> n AS i cis i i SR 2 2 DP iniab ea IMCL rs ened: ae iA LATO, pot ta Smad — AS 2A ssa. ibsaisiaeiee Pines Py NyONES SAGES ioe, ‘33 oi Atari es poe ty = a eariaztG: ae *, NN ct te wee SDasOe ‘ HORRY ws au Se Be aie CE Se veers iy Yo it AN “eis a oe iv QO TAD ANAD See ae ze wee aint oh het. Wr eA ae See £98 2p as ete, ieiy.es hp Ft neers cone te wy Ras ict i a aeah SAG ut Patataay oS EE, eye paler rane rant wee at oe I ats ati SS are ms “7 Kaen fate tad tei * se are Sas sia Sy sash Cen hes ars eae » ashen es tees — Abvemrcerse WOR LIBRARY OF-THE “ FOR THE Se PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE aNd © 1 5 spas toy Aisle taays BAe #9 See Page 46. SEEDEESSHEG GSE RUitn ANNUAL REPORT yy, ff 4 £9 c Satine. STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. 1892. 1893. MAINE STATE COLEEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1g ey fatx Monat § E STATION COUNCIL. B. F. Briaces, EsQ., Auburn, ) Committee RUTILLUS ALDEN, EsqQ., Winthrop, of ARTHUR L. Moore, EsqQ., Waterville, ) ‘Trustees. ADVISORY MEMBERS. B. W. MCKEEN, Esq., Fryeburg, State Board of Agriculture. D. H. KNOWLTON, EsqQ., State Pomological Society. PROF. I. O. WINSLOW, St. Albans, Maine State Grange. MEMBERS FROM STATION STAFF. M. C. FERNALD, PH. D., President Coilege, PRESIDENT. W. H. JORDAN, M. S.. : : 5 : : : Director Station, SECRETARY. WALTER BALENTINE, M. 5. . . : Professor of Agriculture. He EVAR VY: ibe. : ; : Professor of Natural History. F. L. RUSSELL, V.5., 5 . 5 5 . Veterinarian to Station. W. M. Munson, B. &., ‘ 5 3 . Professor of Horticulture. SLA DION OP HICH res: W. H. JORDAN, M.5. . : ; 3 : . ; . Director. M. C. FERNALD, PH. D,, ‘ : ; : : ; Meteorologist. WALTER BALENTINE. M.S., . ; : Experimental Agriculture. he Lo HARVEY, BH: D-; ‘ ; ; Botanist and Entomologist. J. M. BARTLETT, M. S., ; : f , ; : . Chemist. L. H. MERRILL, B. S., : ; : ; : : ; Chemist. HR SSEE. Vis. ; : : u : : : Veterinarian. W. M. Munson, B. S., : : ‘ 2 : : Horticulturist. F. P. Briaes, B. 5. 5 . Assistant in Botany and Entomology. H. P. GOULD, - : : : j : Assistant in Horticulture. A. M. SHAW, . : : : g ; : . Foreman on Farm. Mrs. J. HAMLIN WAITT, . : ; ‘ Stenographer and Clerk. TREASURER’S REPORT. THE MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. In account with THE UNITED STATES -APPROPPIATION, RECEIPTS. From the Treasury of the United States as per appropiation for the year ending June 30, 1892 $15,000 00 EXPENDITURES. Chemical Laboratory.......ccccecccccesccessececceegh 434 54 CHEC AME TRPETISE q «/b/o ois o\sleloialal slele ele cis e.4/)eidict= s/s) s/n se, 297 77 Field and Feeding:.....-..-.-.sseeee cece cece nec eeeee 790 34 Horticultural Department............---..--- seeee 793 34 "aad! BIg odE a DOSS On OES Ore OceO COD ane sernar aor 468 93 ISMN - ooctagones = GbeUeUReUObIT COUN Doe Sobre coraor 62 97 L-TINITT G°> O06 GO UBD SOO GO DBUOOHOUEECUOGIoT SoMoneOcroonc 1,667 35 Stationery and Postage........0--1 +--+ see vee e ween 108 00 Travelling Expenses.....-...+..-+++ sere sees eeeeee 147 00 PLTISECCMPPXPENISES «cre aie ons ss ven = ols secs nge a6 meine: 50 40 Construction and Repairs----.-....5.-sccsceseee =~ 277 19 Botany and Hntomology...-...-+- seeese ee eeee cece 33 50 Panilizer LIS MeGnO tc cooe peed on sopbo obo ouneadoecs 209 16 MIGGOROIOa\/ 665d 5 DOC OUSInU OO CO CeOrORe USO Bea ee bOrc 20 50 Veterinary Science.-........ 2.2. see. coc cees cece eens 28 46 Prel ACCOMM bos co poenoocubene Seno CnoDD DnOebcOoOdDS 294 45 SHIGE. conc oo coon ODDO ee DO0ECN O60000 900600000000 9,316 10 ———— $15,000 00 I hereby certify that the above is a correct statement of the amount expended by the Maine Experiment Station for the year ending June 30, 1892. Gro. H. Hamnin, Treasurer of Trustees, Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. I hereby certify that I have examined the accounts of the Maine Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892: that I have found the above to be a correct statement of expen- ditures both as to amount and classification, for all of which proper vouchers are on file. Henry Lorp, Audtior of the Trustees, Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. I hereby certify that the above are the signatures of the Treas- urer and Auditor of the Trustees of the Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. W. H. Jorpan, Director of Station. DWiRECTOR'S : REPO Baas M. C. Fernald, Ph. D., President Maine State College : Sir :—The work of the Maine Experiment Station for the year 1892, a report concerning which I have the honor to submit here- with, has been conducted along the lines previously established. It has included the following: 1st, inspection of fertilizers; 2d,, analyses of cattle foods, including certain patent foods which are offered for sale at greatly advanced prices. An attempt has been made to demonstrate to the farmer the very poor economy of purchasing the latter. 3d, investigations concerning the secondary effects of pollination. In presenting these results, Prof. Munson has taken the occasion to collect in the form of a monograph all the avilable information which has been published on the subject. 4th, experimental work on varieties and methods of treatment of certain garden vegetables, including cabbages, tomatoes and egg plants. 5th, contents, cultivation and care of small and large fruits which are being tested. 6th, spraying experiments, specially with reference to the apple scab and codling moth. 7th, the identification and description to inquirers of such injurious plants and insects as are sent to the Station. 8th, investigations in plant nutrition bearing upon the economical use of crude fertilizing materials. 9th, digestion experiments. 10th, feeding experiments with swine and milch cows. PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATION. The publications of the Station by means of which the results of the above experiments and investigations are set forth have consisted of a report issued in five parts. In this report have been included everything excepting the digestion and feeding experiments. These have so far been in the immediate charge of the Director of the Station, but owing to increased duties in connection with the World’s Fair, he has not been able either to undertake the past season as extensive experiments or to report them as promptly as otherwise would have been the case. Only a limited edition of Part 2, of the report (Secondary Effects of Pollination) was issued as it was sent out only to newspapers, experiment stations and experiment station workers. The reason AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. V for this was that the publication was of a strictly scientific nature and while presenting the results which it is hoped will lead to practical conclusions eventually, its contents were of such a nature as to be of little general interest. Besides the five parts of the station report, there was also issued a bulletin on the Babcock Milk Test and six newspaper bulletins, the latter being designed as a concise and simple statement of the outcome of certain practical experiments. Station EXHIBIT AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. At a meeting of the association of colleges and experiment stations held at Champaign, Ill., in November, 1890, it was voted that the experiment stations unite with the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture in making a co-operative exhibit at the Columbian Exposition. A committee of five was appointed to act in conjunction with the Central Office of Experiment Stations in forming and executing plans for this exhibit. It was decided that instead of inviting each experiment station to make an individual exhibit, thus causing very much of repetition, it would be better to co-ordinate the total exhibit into sections, each section to represent a particular subject. I was invited to take immediate charge of the section devoted to Animal Nutrition and after con- sultation with yourself agreed to doso. It was evident from the first that because of the nature of this subject, the exhibit could not consist so much of objects of special interest as of a graphic display of results. For instance, it was very evident that the main factor of the exhibit must be a display of the relation of food and growth under varying conditions, and if such a display were to mean anything as an expression of the work of American experiment stations, it must be based upon their experimental data. This necessitated the review of all the station literature bearing upon experiments in animal nutrition. All the experi- ment stations that had conducted feeding experiments were invited to assist in this work, and some of them very kindly furnished the data of their own feeding experiments so arranged and digested as to be immediately useful in obtaining certain necessary general averages. The required data from swine feeding experi- ments were very kindly furnished by the Office of Experiment Stations from manuscript prepared by Dr. Armsby, of State College, Pa. In order to obtain the necessary figures pertaining to milk pro- duction and the growth of bovines and sheep, there were used the VI MAINE STATE COLLEGE. results of one hundred and twelve feeding experiments made by American stations. As before stated, many of these results were put into the desired form by the stations making the experiments, but considerably more than half of them were worked up in this office from the original data. Moreover, a large part of the exhibit itself has been prepared here. All of this required my personal attention. I make the above statements as an explana- tion why that line of experimental work in which I am immedi- ately interested has been to some extent neglected. INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS. As in previous years, the time of the station force has in part been devoted to the inspection of fertilizers. There is a fair prospect that this will not again be done at the expense of the funds supplied by the United States Government. It now appears probable that the Legislature soon to meet will be asked to enact a law which will provide for the expense of this inspection either by direct appropriation from the State, or by requiring a license fee from fertilizer manufacturers doing business in the State. The movement in this direction has the approval of members of the Board of Agriculture and of others who ‘understand the exegencies of the case. Work in Prant Nurrition. Through you I desire to urge upon the attention of the Board of Trustees a proposed enlargement of our work in plant nutrition. Since the establishment of the Experiment Station under the pro- visions of the Hatch Act, the experiments and investigations in plant feeding have been under the immediate charge of Prof. Balentine. He has attempted to reach beneficial results through field experiments on the College Farm, through experiments con- ducted by farmers in different parts of the State, and through more or less experimentation in pots with a view to a more exact work than can be done in the field. It is very evident and has been for some time that not only are’ the errors of field experimentation very large, but that the use- fulness of this method of work is limited to the testing of theories as to the correct methods of maintaining fertility. An exact study of the fact and principles of plant nutrition must be ac- complished by some other method. It is a noticable fact that American Experiment Stations are giving comparatively little a — AGRICULTURAL |EXPERIMENT STATION. VIL attention to this subject, at least in the way of rigid scientific investigation, and an inviting and important field of work seems to be open. The nutrition of animals has received a much larger amount of attention. Experiments now under way in the forcing house give promise of a far greater degree of success than has been possible under previously existing conditions and Prof. Balentine is desirous that there shall be erected a new forcing house which shall be entirely utilized, for a time at least, by experiments of this kind. This idea has my most hearty endorsement and through you I wish to urge upon the trustees the importance of developing this line of investigation. The present forcing house is entirely inadequate to accommodate any additional experiments. As this new forcing house would stand in a prominent place, it should be somewhat more ornamental than the one already built, and not less than $1,500 should be available for its construction. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The Experiment Station is under obligation to the following parties for gifts of various kinds : Donations 1892. O. M. Lord, Minnesota City, Minn., apple cions. J. S. Harris, La Crescent, Minn., apple cions. C. G. Patten, Charles City, Iowa, apple cions. Jewel Nursery Co., Lake City, Minn., 6 Thompson Seedling Apple Trees ; 6 Windom Dewbery ; 6 North Star Currants. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., specimen fruits of au- tumn pears. Field Force Pump Co., Lockport, N. Y., 1 Little Gem spraying pump. The following newspapers and other publications are kindly donated to the Station by the publishers during 1892: Farmers’ Home, Dayton, Ohio. Holstein Friesian Register, Boston, Mass. Farm and Home, Springfield, Ill. Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind. Monthly Bulletin, Philadelphia, Pa. Farmers’ Advocate, London, Ont. Maine Farmer, Augusta, Me. Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga. Vill MAINE STATE COLLEGE American Dairyman, New York, N. Y. The Pharmaceutical Era, Detroit, Mich. The Sun, Baltimore, Md. Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, Mass. Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa. New England Farmer, Boston, Mass. Louisana Planter, New Orleans, La. Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H. Texas Farmer, Dallas, Texas. Hoard’s Dairyman, Ft. Atkinson, Wis. Iowa Farmer and Breeder, Cedar Rapids, Lowa. Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich. Orange County Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y. Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa. Delaware Farm and Home, Wilmington, Del. The Western Rural, Chicago, Ill. American Cultivator, Boston, Mass. Farmers’ Review, Chicago, Ill. The Rural Canadian, Toronto, Ont. Vick’s Magazine, Rochester, N. Y. The Farm and Dairy, Ames, Iowa. The Clover Leaf, So. Bend, Ind. New York World. (weekly) The Grange Visitor, Lansing, Mich. The Industrial American, Lexington, Ky. The American Grange Bulletin and Scientific Farmer, Cincin- nati, Ohio. Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind. The Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Ill. W. H. JORDAN, Director. MAINE StTaTE COLLEGE, ’ Orono, Me., Dec. 31, 1892. § TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page FERTILIZER INSPECTION.....-.+++¢. opOnoddoCodbeoido donude vadioau Doondr 3-21 Selection of Samples...... o900000 p ddo0Us ODOC 0o0dNn OAD baO DGD CsIDAbORG 3 The Teale \Valnes Wore WES s oooo600 aso dooso0 noondoOOsoOooodenoDdOBOS 4 The Valuation of Superphosphates. ....2-.eeececcccessecccscecececs 4 Description and Analyses of Samples. ....cssesssccceesessesseeccccs 6-21 OBSERVATIONS ON THE FERTILIZER INSPECTION OF 1892, AND REMARKS ON METHODS OF BUYING PLANT FOOD.......----- 22- 9 MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES.........; Bialcioloieieloleleletovetele\eleleteleieratcteleioterstaveratete 95 Analyses of Cattle Foods. .....-cecccesssssec ccs sccceeseccvencreccce 95-27 PART Il. _ INTRODUCTORY NOTES..-----+-+- ee Rate Aa sree Leena es 29 IMMEDIATE INFLUENCE OF POLLEN, (pp. 30-41). Early Observations........... Ervctaterstctetisiorors afaricheh«) syetsh steve) sister eicrerste\one tsiotere 30 Hitect on Apples..-----.ceccscceescccces sodan90000D000 n00000 noocon 5 » 31 e Golo? OT IMOWHoo aco on0 cadcsod00Db 00050000000 so0000a0000 ; 32 GS 6 GHRYIBSo00065 000000 0d000b05000000 sd00 D900 00S OOS ODDOUGODDOODN 33 Sm CO (CLO MN avercie evetavelsters aisrsieievoiesnaravsrolateneieveia level sisiais (ove) elereyereretererate te shee 33 GG SED COIs Meter teteloielelictetehcioreisievolelateiicie’svotelellclolcyciclelcverelolcrevcicteteie Apooo. 6o000s 30 CORRES ET AWD CLIC Sicisievsrelesticieisie(clsieisielcieleiert cle sicuis elererersiene Beare staleteve eteere 85 ws RAO TMA LOC SHetreiererleietekeronelerctaictoneleleloneierelelcleleietenaralererele so00000g0000 : 37 cc“ Beg Plant....... s000600000000 odobonce Dob bub dG bee HOSES 39 List of Species Considered......... ele aystaraieinvelerers sieieleis sists ars saagooowouS 40 DEVELOPMENT OF OVARY WITHOUT FECUNDATION OF OVULES, (pp. 41-58). Development of the Mulberry.......c..cccssccssccccccccccscccccese 41 OG CORE CCRNIES Ciaiueieieleteleretersievs ecyelelcteveres Siersuevevevells mtapevetetatoletete(orete 42 FAB SOMEG CHOMP ON aie lelelotetencretstolelel aleletetevcterercieieleveleteles ielelateieheetatevetel ctelaterctarere 43 Development of Cucurbits.........cccsecccsscces sbodd onanooOHCOuRDS 44. iS CH SOP AN terrereterteletalete sooode sddcoconoSONEdSnEdC000008 46 EFFECTS OF VARYING AMOUNTS OF POLLEN, (pp. 48-53). TECHS OMP SEGAWADCLIIES cicicic olcleicrelel cles eleiteielereiere Lilies RAMON Ae eet D ama ae 48 a6 TOMATO CS) Mercioretelelckeerctersiene atoteiclatatateta oievoreloieleteisicicteieane nietatelctettiete 49 UG *“ Cucumbers ..-.--. joadoO cod 000 DdDOONDOODD OOOD0D GHOCaROnoD 50 52, THE GENERAL INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN POLLEN, (pp. 53-56). The Stimulating Hffect of Pollen............ mete teye fatale fateteyerelereleleteletetaieters 53 Ifnahiraen, Imiinenwonscoddaocsousddococcad soos podcadonuncorobodoabdons 54. SUISMVAITON doocoddooubepoducddscobaaoa Gad GoGacdbaoo Ado sdauaboSdo° 54. CONCLUSIONS. .............- Sic raucnateve sayin sy atereeaias Bist er cercernenyare die /-l-)slep=ele1=lolnlelolele osioteers 92 Sunshine pamoun tte erieleitse yer terete OR CA OOOO DE OO OORS 23 cn0c 163 METTESULAlWEVACTALI OM steiciercioiel ots ivereis islets sleek CE ter ieee RE ic 160. MOMALOES.\CO)LGIeret-eleloi sles ole) ess)- I a ie anche SOUS ae Beta os co0c 65 ce CLOSSIN Deters errr eel leetr eter Sisto ntetetevateveye ecel ets Ais’ atayess Steno een 65 es Cilecispotbacein patible. -/--leelelaelatetier eels ie) seit 63 ef PiGIS Or Gayahy SANs 65 Boog acsodosnca4odsosaacupo0S- AAs b ue 62 ee INGIVAGUAL VATIAGION Ss 's%.101 etre os crotte eeraieetts lols nists aleis cele re ee 64 “e NOTESHOMe see ore we tolekiceeisi POU OOS ONO OOS aC OMAP OIOG G05 62 ts secondary effects of pollen ...... SA 447e5 nde ba thooSodoNTGs H55 70 te Vid LOL LOS steteteretor oot ctejelaro\cisisioie orelm rar ete ioeweyete loca iee eae antares Oe BS 2 72 Aswois potted Mite: e terre nicer seri ieee celeriac ees e 133 ANG oaopodadsdedacanouaeccssscnaednUsoosobec ae gdbb AOSAOSOBOSUde den - 163 INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS. The inspection of fertilizers by the Maine Experiment Station for the year 1892 has required the analysis of seventy-four brands of mixed fertilizers involving the selection of one hundred and ninety samples. In order tu secure these samples, it has been necessary to send an agent into nearly every section of the State. Samples were taken in forty one cities and townships, often at several points in the same township. An effort is made to begin this work in March, but it is usually found that new goods have been shipped to but few places so that a successful canvass of the State can not be carried on until April, therefore the completion of the sampling and analytical work can not be reached until late in June. It will be noticed that three samples of each brand have not been secured in all cases. - In general this has been owing to the following causes: Selling of the fertilizer at but very few points, and finding only the goods held over from last year’s sales in the hands of nearly all the agents visited. SELECTION OF SAMPLES. Samples for 1892 were selected by Mr. S. H. T. Hayes, an agent of the Station, acting under its instructions. The samples were drawn from three or four packages, mostly one hundred pound bags, so that in all cases where three samples were taken the analysis represents from nine to twelve packages of the goods. In some cases as many as five samples were taken. The drawing of the samples is accomplished by means of a sampling tube which can be made to reach every portion of the package, and as several drafts are made from each package, it is readily seen that the method of taking samples is a very thorough one, and there is no good reason for supposing that the contents of the glass jar that is forwarded to the Station do not fairly represent the goods sampled. In every instance a sample exactly similar in composition to the one taken to the station is left in the hands of the agent selling the goods, thus giving the manu- facturers an opportunity, by procuring an analysis of this sample, to check the analytical work of the Station. 4 MAINE STATE COLLEGE “HE TRADE V: 2S OF FERTILIZERS FOR 1890. Tue TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZEE 1890 The trade values given below which are used by this Station are those ‘tagreed upon by the experiment stations of Massachusetts, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Connecticut for use in their respective states during 1892. The valuations obtained by use of the following figures will be found to agree fairly with the average retatl price at the large markets of standard raw materials such as: Sulphate of Ammonia, Azotin, Nitrate of Soda, Ammonite, Dried Blood, Dry Ground Fish, Muriate of Potash, Bone or Tankage, Sulphate of Potash, Ground So. Carolina Rock, Plain Superphosphates. Cts. per lb Nitrogen in ammonia salts............ Tiaeesee aces scuce sec etenosen tes dothanesecenes 17 nitrates......... paa906a HesOIIEbOONLOaSdOToNOCCNGAS Sppouaodnne ; ia) Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat and blood, «s+... 