriculture.

reepeELARV RY s UME. SS 5 certs ae eile: oe Botanist and Entomologist.
PPap ere RUOSSEEB (Vis, ISec (clei acum ee asin ed eieiaiee ois sia VM Cberinarian.
Per Vibe sa DUR TT MS AS 52S eee 4 Sele! oral. cane MON Chemist.

ee em EGR RTL Sai. sz sys ol aralore > dre Wane ek soe CONEMISE,
F. P. Briggs .... ........ Assistant in Botany and Entomology.
PNwaae VMs SIU AUWin (6: aj.) s. oialiaiie aise cosnnes atsaee Scone tialohele ... Foreman on Farm.

VG Siete EININ TE AV OAS Galen git cour eenior Haun tatiepa an cee at aC Mot 5 Clerk.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

THe Marne State CoLtitece AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
Receipts and Expenditures for the year ending June 30, 1888.
RECEIPTS.

Annual appropriation from the U. S. Treasury........ $15,000 00.

EXPENDITURES.
Salanlesmnyens srouuni, eect en i amen ne EU Me aes oteny $3.496 67 e
ConsStruchiomers,sctesiont Same es enema re eas 3,000 00
Chemicalilvabonatonys as 75 10 Sas rast ie eats 3,745 52
Field and Feeding Experiments............ 664 16
GIES S LOC Karciee easy ce cio None eee tate sles sealers 1,005 00
NGS T yp cakes os ee taae Sey tcc ise carers coateel veers SOROS
PTAVCMING PhS PCMSCh ps says Acceso ssa sie ei OOOO
ZENG MO eens re Sere Seieushcisvels Uaveus cM cyaree none 254 31
Slatloneny ange OstaGe ae. an) veniosl ieee ele 104 25
Department of Meteorology.....°.......... 307 7S
Department Botany and Entomology ....... 2 39
MC EMEHAl EK PENSC! hoi die sietevniars toate tsa te 453 93

$15,000 00

J. FRED WEBSTER, Treasurer,
Trustees Maine State College, Agr. and Mech. Arts.

I find the above accounts properly
vouched and cast.
Wiriram H. Srrickianp,
Auditor Trustees Me. State College Agr. and Mech. Arts.

* Mostly office furnishing.

DIRECTOR'S REPORT.

M. C. Fernald, Ph. D., President Maine State College:

Sir :—The work of the Experiment Station for 1888 has been
largely that of organization and preparation. This department of
the college, which has been created and endowed by the act of Con-
gress, and accepted by the legislature of this State. will, without
question, be maintained as a permanent agricultural institution,
provided the national appropriation is so applied in this and other
States as to meet the approval of the intelligent farming public.
In order that the Station organization shall be made on a permanent
and progressive basis, such as shall meet not only present, but
future needs, in a manner that shall insure the effective application
of the funds appropriated, it is necessary to proceed slowly and
deliberately at first. This is the reason why at the end of nearly a
year’s active existence, it is possible to report only a limited amount
of actual experimental work begun, and still less so far completed
as to report results.

The erection of a building with ils equipment of water, gas,
apparatus and furniture, the purchase of the appliances for field and
feeding experiments, and the special plans for the different depart-
ments of Station work have engrossed much time and thought.
The inspection of fertilizers, which becomes more and more laborious
each year, has also been carried on as usual.

That which has been accomplished in these various directions, it
is the purpose of this report to make clear, and it is hoped that
what has been done as a beginning, in laying the foundations for
future work, will meet with approval.

THE FORMER STATION.
The Maine Legislature of 1885 passed an act locating at the college
what was to be known as the Maine Fertilizer Control and Agricultu-
ral Experiment Station, appropriating to its support the sum of $5000

6 MAINE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION.

annually. This Station was not placed under the control of the
trustees of the college, but was intrusted to a board of managers,
three of whom were to be appointed by the Governor of the State,
the others to be the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, and the
Professor of Agriculture at the college.

This Station existed about two and a half years, and issued
twenty bulletins and three reports, the former being published only
in the leading papers of the State, and the latter as a part of the
report of the Maine Board of Agriculture.

The work of this Station consisted of the inspection of commercial
fertilizers, and the eonducting of such experiments and investiga-
tions as the remaining time and means allowed.

Upon the passage by Congress of what is known as the ‘‘ Hatch
Act,” establishing an agricultural experiment station in every State,
the legislature of 1887 repealed the law of March 3, 1885, by an
act which took effect on October 1, 1887. It was expected at the
time this act was passed that by October Ist a Station would be in
operation under the provisions of the national law.

This did not prove to be the case, owing to the failure of Con-
gress to appropriate money, and had not the college assumed the
risk of advancing the funds to pay the expenses of the Station for
another three months, work would have ceased on the date at
which the old Station law stood repealed. As it was, work was
continued until January 1, 1888, when the Station force disbanded
to await the action of Congress.

THE PRESENT STATION.

The congressional act establishing what are known as the national
experiment stations, became a law on March 2, 1887, and desig-
nated October Ist of that year as the time at which the first
quarterly payments for the support of these stations should become
due. Congress failed, however, to make the appropriation required
by the act named, and so these stations did not go into operation.

It was not until after the passage of a deficiency bill early in
February, 1888, that funds became available for the payment of the
expenses of the year 1887-8.

Previous to this, the Maine legislature of 1887 had accepted
the provision of the ‘‘ Hatch Act” on the part of the State, and at
a meeting of the college trustees in June, 1887, the present Station

was organized as a department of the college, by the election of a

MAINE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION. vi

director and two other members of the staff of officers. It only
remained, after the funds had become available, for the trustees to
take such steps as were necessary to put the Station into actual
operation, which they did at a meeting on February 16, 1888.

RELATION OF THE STATION TO THE COLLEGE.

The act of Congress establishing the Station, creates if as a
department of the college, which stands in the same relation to the
trustees and president as any other department. At the same time,
such are the peculiar conditions under which this department is
created, and so essential is it for the college to be able to show that
the congressional appropriation is applied according to the intent of
the law, it seems necessary for the management of the Exper-
iment Station to be more fully distinct and separate than is
the case with the other departments of the college.

At a meeting of delegates of agricultural colleges and experiment
stations held in Washington, D. C., Oct. 18-20, 1887, resolutions
were adopted, a brief summary of which is given below:

1st. All the appropriations under the ‘* Hatch bill’? should be
wholly applied to agricultural research and experiment, and not to
the general uses of the college. i

2d. These stations should be so far separate and distinct from
the colleges that it will be possible to show at any time that the
funds have been used according to the intent of the law.

3d. Every department known as an experiment station should
be distinctly organized with a recognized official head, whose time
shall be chiefly devoted to this department.

It is believed that the plan of organization upon which this
Station has entered is in conformity to the letter and spirit of these
resolutions. It is true that some members of the faculty of the
college will divide their time between station work and the instruc-
tion of students, but in all eases, increased assistance will be
provided to compensate for added duties, and in no instance will
the Station funds be used to pay for time devoted to teaching.

ORGANIZATION AND WORK OF THE STATION.

At the meeting of the trustees mentioned above a general plan for
earrying out the provisions of the ‘‘Hatch bill,”’ involving the expen-
diture of $15,000 per annum, was presented to the board of trustees,
and was accepted by them, and the development and management
of the Station under this plan was placed in the immediate charge

8 MAINE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION.

of an Experiment Station Council, constituted as follows: The
president of the college; the director of the Station; the professor
of agriculture; the professor of natural history; the Station
veterinarian ; the Station horticulturist (when appointed).

At a subsequent meeting this council was enlarged by the addition
of a committee of the trustees.

In accordance with the action of the trustees the Station
Council has perfected the organization of the Station somewhat in
detail, and the various lines of work important to Maine agriculture,
to which attention will be given, from time to time, as seems expe-
dient, have been assigned to the Station officers, as follows:

{1) Cattle Foods, Cattle Feeding and Animal Products. (Director
of Station.)

The forage crops adapted to Maine agriculture.

The composition of cattle foods, and the influence of varying
conditions upon their nutritive value.

The disgestiblity of cattle foods.

The special functions of the ingredients of cattle foods in animal
nutrition.

The economical use of foods in the production of milk, meat and
other animal products.

The adaptability of the various breeds of animals to the profitable
production of milk and meat.

The best methods for the manufacture of butter and cheese, and
allied questions.

(2) Fertilizer and Crop Production. (Prof. Balentine.)

The composition, availability and use of the various kinds of fer-
tilizing material, including commercial and farm manures.

The relation of different cattle foods to the fertility of the farm.

The economy of different systems of farm management as related
to the fertility of the soil and to the profits of farming.

Methods of cultivation best calculated to promote tbe fertility and
proper physicial conditions of the soil.

(3) Varieties of Farm Crops, Agricultural Botany and Ento-
mology, (Prof. Harvey.)
A botanical study of plants, both useful and injuricus to Maine
Agriculture.

MAINE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION. 9

The nature and remedy of the fungoid and other diseases to which
agricultural plants are subject.

Inspection of the agricultural seeds sold in Maine to determine
their purity and vitality.

The life history and ravages of injurious insects, and the means
of their prevention or extermination.

(4) Animal Diseases. (Dr. Russell.)

Dr. F. L. Russell, a graduate of the Maine State College and of
the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, New York City,
was elected veterinarian to the Station early in 1887, and since that
time has been pursuing special studies in bacteriology and pathology
at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, in preparation for the
work which he is to undertake. He will enter upon his duties at
the Station about the first of March, 1889, and will then devote his
time largely to a study of the nature of those diseases from which
the farm animals of this State seem likely to suffer.

(5) Horticulture. (No special provision for this yet.)

It seems desirable that horticulture should find a place in the
work of the Station, and it is only necessary that certain. facilities
be provided in the way of buildings in order that proper attention
may be given to this important branch of agriculture. In the mean
time as much will be done in this direction as time and facilities
permit.

(6) Agricultural Meteorology and Physics. (President Fernald.)

This department of experiment and investization embraces such
subjects as temperature, rainfall, evaporation and percolation or
drainage, in their relations to the mechanical conditions of the soil
and to plant growth. It is now proposed to begin in the spring of
1889 certain meteorological observations, additional to those
heretofore made at the college.

(7) Fertilizer Inspection.

The new fertilizer law enacted in 1887 gives the Experiment
Station the authority to sample and analyze the commercial
fertilizers sold in the State, and therefore this inspection will be
continued as heretofore.

OO ve |
ay

10 MAINE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION.

It will be possible, now that the Station bulletins are to be sent
directly to farmers, to distribute information in regard to the
character of the fertilizers offered for sale, more promptly than has
been the case when the newspapers were the medium of communi-
cation.

On the other hand large increase in the brands of fertilizers offered
for sale in this State will tend to delay the report of the spring in-
spection.

Samples can not be collected until the new goods are shipped to
dealers, and the greater the number of brands sampled the longer the
time required to perform the analysis.

(8) Chemical Analyses, (Mr Bartlett and Mr. Merrill.)

It is to be noticed that of the nine Station officers two are chem-
ists, who will devote nearly their entire time to analytical chemistry,
with perhaps some assistance. Almost all of the experimental work
to be undertaken in the field, barn or dairy, will require the aid of
the chemist in obtaining the data necessary to full and safe con-
clusions. Conclusions from experiments in plant feeding and cattle
feeding are often looked upon with suspicion as a guide to practice,
unless chemical analysis is employed to give full information about
the materials used, and the products obtained. Moreover, the
amount of analytical work involved in the inspection of fertilizers is
very great and because of the large business interests that are
affected by the report of this inspection, it is essential that the
analyses be reliable beyond question. So great is the necessity for
entirely trustworthy laboratory data, the Station has adopted the
policy of entrusting this work largely to men of experience at salaries
that shall tend to secure their services permanently, rather than to
employ mostly assistants of a lower grade, and at small salaries,
whose results would he less satisfactory even with constant supervi-
sion, and who would constantly be changing to more lucrative
positions.

(9) An important part of the conduct of field and feeding
experiments is the immediate supervision of the details of their
execution. An experiment may involve ever so interesting a
problem, and may be ever so wisely planned, but unless it is carried
out with good judgment and fidelity on the part of the one who
attends to its actual execution, it is likely to be worse than useless.
It is ne easy thing to exercise the care necessary to correctuess in

MAINE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION. 11

weights and records, when several experiments are being carried on
at the same time. These duties now devolve upon Mr. Shaw,
foreman on the farm, who has rendered the Station efficient service
in this direction.

The work of the Station, as outlined above, covers a wide field
of inquiry, and it should not be expected that all the problems
important in Maine agriculture will receive attention at once, or
that these problems will be quickly solved. Many points in farm
practice must be studied experimentally for several years, before
safe conclusions can be reached, although some questions can be
answered in less time. An effort will be made to adapt the work
of the Station to the special needs of the State, and to secure results
whose direct practical value shall be unquestioned.

STATION BUILDINGS AND APPLIANCES.

Since the first organization of an experiment station at ‘the
college in 1885, it has occupied building space that has been
needed by the departments of instruction. Moreover, now that
national aid has so greatly enlarged the scope of the work to be
done, the demand for more and better room for laboratory and
other purposes has become imperative. ‘This fact was recognized
by the trustees at the February meeting of 1887, and consequently
they made arrangements for the erection of a building to contain
the chemical laboratory, station office and director’s room. This
building, constructed of brick with granite trimmings, is now
nearly ready for occupancy, and is believed to be well suited to the
work for which it is intended. Its general appearance and plan
are shown by the accompanying plates.

The basement contains space for the unpacking and storage of
apparatus and chemicals, a Springfield gas machine for the manu-
facture of burning gas from naphtha, a boiler which supplies steam
for heating and laboratory purposes, and room for coal. On the
first floor are five rooms devoted entirely to chemical work.
including a reading room in which is to be placed a special chemival
library. Three of these rooms are furnished with gas, water,
tables, hoods, steam baths for evaporation and balance shelves set
on brackets built into the wall. The apparatus for these rooms is
already purchased. The upper floor has a Station office with an
accompanying small room for storage, the director’s private room,
and a room which will probably be temporarily devoted to

12 MAINE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION.

bacteriological investigations. The whole building is heated by
steam and lighted by gas. In the office has been placed a large
Hall’s safe for the preservation of the records, a National Files
Cabinet for the systematic filing of letters and papers, and a large
case for the proper storage and distribution of pamphlets, bulletins,
etc.

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The whole building is to be equipped so thoroughly, that with a
given force the maximum amount of work will be accomplished.

The experiments with live stock have been carried on so far in
the barn that will be needed for other purposes as soon as the
college farm is restocked, and space for this work must be provided
elsewhere. If in some way funds can be secured to complete the
outside of the unfinished new barn, the amount allowed from the
national appropriation will probably be sufficient to fit the inside for
feeding and dairy experiments, and to build the dairy room that
must be provided when the one belonging to the farm is again occu-
pied. Such an arrangement seems to be the only possible one
that will adequately provide for the experimental work which the
station proposes to do.

Land necessary for field experiments has been set aside from the
college farm, and is already occupied, and the field experiments to
which it is devoted include the use of small plots for fertilizer tests
and tests of varieties, and of large areas on which different systems
of crop production will be practiced for a series of years.

As a means of conducting feeding and dairy experiments, the
station has purchased eight thoroughbred cows (two each of the
Jerseys, Ayrshires, Holsteins and Shorthorns), six thoroughbred
steers (two each of the Herefords, Holsteins and Shorthorns),
twelve pigs and six sheep, also the necessary scales for weighing
animals, rations and milk, and an outfit of dairy apparatus.

THE CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT.

This report contains the results of a comparatively small amount
of experimental work, for reasons previously given. It is quite
largely devoted to matters of an explanatory and informational
character. For instance, under the head of foods, quite an amount
of space is occupied by explanations in regard to the composition
and digestibility of cattle foods, and the basis, value and use of the
German feeding standards, and these subjects have been treated at
so much length in response toa direct call for such information.
It is proposed to treat other subjects in a similar manner, so that
the Station Reports may serve as books of reference. It will be
noticed, also, that the main part of the matter given in the bulletins
published in 1888, is reprinted here.

Quite a number of experiments are either under way or are
definitely arranged, as can be seen by the following summary of
what has been done, or is already undertaken, and some results
have been secured which are not published here.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1G

EXPERIMENTS AND INVESTIGATIONS, THE RESULTS OF
WHICH ARE ALREADY PUBLISHED.

1. Wood Ashes.

Object: The determination of the composition of ashes from
different woods, and of those burned and kept under different con-
ditions.

Plan: The collection and analyses of ashes from as many sources
as possible.

Time: Summer of 1885.

Results published: Report M. E S., 1885-6, pp. 29-34,

2. Manure Residue.

Object: The determination of the value of manure residue from
corn meal and cotton seed meal.

Plan: The feeding of corn meal and cotton seed meal with same
amount of some kind of hay, and collection and analysis of feces
and urine during the two periods.

Time: Fall and winter of 1885-6.

Results published: Report M. E. S.,* 1885 6, pp. 42-46.

3. Digestion Experiment.

Object: To determine digestibility of timothy hay.

Plan: Timothy hay fed to a sheep, with corn meal or cotton seed
meal, for twelve days, fzeces collected for last five days. Digesti-
bility of meal assumed from German averages. The feeding was
carried on for three periods, of twelve days each.

Time: Fall and winter, 1885-6.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1885-6, pp. 35-58.

(4) Digestion Experiment.

Object: Digestibility of maize kernel fed in different forms.

Plan: Weighed quantities of whole corn, corn meal and corn and cob
meal fed to pig, each for twelve days, and fceces collected for last
five. Three periods.

Time: Winter, 1885-6.

Results Published: Report M. E. S., 1885-6, pp. 59-64.
(5) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The advantage of combining cotton seed meal with corn
meal in moderate grain ration fed to milch cows.

Plan: The feeding of same weights of food in three different
periods, in first and third periods the grain ration being a mixture

2 *M. E.S., for Maine Experiment Station.

i8 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

of cotton seed meal and corn meal, and in second period pure corn
mea]. Three cows used in the experiment, each period of feeding
being four weeks. During the last two weeks of each period a
record was kept of the milk produced, and of the cream and butter,
the milk being analyzed also.

Time: Winter, 1885-6.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1885-6, pp. 65-72.

(6) Feeding Experiment.

Object: Comparison of wheat straw and a nitrogenous grain
ration with timothy hay and corn meal, as foed for growing steers.

Plan: Two lots steers, two in each lot, same weights of hay and
straw fed, and same weights of grain, only the lot eating straw
received some cotton seed in place of part of corn meal fed
to lot eating timothy.

Time: Winter, 1885-6.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1885-6. pp. 73-76.

(7) Field Experiment.

Object: The practical effect of different forms of phosphoric acid
in crop production, also of a complete commercial fertilizer against
yard manure.

Plan: Three plots in series manured with each form of P2 Od,
accompanied by a sufficient supply of ammonia and potash salts
alone, three plots with no manure and three plots with yard manure.

Time: Spring, 1885.

Results published (first year) : Report M. E.S., 1886-7, pp. 41-49.

(8) Field Hxperiment.

Object: The use of partial as compared with complete fertilizer.
The profitable quantity of fertilizers to use.

Plan: Similar to experiment seven.

Time: Spring, 1885.

Results published: First year Report M. E. S. 1886-7, pp. 47-49

(9) Field Hxperiments.

Object: To stimulate habits of inquiry and observation. To
render farmers more familiar with the composition of fertilizers.
To add something if possible, to our stock of Knowledge in regard
to the profitable use of commercial fertilizers.

Plan: The sending to farmers bags containing different mixtures
of fertilizing material with directions for making experiments. The

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19

various combinations were P2 O35 alone, P2 O05 and K2 O, and P2
05, K2 O and N.

Time: Spring, 1886.

Results published: First year, Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 49-
64; second year, this report.

(10) Digestion Experiment.

Object: Digestibility of Timothy hay.

Plan: Seven hundred grams hay fed to a sheep for twelve days,
feeces collected for last five days. Feces and food analyzed.

Time: Fall, 1886.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 72-73.

(11) Digestion Experiment.

Object: Digestibility of clover hay.

Plan: Same as experiment 10, only 700 grams clover hay fed.

Time: Fall of 1886-7.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 74-75.

(12) Digestion Experiment.

Object: Digestibility of oat straw.

Plan, same as experiment 10 and 11, only 350 grams oat straw
fed daily.

Time: Fall of 1886-7.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 15-76.

(13) Digestion Experiment.

Object: Digestibility of potatoes, both raw and boiled.

Plan: Three hundred and fifty grams oat straw used in experiment
12 and 1000 grams raw potatoes fed to two sheep for twelve days,
feeces collected last five days. Digestibility of straw assumed to be as
found in experiment 12; 300 grams Timothy used in experiment 10,
and 1000 grams boiled potatoes fed to one sheep for twelve days.

Time: Winter, 1887.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 47-79.

(14) Feeding Expervment.

Object: Same as experiment No. 5.

Plan: Four cows used in experiment and in each period two
cows received Timothy and two clover hay, otherwise plan same as
experiment No. 5.

Time: Winter 1886-7.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 84-89.

(15) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The profitable quantity of food and the profitable com-

bination of foods, in feeding steers for growth.

20 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Plan: Ten steers about eighteen months old, divided into five lots.

Lot 1. Maintenance ration, hay.

Lot 2. Ration for moderate growth, hay anl corn meal.

Lot 3. Ration for moderate growth, hay, corn meal and cotton
seed meal.

Lot 4. Ration for rapid growth, hay, corn meal and cotton seed
meal.

Lot 5. Straw substituted for hay.

Time: Fall and winter, 1886-7.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 89-938.

(16) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The comparative value of whole corn and corn meal for
feeding hogs.

Plan: Two lots of pigs, three in each lot; first period lot 1 fed
whole corn, lot 2 fed same weight corn meal; second period lot 1
fed corn meal; lot 2 fed whole corn. In each period same quantity
of potatoes and skimmed milk fed each lot.

Time: Fall and winter, 1886-7.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 97-99.

(17) Feeding Experiment.
Object: The comparative feeding value of corn meal and corn-
and cob meal for hogs.

Plan: The feeding of two lots of pigs, three in each lot; lot 3
received corn meal, potatoes and milk, and lot 4, a weight of corn-
cob meal containing same amount of kernel as the pure meal of lot
3, and same amount of potatoes and milk.

Time: Winter of 1887.

Results published: Report M. E. S , 1886-7, pp. 99, 100.

(18) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The relative feeding value of raw and boiled potatoes.

Plan: Two lots, of three pigs each, to be fed in same weights of
potatoes, corn meal and skimmed milk, only with one lot the pota-
toes to be boiled before feeding.

Time: Winter of 1886-7.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 100, 101.

(19) Feeding Experiment.
Object: The profitable composition of rations for growing poultry.
Plan: The feeding of a pure corn ration against a ration consist-

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21

ing of a mixture of corn and some highly nitrogenous material.
Two lots of cockerels, of twelve each.
Time: Fall, 1886.
Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 101-104.
>

(20) Dairy Huperiment.

Object: The effect of varying temperature at which milk is set
for cream raising. (1) Upon volume of cream. (2) Upon com-
position of cream. (3) Upon quantity of cream to each pound of
butter. (4) Upon fat leftin skimmed milk. Other minor points
are considered.

Plan: The setting of equal weights of same milk at different
temperature, the milk, cream and skimmed milk to be analyzed,
and the cream and butter weighed.

Time: Spring and summer, 1887.

Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 107-119.

(21) Available Nitrogen.
Object: Relative value of organic nitrogen in different fertilizers.
Plan: Treatment of fertilizers with an artificial pepsin solution,
and determination of undissolved nitrogen.
Time: Spring, 1887.
Results published: Report M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 124-126

(22) Digestion Methods.

Object: The comparison of artificial digestion of protein, with
results obtained by ex erim2ats with arimils; als> errors for pro-
tein of natural method.

Plan: Treatment of foods used in digestion experiments with
animals with artificial solutions of pepsin and pancreas, and treat-
ment of feeces with sucd solvents as will remove the ‘‘stoff-wechsel
producte,” and not act upon the audigested food residue.

Time: Fall and winter 1886-7.

Results published: Report M. E S., 1886-7, pp. 127-135, and
this report.

(25) Test of Varieties.

Object: Test of comparative value of different varieties of oats.

Plan: The sowivg of equal areas with the different varieties under
similar conditions, the wain facts of growth, yield and bushel
weight to be recorded.

Time: Spring 1886.

De AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Results published: First year, Report M. E. S 1886-7, pp.
105-6; second year, this report.
(24) Test of Varieties.

Object: Test of comparative value of different varieties of barley.

Plan: Same as experiment No. 23.

Time: Spring 1886.

Results published: First year, Report M. E. S., 1886-7, p. 106;
second year, this report.

(25) Test of Varieties.

Object: Test of comparative value of different varieties of
potatoes.

Plan: The planting of equal number of hills seeded alike, under’
similar conditions with record of growth and yield.

Time: Spring, 1886.

Results published: First year, M. E. S., 1886-7, pp. 104-105.

Second year, this report.

(26) Digestion Experiment.

Object: Determination of composition and digestibility of different
species of grasses and other forage plants.

Plan: Collected at same stage of growth, subsequent analysis
and digestion experiments.

Time: 1887.

Results published: First year, this report.

(27) Culture Experiment.

Object: The effect of hilling potatoes as compared with flat
culture.

Plan: The cultivation of equal areas of potatoes under similar
conditions, only certain plots hilled, and certain plots given flat
culture, to be tried with both deep aud shallow planting.

Time: Summer, 1887.

Results published: This report.

(28) Feeding Experiment.
Object: See experiment No. 16.
Plan: See experiment No. 16.
Time: Summer, 1887.

(29) Feeding Experiment.
Object: The economy of feeding grain to growing steers while at
pasture.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 23

Plan: The feeding of two lots of steers, one on grass alone and the
other on grass and corn meal, the rations to be alternated between
the two lots.

Time: Summer, 1887 (Failure).

EXPERIMENTS OR INVESTIGATIONS ALREADY UNDER-
TAKEN OR PLANNED.
(30) Study of Breeds.

Object: A study of the characteristics and economy of different
breeds of cows for dairy purposes.

Plan: The use of four breeds, two cows of each, Holstein,
Shorthorn, Ayrshire and Jersey, a record of the amount and
composition of foods, the weight and composition of milk, weight
and composition of cream, and weights of butter; also a study of
physical characteristics of milk and chemical and physical properties
of butter.

Time: 1888, and continuing.

(31) Study of Breeds.

Object: Study of relative production of beef with different breeds.

Plan: The use of three breeds, two steers of each, Hereford,
Shorthorn and Holstein, to be grown from calves under similar
conditions and feeding.

Time: 1888, and continuing.

(32) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The economical composition of a ration for beef produe-
tion.

Plan: The dividing of steers used in experiment 31 into two lots,
one steer of each breed in each lot, one lot to be fed a ration such
as can be compounded without the purchase of highly nitrogenous
foods, the other to receive an equal weight of food containing a
certain proportion of cotton seed meal (or linseed).

Time: 1888, and continuing.

(33.) Fodder Investigation.

Object: A study of the relative feeding value of Timothy, cut at
different stages of growth.

Plan: Determination of weights, composition, digestibility and
growth produced, of Timothy from plots cut at different stages of

24 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

growth. Piece divided into six plots, three cut when in bloom, and
three cut about two weeks later,
Time: 1888.

(34.) Fodder Investigation.

Object: The relative amounts and composition of dry matter pro-
duced by different varieties of corn grain for ensilage.

Plan: The growing of the different varieties of corn on equal
areas under similar condition of soil, manuring and cultivation.
Two acres divided into twelve equal plots, four plots being planted
to each variety of corn, southern white, common field corn and
sweet corn.

Time: 1888.

(35.) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The feeding value of ensilage as compared with hay.

Plan: The feeding to milch cows and growing steers the same
amounts of digestible material in ensilage and hay. The other parts
of the ration being alike.

Time: Fall and winter 1888-9.

(36) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The determination of the actual maintenance ration.

Plan: Feeding steers with hays, record to be kept of weight
and composition of foods fed, change in weights of animals, and
weights and composition of excretions.

(37) Feeding Experiment.

Object: The relative value of skimmed milk and corn meal as
foods for growing swine.

Plan: The feeding to two lots of pigs, of two animals each, the
same amounts of digestible material, to come more largely from
skimmed milk than in the other, a small amount of bone meal to
be fed to each lot. Pigs from same litter.

Time: 1888.

(38) Feeding EHuperiment.

Object: The effect of a large amount of drink on the growth of
pigs.

Plan: The feeding to two lots of pigs, of two each, the same
amounts of digestible material, in one case the amount of drink to
satisfy the thirst of the animal, and in the other the animal to be
induced to drink more than necessary.

(99) Feeding Hxuperiment.
Object: The use of nitrogenous foods in the growing of pigs.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 25

Plan: The feeding of two lots of pigs on same amounts of digest-
ible material, the ration to be more nitrogenous in one case than in
the other, drink and all other conditions to be similar.

(40) Fertilizer Pot Hxperiment.

Object: The study of the availability of different forms of phos-
phoric acid.

Plan: The growing of plants in sand, different plots being
manured with different forms of P2 O5, all other elements of plant
food being supplied in abundance, and conditions of temperature,
moisture, being the same for all plots. Galvanized iron pots used.

Time: 1888,

(41) Fertilizer Box Experiment.

Object; Same as No. 40.

Plan: Same as No. 40, only plants grown in boxes three feet
square, set ground, no bottoms, and filled with ordinary soil.

Mime: 1888.
(42) Fertilizer Box Experiment.

Object: A study of the availability for plant growth of different
forms of nitrogenous material.

Plan: Same as No. 41.

Time: 1888.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

The publishers of the following named papers have kindly placed
this station upon their complimentary list, for which grateful
acknowledgement is hereby made:

American Analyst, 19 Park Place, N. Y.; American Cultivator,
Boston, Mass.; American Grange Bulletin, Cincinnati, Ohio;
American Rural Home, Rochester, N. Y.; Delaware Farm Home,
Wilmington, Del.; Eastern Farmer, Waterville, Me.; Farmers’
Advocate, London, Ont. ; Farmers’ Club Journal, Hornellsville, N.
Y.; Farm and Fireside, Phila., Pa.; Farm and Home, Springfield,
Mass. ; Farmer’s Home, Dayton, Ohio; Farm Journal, Phila., Pa. ;
Farmers’ Review, Chicago, Ill.; Hoard’s Dairyman, Fort
Atkinson, Wis.; Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind; Mirror and
Farmer, Manchester, N. H.; Maine Farmer, Augusta, Maine ;
Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, Mass.; National Farmer,
Augusta, Maine; New England Farmer, Boston, Mass.; New
York Weekly Tribune, New York, N. Y.; Ohio Farmer, Cleveland,

26 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Ohio; Orange County Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y.; Philadelphia
Weekly Press, Phila., Pa.; Practical Farmer, Phila, Pa. ; Southern
Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga.; The Husbandman, Elmira, N. Y.

Lewis & Cowles of Catskill, N. Y , very generously presented
the Station with a Lewis Combination Force Pump, some account of
the use of which is given in this report by Prof. Harvey. Thanks
are also due to Hon. E. E. Parkhurst of Maysville Center, Me., for
the present of a thorough-bred short horn bull calf. Several fer-
tilizer manufacturers have very kindly offered to supply the Station
with quantities of their goods, sufficient for field experiments, but
the offers have been declined for obvious reasons.

W. H. JORDAN,
Director.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,

MAINE STATE COLLEGE,
Orono, Maine, Jan. Ist, 1889.

ba |

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2

FERTILIZERS.

INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS.*

The inspection of the various brands of fertilizers sold in the
State has for its object (1) the comparison of the actual composi-
tion of these brands with the guaranteed composition, this being
required by law, and (2) the determination of their relative values.
In carrying out this inspection the fertilizers must be sampled in the
hands of dealers or consumers, analyzed, and their values then
calculated on the basis of ruling commercial prices.

There are given below the history, analyses and valuations of
eighty-five samples, taken from thirty-eight brands, with such pre-
ceding explanations as are deemed necessary for a clear under-
standing of the main facts pertaining to the composition of com-
mercial fertilizers, and of the real significance that the analyses
and valuations have for the consumer.

VALUABLE INGREDIENTS OF FertILizers. The ingredients of
commercial fertilizers upon which both their agricultural and
commercial values chiefly depend are nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
potash. Besides these more valuable ingredients, sulphuric acid
and lime are always present in superphosphates in considerable
quantities, being a necessary accompaniment of phosphoric acid as
it exists in nearly all manufactured fertilizers. Fertilizers also
contain soda, magnesia, iron, alumina, chlorine, silica and more or
less organic matter, the number and quanitity of the ingredients
varying according to the raw materials used.

Nitrogen is the most costly of the three important ingredients
mentioned, and adds largely to the commercial value of all the
fertilizers sold in Maine, with a few exceptions. It is found in the
markets in quite a variety of substances which are used by manu-
facturers to supply this ingredient to mixed fertilizers, but which
are available for fertilizing purposes when purchased unmixed with
anything else.

*The explanations in regard to the composition and valuation of fertilizers which are made
under this head are mainly reprinted from the previous reports of the Station, with such
changes as are necessary. The apology for quoting so largely trom a previous report, is that
there are no new facts to be stated, and that to express the old facts in a new form would
probably not add anything in value or clearness to the explanations already made. These
explanations will not be repeated in further reports, so that those who receive this report will
do well to preserve it for future reference.

tPreviously printed in bulletins 23 and 25.

28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Nitrate of soda, a compound of nitric acid (aqua fortis) and
soda, and sulphate of ammonia, a compound of sulphuric acid (oil
of vitriol) and ammonia, are two of the most valuable nitrogenous
materials which are used to supply nitrogen to the farmer. Their
nitrogen is immediately available for use by the plant, the nitric
acid of the one and the ammonia of the other being the compounds
of nitrogen which largely serve as plant-food.

The following materials furnish organic nitrogen to fertilizers :

Dried blood, dried and ground fish, azotin and ammonite (pre-
pared animal matter), fish scrap, meat scrap, cotton-seed meal,
castor pomace, horn, hair, wool, leather waste, etc. These
substances must decompose and the nitrogen become changed into |
compounds of nitric acid and ammonia before it is largely available
to plants. There is, therefore, a great difference in the value of
organic nitrogen as found in the above-named materials. Dried
blood, for instance, decomposes in the soil rapidly, while horn,
hair, wool and leather scrap in their natural condition decay very
slowly, and the nitrogen which they contain becomes useful only
after a long period of time. These latter substances are not only
less useful to the farmer than blood, fish and meat, but they are
also much less costly, and their presence in a fertilizer supposed to
be manufactured of the best materials is good evidence of fraud.
It is now possible to determine whether organic nitrogen of so poor
a quality is largely used in any fertilizer.

The phosphoric acid of superphosphates is determined in three
forms, according to its solubility in various liquids, viz: soluble,
reverted and insoluble.

Soluble phosphoric acid is that which exists in fertilizers in a
form freely soluble in water. It is obtained by treating certain
phosphatic materials, such as bone and South Carolina rock, with
sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol.)

In the chemical changes caused by the sulphuric acid, besides the
production of a soluble calcium phosphate, with perhaps some free
phosphoric acid, hydrated calcium sulphate (gypsum) is formed if
sufficient water be present, which is the same compound as land
plaster. The advantage of having the phosphoric acid of fertilizers
rendered soluble is not that it remains so in the soil, for it becomes
insoluble in water very shortly after application, but in the fact that
when the compounds of the soil change it back to an insoluble con-
dition it becomes deposited in particles so minute that they are
easily appropriated by the roots of plants.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29

Reverted phosphoric acid is a term originally signifying phos-
phoric acid that has once been ‘‘soluble,’’? but which from some
cause has ‘‘reverted” or ‘‘gone back” to forms insoluble in water.
Now it is used to designate that which is dissolved by a solution of
ammonium citrate, and includes not only the truly reverted, but also
more or less of phosphoric acid as combined in the original, undis-
solved phosphatic material. Reverted phosphoric acid, in so far as
it comes within the strict meaning of the term, most probably hasa
value for crop production equal to that of the soluble form, but itis
not clear that this holds true of that which would be dissolved by
ammonium citrate from finely ground South Carolina rock, for
instance, at a temperature of 65° C.

Insoluble phosphoric acid is that which is readily soluble neither
in water nor in a solution of ammonium citrate, but which can be
dissolved in strong acids. In superphosphate it comes from some
of the original phosphatic material that has not been acted upon by
sulphuric acid, and depends somewhat for its value upon the kind
of material used, whether bone or rock phosphate. In any case it
has less value than the soluble or reverted forms.

It should be remembered that the terms ‘‘soluble,”’ ‘‘reverted,”’
and ‘‘insoluble” are merely relative in their significance. There is
no compound of phosphoric acid that is not dissolved to a slight
extent, at least, by pure water, and to a still greater degree by
ammonium citrate, and the extent of the solubility of raw phos-
phates in these liquids, and in weak acids such as are found in the
roots of plants, depends very largely upon their mechanical con-
dition, or the degree of fineness to which they are ground.

The potash used in this country for agricultural purposes comes
mostly from Germany in the so-called ‘‘German potash salts,”
which include potassium sulphate, potassium chloride (the muriate)
and kainite. Except for a few special purposes, potash is equally
valuable in all these forms, but costs least in the muriatic and in
’ Kainite.

All fertilizers contain more or less water. The presence of this
ingredient does not affect the actual value of a fertilizer unless it is
in sufficient quantity to cause stickiness and thus render it difficult
to distribute the fertilizer uniformly by hand, or by a corn planter
or other machine. That is to say, two fertilizers containing the
same quantities of the same kinds of plant-food will be equally
valuable, no matter whether the amount of water present is the

30 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

same or not, provided, as stated, there is not enough in either fer-
tilizer to induce a bad mechanical condition.

THE VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS.

The law regulating the sale and analysis requires that the aver-
age of three analyses of each brand of fertilizer sold in the State,
shall be compared with the guaranteed composition of the fer-
tilizers examined.

This Station, in common with all American experiment Stations
that stand in an official relation to the fertilizer trade, goes farther
than this and applies a schedule of trade values to the goods that it
inspects. By means of these trade values there is calculated for
each brand what has been designated as the ‘‘estimated value” or’
the ‘‘station valuation.’”’ As these estimated values are not intend-
ed to represent the proper selling price of mixed goods at the point
of consumption, and in order to prevent any possible misappre-
hension as to their real meaning, the following explanations are
offered :

1. These trade values represent very closely the prices at which
a pound of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, in their various
forms, can now be purchased for cash at retail in our large markets.
They are based mostly upon the ton prices at which certain classes
of goods are offered to actual consumers, and correspond also to
‘‘the average wholesale prices for the six months ending March 1st,
plus about twenty per cent. in the case of those goods for which we
have wholesale quotations.”

2. These trade values do not include the charges for transporta-
tion from the market to the consumer, for storage, mixing,
selling on long credit, bad debts, etc., etc.

3. They are the prices of nitrogen, phosphoric aeid and potash,
ready for use by the farmer, when these ingredients are purchased
under the above-named conditions, singly and not mixed. In ordi-
nary superphosphates we find these three ingredients mixed, but
this is not a necessary condition of their use.

An illustration may serve to make clear the above statements.
A farmer wishes a ton of fertilizer similar to the well-known brands
sold in this State. If he purchases for cash in New York or Bos-
ton sixteen hundred (1,600) pounds of dissolved bone black, three
hundred (300) pounds of sulphate of ammonia, and one hundred

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ol

(100) pounds of muriate of potash, and mixes these ingredients
together, he will have a complete fertilizer not essentially different
from many standard brands of ammoniated superphosphates. The
cost of the ton after mixing (if the farmer prefers to mix the
ingredients) will be made up as follows:

a. Cost of materials in the markets.

b. Costof transportation.

c. Cost of mixing.

The first element entering into the total cost is the only one
included in the ‘‘estimated value.’’ If there is added to this one ele-
ment not only the charges for transportation and mixing, but also
the expenses of selling through agents and dealers, long credits,
bad debts, etc., we have the factors involved in the cost of our ordi-
nary superphosphates when delivered at or near the place of con-
sumption. As is to be expected, the Station valuations of super-
phosphates fall below their selling prices. In 1886 the average
difference in this State was $9.96 per ton, and in 1887 it was $8.00
per ton, excluding certain brands for which there is evidently a
serious overcharge.

4. The Station valuations stand in no direct or necessary rela-
tion to the comparative profits which may be derived from the use
of the various fertilizers by individual farmers. These values have
an almost purely commercial significance, and are not designed to
point out to a farmer whether he shall use potash, which is a com-
paratively cheap ingredient, or nitrogen, which is comparatively
costly. For instance, if a farmer finds that he needs to use potash
he can buy it for less than five cents per pound; but if an artificial
supply of nitrogen is necessary to successful crop production on his
soil he must pay nearly twenty cents per pound for the best forms
of this ingredient. The success or failure of a particular kind of
fertilizer in some special locality has no bearing on the cost of the
materials entering into its manufacture. If ordinary superphos-
phates are compared, however, on the basis of commercial valua-
tions it will generally be found to be true, that their fertilizing
power under conditions favorable to their use, is in proportion to
the money value.

The following schedule of trade values used in this State for 1888
is the one agreed upon by the experiment Stations of Massachu
setts, Connecticut and New Jersey, after a careful study of prices
ruling in the large markets of New England and the Middle States.

32 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

For comparison, the trade values used in 1886 and in 1887 are
also given :

TrapDE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS IN Raw MatTERIALS AND
CHEMICALS FoR 1888.

