eed UPD Ya te Pe NONI MPG DEL OS LVF LER LIN LENO ALE TG PE AOE LE LIME LI Ma LORRY OF: ~~ . Me 409 ENG, NFR, 4, Tacs d 25 sk beeen ie Iie aide ant Ss eS = a ee mh s, VR ; if eat, a yh Nt y us a) Sas SETS ae yh’ tr . at ged Ht ered REC AB OM) ee i Bupa pie et ig : is M are ae 3 5S Mert Ree 4 regen == - ‘ Late Se le ae nf en pit Srp, is oe ny i D ‘ * ee ee ed Ag Oe GE: asheoaaey = ~~ Dem Se eae -. is 5 = ae a a re Pa er EE Oe es i oo. et ott me sven. ewe ite we Mak re be tet asian il tot beads a feet ers LIBRARY OF THE |S PEOPLE “4 | PRIN 1895. MAINE STATE ‘COLLEGE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. THE STATION COUNCIL. PEuSthe Uses AWE Noam etree = odor Notes ony Plant Breedino s22 js «22 were wie mine nie w= enim REPORT OF BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST...--.-.---------+------ The Orange-colored Reestelia or Quince Kust.-..--...-..--- DISEASES) 20 11 O Discrete ie tare a sreteinl « eloreteuelelanere nietvere retells etspueterat= Night-Flowering Catechfly...------- 22. cece eee eee cece eee The Dichotomous Catchfly.---.--- +--+ --+- +++ sees cree eee POtALOL SCab ssc < aeo cle Gzsewiercs vos Bile eo Se eaasee ee ee lente AMF eMei ND Ll eee cseaon aHioS CSCO OOOO Dosa + Coro cnod ba oo MIELE SUV ETS Ne ie eeraee ols serevre eke. -fc-0,e' wbaveven otenaneme eed omaha eteticoe tars The Ring-Banded Soidier-Bug --........-----.---.--+---- Aas Tobin Wins ede IDOE Boose cb abo aun boos Gos aac The Gooseberry Plant-Louse...-..-.-.---- +--+ +--+ +--+ eee 33-34 35-44 73-80 81-123 90 95 4 CONTENTS. PAGE REPORT OF BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST—Ooncluded. The Oblique-Banded Leaf-Roller...........2.2 2200 eeeecees 110 The Cecropia Emperor Moth..-----.-.............-.....-. 111 Nae TBmiPily Ceuaetn 1yeel@ooccccc0s000 00005009 nG00 0000500 115 MieOakaBark Wieewill asin: « least teeters cee el aeererioeme ree 2) UB MiresMalle@ anierevVviormacicesercrsbcrcie cre ricrereksnevcieve lieve rene events ietere 123 IREPOR TOR Vib DE RNAI WAUINGE I ieiielel ackeieittelsisiel-been eerie erecicie rene 124-133 APPENDIX—BULLETINS ISSUED IN 1894 ..........-. 20. 22--00-: 135-170 Bulletin No. 6,.Fruit-Culture .--.--...-.-................ 135 No. 8, Spraying Experiments ............-...... 138 INOs Gp INOWNEOSSo000.00 1 06000590q0000000 0000 006 142 INO, 0) Chrnliilon wesc coc seve odes soe 5 cmon senec 146 No. 11, Corn as a Silage Crop .-...----+--++-..---- 150 NOs Uy IROwAOeSe coos scodcanaencemods dane aqoonsen 153 No. 13, Tuberculosis and Glanders..-...-...-..--.. 156 No. 15, A Scheme for Paying for Cream, etc ..-.-- 162 No. 16, Foraging Powers of Some Agricultural lee Gi(@oceds daoe 4000 0000 5500 400000KC 167 TREASURER’S REPORT. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with the United States appropriation : RECEIPTS. From the Treasurer of the United States as per appro- priation for the year ending June 30, 1894........ $15,000 00 EXPENDITURES. Botany and Entomology... -+++eseeeeee ee ceceeceee $ 25 35 Chemical Laboratory... .--- cess cere cece cece cece cece 215 13 Expense ACCOunt .....-2e2 cece cece cece cece cece eres 144 94 Field and Feeding Experiments.-..--+++++++esseeeee 757 04 Horticultural Department.....-----++.seee eee eee 925 92 Meteorology -- eee cece cere cece cece cece cece rece eens 107 02 Printing -- eee eee eee eee eee cee cee cece eee Uso) Ge Construction and Repairs....-- sss. eee cece cece eee 749 19 Stationery and Postage.........--- -.0+eseeeeee wees 160 80 Traveling Expenses......-.-.+ sees cece cece cece eee 926 34 Library oe eee cece cee cece cece cece eee cen e eee eee 226 99 Veterinary Science -... «22... cee cence cee e cece ene 52 26 INTEL 6500666600 0006-.0000 5000 5000 000000000000 0000 0400 94 40 BVO TELS AI sissever sie Xe, raver vss coy evolve eisueletoveverslc erolah crevaerreysnets 16 06 Heating Apparatus... .-.- see ee ee cece cece eee e eee 1,020 91 Water Supply. --------eeee cece cece cece ee eee nee 150 00 SII@Se 60.0600 .06005000 000000000000 5000 D000 00000500 8,730 00 — $15,000 00 I hereby certify that the above is a correct statement of the amount expended by the Maine Experiment Station for the year ending June 30, 1894. G. H. HAMLIN, TREASURER, Trustees of Maine State College of Agr. and the Mech. Arts. I hereby certify that Ihave examined the accounts of the Maine Experi- ment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894; that I have found the above to be a correct statement of expenditures both as to amount and classification, for all of which, proper vouchers are on file. HENRY LORD, Auvpiror, Trustees of Maine State College of Agr. and the Mech. Arts. a j a re an ecuieeep ‘htei- fit) Peer \ eae: ayia peed: £: DIRECTOR'S REPORT. A. W. Harris, D. Sc., President Maine State College. Sir :—I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the work performed by the members of the Experiment Station Staff during the year 1894. It will be observed that the size of our report for 1894 is no larger and perhaps not so large as those of some previous years. This fact calls for explanation. Itis due to several reasons. 1st. All of the work performed in 1894 is not reported. None of the data resulting from the investigations now being conducted in the line of plant nutrition have been published since those secured in the spring of 1893. As this work has consumed much time both in the laboratory and forcing house, its omission from the report has quite a material effect upon its size. Again, an experiment in animal nutrition which has now been continued for over eighteen months has received no mention. The object in withholding these data is that more completeness and definiteness may be secured in the conclusions which we hope to reach. 