16 in cotton seed meal and castor POMACC Meeesereesease 09. lis} insiine Done Anaitanksa Cer ccscreseteeseccsictinscseeeeseatesteee 15 in fine medium bone and tankage........... ...... eadoec » 2 in medium bone and tankage................ssssce0 « ose OS in coarser bone and tankage........... Ri cudeaneeeone Bee 73 in hair, horn shavings and coarse fish serap........... 7 Phosphorie acid, soluble in water........ Botocohe sondesgoncsocn « Seadeleneeaseae 7 ee INGAMIIMN ON MCLG LAS acess sconces eset wescecece 7 in dry ground fish, fine bone and tankage............. 7 in fine-medium bone and tankage........ Shoo cousonnancan.c 5s in medium bone and tankage...............sseseees Preaoedon. Cbs in coarser bone and tankage Sender aeised setiessewaleeGhereeeey 3 Potash as high-grade Sulphate and in forms free from Muriate or Ghignideske ne ee ee eet ane Juaws esaceeteneee Betws o15yh ASHMUTLA Cease sseeeesee tease ce eset cb veactebeesescaucsaneceee eee coo. Gs ‘These trade values are the average prices at which in the six months preceding March the respective ingredients could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, Boston, New York and Philadelphia, in the raw materials which are the regular source of supply. They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for the six months ending March Ist, plus about 20 per cent. in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations.” The sale of ‘‘standard raw materials” in Maine is too small to allow an estimation of values upon the basis of local market prices, so the figures as agreed uponin other New England States, where the subject is very ably and thoroughly studied, are taken for use by this Station. THE VALUATION OF SUPERPHOSPHATES AND Mixep Goops. These trade values are appiied to the valuation of Superphos- phates and all mixed goods, as follows : It is assumed that the organic nitrogen of these goodhass for its source such materials as dried blood, ground fish, or nitroge- nous substances of equally good quality, unless a special examina- tion of some particular brand shows that inferior material like AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5 leather has been used. Organic nitrogen in mixed goods is there- fore valued at sixteen cents per pound. As nitrogen in nitrates is rated for 1892 at only a cent less per pound than organic nitrogen, and as with but few exceptions the nitrates are present in very small quantities, no difference has been made in computing the ‘‘estimated value” between organic and _ nitric nitrogen, but both have been valued at sixteen cents. The small increase in the ‘‘estimated value” thus caused, while slightly favorable to certain manufacturers, can certainly do the con- sumer no serious harm. ‘The nitrogen present in ammonia salts is reckoned at seventeen and one-half cents. The insoluble phosphoric acid of mixed fertilizers is reckoned at two cents per pound, coming as it does largely from minera] phosphates, and in any case being much the least valuable por- tion of the original material. The potash is valued at the price of that ingredient in the muriate, unless the chlorine present in the fertilizer is not suf- ficient to combine with it, in which case the excess of potash is reckoned at the price of the sulphate. The valuation of a fertilizer is obtained by multiplying the per- centages of the several ingredients by twenty (which gives the pounds per ton), and these products by the prices per pound, and the sum of the several final products is the market value of the fertilizing ingredients in one ton. For instance the ‘‘station valuation” of fertilizer No. 855 was obtained as follows: 2.65% Nitrogen, 53. Ibs. per ton @ 16 cts.—$8.48. 6:26% Soluble Phos. Acid, 120.2°° “ ‘* @7% “* — 9.39. 3.80% Rev. ts OO CHG an MONE NOOR SUS (7 ts ea ayy, 1.22% Insol. es Sere DANA a Saeco (Gi Omec’| lao) 1.77% Potash, DOV Ajan concn Okt Seah alo Os Valuation, | $25.27 CHANGE IN MeErHop. In past years separate analyses have been made of the sample§& representing the same fertilizer. At present equal quantities of all the samples are mixed, and an analysis of this mixture is assumed to give the same result as would be reached by averaging the analyses of the several samples, a method which is undoubtedly correct. STATE COLLEGE MAINE *oJSuIMAIBR ‘ang “TW *URSIT MONS “SOIg plvMIIS losuvg “09 PYyYO GApy PLOJXO “BY “[lOMPsIEM “d's ‘uRsoyMOYS “solg piRMaoys sere doruyUr A *QqoO ST[IEAL "****BUOIOD *pusjely “WT adingny ‘on ‘ueygspug "I "¢ **4susjag ‘uo][]MoUuy “V “TT ***pUB[Og ‘|[oqoU “WV “V eoeee ***I01xoq TeUIS "T °C scecee*ATlUl) ‘SOMOP °V °V (WOMS|[Y ‘AOr W UOSLIIOTY ***-asRyfaq ‘uoI;TMouy “Vv “7] *ylodsyong ‘iouipivy *g “A "*puRlog “soig Uojo[IBO se eqsrjjag ‘Uo][Mouy "Vy “T ***puRyqlog “sold UOJ9].AR ) *****DIOjxXQ ‘SpavAP “C'S ***stmopaoigq ‘Aossog q ‘AV *1a[RIAq “ssuyq ‘Uoysog “uO JoZI[H Ao JOY Mog “sseyjq ‘uoysog ‘op Jazi[Aoq Ao[prig “A 'N SYIOX MON 690D YURI *y “AN ‘YAO MON OD “WIT FAV Y SURI AA ) “ssvyl ‘plojpoqd MAN “0D "WaT 9AOD SyIVBlG “KN SYIOX MON “0D “Way FID Y SMIRTTTLAL “aN SHIOK MON {909 YURI A “JoOINovjnueyy seereeoerainydsoyd uapivy pus WIR soy Mog seeeeeeees eoeee IQZITIIAT OUT ‘WU Slay Mog eoeeeesoooereecoee reeeesOuBNYy [MO GAS aL re | teres ee-T MOG SUIPIGS JOJ LOZIIIT 9RIG Avg trreeeeees(QNUID palupurys) aodng ouog ‘wmMy eceereecesescee sooees aieydsogd ulog Sno LoUly seeeeeesaquqdsoydiadng suog ‘WU y sndiouy eee cer eens eee eee eeoeeeeoeesveeeee be) Cake § aUl[VyLV *‘puvig *“SHTIdNVS AO NOILdIYOSaa =) D lon) AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 00°88 00°98 00°F§ 00°9§ 00°96 00°96 00°0F 00°07 00°86 00°LZ 00°L6 00°98 00°88 00°88 09°ES *ppepBey Wow ‘Any “yy 'T PLUS’ 191sv POP Y.191an Ay "pay ‘asec » Uleysarmung puywog' Aouqy MA Y [[epuey ST ON AOU MA soy Mey } sees Tosurg ‘Auluunqd ‘gq ‘YW PIOUSI‘1ose LOWY 1ojuUNAL pu jog Aug MA Y [[epuoy *ee-losung ‘suluund ‘q ‘yy ecocoe “qsvyloq ‘SOMOH “Vv “WV *W0}[NOH “0D F S004 "HV *soNIPULOGL ‘PIBAA “MA “WV ey se*-puowmy ‘siqInD “Wg eee T0)]N0H ‘quiuig WBIlyy eee TO] NOR “qWUG WRIA ‘T onbsarg “ysanyyaeg “A A PIOUSHO "BA ‘TeAprB AA *d *S **OIpUIOUT, “PIBM “MA °V 00° 9gs] -1a1xeq 691039 dATJB19d0-09 “and Surfs "10D S,taun yy, ‘WosuaYy "3y “WT “sseyq Suojsog “OD ‘4104 Ao[perg “ssem ‘u0jsog “0D *y10q Joy Mog “ssepy ‘u0}sog ‘00 ‘W104 Joy Mog seeeceecescoccoscooees OINUUI 0FUIOT 8 Aa[prig ( C16 seceee cooing UMO SUIPIES Byeing| s,Aa[pergq| 4 F16 24.39 A puv $901¥10,J 10J aINUBT ‘WIOD 8§,Aa[pLIg | soos coocoeaquydsoyd vu0g doip aing §19yMoq} FOOL *eeee-USUIOg pus JU0g puvig sIeNbs s.layMOg eecccvcsecsecce soocosooaieydsoud 018109 IOyYMOg Tc6 6o6 soccer cvecesoccesoocos QINUBI 01810 gd S,doy Mog tt6 668 teceee cooseroqnydsoyd [MG PUe [ITH SLOYMOG 4 ERG *1alvaq “JIINJOVJ NUIT *puvig *raqtun WOLRYS | ‘SHTANVS JO NOLLdIMOSaa STATE COLLEGE " MAINE oeT | ~*:aInqny ‘faqarT “A ca ++ 1guIpiey ‘adogq "F034 00°z | “* puRyaog “so1g W0je]18+ weer rors cs econ eeoses -ayeydsoydaiedng puURpOAdggD : “se TOUIPIVH TLIO" "qd reeves eeeees IOZITIIIT UMOG SUIPIGg PUBlsAI[D 00°07) "**puL[tog “so1g WojepIRO Qe'Te|tessuaingqny ‘faqart *H ‘no eeee *TOUIPIBRY) *|[LTIOTT Sey | 00°ZE ***pUBLYIog “solg uoje[.Iep gern7) sos aaInqny ‘Kaqaqrt ‘ACT } “ssviy ‘moysog ‘09 rah DUE AANA) (9) }F2292 290900000 005000 ayeydsoy.g oiwjog purpaarg|[o ON- Cg TUIPIRD “09 y adog 119Q07 | OO'GE! "ttt LOsuRG TEIOT °C cee ece cee ccescecse et) ® 210 AV AOD S-H1B ON ee eeparpiog “[aqou WOW | 9 °D ayeyg Avg 90D SYABID 000g *****ABAMION ‘uayony, *fueg J or = peur ‘hang *yH °T) jz4 Cf eae ae TT. 2 Ad af . . OOFR teeters TOSUKE “LION °C 4 lez . Brereleievelereiorststeoisiers 2 yar 00°98 "oe OTITATAI AA ONT, “TAA oS ACN ‘YIOK MON SOD IOZIMIIT 9AOD Spang IdZIAI J 7VJG Avg dAoH 8 yarpo emia (BO cd ‘T9U9INA °V OV 00-Fe)* *wUnLIoD *pneyoiy "TT “A ) 00'S teres NOGIND “LTT [1% | : : Ane. 00°92 1.p1eOs1aSee wy TURysuruuny } “ssuyy ‘UOysog “0D saztq1agq Aopperg}:++stee sess es ssoyeydsoydrodng “TX s,Aa|prig 00° FE Papsog Aoug M FY T1epuey | 00°92 STR “We ‘UIMpOOY) *C “J ( 826 066 1 L06 898 *1a|89q *LaINJOVINUBT “puvsld ena | SUIS ‘SHTAWVS AO NOLIdIMOsSad *1aquinN wonLs STATION. AGRICULTURAL. EXPERIMENT IOSUBg UOLIWLO W ADULTE AL Iosuvg ‘uolawmeg » AsuyIy AA **RUULIOD ‘sq9qqLT, *yW ‘00D joo* ees WOATO “UWS "yy -V WBYULOPMOY ‘OD "y1aq “Seg “**4sRj[oq “UO}[MonyY *V °T puv[jtog**oD suo0g p..qwng ‘T onbsaig “asingqyieg “A ‘a “UR Ied ‘Wopsrig *H “AA PPBUBT JO ‘souiey “TV | soe"Jonuvg ‘suluung *g “*Y "+ ONIPULOUY, ‘WIIOJUOD “| | puepiog “op su0g p7_.qunp sees AUMION Stoyony, ‘fue "ee9s-QU0IO ‘WIRY 959][0D eee-noommoy ‘sand “qd *-eeqsnjfag ‘UOT MOUY °V “TT sse-qrodealg ‘andy, ‘A veal} Say iosuvg “op y IelIey “So “A “OO JazI[Iaq 0oyRpeses ‘puvpyi0g ‘09 9u0g puyj1equing “AON Sopeyng “09 “wey Y “WaT 10Y9019 cccccce eee Ceeees Ceceee -ayeydsoydasodng S,AB1I ecvcccce seccceccooes aye dsoud 080d S,.leIIG wc cccccvccccecccecs covererees TOZTIIIT OSLITG eee coos TOZIIOY UMO( SUIPIeg puvploquiny tecccceocces coocee I97IIT}IIY OVIOT puvfrequing teccccvcccoseooorr coipydsoydiadng pus[taquing socccerccccsccce TIO oneydsogg poye1jUV0U0/) secccccccevccercccoes eo VUdsoud Lin (oye) Syatcds (10P (@) *1o[Ba * TAINJOVINUB I, *purig ‘SHIdNVS HO NOMIdIYOsSaa *TOquUIn Nt U01}BIS | GE. COLLE . STATE MAINI 10 00°¢s 00°E& 00°08 LO'TS 00°0§ 00°S§ 00°¢S 00°S 00°98 00°¢§ OTS 09°¢8 00 cE 00°FS 00°9@ 02665 UO,[LO}]U|TY uUrA Y quis uo}[NOY UTLY uA Y quIMg sreereeesTosURg “[[L0TT °q *e* alll ATOIB AN “OULD, “TT SM “*puBljlog *|[eqoIW “WY °V sos*ABMION ‘Jaxon, ‘fuag J *playAlBy “IA TAINO "YT |PPPESIJ Jo sv y 19} un FT teeeesquodoady ‘Zila “H “S| SILA Oa “UIMpooy *GO "5 J terres xouy Quedig ‘W *005 ‘ “"parlwog ‘eq “vy “Vv AGE aoe WOU MIN “GY UOSTIM Y pnoy SIDIOAN DSI LONE G ) ‘asRg "H a reeses TOBA “L9]00d * 110d MAN *W SUOSTiAA 3B pno’ a S eg TOIT Teus 24 | “UMOMS [q *AOP 9 ee seceeoeeqodaaly ‘ZA A'S *Jo[voq DP BIOO OSG O99 COD OYOO0SD OGG OS OMT ET puvpsuq MON “DI Q1OUU [BT “09 xy asaeyy ‘g uyor eco ees cee seseeecce seeeee ee LOZ IO TI MOTT AVI “OD AIZI[IAIY PAOD SQLAB[Q|sseresesceeeeseeeesQUBNY OUI[BYLW AIG Suby “TIOK MON [90D YUBI W] ocr seeeeeseeeee ree ees suisBIOg PUB sUOg punoly *SSUPTPLOJPIT MONOD AIZI[IAIT PAOD SYI[D| seers ceeeseseseeeceesoe seo NUVI JOUR IVOly OD AIZI[AIA ULIISVA JID] sees ess -DINUBP UIOH [RLaUay Uo svg Wwoly OA CN SHIOX Mon 90D YURI “Al sccccs ec ees ees ee LAZIO UII) PUB ssviy seeees sory dsoydiodny ouog ‘wuly opRly sly seoesoooesOINUB, OFRJOd [BlIU9H) UlIJSVy Joi) CCG == *LIANJORINAC IL *‘punig ‘SHUTANVS HO NOLIdTYOsSad “OQ uan Ny uOLIRJS 11 STATION. EXPERIMENT AGRICULTURAL 00°TS 00'SS 00°S& 00°96 6008s setunqny ‘AsuUlypW “AL **a[sT anbsaig “GUUS “fF “Y ee plobusy yy SABO) °C] sss} 1odeaty “ult, *H “vox a ss plow Wa AWW MT uo][NOF ‘ua y uvA Y yyWs “ABAMION SUBMIT ‘A SVYO [Je Molle “ODP[NON OSPI. WS STULL veeeeeqstyfog ‘soMu "VW 'V se'sEing “tayspoq uoyArd *N IYIPULOY |, SYMOJULOD “A reese doJNoq ‘AOQqi] “4 °H s**purp}log *Solg UoJI[IBD +e elseyfag ‘UO][MOUY ‘Vv "TT *seeqodoory ‘endy, *H ‘004 *o[vaq “ssvy ‘Apoqvog “oO A9ZI[I}1a,7 soury x N ‘opegng “oO ‘woyD pur “yaaq 1ayx9019 ‘yIOX MON ‘90D YuRIy “A ‘Q10W Vg “OD ® ssoaqy “Ss ugoLr “OW “IPMOUVH “SHO *D °S “ssn ‘U0jsog ‘°OD JaZi [Ida Aoppeag “ssuyq ‘uo}sog “oD ® Je7ony, *V “£ “ssvy ‘U0jsog ‘0D oueny oglrd 39 be) 99 ” ” ” “KON ‘opegng “0D ‘Way D Y *}A1ay 1ay90.1D ODDO DOOD OD OOOO DOGO OC DOA (4) ah ch fi yooy yqjnowd|g soscesoooserainydsoyd ooovqoy, pus doy 080g JOD DODOOODD OOOO OIG ph 9) YolH § LOZ IMAI 01810d eoeesceveesveseoee COCO OODOOOOOGOA yA iii fens | WIS| lq Jeeeecesveccssecces cove reeeessoquuydsoqdiadns suo seeeeeeceres coos ayy dsoyd1adng S000 [vVUISLIO seeeeesaqnydsoydiedng ouog oyejg Avg [Rulsuo eae ereseesee eoereeee seeceerenre OUBNY) anbsqon eoceocsececeos 0 C882 FF1OEO8 a) bh) 3) be) toccoeeeorese Oy dsoydiadng *WUYy [BAY MON Toor 96 665 068 | St6 966 &°6 STOL COOT | 980 8L6 QGOT 866 F386 *LOAINOVJNUL IL ‘puBig ‘SHIMNVS HO NOLIdIaOSaa “TAquin Ny uolRIS STATE COLLEGE MAINE eeeseeee ‘losurg T[ MIO 16 | ” ” ” ” seeeeceosoaInUByl O}BJO [vloadg og1O¥g a[qn[OS| 66 00°¢8 |*aI8T arbsarg ‘[aqrey, “T “a | | CHG . eeorg IA ‘ . . . 00°¢e |**-puxpiog “sorg U0j9[IRD (118 00°ZE + *BUUIIOD ‘syeqqlyL “Vv *028D 686 00°GS |****** -WOJATTS) *YWWEG “YW : SOD TOZIT[IJLO.T DYUPVSUG] cesses eeeseeeceesoeeQizydsoydsadng soyRpVsRs| { 016 000 jWBYMLOpMog ‘0D "ya “08S €68 seeeomingny “[IdaA "AA “OL CCOr 00°08 |****9Sejjaq ‘uoj[,MoUy “VY "T TMOISO “OD HAVO WD SUIBIT[IAA|ocererserescesseeeesocee-guyydsoyg ouog [Blo] <{ O16 PIBOIG MA NLM peg’ Ma 668 00°OF (Mono fuapy uv A 9 WVIWIS “py ‘alow Vg “OD W asaay *S UYOL|*eeeeseee*-aINUB ULOD [VIdVdg 07BJOT SOABOY] 9CG 00°08 |\****4SeJ[ag ‘uoILMouy *Y “T 196 00°08 |*****q4odsyong “Quay ‘Ss *N 0 op 30 tecceevoooeeQINUU UMO( SUIpaas ovIdruuInd) +, 196 OU'GE \***PUBLLOg “so1g WojJa]IVD 688 00°98 ease ‘mol]Mouy "WV N| [ $L6 "1 |eeeeee Ss} ‘ ‘a 96 00° LE "109 Sane x is 3 ot tee eereeeeceoere verses INV OFVIOT ovtdiaamnd as 00°98 |***puRys0og soig uoyajaey J G38 00*ee ed ‘uoy[ MOU ‘v1 [ 796 00 LE at a TIONS CTE aan r ‘m0jsog “09 ovrdiaaind eeee Coeerseees Coes eeeecs sayeydsoyd ovr dian? | ae 00°98$ ***puRltog ‘*so1g uojapieg J 188 DN A cn ze Ss oa *1a[Baq | *IAINJOVINUB]L *puvig an oR | | 55 g SHIGNVS HO NOILdIYOsSaa oD co AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ° , 00°¢s 00°8 00°08 00°8& 00°88 00°CS 00°S 00° LE 00°08 00°08 00°¢8 00°R& 00° OF 00°98 00°9¢ 00°¢§ 00°98 00°FS 00°SE oo-ess 2011 SUL||a5 sees-noqiuing “ayovA ‘Ss °S ) * PLONE WA { “oo ® sparvygony ‘Mop, **-purlllog “solg Woja[IBO | sees naqiey ‘WWayVA ‘S's ) **PlaTAred “WW | “oO Y sparvgory ‘Mopingy, **"puvlylog “so1g uoqepIe9 A, M10 NUOSyssuluMNngD'g'"O ssqsujjaq ‘UOI[MOUY °V "7 °**puRlyiog ‘*so1g uojo[ Ie **NOIIRD S1ayoly WM SulAay “PLANT “WA SAID “YT ) sssnoqlir) “ULMpooy "Vv ‘| J ‘aos Y weystiuuND “gq ‘9D **BUULloD ‘s}J9qqLL “VW °0959 Plegleq “aq ‘sour TV °° ABMION turquLlopMog “0D "4.190, "SR | | ees OOO WAR 959|[0D | | eeeeisrjfog ‘UOT MOUY "Vv “T se °*pUB[Od ‘sOlg UOJI[IVD | seeeeecoooorooloisog “OD JeZzI[N1eq plvpueys ‘yIOX MIN {90D YURI | ‘WRYyULOpMoOg ‘0D IZ] V.19,7 ooyRpRses ‘u0jsog ©OD AAZI[TAIT Joy Mog ‘aojsog ‘09 ourny oyleg *Io[veqd @eeereeeesoeeseese C8808008 000000 -oueny pirpueys eeoeereeeoceeeeesseeces 80008 *JIZI[ AI pale purys seeececccces MO SuIpaag ‘pusig V pivpurys stelojoxelejelelercioseieievoleleieyevelelelenT OZ] 1) LOM] 0}e10g [eroedg eeeeescecees coceese(QMOT ) yooy FUILOIBD qyynos sa0jvjog puv oooeqoy, 1oJ [wiloadg ogrorg afqnios es *AIANPOVINUY JT *puBsig ‘SUTIdNVS AO NOLLdIaosad | | | “JOquIN NT UOleyS | ( COLLEGE STATE MAINE 14 ~ 0o'es | -asryjegq ‘aoMouy “VW “7 | ( 296 00°98 |***PHEpog “801g Le) MOISO “OD LOZYNIOT YAR[O Y SUIBILAA |e oes sees*+*saQVydsoyg oOywJog HALO WY surviqyLAd { rs 00°98 |°°***P1OJFXO “SpIVMPH °C *S | #09 00°0¢ |****puRNrog ‘1akMeEg "OD “AL “UUOD “plOJWIVH “YUBAIJAINAG *— “wl seeees sess TOZIMIA.T UMB'T OOdLqoy, pus anyqding| FTLOT OO'TF joo puommmory ‘syino Wg teccerereroosarqujasdA OJ aINURIT ISP iqyoojs}] LOOT one eae OH EAT } tereeseees Sugai doy, 1oJ aanuryy oSpraqyooig | ae OO'SE [oc esuanqny “T[lMIeyT ‘df 3 SOLLIOG MBIYG PUL SJINAY [[VUG IOJ “UBT 95,qyo0}S| FZOL 00°OF |***ANIpusOoTyL ‘pre “AL W sees teeeeeeeeeeesos1OOIT LOJ OINULTY OSprImqyooys|' ZOOL (eG O0°OF |* tes MONO R Squwug weap, ) OO°aF “PT anbsarg asanyqyaeg ‘A “nT | | EtG 00°C | PPE Ue ay ‘sourepy “T *y f to eeeeeeseeeoesgoqujog Joy ainury oSplaqyooyg! | 86 “109 S,1a.In TF, ‘uosuag “YW | | 868 PPUSHO “A “TeMprV A “dA *s J ( T¢8 OO°CH | OTTATOIW AA SONI, “WT AA tees eeeeeecooee STOIUG LO} AINUBIL ASPIIqyoojs| SOT O0OF jeer dormarAy “TION “A AA ognr 00TH |tte*puomyory ‘snang “Wg U0jSOg SOD TAZI[IAAT TOY MOG | ssesseeseeeerees ss UIOD IOJ DINUV] ISPIIGsI0}S] 4 HOOT 00°F |**PXIPULOUT, “PIB “MV 1001 00°se |" PULNAOT ‘*soIg WoOo[IBD TTOL ECEEEER CSsiciite TTMAOTW ‘ad ec ecceeees coeces seeeesayeyqdsoydiadng paepurys T66 OO'LES *** ISV[eg “UoI;Mouy "Vy "] 696 "espuRpIog “sor Toye) "SSRTT INCITING: raisins celeistolocks cersletereatte ; aaa oe te eeee eee ORIN TLLLOT “ “ssvyq ‘uosog ‘tazI[Qaaq parpunis TaZyVI0,7 O1MoOg parpunis ZAG “taTRa *LAAINJOVJNUL | *pavig ‘ddI Sul [os *Toquin | WOl}R}S ‘SSHTMNVS HO NOMIdIXOSaa AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. OST EGE EGGrGe (eres ROGm eels HGy eG Gelli! Ome Oe Pal Lavell OF Obl Wein eC GWIEE joienecameeriemnerc cre reieloleies lelectra BUCS OUT F) 99 146 1E°S3 | €h°9 |S6°SE | OFS |iFi°L!) LOL | SL°FL] ILL | S9°S | FO°F | GG°S) OLoL Ba ecereeennte ce one eS Se eee GOLGI Od ” 6S8 61°96 | 6° |09°SE | F9°8 | LEG | F6°G | OS°SL GF'S | SL°S | OL'L | OL'S) GB°IT)coer eee ees aywydsoygd [Iq pue [lA sto Mog!1698 GL°G3 | TE°G |TG°Sl | OL'L | FS°S)| LS*h | LHS] FS°P | GIL | SL°9 | GOS! OL OL) cee ee ese avydsoyg vapary pue UIE Soy Mog LCOT G6"SG | 1E°G \CG°FL | 9E°L | LG°G) GS°S | LOST) CL°F | SGT | LL°9 | 08'S) OO'TT/cc re ttt ttt eee reese LOZ 1aq WOg “WMV Sox Mog ecg OL'F6 | OF'L \GG°L | GhL | G9'T|| PSG | FO*IT] OST | 6G°S | GGL | GE°G] GOST scot eet et et tee eee teen es ee ee OUENH) [MOM BOS °C “A 066 OS"6I | CO°G |TS*ST | OOF | 8G°S | 9G°S | OF'OT| FST | €9°S | T6°S | CST] OV'ET/ street UMOT SBAIPoag OJ AaZI[Aq 91819 Avg Ges 99°06 LOT |LO°SL | PRS | IGT)! TS°S | OL°ST] GE'F | OG'S ! T8°S | OL*T] 06'S |°cee ees (Opery pavpueyg) oyvydsoydiedng suog ea? 1 VE VG | LHL |09°ST | S8°L | LEE} OL°OT)] GE°TL| ZS°T | TLS | GEL | 66'S] Gh'ET cote tt tees eee eee ees aqua dsoud U0) SNOWY 693 LG°&G | 6E°T \0G°ST | SF°S | LLL} 90°OL! SG°IT| Za 08° | 9B°9 |\9°S) OO'ST)*cee seer er sees ss oyuydsoydiodng suog “wWUuYy snollomly ecg GG°0G | 96°L \6S° FL | L6°S | 98°L | 86°S | Gh°ST] FHS | SO°S | GHD [FST] CHG [oor e et ett tees coe et coos coe ees QO SUlLBNLVILGG $/s | 8] $41 %)|%|%|%) % | | % BE | BO |BSE mole] | | | 2 | = ia ll s BS 8 | FS) go) BS = Ss Sill ‘pursg ne E ‘doWENTRA woes "ply ooydsoyg ‘SSUSATVNV dO SLTINSHA STATE COLLEGE MAINE 16 46°86, 0° | FIFI) OS*L |'9B°S| OS°G | GO°IT| G8°S | SFT | G89 |!9G°Gl| OG'ELltrettt tte t tee e eee sreveeeeescaqetdsoydiadng purjaae]9/08s FL'6T) G8T | SFT) G"S | OLS | FEO | OT'TL) Ge | CT's | GeF |legrTl] CoOTltrectr eee ree LOZIIIAT UMOCT SUIpadg acehere Ch'FG GIG caer 96°L laid VEC | OF TLE) OGL | LES | Sa°y |LS°S|| QL“ST|eccee= eee wee een eese esses oayndsoug O1Uj0g cea C8° Fs) 68°T LPeT) GPL | OLS) SOOT) GSTT! GL'T | 66°S | FO'L |FE°B| CSET eo css ster cs ee tes cess ew reny Ky ” ” » |S8P8 GL°FG EL*T | €6°FT) SI's (COT!) LL°6 | SG°IT) SFT | GE'S | SG°9 |!FO°S| OL SLicceee ccs see ec eeeeeeee taza 930Ig Avg aA0D SQAIVIO/€98 86°96 €6°T Leer) €6°S | FL°G| GS°6 | IL°CT) Go's | SL°S | FO'L |/GL°S|| OL SE weeeecccerovcceecceroesroquydsoydiodng "] "x s,Aajperg|geg IESG) F9°F | LLG | 08°S |, F0°¢ | L6°¢ | GS eS OSE Ga GOLG se GGr 8s G).G| | 1GGe cp eiesinie siecle eliclcieieisisialeiss.eieis/ciesleo NUR IT OFC GOTT ” Les 58°61 £0°G | SPOT) 98°L 98°6 LS°G | G6°TT| SE°9 | Go°G | BLS | O'S|| OLS [rc rseeee tess LOZIAAT UMOG Sulpssg vyoingy y €L8 Shls LO°S | FO'FT) GL*IL!/08°9)| 66°S | 6°01] FEL | ET°S | F8°9 |lce'e|] OT TT\sorquyeSoA pur $90}B}0q 10} oANUL oJo[dwWoH s,Ao[pRigq LFG €0°1G, SE°T | HOT) 9° ||Sh°T|| O&'OT| CTST] e8°s | OST | OS's | ZO'T|| es'er sserecoecoccecoorereaqeydsoyg euog doap sing ” FOOT oeHlta €6'T pa EY) $8°o |PT°G)| L6°S | LH'ST) OS°ST! SL°e | GI's 89°T ONE joer ress eeeeesUsujod puv onog puvig oiunbg s,1ayMOq|OTOL $7s | s/ eo) %)%r% |S) 1% % SE).28 lees |e) 6) | £1 2] = ale z8 B | =| gol es = = Oe B || @ ‘puvig nB : ‘doljEn[rA UOTE ‘ploy oloydsoyg ‘SUSATVNV AO SLTNSAA 17 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SSS 8 ee ‘SSHSAXTVNV WO GE°CG | 8P'S |LO°FL | FS°L |'L8"S/| GG°6 |eF'OL | 6° | F8°E | S9°e | Gh°s| OG FT 8o'es | £0°% ‘z9'eT | €9°6 |98°6'| ee°6 [eL‘Or | 16° 19° | T9°E | 10'S) ce" Fr 86°ST | GEL |Z0°eT | 20'S Laer €6°6 |9L°SE | 86° | 06° | es°e | g9° | ex-OF GO'F6 | G3"T CFF | G'S |/90°G|| GT°G [GG°1L | LE°% | z's | e6°9 | LG°| 08ST SPF'86 | 66°S |69°ST | O8"S ||FF°F|| S°6 [OBIT | LLL | LHS | 90°L | GL°l,G8°SE SPLIT | LL°S |86°S | SL°G ||GE°F| Sa°T |T9°9 | ggg | ego: | e9° |IFo°el'ze°9 Sg°9L | 8" |OLOL | €9°¢ |/G6° || 6L'9 \eL°S | 9e°s | cos | FI'F Jlon-Tileo-Fr “FG | 06'S |OL*FT 86°9 |,CF°%.| 69°6 |96°OL | LZ°T | LS°s | Z8°9 |ISL°S. ce or SP'FG | LOT [LGPL | H6"L | 61°S| T8°6 |OS*TE | GE's | TL°s | 09:9 |lsP-sl|¢e°ar SI'Te GL'1¢ 86°SE Sh'GP | CG°ZI| g6°zE 06°¢ OG"ES | LET /99°FL | LO°L |/SL°E | 96° ELIE | LF°S | Bos | Ford '1e°s er TT “$78 | 8) $4] e) so) %)|%) oo @ SS eCRee a Seu e || = i oie |e) & ile is SFA \"es FR \ "|e SE es 6 ‘moen[eA uonEis ‘PPV o10ydsoqg 28 OP OD0ODO0ONO HO BOE TERA, 030107 30 sceereceocoreooees QINUBE WLOD [v.louaH UloIsUm yvary eeerer cece eee ces eeee eee oes c0e 0 ” bP) socceccsecoscooore TAZA UID PUB SSVI) Teeececccseceevovoro coeydsoydiodng 8.181184 tte e cece cesses sooo IOZINIOT OFWIOT SlVAIV 80002000 COOS 0000900 00UOOG EPA EET Canal eeeroore TOZIIIOT UMOC SUIPIEG 90 tee t eee eee seers TOZIIIOT OFVJOT ig | soeccccooseroees ouuydsoydiodng puvjioquing e@eeteees Coeececsecee ‘oye dsoyg peyeajzus.u0/) 00 P0000B B9OOOO. GOO OOOB MEA GIS Eat WYO) §,1ay001D *‘puvig SLTOSHY “Og lun Ny WOR IS 0€°G | 06°6 | F8°9 ||L8°S \eE"ST €0°S | GIG | L679 |/66°S! Ga‘ ST 99°€ | TH'S | O'S ||L8°S [LOTT Go"G | €E°9 |\66°T) 06° ST GG6°S | 79°S | 96°E ||TS°T| OL ST SL°9 | FPS |98° TL ILb FL L@-L | SL°G | $9°T)\G9° eT Gh'G | 64'S | 8G°S | OL TL) EL FT IT°G | 0G°S | OS L | GL°S OFS G16 || 1:3 OFT, OF'9 SPT | 0° | ¢9°9 | Fe) COLT 0S°9 | 80°S |FG'SE |SL°G ||1e°S FL°6 |FO'SI ces | et tose leet lager late lerar GSE TSF OLE 8E°6 | 10°F FL |BI°IT CO'GE | GGG OL'EL SIF | LFS SCS E°OT 6F°GL | GSI I6'SE GIF |e¢'T 09-8 |es"IT FCS | LOT OTE C69 FLT CoOL OFT Ei OLL'VG | €F°T jS1-GE [ee | 69-7 ce-01 leo-1y 3 00°1% | 19°S |e6°oI [FFE | 06° 'LI'S |6G"Or cy «SG FG | GUS ILE“ 96°9 | Ors O86 |TS-TE < 98'FI | 10'S |L5°9 [Sh | ees els [es*TI 3 G02 | Ze |OFSL \OFIT | SL°9| 89°8 |9T“OI 5 2/2] 3/3 Lae | % 3 *moljen[RA UuoleyS 18 a[qnyjosuy ‘ploy olloydsoyg atqnyog paIAoyy w WISO1jIN oINISLOW S Corre reese ees eo oes eeeeercoeces seeses soquydsoydsodns SHO e00L ee ec eseree rece orc esse cee ‘ayeqdsoydaadns §,909 [BUISLIO Ss! o> soecvecoeseoee oorydsoydiadng ouog ayujg Avg [RUISLIO|F9¢ Free eeeeseseeees esse seceerseeeereseeesssoutny onbsqonlerg soeceecocorcesecoeoroeoeydsoydtodng *wuULy [RANT MaNX 1999 Petes eeeee eee cesererreeereoereesQIOAUT PURISUAT MONTICCG Tose eeeceeerererecoeeecerccereooes LOZINWOT LAMOP ET FEG tees ereeereeeeeroeer soos sOUUNE OUTLVILY CYA SUuLy|LFg seesoooevooooeonvydsogdiadng suog ‘wmy apely SIH 9c8 Tot eeeenereeeeecereceveseseoesSLIOG PUL UOT PUNY GGG eeeecreooreeeeee ceeves cneeee eoveosOINUCyL yourld jwaty 98 *‘puvig ‘SSUSXIVNV JO SLINSAT 1 STATION. EXPERIMENT AGRICULTURAL 9L°FG | 8° [Se-ET | een |. 