1886. 1887. 1888.
Cts. per lb. Cts. per lb. Cts. per lb.
Nitrogen in ammonia salts..-.......-.-.+.-+-. 183 173 17%
ot LIMITE ALES iraictetssinis cmlnteley steternicle tae teal 184 16 16
Organic nitrogen in dried and fine ground fish, 17 173 164
ee in azotin, ammonite and dried
and ground meat.......... 17 163 164
ut in cotton seed, linseed meal :
and in castor pomace...... ¢/ 17% 164
Bt in dried and fine ground blood 164 163
a in fine ground bone........-- 17 16 163
oe in fine medium bone......... 15 14 13
OC in medium bone...........-.. 13 12 103
aC in coarse medium bone....... 11 8s
es $6 horn shavings,
ce ee hair and fish
es uC SCLAD iano 9 8 8
Phosphoric acid, soluble in water.............. 8 8 8
ce oe ** in ammonium citrate
; (commonly calied
‘reverted ”’).....- 74 7h 74
ne ‘* insoluble. in dry fine ground
fish and in fine bone......... 7 7 7
ce ‘¢ insoluble, in fine medium bone’ 6 6 6~
< oe ot in medium bone.... 5 5 5
ob OC ee in coarse medium
; DOMEsarcicreutereceierele 4 4 } 4e
Sf es : in coarse bone...... 3 3
ee cf “S in fine ground rock
phosphate........ 2 2 2
Potash as high grade sulphate................- 54 5s 5s
‘6 NZAIMIBOK etateve ieee retele ela clea tiarae eo ere 44 54 44
Oe muriate..... Pin/ote Seva nts: wye¥aye aia vemisiateleion ee 44 44 44

It is seen that the prices for 1888 are practically the same as
those for 1887.

These values are applied to the valuation of Superphosphates
and all mixed goods, as follows:

It is assumed that the organic nitrogen of these goods has for its
source such materials as dried blood, ground fish, or nitrogenous
substances of equally good quality, unless a special examination of

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 33

some particular brand shows that inferior material like leather has
been used. Organic nitrogen in mixed goods is therefore valued
at sixteen and one-half cents per pound. The nitrogen pres-
ent in nitrates and ammonia salts is reckoned at 16 cents and
174 cents respectively.

The insoluble phosphoric acid of mixed forilivers is considered
as coming entirely from bone, and not from South Carolina rock,
and is reckoned at three cents per pound.

The potash is valued at the price of that ingredient in kainite and
the muriate, unless the chlorine present in the fertilizer is not
sufficient to combine with it, in which case the excess of potash is
reckoned as the sulphate.

The valuation of a fertilizer is obtained by multiplying the per-
centages of the several ingredients by twenty (which gives the
pounds per ton), and these products by the prices per pound, and
the sum of the several final products is the market value of the
fertilizing ingredients in one ton.

These estimated values should be studied in the light of the pre-
vious explanations. It will probably rarely happen in this State
that a mixed fertilizer can be sold near the point of consumption as
low as the Station valuation, the excess of cost representing cer-
tain expenses previously enumerated. The station valuations give
the consumer a fairly accurate basis for estimating the relative cost
of plant-food in the various brands of fertilizers, and will help the
farmer to determine whether he can in any way profitably change
his methods of buying fertilizing ingredients. A caution should be
uttered, however, against making too close an application of the
Station valuations, as a difference of a few cents, or even of a dol-
lar, on a ton between two brands may have no real significance, but
may be due to unavoidable errors of sampling and analysis, that
render it impossible to determine to the utmost exactness the com-
position of the entire bulk of material that is sold.

On the other hand farmers should be cautioned against the state-
ments of interested parties to the effect that the Station valuations
are misleading and are worthless as a guide to the farmer. It is
generally accepted that nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash are
the ingredients which determine not only the agricultural, but also
the commercial value of a fertilizer. The most searching tests of
the chemical methods now in use by official chemists show that these

3

34 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

methods are accurate in determining the amounts of these ingre-
dients. How then can it be demonstrated that chemical analysis is
unreliable as a means of testing the quality and value of a fertilizer?
Manufaeturers of fertilizers very generally employ a chemist to test
the quality of the raw materials and chemicals which they purchase,
and to ascertain the composition of their manufactured goods, and
that these business men have confidence in the chemist is shown by
the fact that they buy and sell material worth thousands of dollars
on the strength of his verdict. It is unreasonable, it is even worse
than unreasonable, to claim that the same methods which so
efficiently serve the manufacturer are valueless as a means of pro-
tection to the consumer. Granting, then, that the analyses are relia-
ble, the valuations are a safe means of determining the comparative
commercial values of fertilizers, within the limits of accuracy
already pointed out.

There are given in this report the analyses of thirty-eight brands
of fertilizers, and it is to be noticed that more than half of these
brands have ‘‘estimated values” that are very nearly alike,
the differences being mostly insignificant. On the other hand
certain brands have a low comparative valuation, which is
more significant from the fac. that this year is but a
repitition of last year in this respect. The two brands of
Common Sense Fertilizers, so called, have a valuation of
$15.87 and $12.29 respectively, which is not so good a showing as
these brands made last year, and the prices for which they were
then offered were $35.00 and $20.00. The fact is, these brands
contain only from one-third to one-half as much nitrogen, phospho-
ric acid and potash as the leading fertilizers sold in the State, and
it is perfectly demonstrable that their cost to the manufacturer is in
about the same ratio as compared with the best goods. Why then
should their selling prices be so out of proportion to their cost?

The tables which immediately follow give the history of the
samples taken, and their analyses. The comparative money values,
as calculated by the Station in the manner previonsly explained,
have much more significance than the excess of selling price over
valuation, because the selling price varies in some instances
according to the quantity of fertilizer sold, conditions of payment,
location, ete.

There is one point in connection with the excess of selling price,
‘however, to which attention should be called, which is that the same

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35

excess of selling price over valuation in two cases does not
necessarily mean that one fertilizer is sold as cheaply as the other.
This can be illustrated as follows: A’s fertilizer is sold for forty
dollars per ton, and values at thirty-two dollars. B’s fertilizer sells
for twenty-four dollars per ton, and has a valuation of sixteen
dollars. The excess of selling price is eight dollars in both cases,
but this is only twenty-five per cent of the money value of the
ingredients in A’s fertilizer, while it is fifty per cent of a similar
valuation of B’s fertilizer. In other words, B is charging the
farmers twice as much as A for handling a given quantity of
plant-food.

In studying the composition of fertilizers with reference to their
use the following points are important:

1. The relative amounts of the different ingredients, or what is
the same thing, the relative expenditure for the different ingredients,
It is to be noticed, for instance, that one superphosphate mentioned
in these tables contains 14 06 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 2.59
per cent of nitrogen, while another contains 8.35 per cent of
phosphoric acid and 5.73 per cent of nitrogen. In the former case
the valuation of the fertilizer is $29.14, and of this $18.18 is
derived from the phosphoric acid and $8.53 from the nitrogen. In
the latter case the total valuation is $32.80, of which the phosphoric
acid furnishes $11.44 and the nitrogen $18.70. At whatever price
these two fertilizers are bought, in the one case about 62 per cent of
the price would be expended for phosphoric acid, and 29 per cent
for nitrogen, while in the other case these figures would be nearly
reversed, 35 per cent of the cost belonging to the phosphoric acid
and 57 per cent to the nitrogen. Whether it is wise for the farmer
to make the larger expenditure for phosphoric acid or for nitrogen
is determined by his needs, and with this question these analyses
and valuations have nothing to do.

2. The condition of the phosphoric acid, whether largely available
or not. The total phosphoric acid in one of the fertilizers examined
this year is 11.17 per cent, of which only .48 per cent, or about one
twenty-third is in the insoluble form. In another fertilizer the
total phosphoric acid is 18.35 per cent, of which 13.69 per cent, or
about three-fourths, is insoluble. This means that the phosphoric
acid of one fertilizer is largely available at once, while the other
fertilizer will give up this ingredient to plants much more slowly.
This is an important matter, and if a market-gardener or sweet

36 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

corn grower finds it necessary to decide between the two fertilizers
he should not be long in doubt.

Two main considerations, then, should control in the purchase of
commercial fertilizers, the composition and the market value. No
farmer can afford to purchase material he does not need, and it is
equally unwise to pay $35 per ton for a fertilizer whose valuation is
only $15.87.

The figures which show the composition of the various fertilizers
analyzed represent the pounds of ingredients found in one hundred
pounds of the fertilizer.

Tables showing History, Analyses and
Valuations of Fertilizers offered

for Sale in 1888.

Analyses by J. M. BARTLETT and L. H. MERRILL.

STATION.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,

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60 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS.

Below are given the analyses of three samples of bone, and one

of sulphate of potash.

iJ
fo
sie Brand. Manufacturer. Sampled at
Bz,
361 | Allen’s Pure Ground Bone| American Man. Co. Boston, Mass.| Saco.
297 | Ground Bone...........| EH. J. Philbrook, Augusta.......| Augusta.
312 | Pure Guano Bone.......| C. W. Belknap & Son, Portland..| Portland,
Sold by
379 | Bradley’s Sulphate Pot’sh| Bradley Fert. Co., Boston, Mass..; Kennebunk.
gs
Brand. Moisture. | Nitrogen. |Phosphoric| Selling | 37g
Acid. | Price. | 3 5
BZ
Allen’s Pure Ground Bone..... 6.24 4.06 20.99 $35 00 361
Ground! Bone) -ccreiesjeisic leo sielels 9.66 4.i4 21.34 297
Pure Guano Bone..... 2... .0e- 7.09 3.17 23.46 312
Selling Stat’n
Moisture. | Potash, Price. No.
stetsicle 1.41 24.35 $50 00 379

Bradley’s Sulphate Potash

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 61

ANALYSES OF MUCK.

During the year 1887 several samples of muck were sent to the
station from different parts of the State, and these have been
analyzed with a view to determining their absorbent and fertilizing
value.

These samples were as follows:

No. of Sample—278. From William Downs, So. Sebec.
ee Ge Dok ‘¢ LL. H. Blossom, Turner.
ve vs 280. ‘¢ §. L. Holbrook, Brunswick.
66 “6 281. ‘¢ A.C. Chandler, New Gloucester.
es Ob 282. ‘¢ D. B. Johnson, Freedom.

The tables below show the pounds of organic matter and mineral
matter in 100 lbs. of the dry substance of the muck, the composition
of the mineral part, and the nitrogen and mineral substances in
100 lbs. water-free muck.

WaterminetroSieMUCK..<ccicrecies cece cees| Soined 75.05

Waterinaindry muck. -i\cecccee.-.. | O160 | 41.590 41 1a 93.35 24.80
PAishipiin air ny) MU Ck: 5:0)<jeieie/0\010) 0/010 6) «[0ja10 6.32 | 12.27 2.22 | 32.25 | 26.61

Organic matter in 100 lbs. water free

PUTO JG Golde aU SA ESta oR ERM aC BeaE 86.94 78.88 96.19 57.93 65.39
Mineral matter in 100 lbs. water free
STRING 3 Jona GGUS COR ELOD OD CIDOB OISOBO CCE 13.06 2lreli2 3.81 42.07 34.61

ComPOSITION OF MINERAL MATTER.

Insoluble part, sand silica, &c........ 2.85 | 81.33 | 57.88 | 84.50 | 63.61

Tron oxide and alumina . 2c. ccs cece berg) - 7.80 8.39 7.35

WGiMerfelsteteleolaielsielsie(slcueleiele) ccisisiersiaiote siete ||) (OU LG 3.42 6.51 4,46 10.59

WIRES Es oolono0. 0606 dOn0 COU SOGG Door 2.37 - 4.10 ou .37
IRGIIEIN'S gocn oouelboouDOoS cobonooaooE Aili +33 4,50 -10 -80
SO01D, oGbobouscdos Gods coOCanue sono,000C 2.35 - 4.45 33 -10
Sulphuric acid’ (S!O3)r i.e seco cc's el eee 5.38 82 2.69 81 2.38
Phosphoric acid (P2 05) ..... ce0 once V2 5.46 7.01 61 5.69
Carbonic acid, coal, &e....... ctetetotateiers 32.73 = 5.06 wASMiE ALL

— —— ee ee eee

100.00 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00

62 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

278 | 279s | aso Sl) eel | gent le ebees

Nitrogen of organic matter in
100 ibs. water free muck.. 2.17 1.29 1.98 1.15 1.61 1.75

Mineral matter in 100 Ibs

water free muck, contain-

ing:

Sand, silica, &c......s0. -« 6B I ately 2.20 | 35.53 | 23.74 36.70
Tron oxide and alumina..... 35 - 30 3.53 2.54 2.44
UTS) soos aoogDEboOO GGG coon 6.55 72 25 1.88 3.67 1.75
IMiaone sian tcversielsierstolstaley seer 31 - 15 15 12 1.05
Potash sere c)-\si< SgaoQ0 obI00.dbd0 .02 207 lt 204 227 1.40
Sodaevarsotecieveiteleles eiclaisretclays 30 - 17 014 03 35
Sulphuric acid......,.... .... 70 okt 10 034 82 235
Phosphoric acid............ 17 1.15 227 26 1.97 1.75
Carbonic acid, coal, &c...... 4.29 - 20 20 1.45 1.06
Motel soe pose negra coe! 3.81 | 42.07| 34.61 | 46.85

The above figures show what the five samples of muck would
contain if entirely free from water. It is never the ease that muck is
entirely dry. It is very retentive of moisture, and even when
shoveled out of the pit and allowed to lie in a heap until the dry
season—August, for instance—it would then probably contain as
much as 50 per cent. of water. When first shoveled out of the
bed, 100 lbs. of muck contain 75 or 86 pounds of moisture, some-
times more.

Now, if these mucks were at their best, and held but 50 per cent
of moisture, 100 lbs. would contain only half the quantities of
nitrogen and mineral ingredients given above, or, if fresh and
holding 80 per cent of water, only one-fifth these quantities. The
figures given for stable manure are also based on water-free
substance, and as this makes up about one-fourth the weight of the
manure, 100 lbs. would have one-fourth the pounds mentioned.

It is important to notice the great differences in the several
samples of muck.

First, there is a great variation in the amount of organic
(vegetable) matter, sample 280 having over one-third more than
sample 281. As it is upon the organic matter that the absorbent

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 63

power of the muck depends, sample 280 is evidently greatly
superior for use on the tie-up floor, or under swine.

Again, the several mucks differ in the quantities of manurial in-
gredients which they contain. Sample 278 has over twice the
nitrogen found in samples 279 and 281, while samples 279 and 282
are especially rich in phosphoric acid. Compared with stable
manure the average for nitrogen is nearly the same, but the mucks
are inferior in the quantities of mineral compounds. It should not
be forgotten that the ingredients of the stable manure are much
more available than those of the mucks. Until the muck is com-
posted we may believe that it will furnish but little food toa
growing plant. If, however, by treatment with lime, or under the
influence the fermentation of the manure pile the nitrogen it con-
tains is largely rendered available, the muck bed may be made a
not insignificant source of plant food. The whole matter of its use
turns upon the cost of getting it to the barn, and from the barn to
the field, as compared with what is saved by its use as an absorbent,
plus the value of the small amount of plant food which it contains.
The latter factor would not average over $2 per ton in the case of
the five samples analyzed, reckoning the nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash at such prices as these ingredients would cost in coarse
bone, raw South Carolina rock and muriate of potash, and it is
doubtful if these ingredients are as valuable in the muck as in the
materials named. This, at least, is plainly taught by these
analyses—that each muck bed must be judged upon its own merits.
There is muck and muck.

EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.

Prof. WALTER BALENTINE.

Many of the problems connected with manuring have been
definitely settled for years. We teach in our agricultural schools
that phospboric acid, potash, magnesia, etc., are essential to plant
life with the same assurance that the simple facts of geography are
taught in our common schools. We believe as implicitly that the
atmosphere is the chief source of carbon to the plant as we do that
the earth revolves on its axis.

The chief problems in plant nutrition to-day are not shat plants
need for their nourishment, but how to supply that nourishment in
the cheapest and most effective manner.

64 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The present method of treating rock phosphates to make its
phosphoric acid available quadruples the cost of the phosphoric
acid to the consumer.

The field for investigation in the direction of reducing this cost,
by the means of less expensive methods of preparation, is a
promising one.

The successful experiments in the use of the ‘* Thomas Slag” as
a source of phosphoric acid certainly gives encouragement to work
in this direction. That some plants can obtain nourishment from
sources that are not available to other plants seems to be well
established.

Investigations as to what plants are especially well adapted for
extracting phosphoric acid and potash from their most insoluble
compounds should be prosecuted vigorously.

It does not seem improbable that facts might be brought to light
from such investigations that would be of great use in devising
systems of crop rotation in which ground phosphatic rock and
feldspar might be made the chief source of phosphoric acid and
potash. The researches of Dr. Atwater on the atmosphere as a
source of nitrogen to plants were followed by results which warrant
a further investigation of the subject. If there is any class of
plants which will gather any considerable quantity of nitrogen from
the atmosphere during their growth, they should be made to con-
tribute to the supply of nitrogenous manures.

The number of lines of investigation in feeding plants which may
possibly lead to valuable practical results is great, but the most
important are those which have for their object cheaper fertilizers
for the farmers.

Box EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.

The station has commenced experiments which we hope will aid
in solving some of the problems concerning fertilizers, alluded to
above.

In 1887, boxes three feet square and one foot high, without
bottoms, were procured and set in the earth in the open field. In
the spring of 1888 three boxes were filled with loam that had been
piled up in a heap and shoveled over many times in order to make
it as uniform as possible. One set of these boxes was left without
the application of fertilizing material of any kind. The remaining

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 65

boxes each received an application of 37.5 grammes of muriate of
potash, and 50 grammes of sulphate of ammonia. This amount
was added that there should be no deficiency in potash or nitrogen
to interfere with the success of the experiment. To one set of three
boxes which had received the above application of muriate of potash
and sulphate of ammonia, 37.5 gr. of dissolved bone black was
added to each box. To another set of three boxes there was
added to each box 41.1 gr. of finely ground South Carolina rock.
To another set of three boxes was added 31.2 grs. of finely ground
Aruba phosphate. To another set, 42 grams of finely ground
Caribbean Sea guano. To another set 30.7 gr. of powdered
Canadian apatite. To another set 33.5 gr. of finely ground
Vivorella phosphate, and a set of two was left without the addition
of any phosphatic material.

The dissolved bone black was applied at the rate of about 400
Ibs. to the acre and carried 16 per cent of soluble phosphoric acid.
The application of crude phosphatic material was arranged so that
the total phosphoric acid in the crude phosphate should be double
the amount of soluble phosphoric acid in the dissolved bone black,
The fertilizing material was evenly mixed with four inches of the
surfage soil, and then, in each box, 260 oat kernels were planted.
The boxes were watered with rain water whenever they needed it.
Below is given a table showing the analyses of the phosphatic
materials used in the experiment, and another table showing the
results of the experiment.

iS) b A
3 8 3
os ae Oy oo
g a2 oO S
NAME or PHospnate. a oh he ao
= ine Ee
a3 3 53
a< Sli <
Dissolved bone black...............- - - 16.00 per cent,
South Carolina rock, fine ground,.... 28.64 per cent.|24.17 per cent. 4,47 \ 86
Aruba, fine ground. ............ o.-. 35.51 «6 32.86 ot PAE 18
Caribbean Sea guano, fine ground .../28.58 < 20298). 6© UsOe
Apatite, fine ground...............(39.12 « 38.51 « O71 ¢
i
Vivorella, fine ground... .... .... eee 35.88 <** 26.34 << 9.54 «6

66 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

2 \4 Pa aS re Bate ale
a Sel peemen ye |
a BOE meeeatil neat cs LS OL a hes a
oe & Sepia | (ae os
ana BE |PE/SE ISS (Scag |
ae seraliess S | Sw |Sou lose (bee oe
Fertilizers. Gall Ey) s Se Scie Ws osee
he Se ) OMe i) ox =o+ S2uG,
Co) Ol ro) op 4 to | ans or S a
a cea i ianiccs eS | es |s=2ns2Seaa
B/so i] so] Su) Se lsc klean oss
zl|/he| & | <a | <8 |e Ss wicS Sane
1} 163.1) 234
Nothing........ 2) 154.9} 203 159.1) 232.3) 391.4 16.0
3] 169.3] 260
Dissolved bone black, 37.5 gr 4; 304.6) 500
Muriate of potash, 37.5 gr. an 5| 242.6 won 242.4) 403.0) 645.4 270.0
Sulphate of ammonia, 50 gr.. 6} 180.0) 300 :
South Carolina rock, 41.1 gr., 7| 219.1) 302
Muriate of potash, 37.5 oc : 8} 196.) ssn 209.6) 313 7) 523.3) 197.9
Sulphate cf ammonia, 50 gr.. 9} 213.7] 289
ATU aid lis LUO oyeleinee sep elefels 10} 257.8) 389
Muriate of potash, 37.5 gr. 3 152.8 sso 203.4) 326.0) 529.4 204.0
Sulphate of ammonia, 50 gr.. 12} 199.7} 250
Caribbean Sea guano, 42 gr . 13} 176.7) 352
Muriate of potash, 37.5 gr . ; 14] 382.2 sang 209.7| 376.3) 586.0 210.6
Sulphate of ammonia, 50 gr.. 15|* 70.2) 377
Canadian apatite, 30.7 gr. 18} 129.5) 239
Muriate of potash, 37.5 gr. of 319 137.1 veo 139.4] 269.0) 408.4 33.0
Sulphate of ammonia, 50 gr.. 20| 151.5) 279
Vivorella, 33.5 gr.......... 21| 250.1} 385
Muriate of potash, 37.5 gr. 22] 212.6 aso 205.1) 340.7) 545.8 170.4
Sulphate of ammonia, 50 gr.. 23| 152.6) 287
Muriate of potash, 37.5 gr.. { 25} 142.9] 229 bd
Sulphate of ammonia, 50 gr.. } 26] 171.8) 207 Hos) GSE Be oe

*The low yield of grain obtained from box 15 probably results from a loss of grain from
shelling.

This experiment leaves little room to doubt but all of the crude
phosphates, except the apatite, caused a large increase in the crop.
In the case of the Vivorella there was an increase of 45 per cent.
over the boxes whieh were fertilized with muriate of potash and
sulphate of ammonia alone. With the Caribbean Sea guano the
increase amounted to 59 per cent. The aruba gave an increase of
54 per cent, and the South Carolina rock 52 per cent.

These experiments in boxes will be continued, and to them will
be added pot experiments, in which the only source of phosphoric
acid will be the crude phosphates.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 67

FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.

In 1886 the station instituted a series of field experiments with
the object of gaining information on the following points, viz. :

(1) The comparative value of phosphoric acid in its various forms
available for use.

(2) The use of a partial as compared with a complete fertilizer.

(8) The relative profits resulting from the use of different
quantities of fertilizers.

(4) The comparative results from the use of stable manure and
commercial fertilizers.

The field selected for these experiments is a clayey loam adapted
to grass and grain. Previous to 1885 it had been three years in
grass, having been well manured with ashes and stable manure
when seeded down. In 1885 a crop of barley was taken off
without the addition of fertilizers of any kind.

The field was divided into thirty-six plots, arranged in two tiers
of eighteen plots each. The plots extended east and west, and
were eight rods long by one rod wide. ‘The plots were separated by
a strip of land eight feet wide, in which was a ditch deep enough
to remove all surface water.

To diminish the errors due to inequalities in the field, three plots
in different portions of the field receive the same treatment. In
1886 the land was sown to oats. In 1887 oats were sown again,
and the ground seeded to grass, and in 1888 a crop of hay was
taken off.

During the years 1886 and 1887 the field received fertilizers in
the proportions indicated in the following tables. There was no
application of manure of any kind in 1888.

The tables below give the average yield in grain and hay of three
plots receiving the same treatment.

For further information see Station Report, 1886-7.

68 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

METHODS OF MANURING.

TABLE I.

BR a s a)
N fas oe cs
rss & a j25|
ge ie) ds) Lab
is a = ol
ie os ot oS 0
: ce es) fe =e wae
Kind of Fertilizer. ° io ee ieee
Je 2 ans ane © >
s8 on pac as
a we, uray a)
3 oe CNY oO
35 > o 5 > oS
cra?) <a << cs A
Nothing ....... j dbouiaoad 0o00, cdnu ddoe ce 83.5 Ibs.) 40. Ibs.| 128.3 Ibs.
Dissolved bone black......... secesee- 400 Ibs
Muriate of potash ........... dissoolaotie 100 << 12.43 ‘| 48 GONaia te:
Sulphate of ammonia .... ...2...- eee. 20051 ss
Hineye round Wones(n\erereieieieieielel alse vewstsis 360 «<
Muriate of potash .............. olvorst onlin O.Onme. D4 Si SATB een Na Oe Oiemacs
Sulphate of ammonia .... 1... 2... soe 140 «“<
Fine ground S. C. rock.............-.| 300 *€
Miuriaterof ipotashurntreeaytelselaletateyierere NOD) 9 LOSS SOS Si 2h ces alle Ssaammes
Sulphate of ‘ammonia ........ 2... 00 ZO ORNS
Muriate of potash .............. Sanco) LOM. 66
Sulphate of ammonia ........ .0-+ «se. 200) “<< R 9608.) rob 228) 1 ees
Stablosmanure’s sectelisiciieierce celcisislalsieteio 40 OOOMDS)LVOSSis Se) torts “6 1205. GG
TABLE It.
INO GINIT Pteyatayellslavelos olelolovetereralisrelctencielerelictel-te - Uslotin Cape eee Ea aleyh | Gs
Dissolved bone black. .... 2.22.02 cee. 400 Ibs. 8228) SAD i 6 OSes imams
Dissolved bone black. ........ eseecee-| 400 * e ,
Muriate of potash..... ...... Sodas code!) LOD! o ; Mod hans eS une
Dissolved bone black..... s+ .se- eee» 200 «6
Muriateofipotashiznacin seit! ceeeretas eee! 1 Ouiee 86.3 ‘| 45. (er LOS Simm
Sulphate of ammonia ..........2+ .00-| 60 §
Dissolved bone black.......00 cee wees 300 Ǥ
Muriate of potash......... slatetarctot cteteretl iL OOnac ‘ NUBIA) ee COs eC ER ee Our teasoe) CO
Sulphate of ammonia .........22+.e0-| 120
Dissolved bone black,...- ... pgodo ooba || OD) 199
Miuriate ofpotashvy-priciacetssteieitasteciete- 150 « 102. SO CORT) SCE Teer
Sulphate of ammonia ..............4. 1S Olmase

It will be noticed from the results of these experiments given in
Table I., dissolved bone black, with potash and ammonia salts,
give the highest yield of grain, fine ground bone standing next,
while fine ground South Carolina rock and stable manure produce

about the same results.
manure,

yield of hay, while the fine ground bone stands next.

In 1888, without the further addition of
the stable manure stands far ahead of the others in its

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 69

In the experiment with partial and complete fertilizers, the results
of which are given in Table II., those plots which were fertilized
with the complete fertilizer gave the largest yield in grain; and
while the heaviest application does not seem to be necessary to
produce the maximum yield of grain the first year, the heaviest
application is felt in increased yield in the hay crop.

From some unaccountable reason the medium application of the
complete fertilizer fails to increase the yield of the grain the
second year, and the yield of hay the third year is corres-
pondingly low.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS BY FARMERS.

In the spring of 1886, the Station sent to farmers located in dif-
ferent parts of the State experimental sets of fertilizers, which were
to be used according to certain directions given by the Station, the
results of the experiments to be reported to the Station.

The objects in view in cooperating with farmers in this sort of
experimental work were the following:

(1.) To stimulate habits of inquiry and observation.

(2.) To render farmers more familiar with the composition of
fertilizers.

(3.) To add something, if possible, to our stock of knowledge in
regard to the profitable use of commercial fertilizers.

It was hoped to secure these results not only through the observa-
tions and experience of the farmers conducting the experiments,
but also through the interest that the experiments might excite
among other farmers in the localities to which the experimental sets
of fertilizers were sent.

Fourteen farmers undertook experiments. With six of these the
work resulted in utter failure, in most cases due to a drouth, which
either prevented the proper germination of the seed or so dwarfed
the crop from lack of water as to prevent any beneficial effect the
fertilizers might otherwise have had.

Eight carried their experiments through successfully, and the
results were reported in the Station Report for 1886-87.

In 1887 experimental sets were again sent out to various farmers,
ten of whom have reported their results to the Station.

These reports are presented in the following tables.

|
|

70 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIRECTIONS FOR FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.

1. Select land that is as uniform in character as possible, and
which has received no manure for several years (run-out land if you
have it).

2. The required dimensions of the whole piece are 8x11} rods,
or 132x183 feet.

3. Before the plots are laid out, plow the whole piece, and
pulverize thoroughly.

4, Make the size of each plot one-twentieth of an acre, and the
dimensions one rod wide and eight rods long.

5. Measure off the plots, and drive a stake at each corner,
leaving a strip of land two feet wide between the plots. If the land
is inclined, the length of the plots should be up and down the slope.

6. Number the plots 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9 and 10.

7. Put no fertilizer on plots 1 and 6, and no fertilizer on any plot
except that contained in the bags.

8. Put the fertilizers on the plot numbered to correspond to the
numbers on the bag. Put Bag No. 2 on Plot No. 2, etc., ete.

9. Apply the fertilizers in the manner which you have practiced,
only be careful that no fertilizer comes in contact with the seed.

10. Make the same number of rows on each plot, with the same
number of hills in each row. This can be easily done by cross
marking.

11. Put the same amount of the same kind of seed on each plot.

12. Plant the seed (or sow) on the same day on all the plots.

13. Cultivate the plots while the crop is growing, as nearly at the
same time as possible. .

14. Weigh the crop carefully on each plot, both grain and straw
if grain is sown, both corn and fodder if corn is planted, that is,
find weight of grain and straw separately.

15. Carefully report any misfortune to the crop on any plot, and
keep a record of the appearance of each plot.

It is gratifying to be able to state that the experimenters were
painstaking in their efforts to follow the above directions, and that
where the experiments escaped unavoidable misfortunes the results
were satisfactory, in some cases highly so.

The sets of fertilizers were alike in all respects. Each set con-
sisted of eight bags, containing the materials stated below.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

Bag 2. Dissolved bone black,
Dissolved bone black,

Bag 3. eee of potash,

Dissolved bone black,

Bag 4. * ~ Muriate of potash,

Sulphate of ammonia,

Bag 5. Fine ground bone,
Bag 7. Same as Bag 2.
Bag 8. Same as Bag 3.
Bag 9. Same as Bag 4.
Bag 10. Same as Bag 5.

Experiment of S. L. Hoxsrook, Brunswick.

exhausted, had not been plowed for forty years.

»
Oo
‘S)
5
fm
Fertilizer Applied. oI

ea)

[=| om

: a

AL <
1/No fertilizer eiderene sa cisah esis salt -
2\ Dissolved bone black.... 2.2.2 .06. o.20 see -/400
3 Dissolved bone black... 3)... 2.0 «00m oo 0/400
ll WeanVUUTTA LOLOL POLS tele, « ole cicieis scicisiaiel + wei 100
Dissolved bone black... ...... 5.0000 2006 400

4 since Ofspotash rere yeiarcterci sieleislere 60 dolce ny
Sulphate of ammonia...... SecomeaqnoesoT 100
OPMINOVerOUNG DONG. 2 22a celcisiscies ceils ses / 400
6|No fertilizer....... o06n.d05 Sooo, oc Soaoca|| 0 —
7|Dissoved bone black.......-..... eieisiei) cree 400
Dissolved bone black ..........-22+ «--+|400

Murinteohpotashi... 2220+ «sce! neles! siatee 100 ¢
Dissolved bone black..........-..00.2--/400

9} ¢ Muriate of potash....... Sies0 ao ndooddas int
Sulpbate of ammonia.......... siischeeeen LOO
10)Fine ground bone ... .-.. 1... see ce ee we ae [400
11|Superphosphate....... elddadcnadododc coco AW

STATION.

71

Soil, sandy,
Crop, potatoes.

|109.0 59

| Large, pounds.

i]

for)

i=)

° Con
ou oO

~]
—~
°

Oo
aw

a
aT
.
=)
o

105.0154

|

37.035
|
23.041

60.037

41.038

| Small, pounds.

159.071.

i=)

i=)

°
ov

0

8

0

0

-0

0

Yield per plot.

Total, pounds.

I
~
o

168.0)/

79.0!

61.0. 46.0)107.0)/20.3)15.3

23.0

lvield per

| Large, bushel.

53. (23.6

acre,

| Total, bushel.

@
e

o>
—
a
.

S
i)
-
°

(or)

The cost per acre of these fertilizers is given for the benefit of those who wish to study
the results of the following experiments from a financial point of view.
only the cost of the materials delivered in Orono, the small expense of mixing and the freight

paid for re-shipping to the various experimenters not being taken into account.

‘These figures include

The prices

which the Station paid for these materials are lower than the retail prices quoted for small

lots, but are applicable to lots of several tons.

AE NOU eielale clalatersieiaterantermetdiekcievetersisisle|aleleie(eievelsle clavela\eiclatete lero

BES UD S a(n avelnlelateleletelolerstelstatelavetareteleleielsiepalsie|evele/eiels/evela\sYajeroistetete 9.00
BAPTA. atolaie/s\chsisietelatelatere wiatelelatereloicleis’s\ele/atsieie\ete(aelajejclolecielsier 13.00
NS VOM Omopatalelcteteleretcteletateleteatetctemtateinclalesicfe\elelsieleiieleisietersicisicie 7.60

*Complete fertilizer.

“ce
“

$6.50 per acre.

72 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

AVERAGE.
Yield per Plot Yield per acre.
e Toa | = =
wm n - || n =
ns} cs nm fe) es — 2
B/S) Ziale ls
See s |e
Re ER Su ae lie ce
oO = = nD: a a
Saeed yee) Sif)
ea) = | seems
IN (OY TICHAWUU AEs SOS DOO Sosa OO DOLDaaD Gabon OOGOmadbdaos 24.5/44.5 69.3), 8.2)14.5/23.1
|
Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric acid.. || 65.5/36.0)101.5) 21.8 41.9/33.8
|
Dissolved bone black Containing phosphoric Q |
ee of potash. acid and potash. ; DenU eee tem dil al) 16.2/27.6

acid, votash and nitro- 56.5|163.5/35.618.8/54.4

gen.

Muriate of potash,

Dissolved bone black,
} Sulphate of ammonia.

Containing phosphoric
‘ 107.0

Containing phosphoric |

§ Fine ground bone...- | acid and nitrogen. 5 98.0(36.5] 75.5] 12.9 12.1/25.0

Experiment of H.,.L. Leland and W. E. Leland, East Sangerville.
Soil, medium clay, slate, loam; had been exhausted by cropping

for many years without manuring. Previous hay crop, one-half
ton per acre. Crop, potatoes. Season unfavorable.

to ra fa
SS | ea anne
cece ae} cs
Plot Fertilizer Applied cand FA RCS Ss
: PP ‘ ns is Bw
Sie, ls Sunes
gen Be 2a
=<lers ae aR
lbs lbs. bush.
ee Niomt ortiz erververcsretesetete tara sustelcleie/svetelieve erent slatevelielersis]|(aierslelereiats 195 65.0
2 |Dissolved bone black...... b'd500NO00 docC Btod hes 400 193 64.3
Dissolivedyboneblackvvieitetctersciaeclieteletelsteisieiersrsls 400
3 Seats Ofppotas by weck ae wert aiac eieicies sia aah clerate 00 191 63.6
Dissolvedibone black aystpavtsienelctsratecisierelsieiedcieels 400
4 3 write of potash oo sc00 III 108 262 87.3
SullphateyodfammMonissjerisiee|oievcijoleitsjai=\ojclsieicy silat 100
Bins Mine seroundyponepaciatetasi-lctisicciclaeieyeciaiensinieoketelels 400 190 63.3
6 |No fertilizer ......... Baaiavelenatalatetiavel alee aleicksicaveteletcrel lieversroiereieie 125 41.6
-|Dissolved bone blacks): . cc siiesiselcisie aicejeceerersaeisieve 400 155 51.6
Dissolved bone black cijyeivereicesseieisieste egaisiefeneeers 400
RECN Gi EMPEY ues Mac ican aes 100 ¢ ee a
Dissolved boneiblacKkern «cm cicclorveeletteeciseteeeces 400
9 3 otarate of potas III 10 285 95.0
Sul phateofammMmonianrsoisicisieeisisteicicisis etels atoicistels 100

10 |Fine ground bone......-.--... sllsietnichia erereleletetselaete 400 116 38.6

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Te
AVERAGE.
ee u
2 2
a) a)
& S
‘ a a
as ao
oO a
ea | a2
lbs. bush.
IM@ TMA 6 adieg Lido ado POOO TOUD GOUO OUGd Cone oddo| does Gson soar 160 53.3
Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric acid........ ....... 174 57.9
Dissolved bone black, Containing phosphoric acid and 206 68.8
Muriate of potash, potash.
Dissolved bone black < aes hal ks ‘
3 Narite Sanohash! Y Containing phosphoric acid, maa 973 91.1
: 5 and nitrogen.
Sulphate of atumonia, 2
Fine ground bone, containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen....... 153 50.9

Experiment of J. F. Purrington, West Bowdoin.

Soil, moist,

sandy loam, badly run out. Crop, potatoes. Season unfavorable.
!g || Yield per plot. ||Yield per acre.
a8 |
ote |
Plot. Fertilizer Applied. pee
Se 4] | ce | el ee
5g o/S|] ai s/sis
isle a|4 oulllivel ee a|ueo
ee) | w H Yin |es
Ibs. || lbs | lbs} Ibs. |} bu.| bu | bu.
es Nioper.tiliZer!. «. «tsci-1 1s.0\s\0 0 <7 Hodoo adn l6asous 3.3/21.5) 24.8]/ 1.0) 7.1) 8.1
2, |Dissolveu bone black .... .220 202.00 400 20.0/24.3) 44.3)! 6.6) 8.1)14.7
Dissolved bone black......... Sgoce|| CON) eal leecual
u 2 Muntats of potash......... Seouodsoo 100 ¢ ee a EEG TEL
Dissolved bone black .......... ese. 400
4 ; Muriate: of potash). 2j.0 5202 2 6s0se0c 100 74.3/33 .5)107.8)/24.7/11.1/35.8
Sulphate of ammonia...... .... 2... 100
Dig Hineyeroundibone..:).)\c06 - +6 vee oes) 400 33.0/20.0) 53.0//11.0) 6.6)17.6
Gi NO WPentilizer; etic) se <iciesic 0: e.oc/e1sicle eyeielsle)|lesisleiters 35.0/16.3) 19.8]| 1.1) 5.4) 6.5
Ui Dissolveduboneiblack:../<. -1s\<10,<01e(0/0 0101 400 53.0/30.0) 83.0)/17.6)10.0)27.6
Dissolved bone black.............. 400 eo nr ‘ |
B darts Oi FINNS abou Aboonpee coe i00¢ 13 20) 2628)933 721 2e- ais 8|3.-1
Dissolved bone black......... eeejetsi| 400
9 Muriate of potasbinn-merci:.c,siet<icleie:sl0 100 >|/194.0)24.0) 21.8)/64.6) 8.0/72.6
- |C@ Sulphate of ammenia............../ 100

TOM Bineyerown d! bone)... tewiencicie’s wee!) 400 45.0)30.5) 75.51115.0)10.1

25.1

74

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ee ee _

INO AaHIHCATE Sage does ou00 GOCOC00D 0600 00000050 o00d

Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric acid ...||

Dissolved bone black, |Containing phosphoric acid
Muriate of potash, and potash,

5
4

Dissolved bone black, { ois 3 P
Muriateloftpotash Containing phosphoric acid

Sulphate of ammonia,|Poease Bad mitr Oz en,

Containing phosphoric

5 Fine ground bone. .

avid and nitrogen,

Yield per plot.

27.1

134.1

“1

39.0

- 2)|13.0

Yield peracre.

44.6 9.5/54.1

8.3)21.3

D. B. Jounson, Freedom.
Crop, beans.

The experimental field has been in grass for six

years. Soil very uniform.

7

8

| =

>)

oa

Plot. Fertilizer Applied. =

i =

=

°o

=

=x
| Ibs.

NA Niomtertilizerrtastyescleutata OAc oeOd ca0r :
2 |Dissolved bune black............ 400
3 | Dissolved bone black............. 400
|@ Muriate of Potash........... . 100
|( Dissolved bone black...... eee... 400
4) 2 Muriate of Potash’ 22% < \.clejciees0e 100
|CSulphale of ammonia.............. 100
5 ‘Fine Ground bone..........+-.- 400
Gry Nomertilizen/iyejuricpsion sivsooreleichs/eteleiielaiar 5
7 |Dissolved bone black.......c0..0- ooee | 400
8 | Dissolved bone black.............. 400
Muriateof potash) .22/sr-<wisici- cies eieic 100

Dissolved bone black..............
Muriate of potash........ pecsolacds | 100
Sulphate of ammonia............-.]|

2 3

10

[Hineground bone =...) <2 sejcjejic siecle oe ele

| per acre.

Yield per | Yield per
acre. acre.
Z a | 2 =
3 =| 3 (=|
ro) om j ° =
& > | jaa) >
lbs. | Ibs. || bush.| Ibs.
27.3 | 24.8 || 9.1] 495
| 32.5 | 31.5 || 10.8 630
| |
} l 24.3 | 19.8 || 8.0| 395
35.5 | 38.3 || 11-8 40 765
31.0 | 31.0 |{ 10.3 | 620
..|| 98.0] 23.8 || 9.3 | 475
34.5 | 33.8 || 11.5 | 675
‘ 32.0 | 31.3 || 10.6] 625
‘ 40.0 | 38.8 || 13.3 | 775
28.3 | 32.5 || 9.41 630

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 75

AVERAGE.

Fertilizer Applied.