2nd. The data of our experiments and investigations are not published with that fullness of detail that is sometimes the prac- tice. These details have a permanent record; but it is deemed wise not to confuse those who consult our reports with a large mass of figures and observations that serve to bewilder the reader. 3rd. Considerable of the time of one of the Station chemists was occupied with analyses of samples of suspected butter as an aid to the attempt made by Secretary McKeen to prevent the ille- gal sale of imitation butter. The attendance of myself and Mr. Bartlett was also required at court several times. The results so far secured seem to have justified the aid given. It is plain that the dairy interests of the State have in this way been materially aided. 8 MAINE STATE COLLEGE REARRANGEMENT OF DUTIES. The death of Professor Walter Balentine, who had the immediate charge of certain lines of Station work, and the consequent elec- tion of myself to the position which he occupied, have led to a partial rearrangement of the duties of some members of the Station Staff. I have undertaken the supervision of the field experiments which were under Professor Balentine’s care, and the duties of the Station chemists, Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Merrill, have been enlarged by associating them with the immediate care of the experi- ments and investigations in plant and animal nutrition, work that previously was entirely superintended by Professor Balentine and myself. SCOPE OF STATION WORK. In order that the numerous directions along which the activities of the Station Staff are employed may be clearly seen, I sum- marize below the lines of work to which we are giving attention. I. Experiments and investigations. (a) in plant nutrition, (1) Forcing house experiments, (2) Field experiments. (b) in animal nutrition, (1) Digestion experiments, (2) Animal growth, (3) Milk production. (c) in horticulture, (1) Plant breeding, (2) Cultural experiments, (3) Prevention of plant diseases and pests. (d) in economic botany and entomology, (1) Weed pests, (2) Injurious fungi, (3) Injurious insects. (e) Bacteriology and veterinary science. II. Creamery management. Ill. Work of inspection. (a) Official fertilizer control. (b) Inspection of butter samples. IV. Special analyses. V. Correspondence. VI. Institute work. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9 CORRESPONDENCE. The amount of correspondence is steadily increasing year by year, and a large amount of time must be used in giving careful replies to the numerous inquiries which we receive concerning a sreat variety of subjects. The correspondents of the Station do not always receive prompt attention because of the absence at institutes or other work of the person who can give the desired information. SPECIAL ANALYSES. Very many requests are made each year to have analyses made of fertilizers, foods, minerals, drinking waters, etc., etc. Some of these requests are granted and others are refused. The reasons for the refusals are various. Sometimes the desired information can be given without analysis. The samples of fertilizers are often from those brands that have had recent inspection and additional analyses are not necessary. Examinations of drinking water are invariably refused as they are not considered as coming properly within the scope of our work. Besides being time-consuming, a mere chemical analysis of a drinking water settles nothing as to its healthfulness, in most cases, and with the additional bacteriological tests which are necessary in order that the results may have a definite value, would seriously interfere with duties that are mandatory. INSTITUTE WORK. The members of the Station Staff have freely participated in the institutes held under the auspices of the Board of Agriculture. While this work requires something of a sacrifice of effo:t, especi- ally on my own part, it is felt to be necessary and profitable. Moreover, a failure to aid in these institutes to the extent that is acceptable would be a poor return for the cordial and helpful atti- tude which the Secretary of the Board and his associates have taken towards the Station. PUBLICATIONS. During the year the Station has issued eleven bulletins, two of which were reports of the inspection of fertilizers, and the others summarized briefly such reports of Station work as admitted of reliable conclusions. Ten thousand of each bulletin are now printed, nearly all of which are distributed in Maine. Respectfully submitted, W. H. JORDAN, Director. Maine STatE COLLEGE, Orono, Mz., December 31, 1894. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Acknowledgment is hereby made for the following gifts to the Station : One Wagner’s Dairy Pipette. As the result of a correspondence with Mr. Bartlett several firms presented to the Station Babcock Milk Testing Machines. These have been placed in the airy Building in order that dairy students may have access to them. Steam Turbine Tester, Stoddard Manufacturing Co., Rutland, Vt. Two Ten Bottle Hand Machines, Vermont Farm Machine Co., Bellows Falls, Vt. One Ten Bottle Hand Machine, Cornish, Curtis & Greene, Fort Atkinson, Wis. The following donations have been made to the Horticultural Department, 1894. J.J. H. Gregory & Son, Marblehead, Mass., vegetable seeds. Charles A. Miller, East Union, Me., apple cions. John Nichols, North Searsport, Me., apple cions. Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., apple cions. R. C. Buckley, Peoria, Ill., Buckley Wheel hoe. Lucian Saunderson, New Haven, Conn., Comet Bug Killer. The following newspapers and other publications are kindly donated to the Station by the publishers during 1894: Farmers’ Home, Dayton, Ohio. Holstein Friesian Register, Boston, Mass. Farm and Home, Springfield, Mass. Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind. Farmers’ Advocate, London, Ont. Maine Farmer, Augusta, Maine. Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga. American Dairyman, New York, N. Y. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 The Sun, Baltimore, Md. Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, Mass. Practical Farmer. Philadelphia, Pa. New England Farmer, Boston, Mass. Louisiana Planter, New Orleans, La. Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H. Texas Farmer, Dallas, Texas. Hoard’s Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis. Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich. Orange County Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y. Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa. Delaware Farm and Home, Wilmington, Del. American Cultivator, Boston, Mass. Farmers’ Review, Chicago, IIl. The Rural Canadian, Toronto, Ont. Vick’s Magazine, Rochester, N. Y. The Farm and Dairy, Ames, Iowa. The Ciover Leaf, South Bend, Ind. The Grange Visitor, Lansing, Mich. The Industrial American, Lexington, Ky. The American Grange Bulletin and Scientific Farmer, Cincin- nati, Ohio. Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind. Northern Leader, Fort Fairfield, Me. American Agriculturist, New York. American Creamery, Chicago, Ill. Vermont Farmers’ Advocate, Burlington, Vt. The Farmers’ Magazine, Springfield, Ml. The Dairy World, Chicago, Ill. The Rural New Yorker, New York, N. Y. The Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa. Turf, Farm & Home, Waterville, Me. The Elgin Daily Reporter, Elgin, Ill. The Dairy Messenger, Winnetka, Ill. PARTIAL REPORTS OF THE CHEMISTS. ANALYSIS OF BUTTER AND IMITATION BUTTER. J. M. BARTLETT. The following work on butter and imitation butters was per- formed for the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture to assist him in enforcing the oleomargarine law for the protection of the dairy industry. The samples were taken by himself or his agent and then turned over to the Station for analysis. As some creameries were accused of mixing butterine or oleo with their product, a few samples of their goods were taken from the open market for examination but no adulteration was detected. Several of the parties selling the imitation article illegally were prosecuted, brought to trial and convicted. These trials necessitated the chemist spending several days at court. The results of the analysis are shown in the follow- ing table. In most of the samples only the volatile fatty acids were deter- mined, those being the only ingredients present in fats of the but- ters or butterines, that vary sufficiently to show the source from which the fat is derived. The results for volatile fatty acids are expressed in cubic centimeters of one-tenth normal alkali. Those contained in five grams of pure fat from milk or cream requires 25. to 34. c. cg. one-tenth normal alkali to neutralize them, while those from other sources, such as lard, tallow, etc., require less than 4 e.c. The melting points are of considerable interest and it will be seen that with the exception of three or four samples, butterine has no higher melting point than good creamery butter. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 13 nes Pp ma hee Di RS x a |eoa FaiGoall| earst bs Sz B | é@ 83al 6 |ra| se c. Cc. S. B. Creamery butter ............... seleersl| Lael | 2.63 -95| 84.32) 31 35) 34.6 F.C. Creamery butter .....c....e sec cerccce 12.3 | 1.93 +93) 84.54) 30.8 | 34.2 Niteretalelererateteltotelsteieleletetsvele)= sraleheteloteteteferexeleYore\etelem(claterers\s 12.6 4.35 -98) 82.07) 32.78) 34.4 401/XX. Imitation butter.........- ...s.sseeeeee 9.06] 3.15] .66) 87.13] 0.8 | 35.25 A200 Oleereteteterstelatetetsianseteietelsteteisl= 6 novoeooabooDcdNDD0N00 11.46} 4.50) 1.05) 82.99) 1.5 | 34.4 ZLOB Ug 5 WAY on ooboeno0Gs ouaodonoonondodonHHaddeDD000 10.85} 4.49) 1.12) 83.54) 1.25) 33.1 LOINOSOX godgosnnsvaboscdocned09ngGNNS GondDOaDODO0N! 9.44] 3.25) .69| 86.62) 1.45) 34.8 ADD ITO) WO Selec. wieiereiels/e\elcle ce ej0\e\s\cie)s0\s\s s/s\vie\s/eleicesje)sia.cieie Us) |, 2!683 1.6 | 86.2 1.5 | 36.8 EAOSNECS IB. conadunon anaes: socagdsne0c 9) adacadasodnaceD 9.5 | 4.30] .98] 85.22] 1.6 407|B. B. Dairy butter. ........ se seen eens weeeee - - - = |) oL.25 A08\e.c. Dairy butter ...........cscsewevesceweces - - - - | 61.4 HOO BRD 5 ooo00dc00050000 aorccn00CCnGBODS duendsaToen 6.9 | 3.37} 0.9 | 88.83} 1.4 | 34.0 AHMWANS ANgo0t 6 wadaadacsooassoonopodIEsAee obo oDDbod = = - - 1.1 | 36.0 AHMNN@Acacccagoo0 a6 ConsHaDOnGO0OKG Obads00ndD HOODOO = = - - 1.4 | 33.5 MIDIBI@ coscacoacenaccadgasboqsaso4ndobs0NZcdH0a oD0cS 10.9 | 3.43) 0.95] 84.72) 0.85) 34.3 IBN onacbdao0 aonccocgana0ds ndeoesaoSanocaDo0606 = = - - 1.6 | 33.0 ATAU SOIREE MN te scee neat ae eSamtns eae Nae eat 7.45| 3.49] 0.79] 88.24] 1.26] 34.3 ABV TAG NY 5 WE os’ Badbooegdoande Goadeds, Gadonoooagade = - - - 0.7 | 34.8 AVG|222 cccessce « soo aagnu0Rbo90G0n0 ad OondOoBOooHGOO - - - - 1.35) 31.2 TOUNELS TR, céoooboctaododeanbasoos aaccosessonuceadede - - - - 85| 34.8 SIGS, @o 1) copogocsouddon0g0 OOcEnIOabOSOOOaRALOOHOGD - - - - 0.1 | 37.2 250 in @s Sq IDEN OVeNTTENE CG oop gDDU DoDD OKDODODOONS - ~ - = | 26.5 | MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. L. H. MERRILL. Tn addition to the analytical work attending the fertilizer inspec- tion, in which the writer has had part, he has had charge, during the past year, of the box experiments carried on in the forcing- house. The results of this work will be published later. The fol- lowing analyses of fodders, Paris green and miscellaneous samples may be given here. | 14 MAINE STATE COLLEGE DATA RELATING TO DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS.—COMPOSITION OF FOODS. ; | “2 S| oO = 5) ; oO @ iS = 2 ce 6 S (BOB ss gS n a Ss Re @isl is i Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre. se 14) Sulphate of ammonia,‘ 200 lbs. per acre. Plot 3) Fine ground bone, 360 lbs. per acre. es 9? Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre. ** 15) Sulphate of ammonia, 140 1bs. per acre. Plot 4 ) Fine ground South Carolina rock, 300 Ibs. per acre. «© 10% Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre. Oy 16) Sulphate of ammonia, 200* lbs. per acre. Plot = Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre. «47 Sulphate of ammonia, 200 lbs. per acre. Plot 6 a 124 Stable manure, 40,000 lbs. per acre. ee 15 5 Plot 19 ce 2} Received no fertilizer. By Bil Plot 20 OG 25| Dissolved pone black, 400* lbs. per acre. SG Bye Plot on ) Dissolved bone black, 400* lbs. per acre. 5 33 j Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre. Plot 22) Dissolved bone black, 200} lbs. per acre. «628 6 Muriate of potash, 50 lbs. per acre. «© 34) Sulphate of ammonia, 60 lbs. per acre. Plot 23 ) Dissolved bone black, 300f lbs. per acre. «629% Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre. os ahs) } Sulphate of ammonia,‘ 120 lbs. per acre. Plot 24) Dissolved bone black, 400* lbs. per acre. s¢ 30> Muriate of potash, 150 lbs. per acre. «36 ) Sulphate of ammonia, 180 lbs. per acre. **Dissolved bone black was used as one source of phosphoric acid from 1886 to 1889 inclusive, after which dissolved South Carolina rock was used instead. * Or dissolved South Carolina rock, 500 Ibs. 7 Or dissolved South Carolina rock, 250 lbs. ¢ Or dissolved South Carolina rock, 375. J] Or nitrate of soda. -.. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19 The history of these plots is summarized below. Year. Crop. Treatment. 1886, Oats, Fertilizers applied. 1887, Oats, Fertilizers applied. 1888, Hay, No fertilizers. 1889, Fallowed, Fertilizers applied. 1890, Peas, No fertilizers. 1891, Oats, No fertilizers. 1892, Peas, No fertilizers. 1893, Corn, Fertilizers applied. 1894, Corn, Fertilizers applied. It appears then that in nine years five applications of fertilizer have been made and eight crops produced. Since 1891 no statement of the crops grown has been published. In order that these results may have a permanent record the yields from these plots in 1892, 1893 and 1894 are given in Table 1, after which the production for the nine years is condensed in a proper form for comparison. i) wt 20 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE TI. FERTILIZERS APPLIED PER ACRE AND YIELD PER PLOT, 1892, 1893, 1894. | | =! = | 1892. | eles Crop, Peas. || a3 -= | | eed [hee Fertilizers as applied in 1586, 1887, 1889, 1893 and 1894. - Can (ee = = = iS > = None used in 1888, 1890, 1891 and 1892. = = | s ll=ssleas eaRe eo. ||. sel ees - | 2 & || O& Of } ad | | Plot 1 | 15.5) 22.5) 37 | 80} 200 Plot 7; No manure. | $8.5) 16.5) 25 100, 175 lot 13) ee) i ees co hese Plot 2) Fertilizer from 400 lbs. dissolved bone; 19 MS) 28 225| 605 Plot § } black,* 1001lbs. muriate of potash and 200) 21 8.5] 29.5]| 350) 600 Plot 14} Ibs. sulphate of ammonia,; mixed. 16.7| 10.3) 27 239) 600 Plot 3 ) Fertilizer from 360 Ibs. ground bone, 1001bs.) 13-5 9.5 23 | 305; 660 Plot 9 muriate of potash and 200 Ibs. sulphate of| 21.7) 9.8) 31-5] 315) 560 Plot 15 ammonia,j mixed. 7 9 2 280) 680 Plot 4 ) Fertilizer from 300 Ibs. fine ground South 14.7; 9.3) 24 7s| 480 Plot 10 Carolina rock, 100 lbs. muriate oi potash, 16.5) 6 22.5 330, 400 Plot 16 i) and 200 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia,j mixed., 10.3! 7-7 8 200) GED Plot 4 ) Fertilizer from 100 lbs. muriate of potash,) 15 | 10 | 25 || 7a) 430 Plot li > 200 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia,j mixed. 33.5] 13-5) 37 | 205) 350 Plot 17 | 9-5 26.5 225, 500 Plot 6) | 26.5] 9.5| 36 || 490) S90 Plot 12 - Fertilizer, 40,000 Ibs. stable manure. 22.5] 17-3) 40 460) 780 Plot 1s } : 5a - || 17 | 2 650) 850 Plot 19 ) | 24.5] 12 | 36.5 60) 200 Plot 25 -No manure. | 14-5] 10-5) 25 || 125) 400 Plot 31 } | ob 4 a ey 50) 190 Plot 20 ) Fertilizer, consisting of 400 Ibs. dissolved) 13-3) 5.7) 19 90! 210 Plot a bone black alone* 8 4.5) 12.5 155) 450 Plot 32 ) LP 6.5) 18.5 120) 350 | | Plot 21 ) Fertilizer from 400 Ibs. dissolved bone; 12.5 5-5) 18 276, 40 Plot 27 black,* 1#0 Ibs. muriate of potash, mixed.| 10 5) 15 345| 680 Plot 33 } 12.5) 9.5) 22 270) 690 Plot 22 ) Fertilizer from 200 ibs. dissolved bone) 15 S 23 75) 430 Plot2s - black.z 56 Ibs. muriate of potash and 60) il 6.7 a 2335) 370 Plot 34) Ibs. sulphate of ammonia,j mixed. 6B 10 23 180) — 480 Plot 23 ) Fertilizer from 300 lbs. dissolved bone) 16.5) 6-5) 2 265| Gal Plot 29 - Dlack,|| 100 lbs. muriate of potash and 120) 21-7) 9.3) 31 230) 590 Plot35) Ilbs.sulphate of ammonia.7 mixed. 17.5) 10.5) 28 335, 680 Plot 24 j Fertilizer from 400 Ibs. dissolved bone) 19-5) 7-5) 27 365) S80 Plot 30 - black,* 150 lbs. muriate of potash and 180) 22-7) 4.3) 27 305| 690 Plot36 ) Ibs. sulphate of ammonia,j mixed. 