80°% GF°SS | OLS [OS"ET | 66'S |\00'°s SL°SE | €0°S |L9°ST | e0°F {195° CLS | 09°L COIL | 0E°6 | \eF's ¥0°GI | 16°L |60°SE | F8°S ||or°s LG°SG | IS \E8°6 | 19°8 |IFE"e T¥°GS | 9G°T |80°ET | 11-8 |len'T LE°SZ | LES ISP | 98°6 | log" 85'S | 8S°S |OO'FL | G1°9 |1L8°% GG°FG | 68°S G6 IL | Soh | SI°¢ GO'ST | So°T |8o-eE | TL" |foL'T g: (8 $8 3 % = | ST Se ae 3 ‘woENTR A UOTLIg 606 60'S PLL 1G°8 OL'9 ifS"6 OF OT 66°S Fo |\99 8 ToOL | GILT | OG] E | | I 66'S | GG> | GOS | ELS | LOS GOFL core odnaVyY payeayaoouo0g jvinedg oyvj0,7 SaAdeyy| | 95°01 OL‘IL $S° ere egg (98°6 0G FL ecco ees eos 909.009 20860 D000 D000 0G00GN ANS) OIOv J alqnpos 9 igs (Share fi seecce DGD 90 GOV G00 009 COOOG OO TEA AISonN GAS doyVpeses 6 ISL'OL 9L°S C 06 LS°G 93° L 00°CL z clobenes-aeleiciole cclzssieleiciore/siertieYernie eres TT CS OMe auog |vsoy esol FS" 1 OLS 1h'9 06° T 0G FI eeeceerseceeeoe DOOOD COD VB TAIT A UMOGg SuULpoeg on Fa'8 Pile Se'T Ce F 69'S C6 IT eevee e+ Pee eee Goe7 toe DOO roceee Oo INUBI 07810g 3 OE°TL | OL” | S'S | GOS | S6°G ELT Gert TL 0e'L 10’? ¥8'9 FG 00°FI 802 220.0000 00000000010 0000 000 UDO SOD a THIN GOlIOU (at ovidiuoim?d IT BE OO ROCCO DUO DDODO 00 COC COD OOF AVANT yooy yjnowm |g (60L. 96°L | 19°S | SEO INIT S OG°SE [ecco testes eee ees aqeqdsoug ooavqoy, puw dofFy ‘03"10g 62°6 | CO°G | 006 | F2°S | 9B°S OTOL [irre teeter eee eee apery USI ‘Wozt[NI9,q OVR}0qg' 16°6 Omi je-9 arash 9L°1 98°Gr ofetehtheivieve, sieinieisickercAsieterelohcisheresshvreinscewevriee ces TO ZIT Ova lloitel aqnpos & OIqUCAYV ws pooaoy UasO1IIN we dINISIOPT aqnjosuy w& ‘ploy ol1oydsoyg J ‘puvig ‘SSUSALTVNV AO SLTOSHa *1oquIn NT Teor 068 UOlye}g 60°ST | 60°G | FL°TT) a" 98°LE | FE*T | GEST] € STATE COLLEGE MAINE Z| 10°F | epee] 1h°6 | 9F°F|| 8G°6 [LO'EL | EFS | FO°S | FO'D | FOS ALOT [torr resorts testes eee MIO Toy QIMUPTT OSPl1G403S | TOOT ePO Rm RCR PTIRY. Si LORGI Cue Gul Rnalial Veale Gliese! FESO CONGOU GC i|poomese series sumenvimines ence QnerdsOqdxodnign = 55 696 00°#% | 9¢°3 | GL FI! e8°9 | coe! core loTET | SFE | ORs | Ze" F L IGe°G OF*L 99°6 96°S F9'°S 91°F eS"T OL’ eL eeoeersese Beeeesaeseseees OTOODOD OSDO OOO COULD) 3 998 g PLS eee sees eeeeeseese veers DODD DOGO) YAN IGN [ 07v407 a 766 P2°S '06°E&L sisjelnjolslejejeielejeieie(ejo(e\e sie1e elaiaieisevieierouorerToZ til orpe tc pUCdS 0¢s | 93°L | s°F1] SPL |!LO°s|] FE" [OTT | IT'S | e's | LT TF | 6F'1|| G3°L |S0°OL | 5's | 89'S | TOD |\6a'T/|O9OL |-tee et tee e et teste eee MMO”, SuIpeog pursg y paupurys|Fos S| 99'S | GEFT] OL'S | 9F-E|| OT'G [TTL | 12°S | 60'S | TOL |SL'T} OS'S [rrreteeesesteseeeres ees * (S909) AoZIWAT OIIOg [kpads [eas 20 Z| 98-2 | 89°01] 8z-6 | 98°21) $6°9 [86°L | OO'E | IS°T | LE°e ||FS*e| OGIT [resets et sees eee oONRpEseg ‘Aezt [M10 OWWIJog [eHeds|T6s 99° IT 99°II eo'l |Fe-go | GS"es) Bo" QO'T |terctrreccssseseteceeeeseceeseerer +003 UI[OIBD INOS |GFOL Z| 28°S |. G9'FT| orn [ele] LF°6 [CTL | SLL | Gos | Gar |lesrs] 0 °GT |o+s**+Se0qwIOg pur ovovGQoy, Ioy ,, 7 » [FSS ©2°€G | G°F | GO°6 | SI°6 |190°4|| 00°9 J9G"L | 96°K | 69°T | THF |[L8°@ OF'ST |oveeserereseeeeeroanuUY oyejod [wloads ogtord 14 n108 866 $ $ $ % % % % % % % || % a on Bglos| Ed esiicol Fl ei Fie) eas So | Sa |PSe| ga i| s 5 S ° a = q || = Be |S |focime ei S| = | & | & | = lel s gS | FS} gol BS = Se g || 2 ah | ‘aonEn[rA WOES ‘ploy os0ydsoyg “SHSATVNV JO SLTINSHY 21 STATION. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT eeccrcccccccccvorooo a yUdsoud 07810 gq ABD y SUIBIT[I AA seecceerororoosoee FAZIIIY UMBT OVDUqoy, pus anyding se cccccoee cer cee seo 89/QU1000 A. a9 stesceescees cveesZuissaaq doy, ,, “SOLIIIQMBIG PUB S]INIY [[vUIG ,, se eeeesesecceseees seeeer *S100Y ,, eeeeeecceeecesce cooeeseeSQ0jjOd ” 99 9 ” 9 ” ” 02°OL eeeeeseccee seeccrecereee*SUOIUO IOjJ d1IU UV AL ISPLIQ3I0}9 60° | 63°F | 68°6 | GL°6 | SF°S)| LIL i88°S | 88°S ) SL°L | Ger eae 98° FE | GL°L §8° S1°9 | G0°L 88° 88° GL’G OG°SL OL°0€ | 10°9 CS°CL FS*IL | 69°9| OLS \99°OL | 9¢°S | 60'S | 10°S | OL°S ST°OL CEls | C8 COOL LGOET ||\C6°S)| F6°F |EF°SL | SF°L | 99°S | SGT | 66°F CFF F0°GE | GSO 6L°ET |80°S |98°6, SB°S ILG'IL | 6G°e ¥6'G | FLD | 19°S Ga°8 TOTS | OF'9 COG [GEOL | GIL) OG'F SG'IT | S8°L | 86'S | LEE | 90°S 08°F FS°08 | CFS |CO°FL |LO'TL |90°9 | 06'S ES'1T | €8°S | Ee°s | C8'9 | OF°ES 60'S 18°66 | 06° |LE°ST |0Z°IT | 68°E)} SE°S \00°TT | 29°S | 0G's | S8'e | OG°S $)¢)s)| 8) %)|%|%)|%)%)|% 4] loon! b kK Jaled| Sq ese] 2) e|e) 2] 2 iele s0 aS J 3 =) 3 S S © 2 ro) a SI = = ept|/ so |So0s| mo D = = = 4 S ° + S| Fo [se] Fe lei 2 a le | 2 ie Ile sg m | go So = a ov 5 3 ° *mOeN[eA Uolje1S ‘ploy oluoydsoyg *puvig ‘SASLIVNV JO SLTOASAY ¥o8 vO LOOT 22 MAINE STATE COLLEGE OBSERVATIONS ON THE FERTILIZER INSPECTION OF 1892, AND REMARKS ON METHODS OF BUYING PLANT FOOD. In the case of sixty-four brands of fertilizers analyzed, the average selling price as given to the Station Agent was $34.08. The average station valuation of the same brands was $24.07, or $10 less than the selling price. The station valuation is the same for which the fertilizing ingredients in one ton can be bought in the large markets in a condition ready for use, consequently in 1892 it is costing the farmer $10 per ton or forty per cent. of the retail price in Boston, for instance, to have the goods placed at his door. Perhaps it may be said that some manufacturers are furnishing plant food more cheaply. In the case of seventeen brands sold by two leading manufacturers, the average selling price is $36.38 and the average station valuation $27.05, a difference of $9.33, or 84.5 per cent. of the cost in the market. It appears then, that even with the manufacturers most largely patronized, there is a margin of over $9.00 between what farmers are actually paying for a ton of superphosphate and the cost of the same amount of plant food in unmixed goods when bought in the large markets. It certainly does not cost $9.00 for freight and mixing. The other items of expense are agents’ commis- sions, €redit, etc., and these might be saved by a change in business methods. This subject has been extensively studied and discussed by the New Jersey Experiment Station, and the following admirable comments by Mr. Voorhees, chemist of the station, are of inter- est to farmers in general. ‘The principal points which have been shown are—1. That the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in raw or unmixed materials can be bought at a less cost per pound than the Station’s valuations; and 2. That the cost of the same elements in mixed fertilizers is at least 25 per cent. greater than Station’s valuations. The difference between these two methods of buying would amount on the basis of last year’s sales to over $336,000. (For New Jersey.) This sum is consumed not in manufacturers’ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ye profits alone, as some suppose, but in the transportation of a vast amount of absolutely worthless material, in agents’ com- missions and in credit. There are two classes of farmers who claim that it does not pay to buy the unmixed or incomplete materials: First, those who use very small quantities; and, second, those who act as selling and advertising agents. In the first case less favorable terms are quoted for unmixed materials, and the expenses of freight and handling are proportionately increased, thus adding materially to the cost of actual fertilizing elements. In the second case specific brands are bought direct from the manu- facturer in large lots at low rates for cash, thus saving in freight, commission and credit upon personal supplies. The majority of farmers, however, especially those who make farming their sole business, do not belong to either of these classes, and hence these arguments lose their force, though not their influence, on such farmers as are not progressive and do not study closely the matter of economical buying. Still, if manufacturers would treat all buyers as they do their agents and sell to them direct, and farmers could be made to realize the importance of co-opera- tion and of cash purchases, the trade in complete fertilizers would be more satifactory to both producer and consumer. Under present conditions, however, the evidence gathered by the Station is manifestly in favor of the buying of unmixed materials and applying direct, as needed, or mixing to suit the varied needs of crop and soil.” Among the causes which should receive emphatic mention as producing the high prices for mixed fertilizers sold by agents, is the credit system, and for this the farmer is himself largely responsible. A cash system would make a saving of so large a per cent. of the cost of fertilizers as to render it profitable for farmers to hire money at six per cent. in order to pay down for their goods. Still further advantage would be secured by co-operation in the buying of large quantities. Unmixed fertilizers such as plain superphosphates, nitrate of soda and muriate of potash have been mentioned as furnishing plant food more cheaply than the mixed goods, but this is not necessarily the case. It so happens that the former materials are the ones which can be purchased without the intervention of the travelling and local agents, whose interests must be protected by the manufacturer, and these are the goods to which the more 24 MAINE STATE COLLEGE economical method of buying can more easily be applied. As Mr. Voorhees suggests, the common brands of superphosphate could doubtless be obtained on just as favorable terms, provided a change could be made to direct sales of large quantities for cash. If farmers would give this matter immediate practical attention, they would be more certain to secure prompt and important financial advantages than by the long drawn out discussions over tax and tariff reforms, however important these may be. The disadvantages of the present method by which our farmers are largely obtaining their fertilizers may be summarized, as follows : (1) Itis a costly system of selling due to the large expense for agents and the great loss on credits. (2) It is a system which unfortunately seems to: be accom- panied by so many unfair arguments and so much of distortion of facts that the farmer is, to some extent, hindered rather than aided in gaining clear ideas of true facts. (3) And so this is a system which leads farmers to consider chiefly the rival claims of competing manufacturers rather than to study his own needs and then to buy such plant food as is adapted to his wants. If farmers are to purchase commercial plant food, great advan- tages would result in a change to the following system : (1) The buying of plant food as such under proper names, and thus avoid the confusion and uncertainty attending the pur- chase of an ever increasing number of brands whose names mean little or nothing. (2) The purchase of fertilizers in large quantities for cash. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 25 MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. 835. Muck from I. O. Winslow, St. Albans. 841 and 842. Mucks from E. E. Light, Burkettsville. |___ 835 84.1 $42 =e | 3 —=s| o —a| o sO o Zo i) Zo 2 22/4 || 28| 4 || 28] 4 fe| S |lee| 8 lee 8 o| 3s Ome a OS| a \NENIGIPo Go0'C000 BuOOH OU COOOOOGO 77.52] - 80.66 | - 79.54 | -—— ASHVANG Sand lee e ec ewes clelele 4.30/19-15]| 1.49] 7.70|| 7.04] 34.43 JZGiBSIN ooocad ngBdaa pbb COdGOUN 03 14 -02)|' 208 -04 20 Phosphoric Acid............- -24) 1.08 elO ey 4: -19) -96 — INMMOSE)N 60000 coodDooduobeD doe 38| 1.70 42) 2.16 34} 1.67 When received at the station samples of muck contained so much water that it is necessary to dry them before they can be properly pulverized for analysis. The results obtained are recal- culated for the original content of water and also, for purposes of comparison, to a water-free basis. The first figures are, of course, of most interest to the farmer, as they represent more nearly the condition of the muck as it is ordinarily used for agricultural purposes. 672. 676. 684. 843. Feldspar.—From Cumberland Bone Co. Potash 12.07 per cent. A typical orthoclase feldspar may contain as high as 16.9 per cent. potash. Here, as in most feld- spars of the orthoclase variety, a part of the potash is replaced by soda. Fish Pomace.—¥rom P. B. Friend, N. Sedgwick. This is said to consist for the most part of the heads of herrings, from a sardine factory. It contains: Water 04.66 per cent., Nitrogen 5.26 per cent., Potash .26 per cent., Phosphoric acid 2.05 per cent. Sea Weed.—From H. A. Long, Gt. Beach, Roque Island. Water 76.00 per cent., Nitrogen 1.04 per cent., Phos: phoric acid .07 per cent. Cedar Ashes.—From Judge Robinson, Houlton. Water 1.52 per cent., Potash 5.09 per cent., Phosphoric acid 1.91 per cent. Ashes from Burned Muck.—From Albert Pease, Phillips. This material is largely siliceous, about 95 per cent. being insoluble in hydrochloric acid. It contains traces of phos- phoric acid, but not enough to give it any value. 26 MAINE STATE COLLEGE ANALYSES OF CATTLE FOODS. Certain cattle foods have been sent to the Station for analysis from time to time, the composition of some of which is given below. CXXXVI. Linseed Meal, sent by Hon. Z. A. Gilbert. OXEXSaVIe heed ours +S Bete 6 6 CXXXVIII. Flour Sweepings, sent by E. F. Roundy, North Hermon. CXXXIX.. Flour Sweepings, sent by E. F. Roundy, North Hermon. CXXIII. Pratt’s Food, sent by A. C. Chandler, New Gloucester. 2 Air dry. Water-free. 3 ce HT Gl GTS eA ae SE ara: = re) » 5 | ) dis . a S cis a < Sea = eet fect Pista crc etal eecqmn asic (heist |e. || FI | cules eee ies ese =) So 2) | = iS ma | 2) ee le | BO le | 4 | ee emo S Za at Ze ne A nD 4 a CXXXVI_ |Linseed Meal...| 9.03] 5.60! 39.94/7.28 Pali 6.15} 43.948.00) 38.77/3.15 CXXXVII |Feed Flour...... 7.32) 2.82) 20.81)1.93 eect 3.04) 22.442 08) 67.38/5.05 CXXXVIII Flour Sweepings 11.33) 2.50, 10.62)1.89) bere 2.82) 11.982.13) 81.23/1.84 CXXX VIX) ss 8.80)15.95| 9.19)1.50 eran 17.49; 10.07 1.64, 65.09)5.71 6 CXXIII Pratt’s Toe ee 5.79| 13.75'5.94| 56.805.36| 6. | The above analyses of cattle foods call for no special comment with the exception of Pratt’s Food for horses and cattle. There are several weighty reasons why this food should receive careful consideration. (1) Itis sold at the rate of $120 per ton. (2) Its manufacturers claim that it prevents nearly all of the common diseases and disorderes to which farm animals are sub- ject, that it is, besides, a preventive of certain serious contagious diseases, that it produces richer milk and more of it, that animals fatten quickly when it is fed, and that it gives to horses greater power of endurance. If the manufacturers of this material have succeeded in com- bining a food that in its relation to disease has such a high pre- ventive and remedial influence, and in its relation to the nutrition of an animal produces the highly valuable results which appear to be claimed by their circulars, they should be classed among the benefactors of the age. It must be confessed, however, that the 0 oe 64.83/6.11 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Hi advertised claims of this food exceed the credible and pass into the absurd. This becomes all the more evident when we consider what the food is. It has received a careful examination at this Station, and while we are not prepared to say that it does not contain minute quantities of substances which we have not discovered, we have become convinced that its composition does not warrant its purchase at any unusual price. The results of our examination are as follows : (1) The food has the appearance of being chiefly ground bran or shorts and is undoubtedly what it appears to be. (2) The food contains a small amount of fenugreek, an aro- matic seed supposed to have mild medicinal properties. (3) It contains something less than three per cent. of common salt. (4) The quantities of any other substances which it may con- tain are so small as to not be easily discovered. It is the opinion of those examining the food that no other compounds exists in it save those which are the proper constituents of any food. (5) The analysis of the food gives about the same figures that we should expect from bran or shorts, with a somewhat smaller percentage of protein than these milling products now contain. Even if it were found that this food is so compounded as to have, under certain circumstances, a positive medicinal effect. this fact would not constitute a good reason why farmers should pur- chase and feed it indiscriminately. We no longer believe in quack nostrums that will cure all troubles. The course which the intelligent farmer takes to-day in the treatment of diseased animals is to secure the attendance and advice of a competent veterinarian who will administer remedies suitable to the case in hand. As for the prevention of disease it is a common experience that all that is ordinarily necessary is cleanliness, good care and proper and sufficient food. If these conditions do not prevail it is useless for the farmer to attempt to remedy the faults in his management by the use of any advertised cure-all, such as the one under con- sideration. This food may not possess any injurious properties because of the small amount of unusual constituents which it con- tains, but in the opinion of the writer its purchase at a price exceeding the ordinary cost of commercial cattle foods is a waste of money. Tis ie. A ae ea at ow, Ai AS ha. ; DORN E aaal yh fs), > Migsagaeun lt Nita ek alae NG ia Feild | . Darl, ay Re rites phe MTOR AMS got’) i bik : die GbE ee ty if iA bF ey Pett Miah Wea ONE MejE te: hy MN oat 1 glee Hi Pay thing na ia ik ery iG 1) t jh ae fy Ors al) a Amt’ f I i 4 te We a A ti fate ns eh AVOHRE ORI Hd ae By Bf * ¥ : ‘ wh } a wit. cle ij nh eit Rat . ' f % yi i 4 I . Vr ae ' ak eM: ; . at ; r; } PUAL Vela hh rete VOESR BON Pett A MF i Diet ae i ARIE Ah LS ‘ 5 Naar : wat in ‘ he ‘ Mal 5 i } : { pi oy ee Bee | iF ; if bee: ES ‘ ‘ i } Mat se eee LED an Fey ue : ba ri F att J ADye. |); Be) | fy - HH h, 4) Lett {P's ca c i gk wih 4 ey ApeE CHER aU Maen h bid hie a kid See ALRCEA Sr bte i ant O ie Ny STE Ph ‘ FET Lae STRODE Pa PE On ci ‘ (ipeatiyer ia ae by Muakereared eQaei te mete bo eure Pat ashi! (Aa PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE SECONDARAY EFFECTS OF POLLINATION. By W. M. Munson. The change produced by contact of embryo sac and pollen tube is not confined to the mere vivification of one or more ¢ells; though this is the chief end,—the primary object of all pollination. There are certain secondary effects which are of interest to the botanist and may be of great practical value to the horticulturist. When there is a difference between male and female parents, the embryo partakes to a greater or less extent of the nature of both parents. In general, this influence is apparent first in the offspring of the cross; but in some instances there appears to be an immediate effect on the ovary or other portions of the female parent. In some cases also, the pollen seems to have a direct stimulating influence on the ovarium, without effecting the impreg- nation of the ovules. Again, in certain instances the vigor of the plant seems sufficient to develop a marked growth of the ovary in the entire absence of the male element. The form and size of the ovary are often materially affected by the application of different amounts of pollen to the stigma. In some plants more than one embryo is developed in a single ovule, indicating the possibility of superfcetation. ‘These, and other secondary problems arising in connection with the systematic amelioration of cultivated plants, are often of great practical importance. The following notes can be regarded only as preliminary; as forming a basis from which to start in future work in this direc- tion. Although some of the problems considered have been under discussion for more than a century, they are still unsolved. There has not been sufficient systematic study to warrant the formulation of general laws, and this study must necessarily extend over a long series of years. In the notes are embodied as concisely as may be, the more important results obtained by leading experi- menters in this country and in Europe, together with some obser- vations of the writer on the subjects in question. Special acknowledgement is due to Professor L. H. Bailey of Cornell University, for the use of certain notes and photographs, and for free access to his private library. 30 MAINE STATE COLLEGE I. On tHe IMMEDIATE INFLUENCE OF POLLEN ON THE MOTHER PLANT. Even before the sexual theory regarding plant reproduction was commonly accepted, the question of the immediate effect of pollen on the form and character of the female parent received the atten- tion of careful observers. Bradley early gave directions for per- forming the operation of crossing and wrote: ‘‘By this knowledge we may altar the property and taste of any fruit by impregnating the one with the farina of another of the same class; as, for example, a Codlin with a Pearmain, which will occasion the Codlin so impregnated to last a longer time than usual and be of a sharper taste; if winter fruit be fecundated with dust of the sum- mer kinds, they will decay before their usual time.’”’* In 1745 Benjamin Cook, in a paper before the Royal Philosophi- cal Society,t cited the appearance of russet apples on trees ordinarily producing smooth fruit, and the reverse, as examples of the effect of pollen. Other cases have been frequently noted as proofs of the existence of the same phenomenon.