Yield per Plot. |

Yield per Acre.

Beans. | Vines. | Beans. ; Vines.
z | tbs. | Ibs. || bush. | Ibs.
INGREOSEILIZOTccslco + -clescccs secs cose vecs seal | 2000 24 || 9.14 485
|
Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric |
EGG 562 ddco0 Brod nabe 2O0d CONS coco coEaudda 33.5 BE) hea 652
|
|
Dissolved bone black, | Containing phos- |
phorie acid and 28.1 265) |enoe3 510
Muriate of potash, potash, |
Dissolved bone black, | Containing phos- > |)
Mouriate of potash, phorie acid potash >|! 37.7 38 1255 770
Sulphate of ammonia, | and nitrogen,
ine Gram Wir Wsegs args 6000000660 0000 Hoge [29/6 32 9.8 635
Experiment of Witt1am Downs, So. Sebec.
Crop, beans. Land had had no manure for six years. Soil

uniform.

Plot. Fertilizer Applied.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

mee | Niowfertilize rs. sictste sci, ccc o-eisteal oatelatieieiacins. o's iris

Zum Dassolvedsbonoublack:....: 2 csel-/seierineiesie) sees

3 Dissolved bone black,..... .see see. see coon ee |
IMMUTIALOLOFEPOLASH.. - 0c cleinin) se /sievlevsiale cle rclisieicie tere
Dresolvedsbonelblack..2. «.s-sciceceliasacal ceisler

4 MiumraiberotgpOtashy: qrsles <tes': 2/=\2)=1 «/s}oint slelstolcleie sts

Sil pl ateroiam Mona sys ce\e/siec) cielsiseia/otelstereiceet>

bye |Hinexeround, DONOW sls 2.22 .0.00%sc10 6 eviem sesjs\sicie.s cle

6 |No fertilizers... .... .. GoGUO SHON ODDO AOD OOGO-c

ee |Dissolvedtboneblackcn,.2-\ccs. cca coc ones oh |

8 j Dissolyedibonejblackrie cee wenclcceicnec cers se |
Minriate-ofipotasiiasisctecrsicisiclcieinscisineesic ces cll

|
§ sri bone'blacksaccrssesits aiccce nace ccee all

Miurintetof potasiasciepiciciciciccsctcclss cs eielevsiotele |
Sulphate offammomniawe. sc cscs access csi sa: |

LOMA Hineeroundiboneipeyescicce es cice er 5 5066 c600 Cc

mM
8
= Yield | Yield
5 per plot.|per acre.
i
el
2, °
= Tair | Riis aan
ek
= || Beans. | Beans.
<2 |
lbs lbs. bush.
Soleiehsts 50.0 16.6
400 || 60.0 20.0
400). .
00 ¢|| 72-5 23.8
400
100¢ 84.0 28.0
100 |
|
400 | 43.0 14.3
GAC BHOE Site 12.3
400 42.5 | 14.1
400 J
100 ¢|| 85-5 18.5
400
100 74.5 24.8
100
400 46.0 15.3

76 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

AVERAGE.

Fertilizer Applied.

INovfoentiliizerpsce ceiciercciels

Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric acid.........
Dissolved bone black, Containing phosphoric acid,
Muriate of potash, | and potash,

Muriate of potash,

Dissolved bone black, Containing phosphoric acid,
3 Marts of ammonia, | ‘ ee

potash and nitrogen,

INNS FONE NONE) a6se cava doou.e050-0e0d sade sEaS uac

Yield

.|per acre,

Beans.

;bush.
14.4

17.0

2iLene

26.4

14.8

Experiment of W. H. Keith, Winthrop. Soil, sandy loam, clay

subsoil. The field had not been plowed for nine years. Crop,
barley. The grain only was weighed.
es |
& ¢ iS 2
Se 2
Plot. Fertilizers Applied. < = 3 ey
Spee ca ==
ao) | 21s ere
<8 A kD St 5p
lbs. lbs. bush.
Mesa Noten tilt zersys te ate lolielelatontolovenare\atelceraiutel elc| ote) ateteramareistal licietapelietater= 29 12.0
Zia Dissolvediponovbl ackyeerarsietalctererettatetsencivalclelernsicrers 400 25 10.4
Dissolvedibone black.) <jcves cin einer sie reisrsiceiatals 400 ;
3 ; Muriate ofipotashyjecclaal ccisic sissies sielclejeielleiejn.s 100 : 3 Hoot
Dissolved: bone) blacker \<jav<isieerelciels! vejrle) eielelenlelais 400
4 3 Nariste of potash ac 100 47 19.5
Sulphate of ammonia... 2. csce 515+ cock cece cous 100
Die Min eke round bonetvetels sicreta a) ciele\si aietela ys «ialalteralololie’=ls\s 400 30 12.5
BOs HbA Hac GaoG 05Gb COOU ac0G GODULODO0 0006 5aGe|lacaaladde 20 8.2
7 \Digsolved bone black... 2.0. sees cece cece cee cres 400 24 10.0
Dissolved! bone) Dl ACK ie 16 cere'0)-toiei0\ elalolay clotr iat seit 400
: } WEA ETIOE KOHENGS G, Gadgo dBbdind6de odosincdo dude 100 ¢ ae HO)
DissolvedibonevDlackesssejeleiatvanectelelelaiavelre steisversiars 400)
9 3 Nariate of potash sien ieceee santo 104 44 18.3
Sulphate of ammonia .... 0.2 cece sees aac elele sie 100
10) Hine) ground \boneis i. cyeys)-\sjeln a\e/e'=! ier are love eleieiel >t) cant 400 30 12.5

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

AVERAGE.
Oe
S 5
r3 a
3 3
ry Pa
=| |
o's O's
ats Ra!
PA &0 A bp
Ibs bush.
IWIGERERPULTZOT fc \c ciciisicieie seice:cclee: cis'cle cee) ous alecis sleicle weleiclisiesie see 24.5 10.1
Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric acid.... esee.ee0 wee. 24.5 10.2
Dissolved bone black, Containing phosphoric acid and 34.5 14.3
} Muriate of potash, potash. 5 g
Dissolved bone black, aii - A
: Ee Containing phosphoric acid, pot- =
3 siurat of potash, — ahaa i trocen: ss 45.5 18.9
Sulphate of ammonia, 2
Fine ground bone, containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen..... 30.0 | 12.5
Experiment of J. A. Torman, Rockland.
Soil gravelly loam, had been cropped for ten years without
manure.
Crop, barley, sown for fodder.
rotor eeae lus
oN 2 Pe | Ra
Plot. Fertilizer Applied. a= 8 =| ee
g5%| 238 | Se
tm A, Pe | a
lbs. lbs. Ibs.
DM NIOHTOLbILIZOTsiel/ occas) minio'clsjaeleiatalnliolaaisvsleye eli sieve (olctelei| |icie'crete (ele : 136 2720
Zen\Dissolved bone)black. .<%. cccctec ose eece cose cee 400 99 1980
Dissolved bone black... .oce 200 cece cece cece 400
: Pe Ouriish 4... eee 100 ¢ 81 1620
Dissolved bone black.......... HOSdOO DOOD. COOL 400
4 } Narat Ofepotashiemicttersielsiateicn tsteretsilesieienicve 100 129 2580
Sulphate of ammonia........... cece cere vel 100
Hen | HNer round!’ ones... cele cicicsaice | screisice siecle 400 110 2200
6 |No fertilizer........ occas cece cece cece ven ceee |leeee cece 90 1800
|
Ra Wissolvedsbonewlackiaseic cicisletejelsisiscicieisis) = -isis 6 le 400 || 116 2320
Dissolved'bone blacks./.5\.<c0.ccce sees «ses s00- 400 2)
: hha a alaiaie\elie 100 ¢ 108 2160
Dissolved bone black... 2.60 sec cece ccee cece 400
9 MIM TEMG)? A Nodocikoog HOO0d00 O00 DS00 6O0n 100 114 2280
Sulphate of ammonia... .. occ. seco ence coos cone 100
10 |Fine ground bone ... see -+eeeeeee ceee rene eee 400 86 1720

78 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

AVERAGE.

Yield per | Yield per
plot. acre.
lbs. Ibs.

Nolfertiliizerariueelsieieiee seicie) ceiciets peelelshslaictemeletereieterste Baio 113. 2260

Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric acid ....... 107.5 2150
Dissolved bone black, Containing phosphoric 94.5 1890
Muriate of potash, acid and potasb, i
Dissolved bone black, Containing phosphoric

; Muriate of potash, acid, potash and nitro- 121.5 2430
Sulphate of ammonia, gen,

Fine ground bone, containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen 98. 1960

Experiment of G. M. Douglass, Cornish. Soil sandy and run

out. Crop, corn.

Ls Yield per Plot. Yield per Acre.
Ze
walt
Fertilizer Applied. eae :
5s a S os S 5 =
Ay <5 je) io) = ja) as =
Ibs. Ibs Ibs. | Ibs || bush.| lbs. | Ibs.
IMO epARIDASS Ca onda Godg coon ons llsoa5 oc 103.5] 116.0) 219.5]| 27.6} 2320) 4390
2} Dissolved bone black.. ...... 400 106.0} 119.5) 225.5|} 28.3] 2390} 4510
Dissolved bone black .... .... 400
3 Saees ee et ie in| 81.0] 145.8| 229.8]) 22.4] 3915] 4595
Dissolved bone black.,.. .... 400
4 3 Nari of potash.....2..-..| 100 151.0) 201.0) 352.0]! 40.3] 4020) 7080
sulphate of ammonia........ 100
5|Fine ground bone. .... eeoo. 400 106.0) 116.0} 222.0)| 28.3} 2320] 4440
6|No fertilizer............... 56 103.5) 108.0] 211.0]; 27.6] 2160} 4220
7|Dissolved bone black.......... 400 102.0} 140.0) 242.0!} 27.2! 2800) 4840
Dissolved bone black ........ 400 -
; Muriate of potash............ 100 i Be ee >| 2801) 25).0 A820 eee
Dissolved bone black ........ 400
9 3 Nuria Ol potashiert. Je 2: 100 135.5) 186.0) 321.0/| 36.1) 3720) 6420
Sulphate of ammonia....... 100
10'\Fine ground bone............. 400 94.5] 110.8] 205.3)' 25.0) 2214] 4108

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

AVERAGE.

Nowfertilizer: ....¢2 .0«

Dissolved bone black, containing phos. acid... | 104.0] 128.5) 233.

; Dissolved bone
Muriate of pota

Dissolved bone
Muriate of pota

Sulphate of ammonia,

$ Fine ground bone....

Yield per Plot.

eC

black, | Containing phos. F
sh. lbaata and potash. ; Beno le ceoiazae

black,
sh, phorie acid, potash

Containing phos-
and nitrogen.

acid and nitrogen.

| 143.5] 193.5, 336.

Contaningy phos: RT 100.5) 113.3. 213.

aes
& s
a =}
eal | o
ot <=}

. || bu. | Ibs.

9.0)/27.6/2243 .0;

-8 |24.0,2902.5

6 |27.0/2267.5

7)|28.0,2595,0

5 |38.43870.0

|| Yield per Acre,

|4272

Experiment of A. L. Moore.

from long cropping. Crop, corn.

Soil, gravelly loam, very poor

os Yield per Plot. Yield per acre.
3
Ho
Fertilizer Applied. a
~ os - °
: Spe ebsites
3 Seu eee calles edie
Rs <8 || & es BA || S &, =
Ibs. || Ibs lbs. | Ibs. |} bush. | Ibs. | Ibs.
MVNOMENUIZOR i262 «00a ce ss se e'sinell|ie=cielars 120 | 100 | 220 || 32 2000 | 4400
2|Dissolved bone black..........|} 400 108 | 112] 220 || 28 2240 | 4400
Dissolved bone black........|| 400
4 Wiitsats Of; potash)..00.- . vss 100 ¢ wa may 2689) eee 2800)))/ 75360
Dissolved bone black........|) 400
4 ; Muriate of potash .......... 10 172 | 272 |) 444 || 45.9 | 5440 | 8880
Sulphate of ammunia........ 100
5/Fine ground bone............. 400 96 | 100 | 196 || 20.6 | 2000 | 3920
|
GiNoptonbiliZorss ere)-\\tctcteisiciorele’e.s ||\scisie o> 84 | 100 | 184 || 22.4 | 2000 | 3680
7|Dissolved bone black...... ----|| 400 100 | 100; 200 |) 26.7 | 2000 | 4000
Dissolved bone black........|| 400
8 ; Muriate of potash........... 100 ¢ NY A Get CRUD) oC
Dissolved bone black........ 400
9 3 Nariat of potash...........]| 100 152 | 240} 392 || 20.5 | 4800 | 7840
Sulphate of ammonia........|| 100
10|/Fine ground bone.............!) 400 128! 240! 368 ) 34.1 | 4800 | 7360

80 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

AVERAGE.

SS SS A! Sa

INOMLOTCUlUZ OTe erehatrictel cele citaisialals\ elereiniatsiictatcieicelatersievefoioreretete
Dissolved bone black, containing phosphoric acid.....

Dissolved bone black, Containing phosphorio
Muriate of potash, acid and potash, }

Muriate of potash,

Dissolved bone black,
; acid, potash and nitro-
Sulphate of ammonia,

Containing phosphoric ‘

gen,

Containing phosphoric ‘

Fine ground bone : 3
3 & , acid and nitrogen,

33.0,5120/8360

{

27.0 3400}5640
!

Experiment of J. E. Shaw, Hampden

Crop, corn.

. Soil, gravel loam.
Had been cropped eight years. Cut about 500 Ibs of hay in 1886.

tas Yield per Plot.
we 3 Su
Fertilizers Applied. Bae. :
(S) . be
Bie is 2
a3 ses ‘a S
2 =| 2S Leal (=)
Au <s S Fa
Ibs. Ibs. | Ibs.
TING EMMA ea Godonoadinnde sane lledon ss 87 125
2|Dissolved bone black.......... 400 68 104
Dissolved bone black........ 400 |
} Muriate of potash. ........ 100 } ne ne
Dissolved bone black........ 400
4|< Muriate of potash........... 100¢ 126 200
Sulphate of ammonia........ 100
5|Fine ground bone..... ...- «s-| 400 80; 186
GING fertilizersichsereiercirereirela i craters liaise tale - 75)
7|Dissolved bone black..........| 400 15] 95)
Dissolved bone black........ 400
triacs of potash... 2.20)... 100 ¢ if 1D
Dissolved bone black........ 400
9| 2 Muriate of potash...........] 100 100; 225
Sulphate of ammonia........ 100
10!/Fine ground bone............. 400 106) 215

Yield per Acre.

325

321

33.6

21.3

44.5

26.5

28.3

ay

Oo °
oe
os =
lbs. Ibs.
2500} 4120
2080} 3440
344C} 35600
4000} 6520
2720} 4320
1500}. 1500
1900} 2200
3500} 6040
4500] 6500
4300} 6420

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 81

AVERAGE.

| .

| owe Yield per

| Yield per Plot. Mate

| =] _ =] —
a 3 S$ |lalals
el o ° ; i-) io}
cs) es Be | ola is

| Ibs. | Ibs. | Ibs. |) bu. | Ibs.) Ibs.

No fertilizer. .... -.00 ccc ccee coos cece eeeeseee || 40.5) 100.0) 140.5)/10.5/2000, 2810

Dissolved bone black,containing phosphoric acid,| 41.5) 99.5) 141.0) 10.7)1990 2820

Dissolved bone black, | Containing phospho-
Muriate of potash, acid and potash.

Muriate of potash,

ric acid, potash and
Sulphate of ammonia,

nitrogen.

Stara bone black,

Containing phospho-
| 113.0) 212.5] 325 5/30. 0/4250 6510

Fine ground bone, containing phos. acid and nit , ~ 93.0! 175.5! 268.5125 .0'3570 5370

In these experiments the Complete Fertilizer, or bag No. 4, pro-
duced the largest crop. In three experiments none of the fertilizers
produced gains large enough to pay for the fertilizers. In seven
experiments bag No. 4 caused gains large enough to pay for the
fertilizers. In one case, that of the experiment by Mr. Shaw, bag
No. 3 was the most profitable fertilizer.

In general, the complete fertilizers are the most profitable.
There are a few cases in which partial fertilizers are more
economical for the time being.

FOODS.
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS.

The general object of the analyses and experiments which have
been undertaken during 1887 and 1888 was to make progress in
ascertaining the comparative composition and digestibility of the
cattle foods that are available for use by Maine farmers, and to test
in a practical manner the efficiency and economy of certain combi-
nations of food ingredients in the production of milk and meat.

The composition of our principal cattle foods of American pro-
duction is now quite well known, and yet it is very evident that to
this, and especially to the digestibility of our fodder plants, more
study should be given. If we except timothy and the clovers, only
a few analyses have been made of our hay producing plants, while

6

82 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

the number of determinations of their digestibility is scarcely worth
mentioning. For instance, Dr. Jenkin’s tables of American feeding
stuffs, which are intended to be a full compilation, show but one
analysis of Red Top and one of Orchard Grass, the names of
several other valuable upland grasses not appearing. Our knowl-
edge of the feeding value of some of our native grasses seems to
be especially meagre. For these reasons it is proposed to do some-
thing each year at the Maine Experiment Station in learning more
about our hays and coarse fodders, so far as this can be done by
analyses and digestion experiments. We have quite generally
assumed that our fodders have the same average digestibility as are
given in the German tables. It is very probable that this assump-
tion is not correct in all cases. This is explained by the fact that
our cattle foods are grown in a climate and with cultivation different
from what exist in Europe, and while the laws controlling animal
nutrition are the same everywhere, this difference in the character
of our food stuffs may render the averages of the analyses and co-
efficients of digestibility of foreign materials inapplicable to practice
in this country. Work was begun in this direction in 1885, and has
been kept up more or less continuously until the present time. In
1887, the work was considerably enlarged. In that year all! the
species of hay-producing plants found on the College Farm that
could be obtained in sufficient quantity unmixed were gathered,
carefully dried and stored, their composition and digestibility, being
subsequently determined.

Again, quite a large variety of cattle foods are found in the
markets which are bye products, either from milling or from the
manufacture of oils, such as the brans, fine feed, damaged flour,
oil meals, etc.

The composition of each of these feeding stuffs is characteristic,
and is less subject to large variations than is the case with coarse
foods, but is affected somewhat by the processes of manufacture and
unfavorable conditions of storage. Samples of quite a variety of such
of these materials as are sold in Maine have been collected by the
Station, the analyses of which will appear in the near future.

But a knowledge of the composition and digestibility of cattle
foods has practical value only to the extent that we can apply it
to methods of feeding in such a way as to cheapen production.
Such a use of the information gained by laboratory investigations
is the object of the practical feeding experiments carried on by the

a

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 83

Station. The aim is to reduce cattle feeding to a system, so that
there shall be no waste, or in other words, so that the maximum
production shall be obtained from a given weight of food. The
basis of such a system must be a@ knowledge of the proper combina-
tions of food ingredients, for the various purposes of stock feeding.
When possessed of this knowledge the farmer can then select his
supply of purchased foods with reference to his needs, and from the
cheapest sources. The following explanations of the nature and
office of the ingredients of cattle foods are offered as an aid to
understanding the analytical and experimental data given farther on.

Explanations.* The analysis of any plant or animal substance
with reference to its use as a cattle food does not go so far as to
determine the percentage of every single ingredient in the material
analyzed, but only aims to learn the percentages of certain classes
of compounds, the members ef each class having a close resem-
blance in composition and in nutritive effect. Thus we have in all
fodder tables several columns of figures headed by the following
terms: Water, Ash, Protein, Crude Fiber, Nitrogen-free Extractive
Matter, and Fats. As these terms are in constant use, not only in
this report but in all agricultural literature, they are made the sub-
ject of such explanations as seem necessary in order to show their
relation to animal nutrition.

The water or moisture of cattle foods, of which all contain more
or less, is measured by the loss of weight which takes place when
the substance is dried for some time at the temperature of boiling
water, or 212° Fahrenheit. The percentage of water is very large
in green crops, sometimes constituting more than nine-tenths their
weight, and comparatively small in all dried materials. In all
feeding stuffs which exist in the air-dry condition, the percentage of
moisture varies somewhat according to the state of the atmosphere,
so that in rainy or moist weather a given quantity of hay or grain
that is at all exposed to the air will weigh more than during a time
of dryness, Freshly cured hay and newly harvested grain contain
more water than old hay and grain, the difference being an import-
ant consideration in buying or selling by weight. While the water
in cattle foods has no nutritive value above water that an animal
drinks, its presence or absence often has a marked influence upon
the palatableness of feeding stuffs.

*These explanations will not appear in future bulletins and reports.

84 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The ash, or mineral part of any food stuff, is that which is left
after the combustible portion is burned away, and includes quite a
number of compounds. The amount of ash in plants is influenced
in a marked manner by their age, and conditions of growth, such as
locality, soil, kind of manuring. The mineral compounds of cattle
foods fill an important place in furnishing entirely the material for
building up the bony framework of the animal.

Protein is a-collective term that includes quite a variety of com-
pounds. which are distinguished from the members of the other
important classes of substances in feeding stuffs by the fact that
they contain nitrogen. Protein includes two general classes of
compounds, viz., albuminoids and amides.

Such compounds as egg albumen, the muscular tissue of animals
and the caseine of milk are albuminoids, and to these animal sub-
stances the albuminoids of plants bear a close resemblance both in
chemical properties and in food value. The protein of feeding
stuffs cannot be directly determined with accuracy. The estimation
is an indirect one, and is based upon the fact that all albuminoids
contain approximately 16 per cent of nitrogen. If, therefore, the
percentage of nitrogen in any feeding stuff be multiplied by 6.25,
the percentage of albuminoids is obtained with sufficient accuracy
for all practical purposes. The important and peculiar office which
albuminoids fill in serving the uses of the animal kingdom is that
they constitute the only source of material for the formation of
muscular tissue, hair, horn, the caseine of milk, and all other
organic nitrogen compounds of the animal body.

Plants contain other nitrogenous compounds called amides that
occur most abundantly in fodder and root crops, the amount
varying at different periods of growth, while in the grains the
nitrogen exists almost wholly in the form of albuminoids. Fodder
tables generally give as the percentage of protein the product of the
total percentage of nitrogen by 6.25.

A given amount of protein, as stated for hay in tables of fodder
analyses, is not quite the same thing, therefore, as the same amount
occurring in the grains, because in the former case much more of
the nitrogen belongs to the non-albuminoid, or amide form.

The true value of amides in animal nutrition is not well defined.
That they are wholly like albuminoids in office seems hardly
probable, at least previous investigations do not show this.

Crude fiber is the woody part of plants, and is that which remains
undissolved after treating vegetable substance with weak acids and

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85

alkalies. Paper and cotton fiber are good examples of nearly pure
crude fiber.

The nitrogen-free extractive matter includes all the non-
nitrogenous compounds of feeding stuffs, excepting crude fiber and
the fats, the most important and best known members of this class
being starch and the sugars.

The fats or vegetable oils are extracted from plant substance by
ether, which also takes out more or less chlorophyl, wax, etc.,
especially in the case of hays and coarse fodders. Olive, linseed
and cotton-seed oils are good examples of vegetable fats.

The starch, sugar and fats can play no part in the formation of
flesh or the caseine of milk, but are alike in being a source of
animal fat and heat.

It has been assumed that the digestible portion of crude fiber has
a feeding value similar to starch and sugar, but the investigations
of the past few years throw a doubt on this assumption. It is also
probable that all the compounds included in the term, ‘* nitrogen-
free extractive matter,” have not equal nutritive value, the starch
and sugars being the only substances of which definite statements
can be made.

FODDER ANALYSES.

The only fodder analyses that are presented in this are those of
samples of grasses and other plants, which were collected on the
College Farm in the summer of 1887.

In that year all the species of hay producing plants found on the
College Farm that could be obtained unmixed in sufficient quantity
for analysis and digestion experiments were gathered, carefully
dried and stored. With one exception, samples of all the species
analyzed were selected while the plants were in full bloom, the
orchard grass being somewhat past bloom when cut. The time of
cutting was during the first ten days of July, except in case of the
blue joint, which was gathered later.

The composition and digestibility of these grasses were thoroughly
studied and the results of this work are presented in as plain and
concise a manner as possible.

The first table following shows the composition of the fodders in
the air-dry condition as they would be fed, and also what the
composition would be if they contained no water. The terms used
in the table are explained on the previous pages.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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|

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 87

The samples from which these analyses were made were grown
on the same farm, under quite similar conditions of climate and soil,
and so any differences in the composition of the various species of
clovers, grasses, etc., would seem to be characteristic, so far as
they are not occasioned by eutting at unlike stages of growth. In
all but one instance, however, the samples were taken as nearly as
possible while the plants were in the period of full bloom.

From the above analyses it is not apparent that wild oat grass,
blue joint, buttercup, and white weed have a composition inferior
to the more highly prized timothy and red top, in fact the former
plants are more nitrogenous than the latter.

The popular impression is different nevertheless, and if farmers
are correct in their conclusions we must look farther than the ordi-
nary analysis of a fodder in order to learn its feeding value, for
most certainly stock feeders are not willing to allow that blue joint
is more valuable than good upland grasses like timothy and red top,
as the analyses seem to show. We need more information than is
given by the figures of an ordinary table of fodder analyses.

We should remember that in estimating protein by the formula
Nx6.25, we learn nothing of the character of the nitrogen com-
pounds in different feeding stuffs, that the nitrogen-free-extractive
matter is determined by difference, with no knowledge whether the
amounts present of the more valuable carbohydrates like starch and
sugar are relatively the same in all, and that the nutrition to be
derived from a food depends as much upon its digestibility as upon
its composition. It may be that after we learn all that we can on
these points we shall come to the conclusion that farmers are very
much influenced by the palatableness of a food in foriuing their
opinions of its value, and it may be that some of our feeding stuffs
commonly regarded as inferior, simply need to be rendered
palatable in order to become efficient cattle foods. We have no
evidence showing that fodders are necessarily nutritious in propor-
tion as they are relished by cattle.

In fact the qualities which render a cattle food palatable have no
direct connection with its capacity for sustaining animal life.

The composition of the eleven samples mentioned in the above
tables of analyses has been studied somewhat more thoroughly than
is usual.

Attention was given to two points:

(1) The amount of uon-albuminoid material which by the usual
method is reckoned as part of the protein.

88 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

(2) The composition of the nitrogenous-free extractive matter,
so far as it can be learned by a direct determination of the sugars,
starch and gums.

THE ALBUMINOID AND AMIDE NITROGEN.

The albuminoid nitrogen was determined in nine of the eleven
samples grown in 1887.

In 100 parts of Dry Air sues

Substance. eae.
| Ze8
ag) eee

‘ so cm 5 BE a
TABLE II. 2 = a =|
ifs = aa Be 22a
| [=| =o — +. = =
pa 8 80 aco Once
a: 59 ee fos
28 =s os 5 WL
S a <A ZS eae]

% % % %
> IHAESG 5ocol KAU ais caog sadoeenooconessall cette Let, .26 87.2
EXO DD Sere Walni Col Glowersemsarnatercucisisrensterclanevares 2.42 2.03 aes) 84.6
2 GADD Sz pally dabuasg soo Gono Goon GaoD Dane 1.47 1.30 oly 88.4
ONG rere yeler- OrcharduGirass\easrr-e tet clevereciterseiee 1.20 115 05 95.8
X.QHAY saae| TMI o 550.5460 G006. 4600 dd00.00b0 1.20 1.07 13 89.2
PROM Wie rere | Wal Gs O ats GirasSierelousteyeiaesiolaleijetelencteree 1.10 noo Ali 90.0
OXON Ger MWAl CH GHASS tereierelolelelerelsieistoesteiye) sisiele)| | mel ea 6 1.24 12 91.2
MOINES | palllEAteKON) Goadooo GOOG sean sooo uoE 1.45 1.37, -08 94.5
NOT Vile erera | Witten Wieed eee cicleisieuctcieste-leistniere 1.35 1.27 .08 94.1

So far as we can judge by these determinations, there were no
marked differences in the nitrogenous compounds of these fodders,
but it is possible for the protein of one fodder to be essentially
unlike that of another, without this being shown by the mere
separation of the albuminoid from the non-albuminoid (amide)
nitrogen.

The figures show, however, that the protein of these feeding
stuffs existed largely in the more valuable, or albuminoid, form.

COMPOSITION OF THE NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACTIVE MATTER.

As before stated, the non-nitrogenous part of fodders, excluding
the crude fiber and fats, is made up of quite a variety of compounds.
Among these are the sugars and starch, of whose composition and
nutritive properties we have definite knowledge. The gums are
also included in this class of compounds, and as they, like starch,
are inverted to sugar by the action of an acid, it is fair to suppose
that they, like starch, are changed to sugar in the process of
digestion, and that they have a value in nutrition very similar to
starch. Beyond the compounds mentioned, the nitrogen-free

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 89

extractive matter is, in the case of fodder plants, made up of
substances of which we have very little definite knowledge. Enough
is known, however, to make it reasonably certain that the carbo-
hydrates (sugar, starch and gums) are the most valuable part of
the non-nitrogenous compounds of a hay, the fats excepted, and
therefore, that the larger the percentage of the nitrogen-free ex-
tractive matter, which exists as carbohydrates, the more valuable
the fodder, other things being equal. Consequently, it is reason-
ably certain that the nitrogen-free extractive matter of the grains
has a greater nutritive value than that of the coarse fodders, because
in the former case it is made up almost wholly of starch and the
sugars.

If it were found then that one species of grass, or grass cut at a
particular time, was comparatively rich in starch and sugar, it might
safely be considered a point in its favor. With a portion of these
fedders an attempt has been made to ascertain the percentages of
the more valuable carbohydrate material, viz., that which, after
taking out the ordinary percentage of crude fiber, exists as the
sugars, and as starch and other compounds that by treatment with
an acid are changed to sugar.

The following table contains the percentages of the sugars, and
starch in the fodders. The term ‘‘ starch” is intended to include
all material, not sugar, that is inverted by the treatment with an
acid.*

*On following pages of this report can be seen the methods employed by Mr. Bartlett in the
determination of the sugars and starch. The method used for starch and other material
subject to inversion to sugar by an acid seems to have especial merit, as it provides that the
production of sugar from crude fiber shall be no more and no iess than is the case in crude
fiber determinations, and that all other carbohydrate compounds shall be completely inverted.

90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACTIVE MATTER.

In 100 parts Water-Free Substance. 1g
, IE gs
2 2. eee
<3 3 (|82 |setez
a3 a |g® |g28
28 2 eS sleas
ES G |S Sao o &
Ge eee | Ss le eeigee
ce 2 8 2 Piha elles! 2
Sas i s |Se jae ee
As | wn or) oe |e (2a a|| oS

: To To To % % Te Yo

GUILE AS od Alsike Clover ......... 40.74, 1.49} 3.09) 10.64) 15.22) 25.52) 37.3
HN oas White Clover.......... 41.65 -39) 2.73, 15.77) 18.89) 22.76|]| 45.35
.OAUUCS Soe BW MOiniasoo spon o6ec 44.66) 2.23) 3.53) 14.49) 20.25) 24.41|| 45.34
2 hacp'aoos Orchard Grass..... -|| 44.08) 1.54) 4.05] 16.53) 22.12] 21.96); 50.18
L Rede Topp stjejsrsereich= siei> 50.64] 3.14) 4.25) 16.58) 23.95) 26.69), 47.29
MIDE, Sao MNGi icodsoo coéae coon 50.98) 3.70) 6.76) 16.17] 26.63} 24.35]| 52.24
MMe eteecteve-| KAA OW yarreyeretsteielevetensroters 51.30) 3 25) 6.48] 14.92) 24.65) 26.65]| 48.06
SY Geode Wild Oat Grass ....... 51.74) 1.78} 3.76) 17.46) 23.00) 28.74]| 44.46
XXXIX ../Witch Grass.......... 43.21) 2.57) 5.09) 16.66! 24.32) 18.89]| 56.29
SUVs a utter cu preeleciererarel cieiele 45.47 -60) 4.65) 9.15) 14.40) 31.07|/ 31.66
XLVILI. .J|White Weed.......... 46.17 o79) 4.39) 10.77) 15.95} 30.22)| 34.54

The above figures show that the true carbohydrates form a much
larger part of the nitrogen-free extractive matter of some plants
than of others. For instance the white weed has nine-tenths as
much non-nitrogenous material as the timothy (No. XLIV), but of
sugar the latter has twice as much, and of starch one and a half
times as much, as the former. Jn other words, more of the nitrogen-
free extractive matter of the white weed consists of compounds of
which we have some reason to suspect a nutritive value inferior to
starch and sugar. Just what these compounds are in composition
and in nutritive value we do not know. They form in these
instances from a fifth to a quarter of the dry substance of the plant,
and in general constitute an unknown factor in the compounding of
rations involving the use of coarse fodders.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

The composition alone of any feeding stuff is a very imperfect
standard by which to judge its food value. Of the food consumed
by an animal, only that portion which is digested, 7. e., that which
is dissolved by the several digestive fluids and passes into the
blood, can serve to maintain the vital functions, or to produce

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91

growth. Consequently, certain cattle foods, by being much more
digestible than others, are much more completely utilized.

The main facts of digestion, and those upon which the methods
of digestion experiments are based, are the following: A portion
of the food which an animal eats is dissolved by the several
digestive fluids with which it comes in contact, viz., the saliva,
gastric juice, pancreatic juice, etc. That which is dissolved, or
digested, is absorbed by certain vessels which are distributed over
the lining of the stomach and intestines, passes into the blood, and
is then used to maintain and build up the animal body. The
undissolved or undigested portion of the food is carried along the
alimentary cana], passes from the body as the feces or dung, and
constitutes that part of the food which is useless for the purposes
of the nutrition. The method of ascertaining the digestibility of
any cattle food is simple in principle. An animal is fed a weighed
quantity of food, of which the composition is determined by analysis.
The solid excrement is collected, weighed and analyzed, and the
amount digested is the difference between that which is fed and that
which is excreted. From the data thus obtained is calculated the
percentage that is digested of each- ingredient, these several per-
centages being called the coefficients of digestibility. As the process
of digestion is slow, it is necessary to feed the animal on the weighed
ration several days before collecting any excrement, in order that
the centents of the intestines may become wholly freed from the
residue of the previous food, so that the dung collected shall come
wholly from the food tested. On account of the irregularity with
which dung is voided, it is collected for several days, and from the
total amount the average for one day is ealculated.

The digestibility of these fodders was studied through digestion
experiments with sheep and by treating them with artificial solutions
of pepsin and pancreas.

EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

In the digestion experiments with sheep the animals used were
full grown wethers in all cases. They were confined during the
time the experimental rations were fed, in stalls large enough to
allow comfortable lying down, but small enough to oblige the
animal to feed in such a way as to prevent loss. The feed boxes
were zinc lined, and projected up around the head in front and at
the sides so that none of the finely cut fodder could easily be
scattered out. ‘The feces was collected in rubber lined bags closely

92 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

attached to the animal by a light leather harness, and any loss of
either fodder or dung could be easily detected.

The feeding period with each food was twelve days, during the
last five of which the feces was collected, the preliminary feeding of
the first seven days being considered necessary to entirely free the
digestive apparatus from any residue of former food. Fortunately
the rations were completely consumed, except in two instances
where the amounts uneaten were too small to materially affect the
results. The feces was collected twice each day, weighed on a
balance sensitive to one-half grain, and from the whole amount,
carefully mixed, one-tenth was taken and dried for analysis.

The data needed for calculating the coefficients of digestibility are :

(1) The composition of the foods eaten.

(2) The composition of the feces.

(5) The weight of food eaten and dung excreted.

The composition of the fodders has already been given. That of
the feces follows. The second contains the weights ef food con-
sumed, and of solid excrement voided.

COMPOSITION OF FECES.

2 In 100 parts Water-free.
s |
: Be
From 2) i. 23
S Po Se
= = | 9
i oa a ey oo
he =I om © on >
3 2 : 2 co 1 ES| o
aS iy ul eea ey ke fel)
yy lence he ali cot eesti
Tom We ZOMG salle Al 0701 eu oan nae
XLI....|Alsike clover... ..220.-0- eee | 04. 16/25. 24]/11.08)13.70/40.94)27.65, 6.63
Ts ra Wihitenclover cies oir sielsis ae |108.19]/41.81]/10.30/13 .55/32.84)37.24| 6.07
XLIIL..| Blue joint.. 2. 1... cece ee. ee ee 165.45/34.55]] 8.97) 7.28)38.27/42.22) 3.26
XL. .../Orchard grass.......0- ss02 see 65.27/34.73]/10.03) 7.66/34.54/44.15| 3.62
Wesgoase FG dito riaicie isrelsleilteiels! s\e/elrlicielelelis i= 59.16/40.84|| 9.01} 9.06/28.33/48.81) 4.79
HAY alin Sogo GobooupaboddaDooEe 55.02/44.98]| 7.75] 9.45)35.95/44.79| 5.06
Mon eoao Abb; Sob cosbada sooo Dono 598.61/41.39)]] 8.10) 9.50/33.80/43.55} 5.05
XLV ...|Wild oat grass........0-.02- ++ [[O7. 72/42. 28] 7.86) 9.55)29.55/48.66) 4.38
RXR || Witch ig ragsiicn es vs vlcleielsie eecle 67.29)32.71]| 8.05) 8.54)38.76/40.84| 3.81
XLVI ..|Buttorcup.... ...... es ecee cone |[64.56/35.44]/ 7.93} 9.69/45.53/34.22] 2.63
XLVII..|White-weed...... jouddinoon dace /64.57/35.43|| 8.64) 9.24/41.37|/36.40] 4.35

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 93

WEIGHTS EATEN AND EXCRETED.

*Total fodder con-| Total feces excret-

sumed in five days ed in five days.

oO oO

oo Lo

B ie “8

Ll ud uo

1S ae rs) 2a

As a2 2 a2

< ee <a =e
a EE a a a a a | YE a es

grams grams. || grams. | grams.

PXGDilesatevniers's| (ANSikke: ClOVOTialesctas’ele\sleletsiclsve's 3500 3060.7 4624 1166.9
JHU Gomacde WihiGesCloviorcedenee clei steavelere cle 3500 3066.3 2498 1044.5
SNOT laareersrl| Le) DOIN s\leisteleolele! ciciels eelersi||) O00) by idl08,.1, 5568 1922.2
a a Go AD OSCe OrchardiGrassiccc sacl cue cece 3500 3116.7 4093 1421.7
Dasaralsieteie Vers. ete IRGC ALG obGs Gado ands Kona onos 3500 3094.0 3203 1308.0
PNT Esspatereleis Mam obliye ite eiaiteterepeleiereisleteiel ostore 3500 3208.8 2452 1102.9
10 Gia conser TbhOLAN) Gooonaes Sdoo Hood anae 3000 2622.0 2907 1203.2
INA Viverelevsicre’e Weil dl Oats Grasses. /<ciustelciens «tore 2800 2566.8 2448 1034.6
PXOXGXGIONG EE oil WL LECH GYASSsle cieicieh ele sielatelete:ecisie 3500) |) 312052 3826 1251.4
DUN ale Gea Butiterculp)tyiesicten te tees se silt 1800000 itu cd/L30%0 3887 1377.6
PROTA VAlilimyter ol | Wi IPO pWiCOG cfeve/eic,cs10)01 cieiere, elevere 3500 | 3163.0¢ 3768 1333.1

*Except in cases noted, 700 grams daily.
t+Only 600 grams daily.
Only four days.

We now have all the figures necessary for calculating the digesti-
bility of the fodders, and this done in table.

94 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION:

CALCULATLONS OF

THE DIGESTIBILITY.

Table.

XLI—Alsike Clover
Total fed, 700 grams daily......
“ excreted,J24.8 grams daily

OB) GIRS 8550 Boos co00 235
Per cent digested........... cece |

XLIIT—White Clover.
Total fed, 700 grams daily......
« vexcreted, 499.6 grs. daily.

CoM CU SESCCM nietelosc) stores aieieiss -i-tele
Per cent digested ........ .000 .206

XLILI—Blue Joint.
Total fed, 700 grams daily......
«* excreted, 1113 6 grs. daily |

SCR OIG OStCC teratatetsalefaleiclele slo's
Per cont digested ...0 .s.0 .e0e ween |

XL—Orchard Grass.
Total fed, 700 grams daily......
«© excreted, 818.6 gra. daily |

CR CUPOSLOM ejalateimevereiisiereteretcrele
Per cent digested .....-.. seee cee |

Da 5 |
SZ =
= zs
= =
3 2
is) a 3
ial Soul
=) Oo <
612.1) 537. 53.1
2a0.4| 207.5) 25-9
BSedl|| Vato. OD eeoee
6).9| 62.7) 653.
613.3] 561.4) 51.9
208.9) 187.4) 21.5
404.4) 374.0) 30.4
66. 66.6) 58.5
639.7! 601.5) 38 2
384.4) 3500) 34.4
255.3] 251.5 3.8
39/9) 4128)" 10.
623.3) 579 6; 43.7
284 3) 255.9) 28.4
339.0] 323.7 15.3
54.4 5d 8 39.