20-5) 7 27-5 395| S826 * Or 500 Ibs. dissolved South Carolina rock. + Or 250 Ibs. dissolved South Carolina rock. || Or 375 Ibs. dissolved South Carolina rock. 7 Or same weighi nitrate of soda. In 1895 fifty pounds of corn were selected from each plot, mak- ing 150 pounds for each set of three plots. This was stored in the barn for a time and was then weighed, chopped and sampled. The samples were dried in a closet heated by steam, and then after standing in the air of an ordinary room for several weeks AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 were weighed. These weights were taken as those in the air dry condition. In 1894 practically the same course was pursued only the samples were selected for drying as the corn was chopped for the silo in the fresh green state. The moisture in the air-dry sam- ples for 1894 was also determined in order to ascertain the yield of dry matter. (See Table 2.) TABLE. II. 2. 1894. ox ie) mH So H ts) 2 OS Ht py Saal) Aas oo ae ~aoe| $24 qntp || PaaS | ose i3s ||t8es| SF Seo 2252 | Skis eles 4 AS oD eon) TERRES TSG THe I a te CSR Bn Pence eben PN emda 23.7 21.4 19.8 FLO USIONG al Le oarieitct a A sae asic cislacists ha ce teimotasiai ae Sts te sistas 24.4| 24.3 22.4 | TPitatsy Sh, GIS Sd dou Aedes tron Spee cee GCE eco ie reeaecator 22.1 24.0 22.0 PACTS O SLC eae ERI Seis ras ) | be enllbe: | 8a | aa) de | ce | ale | 2a | 45 | hes | we IO Lectene sce caeceee ce. enews ates scene eiseleis siatistc oi teletenie oe dlatelete 172 116 176 BPO Uo eee ciseeic nice new nic visio sieie vote visio vision nivlolvicleleoieteisinis etervialoteleiciereiell 14 250 50 PV Oi ane ne ree eee Seeeee ee: Lsbetaioce er Mainceeinniont ccccenaseere 14 80 50 TEL Tay tad Wes ee iol Sah ye Chat i te aaa ora die eel sees Se 0 0 0 Only in the case of the phosphoric acid of Plot 2 do the commer- cial manures exceed or even approach in quantity the plant food furnished by the stable manure. This greater amount of plant food does not fail of its effect. but it is worthy of remark that after three crops have been removed the yield of Plot 1 is inferior to that of Plot 2 and scarcely greater than that of Plot 3. A _ possible explanation of this is that the soil is especially lacking in available phosphoric acid and therefore the larger amount of this compound applied to Plot 2 resulted in a more persistent increase of crop. These results so far run counter to the prevailing views as to the relative permanence of effect of animal and commercial manures. But the experiment is still in progress and definite conclusions should be withheld for some years. The following, however, is a brief summary of the more impor- tant facts to date, as bearing upon the experiment on Field 2: (1) The commercial fertilizers have caused a marked increase of crop for at least four years after their application. (2) The fourth crop was larger from the crude phosphate than from the dissolved. (4) The first three crops were larger from the yard manure than from the commercial manures but the fourth crop was larger from the latter. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 33 THE PROFITABLE AMOUNT OF SEED PER ACRE FOR CORN. W. H. JORDAN. The opinion has prevailed somewhat in the past, if a practice is any indication of an existing opinion, that the larger the amount of seed used the greater the yield of corn for soiling or fodder purposes. In many instances not less than a bushel of corn has been sown per acre on the plot that was to furnish fodder corn in late August and during September. ‘The resulting product has always been a large weight of immature, very watery fodder. Possibly the practice was correct if we assume that the gross weight of a green crop is a correct measure of its value. We know that this is not the case, but, that the value of any crop is chiefly measured by its yield of dry matter, and we have found out that the largest food product is obtained when the amount of seed approximates, at least, to that planted in ordinary field culture. More or less discussion still exists, however, in regard to the exact quantity of seed that is conducive to the maximum yield. A very common custom is to plant five kernels in a hill with the rows three and one-half feet apart and the hills three feet. This is nearly equivalent to rows the same distance with single kernels drilled in at a distance of seven inches apart. During the past season an experiment has been carried on by the Station for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of seed most profitable in corn raising. A plot of one acre was used for this purpose. This plot received five cords of manure and five hundred pounds of commercial fer- tilizer. It was divided into twelve plots, or four sets of plots with three plots in a Set. On one plot in each set the single kernels were planted six inches apart, on another nine inches, and on the third twelve inches. This gave four plots or one-third of an acre planted by each method. The corn was allowed to stand until the kernels glazed and was then cut, weighed and sampled. Below can be seen the gross yield of crop per acre, the percentage and the total yield of dry matter. 34 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. TABLE XIII. Kernels 6 inches apart or 6 in three f Kernels 9 inches apart or 4 in three feet Kernels 12 inches apart or 3 in three feet.............