{ Even at this early date, however, careful experiments undertaken by Thomas Andrew Knight and others, tended to show that the apparent effects might be due to bud variations, or other causes aside from the action of pollen. Knight at this time wrote: ‘‘I have in some hundred instances introduced the pollen of one variety of the plum, the pear, the apple, the cherry, the peach, the melon and other fruits into the blossoms of very different and opposite habits, and I have never, (although I have most closely attended to the results) found in any one instance the form, colour, size or flavour of the fruit belonging to such blossoms in any degree whatever changed or affected.’’§ In 1865 Thomas Meehan opened discussion of the subject in the columns of the Gardener’s Monthly, remarking: ‘‘For ourselves, without being satisfied that there is any material change in the quality of the fruit, we cannot deny there is some; and there may be much more than we at present imagine. At any rate, we think it may be taken for granted that melons grown near squashes often have a suspicious squashy flavour, that gives some ground for the popular theory of mixing.’”’|| The suggestion is further made * Bradley, New Improvements in Planting and Gardening, 7th ed. (1789), p. 18. t Philosophical Trans. 1745. t Trans. Lond. Hort. Soe., V, 69. § Trans. London Hort. Soc., V, 67. || Gard. Month., VII, 306. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 31 that if the change be found to occur in squashes, the same law will apply to the whole region of fruit—an assumption which is altogether too broad. There is evidence which goes to show that within certain limits there is an immediate effect of the male element, but that those limits are quite restricted. As early as 1729 the presence of both white and blue peas in the same pod was observed, when two varieties of the different colors were planted near each other.* This fact has been repeatedly confirmed. In 1822 examples were presented to the London Horticultural Society. A variety known as Blue Prussian was crosséd with a white variety. The resultant peas were yellowish-white like the male parent.¢ Laxton, in 1866, crossed the Tall Sugar Pea which bears thin green pods, with pollen of a purple-podded variety. ‘‘The pod resulting was clouded with purple, while one of the peas was of a clear violet- purple tint and another was irregulariy clouded with purple.” The results, in so far as the changed color of the peas is concerned, were confirmed by Darwin. { Crucknell§ cites an instance of apparent immediate influence in case of the pear. A single branch on a Belle Lucrative tree bore a few specimens resembling Vicar or Winkfield. As Vicars were growing near, the conclusion is drawn that the fruits in question were affected by the foreign pollen. There is no reason to sup- pose, however, that this and the numerous cases of the appearance of russet apples on trees not usually russeted, are other than instances of bud variation, as pointed out by Knight. || Of about one hundred artificial pollinations performed by Charles W. Garfield at the Michigan Agricultural College, but three of the crosses showed any variation which could in any way be con- strued as the effect of pollen, ‘‘These were: First. Wagener upon Tallman Sweet. There was a modification of flavor quite noticable, the fruit being sub-acid. Second. Tallman Sweet upon Astrachan. In this instance there was a manifest change in the color, flavor and shape. The apples were quite mild to the taste, the color was very much modified, and the form was that of a flat apple. Third. Tallman Sweet upon Wagener. The modi. fication here was noticable in all the specimens, in flavor and * Philosophical Trans., XLIII, 525. { Trans. Hort. Soc., V, 234. ¢ An. and Plts. Under Domest., I, 428. § Gard. Month., IX, 165. || Trans. London Hort. Soc., V, 67. 32 MAINE STATE COLLEGE color.”’* I am informed, however, that at the present time Mr. Garfield doubts the influence of pollen in causing the variations here noted. Professor L. H. Bailey in 1887, performed many crosses with different varieties of apples ‘‘and got no effect in any way, not even in season of maturity or in texture.”} Similar results were obtained by Crozier in 1888. More than one thousand crosses were made, and they were carefully observed during the season with a view to detecting any immediate effects. ‘*The examination failed to show any differences which could be attributed to the influence of the cross. In several instances different varieties were crossed upon the same tree, but the resulting fruits did not differ materially from each other, or from the remainder of the crop upon the tree.’’} In many species, both wild and cultivated, sports bearing fruit differing from the normal type, are not uncommon. Diccious plants of this character must necessarily receive pollen from an individual of a different character, but as a rule no effect is observed on the appearance of the fruit of either individual. A single plant of Mitchella repens, bearing white berries, was dis- covered by Mr. Meehan and removed to his grounds. Thus isolated, it produced no fruit, but in the natural state, and fertilized by pollen from the red-berried form, the white fruit was produced in abundance. Jlex verticillata as a rule has red berries, but a white-berried form on the grounds of Professor Sargent regularly produced white fruit, although necessarily receiving pollen from the red form.§ On the other hand, instances are cited to show that there is a marked effect on the color of flowers when two varieties of dif- ferent color are in close proximity. White verbenas, growing by the side of a pink variety are said to have produced striped flowers on the side of the plant next to the pink variety—the other side of the plant retaining the white color. Similar instances of changed color in case of phiox and petunias have come under my own observation, but in each of these cases the plants were so situated that the change could not be construed as due to the influence of pollen. If pollen exerts a modifying influence on the character of the fruit, we should expect the color of black grapes to be less * Gard. Month., XVIII, 23, (Jan., 1876.) t Proc. Am. Pom. Soce., 1887, 22. { Crozier, Bul. 3, Iowa Agr. Expt. Sta., 92. § Gard. Month., XX VII, 116. || Berckmans, Am. Agriculturist, July, 1889, 344. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATOIN. 33 intense if fertilized by pollen from white varieties, than if self- fertilized, or crossed by other dark varieties. That such influence is doubtful, however, is indicated by the work of Goff, of Crozier and others. In 1886, Goff crossed several varieties of black grapes with pollen from a white variety—the Lady Washington. Other flowers on the same vines were self fertilized. At maturity it was impossible to detect any difference either of color or of flavor between the self-fertilized and the crossed berries of the same variety.* Similar results were obtained by Crozier at the Iowa Experiment Station in 1888.7 The cotton plant furnishes an instance in which there is appar- ently unmistakable evidence of the immediate effect of foreign pollen. In 1890, at the Georgia Experiment Station, flowers of upland cotton, Gossypium Barbadense, were crossed with pollen from common Okra, Hibiscus esculentus. Apparently perfect bolls of cotton were formed, but in every instance the seed failed to germinate when planted. The reciprocal cross resulted in appar- ently normal Okra seeds, but the offspring varied from the normal in time of flowering and fruiting.{ In 1891 the work was repeated, and Director R. J. Redding in a private letter to the writer reports, ‘‘bolls of cotton, the result of cotton blooms pol- lenized with Okra pollen this year, in which one and sometimes two of the carpels contained a very small quantity of lint adhering to the seed while the other divisions of the ovary were abortive.” It was early observed§ that there is an immediate visible effect of foreign pollen on corn, extending in many cases even to the receptacle, and the repeated confirmations by Crozier, Sturtevant, || Kellerman,§ Tracy** and others would leave little doubt as to the accuracy of the observations. That there is a difference in varieties, in the readiness with which the influence of pollen is shown, is altogether probable. Sturtevant lays down the general proposition: ‘‘Under the condi- tions of ordinary seed, maize does not in general show the effects of current cross-fertilization, the exception being the sweet corns which exhibit the influence of current foreign pollen very readily.”++ The proposition is based on the study of about one * Sth Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., 180. } Agr. Sci., IT, 319 t Expt. Sta. Record, III, 135 § Philosophical Trans., XLV II, 206. || 8rd Rep. N. Y. Exp. Sta., 148. iW 2nd Rep. Kan. Exp. Sta., 288- rae (1889) . ** Rep. Mich. Hort. Soc., 1888, 4: tf 3d Rep. N. Y. Ag. Exp. Sta., 149. 34 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. hundred and twenty-five named varieties, including flint, dent, pop, and sweet corns. That the flint and dent varieties often exhibit a change the current year, however, is abundantly proved by the work of the other experimenters referred to; though all agree that the change is most readily seen in sweet corn, and least so in the flint varieties. In this connection, also, Sturtevant makes the statement that ‘‘cross-bred corn has a greater tendency to current cross-fertilization than has purely bred corn”’*—a condition we should naturally expect from the variable tendency of hybrids and cross-breeds. While there would seem to be no doubt as to the immediate influence of foreign pollen in the case of corn, it is not improbable that what is in reality seminal effect, may sometimes be credited to the immediate action of the foreign pollen. Darwin cites numerous instances} to prove the existence of an immediate effect of crossing and though some of the examples to which he gave credence are now discredited, many of them are apparently well authenticated. Seeds of Matthiola annua are normally of a light brown color, while those of M. incana are violet black; yet M. annua crossed by M. incana yielded about fifty per cent. of black seeds. Flowers of the orange fertilized by pollen from a lemon tree produced fruit bearing a longitudinal stripe of peel having the color, flavor and other characters of thelemon. Recent observations in this country and in Europe would appear to confirm the statements regarding citrus fruits.{ Sabine§ cites an instance in which the form of the ovary of Amaryllis vittata was altered by the application of foreign pollen ; while Maximowicz made reciprocal crosses between Lilium bulbiferum and L. davuricum and found ‘‘each species produced fruit almost identical with the pollen bearing species.” || Fritz Miiller crossed Cattleya Leopoldi by Epidendron cinnabarianum, and obtained a marked change in the form of the seeds.4 Rhododendron dalhousie crossed by Rhododendron Nutallii is cited by Darwin as an example of the increased size of ovary result- ing from the action of foreign pollen, while Arabis blepharophylla crossed by A. Soyeri produced pods larger than either parent species.** Darwin also gives credence to the story of the St. * 3rd Rep. N. Y. Ag. Exp. Sta., 149. { An. and Plts. Under Domest., I, 428 et seq. i See Repts. Am. Pom. Soc., 1889 and 1891. Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc., V, 69. || Darwin, An. and Plts. Under Domest., I, 431. T Ibid. 4 +* Thid, 432. oe se AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35 Valery apple, the stamens of which are abortive, and being arti- fically pollinated, the fruits are said to differ from one another in size, flavor and color, resembling in character the various kinds by which they have been fertilized.* In the cultivation of pistillate varieties of strawberries, it is usually considered necessary to set some variety with well developed stamens in the immediate vicinity to furnish the pollen requisite to the fertilization of seeds, and consequent development of the receptacle. It is believed by many growers that the character of these pistillate varieties may be varied at will, by using different varieties for the male parent. In other words, it is believed that there is an immediate effect of the male element in determining the time of maturity, the color, the shape, and even the flavor of the receptacle of the variety crossed. If this theory be based on fact, it is of no small practical importance. If it were true, that in all cases, or that as a rule, the fruit partakes of the character of the male parent, there could be no fixed character to any pistillate variety. But will the facts warrant the assumption that this immediate effect in the case of strawberries is by any means universal, if common? Personally I have con- ducted no work bearing upon this point, but several experiments have been performed by careful observers, and the results obtained by them are of interest in this connection. The results as pub- lished differ considerably, but in general, the weight of authority goes to show that the receptacle is not materially affected by the male element. At the meeting of the American Pomological Society in 1885, extended and spirited discussions of this subject were held. Professor W. R. Lazenby of the Ohio Experiment Station, had found the influence of the male element decidedly manifest. When blossoms of Crescent were fertilized by pollen from Down- ing, Vick, or Sharpless, the characteristic shape, texture and other qualities of the male used, were impressed on the receptacle to such an extent that it was possible to determine the male parent from the general appearance of the crop.f A repetition of these experiments the following season, however, failed to give any marked results. { A.S§. Fuller who has made a careful study of the subject since 1859, claims to have obtained very marked indications of an * Darwin, An. and Pits. Under Domest I, 432. jt Proc. Am. Pom. Soc., 1885, 66. t Rep. Ohio Exp. Sta., 1885, 107. 36 MAINE STATE COLLEGE immediate directing influence on the form and size of the recep- tacle.* Mr. Fuller attributes this apparent influence to the direct action of the pollen in stimulating the growth of ovary or receptacle without reference to the fertilization of the ovules. Admitting the stimulating effect, however—and of this there seems to be but little doubt—does the directing effect necessarily follow? From an extensive field experiment conducted by Professor T. J. Burrill in 1884, it was found ‘‘easy enough to select individual berries conspicuously different from each other, as is always the case, but it was not possible to detect the slightest tendency towards a resemblance to the pollen bearer.”+ In a similar experiment conducted the following year on the farm of P. M. Angur of Connecticut, like results were obtained. t In none of the carefully conducted experiments of Goff and Hunn at the New York Experiment Station, have any immediate effects been discerned. Berries from Crescent blossoms, receiving the pollen of Lennig’s White, were not different in color from those fertilized with Wilson or Sharpless pollen. Flowers fertilized on one side by pollen from the white variety, and on the other with Sharpless pollen were symmetrical in form and uniform in color.§ Out of one hundred and sixty-seven successful crosses made by Crozier, there was not an individual instance that pointed to a specific influence of the foreign pollen. || The nature of cucurbitaceous plants is admirably adapted to show the immediate effects of crossing if such occur. In a mixed plantation many of the fiowers on any individual plant, when left to natural processes, would necessarily receive pollen from very different sources. If now, there were an immediate effect of pollen, we should expect to find fruits of very different character on any vine. Such is not the case, however. I have repeatedly looked for this difference, but haye never seen it; nor have I observed it when several flowers on the same plant were artificially crossed with pollen from different varieties or species. Crozier§ and Bailey have repeatedly obtained like results. Bailey, whose crosses of cucurbits run up into the thousands, asserts positively that: ‘‘There is no immediate infiuence whatever, except such as * Proc. Am. Pom. Soc., 1885, 68. t Proc. Am. Pom. Soe., 1885, 67. t Ibid, 70. § 4th Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., (1885), 227; 5th Rep. (1886), 179; also Bul. 24, (N.S.), 330, (1890). || Agr. Sci., IV, 287. ! Ag. Sci., I, 227. gue AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 37 is due to imperfect development caused by insufficient or impotent pollen.’’* In our work with tomatoes and egg plants there has in no case occurred an instance of immediate effect, other than alteration of form due to insufficient pollen. During the past winter numerous crosses and hybridizations of tomatoes have been made. The accompanying photographs of the most violent of these crosses indicate the entire absence of apparent effects. Figure 1 represents the ‘‘Lorillard,” crossed by pollen of the “Currant,” (Lycopersicum esculentum crossed by L. Pimpinelli- folium). The Lorillard is a smooth, nearly spherical variety, of medium size, and as grown under glass, seldom weighs more than three or four ounces. Fig. 1. Lorillard K Currant. As will be seen, the fruit is in every respect typical of the Lorillard. The offspring from this cross, however, show unmis- takable evidences of the influence of the male parent, both in the habit of the plants and in the character of the foliage and flowers. The fruit also is intermediate between the parents in size and character. * Bul. 25 Cornell Uniy. Exp. Sta., 181, (Dec., 1890). 3 8 MAINE STATE COLLEGE | A Mal he, | is ; | ae yt ay " \\ Fig.3. Section of Fruits shown tnx Fig. 2. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 39 Figures 2 and 3 are from photographs of a cluster in which each fruit has a different male parent. The variety used was the Loril- lard. Number 1 received pollen of the same variety, while number 2 was given pollen from the ‘‘Currant,” and number 3 from the ‘‘Peach.” As in the previous instance, there is no apparent effect on the form of the fruit; and the seeds gave no indication of the different parentage—all were apparently typical Lorillard seeds. In the offspring, the differences are very marked. The lines are sharply drawn between the crosses with Peach and Currant, the influence of the respective male parents being very evident, while the Lorillard cross is apparently unaffected by either of the others ; indicating that there was no error in the operation, also that there has been no transfer of influence along the short peduncles, as suggested by Lowe.* In an extended series of experiments with egg plants, conducted for three consecutive years at the Cornell University and the Maine State College, the most widely varying types have been crossed. In no instance, however, has there appeared an immedi- ate effect of the male parent. The little Round White when crossed with pollen from Black Pekin, differed in no respect from other fruits on the same plant. But the offspring of this cross showed very marked variations. The same facts were observed regarding several other crosses. + As before noted, instances have been reported in which the color of flowers was apparently changed by the action of foreign pollen the current season. An instance of such change has never come under my observation, though I have made numerous crosses of different varieties of Tropzeolum, Fuchsia, Silene, Phlox, Petunia, and other ornamental plants. * See page 54. { Bailey and Munson, Experiences with Egg Plants, Bul. 26 Cornell Ex. Sta., p. 14. 40 MAINE STATE COLLEGE As indicating the range over which the study of the subject has extended, a partial list of the species considered by different observers is given. Species in which immediate influence of pollen is said to have been observed : Amaryllis vittata Arabis blepharophylla - Cattleya Leopoldi Citrus aurantium Gossypium Barbadense, Lilium bulbiferum Lilium davuricum Matthiola annua Phaseolus vulgaris Pisum sativum Rhododendron dalhousiz Verbena -sp. Zea Mays Species in which no immedi- ate effect appears to occur: Cucumis melo Cucumis sativus Cucurbita maxima Cucurbita moschata Cucurbita pepo Datura Stramonium, Datura inermis Fragaria Virginiana Fuchsia sp. Lycopersicum esculentum Mitchella repens Prunus Americana Prinos verticillatus, (Ilex verticillata, Gray) Pyrus malus Pyrus Torringo Pyrus Soulardi Vitis labrusca Petunia violacea Phlox Drummondii Silene armeria Solanum melongena Tropzeolum minus The above lists are doubtless incomplete, and in any case they must necessarily be regarded as tentative. In some of the cases cited, however, the evidence seems indisputable. As will be observed, thirteen species belonging to twelve genera in ten distinct natural orders have shown variation supposed to be due to the influence of pollen of the current generation. On the other hand, twenty-two species belonging to fifteeu genera in ten natural orders, have failed to show immediate effects. Of the thirteen species showing immediate influence of pollen, four—the orange, the bean, the pea and Indian corn—are of much value as food plants ; while eleven species, or one-half of the whole number con- sidered which have not shown this influence, are also important food plants. These eleven species include many of the leading fruits and vegetables, such as the apple, plum, strawberry, grape, tomato, egg plant, pumpkin, squash and melon. The strongest AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 4] evidence both for and against the proposition is obtained from these species of economic importance ; but the question is still an open one. As yet there are no satisfactory data on which to base general conclusions. It would be unwise, at the present time, to assert that the directing influence of pollen does or does not as a rule ex- tend beyond the fertilization of the seed. It seems not improbable that polien from a vigorous plant may make an imprint of its character on the female organism which shall be different from that of a less vigorous male parent. It is probable, however, that the vigor and inherent vitality of the plant operated upon usually determines whether this be manifested. Some species show ap- parently unmistakable evidences of the influence of foreign pollen— this is notably the case with peas and Indian corn. On the other hand cucurbitaceous and solanaceous plants seem to resist all foreign influence ; while rosaceous plants are in dispute, with the weight of authority tending to show the absence of immediate in- fluence. Il. On tee DEVELOPMENT OF THE Ovary witHouT FECUNDA- TION OF THE OVULES. A common, though not an universal law of reproduction by seed requires fertilization of the ovules as a condition necessary to the development of fruit. It isa matter of common observation that, as a rule, when pollination fails to result in fertilization, or when pollen is withheld, not only the pistil withers, but the entire flower decays and falls. (Pollination is used in the sense of cdition in the animal kingdom, and does not necessarily result in impregna- tion). Instances are not infrequent, however, which point to a responsive action on the part of the pistil or other portions of the flower receiving pollen, while from an insufficient quantity of pol- len, lack of affinity on the part of the species crossed, or some other cause which remains to be determined, fertilization does not occur. Examples of this are specially common in all of our culti- vated fruits and vegetables. About the close of the seventeenth century (1691), Camerarius had observed that a female mulberry tree once bore fruit though no male tree was in its vicinity. The fruits, however, contained only abortive seeds. Plants of Mercurialis annua being then 42 MAINE STATE COLLEGE brought under observation, it was noticed that while the fruits were abundant and well filled out, they began to wither when about half ripe and not one produced perfect seed.