52.
21.8)

5 |

2) 2S

a 22

3 |2e "3
ee om Ge |

iS) 4s |} Ss
195.0} 249.4, 23.9
95.5| 64.5] 15.5
99 5| 184.9! 8.4
51. 74.1) 35.1
174.3} 255.4] 25.7
68 6| 77.9] 12.7
105.7} 177.5! 13.0
60.6) 69.5) 50.6
231.7} 285.6} 19.8
147.1) 162.3} 12.5
84.6] 123.3 7.3
36.5] . 43-2) 837.
230.9] 274.8) 21.1
98.2} 1255] 10.3
132 7] 149.3] 10.8
57.5| 54.4) 51.2

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95
Foc Priel
o | o pape |
Son ie Paral
é z Sar let al
2 2 E Ss |s= |
tl ee Bice Nee) Ul eyes vets
aH Ck ale ay val eel ae
a S ae | 3 A538] =
a ee preeormaed| |
L—Red Top. | |

Total fed, 700 grs. daily ......-.| 6168) 585.6] 31.2} 59.8) 191.1] 3123] 22.4
“~ excreted, 640.6 grs. daily .; 261.6) 2380) 23.6, 23.7) 74.1) 127.7) 12.5
«« digested daily ......-....., 355.2) 347.6 76) 36.1) 111.0) 184.6) 99

Per cent digested. ......++ s+ al 57.6] 59.3) 24.3] 60 4| or 591) 44.2
|
XLIV—Timothy.

Total fed, 700 grs. daily ........| 641.8] 612.4) 294) 52.5) 209.6) 327.1| 23.1
‘« excreted, 490.4 daily...... 220.6) 203.5) 17.1 20.8 79.3; 922) 112
«digested daily ............| 421.2) 4089) 12.3) 31.7, 130.3) 234.9) 11.9

Per cent digested..........+ 20. 65.7| 66.8, 41.8) 60.4 621 718, 515

LI—Timothy. | |

Total fed, 600 grs. daily ........ 524.4) 497.3] 27.1] 41.1) 1683 269.0] 18.
‘« excreted, 581.4 grs. daily..| 240.6) 221.1) 19.5) 22.8 81.3, 104.8) 12.1
(© digested daily............| 283.8] 276.2) 7.6] 18.3| 87.0, 164.2] 6.5

Per cent digested............. .| 54.1) 59.5) 23.0) 44.5, 51.7, 61.0) 34.6

ALV—Wild Oat Grass | |
Total fed, 700 grs. daily ........ 641.7| 617.2) 245! 480) 218.8 3320) 18.3
*« excreted, 612 grs.daily....| 258.6) 238.3) 20.3) 24.7) 76.4) 125.8) 11.3
| —— | ——— | —_— ' ——_. —_—_ | ——_
PE izested) Galliy:.... 122° 383.1) 378.9) 4.2) 23.3; 142.4) 206 2 7.0
Per cent digested... .........-- | 59.6| 61.2] 17.1) 48.6; 65.11 62.1| 38.2
i | |
XNXIX—Witch Grass. aa) | |
Total fed, 700 grs. daily........ 624. | 590.3! 33.7) 595) 237.5! 269.7] 23.6
* excreted, 765.2 grs. daily..| 250.3) 230.2, 20.1) 21.3 97.0) 102.2 9.5
| ——— | ——— |
‘digested... Stet eee och 373.7) 360.1) 13.6. 382 1405) 167.5) 14.1
Per Cent At eested:. jc 2-0-0008 oc) 59.9; 61. | 40.3) 64.2) 67.6) 62.1) 60.
t 1
XLVI—Buttercup
Tutal fed, 700 grs. daily........ 627. | 585. | 42. | 63.4; 213. | 285.1) 23.5
«excreted, 777.4 gre. daily..| 275.5) 2537) 21.8] 26.7) 125.4] 94.3) 7.2
| | |
| |
Dei pasted ss\s sas sso Sorta 351.5) 331.3] 20.2] 35.7, 876] 190.8) 16.3
Per cent digested....... Ad ioocs Gods 56.1, 56.6 48.1) 56.3; 41.1) 66.9; 69.7
XLVII—White Weed. |

Total fed, 700 grs. daily........| 632.6) 584.7, 47.9] 59.]/ 203. | 292. | 30.5

«excreted, 753 6 grs. daily..| 267. | 244. | 23. | 24.6) 110.5) 97.2) 11.6

| | ee |

© digested.... seseeeseeeeee.| 365.6) 340.7; 24.9] 34.5] 92.6] 194.8) © 18.9
Per cent digested.................| 57.8! 58.3! 52. | 658.4] 45.5] 66.7| 62.

96 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

For the sake of convenience in comparing the digestibility of the
different fodders, the coefficients of digestibility are arranged in the

following table:

COEFFICIENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY.

IHS SA GUO) GOVE s5a0 cone dads
XLII.../White clover............
SGUUUE G5 JB 1elinionoo bag endo. Soc
> Hoongo Orchard grass. .......-..
Wigogor o0 Rieditoprceierieeetsise cnc
HA Scbinadine GaoodopoonUsSdc
IN eAeeon (Dimothiyaecewaeiet

XLV ...;Wild oat grass..........-
DORI DEG MMO (NIG Ge Acad oaac
EXCL buttercuips yacchse/<ctlelio siete
XLVII.. White-weed.............

XXIV ..|*Alsike clover...........
SOtWiog ool HPeaMMy Gos6 cod coa0oGc |
OUD g SAbnnan ny Boodoocosoouues
XOX Oa tustrawyncetevctecctaicre |

Dry Substance.

ooo ood o
J

ADCOP:
DH ORHAD

Organic Matter.

Protein.

SOC ONOwW >

-
Le 2)
iz)

Crude Fiber.

Nitrogen-free ex-
tractive matter.

[DAA oe MH 1
Foe ee cee
Om mt 0)

lor
ww
—

66.9

66.7

64 1
65.7
58.9
53.2

*See report of Maine Experiment Station, 1886-7.

Ibid, 1885-6.

In order to see more closely the differences in the digestible mate-
rial of the several feeding stuffs we must construct a table, showing
the actual pounds of the various ingredients digested out of 100 Ibs.
of the food. This is done by multiplying the pounds of each ingre-
dient in a hundred pounds of the food} by the percentage (or

coefficient) of digestibility.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

QUANTITIES OF NUTRIENTS DIGESTED.

97

— ——-

KXIV ..|Alsike clover................ .-s.
SIE aol SC Gi “SgadeopG GoOU c0G4 Hhde. ebu0
SIbING 4 ae OiGivacoe paseteone Boooesne cope
XLIIL..|Blue joint...... Giondo GDH obI0s Cogn A0Ks
PROM eiaie |OTCNATO (PTASS c:c00. a0 ~'s \0ie\e vie ieisis «ein ores»
SOX) JUS (OA Bae Pdogoenon sade Gonesonoopnd ooon
MOBY 35.56 | AMiMIOU Wredoedsdoe Sone nae CoUD.0D0a Gor
XXIII Ge | Sageusoss Sncd dees coos cnou ouKs
XLIV 06

IWS ABeoc SCUIM- Vavaretariereots curs eicis\slsis\slotsialsyaneis/sisusisisis
>. oo NGI) GTEC ap ooesc dae Goud aeas coop
REXENUEXG Witch prass. 222. 2.620165 :

o |BUUSTSRUG ) oGabion 6 dodo 5008 eaEea0000 OC
AIWARLL Os Weeds.) ayefe snel-ieieiataieielalslcieisie alot

From 100 lbs. air-dry food.

Total Organic

ast Cutie sé
moe Onwowe >

°
Oe

Protein.

won on
Oh et jen te. ie.

Bm Oro & > po po
Oil (ey ol este tem elre

Crude Fiber.

Nitrogen-free ex-

tractive matter.

98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTIBILITY OF NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACTIVE MATTER.

With a part of these fodders an attempt has been made to
ascertain the digestibility of the more valuable carbohydrate
material, viz., the sugars, and starch and other compounds that by
treatment with an acid are changed to sugar, erude fiber excepted.
In order to compare the digestibility of these compounds with that
of the total nitrogen-free extractive matter, determinations of the
sugars, starch and other non-nitrogenous material capable of inver-
sion to sugar have been made in the feces from several of the
fodders, by a method exactly similar to that used for the hays.

The following tables contain the percentages of starch in the feces,
and a comparison of the caleulated digestibility of the carbohydrates
with that of the total nitrogen-free extractive matter. The term
starch is intended to include all material, not sugar, that is inverted
by the treatment with an acid.

In 100 parts water-free substance. |! 4 E

Se

es is ass

o 2 Bee

Feces from £8 3 & 8 zg

ae a arene

ace 3 2 Sane

= 2S 5 a Bee

See a SS |a oa
QUI AS46 cope Allsikeclover.) << c'e)-1)i -\e<'< 2 TieGo) 6.44 21.21 23.29
PXOTHTilipeveterelatets Wihitexcloverysr- <icieeicier) clei: | 37.24 13.74 23.50 36.89
>-GHUEESGa8ec Blue joint ...... Sop00 Food 42.22 10 73 31.49 25.41
ig goae Gone Orchard /orags) ci jere sien sie ele 44.15 10.50 33.69 23.78
Dieselsuaeletctisvetey= INCUGtODtersclelensisretertiereisnstere= 48.81 12.44 36.37 25.49
XT Vis epeeletsrs AMM Gedo ebo0 Cascades 41.79 11.38 30.41 27.23
nL S655 0000 Mimo thyjerracteci ctsierstic : 43.55 11.67 31.88 | 26.80
GING Son.o500 Wild oat grass.........-.. 48.66 12.85 35.81 26.41
IXEXONUNG retell C hie Tassie) oi clareliejetslet ererele | 40.84 11.94 28.90 || 29.23
>». OM isGacood BUttercupisiesticrersleicicien-reiets 34.22 5.98 28.24 17.47
DONO Gbo.a||Mat WORE lbin Gone dodo Sone 36.40 5.64 30.76 15.49

99

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B » i=] io) B i)
pu a a a [=] a
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aqaed ioe miosmooeent ‘Ap ouo ul poysosiqy ‘Avp 00 UL poyoroxy “£Bp ouo Ul pog

‘UALLVA HAMLOVUYLXH FATA NANO LIN

100 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The above figures show that sugar, starch, and other compounds
that are inverted to sugar by the action of an acid, are found in
larger quantity in some fodders than in others, in proportion to the
total non-nitrogenous material, and moreover, that these carbohy-
drates whose value as nutrients is well established constitute the
most digestible part of the total nitrogen-free extractive matter.
These facts seem to explain in part why the bare statement of the
analysis of a fodder as given in fodder tables does not constitute a
definite measure of its value.

SUMMARY.

Some of the practical lessons to be drawn from the facts previ- —
ously presented, are summarized below:

(1) The upland grasses,* so far as analyzed, do not differ
greatly in composition.

(2) The different species of upland grasses were found to differ
very little from one another, and from Alsike clover, in digestibility.
The Blue Joint, in the one experiment made, had a low comparative
rate of digestibility.

(3) While the total amount of dry substance digested out of 100
Ibs. of the hay from the true grasses, such as Timothy, Witch
Grass, etc., and from Alsike clover, was very nearly the same in all
cases, the character of the material from the clover differed materi-
ally from that digested out of the grasses, being much more nitro-
genous, and therefore better adapted than the grasses to the nutri-
tion of an animal forming albuminoids rapidly, such as a milch cow
or a young growing animal.

(4) The fodders proved to be quite unlike in the percentages of
sugar and starch which they contained, and which was digestible.
The cases observed so far are too few to allow general conclusions,
but there seems to be good reason for the assertion that the analyses
of our fodders would much more fully give a measure of nutritive
value if they showed what are the ingredients of the non-nitrogenous
portion of the plant. For instance, the White Weed has as
much non-nitrogenous material as the Timothy, (XLIV) 31 per
cent of this being sugar and starch in one case, and 52 per cent in
the other. Any analysis that stops short of showing these facts
fails to give data that is important in judging of nutritive value.

*The term grasses is used strictly in a botanical sense. The clover are not true grasses.
®

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 101

WHOLE CORN vs. CORN MEAL.

On pages 97 and 98 of the Maine Experiment Station Report for
1886-7, can be seen the results of a feeding experiment with whole
corn against corn meal, which shows no difference in the feeding
value of the two foods.

This experiment was repeated with somewhat older animals,
under very similar conditions.

A lot of western corn was purchased, one-half of whieh was
ground. Six pigs of quite uniform quality and size were selected
from the same litter, and at the time the experiment was begun they
were about five months old. They were divided into two lots, as
equal as possible in size and quality, and were fed eighty-four days.
The first period of feeding occupied forty days and the last forty-
four. In the first period Lot 3 was fed meal, and Lot 4 whole corn.
In the second period this order was reversed, Lot 3 getting the
whole corn.

The rations were as follows:

Period 1.

Lot 3. Lot 4.

12 pounds corn meal, 12 pounds whole corn.

Water. Water.

Period 2.

Lot 3. Lot 4.

18 pounds whole corn. 18 pounds corn meal.

Water. Water.

102 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The two lots of pigs gained as shown in the next table.

Meal— Whole Corn—
Lot 3. Lot 4.
Period 1, weight October 9th.-..........- A -.-..-...-| 511 pounds.| 478 pounds,
weight November 17th... .... 0.60 see vee- 616 ss 612 es
Cr ymarin AGES Lsag 50060000000 9000 6000 bo nB5u6 C0005 Tas poe, eh sands,
Lot 4. Lot 3.
Period 2, weight November I7th.... ...............--| 616 pounds} 612 pounds.
weight December 3l1st.......... ..0..20. eee 763 oe 749 Sc
Cryin mie ZY OES nodolbeoe sone oooh addon cba wou sane 147 pounds. a3 peandale
Totaljgzainywith wholeycormes rl. emielsialefeiel-.c -\s1-/afasy- ile =| -l=lein\aleiniel= 281 pounds.
Aor Pe yh YAN lEG os BadaiGooo coed ouby Go0G GuodOdoad boob O65) cE OG

The results of the two vears’ experiments are certainly favorable
to feeding whole corn, for it seems to produce as much gain, pound
for pound, as meal, and the cost of grinding is at least saved.
Dees it pay to even shell corn when that raised on the farm is fed?

THE COMPOUNDING OF RATIONS FOR THE DIFFERENT
CLASSES OF FARM ANIMALS.

The economical use of cattle foods is a matter to which farmers
are very properly giving much attention.

Concerning the most efficient and economical rations for this or
that kind of stock, our agricultural papers contain numerous
inquiries and answers. In fact, the feeding for milk and meat pro-
duction is a department of farm practice to which the aid of scien-
tific facts and principles are called to such an extent as to encourage
the belief that farmers are beginning in some measure to reap the
fruit of scientific investigations made in their behalf.

While there is still a large field for inquiry in the domain of cattle
feeding, and many problems yet unsolved, we already possess a
mass of organized facts in regard to the composition and digesti-
bility of a large variety of feeding stuffs, the functions of the differ-
ent nutrients, and the practical effect of certain combinations of
foods, that can be made valuable to the intelligent and thoughtful
farmer. There are many farmers in the state to whom these facts
are not available, or if so, they are distributed through such an
amount of literature as to make their possession a laborious task.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 103

It is proposed, therefore, to give in this connection the data and
explanations necessary to the calculation of a ration for any specified
purpose.

What an efficient and economical ration'is, and how to obtain it.

(1) An efficient ration must be sufficient in quantity.

An animal may be very fitly compared to a machine. If we wish
to run a machine we must apply force enough to move its various
parts, and then if we use it to perform work we must add to this
force in proportion to the work done, In the case of the mow-
ing machine, for instance, it requires a certain amount of exer-
tion on the part of the horses to start and keep it in motion, even
when no grass is cut, but when the Knives are cutting grass the
horses must put forth an additional amount of muscular force. So,
if an animal is kept alive, gaining nothing and losing nothing, doing
no work either as a draft animal or as a producer of milk or meat,
yet maintaining an undiminished bodily condition, a certain amount
of food will be required to simply run the machine. When the
animal is put at some labor, or is used to produce something, then
the food must be increased in proportion as the demands upon it
are greater.

(2) A ration that is both efficient and economical must not only
be sufficient in quantity, but so compounded that there shall be no
waste in any direction. It is safe to assert that for a specified pur-
pose, milk production for instance, there is some particular combi-
nation of food ingredients that to a greater extent than any other
secures a utilization of the food eaten. When a milch cow con-
sumes a ration in which the amount of digestible protein bears such
relation to the amount of digestible non-nitrogenous material that
each class of nutrients just fills the place to which it is best adapted,
we say we have a well balanced ration. If the protein is fed either
in a greater or in a less relative quantity, the ration becomes either
insufficient or wasteful.

The truth of these statements will be more clearly seen if we con-
sider the matter somewhat in detail.

The food which an animal eats is used for several distinct
purposes. These are:

(1) The production of new material, either that in the milk or
that stored in the body, the latter including the g owth of the fetal
young.

104 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

(2) The supply of the waste caused by muscular activity.

(3) As fuel, which is consumed in keeping up the bodily warmth.

What relation do the various parts of the food sustain to this
work? The ingredients of cattle foods, as before enumerated and
explained, are, the ash, (mineral matter) protein, (nitrogenous
substance) fats or oils, and sugar, starch, gums, &c.

Here we have on the one hand the work to be done, and on the
other the means with which to do it. We must first consider
whether all the above kinds of material are necessary for running
the animal machine, or whether any one of the ingredients named
ean perform the variety of work that is demanded. In other
words, have the ash, albuminoids, fat and starch peculiar parts to ~
play in the animal economy, or can they be used indifferently in any
direction where they seem to be most urgently needed?

The investigations of physiologists and chemists have answered
this question, and the following may be stated as safe conclusions:

(1) The chief office of the ash of plants is to furnish the bony
framework of the animal, besides which it supplies certain mineral
compounds that take part in the digestive processes, and that are
distributed in small quantities throughout the flesh.

(2) Protein (albuminoids) is the only source of lean meat, hair,
horn, hoof or any other nitrogenous substance that becomes incor-
porated into the animal body. Fat is formed from it, in some in-
stances chiefly perhaps, as in the case of butter fat. It also plays
an indispensable, but not fully explained, part in the maintenance of
muscular activity, and its decomposition must contribute something
to the heat supply of the body. In fact, experience shows that in
the absence or deficiency of the other food ingredients, except the
mineral compounds, albuminoids can, for a time at least, serve to
maintain all those vital processes which otherwise would wholly or
in part be supported by the fats and carbohydrates.

(8) The vegetable oils and the earbohydrates are alike in being
fat and heat formers. Their combustion is also somehow connected
with the maintenance of muscular activity.

In the matter of quantity the fats or oils are relatively unimpor-
tant as compared with carbohydrates, and in the case of ordinary
cattle foods, the latter class of compounds makes up a very large
part of the nutritive substanee. The carbohydrates serve to supply
the most of the needed fuel, and are important as a source of fat.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 105

We have seen that protein is an indispensable ingredient of cattle
foods. Are the fats and carbohydrates? If from the protein can
come all the new material, energy and heat needed to nourish and
sustain animal life, why be particular about the amount fed, or why
take pains to secure a certain relation between the quantities of the
different ingredients of the food provided enough is fed? In
answering these questions we can appeal partly to physiological
facts and partly to experience. One reason why a diet, consisting
mostly or entirely of albuminoids, would not be advisable, even if
possible, is that the excretory organs would be unnecessarily bur-
dened in throwing off waste products occasioned by the decomposi-
tion of the albuminoids, thus causing disease perhaps.

Moreover, experience shows that even a carniverous animal will
not continue long in a healthful condition if fed a diet of pure albu-
minoids, and that the food of herbiverous animals can easily be
made so nitrogenous as to create a tendency toward disease.

While the terms ‘‘flesh formers,” as applied to albuminoids, and
‘*heat formers,’ as applied to carbohydrates, do not express the
whole truth, yet it is a fact that fat, starch, sugar and allied com-
pounds are the natural and economical source of a large part of
animal heat, and to some extent of animal fat and muscular power.
Science and experience both clearly indicate that these are the
peculiar offices of the non-nitrogenous constituents of cattle foods,
and that the mixture of food ingredients for which nature has so
evidently arranged in the composition of plants, best harmonizes
with the laws regulating the maintenance and growth of the animal
body. Granting all that goes before, then it is certain, as before
stated, that there must be some mixture of food ingredients which
secures less waste of material than any other.

Generally speaking we can feel assured that it is rational to feed
carbohydrates to the full extent to which they can prevent the use
of protein for any purpose to which it is not indispensible. The
unnecessary use of protein would in general increase the cost of
feeding, with no corresponding returns.

On the other hand, if a ration contains less than the quantity of
indispensible protein, production will be limited in proportion to the
deficit.

There is, in fact, much less of over-feeding with nitrogenous
foods than of under-feeding, although the former mistake may some-
times be made where cotton seed meal is freely used. All these

106 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

facts force the conclusion that an ill-balanced ration is easily pos-
sible, and that there is as good an opportunity to use economy in
compounding cattle foods as in buying the materials with which to
build a house. It may occur to some to ask whether a farmer, using
the ordinary cattle foods at his command, is likely to feed a waste-
ful or inefficient combination.

For instance, a ration of coarse fodders, roots, corn, meal and
bran is not an unusual one, and yet very good evidence can be cited
to show that for young animals or milch cows, the same weight of a
different mixture would be more economical.

It is well known to every farmer that nothing excels young
pasture grass as a food for all classes of stock, mileh cows young:
- stock and fattening animals.

This is explained, in part at least, by the fact that such grass is
comparatively rich in digestible protein, much richer than the
mature plant. But it is the latter which is stored for winter feed-
ing, and this furnishes a much less nitrogenous ration than the
grazing animal selects when given the power of choice.

In subjecting our domestic animals to conditions somewhat arti-
ficial, placing them as we do entirely at our mercy in the matter of
food, the practice has been, especially when we have depended
wholly upon the resources of the farm, to feed much less protein
proportionally than is supplied by pasture grass, or any other young
and succulent material. This is true of even our better class of
farmers. .

What shall be said then of those who sell their good hay and feed
that whieh comes from inferior low ground grasses, whose eattle eat
straw and corn fodder which have been robbed of their protein to
produce the grain that is sold?

The writer believes that no mistake in the use of cattle foods has
been more general than that of feeding so little digestible protein
as to sufficiently meet the requirements for generous growth or milk
production.

This defect can be remedied. Itis possible, now that the markets
offer so great a variety of foods, for those who depend largely upon
purchased grain to make good the deficit of home raised materials,
to buy that which will balance the ration.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 107

THE GERMAN FEEDING SYSTEM.

The German feeding standards, as they have come to be called,
are an attempt to state in exact terms the quantities of digestible
materials of different kinds that the daily rations of the various
classes of farm animals should contain in order to secure the best
results.

The standards were calculated by Dr. Emil Walff and others from
the data furnished by German investigations and experiments, and
they represent a large amount of observation and experience.
They are in no sense guess-work ; neither should it be said of them
that they are wholly theoretical.

It is claimed by some that they should be revised, and it seems
probable that not only the actual but the relative amounts for which
these standards call will sometime be modified by fuller investiga-
tions and larger experience.

So far as we have any hints of what these changes will be, they
indicate lower figures for the total digestible material, and a smaller
proportion of protein in some cases. Such would certainly be the
changes if these standards were made to imitate the practice in
vogue among a large percentage of American farmers, for as they
now stand they call for very liberal feeding, more liberal, perhaps,
than is in all cases profitable. Nevertheless, so long as feeding
insufficiently for generous production is a very prevalent fault, it is
better, perhaps, that the standards we set should err, if at all, on
the side of too generous rather than too small rations.

The quantities stated in these German standards are the amounts
of digestible material of different kinds that should be fed daily for
each 1000 pounds of live weight. If an animal weighs more or less
than one thousand pounds, the ration is to be increased or diminished
in proportion.

It is important to notice that not only the amounts, but the kind
of digestible material varies with the kind of animal.

This is but a recognition of the obvious fact that the demands
upon the food for the various kinds of production are greatly
different.

The amounts, and also the proportions, of the several food ele-
ments required to maintain a resting animal, or to sustain labor, or
to produce rapid growth, or to keep up a liberal flow of milk, are
quite unlike.

108 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The differences in total amount of nutrients as shown, are easily
seen. In order to express the relation in quantity of the digestible
protein to the digestible non-nitrogenous material, there is given in
the last column of the following table what is called the nutritive
ratio.

As an example of how this ratio is calculated, the standard ration
for a milch cow is selected. This calls for 2.5 lbs. digestible pro-
tein, 12.5 lbs. digestible nitrogen-free extractive matter and fiber,
and .40 lbs. digestible fat.

The fat has a greater value per pound than sugar or starch, and
in order to reduee the figures to the same basis, we multiply the
percentage of fat by 24, because for heat production a pound of fat
is equal to 24 pounds of the carbohydrates.

2a ( LON 24) ==135. 1316 5 ee

The nutritive ratio is therefore 1: 5.4.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 109

A—POUNDS PER DAY PER 1,000 POUNDS LIVE WEIGHT.

Lend ° ° 7
Sia |S :
A is | 5 2 E
lee eltea le 3 3
Kinp oF ANIMAL. | a fg |. iS =
| a0 S ou 5 2
| § fg | Ss Baan |e
= om | =o ors
cS i I Eng | Bas =
° fslitaq | sa os =
AH |to/4a |) | au a
Horsesat Meht work 22: csc -2s6 cece cscs coe 21.0 | 1.5 9.5 0.40) 11.40 |1: 7.0
ce average WOrk........-..--.--seee.-| 22.5 | 1.8] 11.2 [0.60] 13.60 |1: 7.6
oe hard WO gon bhOn oou0 COBO HaOG Goll Cow |) Pea) MBE ISDN OOo” 5)
Oxenwati rest inistall jc. 5.2 1. cece rece cies] LO Org 80 |0.15) 8.85 |1: 12.0
GB Ordinary WOLKA saat: esiesiels valor are 24.0 | 1.6] 11.3 10.30] 13.20 |1: 7.5
<a hard dG S000 008 cb00 aaba | ZWAD NOR IBS KDea OH NGO We C0
“* fattening, first period. Fe EAT A at eee sides (ez On 260 11520; 10250|) 1Ss00Nlice 1680
ce OG SOCONdEperlOd Foe tem cele o alevee 260 | 3.0] 14.8 |0 70] 18.50 1: 5.5
“ “ third CG ON aan bi att ana 25.0 | 2.7] 14.8 |0.60/ 18.10 |1: 60
IVI C OW id iereisete )-ticisis\ sii on) cisieinisiecceeucinieiess.c'eis 240 | 2.5] 12.5 |0.40) 15.40 J1: 5 4
BHEGE: vue producing (coarser breeds). ....| 20.0 | 12] 103 /0.20/ 11.70 ]1: 90
a (finer ea soQoudeHas 22.5 ) 1.5] 11.4 |0.25] 13.15 jl: 8.0
36 iho, MTSEHPSLOM Ue ee cee sessing etl eLOsOn bs) el oe2e| OM5.0 (pl savOulilees seo
es OG second “period.... 2... <0. «- 25.0 | 3.5] 14.4 [0.60] 18.50 |1: 4.5
Ee
rane, fattening, first period................. 360 | 5.9 27.5 32.50 |1: 5.5
cb SOCONdmporiodecr. cieyaciel cette 31.0 |} 49 24.0 28.00 |1: 6.0
& GG UMindespertodeacevericiencneecls 23.5 | 2.7 17.5 20.20 |1: 6.5
GrRowine CATTLE.
Age —
mos. Average live weight per head
2.3 150 poundsi = noe. doo CKdb OnE 5 apap |) 22M WDA) Maite) yp oO ess Wile. 27
3.6 GAUDY SEU ee On etn Rarer Ars sete 23.4 | 3.2) 13.5 | 1.0) 17.7 jl: 5.0
6.12 BUD GUS Eicon sonGenao see .aeccmnae 24.0 |25] 13.5 | 0.6) 16.6 |1: 6.0
PPPS Te | perc. Oe ie Hears Seah Fare ees eater gaits See 24.0 | 2.0] 13.0 | 0.4] 15.4 |1: 7.0
See Ae SO Olas S655 lca. retctstereratccts ccteaie eisie ye niav e/ctes 24.0 | 1.6] 120 | 0.3) 13.9 /1: 8.0
GRoWING SHEEP.
5.6 Bempoundsias. oer tek Ne 28.0 |3.2| 15.6 | 0.81 19.6 |1: 5.5
6.8 Oe ier rleieric et sisieloyf-iaie| ole ves oll e200 sleet We 1339 lh On lal G-Gyn|lise heb
8.11 16) Gs) Seodhoas 6500 daco Good cool PEO. 4 PS HUE OaHI EW) le GO
11.15 SRC Ge WT Sete enietelers “Aki sneise 22,5 | 1.7) 10.9 | 0.4) 13.0 |1: 70
15.20 85 ss fol Osg00 G00 done Goo soon) 27a eee SEE Wei bk ale: en)
u—~-—_ YS
GrRowine Pies. |
223 S0upoundsrie.saeaciacie octet case 420 | 7.7 30.0 |375 |1: 4.0
3.5 100°" <¢ 3 340 | 5.5 25.0 30.0 |1. 5.0
5.6 125 <e 5 31.5 | 4.3 23.7 28.4 |]: 5.5
6.8 Oe aera peice trace eee oboe 27.0 | 3.4 20.4 23.8 (1: 6.0
SPIE ZOOS 16S == mie areetere cia nica ebay Nereaueloete ak 21.0 | 2.5 16.2 18:7, “jl's 655

110 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

B—POUNDS PER DAY PER HEAD.

5 :
o
3 5. 8 3
Bee ° 2 s
; eS lee 3 2
Kind of Animal. 3 oa sian = m
= 3 Ba 3 S
es E aus =3 =
S$. [\ee | 33) 3°) See
= 85 cs ae A
Growing Cattle.
Av. live weight
Age— mos. per head.
As) Soosloade 150 pounds,| 3.3 0.6 2.1 0.30 3.00 1:4.7
No) ‘code sone 300 66 7.0 1.0 4.1 0.30 5.40 1:5.0
Gollseae eeloe 500 GG 12.0 1.3 6.8 0.30 8.40 1:6.0
Ws Mies deisoas 700 ae 16.8 1.4 9.1 0.28 | 10.78 sO)
yaaa aersyer: 850 GG 20.4 1.4 10.3 0.26 | 11.96 1: 8.0
Growing Sheep.
HseGieooe dans 56 pounds, 1.6 0.18 0.87 0.045 1.095 1:5.5
(iste i eens Se 67 & 1.7 0.17 0.85 0.040 | 1.060 1:5.5
Bal oes anal: 75 ab 1.7 0.16 0.85 0.037 | 1.047 1: 6.0
IMleMgoas\adoo 82 ce 1.8 0.14 0.89 0.032 | 1.062 Uo)
MB ZOE ale stale .s 85 ce 1.9 0.1 0.88 0.025 | 1.047 1: 8.0
oS —_—--$ —_
Growing Pigs
Zeek eoaae 50 pounds,| 2.1 0.38 1.50 1.88 1:4.0
ob} GoGulabdo 100 66 3.4 0.50 2.50 3.00 1:5.0
Wn Boswnode 125 sc 3.9 0.54 2.96 3.50 1:5.5
Gai sea5 Good 170 ce 4.6 0.58 3.47 4.05 1: 6.0
SoI)ca6 doce 250 GG 5.2 0.62 4.05 4.67 1:6.5

How is a cattle feeder to learn whether his rations compare with
the above standards? He must ascertain the composition of his
foods and their digestibility ; in other words, he must know how
much of different ingredients his cattle are eating and what propor-
tion of them is available for use. It is not possible for each farmer
to have his feeding stuffs analyzed, but we have tables giving the
average composition of a large list of cattle foods as determined by
numerous analyses, and the same for the percentages of digesti-
bility, and a calculation made for any given food by means of these
averages is perhaps accurate enough for practical purposes.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Wa

THE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN FEEDING STUFFS.

It was but a few years ago that we were obliged to depend upon
German analyses for a knowledge of our cattle foods, but so much
work has lately been done in this country in the way of investigating
agricultural products that we are now well informed in regard to the
composition of many American feeding stuffs. Dr. E. H. Jenkins
of the Connecticut Experiment Station has published a much needed
compilation of American analyses, and here follow his tables as
given in the report of the Connecticut Experiment Station for 1887.
Under the head of each ingredient can be seen the minimum, maxi-
mum and average percentages as found by the several analyses
made. For instance, in the case of protein in timothy hay, the left
hand column shows that fifty-three analyses have been made, and
the column headed protein shows that the lowest percentage found
was 4.2, the highest 9.6, and the average 6.06.

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116 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTIBILITY OF AMERICAN FEEDING STUFFS.

Very few determinations of the digestibility of American products
have yet been made, and so we are still obliged to use German
figures. These are sufficiently accurate, without doubt, so far as
they apply to the grains and such by products as bran, cotton seed
meal, &¢c., but in the case of the hays, coarse fodders and similar
materials, the percentage as stated for European products will
probably be modified.

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120 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The figures given in the foregoing tables have cost a great deal in
time and money, and they should be made useful. It seems to be
the custom for farmers to request those familiar with these tables
and their use to make up for them from certain specified materials
a ration adapted to a particular purpose. This is not necessary. A
person who has had the average training in mathematics which our
public schools give can by the use of the previous tables calculate a
new ration, or ascertain how the one he is feeding compares with the
standard.

Perhaps the following calculations may serve to make plain the
manner in which this is done. Itis a question we will suppose
whether the following ration is correct for a one thousand pound
milch cow.

40 lbs. maize ensilage,
10 ** Timothy hay,
4 ** corn meal,

2 ** wheat bran.

Looking in the table of fodders analyses we find what is the com-
position of ensilage, and in the table of digestibility of feeding
stuffs under green fodder we find the digestibility of green maize
fodder, which differs but little, if any, from the digestibility of en-
silage. Using these two sets of figures we can calculate the pounds
of digestible material in 100 pounds of the food.

Ensilage Per cent Pounds in 100.
In 100 lbs. Digestible.
Organieimatteren cs). wearer: Mo ee TO) = 12074
PEOUCMI lta ie nacliahis senators auote sc LOO MX its = 1.09
a Gye less ares s ie raiayatete nies tes u68) DS vo = vol
Nitrogen free extractive matter.. 10.26 X 67 = _ 6 87
@rndestilber cry ate ee eel een OO ON alae thie = 4.09

By the same method we ascertain the digestible material in a hun-
dred pounds of the other feeding stuffs in our ration, and these are
as follows:

DIGESTIBLE IN ONE HUNDRED POUNDS.

Nitrogen Free
Organic Extractive Crude
Matter. | Protein | Fat. Matter. Fiber.
NRE ase og dddncago.KooD edoo coc) il de 1.09 | .61 6 87 4.09
imothiy Peay; seleielsercisteetsontarsis eisieleleelll Loo wae 3.45 |1.03 29.20 17.61
Cornea ler ecricicistshelclcicteieie evel 78.67 8.16 |4.33 64.30 1.41
WiheatiBramyey cc cise neeielceeisialeicineel | OUes SomnmlleniDr al 2/10) 41.78 2.87

ee

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 121

These are the quantities of digestible ingredients in 100 pounds
of the different feeding stuffs. A determination of what our ration
wil] furnish is now asimple matter. For instance 40 pounds of en-
silage contains four-tenths as much as 100 pounds, so we have:

WeeamMeMMADLeT.. 8) i. oes eee eels eran 2, TAK ATO = 510
FaMERL RS URW YP et cers cle aucrs6 Patio) s) Gheray «nsx ie -edseane 1.09 X 4-10 = .436
Ere SE ogden A See cya: aveSunyelays 651 X 4-10 = .20
Nitrogen-free extractive matter ....... 6 87 X 4-10 = 2.75
CODTS OOH SS Bae eee en oes He RRO Ses 409 X 4-10 = 1 64

A similar calculation for the hay. meal and bran gives the follow-
ing figures :

DIGESTIBLE MATERIAL IN PROPOSED RATION.

3 23
= 2% ;
a we a
a oe g
° a oo =|
‘5 = ; 0 > ©
rd »_ mn Psa ol
s e 2 =e =
= Ay Fa es iS)
Mnsilage, 40lbs.......'....8 -. 5an0 436 20 2.75 1.63
Timothy hay, 10 lbs......... 5.13 345 10 2.92 1.76
Cornmeal 4 Tbs. «4.1. << 3.15 2326 17 2.57 -06
Wheat bran, 21bs .....6..-.....,| 1.18 235 05 84 06
STAN (5 215 stove eee cene ees 14.56 1.342 159 || ohosiieseol

A comparison, shows this ration to-be widely different from the

German standard.
Proposed ration. German ration,

Organic matter (total nutrients)...... 14.45 15.40
PUGLISI) See gt Sates Ren ane en Re Cree 1.32 2.5
Nitrogen-free extract and fiber... .... 12.59 12.5
i oa Ba cre elie ye Hats ape 92 40
PSGNORIGIVS TACO! 4 6 js.lesaccietcye suis ais \orevegs A ORS 1:5.4

The proposed ration differs from the German standard mainly in
having a much less quantity of digestible protein, the total digestible
material being somewhat less also.

While it is doubtful if feeding 2.5 pounds of protein would be
good economy. but little over half that amount is undoubtedly too
small a quantity to secure the most profitable results. It is evident
that the thing to do is to feed for a portion of the grain ration some

122 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

material more nitrogenous than the corn mealor bran. Cotton-seed
meal, linseed meal, pea meal and gluten meal are some of the foods,
any one of which would serve to amend the ration. Let us caleu-
late the ration with three pounds of cotton-seed meal put in the
place of two of the four pounds of corn meal.

DIGESTIBLE MATERIAL IN AMENDED RATION.

: 5 o 8
= oS 2
: | SE | 6
ce £ Eos ie
s = n 2 = s
= = S = 3 2
° av ch Zs 1S)
Ein'silaizes 40) iDSi.iersleyo«\<1e1oueielsse1 nels 5.10 436 - 20 2.75 | 1.63
|
Timothy hay, 10 Ibs........ BAMA rst) 6) 345 10. || 2:92 ieee
Cornpmealey2pllbSerlesjec cca sae citer 1.57 . 163 -08 1.28 .03
Cotton seed meal, 3 lbs..........- 2.20 1.07 -30 66
Wiheatibran,t2 Ibs /semee siecle see 1.18 | ABN 05 584006
otal toate atu sees 15.18 | 9.249 || 78° || S45) 0 aeaeas

Even now our ration is not strictly in accordance with the stand-
ard, but it is probably as nitrogenous as is advisable. In fact, the
practical tests of the German feeding standards which have been
made within the past few years, show that a ration may be very
efficient when it differs from them considerably. These standards
furnish a good working basis, however, not only for practical feed-
ing experiments, but also for scientific investigation in matters per-
taining to the feeding of farm animals. Fixed standards for the
guidance of cattle feeders may certainly be made useful, and whether
the German formulas are approximately correct or not, they surely
are a long step in the direction of practice based upon scientific
principles. It is because of the prominent place the so-called Ger-
man rations have in the current discussions concerping the feeding
of live stock, and because these rations furnish valuable suggestions
to stock growers and dairymen, that they are given here and their
use explained. The farmer who understands the purpose and mean-
ing of these rations, and the general principles upon which they are
based, is prepared to quickly grasp aud apply the better knowledge
to which they may lead.

fe

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 123

TESTS OF VARIETIES.

The Experiment Station tested in the summer of 1886 a number
of varieties of potatoes, oats and barley. (See Station Report
1886-7, pp. 104, 107.) The same varieties, with some additions
were again grown in 1887 and 1888, also a large number of varieties
of peas. The results of the year 1887 were reported in Experi-
ment Station Bulletin No. 24. But as they have not appeared in
the annual report of the station they are reported here with the
trials of 1888.

POTATOES.
REPORT OF TRIALS IN THE YEAR 1887.

The varieties of potatoes were planted on a loam, somewhat lighter
and less clayey, than the college farm in general, a soil uniform in
character and well adapted to hoed crops. This piece of ground
was manured, after plowing vhe previous fall, with about ten cords
of good stable manure per acre, and in the spring a small quantity
(300 Ibs. per acre) of a mixture of dissolved bone black and muri-
ate of potash was spread broad-cast. Each variety occupied a row
ninety feet long, containing sixty hills, the hills being eighteen inches
apart and the distance between the rows, three and one-half feet.
In each hill was planted a piece of potato having three good eyes.
All the rows were carefully cultivated at the same time and in the
same manner. |

Injury by the potato beetle was carefully guarded against by the
use of Paris green, and it can be said that the trial was not dis-
turbed by mishap of any kind, the growth of the plants being very

uniform and satisfactory.

In the tables which follows are recorded :

(1) The date on which each variety was first noticed to blossom,
this being an indication of the time of maturing.

(2) The yield of large and small potatoes per row, and per acre
(calculated), also the total yield.