+-.6- EW coacooncese0 00 00 wee eee e es cree seen (=| = S352 fA o . Sie) (S) Saeke HHO Sex Hr oO e's) =aaqO OaH cae | She | sEg ee payrceed re Con ee) CmH wee Ore ae Lo mone Ais oF alent =”) i 21,315 21.1 4,497 22,530 20.9 4,709 20,190 20.5 4,139 In this instance at least the medium quantity of seed, viz: Four kernels in each three feet, produced the largest yield of both green crop and dry matter. Several similar trials will be made to deter- mine whether this will uniformly occur. It appears that the corn from the different quantities of seed was of practically uniform composition. TABLE XIV. Planted with kernels 6 iMches apart. Planted with kernels 9 inches apart. Planted with kernels 12 inches apart feecece eee : S| g ra o g = g 3 } : a mn z 5 Bos 2 Bi Sit Sle SO aes i= < Ay Fy Zio Fe 78.90} 1.09} 1.87) 4.30 13.07| .76 79.10) 1.35) 2.02) 3.738 12.97) .83 79.50} 1.01) 1.85) 4.40 12.52) -72 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35 DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD COMBINATIONS UPON DIGESTIBILITY. W. H. JORDAN. A large amount of time has been expended in determining the digestibility uf our various cattle foods, and the figures obtained are known as coefficients of digestibility. These coefficients are arranged in tables convenient for reference, and are much used in a practical way for the calculation of rations. In practice it is assumed that when the several materials in the ration are multiplied by their respective percentages of digestibility, the sum of the quantities thus obtained will represent very nearly the total digesti- ble material fed; in other words, it is assumed that no matter how foods are combined, each food continues to have its peculiar rate of digestibility, which is not changed to any important extent by the influence of the foods which accompany it. The correctness of the position is somewhat questioned by those familiar with related facts, their doubt being based not so much upon theoretical reasons as upon the apparent outcome of certain digestion experiments. The digestibility of a food in a particuiar instance must be determined by two factors: (1) What has been termed the ‘‘inherent resistance” of the food to the solvent action of the digestible liquids. (2) The supply in abundance of these digestive fluids. The writer has always inclined to the view that the first factor is so largely the controlling one that unless the animal is under abnormal conditions it almost wholly determines the amount of the food that shall pass into solution. To illustrate, egg albumen is wholly peptonized by the gastric juice, or starch is wholly inverted to glucose under the action of the pancreatic juice, and these results will always obtain when these two juices are secreted in proper abundance, not being influenced by the relative amounts present of other compounds that are to be digested. There is a possibility 3 36 MAINE STATE COLLEGE that a food may be so distasteful to the animal that the nerve stimulus necessary for the proper secretion of the digestive fluids may be wanting, and in such a case the addition to the ration of anything that would render it more palatable would promote digestibility, but with healthy animals judiciously fed on the ordinary food mixtures, we have no reason to suspect either unpalatableness or an insufficient supply of the digestive juices. One difficulty in obtaining conclusive testimony on the point under consideration lies in the limitations of digestion experiments, which with ruminants, at least, do not allow the determination of the digestibility of all foods as fed singly. The co-efficients of digestibility of grains with ruminants have been reached by assuming coarse fodders to have the same digesti- bility when fed with them as when fed alone. We du not know how much of the grains would be digested when not accompanied by any other food, nor do we know if hay maintains the same digestibility when grains are combined with it. The way by which we can get at the most reliable figures is to experiment with foods that it is practicable to feed both singly and combined. The digestion experiments at this Station in 1894 have been directed toward gaining information on the points under consid- eration. The experimental foods have been Timothy hay and silage. If combination does affect digestibility, it would be likely to occur when two such foods as these are mixed,—the one coarse, dry, quite indigestible and not highly palatable, and the other succulent, much more digestible and very much relished by the animals. The experiments were conducted with the foods alone and com- bined, using Timothy hay, silage from the large immature Southern corn and silage from mature Flint corn. The following is a sum- mary of the results: AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Sheep 3 AVECLIAGE wcceseccee cocee eoccces Silage, Southern corn, 2,000 grs. daily. Sheep 1 Silage, Southern corn, *2,500 grs. daily. Silage, Southern corn, 2,500 gers. daily. Sheep 3 PAS CLAS Chere cinielvicin'=| \n[ntala\elsiolelele)=\=/siele ee Silage, Maine Flint corn, 2,000 grs. daily. Sheep 1 Sheep 2 Sheep 3 ANWIETEIET® aac stoccd oocec) caocehoonsoe Combination Southern corn silage and hay. Sheep 1 Sheep 2 Sheep 3 PAN CUAL Clee niclelelsialeieieiainle wierelel isie/sirislelaiciele Combination field corn Silage and hay. Sheep 1 Sheep 2 Sheep 3 Average sheep 2 and 3 eee eee ww eeee Sheep 2... seeeee scene Coefficients of digestibility. matter. Dry 39.4 Organic substance. uy . iva} Protein. & ~ Nitrogen free- extract. Fat. 61. ao ww tw 4 to * For analyses of materials see report of L. H. Merrill. It will be observed that the digestibility of both the hay and the silages was determined with these foods when eaten alone. Having these figures it is possible to calculate the digestibility of a known mixture of hay and silage, assuming that the one has no influence on the other. & a rs But this is the point in question and in Tables XV and XVI we have a comparison of the theoretical digestibility with what actually occurred. 