* The instance of the mulberry is conflrmed by Claypole who citest a case within his own observation in which a pistillate tree bears fruit abundantly every year though no staminate tree is in the vicinity, and no staminate flowers have been found on the tree itself. The ‘‘seeds” in these fruits, as in the other instances, con- tain no embryos. Whether this is a case of development in the entire absence of pollen, as circumstances would indicate, or whether there may have been a limited supply of pollen at hand, it is evident that the ovaries developed independently of any action on the ovules. Dr. Masters is authority for the statement that certain varieties of pears habitually produce seedless and coreless fruit.{ In the same way it is not uncommon to find the capsules of many herba- ceous plants fully developed while the seeds are absent. M. Jean Sisley, a well known French horticulturist, found this to oce@ar with great frequency in case of the geraniums and pelargoniums. Of one hundred flowers of Geranium platypetalum artificially pol- linated, not one produced perfect seeds, and of a large number of capsules sent by another party, nearly all were without seeds.§ Naudin, as a result of his studies of the genus Cucurbita, sug- gested the possibility of a specific effect of pollen in exciting growth of the ovary; and this theory is supported by Focke, who says: ‘Pollen has two actions on the female organs, one on the seeds, and one in exciting the growth of the fruit.”|| The theory seems plausible, and in view of the many examples of well devel- oped but empty seed pods, it would seem that the stimulating action is alone exerted in some instances. ‘These examples are specially common among peas and beans. The accompanying photograph, Figure 4, represents the natural size of a Lima bean which failed to develop seeds—the undevel- oped ovules may be seen at the right. Similar instances are very common in all varieties of this class. *R. J. Camerarii Opuscula Botanici Argumenti, cited by Sachs, Hist. of Bot. 386, jRep. U.S. Dept. of Ag. 1887, 318. tNature, XXXV, 12. (Nov. 4, 1886.) §Gard. Chron. N.S. IV, 654. ||Focke, Die Pflanzen mischlinge, 447. » ete AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 43 According to Hildebrand,* in the case of several orchids the plant’s own pollen is necessary for the development of the ovarium ; and this development takes place long before the pollen tubes have reached the ovules. So in these cases the pollen acts directly on the ovarium. Disregard of the fact discovered by Camerarius, but not emphasized by him, that certain dicecious plants occasionally have monoecious individuals, has lead to many erroneous statements regarding the influence of the male element on the ovary. Hemp and Spinach have been citedy+ as examples of development without fertiliza- tion. It is well known, however, that both of these species have monecious individuals, thus furnishing a source of error in observation. The Muskmelon, ae menu sey Cucumis melo, is another instance in point. This fact first attracted my attention when attempting to per- form some artificial hybridizations between Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus. The female blossoms on the variety under con- sideration, ‘*‘ Emerald Gem,” were found to bear partially devel- oped stamens. ‘These stamens varied in size and in the amount of pollen produced, but subsequent developments indicated that enough pollen may be produced to secure self-fertilization. At the Cornell University Experiment Station several blossoms of this variety from which foreign pollen was excluded developed apparently normal fruits. In these cases of probable self-fertil- ization, however, there were no perfect seeds. Darwin cites, on the authority of Dr. Hooker, an instance of the development of the ovarium of a certain orchid— Bonatea speciosa—as a result of simple mechanical irritation of the stigma. { So far as I am aware, this observation has never been verified, *Botanische Zeitung, No. 44 et. seq. Oct. 30, 1863, and Aug. 4, 1865—cited by Dar- win, An. and Plts. Under Domest. I, 454. tLe Maout aud De Caisne, System of Botany, 152; also Spallanzani, quoted by Sachs, Hist. of Bot. 424. tAn. and Plts. Under Domest, I, 484. 44 MAINE STATE COLLEGE and it is questionable, in view of the facts here considered, whether the development would not have been as complete in the absence of the irritation. The fact that in growing English forcing cucumbers for market, gardeners never practice artificial pollination, as is necessary with the varieties commonly grown in this country, raised the question as to whether any pollen is required, and what propor- tion of the fruits would develop without fertilization. Several different varieties have been under consideration at different times. In case of the ‘‘ Telegraph,” a long slender variety, more than twenty blossoms before expanding were covered with paper bags —thus preventing all possibility of the access uf pollen. Out of this number but two developed fruits. These were typical in form and of average size—being about sixteen inches long and two and one-half inches in diameter. They contained a large number of partially developed ovules—some of them 3-8 inch long—extend- ing nearly the whole length of the fruit. ‘There were no perfect seeds, however, as shown by Figure 5. Of ten blossoms of the variety known as ‘*Sion House,” covered as above, one developed fruit. Later many other blossoms were covered and some fruits were developed, but the percentage was — about the same as before. ‘The fruits, as with the ‘‘ Telegraph,” were straight and smooth and con- tained an abundance of partially developed ovules along the whole length of the fruit ; but there were no perfect seeds. Other fruits of both varieties, left to natural con- ditions, were examined and as a rule were found to contain no per- fect seeds. Indeed, this absence of seeds is a matter of common observation, and is urged as a point of excellence in favor of the English varieties. In one instance two or three apparently good seeds Aa =D pty ra. SSS AT RNG SS Was Re ESR SNS = 50 O5/" s\|a aS) 5 |) os 3 in aS C : or 3| 6 o ay > SS |S |S os Ale aa 4 5 2 A Z <{ < < QA EARLY RUBY. ist setting..... 50009000900 S00 00000C May 19.) 8 | 22.6) 5.87 | 4.2 |July 29. 2d % Ty 550000 pp000D0G0000000000 ine 15 |) ala 19183383] Ze Ze el) Co Oye 8d OO SOO ROBE ACIATACOOSS so000|| ale Tl Wot | MoD) B33, CS PRE ATLANTIC. Ast setting...-....e...0- Godcnodne May 19.) 12 | 10.2] 2.14] 3.4 |Aug. 1. 2 Cee eos Slaves iste evaistaiete ieielers Junel.| 10 9.8 | 1.89 | 3.2 July 29. 3d COR era mistalels ares sfeteisieerslersie meen Lele Bas | Oeiss 1) 4s@i4) 2 bp. NEW JERSEY. 1st: Sil o500c0000o000KC sveeccoee|May 19.) 12 | 12.8) 5.19} 6.5 |Aug. 9. 2 INE avai a5 fav aveters a laiaieaialevavsiejers June 1 1D TAO i BOO! Coe 2 Be 3d CRAY (ahs Meaiicters Sivetalateeicretee 66 als) 1 Got! eR Zo SoG BEAUTY. - SHAS © (iL II Ostofelletelolelolelele\elel=\elalelefelaietels May 19.) 12 | 18.4) 7.10| 6.2 |Aug. 9. od Ss pab65000G00 600000000 soso nine I, 10 16.6 | 6.60 6.4 OS 3k 3d CCRT aivelcloleloieleleieielsicicroiaicisisiais Co als) i 1.4 10.17 1.9 OG 8} From the table we learn first of all, that the first ripe fruits, in every instance save one, were obtained from the plants set latest. This fact, however, is not necessarily an indication of earliness, as the late-set plants were older than is usually desirable for set- ting and the first fruits were in some cases from blossoms formed while in the house. After these had ripened there was a long interval before others followed. _ Without exception, the average number of fruits and the aver- age weight of the product per plant, was in direct ratio with the earliness of setting,—a direct confirmation of results obtained last year. The average weight of individual fruits was not essen- _ tially different in the first two settings, but was decidedly less in the last lot. 2. Effects of Bagging Fruit: The editor of one of the lead- ing agricultural papers* last year suggested covering the fruit with paper bags, as a means of inducing early ripening, claiming that in this way maturity might be hastened by several days. It is impracticable to cover individual fruits, but whole clusters on dif- ferent plants of several varieties were covered and duplicate clus- ters of the same age were marked for comparison. The following notes indicate the results : * Rural New Yorker. 64 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Size at time of Date of ripen- covering. ing. IGNOTUM. 1 Wecaee July 14 ....-..- Size of pea. Aug. 29. NNot Coveredicc.....2.... Gs & fee 19s 2 Re eee AUQ. 6--0+ 000 a ae Sept. 21. INOTRCOMOLEO iain ateiciois isle Ot be yor Tals PERFECTION. Covered July 12 ........ Ob 6 Aug. 19. Not covered....-....... Ob a Bob 0 Ke gy J Covered July 14........ at ou ECeau. > WINS COWRA oooedo 060000 te Ot peeealoe 3 nae aul Web 6 oodon or 4 inch. OG O18} “Not covered............ ge CLS: 4 {Nee oe AUS. Geese case v6 Sept. 27. NOE Conetleacsco oosaue ob Be Dilse ~» § Covered Aug. 6......... Size of pea. OO Oy) Not covered.........--. u8 Ot OAK {c PRELUDE. 1 {erat July 14........ 4 inch. Aug. 19. Not covered..... a000500 We SSE aul ihe 9 pease July 14 2.0: OG Coals Not covered..........-. al “Of oe od: 3 eee Aug. 13..-..+.. % inch. Sept. 27. NOt Covered. -)0-6 0. ob SO ec In no instance did the fruit ripen earlier when covered, and in more than half of the cases considered, that not covered matured first. Conclusion: Little or no benefit seems to be derived from the practice of bagging tomato fruits. 3. ILndividual Variation: In the culture of tomatoes, as of other garden crops, conclusions as to best methods are too often drawn from the results of a single season’s work. ‘There is little doubt that many of the conclusions thus reached are often mis- leading, for it is believed that the individual variation of the plants’ of any given variety is often such as to obscure any effects of dif- ferent methods of treatment. As bearing upon this question, duplicate lots of one dozen of each of several varieties were selected at the time of the first transplanting, and were given the same treatment at all times, being handled alike in the house and set in parallel rows in the field. The comparative results are seen in table IV. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 65 TABLE IV.—InpivwwvuaL VARIATION. 2 ty = Pia 2 hy ope Ss es Tesi e . jae .| AZ VARIETY. éaal\oeZ |(CoN8| oo soda heey Pky Gl oo As AER ES a Bey oN euey Aan Qe Eas ls i = < <4 < =) Golden Queen...e-secceecerececececscceecceccoes 11 | 3.96 | 5.6 |Aug. 8 20 |6.00 | 4.9} “ 4 TIgnotum ..... 4000006 dou05060n800 doob0GcD00 GND0G8 138 | 5.87 | 7.0 |Aug. 1 IPA ay P53 oP) i SOR SL BEMLE CHO MMeterateveiatele cleteleis) sielolavclelelele/eleleleiele elolelelelelelerciete 24 | 8.90 5.8 |Aug. 4 WU RED I Bota). 1 Se; al TRBEBooG0a0 a06bb0 DaD000 005600 NadeouCDOGMODD NCO 27 | 38.36 | 2.0 |July 25. 41 |4.82 | 1.9| * 29. In no case were the results obtained from the duplicate lots uniform. The variation in weight of individual fruits, and in the time of ripening, varied but slightly; but the number and weight of the product was very marked. Conclusion: Positive conclusions should never be drawn from the results of a single season’s work. 4. Color: As noted in last year’s report, many attempts have been made to improve upon the color of the fruit of the tomato. The cross between Golden Queen and Ignotum, grown in the col- lege gardens last year, gave no indication of any influence of the yellow parent; but the second generation was decidedly variable, about half of the plants bearing red fruits and the others yellow, with no indication of the desired blush form. A selected strain of Golden Queen having a tendency to pro- duce fruit with a blush cheek, is as yet only imperfectly fixed; but as grown in the house, this tendency is very nicely brought out and the fruits are very attractive. A new variety to be introduced in 1893 by J. M. Thorburn & Co., of New York, as ‘‘I.emon Blush,” is said to be a firmly fixed variety of the type sought. This variety originated with Mr. E. S. Carman, editor of the Rural New Yorker. 5. Crossing: Tomato growing in the high latitudes is often unsatisfactory for the reason that but a very small proportion of the fruit will mature before tbe plants are killed by frost. It is therefore important that some variety be secured which shall per- haps combine the size and quality of the better market sorts now extant with the earliness and prolificness of some of the smaller 66 MAINE STATE COLLEGE sorts valuable only for preserves or catsup. With this end in view numerous crosses have been made, and the results obtained are interesting and promising. During the winter of 1891-2 crosses were made between Igno- tum, one of the most valuable market varieties, and the Peach, a very productive variety of excellent quality but small and soft.* Several plants resulting from this cross were grown in the field during the past summer, and were highly satisfactory. ‘The fruit was in general not very different from the Ignotum, though averaging smaller; but the increase in productiveness was very marked. Whereas the average number of ripe fruits per plant on the pure Ignotum plants was but 18, that on the crossed plants was 40. The average weight of individual fruits, however, was but 3.5 oz. as compared with 7.5 oz. in case of the Ignotum. In another instance two flowers on one cluster of the Lorillard were artificially pollinated—the one with Peach, the other with Lorillard pollen. The products of these crosses were given the same treatment throughout the season and were planted side by side in the field. The plants were essentially Lorillard in appear- ance, and the fruits as a rule were of this type, but some of the fruits showed distinctly the effects of the staminate parent. The following figures represent very well the comparative yield of the two lots: 2 = 2 = | ave Aa Aa 2 ee =z = 3 a8 SS a Sat q Fe a2 =5 2 o# 32> 3 5 i=) oO o fa) Za a Pg iB . e + > m a > > H < < < Fay bare S< WET sscevnaccodoGaadcoseo 9a0c 40 8.1 3.2 Aug. 12. Worillardi>@ Worilland eer eeecseecceseeee 13 4.1 5.0 “98, The figures are significant. As will be observed, the individual fruits of the cross with Peach are somewhat smaller than those of the pure Lorillard—being about intermediate between the usual sizes of the two parents—but the number of fruits is trebled, while the average weight per plant is doubled. The date of ripen- ing also is hastened by more than a week. The fruit showed little tendency toward the peculiar roughness of the male parent. All things considered this cross is very promising. * For description of these varieties see Rep. Maine Exp. Sta. 1891, pp. 91 and 92. *palBI[MO'T *§ QUDLING XK punpypwoyT [buy “prqay % “qURaIng ‘T 68 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Besides the crosses already named, a true hybrid was secured between the Lorillard and the Currant. The Lorillard is a well- known variety of medium size and of only moderate productiveness, belonging to the common type of Lycopersicum esculentum, while the Currant belongs to a distinct species—Lycopersicum pimpinellifol- tum. The Currant tomato is of weak spreading habit, with small, thin foliage and very delicate flowers, arranged in two ranks on a long raceme. ‘These flowers, from 10 to 20 in number, are highly self-fertile and the fruit very closely resembles long clusters of cherry currants. The difference in the appearance of the leaves of the two varieties is very well shown in Fig. 1, Nos. 1 and 3. The difference in the flowers is equally marked, those of the Lorillard being somewhat conical, with the calyx lobes much longer than the petals; while those of the Currant are slender and the calyx lobes are so small the petals and stigma often protrude. The resulting hybrids were intermediate between the parents in nearly every particular. The character of the foliage is well shown in Fig. 1, No. 2. The fruit, which from a practical point of view is most important, presented a very attractive appear- ance. Much of the productiveness of the Currant is shown, while the influence of the size of the Lorillard is also exhibited. The size and character of the fruit may be seen from Fig. 2. No. 1 represents the male parent— Currant; No. 3, the female — Lorillard ; while No. 2 is the hybrid, all being about one-half size. The detached fruit shows the natural size of the hybrid. Our purpose now is, by futher combining the hybrid with the Lorillard, to increase the size of the fruit, at the same time retaining if possible the prolific tendencies of the plant. To this end crosses have been made of the hybrid on the Lorillard and of the Lorillard on the hybrid and the results are awaited with interest. QUDLIN) XK punyywtwoT °G “bry *pAB[[LLOT -g ‘pqs °%% qUBIINO 'T 70 MAINE STATE COLLEGE 6. Secondary Effects of Pollen: This matter was discussed in Part Il of the annual report of this experiment station for the present year; but as that report was of a technical nature and not printed for general distribution, some of the notes there given referring to the tomato may be repeated in this connection. From our studies of the subject of plant breeding, we have found that the amount of pollen falling on the stigma of the tomato flower may have an important bearing in determining the form and size of the resulting fruit. In the winter of 1890-1, while crossing tomatoes, two stigmas in the same cluster of flowers were given different amounts of pollen. The first was given a very small amount, while the other was given an excess. The resulting fruit from the first flower was small and deformed, while the other was of normal size and nearly symmetrical in form. The larger fruit produced an abundance of seeds and all of the cells were well developed; the smaller developed seeds on one side only, while the other side was nearly solid. This difference is very well shown in figures 3 and 4. Fig. 3. Different Amounts of Pollen. It is certain that the secondary action of pollen in stimulating the growth of the fruit is very important, and the question naturally arises as to what influence would be manifested on the AGRICULTURAL EXPRIMENT STATION. 71 offspring. Seeds from several of the fruits under study were sown in the house, but owing to an accident the test as to per cent. and rapidity of germination was abandoned. Several plants of each lot were grown, however, and were treated precisely alike during the season, with the results shown in the accompanying table. Alor oes GA sae a Fig. 4. Different Amounts of Pollen. Each cluster of fruits is designated by a letter and the individ- ual fruits by the word ‘‘maximum”’ or ‘‘minimum” according as an excess or a very small amount of pollen was employed. TABLE V.—Seconpary INFLUENCE OF POLLEN. @ =| HOG AS g\5:le; ES Dy a7 | 2 =3 ie ols a5 | 2 P| gS lseslses| SG | 5a SG IS TS oe |e S) > - clad ES) om Zia ic < =) ZA2 i ee es a | 69 |17.7| 4.11 |Aug. 9] 93 Whisoocc9eG0000000005 004000 000006 3 68 | 17.38) 4.09) * 8} 25 -3)\ {los sane aaa aner BaCeaa aan 4 | 50 | 10.7| 3.43 \Sept. 1] 91 Witt n6co6d000 go000 00d 000 Db4 0000000 2 27 4.612.74| “© 5 38 rai WED Goog6c Bfatolonicictehaieiclaxcterslerevere(clonds 6 58 | 18.3 | 3.70 |Aug. 6 388 AV inaetevetatoteronetelaielelaiharcverateteleleteovstetel overs 3 7 | 15.3) 3.49] “ 12) 15 BE {Max ee eeeee eee eens eee ee eee ens 6 | §2 | 21.1 | 4.62 |Aug. 17] 20 Miiiidteyepetetatevorsietaicleteleleleveleieleleleteletotoretovel= A 420-08 4532) acc S| 22 As a rule, the offspring from the fruits receiving an excess of pollen were slightly the more productive and without exception the average weight of the individual fruits from these plants was greater. In general, however, the difference was but slight. Further study on this point may throw some light on the ques- tion of the importance of the individual characteristics of a fruit 72 MAINE STATE COLLGE in the selection of seed. We have already observed* that the character of the individual fruit is of less importance than that of the parent plant as a whole, but it also seems that the small size of the fruit, which we now believe specifically due to imper- fect pollination, may be co-incident with Jack of vigor, and that this lack of vigor will be apparent in the offspring to a greater or less extent. 