The date of planting was May 18th and 19th. It was intended
to record the date at which the tops began to die as an indication of
ripeness, but this was rendered impossible by the fact that the tops |
of all the varieties remained green until the date of digging, Septem-
ber 12th and 13th. All the varieties were comparatively free from
seab or rot, and all presented a fine appearance when dug. No test
of quality for eating has been made of these varieties, but the com- |
ing season an attempt will be made to do this. |

124 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

First Yield per Plot. Yield per Acre.
Potatoes. Blossoms {

No Name of Variety. Seen. |Large.|Small.| Total.||Large. Small.| Total.
lbs Ibs. | Ibs. | bush. bush. | bush,
We Rh orburnsee recite cele sieleleieote}| A UNO yal Oi, ZOO N22 7 223 58 | 281
7D VES UI I@e 1 Ge 36 5006 Sode oF July 1) 91 103 /1013 210 24 | 234
3 |Rose Magnum Bonum....... ‘“ A} 503%] 153 | 66.25]! 117 35N lb
AV Barly;Ohio. wee osaenaa dese se) Seo 86 1101893 N82 (g7e50I207 19 | 294
Sy MarlivyaMainesyssiecrche-vecise sci une ae O2eali elo! lad ZENA
6 |Early Vermont........... .| June 27); 733 | 112 | 84 75|} 169 25 195
7 |Watson’s Seedling... .... | July 4/ 683 |) 11 | 19.5 |] 157 25 183
Swaine 34 Joes 6 6 bods oz SPS) (8.6 93 | 95.5 || 199 21 220
OU BiphitWieekss. 2 rset eieisiejeral) sone ls} e120 LES BS} AG 41 | 317
10 |Harly Sunrise... .......... “ 18) 593 11 | 70.75} 137 26 163
WN Tee ESOS Ba oad, Sooo oc HOM er Bales 132 |105 25)| 210 32 242
12 |Hale’s eee Peach Blow.. on 84) 5103) Std 6! 162 12 | 174
13 | Criumpbh. Bo soocioobo o¢ GG UU ey 72 133 1225.5 || 258 31 289
14 |Early ese ger eau Meese 834 | 19 /102.5 || 192 44 | 236
15 ;Beauty of Hebron... ....- A SG a P23 LOS on|| 199 53 252
16 |X range Co. White........... SOF 7A Mays 8 |159 348 18 | 366
17 Dunm. Msdos doa 6 000600 30) 148 113 |159.5 || 341 26 367
18 |Queen of the Rosca Pereeieee 4 GG NN) 23° «1122 228 53 281
19 |Rural Blush. 6 sodaoar eS) p36 52 |141.5 || 313 12) 33:25)
20 |Garfield. sierernis! eng a4 alo9 7% |166.5 || 366 17 | 383
21 [improved White Rose . 26.00% GS ake) Bel 9 |106 223 21 | 244
22)|\Wihite) Stars... 2.5 cooef (04 AAD 1! 3 {117 262 7 | 269

Jan Stwbwtnickecceriscteces ise Ga TUT Mey 63 |126 275 15) || 290) -
24 |Vermont Champion......... Coe 28 ae 29 92 {138.5 || 297 21 318
Ws} RONG Sean. Seen eo00 socal OG I aby 4% |116.5 || 258 11 269
26 |Rochester Favorite. ........ eZ ONO) 3 73 161 7 168
27 |Perfect Peach Blow ........ St Si Siz ou 189 20 209
28) | Charter: Oalkeetnctetel seiselsse slit li) 96% 7 103.5 |{ 222 16 | 238
29 |Great Hastern..... ........ se 30) 1253 7 |132.5 || 289 16 | 305
SOR DACtatOrveercsne ererslonetelel oles GG OKO te SN 7% | 88.5 || 186 18 | 204
Sil} Empire state, ecrieet tec) «sjro| oSeye Dsl 89. 113 {100.5 || 205 26 | 231
32 |Burbank Sport. soonccn|| OC lsh) ane 54% |113 247 13° | 260
33 |Dakota Red . 56 doo). Gi) Ue 5 {117.5 || 259 11) 270
34 |Thorburn’s Late Rose. re evetatstols OF (31) W123 4% /116.5 || 158 10 268
35 |Late Beauty of Hebron..... eA} 1043 103 |115.2 || 240 25 265
36 |O. K. Mammoth Prolific .... se 29} 1263 10 {136.5 || 291 23 314
Si) |\WihiteHlephantscr. cncciceen|| $5 Ol a8 5 |143 318 11 | 329
SSnRedelilephants ern. cstereiieienel|i me uece 120 ie eGo 5 | 90 196 ll | 207
BG) |WunMlsyys Gq sono cone boos deat «s 29| 126 6 |132 290 14 | 304
40 |White Seedling ........... se 18] 143 13 |144.5 || 330 3 | 333
41 |Monroe Co Prize........... se 14) 1583 3 1161.5 || 365 Ge) esti74
42 |Roses New Giant. Rosoal| » CAe aly ley) 13/145 304 30 | 334
43 |Roses Beauty of Beauties. sé 28] 1253 9% |135 289 22 =| 3ll
44 |Jackson White............. OS Ep ae 3 | 80 177 tf 184
45 |Harly Goodrich ........... “© 18} 130 5% {1385.5 || 299 13 | 312
46 |Morning Star.............- CS BI EBD 5 {190.5 || 428 11 | 439
47 |Gregory’s (No Name) ..... « 18! 362 13) 38.25)| 253 10; 263

REPORT OF TRIALS FOR 1888.

The varieties of potates were planted this year in soil similar in
character to that on which the potatoes were planted in 1887. The
land had been cropped the previous year. At the time of planting
600 pounds of a reliable superphosphate were applied per acre.

The varieties were planted in rows three feet apart and 180 feet
long, each row representing one-eightieth of an acre. Otherwise
the conditions were the same as for the preceding year.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 125
as —
- : 4 See 2
a Babe ose vee 3
= Bile lng |= |e 2
; a @ 2 Pace Spe No celLa
Potatoes-—Variety. wh = s S = |e = ae
s 3 s “2 San |e Ber
5 2 2 be) 2 = ale oe| & |S 5
a Lolo g a ~
Z, A A Bao sa se lee
Ibs | Ibs.| Ibs.
DMPO MU Niel steretaiveisiejs; oivielaiieieiee May 24, July 14, Sept. 24,)1093) 223/132 |176
DhGlanks NO, Vrsvaos sZc0 ses: een neon G «© 1110 | 11 [121 |161g
3|Rose Magnum Bonum...... 6S Sy Silos La fe 11193) 93/129 172
AliGian live OHiOs. (cs o000 -.c.c sioee BG GG GG UG): se -25,)104 | 84/1123)150
OD Hanlhygela Sleterscisisistcveterercteisil| wetalessil ice maaGs sc se | 82 | 14 | 96 |126
GibarlyaVerMOnty cress) cae! 6 <6 16% y LGs fc 6 | 74 | 20 | 94 11254
°|Watson’s Seedling......... SC Cae hl es 66 © 1102 | 11 4113 |150¢
§|Vanguard......... aaa «ee | ee 1B, «© 1101 | 18 |1193/1594
9|Kight Weeks....sseceesees 255 66) 219) © 66 11492) 16 [1584/2114
10|Harly Sunrise............. eee | ee Bi) as | © 11084) 20 [1984/1714
11|Peart of Savoy ....--.. .-s- soe fee 13, S| se ee 11654! 15 [1803|2408
12|Hale’s Early Peach Blow...) “* ‘* | 19) ™ se 1104 | 34/1073)1434
IBirinmiplicsisecsrcsccceccce| 6© “© "Aug 4.) 2) ye (ee oa aT los (lee
MAW Wanly essex... sciieiccsie esse! (© § IJuly 135) ra fe) 95 | 27 (122 [1622
15|Beauty of Hebron......... a CU Ge Hs eS ONG 2R Ean se SoniLls
16\Orange County White...... GS OG GG aa oe co 11343) 103/145 |193
17)/Dunmore......... SpO0'6000 Li AEN SSNS Se) se 66 1247 | 17 1264 1352
1&|Queen of the Roses......... sc 6 July 14,) © se 26,/163 | 22 |185 |2462
W9lfural’Blushis......4..-2..| * | © 19, — |) «¢: « loog | 14 |213 |284
WOiGarfisld sess. osscsces.s 1 | TG) Gt | €e 1201 | 183/2193/2992
2\\[mproved White Rose......! | 6 21, cS ce T1315) 16 §14531194
DE WVICOMS UAL siericisciss esis esac) se 8 Aug. 1, a SSeS 146 9 )155 |2062
ZENS (in TANIOKOS Gag dota Dodreode |e 9 So anil bya Kp sie ce 1186 | 10 {196 |2614
24/Vermont Champion........ «« JAug. 3,| FE | « 28,/1573| 22 [1793/2394
PDE Worsano Goce orea Sa neenOS Cc Siuliys Ait, ar == se 66 17423) 17 [1593 2122
26) Kochester Favorite ........ CS OG WN es II) as ce 11278) 9 113803176
27|Perfect Peachblow. ........ «(July 20,| ‘3 «¢ 6¢ 1139°] 19 |158 (2102
DE GhrantersOwls ctecselssiecreece| © 68 | 66 | 235) (oO ce © 1765 | 25 1190 |2534
29:'Great Hastern...........- cee oA NO; = «© 11903] 18 |2083)278
BUWICtdtOnacedaiccse senciescclace Sf 55) 18,)|) 02 os 11504] 123/163 [2174
SiiEmpirestatOri.sicesecececn.| 6 §* \July 14,|' 3 ce 11693) 16 |175$)234
AMUN OAKS POL beijeelecaeversiels een Geiss e aku = GO AG iby 83)1623:216
SONOMOtA Red sct-crs ces cence SOK 235) 3 | CF se 65 | buliloule2en
34!Thorburn’s Late Rose...... CGS NG se 6 12103] 9 | 2193/2928
35|Late Beauty of Hebron.....| © ** | * 16) & Ce GS MN fp, 7 |189 |252
36/0. K. Mammoth Prolific....| «© ‘* |Aug. 7,| w «¢ 29,)1763) 20 |1963)262
37|White Elephant........... “66s July 23,) 2 se 6 1195 | 123/2074/2762
38/Ked Hlephant.............) *€ | “ 16,) 'a © 1184 | 113)1953)2608
DOIN OWsteyersieieledwiciste cleleieloisieie! [fee 6) Ao. G, g 6 66 11623) 23 (1753/2384
40) White Seedling....... Aséoal| oe CO amiK? ah) ce © 11894) 12 |2014)2682
41|Monroe County Prize....... GB GG NGG Sp BAF | ies: ce «© 1201 | 6 [205 |2728
42/Rose’s New Giant.......... <6 nce 25 lw ey © S¢ 11963} 7 |2033/2714
43|Rose’s Beauty of Beauties..| “© ‘* |Aug. 1, ce 11274) 22 [1473/1968
44|/Harly Goodrich............| *© ‘ |July 20, SE SECS G ea eaten | iran 23.2
45! Jackson White.....sesee..| ‘ |Aug. 1, SSS 20 2 8 |210 |280
46|Morning Star..... Sdoc Kens) CF hy 240) se 6 1164 | 7 JLT1 1228
AG\Melawarelciccs esc cccusca (pee 165s |S e1G. «ce 1993 | 12 |235 13134
48)*stray Beauty .... ecccceee| ‘ OG - Wo) COU lt) 1 | 56
49|\* Bonanza. ..cccsescccccce-| * © |July 25, Soe OR ela e203
bu\*New Wide Awake........ a ee) 107] 1g! 114
51|*Windsor’s No. 1..........| © ‘ |July 25, Be Healy 2olelS
521*John Emerson’s Seedling..\June 6, |Aug. 1, CG SO idl 3! 4k

*Of the Stray Beauty, only 35 hills were planted; of the Bonanza, 14 hills; of the new Wide
Awake, 23 hills; of Windsor’s No, 1, 16 hills; of John Emerson’s Seedling, 5 hills.

126 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

OATS.

REPORT OF TRIALS FOR 1887.

Each variety of oats was sown broadcast on a fortieth acre plot,
two quarts of seed to each plot. The seed was sown May 17th, on
much the same kind of soil, manured in the same way, as in the
ease of the potatoes. In the next table can be seen a record of the

(1) Date when the heads first began to show.

(2) Date of cutting, which indicates date of ripening.

(3) Yield of each variety per plot and per acre.

(4) Weight of a measured bushel of each variety. It is impor-
tant to notice that a few varieties have a weight per bushel that
marks them as being of superior quality. Some of these varieties
having different names are undoubtedly the same.

=]

eS,
be
No | Oats—Name of variety. |Heads began|Date of cut-| Yield | Yield 4, z =
to show. ting ripe. /per plot.|per acre.|3 a
Sak
lbs. bush Ibs
Iitinunyaita “Gao gooo pacelbos July 14 Aug. 17 24 32 18
2INWel COM Ghereeiletjaleveceieieieisiste OG ra ee 8 36 48 33
3!White Probestier......... 2 GG) ilk) 463 62 24
4|Mold’s Ennobled.......... se 15 Coney 323 43.3 | 21
5|Clydesdale............... GOs cb fs 8 304 47.3 34
6) Russian White.... 2.2 eee G5 INS) sc 20 4] 542 28
USM PTUSC)eu-/- oto nlolelei sicielelieleinte GE? Gg ts) 425 56.6 | 2435
8/Hopetown.....-.--.-. «.- GE) 232) GG PAD 19 254 183
9|Henderson’s Clydesdale.... Go eK) OG Fs ts) 343 46 33
10)New Race Horse. ........ Cort aa AW) 35 46.6 | 34
11/White Belgian........... Gos eailyl cSieonere 342 45.6 | 313
12\Black Tartarian.......... Ge) 1163 Gao NY 373 50.3 | 26
13|White Schoener... ....... ie! sem 16 384 51 25
14|White Australian......... 6 el 6G, 76) 41 54.6 | 26
15|White Victoria........... cL S10) 35 46.6 | 32%
NG ElearsrSeveteelefaledecelerelieferelsileierele ie 2 a 1 313 42 20
AiO pany eferscrslohcpelcieljaicieleieicle Sevier GE 0) 345 46 26
18\Challenge........ «00.20 G5) 119 Sel 28 37.3 29
19)Wide Awake......... 2.6. sory ale OF NS 32 42.6 | 22
PME EINES) Ga0 o008 500u Gade BO 9) 165 GG NY 293 39.6 | 25%
21)/White Centennial.......-. Oe PAY Sopa 20 174 23.3 | 19
22)White Seizure........... a) iM CES, 223 30.3 | 33

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Aa

TRIALS FOR 1888.
The trials for 1888 were made under the same conditions as those
for 1887 except as to manuring which was 600 pounds of super-
phosphate per aere sown broadcast.

os |

Be Ak We |

@ an et ere

e 33 SO ercis ie h

Oats—Vari B | gs Breas

‘ ats— Variety. ° Eo s Ss a |. ha

E Su sheweyeis us: (aes (ee ee |

5 2 38 2 |e iS (ha

=) | aa Co) 2 2lo a f

Z a aie QA |FaRBES [

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Ibs. lbs. I

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1 eikonal “ 6| Aug 27/36.00/48.0| 36 |

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SMO PE GOWN ate: a teeyeres oe aiey tis Sse steve der se ue} ee 23) Sept. .6/37.00/49.3/33.5
%) Henderson’s Clydes sdale Bean Seated petstarie (ere te} ee 16) Aug. 23/44.50/59 3) 38
NOiNewaRaco Horse. <2. c.6 12+ cles Jor be | EG) SE 48 18300157 «3186.5

AU Witte Bieligian!.. .. <2 scicc secs «tosicccies GG GON GG) IA GCs 7 GEIB AO - GILL

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14)White Australian. . nobaoopaoa uads|| Ce OC GG Oty FOG, GG EE OU ad | te.
15)White Victoria. . Rbd6 dn cOb0 Cane 6 Eo), 66 16) Aug. 23/30. 75/4120) 37
WMG WELT Sersteropeisnsre\e/= <ieie <0 oi «1+ DOGOIDaG0, 0b COTS CC AON REMY 66513. 080.014 00 )2o 0

Wiiloganie: ...-.-- Sandu GodUHORUoooD dao, ooe | WG GE sy til GG Ge VEO BYE Oko)

ei(ClnMNIIICEG “Gasolsaea oorosGoIse or ths CCC TE ENG SO) eS 4000/5 dias oO |
USI WA AOW AW VK Oierteteciseeaicic <cels icles =i) fo eo ( sf Mil Sept, Sod 00 3i3ikeo
20|Japan...... AO OHO A SOISO OCIA CE lin Cuan aan [ine titan Ue) se 6/44.50/56 0) 34
21) White Centennial. aag 56 06 06d eee Sh cee 20) “© 13/20.00/26.6) 28
1 SEMAN nod: (onclooom nebo eo0o! adeloabe ss ee] ee 16} Aug. 25/43.75/58.3] 36

The light weight and small yield of the triumph, Harris, white
centennial place them among the worthless varieties.

128 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

BARLEY.

REPORT OF TRIALS FOR 1887.
The plots on which the barley was sown were of the same size,
and were treated in the same way as the oat plots. ‘The same ob-
servations were made, also in regard to the growth and yield.

|

(ee 2 E

ca Es Fi

g Bo 3s} 6 |e

Barley. = = = 5 |=

Name of Variety. =) 3 a es 2
5 S Ba) Seelam
3 > |2| = |e
3 5 = Ce |S
Zi = a S| me IBS
Ibs. | bush | lbs
1) |) Mine) 6 Sa oc'6c65 pons goon code 6a86 odoa a5 July 4) Aug 2) 23 | 17.]) 38
FAG JUIGIAINTIA Zo 30505 66.20 0d00 00d0 JOOG cobs Doon Cd 6121920) KGS 36
B} |)" nen Allie 6 caoG aood GoGU eb50)0000 Ga56 dac : <coi2 ‘6 10) 233) 19.6) 37
AMMO Nepalis eiariwcl ce cine DdQOD GNM co00 005 O000 35.58) s¢ 1) 36} 32.5) 49
5 Melon Barley ...2...05 ..05 S00 doou Ube GS I)92 6610; 223) 18.8) 37
GhigeburplepHullessserereieelrc secre ciate Gnod0 ao" Cond se J} 293) 24.6) 53
7 | Champion Two-Rowed. .......-.... 2.00 0+ a Gh 8) 413) 34.8) 43

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129

REPORT OF TRIALS FOR 1888.
The barley trials for 1888 were made under the same conditions
as to size of plots, manuring, etc., as the oat trials for that year.

en 3 ;
a [26 S E Se ei.
Ee ao col a Ries
‘ i) e 3 3 Coeds a o
eS Barley—Variety. i ie a Me 3° ea
2 2 n 2 ° as IS a2
5 2 eta 2 ee mm et | BOry
5 3 a os 2 @E Qe
Z a aas a Sate Ho |S5
1 Imperial................| May 23,/ July 12,/Aug. 25,| 25.00 20.8 36.0
2 IMION'SUM Vircterelsl ate) <tsiialeleie.c!eieis G CY, be 39.75 33.1 36.0
BalaChevalior ... «+--+ ss: «“ «© 13,/Sept.3,| 60.50 | 50.4 | 39.0
4 NOP AI Pj relalel-loeim <)eie) scfelee ss sc 613,;Aug. 28,| 38.00 31.2 49.0
65 Melon yaterelstelclesiais(claverels) 21 0 OU CUE Sept. isi e4 x00 34.2 41.0
6 Purple Hullers.......... se ss 10,)/Aug. 28, 28.00 25.0 53.5
7| Champion two Rowed..../ « | « 9] « | 66.50 | 46.7 | 41.5
|

Attention is called to the fact that only two of the varieties of
barley are up to the standard weight of 48 pounds per bushel.

PEAS.
REPORT OF TRIAL FOR 1887.

The soil on which the peas were planted was similar to that used
for the varieties of potatoes and grains and it was manured in the
same way.

Each variety occupied a row forty feet long, the rows being three
and one-half feet apart. The seed was sown so as to secure about
the same number of plants in each row, consequently as the peas
differed much in size the amount of seed used varied greatly with
the different varieties. The length of time required to produce
marketable peas, productiveness and quality are the main consider-
ations in studying varieties of peas. It was not possible to test the
quality for table use of all of these varieties, but information on
the other two points is obtained by noticing the

(1) Date of first blossoms and at which some pods were ready
for the market, and

(2) The weight of dry peas produced. (The dry peas were
weighed in March, 1888). ‘The color, size and shape of the differ-
ent peas are in general a fairly good test of quality, the small,
smooth, white varieties being as a rule, least palatable, and the
large, wrinkled, green varieties, most so. 9

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

130

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131

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132 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

REPORT OF TRIALS FOR 1888.

The soil on which the peas were planted in 1888 was similar to
that on which they were grown the year before. The manuring
was like that for the potatoes, oats and barley for the same year.

The peas were planted in rows three feet apart and forty feet
long. Each variety occupied a single row.

133

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMBNT STATION. 135

EXPERIMENTS IN IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTS BY SEED
SELECTION.

The idea prevails to a considerable extent that great improvement
may be made in the productiveness of agricultural plants by the
careful selection of the largest, plumpest seeds for planting. With
a view of learning to what extent if any, such improvements could
be brought about the following experiment was undertaken. Four
varieties of oats were taken from which were selected the largest,
heaviest kernels to the amount of two quarts in each case. These
were sown on plots of land 12 feet by 90 feet while like amounts of the
same varieties of oats whieh were taken from the common stock
were sown on similar adjoining plots. Both sets of plots received
the same treatment as to cultivation and manure.

In the following table the results are given:

| S82 a8 |
lem ' lyase
5 1a} Rae) 0 eI
(ears Sy) tae Be | Ga
aang ‘a. Se ene Ge
Oats—Variety. eS te ad cai Bie | Soe
ww eB a ive mn SD
See S23 SB3|)828
aaron gue ws | we Ss
emetic Boo eee
|) Sag Heg Este i ss
lbs. oz. lbs. og. lbs | lbs
Cliy.desd alors cic: scesisisiaiicleisiese sists live se] She 0) 19 0* 34 | 34
New Race Horse. .... 000 eee eee eee 42 8 43 «=O 36 | 36.5
IWIN ECV OLOLIB ch iele creynetsiaiarctscpeis ctehclecis'| 42 4 30 12 35 lewnnore
Wii tomSeizmrashiscs cers ceutivacmemiecie |G viddur.12 43 12 Sans

*The Clydesdale plot sown to the common seed was invested with witch grass and the yield
much depressed.

During the growing season many who visited the plots believed
those which were planted with the selected seed, to have stronger
and more vigorous plants. An examination of the results show ne
increase in the weight of a measured bushel of the oats from the
selected seed over those grown from the common stock, and it is
very doubtful if any actual gain has been made in the yield per
plot.

136 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

REPORT OF BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST.

Prof. F. L. HARVEY.

GERMINATION EXPERIMENTS.

It is well known that seeds often fail to germinate, causing great
loss to the planter. To what extent poor seed is offered for sale in
this state is not known. Farmers do not usually take the trouble
to sprout seed before planting. The germinating power of seed
cannot readily be told by its appearance, and there is opportunity
for dishonest dealers to mix old seed with fresh, and sell an inferior
quality, without danger of being detected. Reliable dealers may
sell a poor quality of seed without knowing it. If the quality of
seed offered for sale in our markets could be improved, it would be
a great saving to farmers. Published accounts of the germinating
power of seeds offered for sale by seedsmen will make them more
careful of the quality of seed sold, and also help protect reliable
dealers from disreputable ones.

Failure to germinate may be due to imperfections in the seed, or
result from improper management of it by the planter.

Seed, to be reliable, should be mature and plump when gathered ;
properly dried and kept from changing conditions of heat, cold and
moisture until planted; should not be too old; true to name;
entirely free from insect depredations and the seeds of noxious
weeds. When possible, select seed from the same or from a more
northern latitude. Lightness in weight indicates immaturity or
weakness. Low germinating power may be due to immaturity or
weakness, improper care of seed after it is gathered, or to great
age. Insect depredations and the presence of foreign seeds can
usually be detected by a pocket lens. To determine whether a
seed is true to name it has to be grown, or, more quickly, it
may be compared with a correctly named sample.

To properly germinate, seeds require heat, moisture and free
access of air. The relative amount differs with different seeds.

Proper time, depth and method of planting; and the conditions
of soil as regards heat, moisture and porosity, are almost as impor-
tant to the planter as good seed.

Seeds with a small chit or embryo start slowly and suffer more
from vicissitudes than those with a large, strong embryo. In gen-

~l

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 13

eral, small seeds demand shallow planting and larger ones more
depth of soil. Nothing is gained by planting before the soil is
warm enough or properly drained, but the seed is frequently lost.
Seeds buried in a cold, moist soil any length, of time are liable to
rot. The soil should be dry enough to work, porous, allowing
access of air to the seed. Seeds planted early should be more
lightly covered, so as to secure necessary warmth.

So complex and variable are the conditions due to the season,
soil and seed, that no invariable rules for planting can be formu-
lated. The planter has largely to rely upon his experience and
judgment, even when his seed is first class.

To remove or lessen one cause of failure would require more
careful farming. The other cause of failure can be lessened by a
careful, systematic inspection of seeds. To determine to what
extent the failure of seeds to germinate is due to inferior quality,
the station will conduct germination tests from year te year; and,
as was indicated in bulletin No. 24, May, 1888, inspect seeds sent
by the farmers of the state as to their purity and germinating
power.

For the germination tests conducted this season, there were
selected for examination and comparison, seeds offered for sale by
wholesale dealers in the state; those kept at stores to be sold on
commission; those obtained direct from wholesale houses outside
the state, and those distributed by the Department of Agriculture.

The material for this season’s work was obtained from the fol-
lowing sources: Edwin Chick & Co., Bangor, Me., direct; R. B.
Dunning & Co., Bangor, Me., direct: Kendall & Whitney, Port-
land, Me., direct; B. Walker McKeen, Fryeburg, Me., direct ;
EK. W. Burbank, Fryeburg, Me., direct; Thos. W. Emerson & Co.,
Boston, Mass., Dunning, Bangor; D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit,
Mich., direct; David Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa., direct ;
James M. Thorburg & Co., New York, N. Y., direct; Iowa Seed
Co., Des Moines, Iowa, Department of Agriculture ; Department of
Agriculture, Washington D. C., direct.

GERMINATORS.
The germinator used was a galvanized tray eight inches deep,
covered with a dome shaped lid. On the inside of the tray, on two
sides, and one inch from the top, were soldered waving shelves, in

138 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

the groves of which rods to support pockets or folds of canton
flannel cloth were placed.

Near the top of the tray, above the shelves, was a row of one
half inch holes for admitting fresh air. Water to the depth of two
inches was placed in the tray. The pockets were provided with two
free ends of cloth which extended below into the water, carrying
moisture to the seed by capillary attraction. The pockets were
three inch deep and two inches from the water. The greater depth
of water in the tray, than is commonly used, secured a more uniform
temperature. Very small seeds were germinated in porous flower
pot saucers, set in water in the bottom of the tray, deep enough to
keep them moist. To sterilize the trays and pockets they were
scalded after each experiment. The above apparatus was satisfac-
tory.

In all the tests one hundred seeds were used. They were counted
and weighed, and then put into the pockets without being soaked
and spread so as not to touch each other. They were examined
daily and those sprouted were removed, counted and recorded.
The experiments were continued two weeks, if any sound seeds
remained that length of time unsprouted, and then the sound seeds
left were counted.

The following tables are a record of the results of experiments
conducted the past season. Seeds of the same kind are grouped
together for the purposes of comparison.

It is well known that with the uniform conditions maintained in
germination tests that usually a larger per cent of seeds will sprout,
than would vegetate under the variable conditions of out door
planting. Yet it does not follow that the testing of seeds is use-
less

Seed showing a high germination per cent would almost invariably
be reliable for planting, while those that do not start with favorable
conditions would be worthless.

139

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146 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPARATIVE R&SULTS OF GARDEN SEEDS GERMINATED.

Emerson’s Towa Seed
Chick’s | Dunning's,;commission) Ferry’s | Company’s|Dept Ag—
seed in seed in seeds in seeds in seeds in seeds in
bulk. buik. packets. packets packets. packets,
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Lettuce.....| 1 99 ee ae 1 10 1; 98 - -| 2] 90
Muni peepee: 1 76 Ted 28) TSlieoe 1 71
Cabbage ....| 1] 69 Tass We || QP 8 - -| 4] 80
Parsnip..... 1} 44 1) 34 1 49 1 70
Celery ...... 1 27 1 62 1 48
Ono og Goo!) 1! 74 1 62 1 95 60
Bootie 1 63 1 18 Wea! aig de 1; 60
Carrotirerscrc el — 1 51 1 48 1 60 6 | 66
Tomato.... -|- Sats: - - - - 4] 58
|

The complaint about commission garden seeds is hardly sustained
by our experiments. Hmerson’s seeds, the only ones tested, make
a fair average showing. The lettuce seed was very poor, only ten
per cent sprouted. The turnip seed was the best examined and the
cabbage and beet seed were excelled only by varieties from the
department of agriculture. ‘The onion seeds were superior. ‘The
carrot seed was the poorest examined and the tardy germination
showed it was old. The freshness of the garden seeds from the
department of agriculture is shown by their early germination and
good germination per cent.

The garden seeds, Nos. 1 to 51, vary considerably. Farmers and
gardners find it difficult to get these kind of seeds to ‘‘come up”
well. Although at times it may be due to unfavorable conditions of
the soil or weather, 1t is more often due to the seed. If poor seeds
are planted, poor results are certain. Beet seed is one of the bardest
to sprout. By comparing the beet seed of different dealers, we find
the range from 18, to 94, more than five times as many in one case,
as in the other, and of greater vitality, as is shown by the number

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 147

of days of germination. The lowest, No. 31, was given two trials
in the germinator, and one in wet sand, 18 per cent being the most
sprouted. We found in this case, as well as in others, that the
largest seeds gave the best results. Notice the weight of seeds
given in the table, and it will generally be found that the heaviest
are the best. On the whole the garden seeds show a fair rate of
vitality, the exceptions can be easily seen.

By looking in the column marked ‘‘ Per Cent Sprouted,” it will be
seen that the range is as wide as is possible, being 100 in the cow-
peas, and incarnate or scarlet elover, and 0 in four of the grasses.
As the conditions were very nearly the same in each case, it plainly
shows the difference in seed. By comparing the grasses one will
see that in the more common kinds, for instance Timothy, the per
cent germinated is high, 88 to 95, while in those rarely sown it is
low. This is easily explained, as seed for which there is but a
slight demand, would remain on sale for a long time, so that the
greater the demand the newer the seed. This is a good illustration
of the differenee between new and old seed, as the per cent sprouted
varies from 95 to 0, and from the more common to the less common
kinds. The clovers show a high per cent of germination, through-
out, some of them sprouting 95 per cent, in twenty-four hours from
the time they were put in the germinator. In studying the tables
notice the number of days before the seeds began to sprout, as
rapid sprouting shows high vitality.

The conclusions we draw from these experiments put into rules to
aid in purchasing seed, would be, see that seeds look new and fresh,
notice whether they are plump or shriveled, and whether or not they
are uniform in size. If some are large and some small, only the
former will grow. Also see that they are free from foul seeds, as
many troublesome weeds are introduced in this way. Buy of some
reliable dealer, and continue to do so as long as the seeds are satis-
factory. Buy seeds grown in our own State or from localities as far
north. Farmers can easily test seeds, by putting them between
damp cloths, or sheets of blotting paper. :

EXPERIMENTS WITH FORAGE PLANTS.

Sixty-six plots were sown last spring with grass seed and the
seeds of other forage plants. A report will be made of these ex-
periments another season. The station has started a collection of
seeds, and steps are also being taken to form a herbarium of grasses
and other forage plants.

148 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

POTATO SCAB.

This important disease of the potato has been studied somewhat
the past season to determine if possible whether it is due to a fun-
-goid parasite. Quite extended microscopical examination failed to
show any evidence of mycelium or spores in the tissues about the
scabs, that would account for the effect. The withered tissue in the
scabs in some cases was mouldy but this was secondary not primary.
The only organic form observed excepting mould was animal, viz:
Nematoid worms, not unlike the vinegar eel. These were not always
present and when found were probably there to feed upon the fer-
menting starch. The disease is certainly local in the scabs, the ad-
joining tissue being perfectly normal and not even discolored. The
disease is confined to the cortical and sub-cortical cells and has all
the appearance of having resulted from mechanical injury, which
has ruptured the skin, the wound being healed by the shriveling of
the adjacent tissue or the formation of a layer of cork cells under
the scabs. Though variable in size the scabs are so characteristic
they must be due to a common cause. Extensive experiments con-
ducted at the Massachusetts Experiment Station seem to show that
the disease is not propagated by the seed, scabby seed producing
healthy tubers and vice versa.

Those who have made this disease a careful study believe it is not
due to animal or plant parasites, but is caused by the conditions of
growth. Experiments conducted at the N. Y. Experiment Station
to test the effects of soil, excessive moisture, chemical fertilizers and
fresh stable manure upon the production of scab, seem to show that
fresh manures and excessive moisture increase the disease. It
appears that conditions favoring rapid growth also favor the pro-
duction of scab. Much moisture in the spring followed by drought
is believed to increase the disease, also a dry spring followed by a
wet fall has the same effect. Uniform conditions during the season
should decrease the disease, if the above is correct. It has been
observed that potatoes grown in a moist atmosphere will have formed
on their surface warty prominences. The skin of the potato is made
of what botanists call cork tissue. It does not cover the tuber but
at intervals there are minute structures called Jentice/s through which
gases pass in and out of the potato. When the potato is exposed
to excessive moisture these lenticels increase in size and the skin
thickens near them, causing the warts spoken of above. If the

a

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149

conditions continue this warty tissue begins to decay and a scab is
formed.

The loose tissues which compose these warts would be more easily
affected than other portions of the skin by corroding substances or
organic compounds that happen to be in the soil. Some believe the
bite of an insect or mechanical injury of any kind will produce
scabs. This may be true but some more uniform and general cause
is necessary to account for the disease. There is quite a general
belief in this State that chip-manure, excess of ashes, sawdust
manure, lime or fresh manure will cause the disease but opinions aie
quite conflicting. Itis probable that the most of these are apparent
instead of real causes. The station desires to study this disease
carefully and will be pleased to have potato growers who may be
interested answer the following questions: kind of soil, location,
drainage, old or new; crops the last two or three years; method of
culture ; fertilizers used and amount; kind of seed, scabby or not,
time of planting and harvesting crop, product scabby ornot. What
conditions have you observed that seem to cause the disease.

From what has been observed it would be advisable to drain well
the soil upon which potatoes are to be grown and keep it loose and
porous. Avoid an excess of fertilizers that would produce in the
soil corroding organic compounds. Harvest the potatoes as soon as
matured.

INJURIOUS PLANTS.
APPLE SCAB OR BLACK SPOT—FUISICLADIUM DENDRITICUM.

Attention has been called to this fungus parasite as doing consid-
erable damage to apples in the State. Apples marketed in Orono
and Bangor have been examined and the disease found to be com-
mon in this region. We also learn that it is prevalent in other por-
tions of the State. The disease is widespread over the country
destroying in some of the States annually from one-half to one-
sixth of the crop.

This fungus attacks the twigs, buds, leaves and fruit, but is most
noticeable on the fruit, appearing as olive green spots, with a circular
outline, which become velvety as they get older. When the fungus
attacks the twigs and leaves it affects the vitality of the tree. The
greatest injury is done to the fruit, the marketable product. An
early attack causes the fruit to shrivel and drop—a later attack pro-
duces a withered stunted growth, while a late attack upon the full

150 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

crown fruit discolors its surface and depreciates its marketable value,

making it liable to rot under the scab spots when stored. The dis-

ease is worse in damp, cold seasons. It starts in the spring from

germs that have lived over winter or from the plant body, which has
retained its vitality in the twigs, fruit or fallen leaves. The cold,

damp spring weather causes a rapid growth of spores which estab-

lish themselves upon the young fiuit and leaves. The warm, dry

summer weather arrests the growth which is continued again during

the damp, cooler autumn months. The fungus shows some preference

for certain varieties, but in bad seasons all are more or less affected.

The parasite has a wonderful vitality and the plant body is probably

perennial. We have now, January first, apples covered with the
fungus in a vigorous growing condition. Specimens apparently

dead when taken from the barrel kept moist a few days begin

growth. It has been shown that the spores will germinate in about

eight hours at the low temperature of 50° F., insuring an early start

in the spring.

The successful treatment of this disease may be regarded as an
open question but on account of the annual injury done should be
carefully studied. The station wishes to conduct some experiments
next season upon this disease and will be pleased to correspond with
orchardists in different parts of the State where the disease was bad
the past season and cooperate with them.

The life history of this fungus would suggest the application of
some chemical by the spraying pump, early in the spring before the
leaves start, to kill the spores as formed and prevent them attacking
the young fruit and leaves.

Mr. Goff of the New York Experiment Station has tried spraying
the trees early in the season with a solution of 1 pound of hypo-
sulphate of soda to 10 gallons of water with good results.

Prof. Scribner suggests for trial the following treatment :

(1) Spray the trees early in the spring before the buds start with
a solution made from 1 pound iron sulphate (copperas) and 1 gallon
of water.

(2) After the fruit sets spray again with Bordeaux mixture pre-
pared by dissolving 16 pounds copper sulphate (blue stone) in 22
gallons of water. In another vessel mix 30 pounds of lime with 6
gallons of water. After the latter cools pour the two preparations
together and thoroughly mix them. It is best to prepare this mix-
ture several days before it is needed and stir it well before applying

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 151

it. If the season is cold and damp a second application should be
made later in the season. The spraying pump used to apply copper
solutions should be made of copper and the valves of rubber.

To determine whether the spraying does good the application
should be made only to alternate trees in the row or to one side of
each tree. The effects upon the trees can thus be readily compared.

INJURIOUS INSECTS.

Quite a number of letters have been received at the station the
past season asking information about insects doing injury in the
State.

These letters in most cases were accompanied by specimens and
were answered, when necessary, in detail giving habits, descrip-
tion and known remedies.

The number of letters received and the apparent want of infor-
mation regarding insects doing damage to fruit and fruit trees in
the State has convinced the writer that a condensed account of the
characters, life history and known remedies of some of our com-
mon pests, would be acceptable to the fruit growers and farmers of
the State.

In the account of insects given below we have gleaned the infor-
mation from various sources and claim no originality, the object
being to place in the hands of those who have not access to the
writings of entomologists the means of identifying our common
insects in all their stages and thus enable an intelligent warfare to
be waged against them.

The cuts used to illustrate the insects considered were obtained
from J. B. Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphia, and are electros after
figures occurring in Saunder’s Insects Injurious to Fruits.

Below is given a list of the insects that were reported and con-
sidered, together with the injuries attributed to them.

The most important of these have received attention in detail,
while unimportant ones have not been illustrated and receive only
passing notice.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

152

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i ae EXPERIMENT STATION. 153

EXPLANATIONS.

By a perfect insect (Imago) is meant the form that lays the eggs.
It is usually provided with wings, though the females of the bark
lice and most plant lice, and the females of the fall canker-worm
are wingless. The eggs hatch into the larva, i. e., the caterpillar,
worm. grub or maggot, as the case may be. The larva changes to
the pupa or chrysalis, which is the inactive or resting stage, and from
the pupa the perfect insect comes forth. An insect in making a
complete life history, would pass through four stages; the egg,
larva, chrysalis and imago. The larva is the form that usually does
the damage __ Unless otherwise stated the cuts shown are natural
size. When the insect is shown enlarged the natural size is usually
indicated by hair lines.

ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.
Saperda Candida, Fabr.

Complaints of injuries done by this common pest have been
received from various parts of the State. One writer stated that
he had taken fifteen larve from a single tree. The Round-headed
Apple-tree Borer is a native of America and though it seems to
prefer the apple, is known to affect the native crab, sugar-pear,
thorn bushes, pear, quince and mountain-ash. It is widely distri-
buted and does much damage unless carefully watched.

DESCRIPTION.

Perfect insect—A beetle about three-fourths of an inch long, with

two broad white strips above running the whole length of the body—

hoary white below, light brown above—legs and antenae gray.
Gliese.)

Larva—One inch long when full grown—footless. Whitish with

a round chestnut colored head, polished and hornlike and armed

with two black jaws. (Fig. 1, a.)
FI@. I.

154 AGRICULTURAL EC: Hoe

Chrysalis—Lighter colored than the larva and with transverse
rows of minute spines on the back.- (Fig. 1, b.)

LIFE HISTORY.

The perfect insect makes its appearance in June and July, and
remaining concealed during the day is not commonly seen. It
becomes active at dusk and lays its eggs, one by one, on the bark,
near the base of the tree. The eggs hatch in about two weeks, and
the young worms begin at once to grow into the tree. The larva is
three years changing to the beetle and injures the trees that length
of time. The first year the larva works in the sapwood and inner
bark, producing flat cavities filled with sawdust like coatings. The
second summer the larva is about half grown and does great damage
to the sapwood. At the close of the third season, it bores deeper

into the wood making a cylindrical channel upward and then outward:

to the bark, filling the upper part with a powdery material. It
retreats to the deepest part of the channel, fills up the passage below,
turns around and waits until the following spring when it sheds its
skin and becomes the chrysalis. (Fig. 1. b.) In two or three
weeks the chrysalis changes to the beetle form, which opens the
upper part of the channel, gnaws a hole through the bark, escapes,
and in due time lays eggs, completing the life history.

REMEDIES.

The dark colored spots made in the bark where the young worms
enter should be scraped until the light colored bark below is exposed
and the larva found and destroyed. ‘The best time to examine is
early in September or a little later in our climate. Sometimes the
bark of the dark colored spots cracks and the sawdust like coatings
fall out or protrude showing the location of the worm. The earlier
the worm is detected the better, as it is more easily removed when
young, and less injury is done to the tree. The burrow becomes
larger and deeper as the worm grows and can then be best reached
by thrusting a stout wire into the hole, or opening it above and
pouring in scalding water slowly, until it reaches the insect and kills
it. The practice of digging out the larva from a deep channel is
not to be recommended, as it does much injury to the tree. A
preventive remedy is the best if an effective one can be found.
Various substances have been applied to the trunk of the tree to

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 155

prevent the beetle from depositing eggs. Entomologists are agreed
that alkaline washes are the best. The following are cheap and
effective remedies: Reduce soft soap to the consistence of a thick
cream by adding a strong watery solution of washing soda. Lime
is sometimes used with the soap and glue may be added to give
adhesiveness. A solution of soap and carbolic acid has been highly
recommended. Whatever solution is used should be applied thor-
oughly to the base of the tree and to the trunk as high as the
crotches. The best time to make the application is during dry
warm weather, so the solution will thoroughly dry before a rain.
There should be two applications, one early in June and another
early in July. The solution may be applied with an old broom or a
whitewash brush. ;

Tne natural enemies of this insect are few. Woodpeckers are
said to destroy them.

FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.
Chrysobothris Femorata, Fabr.