38 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XV. COMBINATION OF HAY AND SOUTHERN CORN SILAGE. 3 o.- - 55 SHEEP 1. = =5 = = ap % = | 4 | oe o | 9 |J3o ae = A | < OF a | Za = l l | | Dry matter eaten ...............ce- } 2,005 | 127.4) 1,877.4| 175.6) 635 992.1) 74.7 Dry matter actually digested ---- 1,106 39 1,066.8. 89.4) 344.3) 588.3) 44.9 | ! Amount digested as calculated) from results with foods fed} SHE Moccsccssoss socesscsoeccoorass) 1,161 - | 1,099 | 93.5) 350-9) 620.1) 46.1 Per cent actually digested......... 55-1) 30.6 56.8 50.9) 54.2 59.3) 59 Per cent digested as Der caleula- j THLBLEY So ssgsossonaangeso. SO.ascooconc Sics}} = 58.5 53-2) 5.2 62.5} 61.7 SHEEP 2. Dry matter eaten................- : 2,177-5| 141.6) 2,035.7; 194.8) 687.6) 1,070.6) 82.6 Dry matter actually digested...... 1,282.4) 55.2) 1,227 100.2) 400.3) 673.3) 53.2 | Amount digested as calculated | from results with foods fed! } | | MIMGIRY sossscconscossssotos0s02 20005 | 1,219.4) - | 1,192.8) 100 | 387 660.5, 44.8 Per cent actually digested......... 58.9) - 60.3 52 58.2 62.9, 64.4 Per cent digested as per calcula-) | "MID, = 550n68 .ccouaaSS oNeeooeeeco ose 57-4) = 58.6 52 56.4 61.7| 54.2 SHEEP 3. | | | Dry matter eaten—same as Sheep 2 | | Dry matter actually digested...... 1,241.7| 53, 1,188.5) 100 374.8) 659.9) 53.7 Amount digested as calculated) | from results with foods fed | HME socssseco sosssescts so sastse | 1,244.4) - 1,187.5) 101-5) 379 657.6) 49.8 Per cent actually digested......... 57 - eal 51.4) 53.9 61.71 65 j Per cent digested as per calcula-| | THOM, soo0 ssd0t5orocscoesccossascso2c 57.1 - 58-3 52.1 55-1 61.4) 60.3 Average per cent actually digested | 57 - 58.5) 51.4, 55.4 61.3} 62.8 Average per cent digested as per) calculation ............... = 550ge00 a = 58.5 52.4, 55.5 61.9} 58.7 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE XVI. COMBINATION OF HAY AND FIELD CORN SILAGE. 39 ~ 3 2 e = ie i 2 @c = oe SHEEP Il. I Es 2 BT ee =) < OA = = Aa Dry matter eaten. ......026 wee. «- 2,297 115.8} 2,171.1 218.1) 639.5) 1,223.7 Amount actually digested......... 1,690.5) 57 1,623.4) 149.6) 449.2) 952.3 Amount digested as calculated from results with foods fed STINGARY oo. sadadjocoogneUnonOTDSN shoe 1,454 - 1,409 129.2] 375.5) 837.7 Per cent actually digested* ...... 73-6} 49 74.8 68.6] 70.3 77.8 Per cent digested as per calcula- HOI ~oopcomadconen GooocoosvadG00a00 63.3) = 64.9 59.2) 58.7 68.5 SHEEP 2. Total fed—same as Sheep 1. Amount actually digested......... 1,525.2} 36.2] 1,479 123.6] 411.8] 881.9 Amount digested as calculated from results with foods fed SIAR oononovadooudacacoodoooUDOcoUD 1,440.6} -— | 1,397 3} 119.4] 378.8] 839.2) Per cent actually digested....-.... 66.4) - 68.1 56.7| 64.4 72.1) Per cent digested as per calcula- (TON coogoccouscdconsaaadoboncooD O06 62.7, - 64.3 54.8) 59.2 68.6) SHEEP 3. Total fed—same as Sheep 1. Amount actually digested.... .... 1,540.7; - 1,488.8} 130 | 403.2] 890 Amount digested as calculated from results with foods fed SHEE sobs cousc0dacsosansep0009005 1,460.6) - | 1,415.1) 126.2) 374.9) 848.4 Per cent actually digested......... 67.1) = 68.6 59.6} 63.1 72.7] Per cent digested as per calcula- | WHOM cosboo doo oogoDosscCbus CoO Oce 63.6) - 65.1 57.9) 58.6 69.4 Average per ct. actually digestedt 66.7 - 68.3 ji 58.1) 63.7 72.4, Average per cent digested as per CalemahiOn Ty -..cccccecccecencc sc see! 63.1) - 64.7 69 * These coefficients are evidently too high. { Average to Sheep 2 and 3. fer) io’) ~I for] oo le 2) The outcome of these experiments does not give quite so definite In the case of the hay and southern corn silage combination the calculated and the actual digestibility agree very closely, while with the hay and field corn silage the actual digestibility is about 3.5 per cent greater than the calculated. Although this difference is not large, and might occur within the limitations of error with a single experiment, it seems desirable to secure additional evidence before formulating conclusions. testimony as is desirable. 40 MAINE STATE COLLEGE APPENDIX TO DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. DIGESTIBILITY OF MIXED HAY. TABLE XVII. SHEEP lI. Amount fed in d days, 3,000 grs.... Amount excreted in 5 days........ Amount digested in 5 days........ Per cent digested......e...ssseeee- SHEEP 2. Amount fed in 5 days, 3,000 grs.....) 5 Amount excreted in 5 days....... Amount digested ......... scocoroses Per cent digested.............+...- SHEEP 3. Amount fed in 5 days, 3,000 grs ... Amount excretedin 5 days........ Amount digested..... ......--20.0- Per cent digested ......--.-.e+esee0 Average per cent digested......... substance. Dry 2,694.1) 1,238. 1,455. Organic matter. Dn . iv.) = 2 > I re oy - ES anh 5) a =o J <3) = . re sl =i 2 BA | & | ae | = 200.2} $82.3) 7,390.2} 82.1 i 103.8) 452.8 537.9} 38.1 200.2) $82.3) 1,390.2) $2.1 114.7) 450.6) 562 | 47.8 85.5) 431.7| 828.2 42.7| 48.9 59.6) 41.8 | | 200.2) $82.3) 1,390.2) S§2.1 | } 110.8) 454.4) 538.8) 38.8 $9.4) 427-9) $51.4) 43.3 44.7| 48.5) 61.2) 52.7 45.2| 48.7| 60.7] 50.6 | 1 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE XVIII. DIGESTIBILITY OF SOUTHERN CORN SILAGE, SHEEP 1. Amount fed in 5 days 10,000 grs.... Amount excreted in 5days.... ... Amount digested Per cent digested coaouenonodC00 g0000 SHEEP 2. Amount fed in 5 days 12,500 grs ... t Amount excreted inidays. ...... Amount digested..... so00ncac0008 Per cent digested..... doas00d soacaos SHEEP 3. Amount fed in 5 dayS ........eeeee. Amount excreted in 5 days........ Amount digested ......eeeee ween Per cent digested..... 