8. Varieties: Among the varieties grown the past season were most of the older standard sorts and some of the more recent introductions. The accompanying table will give a com- prehensive view of the comparative merits of these varieties as regards size, productiveness and earliness. : TABLE VII.—Comparison OF VARIETIES. 3 2B 2 Sai 22 ~ a | Y == oc ve = 3 =| = Siro es nis Bee S| B | Se be See a jee VARIETIES. ry eas SSS aS IS 2 & s | 3 |Zo lee les] So See eee eon emidci ee | a ° ° aa hee >> a) og PA | rail =cl sais) je) hire Americus Hybrid .............. 11 131 | 11.9 | 4.74 | 6.4 |Aug.1.| 40 INWkTAH Goss ocadcoc0n co00d 5 c9000C 12 194 | 16.2 | 4.20 | 4.2 |July 29.) 70 Ghemin) Marke tiesewiecisieretereeicieiei= 12 169 | 14.1 | 3.96 | 4.5 |Aug.1.} 59 Cleveland ....-..----seeseeeeeee 11 158") 14°45 6500") Galt cane eso Early Richmond .......-.....-. 12 AVE Aa aoe || Gs) |} ah | ek) Early Ruby ...-.... severetereieeevots 12 200 | 16.7 | 5.13 | 4.9 |July 26.) S81 SSC Xo LY DIGI eejn ere = — 5 Ae 1S Wa Ss | Ses Check....-ee.--++| 633 0.6, 207 | 425 0.12) 35.5 |Average of five trees. COINDo dane 5 000000 552 | 123 361 67 | 23.6 | 88.3 a) GS iia SES 22 tel stele\ «/ et ceccee 637 12 290 336 | 2.1 | 49.8 sé ‘© three *‘ (niEO kocdagog00006 556 ily 324 215 3-1 | 62.1 ce SB oye cn Oy aetalorste oe seceee 535 | 46 388 101 8.9 | 81.7 6 * three “ 94 MAINE STATE COLLEGE The superiority of the fruit on trees treated with solution A— modified eaw celeste—is seen at a glance; while solutions B and C do not appear widely different. With a single exception the average increase of marketable fruit as a result of the treatment ranges from 19 to 60 per cent. Row ‘*B” in table [IX was a short row and contained one tree which was very badly attacked—only 27.6 per cent. of the fruit being ‘*No. 1’'\—thus bringing the average below that of the adjoining check row, which was better than the average. Combining the results obtained in the duplicate trials, these facts stand out even more clearly, as seen in table X. TABLE X. . Y nm Pilea capa cia s+ Cine is) 00 > Bs Oep. a : Dg I~] 2G | Sa] o- 5 Solution 22 | 28/8%/28/58 ose] Remarks. Bo | 22/28 | Ss] ue lease Sop) So | mo | ads | so |8roae Re Se SE | pe Se (oR <4 of oa BO ks a) 5 | Aad | & 7) fQ Ag Asics Te : 509 | 171 | 3847 41 | 30-1; 93.0 Average of 8 trees. COR se aven sik BBB: 845 | Sep ayatsey | WG ST Fal Oc te ocomecmee Cheeketese. var 615 | 32 | 414 | 169 | 5.6| 735 | “« “« « EOUsateieieainre se G28 HTB) 102807 68h 10:95!) Ale) i As will be observed, the average proportion of ‘‘No. 1” fruit on unsprayed trees—considering fourteen trees in all parts of the orchard—was only 41.2 per cent. of the crop; while the average proportion on trees sprayed with the least effective solution was 71 per cent., a gain of nearly 30 per cent. With the modified eau celeste this difference was much more marked, amounting to nearly 52 per cent., or a saving of more than half of the total crop. The amount of fruit absolutely free from scab is not as large as might be wished; but the standard adopted in sorting the fruit was very rigid, and much of that classed as ‘‘slightly scabbed” was in reality better fruit than that classed as ‘‘free.” It was observed, however, that fruit from the trees sprayed with eau celeste were frequently russetted, as though the solution was too strong. With these figures in view, and considering the fact that the results are in direct confirmation of those obtained last year, there would appear to be little doubt as to the effectiveness of the treat- ment when the work is properly conducted. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95 The value of duplicating any experiment of this kind is well shown by comparing tables VIII and IX. Table VIII gives data which would apparently warrant drawing very positive conclusions as to the relative merits of the different solutions; while table IX would appear to reverse the relative positions of solutions ‘‘B” and ‘‘C,” and even indicates that solution ‘‘B’’ is of little if any value. But by combining the data we approximate nearly the true results. When Shall we Spray? D a |e -a a 5 = = b 2 og 5 ® ® ep s ay) |e a os S Oo Oise Zi ie oD) fea) & jie OiMEQsd00500 cusanosuooll COIN" a8} 314 | 172 | 2.6) 65.6 |May 26. 497 1 161 335 0.2 | 32.6 481 12 1 1638 2.5 | 65-1 604 0 212 392 0.0 | 35.1 600 4 267 | 329 | 0.7 | 45.9 Average per tree..| 536 6 251 | 279; 1-2 | 48-7 SMiMGBocconeodccdoooud 688 0 287 401 0.0 | 41-7 |May 26, June 23. 610 2 314 | 294] 0.8 | 51-8 542 26 355 161 4.8 | 70-3 | 556 0 237 319 0.0 | 42.6 ‘Average per tree..| 599 7 298 | 294] 1.3 | 51-6 Three times.......... 583 | 30 4389 | 114] 5.1 | 80.3 |May 26, June 23. 617 38 455 124 6.2 | 79.9 |July 21. 684 Qi, 432 225 3.9 | 67-1 485 36 360 89 7.4 | 81-6 Average per tree..| 592 | 33 | 421) 138) 5.6) 77.2 | Four times........... 588 | 21 346 | 221] 3.6] 62.4 [May 26, June 23, 438 45 292 101 | 10.3 | 76-9 |July 21, Aug. 20. 552 | 18 872 | 162 | 3.2 | 70.6 Average per tree.-| 526 | 28 337 | 161) 5-71! 70.0 Three times.......... 559 6 315 | 238 1.1 | 57-4 |June 23, July 21. TT 7 285 415 1.0 | 41.3 |Aug. 20. 462 25 300 137 5.4 | 70-3 Average per tree..| 5/76! 13 300 | 263! 2-5 | 56.3 96 MAINE STATE COLLEGE There is a very noticeable difference in the percentage of good fruits on adjacent trees when treated in the same manner. But trees sprayed three or four times are more uniformly good than those sprayed once or twice. As seen in the table, in the row sprayed once, there is a difference of more than 32 per cent. in the amount of fruit on the second tree, and that on the trees on either side—a difference frequently noted on the unsprayed rows. In the rows treated twice this difference is not quite so marked; while in the rows sprayed three or four times the greatest differ - ence is only about 14 per cent., the lowest percentage being nearly equal to the highest on the trees sprayed but once. By comparing the last division of the table with the third, it will be observed though each row was sprayed three times the average quality of the fruit is much lower in the former case, the average per cent. of No. 1 fruit being 56.3, as opposed to 77.2 in the third row. That is, the indications point strongly to the value of spraying early. The two rows in question were under essentially the same conditions, being parallel and separated by only one row, which was sprayed four times, but the first was sprayed once before the blossoms opened, while the other was not sprayed till June 23. The results obtained are not conclusive, but in general they point to the value of repeated applications and to the desirability of spraying early in the season. Results in Mr. Moore’s Orchard. To check our work still further, arrangements were made with Mr. C. E. Moore of Winthrop to continue the work of the pre- vious year in this direction. Mr. Moore’s orchard is usually very badly attacked, and would seem to be an excellent field for work. The trees bore very heavily in 1891, however, and were not as well adapted for our use as they otherwise would have been. Those trees which bore but little fruit are not considered in com- piling the tables, as such trees are seldom attacked so severely as are those which beara full crop. As will be observed, the character of the fruit on the different trees is very unequal; that on some trees being either excessively scabby or remarkably free from scab, while that on other adjacent trees may represent the opposite extreme. Thus it follows that the average percentages as given in the tables do not always represent the true average condition of the trees, especially is this the case when a larger number than common is taken from any one tree. As before noted, however, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 97 the amount of fruit was so variable, that in order to get propor- tionate quantities from the different classes, it was impossible to adopt an inflexible rule as in the first orchard considered. But two solutions were used in Mr. Moore’s orchard viz: Solu- tions ‘*B” and ‘‘C” described on page 92. In comparing the two solutions a number of trees were sprayed four times each, on May 26, June 15, July 15, and Aug. 15, or as near these dates as possible. Rain followed soon after each application, and the results are not striking, as seen by table XII. Tasle XII. ET nee ere aie Ra is . so) = = = cs} eee lacs s cs iS 3) S ° ey Bo | ® ES balawey) || vacua fiesie wih Treatment. aio |e a ay) 2 5S Bae Remarks. Ae | b 2 |@2@) 3 ,|8 Le Ee) | Sa ps p> || 8 [82 s | = + 5) o EK 3 on ke} 5 4 Pars BO} F = cSt Sa encore | ons! Zi Ere) wea) ae Ea) pay lees Solution “B’....| 1892) 8] 829| 797 | 348] 0.4) 49.9/2im, the orchard. Very full; fruit small; % of Always one of the worst whole counted. All the fruittaken. Op- B | Sprayed 4 times. 839; 1388 | 493 183 | 25) 16.4 | 75.2 posite Check No. 3. 456) 28} 359 61 8| 6.1 | 84.9) All the fruit. Average..... -.-- 1092) 58 | 560 | 347 |127) 5.3 | 56.6 Checks.... sees 577 9} 318 | 227 | 28) 1.6 | 56.7!Small tree; light crop. | All the fruit counted; 2334, 6 | 1175 | 927 | 226] 0.3 | 56.0 Cppostte No. 1, solution 1006) 0| 415| 565| 26| 0.0| 41.2% of all counted. Average......... 1306 5 | 636 | 573 | 93) 0.4 | 49.1 Solution ‘‘C’’.... 522 6 246 224 46} 1.1 | 48.3! All the fruit. Sprayed 4times.| 854) 24) 415 | 382] 33) 2.8 | 51.4 of all. 1047 20 542 469 16) 1.9 | 58.7 3 of all. Average......... 808! 17! 401 | 358! 32) 211 51.7 As will be observed the average results are slightly in favor of the sprayed trees as compared with the unsprayed, while soiution B gave slightly better results than did solution C, the average increase in No. 1 fruit being 5.5 per cent. in the former case and 2.6 per cent. in the latter. The percentage of fruit absolutely free from scab is very low in every instance, but in a general way the work has some value in that it confirms the results obtained in Mr. Pope’s orchard. Number of Applications. Some of the trees in Mr. Moore’s orchard were sprayed twice with solution B, and others three times, while others in close proximity were left as checks. Trees sprayed four times were 98 MAINE STATE COLLEGE under somewhat different conditions and can not be compared with these. Table XIII shows the results obtained from this trial. TaBLeE XIII. l TT 5 | | @ at} § F me Pe S 2 3 SS) Ke) So 5 Bao lal] as | 2 eb es No.times sprayed.| 239 | 6&| §& ‘a a 13 ae Remarks. Seal ow sir © e) oe So OF, a | = Celeste ers Prac Pes) (hacia baee : OnE Pea ss /R|=a|ai2| & (SB Zz me | DM = i fy iA 3 Mwicasavesexcscers 696 | 28) 452 | 195| 21) 4.0 | 68.9 All the fruit counted. | About 4 the fruit. Adja- 917 | 35; 620 | 252 | 10) 3.8 | 71.4) 4) cent to first tree sprayed three times. k 529 | 231| 278 30 00) 42.9 | 94.5) All the fruit. Average...... wee--| 717 | 98] 450 | 159 | 1013.7 | 76.4 Three times....... 833 73| 574 168 18} 8.8 | 77.7)All the fruit. 787 78| 491 206 12} 9.9 | 72.3|% of all; very good. 970 | 55) 764) 151 | 00 5.7 | 84.4)About half; small. AVEYSEC...-0 seo 863 69 610 | 175 Hy 8.0 | 78.8! @heckssceer scene 1006 | 00) 415 | 565 | 26) 0.0 | 41.2 2of all. 839 38) 485 265 51} 4.5 | 62.3 All the fruit. 77 98) 531 120 | 25, LD S718 leo onmace . Average..... ... | 878 | 45] 477 | 317 | 34! 5.1 | 59.8! A single tree in the first group being exceptionally free from scab, the average percentage of fruits absolutely free is brought higher than in the other cases; but the average proportion of fruit which would be classed as ‘‘No. 1” is greater on those trees which were sprayed three times. With a single exception the amount of ‘“*No. 1” fruit on all sprayed trees is considerably greater than that on unsprayed trees, the average increase being 16.6 per cent. on trees sprayed twice, and 19 per cent. on those sprayed three times. SUMMARY. 1. Spraying with copper solutions proves an effective means of checking the apple scab. 2. The average increase in the amount of salable fruit on the trees sprayed with the least effective solution over that on the unsprayed trees was 30 per cent. while the increase on trees sprayed with caw celeste was nearly 52 per cent. 3. Eau celeste proves more effectual than does the ammonio- copper carbonate solution but as used there was a slight injury to surface of the fruit. 4. Indications point strongly to the value of spraying early in the season, before the blossoms open. 5. Repeated applications of the fungicide during the season are beneficial. aS oat Report of Botanist and Entomologist. Pror. F. L. Harvey. Pror. W. H. JorpDAn. Dear Sir :—I have the honor to submit herewith my fifth annual report as Botanist and Entomologist for the Experiment Station. Judging from the number of letters received the past season, ask- ing questions about plants, insects, fungicides and insecticides, there is an increased demand on the part of farmers in the State, for information upon Economic Botany and Entomology. Below will be found tabulated the more important plants and insects that have received attention during the past season. Those requiring more than a passing notice are considered in detail, and so far as necessary illustrated. The past season has been somewhat remarkable because of the appearance in the State in injurious numbers of several insects that have not before been reported, viz: The Corn or Boll worm, which was found in the vicinity of Farmington feeding on sweet corn; the Chinch Bug, doing great damage to grass grounds in the vicinity of N. Fryeburg; the Horn Fly which proved quite annoying to cattle in the western part of the State, and Bruchus obiectus, Say, the Bean Weevil, boring in stored beans after the manner of pea weevils in peas. We stated in our report for 1891, that the Fall Canker Worm had been increasing in the Penobscot valley for the past four years, and that considerable trouble might be expected from it in the future. It has proved very troublesome the past season about Winterport, Bowdoinham and Stockton, doing great damage to fruit and shade trees. We learned through a Vermont correspon- dent that the Apple Maggot, Trypeta pomonella, Walsh, infests pears in that State. As we have never seen it working in pears in Maine any information on the subject from Maine orchardists will be appreciated. We received specimens of the Melancholy Cetonia (Euphoria melancholica,) from Mr. John A. Smedberg, Unity, which were eating sweet corn at the top of the ear. So far as we know this habit has not been recorded. The Oyster-Shell Bark-louse must be doing great damage in Aroostook County 100 MAINE STATE COLLEGE judging from the badly infested specimens of apple twigs received from David Crane of Houlton. Those interested in this insect will find it considered in Expt. Sta. Rept. 1888, p. 157. The Three-toothed Apbonus, accused of cutting corn in our last report, has been fully convicted of the charge the past season, by Mr. C. V. Manley of Auburn. He says, ‘‘I found this beetle which I send you, in a hill of corn with his head in a cut in the side of a stalk that bad begun to wilt.” Mr. E. W. Merritt of Houlton, reports that he keeps the plant lice on his gooseberry bushes in check by removing the twigs bearing curled leaves in the fall. We have received insects during the past season from Illinois and California sent for deter- mination by the editor of the Maine Farmer. Investigation of a species of mite called by us the Two-spotted Mite has been con- tinued. This mite has done considerable damage the past season in the greenhouse at the college, and we found it had almost entirely destroyed a patch of German Wax Beans in our garden. Should it prove able to injure to any extent out of door plants, its capabilities of doing damage woul: be greatly enhanced. As we were doing laboratory work on the mite, it might have been carried to the beans on our clothing. We wish to study the coming season, insects affecting currant and gooseberry bushes, and will be pleased to receive specimers from all parts of the State. We received from Mr. Ira Porter, Houlton, Maine a bunch of clover, Trifolium medium, L., in which the heads had assumed the form of conpound umbels. This was interesting as a con- firmation of the belief by botanist, that the head, a kind of inflorescence found in the clover, is an umbel with the axis of inflorescence and the pedicils, shortened. Mr. Henry Sprague of Charlotte. for whom we examined some mosses last season in reference to their value as food for swine, reports that he fed during the winter about six barrels of reindeer moss, four of hypnum splendens, two of sphagnum cymbifolium, to three swine. As the pigs all had other food he had no definite way of telling how wuch nutriment they got from the mosses. Thinks they liked eitber of the others as well as thereindeer moss. Thinks all had a constipating effect, which he overcame by liberal doses of sul- phate of magnesia (salts). Mr. W. H. Burgess of Monroe, says, that he grafts the Arctic and Lombard plums into the common Pomgranite and avoids the black knot, which has proved so destructive to plum trees in general. We don’t know how thoroughly the experiments were tried, but AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 101 have serious doubts about its being a protection. We doubt whether any of the varieties are exempt from this disease, though we admit that such a variety would be a great blessing to plum growers. We received from Mrs. Myra Damon, Newport, Maine, a specimen of Stinkhorn found in acistern. These plants grow in decaying organic matter and are often fonnd about sink spouts, drains and other places where decomposing organic matter occurs. They may be known by their curious habit of growth. At first they look like a puff-ball, finally the top bursts and from it comes a large spongy stipe which bears at the apex a slimy mass of brownish offensive spore bearing matter. The bottom part (utricle) of the form sent is about as large as a filbert, the stipe pink and three or four inches long. Finding it-about the cistern would lead one to suspect that a sink spout or drain was too near, and that the water might be contaminated by it. These fungi are poisonous, but a single one in a cistern would not render the water harmful. Too great care cannot be exercised in placing drains and sink spouts where they cannot possibly contaminate water supply, as decomposing organic matter in drinking water is a very common source of diseases. Samples of sage sent by Mr. Willard Lothrop, of Leeds Centre for examination as to adulterations, proved to be free from foreign matter, but were composed largely of old stems and poorly cured and blackened leaves. As to color and richness of flavor, the material was quite inferior, and would give dark color and poor flavor to sage cheese. Walter M. Haines M. D., of Ellsworth, sent us some specimens of Fresh water cord Grass, and asked whether they were not Wild Rice. Wild Rice was sown quite Jargely in the marshes and ponds of Maine some years ago to attract water fowl, but so far as we know it has not become established in the State. If any one knows of its occurrence in the State, we would be glad to learn the localities. Mr. Fernald gives it in his Portland Catalogue as indigenous to the State, but we do not know the locality. The Orange Hawkweed is spreading rapidly in the State and threatens to be a serious pest in meadows and pastures. Farmers should study the description given in this report, and be prepared to recognize the pest as soon as it appears, and destroy “the straggling plants before they form large patches hard to manage. Below we give an extended account of the most important plants that have claimed attention during the past season. 102 MAINE STATE COLLEGE The Potato Rot has been quite bad in the State the past season. We hope that potato growers will see the importance of using Bordeaux mixture to hold this disease in check. It has proved a great help in other States when applied at the time, or just before the disease makes its appearance. REMARKS. The cuts and plates to illustrate this report were obtained from the following sources: from the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; Cuts of the Orange Hawkweed, and of the Horn Fly. From Prof. S$. A. Forbes, cuts of the Corn Worm and Chinch Bug. From Prof. F. D. Chester, cuts showing the results of spraying against Pear Leaf Blight. Plate II. is original. Directions for sending specimens will be found in the Annual Report of the Experiment Station, 1888, p. 194, or in Maine Agricultural Report, 1888, p. 158. Correspondence regarding injurious insects and fungi is invited. Insects and plants will be named, and when injurious, remedies suggested. It is to the interest of farmers to detect injurious insects and fungi before they become established, so that remedial measures can be adopted before the pests are beyond control. As the Entomologist’s duties prevent him from going much about the State, it is largely through correspondence that the Station learns of insects doing injury in the State. 