This pest is very common in Maine, and the injury attributed to
the round-headed borer is frequently due to it.

It is a native of America and besides being the worst borer affect-
ing the apple tree is known to attack the pear, plum, and peach ; also
the oak, box alder, hickorys, and maples. It loves the light and
may frequently be seen about the orchard on the trees. It is very
active and hard to catch, quickly taking wing.

DESCRIPTION.

Perfect insect—a beetle variable in size but
% usually about one-half inch long—oblong fiat-
‘ tish in shape—of a dark, dull greenish color
with a coppery reflection—under side and legs
brilliant coppery color—feet green. On each
wing case are two irregularly oblong impressed
transversed spots of deeper copper color than
the remainder of the wing, dividing the wing
cases into nearly three equal portions. The
: upper surface appears as though sprinkled
mererseobutheris Lee with an ash colored powder. ‘The beetle
borer; a, larva; c, head of somewhat enlarged is shown in (Fig. 2, d.)

larva, underside; b, pupa; d,
beetle.

156 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Eggs—pale yellow, varied, with one end flattened, irregularly
ribbed and 0.02 of an inch long.

Larva—soft, flesh-like, pale yellow ; head small, deeply set; jaws
black ; third segment twice as broad as any of the posterior ones,
and bearing on its upper surface a large oval callous like projection
covered with numerous raised brown points. (Fig 2, a and c.)

Chrysalis—lighter colored than the larva and with transverse rows
of minute spines on the back and a few at the extremity of the
body (Fig. 2, b.)

LIFE HISTORY.

The beetle makes its appearance in June or July in our latitude
and lays probably about one hundred eggs. The female fastens the
eggs, singly or in groups, to the loose flakes of bark or in the crev-
ices, by means of a glutinous substance. The eggs soon hatch and
the young worms gnaw through the bark and live on the sap wood
making flat channels next to the bark, sometimes girdling the tree.
As they get older they bore upward into the solid wood and when
ready to change to the chrysalis gnaw to the bark and nearly through
it. It then changes to the chrysalis (Fig. 2, b), and in about three
weeks the beetle comes forth. The larva attacks the trunk and
larger branches and is supposed to remain in the tree but one year.

REMEDIES.

Examine the trees early in the fall for dark flattened spots, exu-
dation of sap, or sawdust-like coatings, and if found remove the
worm with a knife.

Catch and kill the beetles when possible. Paint the trunk and
larger branches with the solution recommended for the round-headed
borer.

Keep the trees as vigorous and healthy as possible as this borer
prefers sickly trees and those recently transplanted or too severely
pruned.

Remove the flakes and moss from the trunk and keep it as smooth
as possible. This beetle is said to be worse in high, sandy soil than
in rich, low ground. Anything that tends to give vigor to the tree
lessens the danger of attack.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1 5i7/

FIG. 3.

This pest is held in check by woodpeckers and insect parasite.
Several species of four-winged flies called Ichneumons are known to
prey upon the larva. In Fig. 3 is shown one of these parasites
magnified, the crossed lines showing the natural size.

THE OYSTER-SHELL BARK-LOUSE.

Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouche.

This pest is quite common about Orono, and letters have been
received during the season regarding it from other parts of the
State. It is a native of Europe introduced into this country on
nursery stock nearly a hundred years ago, and is now widely dis-
tributed, doing great damage to the apple tree, and is known to
affect the pear, plum and currant. It can be detected with the
naked eye as minute brownish or greyish scales nearly the color of
the bark. These scales are about one-sixth of an inch long, shaped
somewhat like an oyster shell, and placed on the branches or twigs
lengthwise with the small end usually upward. (Fig. 4.)

Fig 5-7 shows the under side of the female scale enlarged. As
shown in the figure the bark is sometimes densely covered with the
insects, producing great injury to the tree.

158 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DESCRIPTION.

Perfect insect-—The female louse is shown much magnified (Fig.
5-2.) The real length is about one hundredth of an inch, and they
appear to the naked eye as mere specks. The male insect and its
scale are shown in Fig. 6, much magnified.

FIG. 6.

The scales of the male are much smaller than the female scales
and occurring more commonly on the leaves, are rarely seen. Eggs
from twenty to one hundred are found under each scale. Early in
winter they are white but toward the hatching time change to a
yellowish hue. Fig. 5, 1, shows the egg much magnified. The
eggs remain under the scales unchanged for nearly nine months,
there being but one brood each season in the Northern States.

LIFE HISTORY.

Female.

The eggs hatch late in May or early in June. If the weather is
cold the lice remain under the scale until warmer weather, and these
may be seen running about the twigs for a location to attach them-
selves.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159

The most of these soon fix themselves around the base of the side
shoots of the twigs by means of their tiny, slender beaks and live
upon the sap of the tree. They gradually undergo changes shown
in Fig. 5, 3, 4,5 and 6. Before the close of the season the louse
secretes the scale under which it lives and perfects itself.

By the middle of August the female becomes a bag of eggs,
which are deposited in a mass under the scale, the body of the louse
shriveling, as the eggs are laid, until it is a mere speck at the small
end of the scale ‘These eggs remain under the scale, if not
destroyed, until the following spring and then hatch, completing the
life history.

How this pest is spread from tree to tree is not well made out,
but it is supposed that birds carry them on their feet and that large
insects may transport them, or that the wind may blow them about.
They are probably introduced into young orchards on the nursery
stock and multiply.

REMEDIES.

Inspect carefully tbe nursery stock before setting and remove any
scales that may be found. During the winter, examine the trees
in the orchard and scrape off the scales found on the larger branches
and twigs. In the spring watch for the young lice which may be
seen crawling about on the twigs, and then brush the tree with the
soap and soda solution mentioned for the borers, or spray the tree
with a solution of one-half pound of soda to a pail of water.

This pest is held in check by quite a number of insect parasites.
At least four small Cholcid Ichneumon flies are known to prey upon
it. A species of mite so small that it can hardly be seen without a
lens preys upon the louse and its eggs, and has done much to hold

y itin check. The lady bird shown in Fig. 7, and its
larva eat large numbers of the lice. (This small
beetle has black wings with a blood red spot on each.
j The lava is a grayish worm covered with bristles and
very active.) Insectivorous birds are supposed to eat some of the
lice and their eggs.

THE APPLE-TREE TENT CATERPILLAR.

Clisiocampa Americana, Harris.

This insect has been very abundant the past season. As many as
a dozen webs were counted ona single tree. The insect and its web

160 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

are so conspicuous it is not difficult to keep it in check. There is
no excuse for allowing the trees to be stripped cf their foliage before
the colony is destroyed.

The apple-tree tent caterpillar is a native of the northern Atlantic
States and has been distributed to other parts of the country on
nursery stock. It is now widely known and feeds upon the foliage
of the plum, black cherry, apple and other trees.

FIG. 8.

DESCRIPTION.

Perfect insect—a moth of a pale dull reddish or reddish brown
color. The fore wings are crossed by two oblique parallel dirty
white lines. The female is larger than the male. Their relative
size is shown in Figs. 8 and9. The male has feathery antense. The
moth has no power of taking food and lives only a few days. Its
office is to lay the eggs.

Eggs—from one to two hundred in number are laid, in clusters,
composed of from ten to twenty rows, upon the smaller twigs. The
eggs are conical about one-twentieth of an inch long. The clusters
are covered over with a tenacious varnish that keeps out the rain.
‘Fig. 10 shows an egg cluster with the varnish on, and Fig. 11, c,
shows the arrangement of the eggs on the twig.

FIG. 10.

Larva—The young larva are fully formed—the eggs in the fall
remain dormant until the first warm days of spring and then
hatch. They can be made to hatch in the winter by bringing the
clusters to the fire. When first hatched they eat the gummy por-
tions of the egg cluster covering, and if the leaves have not appeared
can go several days without food. Worms hatched last spring
in the house wandered about the twig for over a week before they
died, after having eaten all the varnish, leaving the egg-shells bare.
The larvee early begin to construct their web which is increased in

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 161

size by additional layers of silk as the worms grow, until it is some-
times ten inches or more across. The worms remain in the tent at
night during stormy weather and when not feeding, unless the weather
is warm when they may be seen upon the outside literally covering
the web. They march in military order twice a day from the nest to
feed, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. They pave their
roads with silk and follow along them to the leaves. When mature
each worm will consume two leaves a day and an average of five
hundred leaves would be required for a colony. There are often
several webs in a tree. The effects are to rapidly defoliate the tree
and draw heavily upon its vitality to produce new leaves. The
caterpillars require about six weeks to mature and are then about
an inch and three-fourths long, and have the appearance shown in
Fig. 11, aand b. The worms have a *‘ white line along the back ;
then a yellow line dotted with black; then a black stripe marked
with blue and yellow dots; then a wavy yellow line dotted with
black ; then a blue stripe dotted with yellow; then a broken white
line; head black ; under side of body black; the body covered with
yellowish or whitish hairs.”

When mature, the larvee
leave the tree and wander
about in search of a place
to spin their cocoons. They
prefer the loose bark of
trees, the under side of
fence caps and will enter
sheds and porches and
climb the sides of houses
and transform under the
edge of clapboards, win-
dow caps andeaves. When
the orchard is near they
become a nuisance by en-
tering the house.

Cocoons—Oblong oval,
light yellow formed of a
loosely woven outer cov-
ering and a dense tough
inner coat. The lava en-

162 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

closed becomes a brown chrysalis and in about two to three weeks
the moth comes forth. The cocoon is shown in Fig. 11, d.

LIFE HISTORY.

The moths appear early in July and in a few days lay their eggs
upon the twigs as described above. Early in the spring when the
buds are opening, the eggs hatch. The caterpillars live on the
leaves and require about six weeks to mature. They then spin
their cocoons from which the moth emerges in two or three weeks
completing the life history.

REMEDIES.

Pick off the egg clusters during the winter. Should any colonies
hatch in the spring as soon as the web is noticed, remove it late in
the evening or early in the morning when the caterpillars are at
rest. The nest may be reached with a ladder and taken off with a
gloved hand and the larva crushed ; or a bunch of rags can be tied
to the end of a pole and the nest removed. The orchard should be
examined from time to time for a month or six weeks. The worms
should be killed or they will climb the trees again. This pest has
quite a number of natural enemies which keep it in check.

A minute Ichneumon fly only one twenty-fifth of an inch long is
parasitic on the eggs. One cluster of eggs examined last spring
hatched only about a dozen caterpillars and in a few days nearly
seventy-five of these small Ichneumon flies emerged.

Fig. 12 represents a large Ichneumon fly that preys upon the
caterpillars. We hatched last spring from a cocoon an Ichneumon
fly shown in Fig. 138.

|

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 163

There is shown enlarged in Fig. 14 a species of two-winged fly
known as a Tachina fly, which preys upon its caterpillars.

FIG. 14.

The above parasites deposit their eggs in the eggs, or upon, or
within the bodies of the living caterpillars, destroying them. Sey-
eral species of the ground beetles prey upon the caterpillars.

Fig. 15 represents one of these, the Green Caterpillar Hunter,
which may be distinguished by its large size and bright green wing
covers.

164 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

FIG. 16.

In Fig. 16 is shown the Copper-Spotted Colisoma, which feeds
upon the caterpillars. It may be known by its large size and three
tows of copper-colored spots on each wing cover.

There is a mite similar to the one that eats the eggs of the
Oyster-shell Bark-louse that feeds upon the eggs of vhis species.
Insectiverous birds eat the larva. This season we noticed the
White-eyed Vireo capture and eat eight half-grown caterpillars at
one feeding. It would approach the tent and while on the wing
seize a caterpillar and retire to a branch close by and eat it, and
soon return again

FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR.
Clisiocampa Sylvatica, Harris.

This species closely resembles the tent caterpillar of the apple
tree, and like it constructs a tent. They are often found on the
same tree in the orchard. This insect feeds on the hickory, walnut,
rose, oak, poplar, ash and other forest trees and also on the apple,
plum, peach and cherry. It is a voracious feeder and does much
damage to the foliage of forest and fruit trees.

DESCRIPTION.

Perfect insect—A moth which expands an inch and a half or more.
Wings, brownish yellow. The fore wings with two oblique lines as
in the apple-tree tent caterpillar, but brown instead of white and the
space between them darker than the rest of the wing. Fig. 17, b.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 165

HLG, ie

Eggs—W hite—one twenty-fifth of an inch long, tapering toward
the base; margin at the top rimmed-centre with a depressed spot;
deposited around the twigs like the eggs of the above species and
distinguished from them by the cluster being square at the end and
uniform in diameter; clusters contain three or four hundred eggs.
(Fig. 17, a) shows an egg cluster, (Fig. 17, c and d) eggs, both
magnified. The eggs are stuck together and to the twig by a brown
varnish.

Larva—Pale blue tinged with only greenish low down on the sides
and everywhere sprinkled over with black points and dots. Along
the middle of the back is a row of white spots and on each side of
these an orange yellow or tawny reddish stripe,and a pale cream yellow
stripe lower down on each side. These stripes and spots are mar-
gined with black. Each segment has two elevated black points on
the back from each of which arise four or more coarse black hairs.
Back clothed with fox colored hairs, sides low down clothed with
whitish hairs. Head, dark bluish freckled with black dots and
clothed with black and fox colored hairs. Legs black, clothed with
whitish hairs.

FIG. 18

When full grown, the larva spins a cocoon closely resembling that
of the ordinary tent caterpillar. They usually spin the whitish yellow
cocoon in the shelter of a leaf, but if leaves cannot be had for shelter

166 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

they are placed under loose bark of trees, about fences or under
rubbish. The chrysalis is formed in the cocoon in two or three days
and is of a reddish brown color, densely clothed with short pale
yellowish hairs.

LIFE HISTORY.

The eggs hatch about the time the buds burst and like the previous
species the larva can go for some time without food. While young,
they spin a slight web upon the trunk or branches which is not
usually noticed. The larva while young manifest a propensity to
military movements, marching about in single or double file, and
when older wander about for exercise and food. They become full
grown in six weeks and soon spin a cocoon, as mentioned above,
from which the moth appears in two or three weeks and soon lays
its eggs, completing the life history.

REMEDIES,

Pick the egg clusters in winter. Knock the trees and the young
larva will suspend themselves by threads and can be removed by
swinging a stick to which the threads become attached. Put cotton
bands about the trunks to keep the wandering caterpillars from
ascending other trees. The natural enemies are numerous and hold
them in check.

FALL CANKER-WORM.
Anisopterix pometaria, Harris.

The eggs and female of this species were received at the station
this season. The female was taken in the act of depositing eggs
on an apple tree. The moths were quite plentiful about Orono last
fall This species has been known for a long time to feed on the
foliage of the apple tree, and also to attack the elm, cherry, peach,
&c, The females being wingless and not being able to travel far,
this pest is usually local in its attacks. Whether it does much
damage in Maine we do not know, but regard it important that its
habits be known.

DESCRIPTION.

Perfect insect—(Male.) A moth provided with wings, the fore
wings, brownish gray, glossy, crossed by two whitish irregular
bands, the outer one enlarging into a large pale spot at the apex.

ae ie

.
.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 167

Hind wings greyish brown with a white band crossing them, and in
the centre a faint blackish dot. Fig. 19, a.

Female—Wingless ; uniform shining ash color above, gray be-
neath; length three to four-tenths of an inch. The female has a
sluggish movement and a spider like appearance.

Fig. 19, b. represents the female natural size.

EHggs—Grayish, flattened above. with a central puncture and a
brown circle near the border. Each female lays 100 or 200 eggs in
rows arranged in clusters on the twigs or branches, usually in
exposed situations.

In Fig. 19 d. and Fig. 20 e. are shown egg clusters natural size.
The eggs magnified are shown in Fig. 20, a. and b.

FIG, 20.

Larva—Pale olive green when young, but varying in color, when
grown, from greenish yellow to dark brown. Dorsal band broad,
brownish ; lateral lines three, white, the middle one paler; broad
brown bands below the lateral lines, and below that a broad white
band. Under side, flesh-colored ; head brown.

These caterpillars belong to the group of inch or measuring worms,
because‘they alternately loop and extend the body in moving.
When at rest they sometimes assume the position shown in Fig. 20,
f. and can hardly be told from twigs. Fig. 20, c. shows one of the
segments of the body magnified, and Fig. 20 f. the larva full
grown. When full grown they are about one inch long. When
mature they crawl down the trunk or let themselves to the ground

168 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

by a silken thread, and burrow to a depth of from two to six
inches. They make a tough cocoon of buff colored silk interwoven
with earth, and in twenty-four hours turo into the chrysalis.

The Chrysalis are light grayish brown and about half an inch
long. The male slender and provided with wing cases; the female
larger and without wing cases.

LIFE HISTORY.

The eggs hatch about the time the buds on the apple trees expand.
The young worms feed upon the tender leaves, seeking shelter
within the expanding flowers or buds when the weather is wet or
cold. They eat holes in the leaves while young, but when older
devour the whole pulp of the leaf leaving only the veins and midrib.
They feed for about four weeks, and when plentiful so destroy the
foliage as to give the trees the appearance of having been scorched
with fire. They have done great damage to foliage trees along
highways. While letting themselves down to the ground they are
often swept off by carriages and carried long distances.

The larva enter the ground, spin a cocoon, are converted imme-
diately into the chrysalis state, from which, during the fall, winter
and following spring they emerge in the perfect form, completing
the life history.

REMEDIES.

Destroy the egg clusters when seen. Kill the moths when found
about the orchard. Jar the trees and destroy the larva that sus-
pend themselves by threads.

Prevent the wingless females from ascending the trees, and the
larvee from descending or ascending. This may be done by means
of sticky substances bandaged to the tree, by troughs filled with oil,
or by collars of metal, wood or glass fastened to the tree and slop-
ing downward like an inverted funnel. Among the sticky substances
that have been used are included tar mixed with oil, refuse molasses,
printer’s ink, lard and sulphur and slow drying varnishes. The best
way to apply these is to put them on a strip of stiff paper or canvas
six inches wide tied by the middle around the tree a few inches above
the ground.

Troughs can be made of rubber, fin or lead, and put around the
trunk and kept full of oil. A good collar can be made from a tin
band somewhat larger than the trunk, to the top of which is attached

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169

a piece of cotton cloth by which it is fastened to the tree making an
inverted funnel.

Whatever apparatus is used care should be taken to stop any
holes made by irregularities of the bark or trunk. Cotton batting,
straw or rags can be used for this purpose. When sticky substances
are applied they should be renewed occasionally during the time the
moths ascend or the larva descend. This involves considerable
time but pays

Fall plowing has been recommended to expose the cocoons to the
weather and birds. Hogs are said to root up the chrysalis and
eat them.

Canker worms are preyed upon by a species of mite, by ichneu-
mons, a tachina fly, a wasp, a soldier bug, and by several species
of pedaceous beetles, which help hold them in check. Insect eating
birds devour them.

THE EYE-SPOTTED BUD-MOTH.
Tinetocera Ocellana, (Schiff).

Attention was called last spring to an insect doing injury to the
terminal buds of apple trees in the college orchard, and about a
hundred larvee were taken from a single tree, part of which were
allowed 1o transform and proved to be the species named above.
We also noticed in the orchard of Mrs. A. A. Sutton of Orono
several young trees so badly affected by this insect that nearly all
the terminal cluster had turned brown. If as plentiful elsewhere it
must do considerable damage. It does not confine its depredations
to the leaf clusters but will attack the flower clusters and even the
newly-formed fruit; also the small twigs from which the blossoms
come, tunneling them down the center, causing their death. It
does not confine its mischief to the apple, but attacks also the
cherry and plum.

Perfect Insect—A moth of an ash gray color which expands half
an inch. Fore wings banded across the middle with whitish gray,
and each wing bearing two small eye-like spots, one
near the tip, composed of four little black marks on
a light brown ground, the other formed of three mi-
—<e@lm —_ onute black spots arranged in a triangle and located
near the hind angle. Hind wings dusky brown. ‘The moth natural

size is shown in Fig. 21.

170 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Eggs—We do not know the eggs of this species but presume they
are laid by the moth on the twigs or terminal buds and hatch early
in the spring.

Larva—Three-fourths of an inch long, cylindrical, naked, pale
dull brown, body bearing warts from which arise fine short hairs;
head and top of next segment black. The larva occupies a dry
blackened leaf, portions of which are drawn together so as to make
a case which is lined with silk. Within this case the larva changes
to a dark brown chrysalis in June. he larva is shown in Fig. 21.

LIFE HISTORY.

Eggs laid on the terminal buds or twigs in the summer and
remains until the next spring hatching about the time the leaves
expand. The larve attack the terminal leaf clusters, flower clusters,
young fruit or twigs and feed upon them until full grown in June
when they spin a cocoon within the case and emerge the perfect
moth early in July, completing the life history.

REMEDIES.

Hand pick the clusters of injured leaves which can readily be seen
on the trees in June, being changed in color, drawn together by
silken threads. Spraying the trees, for the codling moth would
probably destroy this insect.

THE APPLE-TREE APHIS.
Aphis mali, Fabr.

Several complaints have been received the past season of depreda-
tions by the above species, and we judge it is quite widely distributed
in the State. Itis an insect that feeds upon the juices of the foliage
and when at all abundant must seriously affect the vitality of the
tree This insect was originally from Exrope, but is now a pest in
apple orchards throughout the Northern United States and Canada.
Perfect insect (male) head, thorax and antenz black, neck usually
green; abdomen, short, thick, oval, bright green ; sides with row of
black dots; nectaries and tail-like appendages black ; wings trans-
parent with dark brown veins. The winged female resembles the
male in color. Perfect insect (wingless female)—length less than
one-tenth inch; body oval, pale yellowish green, often striped with
deeper green; eyes and tail appendages black; honey tubes green.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17/4

FIG. 22

The winged male and wingless female are shown highly magnified
in’Fig. 22. The real size is indicated by hair lines.

Eggs—Minute, oval, light yellow or greenish when first laid but
gradually change to shining black.

Young insects—Produced alive, nearly white when born but soon
become yellowish green.

LIFE HISTORY.

The eges are deposited in the autumn in the cracks of the bark of
twigs and at the base of the buds. The eggs hatch when the buds
begin to expand and the lice locate themselves on the young buds
and leaves by means of their beaks and feed upon the juices. The
spring brood is composed of females and is about ten days reaching
maturity. Each louse gives birth to living young, producing about
two a day for two or three weeks and then dies. These young
become mothers in about ten days and produce. This process is
continued through the season, there being many generations mostly
wingless females, and without the appearance of males. Winged
females are sometimes produced and migrating to other trees spread
the pest. Late in the season males are produced with the females
and eggs are laid to perpetuate the species, thus completing the life
history.

REMEDIES

Spray the trees, about the time the buds are expanding, with
strong soap suds, or a decoction of tobacco stems or leaves one
pound to a gallon of water. Spraying the tree for the codling moth
with Paris Green would probably destroy some of the plant lice.
The presence of plant lice is indicated by ants which ascend the
trees to feast upon the honey-dew secreted by the lice. The plant

172 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

lice have two projections, one from each side of the hinder part of
the body, called nectaries or honey tubes from which a sweet fluid
is secreted in some quantity. Ants gather in great numbers to feed
upon it and will even strike the lice with their antenze causing them
to give out the fluid. The normal use of this fluid is probably to
feed the young lice.

The natural enemies of the plant lice are many. Several species
of lady-birds prey upon them. One of these, the Fifteen-spotted
Lady-bird is shown in Fig. 23, where the larve (a), chrysalis (b),

FIG.. 23.

and several forms of the perfect insect (d, e, f, g) are represented.
The larva of the Lace-winged or Golden-eyed Flies feed upon the
plant lice. These flies may be known by their light green gauzy
wings and offensive odor when disturbed. Their eggs are raised on
little stalks and are found in clusters. The larva of the Syrphus
Flies also devour plant lice. These flies deposit their eggs among
the plant lice and the blind larva hatched from them wander about
devouring any lice they chance to meet. These flies may be known
by their black color, clear wings and yellow stripes crossing the body.
A tree affected by plant lice can be distinguished by the twigs and
leaves being distorted and twisted backward. The lice find shelter
under the distorted leaves. Scraping the loose bark from the trunks
and branches in the winter and washing with soap suds will help
destoy the eggs.

THE CODDLING MOTH.

Corpocopea Pomonella, (Linn.).

The habits of this pest are too well known to need detailed
description. We give a figure which shows the perfect insect (g)

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 173

FIG. 24.

expanded and the same with closed wings at (f). The larva is
shown at (e) full grown. Atd. is shown the chrysalis; at (i) the
cocoon, at (h) the head of the larva enlarged. The entrance of the
larva at the colyx of the apple is shown at (b). The dark shaded
portions of the figure represent the borings of the larva and the hole
at the side the place where the full grown larva escaped.

LIFE HISTORY. P

First Brood.—The eggs are laid singly in the eye of the apple
when about the size of a pea, or occasionally at the stem end or even
on the cheek. Sometimes two or more larvee occupy the same fruit.
The eggs hatch in about a week and the larve bore toward the core,
feeding upon the material round it, finally escaping through the
side. The larva requires about four weeks to mature. The fruit
affected falls prematurely. If the larva attains its growth before
the fruit falls it lets itself to the ground by a silken thread or
crawls down the branches to the trunk. ‘Those that let themselves
down or fall with the fruit generally crawl along the ground to the
trunk where they with the others conceal themselves in the crevices
or cracks of the bark, spin a cocoon which they cover with small
pieces of bark or other available material. The change in the
chrysalis takes place in about three days. The moth emerges in
about two weeks, is capable of laying about fifty eggs, which are
deposited from time to time for two weeks or more.

174 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The Second brood is generally on the wing the latter part of July.
The moths of the first brood not appearing all at the same time and
the great length of time required for the female to lay her eggs
would give larva of all ages and cause the broods to lap over each
other. The second brood generally deposit their eggs in the late
apples and if the larva are matured before gathering time they leave
the fruit and spin cocoons as mentioned above, but when taken to
the cellar they spin their cocoons between the staves and hoops of
the barrels or about the bins.

The fall brood remains in the larval form within the cocoon until
spring, when it emerges, completing the life history.

It would seem from the investigations of Mr. Charles G. Atkins,
recorded in Agriculture of Maine, 1883, p. 356, that in this State
we sometimes have but one brood of the Codling Moth. My
observations the past season indicate two broods, lapping over each
other so as to indicate that eggs are deposited in July, August, Sep-
tember and the first part of October. Larva one-half grown were
found in November.

REMEDIES.

The modern and perhaps best way to hold in check this pest is to
spray the trees, about the time the apples are forming, with Paris
Green suspended in water, by means of aforce pump There should
be at least two applications covering the time of emergence of the
moths and the period of laying eggs. If there is but one brood or
only a feeble second brood this method would be more efficient in
Maine than where two broods occur. As most of the larvae escape
from the apples before they fall, the custom of gathering windfalls
to destroy this insect cannot prove effectual, though it is recom-
mended as a help. The apples should, however, not be allowed to
remain long on the ground. ‘They harbor the larvee of other insects
which would be destroyed at the same time

About the first of June fasten around the trunks of the trees.
bandages of straw, cloth or paper. The larvee will seek these bands
to spin their cocoons. The bands should remain until after the
second brood spins and be examined for worms and cocoons every
few days. The bands should also be used when spraying is done as
a means of destroying the second brood should it appear.

Barrels in which apples have been stored should be examined and
the cocoons destroyed. The natural enemies are few, though
ichneumon flies, ground beetles and other insects and insectivorous
birds, help keep them in check.

| RS De ie

~l
or

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17%

THE APPLE MAGGOT.
Trypeta pomonella, Walsh.

Extensive observations were made the past season on this trouble-
some insect and considerable knowledge vained cf its life history.
As our investigations are not completed we defer an exhaustive
consideration until another time.

That the two-winged fly which lays the eggs may be known we
figure it and describe it.

FIG, 25.

The perfect insect is a two-winged fly from one- fifth to one-fourth
inch long, and is easily recognized by the black bands across the
wings, the rust-red head, black eyes, white spot on the back part of
the thorax and white bands on the abdomen. The female is shown
enlarged in Fig. 25. The flies appear on the wing in July in this
region. The minute larve, just hatched, were observed about
August first, when the apples were nearly an inch in diameter. We
would like to have those who are interested in the matter note the
appearance of this fly and report, sending live specimens if possible
enclosed in a small bottle or box.

REMEDIES.

As the larve go through their transformations near the surface of
the ground and often do not enter the ground at all but hide under
sticks and about the roots of grass it would seem that plowing
would destroy a great many by covering them so deep they would
not be able to reach the surface. The larve do not leave the
apples before the windfalls drop, and therefore the gathering of
them would destroy a great many.

We do not think spraying when the apples are small, as is done
for the Codling Moth, would do any good as the fly does not
deposit its egg until the apples are of considerable size.

To leave the apples of affected trees ungathered, or to turn upon
the ground those found to be infested would multiply the pest.

176 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ASH-GRAY PINION.

Lithophane antennata, (Walker.)

Though not abundant we found quite a number of apples the
past season apparently injured by this insect. The perfect insect
isa moth. Itis the larva that does the injury by boring into the
the young fruit.

FIG. 26

In Fig. 26 is shown the moth and the larva at work. The moth
is dull ash-gray color with variegated fore wings. The larva pale
green, spotted with cream color and with a broad lateral band of the
same shade. Hand picking is the only remedy we know or can
suggest.

THE PEAR TREE SLUG.

Selandria cerasi, Peck.

Specimens of the above insect were received the past season and
reported as doing great injury to the foliage of cherry and plum
trees. Mr. Eben Bickford of South Newburgh says, ‘- they appeared
on my cherry trees about ten or twelve years ago and destroyed my
trees in two or three years. Eternal vigilence has been the price
of cherries since. I have found no one who has seen anything like
them, and I send them to you in hopes you will be able to name
them and suggest a remedy. They will live on and destroy Damson
plum trees when they cannot get cherry, but I have not seen them
on any other. They do not travel far, as my neighbors, only twenty
or thirty rods off, do not have them.”

This pest was fully considered in 1790 by Prof. Peck of Mass.,
in an article entitled ‘‘Natural History of the Slug worm” which

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10777

‘was awarded a premium of fifty dollars and a gold medal by the
Masssachusetts Agricultural Society. This insect has spread over
the greater portion of the Unitel States and Canada and feeds
upon the foliage of the pear, quince, plum, and cherry doing more
or less injury. Though called the pear slug it seems to prefer the
foliage of the cherry.

FIG 27. FIG. 28.

DESCRIPTION.

Perfect insect—A four-winged fly of a glossy black color. The
wings are transparant with brownish veins and the fore wings crossed
by dusky markings; legs dull yellow with black thighs, excepting the
hind pair which is yellow in the middle and black at the extremeties.
“The female is about one-fifth inch long and the male smaller. The
perfect insect is shown in Fig. 27, enlarged.

The eggs are small and deposited singly within semi-circular in-
‘cisions made in the skin of the leaf upon the upper or under side.

The larva or slug when grown is about half an inch long, slimy,
blackish or olive brown; head end smaller; head small, reddish,
and nearly concealed under the first segment of the body. The
young larva is white, but soon becomes olive colored and slimy.
The last time it molts it elongates, loses it slimy appearance and
becomes clear yellow or reddish yellow, and soon crawls or falls te
the ground, buries itself from one to four inches and changes to the
echrysalis stage. It-does not spin a cocoon but forms an oval cavity
in the earth and cements it together with slime, thus forming a
chamber within which it transforms. The larva is shown natural size
and enlarged in Fig. 28.

LIFE HISTORY.

The flies appear the last of May or early in June and deposit
their eggs as described above. The eggs hatch in about two weeks.
‘The slugs change their skin four or five times and come to maturity
in about a month, crawl to the ground, change to chrysalis state,

12

178 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

from which the flies emerge in two weeks. These flies immediately
lay eggs for a second brood, which hatches early in August. These
larvee mature in due time, enter the ground where they remain during
the winter and emerge the following spring, completing the life
history.

REMEDIES.

The flies feign death when disturbed and can be shaken from the
trees and caught on cloth and destroyed. The best time to shake
trees is early in the morning or late in the evening.

Spray the trees with hellebore and water, one ounce to a pailful.
Dust the trees with air-slacked lime. Sand, ashes and road dust seem
to be of no value. If the trees are not bearing, the first brood could
be killed by spraying with Paris Green and the second brood could
always be killed that way, as the larva hatch after the fruit is
gathered. The slugs are so slimy and have such a disgusting odor
they are not eaten by birds and have few natural enemies, though
the maggot of a small species of ichneumon fly is parasitic on the
eggs. These flies are usually local in their injuries and much more
common some years than others.

THE PLUM CURCULIO.

Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.

This insect which is well known as the worst enemy to the plum
grower was observed the past season as doing considerable damage
to the apple. From ten to twenty-five per cent of the early apples
examined in July showed the characteristic cut of this insect. °

Quite a large number of apples of the earlier varieties examined
for the apple maggot were found punctured and infested by the larva
of the above species. After the first of August the cuts we found
made by this insect were few and we are led to believe they prefer
the earlier varieties and that the apples punctured do not mature.
We found also that a very large per cent of the larvee which hatched
did not reach maturity, as quite a number of dead larve were found
in the fruit and but very few reached maturity and transformed.
We however succeeded in transforming enough to identify the spe-
cies. It would seem that the plum curculio does not flourish well in
the apple and attacks it in the absence of its favorite fruit. The
decline in the cultivation of plums due to the ravages of this pest
and the black knot will account for its attacking apples.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 179

When the trees are full the apples that are punctured and drop
would not lesson the crop, but with light bearers and in seasons
when the bloom is scarce the damage would be considerable. This
insect is known to infest the plum, peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry,
apple and pear. The plum curculio is a native of this country and
originally fed upon the wild plums, and still infests them. The
males and females both puncture the fruit to feed on it but only the
latter make the crescent shaped cuts.

FIG. 29.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Perfect Insect—A beetle belonging to the family of insects known
as weavils or snout beetles. Itis blackish or grayish, rough, with
a black shining hump on each wing case near the middle, behind
which, is a dull ochre-yellow band marked with whitish about the
middle; each thigh has two small teeth on the under side; snout
short. Length of insect about one-fifth of an inch. Shown in
Fig. 29 c. enlarged.

Egg—Oblong-oval, pearly white, visible to the naked eye, and
can be found readily by examining the crescent-shaped cut made by
the female.

Larva—When young, tiny, soft, footless; head distinct, horny.
When full grown it is usually of a glossy yellowish-white, but varies
in color with the food; head light brown or yellowish, along each
side is a light line, below which is a row of black bristles and above
it a less distinct one, and toward the hind extremity a few pale
hairs ; length about two-fifths of an inch. Shownjenlarged in Fig.
29a. The larva is so transparent the internal organs are plainly
seen through the skin, imparting a reddish color to the central parts
of the body.

The chrysalis is shown enlarged in Fig. 29 b.

180 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LIFE HISTORY.

The beetles hybernate in secluded spots during the winter and
appear on the wing about the time the plum trees blossom and, as
soon as the young fruit forms begin to deposit their eggs. The
female when about to lay an egg makes a minute incision with her
jaws and then inserting the snout, enlarges the hole suftliciently to
hold the egg, turns around, deposits the egg, thrusts it to the
bottom of the hole with the snont, then cuts a crescent-shaped
incision around one side of the opening, as shown in Fig. 28, d.

Only one egg is laid in a place, though on the apple, several

punctures may occur on the same fruit. Each beetle lays from’

fifty to one hundred eggs and deposits from five to tena day. The
time of depositing eggs by early and late beetles probably occupies
about two months. The first apples examined July first were badly
punctured and no new cuts were found after the twentieth of the
month. The eggs hatch in a few days and the larva is full grown
in from three to five weeks. The infested apples or plams usually
drop to the ground before the larva is grown and when mature it
leaves the fruit, enters the ground four to six inches, forms an oval
cavity, changes to the chrysalis and in from three to six weeks the
perfect insect is formed and makes its way to the surfaee, complet-
ing the life history. ‘There seems to be some reason for believing a
few remain in the ground all winter. The specimens we transformed
appeared in September, about four weeks from the time the larva
was matured. We are inclined to believe that those apples in which
the egg hatches and the larva grows, drop early. Abortive cuts
shrivel and deface the fruit and check its growth but it may mature.

REMEDIES.

Jar the trees and catch the beetles that fall on sheets spread under
the tree. The jarring should begin early, as the beetles appear with
the blossoms, and be continued morning and evening for a month, or
until the beetles become scarce. Dr. Hull of Illinois devised a
‘‘ Curculio Catcher” which consists of an inverted umbrella on a
wheelbarrow and provided with a slit in one side to receive the trunk
of the tree. The machine is provided with a padded bumper in
front and is driven against the tree with force enough to dislodge
the beetles and cause them to fall into the umbrella from which they
are collected and destroyed.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 181

Gather the fallen fruit as soon as it drops or turn hogs in to de-
vour it. Poultry allowed to run in the orchard will destroy a good
many. Keep the ground clean under the trees as the beetles hyber-
nate under rubbish. If the ground is clean, chips, pieces of cloth
or shingles can be placed under the trees and examined occasionally
for the beetles that hide under them. Plum orchards should be as
far from groves of timber as possible, as the beetles find shelter in
the woods and are apt to be more numerous than in open ground.

Prof. S. A. Forbes in Trans. Department of Agriculture, IIli-
nois, Vol. 23, 1885, p. 26 in the Appendix, records experiments
with Paris Green and lime suspended in water to determine their
usefulness in protecting the apple from the attacks of the plum cur-
culio; 2418 apples from trees sprayed with Paris Green were com-
pared with 2964 apples from check trees not sprayed, and it was
found that 27.3 per cent of those pvisoned had been infested by
cureulios while of those not poisoned 51.3 per cent were affected.
This would seem to show that the spraying saved nearly one-half of
those that would have been injured. This method has the advantage
of destroying a great many codling moths at the same time, as well
as other insects. The experiments with lime seemed to show the
destruction of about 25 per cent of the curculios, making it less effi-
cient than Paris Green.

Quite a number of insect enemies help hold this pest in check.
Among these are two or three species of ground beetles, the larva
of the common soldier beetle, larvee of the lace-wing flies, minute
yellow Thrips and two species of ichneumon flies. The larvee of the
ground beetles, soldier beetle and lace-wing flies, and the ichneumon
flies, prey upon the larva of the plum curculio. The Thrips men-
tioned devours the eggs.

THE CHERRY TREE PLANT LOUSE.
Myzus cerasi, (Fabr )

Specimens of this insect were received the past season with com-
plaints of its doing injury to the foliage of the cherry trees. The
leaves and stems sent us were literally black with the lice. This
species like all the plant lice multiplies rapidly. Dr. Fitch estimated
that there were at least twelve millions of these insects on a single
small cherry tree. The life history is essentially the same as that
given for the apple tree aphis and the natural enemies and remedies

182 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

about the same. Spraying the trees with lye, soap suds or tobacco
water about the time the leaves are unfolding, and once again later if
necessary, would kill the most of them. The spray should be
directed under the leaves as much as possible so as to reach them.
Spraying with Paris Green early in the season would probably kill
the lice as well as other insects. Some have tried colonizing lady-
birds upon the trees with satisfactory results.

THE IMPORTED CURRANT-WORM.

Nematus ventricosus, Klug.

Attention has been called to this insect as doing injury to goose-
berry bushes. We give cuts of the perfect insect (Fig. 30) which

is four winged and known as a saw fly, the larva at work on the
leaves (Fig. 31.) anda leaf (Fig. 82) showing the holes made by
the young larva.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 183

FIG. 31.

FIG. 32.

The consideration of this and other insects doing injury to
currants and gooseberries is deferred, until we have more data.
The station will be pleased to receive specimens of insects doing
injury to the above plants. Below we give the remedies known for
the currant worm. Spray the bushes well with powdered hellebore
in water, one ounce to the pailful. Shower the bushes with water a
little hotter than the hand can bear and destroy the worms that are
dislodged and drop to the ground. Hand pick the leaves when the
larvee are young and grouped on them. The young larve are to be
found usually on the lower leaves of the bushes and can be detected

184 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

by the holes in the leaves as shown in Fig. 31. The application of
the hot water would probably destroy a great many plant lice which
are said to be doing considerable damage to the gooseberry bushes.
in the nursery rows in Aroostook county. Several natural enemies.
keep the currant worms in check. A small ichneumon fly is known,
to be parasitic on the eggs, and other species destroy the larva.

FIG. 33.

The Placid Soldier-bug shown in Fig. 33, a,.
enlarged, and natural size below, is known to de-
stroy them. ‘This insect or one related to it is.
reported by Mr. E. W. Merritt of Houlton, Me...
as feeding upon the larvae, piercing them with its.

short beak and then sucking them dry. This insect.
should not be destroyed. Itmay be known by the
following description: Head, thorax and legs.
black; abdomen, red, with an clongated black
spot in the middle, crossed by a white line.

THE WHITE SCALE,

Aspidiotus nerii, Bonche.

Specimens of this insect were received upon the leaves of the
English Ivy. The plants were so badly infested that the leaves.
were nearly white with the scales. The lady sending the specimens.
stated that she had some time before placed leaves with the white
spots on them, which came from a neighbor’s, on a shelf near her
plant, which would account for the attack. ‘This insect attacks the
orange and lemon trees in Southern California and Florida besides.
a number of other trees and plants. The Fig. 34 we give shows am
acacia twig infested by this insect, the scales showing natural size.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 18%

The female scale is shown (Fig. 34, c¢ ) enlarged. The real size
is about one-twelfth of an inch and the color whitish or light gray.

The male scale (Fig 34, b.) is about one twenty-fifth of an inch
long and white with a tinge of yellow.

The winged male is shown (Fig 34, a.) highly magnified. It is
yellow, mottled with reddish brown and has transparent wings.

REMEDY.

Wash the stems and leaves with whale-oil soap and water or by
means of a sponge apply occasionally a thin coating of kerosene or
sweet oil to the leaves and stems.

186 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

THE BLACK SWALLOW-TAIL.

Papilio Asterias, Cramer.

The larva of this insect was received from two parties with com-
plaints of its ravages upon parsnips, carrots and celery. It is
commonly known as the Parsley worm but feeds upon many plants
cultivated and wild that belong to the Parsley family.

DESCRIPTION.

The perfect male insect is a black butterfly with a double row of
yellow spots on its back; a broad band composed of yellow spots
across the wings and a row of yellow spots near the hind margin;
hind wings tailed and have seven blue spots between the yellow
band and the outer row of yellow spots, and near the inner angle is
an orange spot wilh a black center. Paler below and spotted with
orange. The female has only a few indistinct yellow spots on the
upper side of the wings. Expanse of wing three and a half to
four inches.

Larva when full grown is about an inch and a half long and of a
delicate apple-green or greenish-yellow color above, paler on the
sides and whitish below. ‘The body is transversely banded with
black, each band bearing a row of six yellow spots. When disturbed
the caterpillar thrusts out from the first or second segment of the
head, an orange Y shaped organ, which emits a disagreeable odor.

Pupa an inch and a quarter long, pale green ochre yellow or ash
gray in colcr; there are two short ear-like projections above the
head. Pupa attached by the tail to a pad of silk and supported
across the middle of the body by a loop of silk.

LIFE HISTORY.

The butterflies appear in June and lay the eggs upon carrots,
parsnips, celery, caraway and other umbelliferous plants. The
worms, after several molts, are mature in about a month, leave the
plants and finding a suitable place on a fence, building, or trunk of
a tree, make the silken pad and loop, and in a day or so changes
to the pupa. In from nine to fifteen days, depending on the
weather, the butterfly emerges, and in due time lays eggs which
hatch. ‘These larvze mature and enter the pupa state in the fall and
remain in this condition until the following spring, when the butter-
flies emerge, completing the life history.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 187

REMEDIES.

Hand pinch the larve and pup and destroy them. Chickens
-and insectiverons birds will eat them.

THE EYED ELATOR.

Alans oculatus (Linn.)

We received from Mr. E. W. Shepherd of Jefferson, Me., the
‘past season what seems to be the haif-grown larva of the above
species, said to have been taken from the trunk of a small apple
tree. This insect belongs to the spring beetle family, the larvee of
which usually are found under the bark of trees, or boring in decay-
ing wood. To find one boring in sound wood is unusual and for
this species novel so far as we know. The above species is the
largest of the family and the perfect insect is a handsome beetle
over an inch long of a grayish color with two, prominent black
eye-like spots on the thorax. Smaller species of the same family
.are common and they all attract attention by their power to spring
when placed on their back. ‘The above species is not liable to do
much injury.

THE HAWTHORN TINGIS.

Corythuca arcuata.

This species was found in abundance feeding upon the foliage of
‘outternut trees in the western part of the State. They are not
dikely to do much damage and deserve only a passing notice. By
cleaning the ground under the trees in the fall and burning the rub-
ish a great many of them would be destroyed.

THE MOURNING-CLOAK BUTTERFLY.

Vanessa antiopa, Linn.

The larva of this species was quite abundant the past season
‘about Orono and in other portions of the State, feeding upon the
foliage of the elm. This species feeds also on the willow poplar
but attracts more attention when devastating our favorite shade
free.

188 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DESCRIPTION.

The perfect insect is a beautiful butterfly with two and a half to
three inches expanse of wing. It may be known by the purplish or:
reddish brown wings bordered by a yellowish or buff band, within:
which is a row of violet blue spots. Eggs pale yellow and ribbed.
A dozen or more are deposited on the stem near the petiole of a
leaf.

The larva when matire is about one and three-fourths inches.
long; black, minutely dotted with white and appearing grayish 5:
back marked by a row of eight bright brick red spots. The body
is armed with from four to seven stiff branding spines on each seg-
ment except the first, giving the caterpillar a formidable appearance.
The larva are social in their habits feeding in groups on the foliage..
Chrysalis dark brown, with large tawny spots around the tubercles.
on the back.

LIFE HISTORY.

The butterflies hybernate in some sheltered place and are on the:
wing in the spring before the snow is gone, and lay their eggs for
the first brood, which in this region hatches in June, and the larva.
are mature late in July or early in August, enter the chrysalis state
and the butterfly emerges in ten or twelve days.

This brood soon lays eggs, which hatch and the larvee mature ;.
enter the pupa state and emerge before fall, producing the hybernat-
ing brood, completing the life history.

REMEDIES.

We find but few remedies suggested in the writings of entomolo--
gists but see no reason why they might not be destroyed by Paris.
Green on smaller trees and the branches of larger ones within reach
of the spraying pump.

The natural enemies of this insect help to keep it in check. Out of
half a dozen chrysalids put away to transform by Mr. Briggs, only
two butterflies emerged and from all the others there came numerous.
small ichneumon flies. From one of the chrysalids over one hun--
dred and fifty came forth. Some of the specimens were sent to Mr..
Howard of the Agricultural Department at Washington. and he
called them Pteromalus pupasum. We do not know of this species.
having been found before parasitic on the larva of this butterfly,
though another species Petromalus vanessee, Harris, with this habit.
is recorded.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 189

THE MEAL WORM.

Tenebrio molitor.

The perfect insect of this species was received from Mr. George
'L. Coffin, Winthrop, Me., who ‘‘found large quantities in corn meal.”
‘The perfect insect is a plain black beetle six-tenths of an inch long.
The larva is about an inch long, cylindrical, smooth, glossy, hard,
and of a yellowish brown color. It is known to infest corn meal,
rye meal, boxed crackers, biscuits, &c., and is often found where
grain is stored We know of no remedy fer them bevond killing
as many of the beetles and larve as possible when found.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

All insects are not injurious. The indiscriminate killing of insects
should be guarded against, as one’s friends are as likely to suffer as
his enemies. There are a large number of perasitic insects which
render great service to the farmer and fruit grower by feeding on
injurious insects. These should be recognized when seen, protected
and encouraged.

Attention is called to the Jady birds, ichneumon flies, tachina flies
and ground beetles illustrated in this report. The lady birds are
small, turtle shaped beetles usually with spots on the wing covers.
The beeties and their larvee destroy the eggs of a number of injuri-
ous insects. They should be protected. Two forms are shown,
Fig. 7 and Fig. 23.

Ichneumon flies have four wings and are related to the wasps and
bees. There are numerous minute forms that prey upon the eggs
and larvee of injurious insects, and larger forms that deposit their
eggs on caterpillars, destroying them. Figs. 3,12 and 13, will show
the nature of these beneficial insects. The two-winged flies are
sometimes parasitic on injurious insects. A tachina fly with that
habit is shown in Fig. 14.

The predaceous beetles are carnivorous, feeding upon the larva
and perfect form of other insects. They are quick moving beetles
with long legs and generally metallic or black color. Two forms
are shown in Figs. 15 and 16.

INSECTICIDES.

Experiments have been made the last season with the following
‘insecticides, viz: Paris Green, London Purple, Hammond’s Slug

190 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Shot, Peroxide of Silicates, and Doyen’s Potato-bug Prevention, to:
determine their relative value in destroying the potato beetle. The
Paris Green was applied with an ordinary water sprinkler, using:
one teaspoonful to two gallons of water with satisfactory results.
The London Purple was applied in the same way, but one table--
spoonful to two gallons of water. Results not as satisfactory as:
with Paris Green. The Peroxide of Silicates and Hammond’s Slug’
Shot were sifted on the potatoes from a small box with a fine wire
screen bottom, at the rate of sixty pounds to the acre. The for-
mer scorched the leaves. Both killed the beetles. A partial
analysis was made of Doyen’s Potato-bug Preventive but no experi-
ments were performed with it at the station, though some of it was:
tried about Orono with negative results.

In all of these the poisonous ingredient must be arsenious acid:
(oxide) or its compounds, so that in each case the value of the
preparation as an insecticide is determined approximately by the
amount of arsenious acid present. The following are the results of
the analyses of the above named materials.

> Ey 3
= 4 °o
: Bi ae ree
q m4 n eH b= IS
cr) 5 SS ° So
Be | Sa | 2s) aaa
2 se) ou ie
ge | eae) | UE te | a ole
i an ° ee Bb oO
a oO 20 Sg om os
Oy Oy AY i=) (Wie) AA
Arsenious Oxide (white arsenic)...... 47.68 56.35 1.20 1.61 19.09
On owe Odi s5aodudds udeodo dans oso QT.AT 7.4)
Calcium Oxide (lime)........... .... - 26 23 29 41 34.75
Sulphuric Acid (anhydride).......... 78 22 42.05 49.66
Carboni cmAlcidemcalyeisiiiclflelerelselole ars - 27
GAH INOS oS 4acd Sode'déén daar 7.16
‘Dead oil’ (by difference)*.......... - - 5.00
Insoluble residue........-.. seseeeee| 2.04
Water of hydration (calculated)...... - - 18.91
MVEA) Coon Gone booldode donc so6oecoal|, lea 5.29 3.43

*Also determined approximately.

The Paris Green is mainly an aceto-arsenite of copper, or in
other words, a compound of acetic acid, arsenious acid and copper.
The London Purple is composed mainly of arsenite of lime, contain~

bd 8 GTi ale tea i ei eli

4
q
iL

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 191

ing, besides, quite an amount of coloring matter. It is quite
variable in composition.

Hammond’s Slug Shot does not make a good showing as over
nine-tenths (exactly 90.87 per cent) of it appears to be nothing but
plaster. It contains only 1.2 per cent of arsenious acid, and
approximately 5.00 per cent of a heavy oil.

Peroxide of Silicates contains only 1.61 per cent of arsenious acid
and 84.41 per cent of calcium sulphate. A large part of the calcium
sulphate is anlydrous and may have been added either as the mineral
anhydrite or as Plaster of Paris.

Doyen’s Potato-bug Preventive contains 19.09 per cent of arsenious-
acid and 7.41 per centof copperoxide. The remainder consists chiefly
of starch in large fragments. ‘The presence of copper oxide and
the green color of the mixture indicate, that the arsenic was added
in the form of Paris Green.

Paris Green contains about forty times as much arsenious acid as
Hammond’s Slug Shot and the London Purple analyzed over forty-
six times as much. Peroxide of Silicates is but little better than
Hammond’s Slug Shot. A mixture equally as strong as Hammond’s
Slug Shot can be made by mixing two and three-fourths lbs. of
Paris Green with one hundred lbs. of plaster, and a mixture as good
as Peroxide of Silicates by mixing three lbs. of Paris Green with
one hundred lbs. of plaster. The heavy oil in Hammond’s Slug
Shot is probably no benefit, as the mixture contains enough
arsenious oxide to kill the beetles without it.

Doyen’s Potato-bug Preventive cannot be compared with the
others, as the directions require a different method of application.
This insecticide is put up in small wooden boxes holding an ounce and
a half of what appears to be merely a mixture of about four parts
of starch and one part of Paris Green. Itis retailed at the mod-
est sum of fifty cents per box. A similar mixture could be pre-
pared from four parts of flour and one part of Paris Green, ata
cost of less than one cent per box. Flour, which is cheaper than
starch and just as good, has long been used as a carrier for Paris
Green. The novelty of this insecticide is the method of application
as shown by the following directions pasted on each box:

192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“*\ HALF HOUR’S WORK TO THE ACRE SAVES THE CROP.

Directions for use—Take two tablespoonfuls of the powder and
put it inte a ten quart pail; then add three quarts of boiling water.
Fill the pail with potatoes cut in small pieces; then fill the pail with
water so as to cover the potatoes, and let stand over night or longer.
Just before the potatoes come up, scatter the pieces over the ground.
This is enough for one acre. Price 50 cents.”

The millennium in potato raising would certainly be here, if by
‘“*a half hour’s labor to the acre’ at a cost of ‘‘fifty cents’’ we could
‘¢save the crop” from the ravages of the ‘‘potato bug.”

If potato beetles would all come out of the ground before the
potato tops appear, and could be assembled to partake of the invit-
ing feast spread for them, their destruction would be inevitable.
‘But as they prefer not to appear much before early potatoes are up,
and continue to emerge for a month or six weeks; and as they will
fly a long way in search of their favorite food and will not eat the
tubers when young tops are to be had, there seems to be great difficulty
in fulfilling the necessary conditions. As it might be difficult to induce
the beetles to change their tastes and habits probably the safest
and most economical plan would be to use the cheaper mixtures of
Paris Green and apply them in the ordinary way. This insecticide
was tried by two parties at Orono without any apparent ‘‘substantial
benefit’’", as the usual applications of Paris Green had to be made
later in the season.

RELATIVE COST.

‘Hammond’s Slug Shot, 100 lbs., $5.00
Peroxide of Silicates, 100 lbs., 4.00
London Purple, 2 lbs. 40 cts., 100 lbs. plaster 50 cts. = 90
Paris Green, 3 Ibs. 70 cts., 100 lbs. plaster 50 cts. = 1.25
Paris Green, 2 lbs. 50 cts., 100 lbs plaster 50 cts. = 1.00
Paris Green, 1 lb. 25 cts., 100 lbs. plaster 50 cts. = 7d
Paris Green, 3 lb. 15 cts., 100 lbs. plaster 50 cts. = .65

Hammond’s Slug Shotand Peroxide of Silicates will kill insects ef-
fectually. Itisnot a question of efficiency, however, but one of relative
cost. For garden use where only a few pounds are needed many
would prefer to pay a good price for an insecticide than to take the
trouble to prepare one. Most farmers who use considerable quan-
tity rather buy the plaster and Paris Green and mix them, than to
pay three or four dollars per hundred pounds to have it done for
‘them.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 193

In the above table we have for the sake of comparison of cost
used two pounds London Purple to one hundred pounds of plaster,
and three pounds of Paris Green to one hundred pounds of plaster.
Experience shows that these strong mixtures are unnecessary,
scorch the leaves and are a waste of material. Economy would
suggest the use of as weak an insecticide as possible and yet secure
good results.

Hammond’s Slug Shot and Peroxide of Silicates contain consider-
able more arsenious acid than is necessary to kill the beetles.

One pound of London Purple to one hundred pounds of plaster is
the strongest mixture advisable and the work can be done with less.

The strongest mixture of Paris Green advised would be two
pounds to one hundred pounds of plaster, and there is good reason
for believing that one pound to one hundred or even two hundred
pounds of plaster, when thoroughly mixed and well applied, is
sufficient.

The cheapest and most efficient poison for potato beetles is
Paris Green applied with plaster or in suspension in water.

If plaster is not useful as a fertilizer on the land the cost could
be still further reduced by applying the Paris Green in water, at the
rate of one pound to eighty gallons. This method has the advan-
tages of less cost, greater rapidity of application, more equable
distribution and no danger of inhaling the poison. The Paris Green
is insoluble in water and has to be kept thoroughly stirred if an
even application is desired. This is easily accomplished with as
little trouble as mixing the Paris Green with plaster. An ordinary
sprinkler with a jine vase serves a good purpose in making the
application.

SPRAYING TREES.

Spraying fruit trees with insecticides in solution, or suspension in
water about the time the young fruit is forming, has become a com-
mon practice, and has been attended with good results. Paris Green,
suspended in water, one pound to eighty gallons, applied thoroughly
with a spraying pump with a spray nozzle, two gallons to the tree,
has given good results. The ravages of the coddling moth, canker-
worm, plum curculio and other insects are said to be materially
checked by this treatment at a cost of ten cents per tree.

The station has tried ‘* Lewis’s Combination Hand Force-Pump ”
manufactured by Lewis & Cowles, Catskill, N. Y., and find it a

13

194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

handy instrument well adapted to the uses of the farm and orchard.
It is a brass pump and will readily throw water to the top of orchard
trees from the ground or from a wagon. It can be used as a veter-
inary or agricultural syringe, or as a force pump. The instrument
retails at six dollars. Every farmer or fruit grower ough! to own
some kind of a force pump.

REMEDY FOR ANTS.

Inquiries have been made for a way to exteiminate field ants.
Below we give the method advised, thinking it may be useful to
some.

With a crowbar or some other instrument make three or four
holes in different parts of the nest, extending to the bottom. By
means of a tin tube, which any tinman can make, pour a few table-
spoonfuls of kerosene oil to the bottom of each hole. Stop the
holes with dirt and when convenient throw some dirt over the hill to
keep the ants in. The kerosene oil will volatilize, permeate the
chambers of the nest and kill the ants. When Bi-sulphide of Carbon
can be obtained, perhaps it would serve a better purpose, being
more volatile.

REMARKS.

The entomologist for the station desires to become acquainted
with insects doing injury in the State to farm and garden crops,
orchards and forest trees, also parasites upon domestic animals, or
any insects in the State whether injurious, beneficial or neutral in their
habits. Correspondence in regard to insects is cordially solicited and
any one finding specimens not known is invited to send them here
for determination. Below we give directions for sending specimens :

DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING SPECIMENS.

All inquiries about insects, injurious or otherwise, should be
accompanied by specimens, the more the better. Such specimens
if dead, should be packed in some soft material, as cotton or
wool, and enclosed in a stout tin or wooden box. They will
come by mail for one cent per ounce. INSECTS SHOULD NEVER BE
ENCLOSED LOOSE IN THE LETTER. Whenever possible, larve (7. @.
grubs, caterpillars, maggots, etc.) should be packed alive in a
tight box—the tighter the better, as air-holes are not needed—along
with a supply of their appropriate food sufficient to last them on their

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 195

journey ; otherwise they generally die on the road and shrivel up.
Send as full an account as possible of the habits of the insect respect-
ing which you desire information; for example, what plant or plants
it infests, whether it destroys the leaves, the buds, the twigs, or the
stem; how long it has been known to you; what amount of damage
it has done, etc. Such particulars are often not only of high scientific
interest, but of great practical importance. [In sending soft insects
or larvee that have been killed in alcohol, they should be packed in
cotton saturated with alcohol. In sending pinned or mounted inseets,
always pin them securely in a box to be inclosed in a larger box, the
space between the two boxes to be packed with some soft or elastic
material, to prevent too violent jarring. PacKaGes SHOULD BE
MARKED WITH THE NAME OF THE SENDER, and addressed to the ento-
mologist for the Experiment Station, Orono, Me.

ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS.
Protein Digestion.*

DIGESTIBILITY OF THE PROTEIN WITH ARTIFICIAL SOLUTIONS.

The methods employed in the artificial digestion experiments
were essentially those finally proposed by Stiitzer, viz: the diges-
tion of the finely ground substance for twenty-four hours in an acid
pepsin solution at 40° C., followed by digestion with a solution of
pancreas for the same time at the same temperature.

The variations in the methods were the use of scale pepsin instead
of an extract from the inner membrane of a pig’s stomach, the
preparation of the pancreas solution in the way proposed by Dr.
Chittenden, and in the case of the fodders from XXIX to 41 the
digestion with pancreas for only twelve hours.

*Printed in advance nearly as given here in Agricultural Science November, 1838.

196 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN BY PEPSIN-PANCREAS DIGESTION.

In water free substance. a 5
tos a
of =
3 ; S2 |
Bota a0 GENER ie
e Besse Soe
ty 2 ° toa =
2 Lo} A 3 Slee: 2 om 3
a= S09 7] as re) 3 lires
a =n Bs Ss ae 25
Se (ea eee) & | ss
SH 3 am 20 = oO
» & 2q a obo ae ay
5 = Pas) a5 las
Ho = on 5S
|
XXIV ....|/Alsike clover......... 1886 1.81 = 87 52.0
GN EGS coos Oh POOR Soars ao 1887 2.32 2.02 457 80.3 TT.4
HOC Goat Wihitesceeilerrer-tele 1887 2.76 2.32 502 81.8 78.4
XLIII... |Blue joint....... Gooner keteie/ 1.61 1.42 -525 67.4 | 63.0
ROXGV leer Oatustrawartersjoiicteteletelel- 1886 -63 ~ 344 45.6 |
5. REE Orchard grass ........ 1887 |. 1.35 1.29 393 | 70.9 | 69.6
rere ralierevare Reed iRopienarsreterevererel= sete 1887 1.55 - 557 64.1
ZOU GS coll Pinan 76 coho cabalcadS 1886 1.07 - 464 56.5
Gi odos BG Sj don0 Good OOH 1887 1.31 Hotty .338 74.2 | Gioil
Iino bs Sade GG eS ood Goodo008 1887 1.25 - 2469 62.8
XLV .....|Wild oat grass........ 1887 1.20 1.08 414 65.5 61.7
XR <.) Witch: grass) cee. cc 1887 1.52 1,39 .329 78.7 76.6
AD Vily 7)... Buttercup cies eicreic sli 1887 1.62 1.53 391 75.9 74.5
VALLE. 2 Wihite: weed 2. \.... <= 1887 1.49 1.40 .398 Bee) Nae

A CoMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE

DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN.

A reference to the coefficients of digestibility previously given
shows that the coefficients of digestibility for protein differ in a
marked manner as determined by the natural and artificial methods.
The latter method gives coefficients from 3.7 to 51. per cent higher
than the former, as is shown in a subsequent table, where the two
sets of figures are placed side by side. In one instance only does
the artificial digestion give a lower result. It is important to know
the cause of these differences. On the one hand we have the long
confessed inaceuracy of considering the nitrogen of the feces as

fond

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . 197

belonging entirely to the undigested protein, and on the other, it
must be acknowledged that the treatment of the fodders with arti-
ficial digestive fluids is arbitrary and may not cerrespond in the
extent of its action to that of the natural process of digestion,

The most promising direction in which to look for an explanation
of widely different results for protein by the two methods seems to
be in a study of the nitrogen compounds of the feces.

If by any means it is possible to separate the actual undigested
residue of protein from the other nitrogen compounds of the solid
excrement, we shall have a standard by which to judge artificial
methods of digestion, as well as a means of correcting the coefli-
cient of digestibility for protein, as usually calculated, if such cor-
rection is necessary.

Three methods have been tried for the separation of the biliary
and other waste products (stoffwechselproducte) from the real
undigested food residue, viz: (1) Successive treatment of the feces
with ether, alcohol and hot water; (2) the same followed by cold
lime water, and (3) digestion with a pepsin solution.

he treatment with ether was the same as for a fat extraction,
and with the alcohol and water, 50 c. c. of each were used for each
gram of substance, the solvents being added cold, brought quickly
to the boiling point and kept at that temperature for about ten
minutes, filtered at once, and the residue washed with the same
liquid used for extraction.

The treatment with lime water consisted in letting one gram of
the substance stand in 50 ¢. c. of a saturated solution for six hours
in cold.

The pepsin solution was the same as that used in digestion of
fodders, the time of treatment being twenty-four hours. The nitro-
gen was determined in the residues after extraction, and not in
solution.

Determinations by two persons one using two grams of substance,
and the other one gram, gave practically the same results.

In the table following can be seen the results of these different
methods of treatment.

198 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

NITROGEN IN THE FECES.

| Nitrogen in 100
| parts water-free
| feces

Per cent. of total nitrogen extracted by

ether, alchohol and hot water.

#xtracted by cther, alcohol and

Extracted by ether, aleohol, hot

water and cold lime water,

Extracted by digestion with

pepsin solution
Per cent. of total nitrogen extracted by

ethor, aleohol, hot water and cold lime
Per cent. of total nitrogen extracted by

digestion with pepsin solution.

eens f

Sirs <

S cs a

-_— —— — SS) ll - _ -—

SOV ce SA sikoncloveniena sen pemeeeee 1.66] 20) 24) .42) 12.00] 14.46] 23.30
XE ANY Inte oC cena P67) 21) 225] 242) eon aera
.Jhibyalenca| “ CU anes ante ee osu ((2eli9|) selZNy- 49] 184s Tae GiIl M22 ed Ge Se Ge
Ma seoai athe RCO GeG soe bon sce (olla) coe SOC CON SSO ls Sosi8o). Alek
XLIIL .. |Blue joint Pokus sade socal Nol) o2Al matey SOG MSM O85), BS) Ba
NS ee O.nchandycrasseeye apiece NEP ocal cea Paco) ) esa) P26) 621 2s
MXVIL. |) |Oat straws os. 2 sss ce) eee AS) SUP 37) S421 QOS RET oe Siien Oe Os
DDS TU Gis al eS, PU Ces nae ery Stee be ene ae epee a 1.35] .21] .40) .54, 16.33) 29.85) 40 00
ete pe ae ..,2.16 -5i] .57| 98 23.61] 26 39] 45.37
XXV'I...|Oat straw, {bas Pali Le , Lee
Salinas epraceeet EO RN ee 2.04) .56/ .67)1.12} 27.45] 32.84) 54.90
| ih eee Redito paarcrriiacicevcssrcicr 11.45! 52) olla = 20.00) 31.03
ODOURS IU Aad sous cégaldods cool a Sci coi etal MONO RHO OS Bin. 37 OL
OOO BA a9 Re Pictenstareia tere nie te Pe aMETS lO} 28 S36) V6 sO) S2aeioiees ONS Us
XLIV .. “ weap sta eae oat ates 1.51) .18] .36) .55| 11.92] 23.84] 36.42
1 Stones “ ee ae eee eas Beet IN| 34) 54 2”.36| 35.53:
XLV .... |Wild oat grass............ 1.53) ~24| 642) 057) 15.6%) 27.45) 37.25
XOXOXUPKG RC IMit hig Tassie seiscrcel cece 1.37) .24] .38) .53! 17.52) 24.20) 38.69
XLVI... |Buttercup ..... mute eetaeys NIRS .35| .54 22.58] 34.84
Wi oe | Mihite sweeditnecme4 coe) ony 4S |v rer 2CUH ese - 18.24) 35.27

| 17 87| 24.78) 36.79

A brief analysis of the above table shows that in 15 of the 19
experiments from 12.00 to 27.45 per cent, or an average of
17.87 per cent, of the fecal nitrogen was soluble in ether,
alchehol and hot water, in the same cases additional treat-
ment with cold lime water taking out an average of eight per
cent. more, the amounts extracted by this latter solvent ranging in
the several experiments from 2.46 to 15.66 per cent. of the totab
nitrogen.

The percentage of nitrogen, dissolved by the pepsin digestion was
on the average 12 per cent. more than that extracted by the com-
bined action of the other four solvents.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 199

As is well known, the digestibility of protein, as shown in tables
of fodder analyses, is calculated by assuming that all the nitrogen
of the feces belongs to the undigested residue. The coefficients of
digestibility previously given were so calculated.

In the next table these coeffisients are compared with those ob-
tained by reckoning as undigested nitrogenous material, that left in
the feces after successive extraction with ether, alcohol, hot water
and cold lime water, and after digestion with a pepsin svlution, and
also with the coefficients from a pepsin solution.

For convenience the four methods are designated as A, B, C, and
D, respectively.

DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN BY DIFFERENT METHODS.

A. || i, Cc. D.
‘After correc- ||
les | tion by ex- | Aiter correc- |
l=. || traction of | tion by diges-| Artificial
Ae feces with tion of Jeces || pepsin pan-
£3 |ether,aleohol.|| with pepsin | creas diges-
OS hot water and], solution. tion.
=e (|i Cold lime
2 | water. |
a2 | :
ic = |
Ss = mo | | be ay
25 als iene tices eles tS
| 2223 |s22| 28 leis 22 lea
| B25| 22 |S28|| 23 822) 24 [S28
CN oe I Ure ea ese ites 2
~-2o|/a2c8 HsE| os Mos Gio od
Toei oan Om Ulitao % To
XXIV... |Alsike clover .... . 59. 1]| 65.2 6.2|| 69.6) 1Q.5 aC aera
CO ieee | Case liardhy) Bese Sool do Wh bead oO ie GeOy | LOsS bs palin
2 Obl og coool 08) ‘odove' soos 64. 0261) &.1|; 77.9) 13.9] 80.3, 16.3
XLII. ....|White clover. .... Stee sila en Sere eS cio) pie 241i Sil] Sis
IWIN G5 coll KN unao escidc | 56.4]! 69. NOE) WB6O) Uda re ei) Oa
Malian | Onchardvorass\y.. 210 DRED Ode embAre Sil aorta sai Ne iO) Sle laes
NOW ca OG AP Poomeod aorodeoIDeOh Oleg iy PPIs UIs io. ¢ 48 6
Seen Go Seika cae 27.7] 30.2) 38.4) 40 9
ay a ; Ae NN : i) ORs a 19.5| 59.5) 33 6) ) |
: aw potatoes | | | 78.61 51
XXVILI... Oat straw and 99 | 52.71 93 7| 68 1 39 hl p78.5) 51.
XXX ; Raw potatves ; x hl| 37 earn Al |S)
Date cs: Red top aye ee ae | 60.4)) 68.4 8.0] 72.6] 12.2] 64.1] 3.7
AXIIL....|Timothy.............) 45.6) 60.2) 14.6) 65.8 20.2) 56.61 11.4
Se eh, Overt asa enoneliarad oll ore Olas cn) t6ileG 16,7) $36
RILLV) CEH SER eS nO 60.4|| 09.8) 9.4] 74.8 14.41) 74.2] 13.8
ID feo Gamobe sie Boo booa Fono.ooy CRS OP OMe rs tera Gre 19.5]| 63. | 18.5
XLV. . |Wild oat grass. .....| 48 5|/ 63.4) 14.9] 68. | 19.5] 65.4] 16.9
XXXIX ../Witch grass...... sooe| 64.2) 73.9) 9.7) 80.5) 16.3]| 78 7) 14. 5
XLVI....|/Buttereup....... ...| 57.8|| 67.5] 9.7] 72.6. 14.8] 75.8] 18.0
XLVII...|White weed..........| 68.4]| 65.7) 8.3] 72 8 14.4) 73.3) 14.9
| | |

200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

It appears that method A, gives uniformly much lower results
than either of the other three methods, method C, giving the highest.
The average coeflicients obtained by the four methods in 15 of the
19 trials, excluding the experiments where oat straw alone, and oat
straw with potatoes were fed, are as follows:

Method A. 56.9 per cent.
‘© BB. 67.3—10.4 above A.
SO tee lem noua jee
Gel B ese S57(5 51 LM) rae OG iain

The increase in coefficients of digestibility due to the corrections
applied, range in the 15 experiments from 6 per cent to 14.9 per
cent with method B, and from 10.5 per cent to 20.2 per cent with
method C. In those experiments where the daily ration was only
350 grains of oat straw, or 300 grains of oat straw and 1000 grains
of raw potatoes, the amount of nitrogen extracted as presumable
stoffwechselproducte is relatively much larger, and in these instances
the coefficients by method B, are from 19.5 per cent to 30.2 per
cent, and by method C, from 33.6 per cent to 40.9 per cent larger
than by method A.

The large differences in the results by the three methods in these
two experiments are due to the fact that in one case an abnormally
small amount was fed of a food poor iu nitrogenous material, and
that in the other, the amount of material added to the oat straw
contained a relatively large quantity of digestible substance as
compared to the additional protein consumed.

The amount of waste nitrogenous products in the feces, such as
biliary compounds, etc., seems to be determined by the ‘‘wear and
tear” of the digestive apparatus, and not by the quantity of nitrogen
in the food.

This ‘‘wear and tear’’

within a given time is proportionate, we
may believe, to the amount of food digested. The next table shows
that the nitrogenous material extracted from the feces by method B,
bears a more nearly fixed relation to the material digested than to
the protein fed.

The error involved in method A, is in general, inversely to the
amount of nitrogen in the food. The corrections of methods B and
C then, affect the coefficients for oat straw and timothy much more
than that for clover hay.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 201

Nitrogen extracted from
| feces by successive treat-
/ment with ether, alco-
| hol, hot water and cold
wi ighme water.
a) o£ | i
Za eee Te teen ae
si AS | eB S o 8 ee
oO = | =" @
m aes | | ane herds
Els i) Honk eS gees ee
3 \aesin is g\2oa
Ss a as s z Bee ars a8
ft $s Ko oO ON Sisal Orc irs
Aa &0 o Ay Te | to S to
XXIV ....|Alsike clover........... 70.4 344.0 68 20 | .96
3H eae | Ea ee 88.8 349.5 ||- 1.14 33 | 1.30
EXinIN? |White clover...........| 105.8 374.0 || 1.40 371 |\ole32
| |
MUNI @ 2 (Elie joint. .cs 63 +. 64.3 251.5 || 1.27 -50 . |4 1.97
5 | f |
XL....... Orchard grass..........! 52.5 323.7 || 1.22 37 | - 2.32
XXVIL...|Oat straw.......... 002. | -- 19:5 158.6 || .60 38 | 4.80
| |
XXVII... Oat straw and raw pota- 2 | 1] 9
POLE hee a aaa do) Se Ol eleas EEA) pee
| |
bh ay dave [edibopysiis fees anzhrsec: 59.8 SATI6 lll 276 SDD heh aed
ROHR se Timothy. it s.0.22:0c |" 416 320.4 || .99 pale 2238
| | HI
SETHI ok IN ae (ibe out| e486 9% lllcnee'79 Be) LED
Fe lc a Ca NU ey 1 276.2 || .82 30 | 2.00
XLV .....|Wild oat grass.....-.... 48.0 378.9 1.09 2990 | 2237
XXXIX ..|Witeh grass... 0... .... | 59.5 360.1 || .95 26 | 1.59
BenViIe.ss-|Buttercup «...4....0c¢.| -! 63-4 331.3 ||. .92 fog <| 1.45
RUV...|White weed... -..- 0s: 59.1 340.7 || 272 SH 1.22

The value of the foregoing observations as an aid in solving the
problem of protein digestion must be decided according to the
answer given to the following question: Do the solvents used in
methods B and C extract from the feces any of the undigested
protein? If not, then there seems to be good reason for applying
some method of correction to the coefficients of digestibility of
protein as usually determined. If nitrogenous waste products are
present in the feces to the extent these methods indicate, the error
they cause is too large to be ignored.

Let us first consider method B. The solvents used are ether, hot
alcohol, hot water and cold lime water.

202 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION:-

It seems to be generally acknowledged that tlie ether and’
alcohol remove only biliary products. This assumption may safely
be regarded as correct, unless the feces contain amides, certain:
acid amides at least being soluble in both these liquids. If amides
or peptones are present. then the extraction with hot water is also
not allowable ; otherwise it would seem to be, for it is not probable’
that treatment of the feces for ten minutes with hot water would
dissolve any albuminoids that bad withstood the long-continued
action of the digestive fluids.

In fact Dr. Armsb;’s work on the separation of albuminoids from:
amide nitrogen in hays shows that treatment with hot water extracted’
no more nitrogen than Stiitzer’s method where a precipitant is used:
to bring down any albuminoids that might be in the water solution.

It seems hardly probable that the feces contain peptones or
amides.

These are compounds soluble in water. and are those into which
the albuminoids of the food are transformed in order that they may
be resorbed. It seems as probable that these substances should be
wholly resorbed as that sugar should be, which is either in the food:
or is formed from the starch of the food, and as can be seen later,.
the feces examined in these experiments were found to contain 007
sugar

In future work, however, tests will be made for peptones and
amides,

An examination of the figures given shows that the action of cold
lime water for six hours removed considerable nitrogen not taken:
out by the other three solvents. Did any of this nitrogen come:
from the albuminoids of the feces?

The results of an experiment with two hays indicate a negative-
answer to this question

Hays XLII and LI were submitted to an ordinary pepsin diges-
tion for twenty-four hours, and also to the usual pepsin-pancreas-
digestion, after which they were allowed to stand for different.
lengths of time in a cold saturated solution of calcium hydrate..
Below are the figures showing the nitrogen in the hays before andi
after standing in the solution.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 203

(er Car
Fea Ton
= Lt “) ° .
= = me Nitrogen in residue after adii-
= < | tional treatment with cold lime
| = = 5 ~/|| Water.
\ae 2.86 3
Ez =. |
IZ Ze A| lh. |2brs 4 hrs.) 6 hrs. |36 hrs.
“a= —— | Se
% | % \\% | % | % | % | %
XLIT..... |White clover hay. ....| : met) z zs & mG
| |
LI ..... |Timothy hay aoe ena.) ail) SBS I) oe ofan) 50 39

As has been observed, the digestion with a pepsin solution
extracis more fecal nitrogen than method B. Does method C
extract too much? It now seems to the writer that there is some
reason for thinking that it does. By method B the nitrogen
exiracted is that which is readily and immediately dissolved, while
the pepsin solution continues to remove an increasing quantity up
to 24 hours’ digestion. and perhaps farther. This matter was made
the subject of but one experiment The feces from LI were treated
with pepsin solution for six. twelve. eighteen and twenty-four hours,
the nitrogen in the water-free residues being 1.19, 1.08. 1.04, and
.99 per cent respectively.

Again the results by method C average considerably higher than
by methods B and D (pepsin-pancreas digestion), while the two
latter agree closely with each other.

Nearly twenty digestion experiments are now being planned tor
the next year’s work at this station, and an effort will be made to
so increase the data bearing on the main points here presented,
that more definite conclusions can be reached.

REPORT OF CHEMIST.

J. M. BARTLETT.

FERTILIZERS.

The official methods adopted by the Association of Official Agri-
cultural Chemists (see bulletin No. 16, U. S. D’p't of Agr’l,) have
been quite closely followed, therefore only the most important varia-
tions are published below.

Soluble Phosphoric Acid.

In this determination the substance is brought directly upon a
filter and leached with 300 to 350 c. e. water into a 400 c. ¢. flask,
care being taken to add the water in small portions at first, and
allow each portion to run through before adding a new one. After
the leaching is completed the solution is made up to the mark and
100 c. c. taken for analysis. This seems to us’the simplest and
best method yet recommended, as we get no higher results by
following the official directions. Washing by decantation from a
beaker is. especially objectionable with phosphates, that revert
rapidly, as quite a portion of the phosphoric acid is precipitated in
the beaker and remains on the filter.

In many instances only 15 to 20 minntes time has been allowed
for the precipitation of phosphoric acid with ammonium molybdate,
and it has always been found to be completely precipitated.

Potash.

The same method as employed heretofore and described in Maine
Experiment Station report for 1886-1887 has been used, as it has
required less time than the Gladding method and gives accurate
results.

Nitrogen.

When nitrates were present a modification of the Kjeldahl Jodlbauer

method which was worked up and tested at this station during the

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 205

summer of 1887 but not published heretofore, has been used.
Practically the same method has been suggested and tested by other
chemists since that time with good results.

The method is as follows :—1 gram finely powdered substance is
introduced into a dry digestion flask, 30 c. c. concentrated sulphuric
acid containing 14 grams phenol added, shaken until thoroughly
mixed and allowed to stand ten minutes at ordinary temperature.
One-half to two grams powdered zinc is then added, the flask placed
over a very low flame and heated cautiously for 15 minutes, when
about 7 grams mercury is added and the flame increased sufficiently
to boil the acid. The remainder of the process does not differ from
the regular Kjeldahl method.

This method has proved very reliable when properly worked.
The only precautions necessary to secure good results are, to mix
the substance with the acid and phenol, thoroughly, before adding
zinc or heating, and to have the flame very low on beginning to
heat. The following table shows the results obtained with pure
nitrates and fertilizers containing nitrates. Samples I to V inclusive
were prepared from fertilizers containing only organic nitrogen and
ammonium salts. The nitrogen was carefully determined in them
and a weighed amount of pure nitrate added to each. A few de-
terminations were made with benzoic acid substituted for phenol—a
modification of Asboth’s method.

206 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Total Nitrogen
-~
2
a a
eles
3 S|) Sues
° re =%3 =3 re
ie oo ao i a
See es | =
3 sii fA) cS ca
Zz ZZ we Me iS)
ane Zo % % %
Potassium nitrate,c.p.... .. = 13.86 13.84 13.86 {| 13,86
on OG — - 13.87 13.93 66
6s 66 = = 13.84 13.75 ce
“cc GI) WN BHaGG:cda0l60dC - - = 13.82 «“
Rertilizenicocsc cee caeenecines I 42 = Bota 3.73
“ RAR eC nA ye betes I .42 = 3.78 pa
“ PUA ae eek aaadin a Late II 69 3.90 3.94 3.93
ce eho eaers EPSvettW vip ekretrels Il .69 | 3.92 Boe?) =
6 : tL 1.356 4.53 4.55
GAR RE US MMM Es Ate ack LIT 1.386 4.49 2
GOW Be GonnoD BAGS CANO SHOD.OOG0 IV GG - 3.89 3.93
UG LV OG - 3.96 “
COAG auivect lal say erat ca peta inc Ste cas IV & = 3.92 “
O.Gie CIA ae ett IEA Ue Sic IV “ = 3 96 “6
Sie en ga Be tN A rape A Vv “ 4.01 3.98 3.96
CG Bs ngs ak PN lobe Mee a V OG 3.97 4.07 6c
IO BN pa I Saar AALS cod Heal apo yas V 66 + 04 “
Irs USSU Ea i OU etna Lara V “6 - 4 00 6
ag Vi Gt - 3.98 | Copper
Oxide.
GOiC h kees cul Leee be ak bss uiayaysicwieecs VI 42 - 2.64 2.60
ec Bo AGES Sieh sien Pale ee see stts Fava VI arin - ats) =
“ AD UECLs Boon oe ene ORIARAS VIL ott) - 2.48 2.47
GG GN De eet Se teeta eee VILL £83 = 1.45 1.45
‘6 Fh iia Heer ain Cae OY ofa) RS ip.¢ . 63 - Mos) 2.49
ss BAP tcoare eee Patel Pants torers ac x 54 - 3.00 3.05
se Ut IE eee RO EL eaote XI .86 1.94 1.96 1.89
OG AAA Sits AOn eo oon ADR EXAIGS XI 2.72 - 2.96 3.05
“ SBS EEA Ae be ORO a eariann hr uee>. © UI EIE 1.59 = 3 25 Bam
“ arte ae Eire XIV = 2.98 2.89

Prof. Scoville’s method with salicylic acid has also been given a
trial, and results were satisfactory, but thus far, we fail to see that
it has any advantages over the Kjeldahl Jodlbauer modification

MILK.
Solids.