103 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. *1a.10q poom V| od MoN ‘mIBYysIIgG “A "Ol qRA ‘OjK [HI snuMBYyouo "LOT RUL "1910G-pooM Poulofy suO'T| ( d1uUBSIO PUR POOM Sar{Roop UO SoAlT OUOIO SEY Ane ‘sa1oads Ol[[9010g "aN MOG 10 ‘asnoyT pooM|] 9T ‘apeag jodarg oyepng oy) 1of UoyRIsi ig peptcere ee ie. ‘Ss | oop jo yno A{sutteds puv syurjd ae Sane coe Buy wes "N old “a8 teivg novur-z snyodurayo “OHA panyods-oa Cl Surjoage os[R puv sasnoy roy urqved peq vy] “PUT Aetital “A TT Jord EASES alee lb ‘af eo 0} eMOSeTqNo.t) | -Risnsny “doayoW “MA GOH | "RIRALLIS YI OTBUIL TT | “ATA UO OL! FL "Let “d “ggat idoy “YS “XA 299 | é Gaye Ava|auonog § TOUT IGVR | Q z S=eT918 | *saad} ddv Jo saqouraq oy} SUSosaL Appa uoyNOF ‘ouvly pravxqd/*eyonog ‘unsowod sidsepy Aw aSNO[-ylvg [[ays-10IsA0} ET “Sst “Ud Seer Ido IS “HITE ‘poOSEO “a” | seyrrer Ganga ; | ; | “XW O9g “ROYSNG JUBLUNA jo aTLHOF SuNST INH oni g ‘poosso ‘Hl ‘H UY ‘SNsOoLIUOA SN\wUaN WAO A WURLINO]) ZL | “SANQOALT “NN ‘smoprotlt AYOUILT, SULLOI4SEq ‘so[tKyD UOIUIG ‘Woe yoy “AUS ‘sn.ioydoone] snssigq ‘Sng youryo ey] TL *soysvnds UO SULp994] | TONIBAK ‘gd ‘dOWNN “| *M 18 ‘lenbos Id ‘S| "199 8q_ ‘SUSI Bseay | ‘Sng ysevabs oy] OL *soaaq o[dde | UL 910q BAIR] ‘991 o[ddv uv uo punoy) ‘ayPULOULL, ‘SULSSIET *OD ssou| *B.LQVOS vaatopowso| *BULLOpPOUISC, snoaqnos| 6 *sJOOSUT LOYJO UO SUL -paay soloads [RIgouog B fpunodsd oy} UO ‘AIPULOWL ‘SULSSIFT *O ssou| *solo0ds snyouuiseg| ls "SLT “dd “S8sT ‘iday IS “Xa | gag “qoasut sty} Aq poanjound ATpeq s.ivod "qSQ.loF] ral . 6o8 . °T TEAS ESTs SertMeUUQ) Ub 18 ‘req dnuad snpayorajouog ‘olpnoang tunia| L "661 “d ‘TEST “dey WS “XA 90g “TI 9) UL UL09 JaAMS JO Sy[RIS Jo sunny ‘uingny ‘Xararpy “A ‘ol “ARG SsniRyUplAy snuoydy| "va aq) Jo doi aq] Iw Ul0d JOoMs SuLjyeq | “ay Ssanqpowmg sy uyor|*A1oy *voyoyourjout voydngy| ‘snuoydy poyi100j-a0.1,L, "RLUOJID ATOYUL oT | "U.109 JOIMS JO SGOD OY] WO. Sfoutay “UOISULIR YG, UOITMO OST EL ay suljve puv sysny vq) Ysno1g] SuLlog| ‘uo Buy “OPUNEL *S WAL “quy ‘vias tui simonen| 9 Eas "UULOM-[[OG 10 w109| p F20 ‘d ‘OGSE day 49 ‘XW 909 ‘sanouriq ot{} Jo spua ot) JB GaM BV SULYRU Svat} apdde Jo asulpoy | *SLLIRET £10994 “| . fon SS . . SUR U ICME Soles teh 0 S804! — ‘cunsq ‘vauno wLquoqdsA| "99T “A ‘QgeT doy aS xa 99g *panqa.o qnoqR SYJOU 9[VMF Paw opRul taseipoy uodn wary ‘seot} afdde 01 poyarqyyn sooq *M0}009S ‘OSpPLIVG uray] JLOd MO ULAL SPOOMIY “yf *UGT]|SLUIv EL SeLrejomod x 4190) dos uy “UB ULOp Mog “oul MA “HW "TAL ‘d ‘06ST “Ide Ig “xa 90g ‘saad) “MUIOM-Go AA [IRA] & "ULIO AA TOYUBO [RA] Z ‘TURGULOpMOg “OU AA “HW : ‘vidora9 Ris (7R ‘OMIPUALOLLL, “SULSSIFT 'OC ssoy ET e100 8) TES AE Ul *S)AVULI} | ‘PpoAtMooy WOU A Mog | ‘OUR N [ROLL | ‘C6QI—GANINVXY GNV GaLYOdaY SLOASNT ‘Moy 1o1todwg vido} T [oN ‘OUIRN UOUTULOD 7 4 STATE COLLEG MAINE 104 *DOLBOULIGA 10} JUaS| “ytodsyong ‘ssurqaupy “a a] “XW Ssnyeuiumor says Vv | “t9ySV| LL *UOLVOGIoA LO} Jas] *ylodsyong ‘ssuryoi eT a “| TT “RIPERL OSepLyog| “poy Uop,oy! OL ; “UOIROGMAA LO} Wes] *ytodsyong “ssuiqoyy ‘a a TUN] “Rso0..enbs osrpyos| “poy vaplyo| er *PAIRMP PUR PosWIOJ[RU sla MO], F : ia ‘ anit tliat 0} Sit ee UO}[NOF “110g *f wal T Swinipout aunyoytg LdAO0T.) anziiz| as “SQOUNVTTISOSIA *solnads sno 9 a FG | : -uosiod ‘aaisuayo UY ‘dJeisio ¥ Ul Loa “WodMeN ‘uourRG Bid iq suny|(! O pur “q)° Ufouaaryy anndal uioyuns| st *{saqdsryy [RRoT 0 ) SHageryS Sunoapyy | “LA ants ‘poossy *H “HI ‘Body ‘unjouea can. todsoa| 5 | “OSOUMBAIYIUW | SL *pajsajul Aiprq saysny Astoqdsvy| ‘Lojsoyous.qy tedog *g sseyg] *sedg ‘uinjousa wuntodsoxypy | “asouORAIUy | TL “QOUuRy | -10dt1 d1ttomoda [rINads Jo ION “TIT *playalwy ILO] SULAV PL “ET ON *Ssuoq]LU sookumoodyg| “POW eA] OL ojvjod & ULsS}Rd Jo JUatWaJOXe UO Surmory “ISKISIP PRY : "ANT eB idoip par pat urn ‘[and 0} Wg) *puvlqIog ‘aloo *q Ameo : | ‘VUSIG JvoT iwog| 6 Suisnnd seat] avad Jo saanop uo ontsrarg jE a Wn odsont0y nT) Z ‘ISNOA *PUNOAD sskas UL SULAMOID|*UoIXNg* Aq SUOLIR AA ‘of Udose F| "uy RALAMOLS sn{Ajorq | *ssRtyy panqso| § “QOL PIIM SRM IL 1a ]OGM Una] 0] WuUag| “SOULE AT CW COUR MA PHLEAL Ssoprotnsoudso RuLTdg| *SBRAD-PLO) LOIVAYSIT] L (CT ‘sisuajpad Du.J) *sskison|g, aAyony ae eer tat "GIN DL SSLIRSTOA “IRA -UdS SR ‘UOISOG *PpooM Y AoyAaNg AQ pfos euduM “Aneg “H “S sy SRaTR SISOS Y do pou] 9 “SHUSSVUD OU" *BULYO ‘[[II9yT WL * “TT OSUDAIB WUNIOFLA *19AO (0) } Ul uoml0) Alaa f-o10 ‘sapIsprou—poo A\ MO UENCE Wh “T Ao! ‘ NOJEAL Z 1D JOONAIB A G *1a\JR Payoo] aq plnoYys Sspfey ur poo] RUD “PLOT at ‘Tl “T SRASLU RaInejuaD| ‘poomduuy| F *‘paam prq B jou f. O40 2! Ne Bong. 68, 20). D1! W. ’ b) b) ‘ y) In presenting my fourth annual report as Meteorologist to the Maine Experiment Station, I desire to state definitely as in former reports, that the object sought ‘‘is not so much the obsery- ing and reporting of general atmospheric phenomena as the care- ful study of the special meteorological conditions which are more or less intimately connected with practical agriculture.” In order to secure trustworthy results, it is necessary that observations directed toward a solution of any problem in Meteor- ology be continued through a series of years. Accordingly, in presenting my first report, a plan of summarizing observations and deducing conclusions was adopted, which should be suited to the presenting of like data covering any number of years. The present report is made in accordance with the prearranged plan and includes in addition to the results of the three pre- ceding years those obtained from about eleven thousand obser- vations taken during the year 1892. The deductions, therefore, of this report are based upon more than forty thousand independent observations. The instruments have remained unchanged in position during the four years for which this report is made, and the greater part of the observations have been taken by one observer. In presenting the arrangement of instruments and other neces- sary descriptive or explanatory data, I draw freely from my report of last year, simply adapting its statements so far as needful to the more extended period of time. The most of the instruments employed were manufactured by H. J. Green, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Robert H. Fernald of 148 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Orono, has been observer during the four years that this work has been carried on. In this report the results of observations made during the years 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892, are combined. The several problems considered appear in definite order, in the following pages. The first to which attention has been given, is a determination of the percentage of moisture in forest as com- pared with that in open field. The arrangement of instruments for this investigation is here- with submitted. Hygrometer No. 1 is placed ina wooden stand constructed for thermometrical instruments and located in the open field remote from buildings. Hygrometer No. 2 also is enclosed in a wooden box, perforated to allow a free circulation of air, and located also in the open field. Hygrometer No. 3 is also enclosed in a perfo- rated box attached to a tree in a moderately dense forest. Hygro- meter No. 4is placed ina similar box attached to a tree in a portion of the forest a little more open than that in which No. 3 is located, but near which is a running brook except during the driest part of the summer. Each hygrometer is about four feet above the surface of the ground. Readings are taken three times daily, at 7 A. M., at 1 P. M., and at 7 P. M., local time. Observations were commenced April 5, 1889 and they have been continued through the growing seasons of 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892. The monthly averages are given in the following tables on the scale of 100. 149 STATION. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT el e, 19 & 92 £9 98 Py) 19 &8 GL 19 G80 tres ree *S9[NSET UROTT SL DS ES zs cg 16 62 z9 16 18 99 BB. OPNDES GomeoQONeTORXO) 6L Is 09 & cg 19 16 €8 19 16 18 09 16 ttt ttt Loquiaydag LL iy 08 cg 18 el z9 88 GL 19 iy SOU SUDOD DSN faiths TL 19 ge &8 7) zo 98 I £9 08 69 09 (ipso OO COOPER Yale FL Che 19) = F8 GL z9 ras @) 89 82 PL 99 (A) 2 CORSON SS cOCR GHG 69 OL €9 82 89 fe 08 PL 19 8d 89 ae OR eo ge onan £9 €9 of Fd OL z9 F8 ge OF 02 eg ze SN eR Aaa (ol UvohWl Wd WdtT ‘NV 1 ‘Wd J “Wd [ Wy L “Nd ‘W'd T “WV L ‘Wd 1 ‘Wd T “WV L SS — — ~=- — - MS 0 —) — —) “Z6ST “1681 ‘06ST 6881 ‘adTadld NAdO NI—‘’Z¢ *ON YWALANOUWOAH oP) let) 3 GL £9 18 oP) 99 @8 9L £9 G8 trees sa[hser uvayy LL Oe SG 08 £9 06 L z9 06 6L 99 (AB GRE O90 FOOD OO ON et aYN) zs 18) 19 26 rs 19 26 Gg 92 £6 €8 89 GG tes teers cequieydag 08 GS-= Ole 06 €8 19 68 wD £9 06 08 Od Cates Gece eno ny, PL 69 «LSC GL 19 18 6L PL G8 GL cg EE) 28 oO COCR CREO NV OL 7L 69 98 I ray £8 Q) Gd £8 18 19 O8e fers oun: IL POeeso) 8h 19 1¢ ZS PL z9 18 IL 09 Woes eos a ER #9 Dy ip aa 19 19 eg 8¢ og PL 99 eg 11) aa ae 013 7 UvoW Way map wv!) Wai, “Watt WV) “Wal Wap Mwy!) Wwa) “map “Mv L er ee en ee ‘681 “1681 7 “0681 6881 “aTaI4 NAdO NI—’T *ON YALANWOUDAH ‘AUOLSIOP, JO SHOVINDOUAG ae F8 18 9 16 £8 GL G6 8 92 06 98 Ll 66 receeeresSgNsat UBOT 48 98 6L 16 Z8 92 G6 68 08 ¥6 06 08 96 ee yt os OA OLO@) 8S 18 92 6 G6 62 96 66 d8 16 06 68 96 tereee sees raquieydag 68 06 98 L6 06 82 96 g8 84 16 16 98 C6 H2I599 SH DS EO SEMEN HN gs 08 él ¥6 98 6L &6 ¢8 62 16 L8 6L &6 ea ce eR TAT TS PS F8 6L 66 68 FL 06 F8 LL 68 98 18 G6 a caer eemeonte te Ll a 6L ZL PL Z8 8 69 Z8 T8 &Z $8 08 99 68 Sree Venere ARI 6 cL gL ¢9 8 68 PL 16 IZ 09 62 LL ¢9 68 Spa OST LOU 7 = uBoyy ‘Wd. ‘waklTS'wy 1 Wd 1 MG t LE TAY: ‘Wd J ‘Wd T “WY L ‘Wd ‘Wd T WV 1 = a See a Ap ge 8 “G68L “L681 ‘0681 “6881 Ss “ISAHOA NI—'P ‘ON YALAWOUSDAH 'S. SS é8 G8 GL 16 F8 LL 16 68 6L 06 ¢8 08 06 sere cece SaNSOL UBOWL = ae = = — = = a aS —_ = = = nea 2 88 g8 08 06 98 LL 66 06 98 96 06 06 96 ie ges ee LO O10 @ Zz, 88 88 LL 96 G6 I8 C6 66 £8 96 C6 88 96 ayant ase Joquioydas = 68 68 ¢8 96 $8 I8 C6 FS 08 T6 &6 68 16 pena eet ei Sse SLO E = 98 Is PL G6 ¢8 08 66 68 C8 &6 16 98 F6 a ee eC TANI €2 a 82 16 78 18 88 ¢8 LL L8 F8 08 68 fa an eats eke CME LL 9L IZ 98 GL 89 98 18 PL 18 &Z 69 CSR rr ae ee sete AUT Gl TZ 69 &8 LL 1 06 69 19 82 09 G9 18 eesinie ieee ieee en: neo Rit Fh Ve he a EN Ie ‘Wd 1 eWrclony) WONT), ‘Wd 1 ‘Wd T ‘Wy L ‘Wd L “Wd T ‘Wy L “C681 “T68L ‘0681 “6881 150 — ———— ee “ISHUOH NI—'G “ON YALHNOUDAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Lisl PERCENTAGES OF MOISTURE. RESULTS FOR 1889, 1890, 1891 ann 1892, comMBINED. 7A.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. Mean Hygrometer No. 1, in open field. 86 64 (15) 75 66 66 2, 66 66 66 84. 62 73 713 “¢ So In tOnest, 90 78 84 84 Smareygs ages 88 91 76 84 84. Regarding the mean results from hygrometers Nos. 1 and 2 as indicating percentages for the open field, we have the following summary of results: 7 A.M. 1 P. M. Of 22D Wie Mean Percentages of moisture, open field, 85 63 74 74 Regarding the mean results from hygrometers Nos. 3 and 4 as indicating percentages for forests only moderately dense, we have the following summary results : 7 A.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. Mean Percentages of moisture, forest, wa Oe 84 84 Comparing results, open field and forest, we have excess of moisture in forest above that in open field expressed in percent- ages. 4 A. M. 1 P.M. bf 5 dle Mean 6 14 10 10 It thus appears from observations covering the period of growth of four years, that the excess of moisture in forest above that of open field in the morning, amounts to but 6 per cent., while in the middle of the day it rises to 14 per cent., and at night-fall drops down to 10 per cent., and that the mean excess forthe dayis 10 per cent. In avery dense forest the percentage of excess would undoubtedly rise much higher. The presence of patches of forest in any region exerts a marked influence on the hygroscopic conditions of the atmosphere, and this condition, in turn, is an important factor in the growth of vegetation. 152 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Sor TEMPERATURES. In this investigation a knowledge of the temperature of the soil at different depths, during the growing season, is sought, and ultimately the law which represents the rate of change of tempera- ture at different depths. The periods covered by the experiment are from May 1 to Noy. 1, 1889, from April 1 to Nov. 1, 1890, 1891 and 1892, with ther- mometers placed in the soil to the depths of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 inches. The thermometers have been allowed to remain in place during the winters intervening between the periods of observation. Their location is in the open field, near hygrometer No. 2, in the tract of land assigned to the Station for experimental purposes and devoted to farm experiments. The character of the soil is regarded, therefore, as representative of that on which the field experiments by the Station are carried on. A summary of results for the four seasons by monthly aver- ages is given in the annexed tables. 153 Zz ©) = 'S < AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 0F'9¢ Co) 96°8¢ o 8L°8o o 69°6¢ Co) LL*09 oO 0¢*09 fo) SLPS |FS "PS 19°16 |99"TS Ig 8G |0F°8¢ T€°6¢ |9L°6S c9°8¢ j0S°8¢ GS"PS |FS"FS 98 FS 86°97 oO fo) te} 99° 1S GP OF Wd Ll Wwd Ty wvy “-sayouy 9g 6E°9S |8F° 9S |FE" 9S 7°09 os or 98°6S |TS°6S |cF°6S 16°09 |OL'T9 {96°09 80°19 |PL° 19 |66°09 TRLG |SF°LG |Sa° Lg 10°67 ¥8°8P ce) te} oO 90°67 Wd wd T WV “SOYOUT FZ 90°8¢ 16°09 O19 20° F9 OL 19 CLG oO co) fo} ‘Wd L°W'd | ) “WV. " +souout ZI GL'6¢ (g9°8¢ 28° LP (L697 £6°09 [02°09 To°¢9 \g8°e9 1@°99 |GT°¢9 TS" €9 |L3"29 7F'cG |Te"ec Oo ro) Wd) Wd ! *soqOuy LE" LG To" LV 66°09 68° 6S 86°79 10°69 6n°<¢ co) 6 WVL: IL°09 |82°0 BE-LY 8°97 y0°vP 66°19 |Gc°09 |LF°6¢ 10°99 |€8°F9 \06°c9 8h°L9 )TS°99 |Sa°F9 CS°S9 |§h°89 \S8°T9 FO'LG C6 °C C0) ce) ce) *soyoul 9 16°L¢ ‘th C9 68° 9 10°89 vg 69 v8" $9 18°L¥ jos" ¢F 10°€9 JPL" Lg 16°89 |GL°19 98°0L |OL*S9 9L°L9 \29°69 \8E°T9 0L°6¢ |§&°09 \0S° TS fo} Oo (o) “soyoUl ¢ 9° 9G |8G° 19 |ec"e9 |LE-9g OG SP 6S" SF cF'T9 9S" 19 |IL° Lg 06°99 |6S°69 |ST°T9 68°89 |OL SL |Lh°S9 99°L9 \FS° TL \F6°19 0G°6S |26°29 |LL°TS ro) re) re) Wd! ‘Wd [WV 2 Wd 2) Wed TV ZL) Wed 1) dL “WV J} | “your T “688I—SdadLHYNOWYHAL IOS * syqUOU x18 LOF 91NjVrsdwis) uvoyT UBA IT teereseeeeesess 19qG030Q p00000000000 roquieydeg POSDODOGOORDOOS OA h ql shgl 97 PO SHOODDOOAG000000 AN AY p seeeeeeceerrore- se OUNL elsioisialereicieslelslelsleintley GTi STATE COLLEGE 7 u MAIN 154 a a a a ee LL°0¢ 96° 1¢ Ig"é¢ 93° EG 96° &¢ G6" FS €9° FS ‘sUJUOW U9ADS LOF ° ° fo) fe) fe) fo) dANGVIOACWd) UBd AL ——————_———_—————— ee eee eee 84°0¢ |€8"0S |OL°0E SIS GEIS LO IG ZEEE LZ-SG GE-ge |T9"EG jSt's¢ S0°SS |GG°FG |8L°So |FG'sG |B8-cg GZ 9G SG°sZe |LO°GG |PF'NG SE°s@ [°° BOTY 00°C F0°SS ae pee aca 80° IS |66°SF ee [18'Sh [99°LP |Ze-LF |OF'LE lea'L [OL'LP |60° LF 9L°9F OL LP a Gp |LO°OF |LT Lb LE oP Hee e804 19qO}0 GO LG |GO"8G |SL°LC |LE°8e Sh°sc ‘ST'S¢ 9G°S¢ SG°8G |SL°8o |6o°8G OE°RS |9E°8G [FEES /9G°Se |S 8G |Z9°6S G6°8G FF'LG \er'6G [e869 |TS 9g |° 6E°6E OF 6S leet Fe°19 60°C9 GL19 16°89 F8"e9 18°89 €8°#9 |9L°F9 |16°S9 |93'99 |80°S9 69°E9 |TF'L9 |09°L9 Fie 86°L9 |06°89 08°T9 |° FE9S Sc°9¢ fears LL'Ss ¥8°8¢ Lge iS G9 09°C9 OL°GD 88°E9 \G6°C9 |G8°G9 |L8°F9 |IL*F9 |16°S9 |18°99 6°99 99°20 60° F9 (69°F T8°9 |* 96°0S F6°0S \CS0 LESS SLE \Ze°se "ce Gb'Ge GEG ZE'9G |G6°GG \Gg"Gg jGc°LG 8L°9G |IL'9G |L0°09 |FF'09 T6"G¢ 8969" |SO209) SO; ee eens OCU? } | | | LL’ S$? \eL Sh \LO°Sh |F8S SF So°cP cL oF \e8° SP ieee O8*SFh GL°6P \LG'6F |62°6F |6P' IS \92°0E |OF GF \OF EG LO‘FG eo" GG°TS |08°FS 88'0G |*tcs st tte AVY | Lg"eg |6E°Ss |Te"se |c6°Fs este I8*FS |SL°FS SS°FS |LG'FE Ga'FE \60° FE |9G°SS ELSE GS°FS |Ge PE |LL'LE ISLE |SS°9S 68'9E lcg°OF |FL ES [octet Tdy oO Oo oO ie} oO oO te) ie) oO to) te) te) te] {e) Oo (0) (e) 0 te) oO 10} shes Taquiagdag teers cagnsny seeeee reese AIG? | | “WV LWA Ld [VL | Wd 1) Wd 1 WYL ‘Wd nt eg WV L Wd LWA TV Ld La DV Ld WA DOV Ld | Wd ‘soyqouy 9g *SOYOUL FZ *soqoul ZI ‘SOYOUL 6 “soyOuL 9 ‘soyoul ¢j “your T ‘0681 SUM LANOWNYAHL TOS 155 SaaS SS = 9e°19 GF" 2a eo 49 TL"¥g agg 68°99 TE ae ONS, oe = GFTS JOG TG [GUTS Jog ae jze-29 [ehas jog Fe |LFFS [ONS [FEvee PFT [oF Fe [ILO PGE [eoTE [eeLe jie se coe WRLC ChRO eeg | UOT Ei 0a facee /19°€0 leeras [Lovze |p1-a8 |xu-or lower [aoroe |2t-er [tear jau-ar |ie-er yo-er lover [carer \98-er (oa-or [ro-ur ‘suey leo-gp |----* xoqow0 ss 98°82 |T9°S \ee"Se |C9°6G [OL'6S |L9°6S |£L"09 [09°09 |LL°09 |TZ"I9 |SF09 |L¢°09 [00°29 66°09 |gF-09 |a9"z9 |a8"Z9 |00'6S |TF*Z9 |g8°z9 |e8"eg |**--"** Laquiogdag LE“8G |CL°8S 99°8S |9L°09 §8°09 |ZL°09 eee 65° €9 |08°E9 66"F9 |66°S9 €6°E9 |Z9°99 L6°F9 |86°E9 |Gh'LO |0°89 6S°Z9 |9FLO |L0°69 \Ch'ZO [rors tees genSny G8"GG GLEE /9B"8G [Gzgc Isc ee FL ZO |6E°Z9 |G8°C9 /8T°S9 LT-E9 SI°S9 Ez°F9 |80°S9 JOLL9 |9G°L9 84°29 |FP'LO |6G°89 OL's9 [ett tttt et AlN w Von) Yes) LEIS \CE'TS SIS |LLFS |ZL°FS \00°FS 09°89 |LE"8G \6L°8¢ |L9°6S |96°8S |SZ°GS SL°L9 OF'09 |Eh°6S |IS°FS 08 F9 |OT'GE |EG"F9 \cP°G9 \8T-6G [tse OUNE O6°LP \E9° LF |FO'LF |9E'6F |GG°SPF |ES°LF |FSIS |L2°6F |GP'LP |L8°SS |GL°EG |Le FS |€6°SG |GO'FS |FGTOF oct AO SOLE |SC°LE OF'LE |TO'LE |96°9E |L8°9E |8S°8E |69°8E |0S"SE S6°GE |89°LE FILE OF IF |I86S |G0'GS |IP GP TE°SP [69°LE |PE'sP |Sh SP OL LE |rreesce so Ady io) te) oO oO oO {o) OS EF GP'EF SL°SF \0G'SF |FL'SF 00°SF oO (e) O oO oO oO oO oO 19) ie) oO {e) (e) te) fe} Wd LeWd TL WV LS Wd LW TV Le WV LL Wd LL Wd) Wd TV LW Ld TV Ld Od TV “Saqoul 9g “SOOUT FZ “SOYOUT ZI “SOYOUL 6 “SOOT g “seOUL gE “Your T AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ‘T681— SUA LANONYHHL TOS I “ STATE COLLEG MAINE 156 Se — — ———————————————— 6L°FS oO 68°CE o FETS |St' Ts er te | 6&° CS [FRCS L8°T¢ iss°is |s6 1S 9L°0¢ 08"0¢ 19°L¢ |¢9°L¢ (66°LE 00°09 |€6°6¢ Lege |Fo°9¢ |LF°9¢ FF IC |1F 1 \62°1¢ OG SF SL SF \L6°CF | 60° LE OE LE Sa" LE | oO oO 0 Wa Lowa Ty) “Ssoyoul 9¢ 8L°s¢ ¢a's¢ e819 96°19 Cz'6e -FE'6S FL GL'Fe WdlL'wdt *SOUOUL FZ WdLWw “SOTOUT 6 *SOOUT ZI | | |67° EG aD “soqoul 9 Wd lL Wd tT Wwv Ll Wwdl F279 | L8 9P |FG*LG 60'F9 ¥6°9G |80°S¢ |66°9¢ \PL°€9 rs cP°s¢ 80° $9 && LP GL Ig OF 6E 98° GP SoqouUl ¢ ‘Wd Lv Wd 1 *sooul T ‘SUJUOUL UDAOS LOT dINVIIdU9} UBOT DUGODUOOUODOO 0 (ys) Vp vest sree = 190900 taquaydag “) asnsny tees ee etn sores OUNE . reese AVIA wee Tidy ‘268I—-SUALANONAHL TOS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157 In order that comparisons may be made between soil tempera- tures at different depths and the air temperatures during the same months and in the same locality, the following tables are added: THERMOMETER IN THE OPEN Arr. (Loeality the same as that of the soil thermometers. ) 1889. 7 A. M. I P. M. Wp lee Wile Mean. oO oO oO oO May, 52.99 68.50 09.47 60.24 June, 63.36 74.27 68.07 68.57 July, 65.12 75.75 70.86 70.58 August, 59.97 74.20 66.81 66.99 September, 54.39 70.86 61.55 62.27 October, 37.41 DEO Ohen 44205 44.75 Mean, 99.098 69.36 61.80 62.23 1890. 7 A.M. MT Wie Wf IPS Wits Mean. oO a oO oO April, 35.76 49.02 42.55 AD VASE seeees May, 49.16 60.60 93.98 04.45 June, 57.95 67.64 62.76 62.78 July, 67.10 76.19 71.85 (lero August, 61.50 73.78 68.84 68.04 September, 52.04 66.16 58.52 58.91 October, 37.70 53.19 45.65 45.51 Mean, 51.60 63.80 o7 68 57.69 1891. 7 A.M. I P. M. 7 Ee Me Mean. oO Oo oO oO April, 36.33 48.26 45.64 42.74 May, 47.07 61.75 53.30 94.04 June, 58.28 72.42 65.38 65.36 July, 64.08 76.05 68.81 69.65 August, 62.07 74.94 67.47 68.16 September, 56.13 69.72 61.80 62.55 October, 38.11 54.02 45.56 45.90 Mean, 51.72 65.31 07.99 07.34 158 MAINE STATE COLLEGE 1892. WA. Mo 1 P. M. 7 P. M. Mean. oO 0 Q 0 April, 37.29 51.98 45.10 44.77 May, 47.00 98.95 594.19 93.38 June, 58.74 70.65 67.29 65.56 July, 65.58 78.54 71.92 72.11 August, 61.16 74.15 67.46 67.50 September, 53.33 68.19 56.52 59.68 October, 40.98 51.65 45.13 45.94 Mean, 52.05 64.87 57.38 58.43 TABLES SHOWING CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE IN THE SOIL FOR | INCREASED DeEpTus. 1889. Depth of Pe Oe: Difference in | Changes in tem- "9 ; 2 we Thermometer. May to Oct. etatuee pera pee inclusive. ° e} ° IhehYd NipsoaosodNseee 60.50 at SUINCHESwalseieecieesele 60.77 ie) as GHINGHES sraociere were 59.63 0.85 20,98 2) TEER onon Goda coos 58.78 ghes 017 IOhinchestereceeeceTe ~ 58.26 mies =, “18 DAmINnCheSeme cee 56.40 mai 0.13 SOMNCHES eee eer reir 54.79 ; : 1890. Mean tempera- Sat Tapio z 5 Dept ot | tureforimos.,| Dilferenee n_[Ohanges In ean Thermometer. April to Oct. eratunes onedben inclusive. Poe : 5 lo) j lo) ; ° lm enisoocection coca oar 54.63 | : ; Shinchesmeecaa arene 54.92 | ae ae Rats Grinchesaceere cece 53.96 | 0.70 0.33 Shinchesterecceee ooo 53.26 | 40.05 40.02 12 incnes..........-- 53.31 1.35 OL DATINGHESecisiseciccioee 51.96 | Fi ae 0.10 SE uinchespreceniecrerciece 50.77 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159 1891. Mean tempera-| pitrerence in [Changes in tem- DiS ge TERS ON TOES g mean tem- perature for Thermometer. April to Oct. Re Re eat inclusive. as ai : ° j le) ° il Theel@cigoineec Gee aee 56.65 ; SMMehes mucosa... 56.89 yee Bey, (3 TiVOlNeEIs 5 e000 dadoDe 55.56 0.89 0.97 QW GIES eo slelereis' sie ses 54.74. 