A small quantity of asbestose, suffivient to absorb two grams of
milk, is placed in a two and one-half inch watch-glass, deepest
form, lined with tinfoil. This is dried at 100° and together with its
cover and clamp. is weighed. About two grams of milk are then
run from a pipette on the asbestose and the whole weighed again,
dried for two hours at 100° C. cooled and finally weighed. First
weight subtracted from the last gives weight of soli 1s.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 207

‘By using watch-glasses ground together and clamped the use of
-a desiccato is avoided unless the weighing is to be deferred for
-quite a time.

Fat.

The portion dried for solids is removed from the watch-glass, the
tinfoil drawn toa thimble form around the asbestose, perforated
with a pin, placed in the extracter, the fat extracted with ether and
-dried for one hour at 100° C. and weighed.

Nitrogen.

About two grams of milk are run into the flask from a weighing
pipette and without drying down the nitrogen is determined by
Kjeldahl method using only 10 ¢. c. sulphuric acid. Heat should
be applied very gently and the flask shaken frequently until the
water is boiled out, otherwise a loss of nitrogen may occur from the
milk spattering on the hot walls of the flask and burning off.

Ash.
Two grams are ignited at a low red heat in a platinum dish till
constant weight is obtained.

SUGAR AND STARCH IN COARSE FODDERS.
Sugars.

Five grams of the finely powdered substance are placed in a
beaker, 100 c ce. water at 40° C. added and allowed to stand for

one-half hour, with frequent shaking. The extract is then filtered

through paper into a 250 ¢. c. flask, the substance brought upou the
filter and leached with water at ordinary temperature till the solu-
tion is made up to 250 ¢. ¢.

Twenty-five c. c. of this solution are taken for determination of
glucose and another portion of twenty-five c. c. is heated, after

adding a few drops of HCl, in a covered beaker on the steam bath,

for one-half hour, then neutralized with KHO and total sugar
determined.

Allihn’s method and tables* were used in all cases for all sugar
determinations, except that instead of reducing the copper oxide to
copper it was ignited and weighed as CuO and the Cu calculated.

-Several comparisons showed this method to be accurate.

*Freseneus’s Quan. Chem. Analysis, 6th Ed., p. p. 595-597.

208 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ate Milligrams.
Milligrams.
(She ee Reser b a Pease from
Determinationylyrsmewecceseecleveemcneciee .0715 0718
“ DD es aie nies eters teteneisiaces bettie 2378 379
& MUD scion wtateterayas aires wiearnate .380 375

Starch.

The five grams that have been leached for sugars are washed
into a flask with 150 c. c. water, the flask attached to a condenser
to prevent the escape of steam and the contents boiled for one-half
hour. Then fifty c. c. of a two per cent solution of HCl are added
and the boiling continued for one-half hour more, the solution
filtered through linen into a beaker and the residue thoroughly
washed with hot water. (The washing is much facilitated by wring-
ing the water completely out each time before adding a new portion).
The beaker is then placed on a steam bath, the solution evaporated
to nearly 200 c. c. and 15 c. ec. HCl (Spe. grav. 1.12) added and the
heating continued for three hours. The solution is then filtered if
necessary, transferred to a 250 c. c. flask, made slighuly alkaline
with KHO, filled to the mark and filtered through dry filter.
Twenty-five c. c. are taken for each determination.

The above method was employed for the determination of starch
in some coarse fodders and excrements where it was thought desira-
ble to use a method that was compatible with our present one for
determination of crude fibre. Most of the methods published here-
tofore subject the fodder to the direct action of the acid for the
time required to convert the starch to sugar.

Such treatment will give a much larger percentage of starch than
is found in the acid solution from a crude fibre determination, and
will also reduce the total amount of fibre in about the same propor-
tion. A few comparative tests were made with the method recently
published by Mr. E. F. Ladd,* in which the fodder is treated with
150 c. c. water containing four to five c. c. concentrated HCl for
twelve hours at 100° C.

A sample of Timothy treated by this method gave about seven.
per cent more starch than the method described above, and to ascer-
tain whether the cellulose was very much acted on, a crude fibre
determination was made, treating the fodder with 200 c. c. water

*Sixth Annual Report N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 462.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 209

containing 5c. c. concentrated HCl at 100° C. for eight hours, then
one-half hour with alkali as by the regular crude fibre determination
and the result was about five per cent less fibre than when treated one-
half hour with one and one-fourth per cent sulphuric acid in the usual
manner. Asa further test, five grams of crude fibre were treated by
Mr. Ladd’s method and the extract tested with Fehling solution.
The amount of copper oxide precipitated was equivalent to six and
four-tenths per cent of starch.

By boiling a fodder one-half hour with a one-half per cent HCl
solution as much material that reduces Fehling solution is rendered
soluble as when a 1.25 per cent Sulphuric Acid is used. The follow-
ing fodders were treated with both acids.

Equal to Starch.
One-half per cent. One and one-quarter

per cent.

H Cl. Hy SO,
SamplerA Corn fodder... J... ses. +e. 13.7 Dor
OG ISS SOG LO DeG5c sens Gang Hasecude 15.16 16.0
SOMO tL UM OUMYa\=\a100es, cie/ic sla eislelelioie els 13.80 13.5

sé DD, Alsike clover....... breyelzyeieiste 9.31 Dolley

HCl was employed to bring the starch into solution for the rea-
son that it is considered more favorable to the conversion of starch
to sugar than sulphuric acid, and amixture of acids during the
latter part of the process was not desirable.

The strength required was determined by making a number of
crude fibre determinations, substituting HCl solutions of varying
strengths for the 1.25 sulphuric acid, until one was found that gave
practically the same crude fibre.

The treatment with acid removes nearly all the matter that.
reduces Fehling solution which is extracted in a crude fibre deter—
mination, but a small amount being found in the alkali solution..
Several alkali solutions that were examined contained less than two-
per cent and as high a percentage of starch was obtained by boiling:
the substance one-half hour with water previous to treating it with
acid as when both alkali and acid solutions were used.

14

REPORT OF CHEMIST.

L. H. MERRILL.

FODDER ANALYSIS.

With the exceptions noted below the methods used during the
year have been those recommended by the American Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists.

Ash—Crude ash was determined by burning two grams of the
fodder at a low red heat in a platinum dish.

Ether Extract—One gram of the air-dry material was extracted
for six hours. The extract was dried one hour at 100° and cooled
in a desiccator.

Crude Fiber—Two grams were weighed into a round-bottomed
flask of 500 c. ec. capacity, 150 c. c. of water were added and the
contents of the flask raised to the boiling point before the addition
of the acid (50 c. c. of a 5 per cent solution.) The soda solution
was added in a similar manner. During the boiling, the flask was
connected with a condenser. Both filtrations were made upon
linen. After the final washing with water, the fiber was transferred
to a Gooch crucible, washed with alcohol and ether, and dried at
100°.

ARTIFICIAL DIGESTION.

The pepsin and pancreas solutions used in the work were pre-
pared in the manner described in last year’s report. The pepsin
solution was allowed to act twenty-four hours (two days of twelve
hours each.) The time for the pancreas digestion, however, was
shortened to twelve hours. It is probable that even a shorter time
would suffice (Stuetzer, Zeit. Phys. Chemie, xi. pp. 207-238,) but
no experiments were made to test this point.

To ascertain the effect of reducing the time of the pepsin diges-
tion, samples of corn meal and white clover were treated in the

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Zilali

usual manner, while in a duplicate set the action of the pepsin
was limited to twelve hours. The nitrogen found in the undigested
residues is shown below.

24 hs. pepsin, 12 hs. pepsin,

12 hs. pancreas, 12 hs. pancreas,

per cent undigested, per cent undigested.
Corn Meal, XX, .26 42
White Clover, XIII. 49 04

A sheep excrement, after 6 hours with pepsin alone, gave nitrogen
1.12 per cent; after 12 hours, 1.02; 18 hours, .98; 24 hours, .93.

It would appear from these figures that the full effect of the pepsin
is not obtained in 12 hours—at least, in the case of the materials
named. In this work much depends upon the complete separation
of the digestive fluids from the residue, and the careful washing of
the latter. As a rule, the filtrations were effected with extreme
difficulty, and a few anomalous results were manifestly due to the
fact that a part of the digested material remained upon the filter.

The best results were obtained by the use of the ‘‘Best German’’
filter paper. Soft filters, 13 c. m in diameter, were selected and
pleated. After the final washing no attempt was made to separate
the residue from the paper. When dry, the tops of the filters were
cut away, and the nitrogen determined in the whole by the Kjeldahl
method.

LOSS OF NITROGEN FROM NITROGENOUS SUPERPHOSPHATES.

Andouard* calls attention to the loss of nitrogen which many
superphosphates suffer through the decomposition of nitrates. This
decomposition he believes to be due to the presence of free phos-
phoric, sulphuric or fluorhydric acids. The nitric acid thus set free
escapes either unchanged or after reduction by the iron sulphide,
ammonia salts or organic matters present

The statement has also been made that sodium nitrate undergoes .
decomposition in the presence of free sulphuric acid together with
large quantities of iron sulphate and organic matters.t

In August 1887 six nitrogenous superphosphates were prepared
in the station laboratory. They were mixed as follows:

1. 500 grams Dissolved Bone Black.
100 ‘* Sodium Nitrate.

*Comptes rendues, Tome CIV, Nr. 9, S. 583--585; Abs. Bied. Centralblatt, Mai, 1887, S.
304--305.

t+Chemikerzeitung, 1887, Nr. 36; Abs. Bied, Centralblatt, Mai, 1887, S. 305.

Dil? AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
2. 500 grams Dissolved Bone Black.
COs: Sodium Nitrate.
IO) Ge Dried Blood.

3. 500 ‘* Dissolved Bone Black.
60 ‘** Sodium Nitrate.
100 ‘* Dried Blood.
60 ‘¢ Ferrous Sulphate.

Samples 4, 5 and 6 were prepared as 1, 2 and 3 respectively,
except that dissolved South Carolina Rock was substituted for the
Bone Black. The superphosphates, after being finely ground and
well mixed, were placed in wide-mouthed bottles, loosely stoppered
and allowed to stand on the floor in one corner of the laboratory.
From time to time the nitric acid and total nitrogen were determined
in these samples. In order that the results might be compared,
the moisture was also determined and all the results reduced to a
water-free basis.

The first determinations of total nitrogen were made by the abso-
lute methed; the others by the modified Kjeldahl method. The
results are given below.

| ?
| August, 1887. October, 1887 December, 1887 July, 1888. pons
r= , =| ; S a | : 5
Ee g ba 2 Som Dm uciess Sp £ 50
Be ists fae s2 Sy be ene @e Bir | Se
eZ ZF, ae ZZ Sipe Ia eaee az, wiz | oe
|
|
We 83663 3.18 3.42 3.09 Bet i Bart Bo NS} 3.07 3.07
Z| tia OO) USK) 3.50 1.70 Baa) | Ne?) 3.64 Hetil 3.50
3 3.38 1.62 3.46 1.65 Bord) | - 3.26 yea 54 3.12
| | |
4| 3.06 = = 3.05 3) 5 onal 2.94 2.88 2.89

The amount of moisture present varied greatly from time to
to time, and the apparent fluctuations in the amount of nitrogen was
undoubtedly due in part to errors in reducing the results toa
water-free basis. .

Four months before the last determinations were made the
samples were wet almost to a paste. Although the conditions were

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 213

made as favorable as possible to the changes indicated by Andouard,
yet the results obtained seem to show that the loss, if any, was
trifling.

METHOD FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Isbert and Stuetzer (Zeit. Anal. Chemie. 26, 583) propose a
simplification of the ordinary method of determining phosphoric
acid. The abridgement is based upon the constant relation which
is said to exist between the ammonia and the phosphoric acid in the
ammonium phospho-molybdate precipitate. These writers also
claim that washing the yellow precipitate with cold water dissolves
out the ammonium silico-molybdate which may be present, without
removing any appreciable amount of phosphoric acid.

The method proposed is briefly this: The phosphoric acid is
precipitated in the usual manner with ammonium molybdate, the
precipitation being hastened by heating the solution to 60-70° C. for
fifteen minutes. After cooling, the supernatant liquid is poured
upon a filter, the precipitate washed several times by decantation
with cold water, and the precipitate itself at last transferred to the
filter. The washing is continued until the washings amount to one-
fourth litre. The filter containing the precipitate is then transferred
to a distillation flask, soda solution added, the ammonia distilled
into standard sulphuric acid and determined by titration. The
relation of nitrogen to phosphoric acid in the ammonium phospho-
molybdate was found to be 1: 1.654.

In order to test the applicability of this method to general
laboratory use a number of trials were recently made at this station.
The results obtained were not satisfactory. Moreover great diffi-
culty was experienced in washing from the filter the last traces of
ammonium nitrate contained in the molybdate solution. So much
time was consumed in this way that the method was abandoned as
being longer and less accurate than the gravimetric method in
ordinary use.

As regards the use of cold water in washing the ammonium
phospho-molybdate precipitate, it was found that in a few cases
slightly lower results were obtained than when ammonium nitrate
was employed. The differences were so slight, however, that it was
decided to make this substitution in fertilizer analyses of the coming
year.

214 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LAWS.
Chapter 177, Public Laws of Maine, 1887.
AN ACT to regulate the sale and analysis of Commercial Fertilizers.

Szction 1. The manufacturer, company, or person selling or
offering for sale in this State, any commercial fertilizers exceeding
teu dollars per ton in price shall, on or before the first day of March
annually, or before offering the same for sale, register in the office
of the department of the Maine State College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts, known as the Agricultural Experiment Station, the
name or trade mark under which the fertilizer is sold, the name of
the manufacturer and the place of manufacture.

Sec. 2. Any manufacturer, company or person who shall offer,
sell, or expose for sale in this State, any commercial fertilizer, the
price of which exceeds ten dollars per ton, shall affix to every
package, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a plainly
printed certificate, stating the number of net pounds in the package
sold or offered for sale, the name or trade-mark under which the
article is sold, the name of the manufacturer, and the place of manu-
facture, and a chemical analysis stating the percentage of nitrogen,
or its equivalent in ammonia in available form, of potash soluble in
water, and of phosphoric acid in available form, soluble or reverted,
as well as the total phosphoric acid.

Src. 3. <Any representative or agent of said station is hereby
empowered to select from three different parcels or packages of
commercial fertilizers, taken from three different sections of the
State, held or offered for sale in this State, quantities not exceed-
ing two pounds from each package, which quantities shall be for
analysis, and the average of the several analyses shall be taken to
compare with the certificate found on the given packages, held or
offered for sale; and said station may cause to be selected each
year, at least three samples, as aforesaid, from each brand held for
sale. The agent shall select these samples, in the presence of some
representative of the company, from which the quantities are so
selected, and shall deliver one-half of said samples, properly sealed
by him, to said representative.

Sec. 4. Any person or party, who shall offer or expose for sale
any commercial fertilizer, without complying with the requirements

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Diliy

of sections one and two of this act, shall be fined not less than
twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for the first
offense, and not less than one bundred dollars nor more than three
hundred dollars for each subsequent offense.

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect October one, eighteen hundred
and eighty-seven.

Sec. 6. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are

hereby repealed.
Approved March 15th, 1887.

AN ACT to establish agricultural experiment stations in connec-
tion with the colleges established in the several States under the
provisions of an act approved July 2, 1862, and of the acts sup-
plementary thereto.

Sgotion 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
That in order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of
- the United States useful and practical information on subjects con-
nected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and
experiment respecting the principles and application of agricultural
science, there shall be established, under direction of the college or
colleges, or agricultural department of colleges, in each State or
territory established, or which may hereafter be established, in
accordance with the provisions of an act approved July 2, 1862,
entitled ‘‘An act donating public lands to the several States and
territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture
and the mechanic arts,” or any of the supplements to said act, a
department to be known and designated as an ‘‘agricultural experi-
ment station:’’ Provided, That in any State or territory in which
two such colleges have bcen or may be so established, the appropri-
ation hereinafter made to such State or territory shall be equally
divided between such colleges. unless the Legislature of such State
or territory shall otherwise direct.

Sec. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment
stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the
physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are
severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical
composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth ; the
comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pursued under a
varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for

216 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

acclimation ; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composi-
tion of manures, natural or artificial, with experiments designed to
test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds ; the adapta-
tion and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and
digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the
scientific and economic questions involved in the production of
butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bear-
ing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may
in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying
conditions and needs of the respective States or territories.

Sec. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity
of methods and results in the work of said stations, it shall be the
duty of the United States commissioner of agriculture to furnish
forms, as far as practicable, for the tabulation of results of inves-
tigation or experiments ; to indicate, from time to time, such lines
of inquiry as to him shall seem most important; and, in general, to
furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote the purposes
of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations, annually,
on or before the first day of February, to make the governor of the
state or territory in which it is located, a full and detailed report of
its operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures, a
copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, to the
said commissioner of agriculture, and to the secretary of the
treasury of the United States.

Sec. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be published
at said stations at least once in three months, one copy of which
shall be sent to each newspaper in the states or territories, in which
they are respectively located, and to such individuals actually
engaged in farming as may request the same, and as far as the
means of the station will permit. Such bulletins or reports, and
the annual reports of said stations, shall be transmitted in the
mails of the United States free of charge for postage, under such
regulations as the postmaster general may from time to time prescribe.

Sec. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses
of conducting investigations and experiments and printing and dis-
tributing the results as hereinbefore described, the sum of $15,000
per annum is hereby appropriated to each state, to be specially
provided for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year,
and to each territory entitled under the provisions of section eight
of this act, out of any money in the treasury proceeding from the

ee ee ee ae

ee

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Qi

sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quarterly payments on the
first day of January, April, July and October in each year, to the treas-
urer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said
colleges to receive the same, the first payment to be made on the
first day of October, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven: Provided,
however, that out of the first annual appropriation so received by
any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended in
the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building or buildings nec-
essary for carrying on the work of such station; and thereafter an
amount not exceeding five per centum of such annual appropriation
may be so expended.

Sec.6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of the
Treasury, from the annual statement of receipts and expenditures
of any of said stations that a portion of the preceding annual appro-
priation remains unexpended, such amount shall be deducted from
the next succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order
that the amount of money appropriated to any station shall not
exceed the amount actually and necessarily required for its main-
tenance and support.

Sec. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or
modify the legal relation existing between any of the said colleges
and the government of the states and territories in which they are
respectively located.

Sec. 8. That in states having colleges entitled under this section
to the benefits of this act, and having also agricultural experiment
stations established by law separate from said colleges, such states
shall be authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations
so established, by such states; and in case any state shall have
established, under the provisions of said act of July 2 aforesaid,
an agricultural department or experimental station in connection with
any university, college, or institution not distinctively an agricultu-
ral college or school, and such state shall have established or shall
hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or school, which
shall have connected therewith an experimental farm or station, the
legislature of such state may apply in whole or in part the appropri-
ation by this act made, to such separate agricultural college or
school; and no legislature shall, by contract, express or implied,
disable itself from so doing.

Sec. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act are
made subject to the legislative assent of the several states and

218 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

territories to the purpose of said grants: Provided, That payments
of such instaliments of the appropriation herein made as} shall
become due to any state before the adjournment of the regular
session of its legislature meeting next after the passage of this act
shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof duly certified
to the Seeretary of the Treasury.

Sec. 10. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as bind-
ing the United States to continue any payment from: the Treasury
to any or all the states or institutions mentioned in this act, but
Congress may at any time amend, suspend or repeal any or all of
the provisions of this act.

S|

PAGE-
CAMO W LAG SEMICNLSts 10 crslees sie (c's ee ciclele) vialeiel clelele 2/0 ale\/elelain simlnis\ se\s\o\-10/s\aisinieln - ins 25
A BDTMMTAN Eh. sano chee GdG0 C005 dO 1600 das S000 DOU Go0OG0nD supa sUebonD HO0A 84

alien [DORI Waiee oS Se50 eaen bane son5 GUda0n00 coAe O00 BOBS o000 6550 4000 cadnbish, Bis Ors
FAST SMEATLOM COUT ONG sac 1aziareverorsreloeicie ieee eleiel cieisis oil els (a\el sie urvalsfoucrelcistaceicueie el, 61

Americus Ammoniated Superphosphate ..... 2... cece cee eee coon cece eee 38, 39, 58
AMIGO a5 Seg0 dads 6000 550d BGOG Guns 6U06 O00 S068 do00 DOOD db05 GeSDeOdaso0c Zope 84
Amel iin)! mani Bs coco gadocone be50 C000. coud ebo4 Go6e Goda Joon 0o00 oNnGdoor 195 213
PANTS REESEEL G CLV ast OKodr- (oye om olor nbn stata !a/aiatercVole/n\iatava¥e!)=\slalacle}s aikets) <lavistava/e) o(eiels Gra varanaateie efor s 194

EFI MIPECAN dg ooad ecco deds Ho005500 cond GOOD UNS dp.d0 quot CoOO 0000 cd00 Gone 175
BMS WL OUS CS Dweieme Heat lover erofcali tio) steve oicict cil cicWsjsizistisieiais) alerelet aieiele\lolei Sie Sere ie etciclestarelere 149-151
A\PUGLIGS AONE oc pone donb ocobeebondoo Soon toae Sous Haooauodlanoe deco maac 170-172
AEPIS Lee Rents CATE ONE ascop euss spool puac eanolepoe capo coun 5a05 cuDS ser 159-164

An pla-bree borer ntiat, NOAdSM s\scc.c: c\s/sye clasieneisjsicpsiale! (clesala ‘o/e(aiatesieeucieis eicislaiy=ia e's 155-157
TOUNAMN CAM GM rape ciorctelersisersiereisero arora emstouete te rokaceforeie stots ieneiaes 153 -155
Ash... Sc0aG e Sel pope COOgKOOS GHOb BOOb a0n0 > 60 6056 coun Codd conD Shue 84

ASR SCIAGy LATO ag60 cpoGHsse G008-00000009 sade dono odGe poo uges.ccmo dogo oeee | 0G

ES AML OV AME OSUSRO Licteerc rol area aera ravayis lala Solas ie stares siepwiodavere cite wisi ¢ sisjavalsisien lane cieeles Sete 128 129
Bae UALS SMOMLILIZOrs says aaa nielaye ct zeros nc/etefictetee ye Sine! aisietes vate ysle cis} alee ere SOON OOF IOD
SEPA V ASIN cab 6 agus ada 0006 2005 6505 0008 000n dho0 sou0 coe 38, 39, 58

BPO ES OAEMOW GUANO) 2.125. 5% ices chee aes > ialete oisibis csielels) ee ol wlaele, fis = 5 elevaeleeinte 40, 41, 58
Belkmapiseeuro Guano BONG sre cen selec cies, sie-eret sieves 2 Ocis) ace seesalt sisters eins ous 60
Black Spot, on apples........... aobedou 9500 46d0.b004 good condicnan oano Bsns Wel aul
Bing: Srell@nwelnle ones Goagas50 cooenobe doDouoDs nodoodde shoanose soos aaer 186-187
Moroes eCOMPOBSLtIOM Ofer «2 aisia) vic wists clare) s.cieis eeieisicisisisl cise ei eeials evieiciesicececs | | .O0
AiSEstibility soli cicisire cele eve ccesusievetes cele moat ica siete emiora Grave 94, 96, 97

E@WUEDIbe 1b 4h) MCR CR Ayes Se coco coos aeee dddadnecmades) ds ccoo noe Gane Jn
Botanistiand Hntomologist, report Of....\.2 sicec cscs co-= -o0e sce snc ccs ose 136-195
Bowkerns-Ammoniated Dissolved: Bone: sence nene cc cle tnlc tenes) vctnletelciotecres 40, 4], 58
Hill and Drill PHosphatencmecancctckeriie sie cicislels excels iprteie tarmac 40, 41, 58
BragleyssmurekayMOrtili Zn. orcs cisicisisiecisiters Gels etericis male ere ee cet he nionec Say Sas OS
BG tatosMan Urs sass os:c\ce slet eye wie elclelehalavarnoe Or lacie Staak ite ettie ce chee 42, 43, 58

X.L ,Superphosphate........ So00 G0ne, Hobe BOOS dan cocuosoD Gane 42, 43, 58
LAUER, CO mM USO Wis Goon CoGe 6600 Ddga no00 Gdb0 6505 GOOE BOCs 6606 asa a sack 86
CHARITON AAO baan6 geno Goch dou Sone sade sodalnbao nado aos ace 95, 96, 97

CHEMISES BLO DOLGK YO fase cfs nia) eis Iaereeneieratateialetece iain ot eaks mepone ae eier aaa lerel eotelerelin si eure clare 204-213

Ohannelirea AGN IBIS 6ad0 Goce G56 Gb00 Goud cede suds 4oNa cbse cdes bodice os IPN:
Cleveland superphosphaterr «eis cimian ~mclelalsisinlaclclelesicieleiswielsicisls wl ©) eieivs cian tS, 40,106

220 INDEX.

Clover, VAlsike composition Of eiieseelelelaiielellelelelelelsleleialelalaleeivleleiainicl se) leet enero 86
Aigestibility Of. . 6c scce ccs c ence seen cacricccs coes «eee den 04,905 Oil

WANE, COMMON Wises o6G5 4000 506550006005 Fo0b 5000500 o600 DaG0.05c0 86
digestibilityjofyermiyecierieniceitc oe BH pEHOO Hobo aos coco, HG, OF

(Osha WOW. Gacoes boas A6us Gooe GODS con odho cabo docousen Gone Soto odooesos NIMH
CommonSense Hertilizer Diamond: Deri islets ielelele) ctelsie clea isisla/<lictel tele teeae eee 44, 45, 58
4 WO; Yo seee70d00'00 Boosauenoe einleralieioielolevelerststetatehe ee OREO
Corn whole;teedingrexpity witli lctetal-edelesealsteletelevesielers + aleiatenclsvern-vare eat eater 101-102
meal, Ke OC salle a /o¥e! e/eielousYare le seteuntelicisiavene sere stareicier ais Vettel aren Peel Opleea Ore
Crocker’s Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate........ sceeceee see ees veeed8, 39, 58
Crudephib erie serail tele lelaefe! die)/slels}el cia loys lelerelel/eysvaieitarai eo tate Rae ane mS
Cumberland Bone Sie senneeanaes fesasisabo cous daos dou Goon CODD aS odo dik, db, HE
Seeding: Down Hertilizer. .). <clcicjecies aiciein ii eiti-) sleicie ce icicle elses OMe ema

COMKTUb Mog ede deosicods sande paceauon ado ConA OOD U0DR.060G 0060 D006 4000 sono eleill
COLMAN AT EMIMOSME GIGS G6 5068 UG04 5q0 0000 GH05 4000 GObU GuoS bo0n DOGS cunG Goes coco Its. iH

Basen amici, MENLO’ Sipe sooO bdo SUdb GONG bobs Soda ne55 4850 dudD coon AID BUH

Deere 1s) No A Prertad CHOCO OD OU BUIGHOO Mon mASRE CUO ean aICOOO MASE cous0000 6fc6 5
Drier) IRENA Ie <5 cociclbon6 code dude s000 dbus Uado nade Goon Badd 5405 co0e.c00: 46, 47, 58
Douglass, G. M., exp’t SP aiuto neo nt et 78-79
Downs, Wm., 2) Un dood edoo 0505 EeOD AUD UDCOMNOU HABE Abas eodd socd a6oc 75 -76
Doyen’s Potato Bug Preventive, analysis of. ER SR HAS COOL CORD O00 0650 2606 190

A MN Meee Sieitleteleleiele seve OO EO)

K. F. Coe’s High Grade Bone Superphosphate.... .......- .s.- see Mau aeen 46, 47, 58
Experiments, previously, published j-- -msisiee ero) vereie) cies te aie ie ciel tereneterre mor
Eyed Elator........ anodad HnuE OODO nOGS GOGO adbo OdaDGOodladeO hoos donc cose) HIST!
Eye-Spotted Bud- Moin. 60S Jaca mass sOKn 500 sacrerstctfars PE RUN ean OE 5.0 169-170

LCR aro On ins "es leeen dada ooo COKE dObE sono mood dace dase sabe abcs soo 166-169
Harrarzs Superphosphatesyren cists sletelasesfoisiaieielatcielelellcleieien aisles seieiontonter-ea tel ieee OMe em LS
LUGE bbe Saodn) Some inade dodo HUGS odaa/soneiond euiate leis! sicinieleielcisive.ele oxs(sleye) sfeyarets lotta ae OO!
Feeding standards... BT AM SS SAO CEC CIO aC DE SUSE HON DOR TOE HoGeinO pn DOCS 109, 110
stuffs, souipoaitlon nf, Arhoroanel tha BOP BUOU UOMO UGGS Godd coos SIINISINS
digestibility Of qicic ce siete sm ellete ialoleiei alate one ee ORANG)

Mer bUliZer si yey steisis recess Seis (atersicley sieve nes avattv els eich ei eaareelelsiey ticvmieliene cies sioletal Coreen EH eRe

analy sestofem css cesielcte sisi cunnceserseesinie AO ED OOMMGR DODD cos Bold 38-60
box, experiments with ...... BO RDOe ODN b0-AO00 SOG boOb UID Abe 5000 64 66

SOXPELIMENtSH Diy; ALM OTS|=/cle'e/alolnlehelarveyareiaiensl-teiatcielcione lela leretontelstaaaretete 69, 81
OXperiments, WAH 2:2) vis\e ai o(sinic cis cic wiaiecbalaeiave eliaie ciaietele eltoe ee 63, 62, 81

field experiments with ........... Ba dodo sds yoBddode boop os60 conoOY = Ei
Inspection Ofs\e- 1.2. .:- GOO BOO ao0C CONS 0600 OC AOE eH aoaon alsa B=)

trade values Usedie yt) 5. cieclelcrasa cute ermish stave wa wiele Mintel tara ieeer rake aisle eee 32

valuable ingredients of ........ tsi cheiel oietetoielciaketolarew terrae atearelotaneretae 27-39

VOWEL SOMO bade hao sous Gobadoadonice bono cuodeson dats id Fae eneeeo OFS G,

Flamingo Guano......... ey aamnaia falaike\ nivale char HeiGesla nsael weet eee 48, 49, 58
Fodder analysis, mas buedaioes J (etovaje! rae elles elaie statayeielele si slaleieh wetaene Tete etel ears 210
Fodders, analyses RAT ine DODO OO be BESO OOM ODOCISES), volodoc . 85 90
artificial digestion of .......... 500 DUO AOU DOOOdaOdLOGC 5 G0 Wdon bes 196

dis ectdene. a0 ue Sor Anaad nator socmoatuatedotodad Heda acau ne ay sano a= ze
COMEUTMNE NEG! 5 chon boon obodlec 56 DOCH Goad Opn ouOd BoOOoODA GoGo ubss doc} 83-53

INDEX. 221
PAGE.
Forage plants, experiments With. .... .20. 001+ coceseee cose ccee seer cece noe LEE!
ings Loin Cig folleitds cosdlosae! Man cdo ceed oson dose coddcecassns Joba nboe 164-166
German feeding system...........-. iaetoetete Bato shoo cobs cotoceos cee OT — IO
Germination experiments. .... 0... 22.2 se0e cece cece cece eens eee ees seeeeee 136-147
HUT? Sooeinnss cogeeos cocacoos cde osc tebe coda gees: aacesodas 139-147
PEMIL ROY, co + dice bcos Seek orce eee ore =o Rocco ones aonooesllatl sake
SLi SOG OE een AAEM IS Soa6 Boon don 66505555 boa nace donb no4 Aose 190
(ith Win eens sos coos 4550 Codd chide be oa chan aaSo ano 189 190 ©
EEA TUST AIMED ATI oe alos 1 aia cise = aialo'wislalcvelsi<iislolsialiclsiarelis)ninibilsis a a teinieleylsyeisl viele 187
JL DUDES [Sh Lbey eT ie coos Sah o668 cone Sood S550 coo6 duoe cone acouesee 71-72
DIsREIDHS (RM See APRESS 8205 Seco sonneuaS L658 Lo88 6000 gude sooo 65k 149 151
Insecticides........ amici Poteet ers SC Broce |bsk)) NEB
PUTTER CH Ot oe oe co SgeeshdadsGo, “ce mons cscs Daou nDSD cube ac 192
IRECES PDPMECHCIA . oc. +0 <10\0-s0100-c.e'eisheiaiere bey see EGIB9
MUS 6 esaq ccna soc ae -- 151-1389
anaemia (EX POLiMeNnh OL. .c..\c1c.c cee asinie ole eos cia Dees vee sas elcie ele 74-7Tad
Serr petler OX Periimont Of o- ss ccscpe'= lope inje coisa viejo: aes. seios Poan See osee 76 77
LEW . 20 dc55.c098 Gaed ease sope Caso BODO SHE Sd0o: sempdon nas .. 214-218
Bolwudeee band: W.H., experiment Of, - 2.2 22-0 c2s.0 5200 csc! teisicclen lose soc 72-73
Me TPESENTEPOLDNGEDNALO 2512's jo 2010 0)ae/n'ersicicis “sci = 2is'oe asisie toe y eee Wore ise 48, 49, 58
MEHUHBLUTN oC eAn A ly S18 Of 22's 72 aicls cola sv else's Siajellisic-ssisiee es isisiniee| ceavetias 190
(WEI Mice 4465 popsiqgded dead onda ndootaes Gosncand Sooaaads sone ETD
Paimecompination Hand Force Pump) .\0> --+ ces «ccs «roe ssce cccs sm aves 193 194
Mayc Superphosphate......... eee 48, 49, 58
ni bhil WWI so ‘bog Gab0lesoo cane Bsn po0e Cool mnan peun O0bo bane HopeinabereGuicncsi Wk,
PMMAReETe LOM EOL, ANALYSIS) Ole is. m\e/stcinsis lam © osistsis EiSois/ ccis) a, a sieicias.e siete le arecie 206 207
Moore, A. L., experiment of.............. . 79 80
AU DPPC =9 OR) MASS Sansisace Good os00 S050 dodo ade> 550d dose obod eee 187-188
PICK ANALY SOS OL 2 2\c-) eeicis ccisic sve cl eee wists, soy vechais olan OL Ge
Nitrogen, albuminoid in fodders...........-..2...- : 5 AG ga5C Sab: | | tele)
amide &s 2 Sa Becca 88
determination of .............. ees 204 206
UPR OEE a5. does eve oon ohocene ss ecgs ocousaetsaae 27-28
loss of from superphosphates....... SAG Ans monoens endo Bley) B:
Nitrogen-free extractive matter............ StDIseod bdOe “Oo Goad deau nooniecoe 85
composition of............. 88-90
digestibility of .......... - 98-99
LGU GIO bo deeon eas ese sn odpoensD oo : 108
WARIS ERAS eof (= i~ oi=) six sivicinjs i sce sla Bese AOR BAe ence E, Slaape eine . 96 97
Eo 25), CRSGiC aR aA te te Sue AAP EBS ISGRS) She Gabe Sor 126-127
DO DSCR TE GET Gir ISON tsigees done coon poco dooucooo dade seer soouese eo
GH MOL ni seein cogs code ceases bane she ssacebes doce 94, 96, 97
Onemal! Coes Superphosphate,. 05 5. cece ese. sane wccr cece ven ce - 48, 49, 58

Oyster-Shell Bark-Louse ...........

Paris Green, analysis of...........
Grin llofiee scree

whi hong Coup Doo onemodh< Coco dada aeSae 189-190

seeiafalar iNet ae roray ste Meee eiel eaten OD

190

222 INDEX.
PAGE.
Pear Tree Slug... -- 176-178
IBGHICH (ERENOHa oh. 66 bo doe n98e COO oOo GnObLUond Dabo bS00 aduE coGd 6960 6000 cobs 129-134
Peroxide of Silicates, analysis of.. 5 ae iS Rete 191
trial of... ale Sooo li)
PhillbrookssyG mound WB ONG) cetesreierse/aieielelouelnielelcolelsiolleie ounce iei-tei- flee ielai= ier ee ere 60
Phosphoric acid, forms of.. 50 600 - 28-29
method of detonnination. 213
soluble, determination vee Aiea Hon. PAIS
Plum ACuncull oss :as atvicrtor ce stevens exalts: sieves) javats jeiclelemelsveloiarev stems aieielicievarenste cicte Ce PRIA 178-181
Potash, determination of ........ 0 204
forms of.. S00 . 5 29
Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phos. OG BOG0 6006 UONH caso DdON dos G00 Hos 50, ‘81, 58
Phosphate ... he ..50, 51, 58
Scalbwepircterts -- 148-149
JERE KES HES Ola be nboS Gdd0 GOO BOOS D000 GOOG dGOD DOGH oon aden suds Gans case 123-125
JACK eg douse sour DoUe ddoc done bond adcuoooG dade mGuD dubs GoeDIGhOS 6000 ooo: cote 84
artificial digestion of ................. 606 : : -. 195-196
digestibility of by different methods........... 2... .+00 seen seee .. 196-203
Purrington, J. F.. 3 ee --- 73-74
Quinnipiace Grass Fertilizer.... 6 .- 50, 51, 59
HNO NNMoe cag do0b dade CGO GOEG 6000 6nao BNO0 9000 donDOODe Soo 50, 51, 59
Potatoy Mantels cacicistcrons!s cistron ciarcteireiierevslelotslieys eyesore acetal eee 50, 51, 59
IRENA NS, COL KoA HVS CE566G 64600000 6d08 6560 0000 DodD Gncn. 6005000 cObe cO00 102 -122
Red Top, composition of ...... 50 066 56 86
CHRO HUNTER? O55 Goo G509 0000 006600005060 F400 GbOO OOD sao bos s0ce 95, 96
SacadahociSupenphosphatery-i.1--\<1sie) ealejetoie/aleliclelel=velsis\s} <ieleia) elelevelleiatelol-eieen saree 52, 53, 59
Seed Selection, exp’ts in...... G08 S60 siete! 135
Seeds, germination, tests of.. f Oo -- 139-147
Shaw, J. E, exp’ts of.. ae ae GOP AC .. 80-81
Soluble Pacific Guano......... aete . C 22292, 53, 59
Specimens, directions for sending. ........ ee» 3 : oo 194-195
Spraying Apple trees.......... ss. dodo os 150
fruit trees .. a seis) Oe
Standard Fertilizer.. dioodn : : sie 2125085 09
Guano.. SOUG DOG 5 3 BOG OOK Hey: HE)
penetrate 6600 5000 0060 GG60'0000 2 : .. 54, 55, 59
Starch, determination of, in coarse fodder..... Gg ooc0 sone .. 208-209
Station, buildings and appliances................. ppolsdadady pono soca =e
lOEXKONA (do gb oo. a5 .066 BI CRIS OC HIGDOELGOOC DA Onan e BODE GOOd. bude 0000 5-7
Station, organization {ofsseis <ic\eje) sors: s1s)ciai ojnvere w cicistieseie(s eisie/si \alarsi- alevel sioteemeee rete Te Ht
relation to college...... es oboe 7
Stockbridge Cornjand Grain) Manure. Jeiciesine cic cisieerieatehecileiasiele eo eeienice 54, 55, 59
GrassiLopeDressin pr re alstetollstem eivciele(iecieisielelsiotsieieteie tiene Tener 54, 55, 69
Potato and Vegetable Manure .. .... .... --2. weve cces cece aee- 56, 57, 59
Seeding D own: Hertilizereaajerin-eisin eles cose eseiceieeeee 56, 57, 59
Sulphatelof Potash; sb radley7asemeeiet creche sieictetieieles steistekcieiteioior eee ene 60
Sugars, determination of, in coarse fodders.... 2.22 .c0e cere cece ca: coos -oe- 207-208
Timothy, composition of. he seonons 86
digoestibilitycofierrjaciotseeincciirentcel serine C Bolas ee, WY

INDEX. 223

Tolman, J. A., experiment of.............. 2... eee. Shs HOd6 once abe Bogseoac 77-78
Treasurer’s Report.... ....... AAD SiCe dood COD Gado boaw aces onde BoGOasCanOSC 4

Unicorn Ammoniated Superphosphate 56, 57, 49

Se eee eee Pee eee Cee ee ee ee ee eee

WWEtrIBLIGS MLOSUS) Ofer uisecesein o/<)s5) ome salon =isic eee ak ae ee ea Le 7!

Wiest Ty Gre TiO 5 SA65 Gadd wes cuoeccou code eqs bone s6ec ease dnes cen Gone ete
fertilizers ....--. -.c. sdb Good Cede cate bad> GOoO Shas BOND Dd06 dodo cade 29

“WiDwi® SOG cag odes done spc0 eens cove sdag “400 66605055 5000 S006 4000 CnbaSEEC 184 185
White Weed, composition of ....... 2... 2... .205 eee 3505 9000 DOGO NOOO coon Bane 86
TEE DUA Win no agoe codc soa 0Nde docddg4a Doo CCOREOSa Doce Bh MH, Ot

Wink Cath CARER, COT EA OIE Gos eo ho gaoGado> 2o65 ogoO JdamlUonoEdee seas eens, | Gls
CHEN OIA TONG coor bao0 6508 cbc 20540000 2055 Gone Cond Hoadeb, Ws, Oy

“Win, CRDEE, COL MUON? Sa5 5500 coop Sone coon e000 4055 Sade 50bn ceoneuse sono] tte

(BCR TA, Dis 50 cote 6060 nob DOD CODe GUD CoSno00A 6O50 506+ 95, 96, 97