0.93 a Gi 12 anaes doosoodlooes 54.52 9.03 0.17 MIT CH GSiavavels 1s eie)s) 8 elsie 52.49 iy 13 0.09 475 Teneo cues eeooen 51.36 : S92 Mean tempera) itferer in [Changes in tem- paul of tune for Gmos.s ae fone ° perature for Thermometer. April to Oct. sO ratOReS | ea inclusive. P See ‘ : | fo} (o} ) 1) TAS NS pos oe eoaoRoe 55.62 3) Winelieesacueune pene 55.63 et Rea GINO ES ister siercs se yciziess 04.79 0.63 0.91 OMIMEMESticrsclerss ates ss. 54.16 0.01 | 0.008 1D TMC MAS Sacoecmoedas 54.15 Live Ta PASTIMCIMESyaieicete <= clare oe 52.39 1.96 0.10 OMIT CIMES eelaicie\ «wis aie 51.13 : ees An examination of the tables shows that the soil responds readily to the daily heat of the sun to the depth of three inches, less readily to the depth of six inches, in a moderate degree only to the depth of nine inches, and very slightly below twelve inches. To the depth of three inches the range between the morning and the midday observations has been as high as fifteen degrees. The mean daily range at the depth of 1 inch during the period of observations was 5°.22; at the depth of three inches, 4°.54; at the depth 6 inches, 1°.81; at the depth of 9 inches, 1°.02, and 12 inches very slight. At the depth of 3 inches, the average temperature of the soil was somewhat higher than at the depth of 1 inch. The surface soil averaged about five degrees warmer than the soil 36 inches below the surface. The rate of reduction of temperature with depth below the layer three inches from the surface is shown in a general way in the foregoing tables. This rate is probably in accordance with a simple law which can be expressed by a mathematical formula, variable, undoubtedly, for different soils. However, on examining the ‘‘changes in tem- perature for one inch” in the foregoing tables, it will be noticed 160 MAINE STATE COLLEGE that the rate has been clearly vitiated since 1889 by the record of the nine inch thermometer. The anomalous action of this instrument is accounted for by the fact, that at the end of the year 1889, the nine inch thermom- eter first used was broken and a new one was substituted. The contact of the latter with the soil was not the same as that of the former, nor has it been the same as that of the other instruments which have not been disturbed in the four years. This accident, although vitiating the results of the present investigation, is not without its value, since it clearly indicates the need of maintaining uniform conditions in carrying on a work of the nature and delicacy of that for which soil thermometers are employed. Comparing soil temperatures with air temperatures during the four seasons, the following mean results appear: At the depth of 1 inch, the temperature of the soil was lower than at that of the air by 2°.32; at the depth of 3 inches, by 2°.12; 6 inches, by 8°.22; 9 inches, by 3°.94; 12 inches, by 4°.12; 24 inches, by 5°.86, and at the depth of 36 inches, by 7°.16. TERRESTRIAL RADIATION. The heat radiated from the surface of the earth during the night reduces its temperature several degrees below that of the surrounding atmosphere. The amount of this radiation or the consequent reduction of temperature is approximately shown by comparing the readings of a terrestrial radiation thermometer with those of a minimum thermometer. In obtaining data for the comparison given below, the minimum thermometer was four feet above the ground and the terrestrial radiation thermometer was within six inches of its surface. The results are based on monthly averages from May to October inclusive, 1889, from April to October inclusive, 1890, 1891 and 1892. TaBLE SHowING Loss or Heat sy TERRESTRIAL RADIATION. 1889. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. oO 10} oO 1} oO oO Oo Mean of minimum temperatures......46.63 53.25 55.08 53.65 49.07 33.91 48.50 5 Mean of Temp. from Ter. Rad. Ther..38.48 49.20 50.59 47.66 44.60 2848 43.17 Loss of heat by radiation.cecces-..-+- 8.15 4.05 449 539 4.74 5.43 5.33 "OS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 161 1890. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. oO (e} oO ie) oO is) oO oO Mean of minimum temperatures......29.17 42.52 48.71 53.61 53.52 45.32 36.05 44.13 Mean of Temp. from Ter. Rad. Ther. .19.95 37.10 42.10 44.55 46.25 38.40 27.14 36.50 Loss of heat by radiation..... ....... 8.22 5.42 661 9.06 7.27 6.92 9.91 7.63 1891. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. (e} oO oO is} oO oO Oo oO Mean of minimum temperatures...... 30.22 37.47 49.18 53,15 54.07 4923 34.95 44.07 Mean of Temp. from Ter. Rad. Ther..24.45 29.09 40.87 43.94 47.40 4222 25.60 36.23 Loss of heat by radiation........... Geir) = fskats) Soterell Sal ayy il ei) eth 1892. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. fo) o to) fo) i) o Co) Mean of minimum temperatures......30.32 39.08 50.73 54.65 55.77 45.69 34.47 44.39 Mean of Temp. from Ter. Rad. Ther. .22.29 30.64. 41.89 45.05 46.38 37.45 28.02 35.96 Loss of heat by radiation............ 8.03 8.44 8.84 9.60 9.39 8.24 6.45 8.43 On cloudy nights the difference in the reading of the two ther- mometers is small, and on exceptionally clear (dry) nights it is a maximum. The greatest range observed was19.5° Occasionally, the reading of the radiation thermometer is higher than that of the minimum thermometer, showing that the moist air at such times, resting upon the surface of the ground, serves as a warm blanket, and that the amount of heat then absorbed is greater than that radiated. The table above shows that the mean radia- tion for the four seasons was 7.51°. SoLtaR RADIATION. The temperature of the atmosphere does not indicate the inten- sity of the sun’s heat, as only a small percentage is absorbed as the rays are transmitted through the air. The maximum ther- mometer in the shade, therefore, does not give the intensity of solar radiation ; neither does exposure of an ordinary thermometer to the direct rays of the sun, in consequence of the cooling effects of draughts of air. In order to avoid the effects of currents of air, the vacuum solar radiation thermometer has been devised. ‘’This consists of a blackened bulb radiation thermometer inclosed in a glass tube and globe, from which all air is exhausted. Thus protected from the loss of heat which would ensue if the bulb were exposed, its indications are from 20° to 30° higher than when placed side by side with a similar instrument with the bulb exposed to the passing air.” By the use of this instrument the amounts of solar radiation at different places and in different seasons at 162 MAINE STATE COLLEGE the same place are rendered comparable. The relations of solar- intensity, as distinct from temperature of the air to the growth and maturity of crops, are worthy of careful investigation. High solar intensity maintained through the latter part of the growing season has an important bearing upon the complete ripen- ing of vegetables and fruits and likewise upon their keeping qual- ities. From the wide range of observations undertaken by Experiment Stations with radiation thermometers, important deductions may reasonably be expected. I subjoin tables of results from the maximum thermometer and the thermometer for solar radiation, expressed in monthly averages. 1889. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. oO oO oO oO Oo oO oO Mean of readings, Sun Ther...... . 133.02 134.22 139.55 137.56 122.79 105.86 128.83 Mean of maximum temperatures..... 67.85 73.45 75.30 73.7 71.23 52.78 69.05 Excess of solar intensity............. 65.17 60.77 64.25 63.84 51.56 53.08 49.78 1890. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean io) oO ie) Oo eo) oO oO Oo Mean of readings, Sun Ther..119.15 119.45 128.81 139.37 138.25 114.94 112.52 124.65 Mean of maximum Temp..... 49.37 61.16 68.01 76.53 74.67 62.32 55.61 64.38 Excess of solar intensity.....- 69.82 58.29 60.80 62.84 63.58 4962 56.92 60.27 1891. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. oO oO Oo Oo oO oO te} 0 Mean of readings, Sun Ther..106.78 119.19 129.44 140.35 12955 121.65 99.55 120.93 Mean of maximum Temp..... 50.65 62.48 72.17 76.68 75.39 69.84 54.18 65.91 Excess of solarintensity...... 56.13 56.71 57.27 63.67 54.16 51.81 45.37 55.02 April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. Oo oO oO o o fo) oO o Mean of readings, Sun Ther..113.32 112.47 127.11 139.50 128.25 123.82 7.62 120.30 Mean of maximum Temp..... 53.93 62.22 72.87 82.28 75.07 68.74 53.16 66.90 Excess of solar intensity...... 59.39 50.25 54.24 57.22 53.18 55.08 4446 53.40 From the above records it appears that the average excess of solar intensity above that given by the maximum thermometer for the growing periods of 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892 was 57.12°. The season of greatest excess in this regard was that of 1890, a season noted for the perfect maturity of fruits and vegetables. Ra ERT PT BA ye ie AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 163 AMOUNT OF SUNSHINE. The amount of sunshine as an essential factor in crop produc- tion is worthy of observation and record. Observations were commenced May 1, 1890, and the table below furnishes the sum- mary for the six months following and for seven months, April to November, 1891, and for seven months, April to November, 1892. BrigHt SUNSHINE IN Hoors. 1890. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. Sunshine, 180 186 216 193 126 133 172 Hours per day, mean, 5.8 6.2 7.0 2.6 4.2 3.3 5.6 1891. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. Sunshine, 174 207 217 259 225 234 154 209 Hours per day, mean, 5.8 6.7 7.2 8.4 7.3 7.8 5.0 6.9 1892. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean. Sunshine, 228 123 198 294 173 259 149 203 Hours per day, mean, 7.6 4.0 6.6 9.5 5.6 8.6 4.8 6.7 During the period covered by the above table, the average hours of bright sunshine per day were 6.4 or 46 per cent. of the possible amount. WIND AND Rain. The velocity of the wind has been determined by a Robinson’s Anemometer, with electrical recording apparatus, attached to the Experiment Station building, and the amount of rain by means of a guage, signal service pattern, located in the same plat as the soil thermometers. 1889. WInp. Ra. Mean distance Velocity Amount. travelled per day. per hour. Miles. Miles. Inches. April, 253.93 10.58 1.36 May, 189.83 7.91 1.61 June, 2, Coils 4.86 July, 200.38 8.34 3.27 August, 139.35 5.81 1.69 September 198.06 8.25 2.10 October, 194.31 8.09 3.96 Mean, 192.42 8.02 Total, 18.85 1890. WInp. Rar. Mean distance Velocity Amount. travelled per day. per hour. Miles. Miles. Inches. April, 241.83 10.07 1.98 May, 235.14 ths) 10.13 June, 230.40 9.60 3.78 July, 166.28 6.95 3.84 August, 187.03 7.65 5.99 September, 155.50 6.45 4,21 October, 189.01 7.85 3.19 Mean, 200.74 8.34 Total, 32.52 164 MAINE STATE COLLEGE 1891. WIND. Rain. Mean distance Velocity Amount. travelled per day. per hour. Miles. Miles. Inches. April, 210.55 8.77 3.13 May, 206.25 8.59 2.76 _ June, 182.71 7.61 3.13 July, 185.44 7.73 3.36 August, 169.58 7.07 4.38 September, 162.07 6.75 3.50 October, 191.92 8.00 2.81 Mean, 186.93 7.79 23.07 1892. WIND. Rain. Mean distance Velocity Amount. travelled per day. per hour. Miles. Miles. Inches. April, 244.99 10.21 1.09 May, 262.23 10.93 1.99 June, 197.87 8.24 5.66 July, 199.50 8.31 1.88 August, 168.56 7.02 6.11 September, 185.28 02) ae 3.43 October, 199.13 8.26 1.46 Mean, 208.19 8.67 21.62 For the full year 1890, the mean daily velocity of the wind was 211.16 miles and the mean hourly velocity, 8.90 miles; for the full year 1891, the corresponding velocities were respectively 214.82 miles and 8.95 miles; and for the full year 1892, 217.33 miles and 9.05 miles. The rain-fall in May, 1890, amounting to 10.13 inches was larger than in any other month in twenty-four years. CONCLUSION. The foregoing summarized report, although embodying all the data obtained by four years’ observations, conveys but an imper- fect idea of the daily requirments and nature of the work in progress. By way of presenting its varied character more fully, as in former years, I append the complete records for one month, selecting for the current report the month of October 1892. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ~HYGROMETER NO. 1.—IN OPEN FIELD. OcrosEr, 1892. ; 7A. M. 1P.M 7 P.M Day. PS/SS\/BES lpSiSSl sre -lpsiesleee .. Age giz FBAzZe esc Fz Gee sisclee |" oilest aa) a = mor OU | {e) {e) (e) [e) | {o) fo) e) fe} ° fo} (o) is 52.2/45.2) 37 | 57 |\50.5/44-5] 37 | 61 |\44.2/39.4) 32 Me, 41.8/37-0} 29 | 63 .|\49.5/41.2) 29 | 46 |/43.0/88.6) 32 ae 29.8]29.0] 26 | 91 |1/46.5/41.0) 34 | 62 |143.0/42.5) 42 4, 46.5/46.2] 45 | 98 |/51.0/48.7) 46 | 85 |/48.8/48.1) 47 5. 34.8)34 8)34.8)100 ||49.8!44.4) 38 | 65 |145.2/42.0} 39 6. 41.5/388.8] 36 | 79 ;49.042-9] 36 | 59 |\44.2/40.2) 35 ie 44.2/41.5] 38 | 80 p9 052.8] 48 | 66 |'50.0/48.0] 46 8. \144.8)44.01 42 | 90 | 63.4'158.7! 51 | 55 ||58.2/54.8) 52 9. 50.1/50-0) 50 | 99 |45.8/44.0) 42 | 87 ||42.4/40.8] 39 10. 30.3/30.0) 28 | 97 | 50.1/42.2) 31 | 50 ||48.0/41.5) 33 ile 39.7/388.0) 36 | 86 |151.0/42.5) 31 | 47 |/88.8185.0) 29 12 30.0)28.8) 27 | 87 |\49.0/42.4) 34 | 56 |1144.2'38.8) 30 13. 28.0/28.0) 28 |100 |/44.8H3.8) 42 | 92 |149.4/48.3] 47 14. 5d. 0152.0) 50 | 82 |\U5.7/58.0) 51 | 55 |/57.0151.3] 47 11, 45.0/43.0) 41 | Sd |\60.1/51.0) 43 | 52 ||49.8/45.7) 42 16. 52.2/51.2| 50 | 94 1/53. 2153.0) 52 | 99 |/53.4152.9) 52 Ws 10.0/37.0| 33 | 76 |\48.4]41.2) 33 | 53 |137.2/385.6) 33 18. 25 .6/25.2| 24 | 95 ||52.Si44.5) 34 | 50 |41.1189.6] 37 19. 48 .7/48.2) 48 | 97 |\52.0151.4| 51 | 96 1/51.2150.6) 50 20. 42..4/41.1| 40 | 90 |52.8/44.0) 33 | 48 ||48.0/88.5) 32 alle 37.8|34.3) 29 | 70 ||50.7/40.0) 25 | 35 |\41.7/86.5) 29 Dk 44 .9/39.0) 30 | 58 |155.2/43.8) 28 | 37 |147.7/41.5! 38 PB 45.1/42.2) 39 | 79 |/49.9|47.5) 45 | 84 |146.6'43.0) 40 24. 4().0|37.0| 33 | 76 ||46.1/40.5) 33 | 60 ||43.8/39.1) 33 25. 37.7/36.2] 34 | 87 |/50.9|44.5) 37 | 60 |\47-9/42.6) 36 26. 38 .8/38.0) 37 | 94 ||46.7/43.0) 40 | 74 |\44.7/48.0) 42 ithe 40.3/40.2) 40 | 99 |/44.9)438.1) 43 | 94 |43.641.0) 38 28. 37.3/86.0) 35 | 89 (/49.5143.6) 37 | 62 |143.7/40.0) 36 29. 30.0/29.3) 28 | 91 1/43.8/39.9) 35 | 71 |\41.2H0.0) 39 30 36. 2'35.3] 34 | 92 |48.0/40.9] 32 | 52 |/42.1/388.0) 33 31 31 030.0! 28 ' 90 |H3.238.9 32 ' 68 |/40.3136.8) 31 Means. | 86 64 Mean for month. | | | | 7d 166 MAINE STATE COLLEGE HYGROMETER NO. 2.—IN OPEN FIELD. OcrosbER, 1892. Py, DNe sit 1P.M 7P.M 5 | Sm faetete : ! Day. PAIS SEES POS Si2 cle iP Sloa|B ele AZI=ZAS|ESIOSE ZO SESIOZE BIASES AAI~ Qi a = AI Ay | A) AiR a = ° ° ° ° ° ° O° ° ° O° ° o Ile 53.2145.0) 35 | 51 |151.0/42.0) 30 | 45 |/43.2/85.3) 21 | 42 2 43.1137.2) 28 | 56 |/48.8/40.2) 28 | 44 ||89 5/85.7| 30 | 70 Se 32.5/32.0| 30 | 95 |\47.3/44.3) 41 | 79 ||43.0/42.2) 41 | 94 4, 46.9146.5) 46 | 97 |\52.1/50.3) 49 | 89 ||47.8]47.2) 47 | 95 5. 35.7135. 7/85.71100 |'50.5/45.0] 88 | 64 ||45.9/41.7) 37 | 70 6. 42.2139.1) 35 | 76 |49.5/43.5) 37 | GL |/44.2/40.3) 35 | 71 de 45 .2/42.3] 39 | 79 |/60.8/53.3] 47 | 61 ||50.2)48.1) 46 | 86 8. 48 .0/47.1) 46 | 94 |168.0159.1) 53 | 59 |!52.5/49.7) 47 | 8d 9. 50 0/50.0) 50 |100 |/46.2/44.2) 42 | 85 |/39.8/39.0! 37 | 94 10. 30.5|30.3) 29 | 98 |'50.2/42.5) 32 | 51 |\47-1/41.0)} 33 | 59 11. 40.0/38.5] 36 | 88 |52.3/44.5] 34 | 52 |138.1184.8] 29 | 72 12. 33.0/32.0] 30 | 92 |\49.0/43.0) 36 | 60 |\41.8/38.0} 383 | 71 13. 28 .9)28.8] 28 | 99 |/45.8/44.3) 43 | 89 |/49.2/48.2) 47 | 93 14. d5.6/51.8| 49 | 78 |\67.8/57.9] 51 | 55 |/56.5151.8) 49 | 73 15. 47.5/45.8] 44 | 88 |\64.0/53.8] 46 | 50 |/50.2146.0) 42 | 72 16. 52.7/51.2| 50 | 91 |153-8/53.0] 51 | 95 |/54.0153.2) 52 | 95 17. 40.0/37.0] 33 | 76 |149.1/42.5] 34 | 56 |135.3/33.9| 31 | 87 18. 27.7|27.0| 25 | 92 |\54.7/41.6) 23 | 28 |/40.0/89.2) 38 | 94 19. 49.0/48.5) 48 | 97 |/52-1151.5) 51 | 96 |/51.2/50.4!| 49 | 95 20. 43.6/41.2) 38 | 82 1'52.4147.7| 43 | 71 ||41.8/387.3) 31 | 6a Zi 39.0|35.2) 29 | 69 ||49.5/40.7) 27 | 43 ||40.1185.8) 28 | 65 22. 44.8]139.8] 33 | 64 |\55.8)/44.6] 31 | 388 |/47.2/40.8) 31 | 56 7B 45 .3/42.3) 39 | 78 ||49.8146.7| 44 | 79 |145.4/42.9) 40 | 82 24. 39.8/37.0| 33 | 78 |\46.9/40.8] 33 | 58 ||43.6)39.0) 33 | 66 25. 38 .8]37.3) 35 | 88 | 51-8/44.8] 36 | 56 |/47.8)42.1) 36 | 62 26. 39-0/38.5| 88 | 96 | 47.2/43.4| 39 | 74 |\44.3/42.8) 41 | 88 20 41.7/41.3).41 | 97 | 46.1144. | 43 | 87 ||44.0/41.2) 37 | 79 28. 30.-7|384.0) 32 | 84 |)2.546.1 39 | 61 ||39.9137.8) 35 | 83 29. 32.3/31.0) 28 | 87 |'44.0/40.0) 35 | 70 42.2/40.8 39 | 89 30. 36.3/35.5) 34 | 93 ||46.8/41.6) 35 | 64 |/41-8/)38.0 33 | 71 Ole 32-3131.5! 29 | 92 \/48.5'388.0' 29 | 58 }141.01387.0 31 | 68 Means. | 83 || | | 64 | 77 Mean for month. | | | | | 75 | | ee TS AD NL ME OCR CTE POE Se Ee See ee ve eR. ae AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. HYGROMETER NO. 3.—IN FOREST. OcroBER, 1892. 167 7 A.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. Day. PS|S SESE |PSISSIE SS ||P SlSSie le Saea aE BS OEE EA SE=|Gg2 ZAcle= | fs ale ° fe) ° fo} fo) ° ° f°) ° {o} ° ° Es 52.2/47.4| 42 | 70 | 50.5/44.8] 38 | 63 |/\438.2/388.3) 31 | 62 De 40 .1/386.9| 33 | 7 ‘47 ..7|42.8 37 | 67 |\44.0!40.8] 37 | 7 335 30. 2/29.3}) 27 | 90 | 46.2/43.0) 40 | 77 |/43.4)42.9) 42 | 96 4., 46.8|46.0| 44 | 94 !50.0149.1) 48 | 94 |/48.7/48.0) 48 | 95 2 BG 38 .5/38.5/388.5|100 ||48.0/45.7) 48 | 84 |/46.5)44.5) 42 | 85 6. 41.1/39.2) 36 | 85 |/47.8/44.3] 41 | 76 |\45 G/42.4) 40 | 81 hs 45 .2\42.8} 40 | 83 ||57.0153.6) 51 | 81 ||50.3/48.8) 49 | 97 8. 46.5/44.6) 42 | $6 ||62.0/58.5| 56 | 81 ||58.0/55.0) 53 | 83 9. 50. 2/50. 2/50.2/100 ||46.3/45.3} 44 | 93 |/43.8]42.8) 42 | 92 10. 32.0/31.9| 30 | 99 ||46.8/43.0) 39 | 74 |/47.8\44.0) 40 | 74 ul, 40.5|37.8) 35 | 78 |\48.0/44.4) 41 | 75 ||40.0/87.8) 35 | 82 28 30.6)29.5; 28 | 89 ||48.1/44.9} 42 | 78 |46.0/43.0) 40 | 79 1133. 29.0|27.S| 26 | 87 ||41.0/40.7| 40 | 98 |/47.2!47.0) 46 | 99 14. 51.8/51.5] 51 | 98 |/65.2/60.5| 58 | 66 | \56.8/53.8) 52 | 83 15. 39.0/37.S| 37 | 90 ||55.0/52.1) 50 | 83 |'50.7/48.6|) 47 | 86 16. 50 9150.5; 50 | 98 ||52.4/52.2) 51 | 99 02. 2/52.0 51 | 99 ie 40.4/38.9] 36 | 88 |/46.3/43.1) 39 | 77 |'389.2)88.8) 38 | 97 18. 27.3/27.0] 25 | 96 ||47.4/44.8] 42 | 81 |/41.7/40.5) 40 | 90 19. 48.8/48.2) 48 | 96 |/51.8/50.9} 50 | 95 |/51.2)50.8) 50 | 98 20. 41.7/40.2) 39 | 88 ||53.4/47.0) 39 | 62 |/41.9/389.4) 36 | SL Dili. 36.8/35.4) 33 | 88 |/48.0/44.5}) 41 | 76 |\41.0/87.7) 33 | 74 22% 42.6/40.4) 39 | 83 ||49.8/44.7] 40 | 67 |/48.6/43.0) 37 | 62 Dae 41.7/40.6] 40 | 91 |/49.0/46.0) 43 | 80 ||46.4/43.8) 41 | 81 24. 39.5|37.4) 34 | 82 ||45.8/41.9] 37 | 73 |/45.0/41.2) 36 | 73 2. 37.0/35.8] 35 | 89 |/49.8/45.1} 41 | 69 |\48.8/44.0) 38 | 68 26. 39.0137.8] 37 | 90 |/46.0\44.0) 42 | Sd |\44.7/43.1) 42 | 88 Qi 41.0/40.0] 39 | 92 |\44.8/44.0] 42 | 94 |46.0/45.0) 44 | 93 28. 38.0/36.5] 34 | 87 |/45.0/42.3) 40 | 80 |/42.2/40.7) 39 | 88 29. 30-.8)29.8} 28 | 90 |\42.0/40.8) 40 | 90 |\40.6/39.8) 39 | 94 30. 35.7/35.7135.7|100 ||45.0/41.3] 37 | 7a 1\41.5/88.4) 35 | 76 31. 31.3'30.0! 26 ' 86 ''41.338.0' 33 ) 74 }i41.0188.8) 38 | 91 Means. | | | | 90 | 80 || | | 85 Mean for month. | | 168 MAINE STATE COLLEGE HYGROMETER NO. 4.—IN FOREST. OcroBeER, 1892. 7 A.M. 1 P.M. (Py Wh : | : es || . ° u Day. PSlSS|P SS PS SSE EE ||P Sissie ale Az ZAs2RIGZSZAc SP Azezsslie Oi a= Qi Qi A = FQi- aS fe} ° ° ° ° ° ° ° | ° ° ° te} I 52.0/46.3) 41 | 65 |\50.6)44.2) 37 | 60 | 42.9)38.0) 31 | 63 2. 40.8|/37.0) 31 | 70 ||47.5/41.0) 31 | 55 |43.2139.8) 35 | 7d 3. 30.3/29.5) 27 | 91 |/46.2/42.9) 39 | 77 ||43.1/42.6) 42 | 96 4, 46 .8/46.5} 46 | 98 ||49.6/49.0) 48 | 96 |:49.2]48.8] 48 | 98 5. 36.3136 .3|86.3/100 |\47.8/45.7|) 44 | 85 | 46.0)/44.0) 42 | Sd 6. 1!41.0)39.1] 36 | 85 ||47.3/43.8] 40 | 76 | \45.0/43.5) 42 | 89 Uc |43.8)42.2) 41 | 87 |'57.0)53.0| 50 | 77 | 50.5)48.1) 45 | 84 8. 45 .2144,2) 43 | 91 |/62.4/59.3) 57 | 83 |56.0)54.7) 54 | 92 9: 150.4/50.4/50.4)100 |/45.4/45.0) 44 97 | /42.5/42.0) 41 | 96 10. |/31.7/31.6| 30 | 99 ||46.4/41.9| 36 | 68 |47.2)43.5] 40 | 74 Wale |40.0/37.0) 33 | 76 ||47.4/44.2) 41 | 78 39.5/38.8) 38 | 94 12. ||29.9)29.1) 27 | 91 |47.45)43.9) 41 | 75 ||44.041.4) 38 | 80 13. ||30.0}28.8| 27 | 87 |/40.5/40.1) 39 | 97 |/48.0/47.6| 47 | 97 14. \|49.5/49.3} 49 | 99 ||64.0/58.3) 55 | 71 |153.4151.0} 48 | 85 15. | 88.8/38.0) 387 | 94 |/55.8)51.9) 49 | 78 |/49. 2146.8) 44 | 84 16. ||52.0|50.3} 49 | 89 |/52.6/52.3) 52 | 99 |/52.4152.2) 51 | 99 Wie | 40.1/38.8) 35 | 85 ||46.4/42.5) 37 | 73 |/37.5)36.8) 36 | 94 18.. ||27.3/27.1) 25 | 98 ||47.5/43.6) 40 | 74 |/41.4/40.3) 39 | 91 19. ||48.5)48.0| 47 , 96 |j52.0)51.2| 50 | 95 |51.2)51.0) 50 | 99 20. |40.2/40.0) 39 | 98 |/49.6/45.3) 41 | 72 |/41.5/39.5] 36 | 84 21. ||37.2)35.3) 33 | 88 |/46.4/42.1) 36 | 70 ||40.6/37.8) 34 | 78 22. |'42.8/40.5) 38 | 83 |/53.1/44.9) 36 | 51 |/49.0144.1) 38 | 68 23. | 42.5|40.7| 39 | 86 |/49.3/48.3) 47 | 93 |/45.6/43.8) 42 | 87 24. 39.4/37.7) 35 | 86 |\45.7/41.6| 37 | 71 \45.0)41.5) 37 | 75 25. 35.0/34.5| 33 | 95 ||50.0/44.9| 40 | 67 ||47.4144.2) 41 | 78 26. 38 .8/37.8) 36 | 92 |/45.5)43.8) 43 | 87 ||44.3)48.2) 42 | 91 27. 40.6|40.0) 40 | 95 |\44.5/43.8) 43 | 94 |\43.3/43.0) 42 | 98 28. 37 .0/386.5| 36 | 96 |/45-8)438.3) 41 | 82 ||41.0/39.9) 39 | 91 29. 30.7/30.3) 29 | 96 |/41.8/40.0) 38 | 86 |/40.840.1) 40 | 94 30. 35.785. 7/385.7/100 |44.3/41.0) 36 | 76 ||41.2/388.8) 35 | 91 31. 31.3'30.5| 28 | 92 1'41.038.0! 34 |! 76 ||40.7/388.0' 35 | 78 ag | |? ae Mean for | | | | | | 85 || | | pathic, DE EL AS re ty CeeD ? z i SOIL THERMOMETERS. —Ocroser, 1892. 36 inches. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. a ya 8 Ge te a cp et oe ace eas Gc ee mee ES iSeH eH C49 GIO 19 1G GNI GN GN He HHH Soe 1B 1B 13 1 1d 3 1D 1 1D 1D CD CS CS 1 I ID I I I 1 1 1 1D DH HH HH HH — i Sb HOD HO E10 C119 0 DOI 4119 6910 0 Or I HO WO INNO Or Bids ht Hodes BAAN A I A SSS SEAR AER UD UCD 1D ACS AD 1 1D AD 1 1D 1D 19 ADA 11. 1 DDH SH SH HH HH Cr HO 19S WHO OD 19 69 019 19 1D IN CH OOM MADE 19 IN AO Oi iO Hi tics Sed OA AAA MAHAN HS SSSA GAAH UCD ACD UCD UD ACD UCD UCD UCD ACD ACD UCD UCD UD ACD ACD AD ACD ACD ACD ACD AD ACD ACD ACD “eH SH “eH “eH eH KH eH 24 inches. 12 inches. 1D SCV GID 6D GAH 29 O10 0D H SH B= OO 109 09 2 SO XH O21 SH 6D CY CI CI OD? CD IDIDHOAMAAAAAhRAOSCSSSSSHSAaADDD DDD t UCD UCD ACD UCD ACD ACD AD ACD AD AD ACD ACD ACD ACD ACD ACD LCD ACD ACD “eH eH “CH “cH “eH SH TH oH HH tH G2 GAPS ER CANS COS Ne nC) NOS) IS Cee Soe eI cus lIDID HAA MAO VNANATASOSSSoS REN Cre Ce aa 1D 195 263.15 1 19 109 189 109. 191918 11.1. 1.19: 19. 1D DSH SH SH HH eH HH HH Ht OIE QSIO OASIS SOOT WSS SIS eee Sse loots > IDIDHMAMAAARSC MASS SSSSSSBADDDDDOrr- UD 265 269 1D 1D 109 1D 1 1.11 18919 11. 18 19 1G A 11D SH SH SH HH SH HH SH eH 69 CO OH OHS 1D 1D HD Hog rs He P19 ADI OSMoOHOR OMA HHSSSOGGSHOSK SK HOSORK Or 3 51615 19.19 196 16.15 +H -82! 50.80! 50.76 51.93! 51.88! 51.8 ° oO BES SSAA OATHS AGSRASG SAAS SSR SSS a ID 2D AM HO D1 HH ARDSSMWAHODADSS AAO 1S Or HABSSBHDSBHAGBHSSCHaSH rorcsis 15 19.15.16 Sen DBA BBARAOAARAQA SSR SAGARA SSASR Te aL So oN AS a ENO Sere IDR aD eo e BE eee BA SSSARAO BAAR HAG SASS SSS SSSRIS 9 inches. 19S 1919 9 S199 S HSA DARIO O IO AAMAAAISSASAS 62 SOO OO SAHOO SSN wD Hosrroess He id Hos ca BBSSSSRSSBFAASS SSS SSS SS TH OSH SH HOH HOH .34! 47.97! 47.83) 47.854 50 DSSSHSOHAROOS 209 4 6919 19 Be SD CDE DW OH O1919 SO DSODSEDHKSGHHORHSK OH SBKOs 68 09 60 Hi 98 09 mt UCD LCD SH cH “SH SH SH eH LD SH “eH SH SH SH SH CH SH SH SH HSH SH HH 45. SRARAAH DDI ITA S HSHDODK Kaonorsis UCD LCD “SH “SH “SH “SH SH SH LO “SH SH SH = r= Ei] S ao 4 Of + Ss f aa| 2 5 | 5 |lES| a2|| Cs|| Sf | Se [Fall B eeel a. Day. & & hal 55 ah a8 of |SSil a SES we a | 2 | BSI°R| o8|| am | 23 /esl| & |oes| oa —_ oO ms _ a] = jes} 3 || %a z a || @ fans &