5000 G9o00008e eters eee Average per cent digested Dry matter. i io 2) bo a Nn -1 co (2) 64.6 Organic substance. _ [w) res ou g 1,556.3 574 982.3 63.1 64.8 Protein. 91 | 287 59.8) 63.5 190.2) 523.6 75.3] 166.6 114.9] 357 60.4| 68.2 190.2) 523.6 76.6) 179.3 115.6) 344.3 59.7} 65.8 59.9) 67.5 free-extract. Nitrogen 41 42 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XIX. DIGESTIBILITY OF MAINE FIELD CORN SILAGE. | | 3 | = SHEEP 1. | a PES jee : oF = esa ee B hy : Pee 1 Be eS Pee }Sa |<] on |a& | & | 4a] i UT | / Amount fed in 5 days, 10,000 grs....| 2,086 | 111.8) 1,924.2] 243.3) 444.9) 1,114.7] 121.3 ] | i Amount excreted in 5 days........ | 506.8) 66.1) 440.8) 76.7| 97.6 252.5) 13.9 ees [aa Se ———— Amount digested ........2--.2-2+--- 1,580.2) 45.7) 1,483.4) 166.6) 347.3) 864.2) 108.4 Per cent digested.........- se 75.1| 41 | — 77-2|- 68.5) 78-1| 77-4] 88.5 ab cal | SHEEP 2. | | | ] Amount fed in 5 days, 10,000 grs....| 2,036 | 111.8) 1,924.2) 243.3, 444.9 1,114.7) 121.3 4 Amount excreted in 5 days........ | 488.1) 67.7) 420-5) 8. 92-7; 225-2) 17-2 Amount digested.. .-............-. | 1547.9) 44.1) 1,508.7) 157-9 352-2 $59.5 41 Per cent dizested-_.2:-0.-..--..:... | 76 | 39-4) 78.2) 64-9) 79.2] 79.8) 85-8 SHEEP 3. | | | Amount fed in 5 days, in Seat 2,036 | 111.3) 1,924.9] 243.3, 444.9 1,014.7 121.3 Amount excreted in 5 days........ | 485.9) 68.6) 417.3) %-1| 97 | 229.1| 15.5 Amount digested ......-....-.-0-0-- "1,550.1, 43.2) 1,506.9| 167.6) 347.9) $85.6) 105.8 Per cent digested........... -...-- 76.2|~ 39 78.4) 68.9) 78.2 79.5| 87.2 75.7] 39.8} 77.8) 67.4| 78.5] 78.9) 87-2 a eo AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE XX. DIGESTIBILITY OF HAY AND SOUTHERN CORN SILAGE. SHEEP 1. Hay fed in 5 days, 1,500 grs......... Silage fed in 5 days, 3,000 grs....... Motalktedeessascecseseccecns con eaecen Hxereted In 5 dByS..-.-- 5s ..ce-+ ee Amount digested ............. eonkon Per cent digested...... HoGG600008000 SHEEP 2. Hay fed in 5 days, 1,500 grs......... Silage fed in 5 days, 6,250 grs....... Loytpll HEClooaaccsegoy paduaoupennopecuaT bxereted in 5 days......... ss..---- Amount digested ..........-..cseee. HeCem iil eeSted aemicicteiiacisisteieiasieil> ier NeClosn556 sesdo0 odoc dodopobeues Excreted in 5 days................-. Amount digested ................... Percent digested......-.....0.....- Dry matter. io) is) for} oo or or 43 substance. Organic —! a § e & = — ~1 to is & vz) S io”) 1,227.0 (oa) free-extract. Nitrogen t wl i & 44 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XXI. DIGESTIBILITY OF HAY AND FIELD CORN SILAGE. | | | | ee | | = | | a 7 | | Spl Shige ee ae | SHEEP 1. i oa | | a ef) BE | bp | = | o | 3s | 2° | “5 ra 8 | eee | a | = | =2 | = | 2 See [ia 2ze61e 6 eo come do.2he 0 ato 13.69 4.40 — ‘ February 13, morning..................- 12.08 3.50} 12-95 3-90 13-87 4.70 MYA F5-c05 cosoSoosenodeccus | 12.69 3.80/ 13.36 4.05 13.72 4.30 February 14, morning..........eeeseeeee | 12.85 3.15] 13.87 4.00| 14.07” 4.35 MAD Foo sbosooancuodeoaonSCeS 13.39 4.30| 13.40 4.00 14.69 5.10 February 15, MOTNING........-202. wsee- 12.28 3-30 | 13.12 4.15 14.13 4.75 THBRELT Es Ssocnoesscosonsocesese 12205) Stones 98, tells 13.02 4.00 February 16, MOrMing.....-00-0. oeeees 11.94 3.10 12-84 3.35 13.80 4.55 MET sSsccsassccgens < sescal| IPaay SSEa if TBs) EES 13.63 4.45 February 17, MoOrming. ..........-...--- | 11.91 3.10 | 12.93 3-90 14.44 5.00 TMS TE i costesssoscunasbdscce | 12.44 3.95 | 12.97 4.00] 13.39 4.40 PERIOD 2. February 27, morning......-...... seccec 12.01 3-50 | 12.75 3.85 13.10 4.05 WRENS cooosss ascosscocogs 12.78 4.00) 13.36 4.35 13.22 4.50 February 28, MOrNING........--eeseeeees 12.27 3.30 | 13.03 3.75 13.70 4.25 HMMM Te sossossasodeosce songs 12.67. 3.95 | 12.67 4.10 13.99 5.15 March 1, MOrMIng. ~. 2.2.2. e occ w wenn ee 12.58 3.75 | 12.81 4.00 14.12 5.10 THEN FococossosoScescsseaoosssaces 12-80 4.15} 13.26 4.35 13.49 4.65 WIRE DOT PHONE So5ososossaeseSdosase 12-27 3.40] 12.71 3-70 13.91 4.80 MME ioccosssoaooocsose sesees 50550 12.98 4.45 | 14.17 4.85 13.49 4.55 WIRE G5 LEO SWE 25 ss50GhognooecdoSooecods 12-18 3.40] 13.54 4.15 13.80 4.70 MALU aeleiewlels ellie ce ecsiclelen ncie cre 12.73 4.20 13.01 4.35 13.65 4.53 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COMPOSITION OF PERIOD 2—Concluded. MILK—CONCLUDED. 47 Cow 1. Cow 2. Agnes. WIECH, 1B}, veeverD abhi soqnondoaouoOdoqodsdaD 11.39 3.10 12.87 3.95 13.62 4.95 TAME HitrerstanetorefeleveretsTersiereteleieistetetelslstsye 12.22 3.90 | 13.26 4.50 13.48 4.65 Nitehelal 1, weavopmarhesaqog & neoooqvqocoondas 11.93 3.25 12.52 B19) 13.38 4.30 MIAtocow Gaogoane sodecDodOoNOCS 12°50 4-30 |) 12.69 4.55 14-381 5.45 VE SL OT MUN Gyo elelelelele wletelatelalaleleiaieyelelete 12.32 3.50 13.09 4.00 13.96 4.75 MIG Gee ccericle cence ccs eieisies 13:39 4.65) 13.07 4.25 13°39 4.65 March 16, morning......... 55° Boao006dbba 11.57 3.10 12.90 3.80 13.48 4.30 MUG Nicooadaa vovuoaoanodooouooec 12.52 4.05 | 13.24 4.30 13.99 4.60 March 17, morning............... sie nades 12.09 3.25 | 12.76 3.60 14.30 4.65 TMIBNhs ooavagdaasoapona0gnHoCGDNG 12-69 4.05 | 12.82 4.15 13-10 «4.45 12226 Sei! |). 12-92) 4.06 13.70 4.67 PERIOD 38. March 27, morning........ ooonoDuG 0 00000 12.11 3.20) 18.00 4.05 14.29 4.90 TUE oooo0 HvoDgDDDSOODODODONDGO 13.30 4.60} 18.12 4.40 13.88 5.00 VEAL ET 2S VOUT a eretalolalelalelelelelalsiels/elelelele 12.64 3.60] 12.85 3.80 14.64 5.25 WUE oooOGRGO: GoodD noccocannded 12°61 4-30) |) 138-35 4°30 14.39 4.80 March 29, morning..... eeeteteteteteleetetetettalateya 12.11 3.05) 18.20 4.00 14.73 5.15 TIBI Pao sded0. cn 90000000000000000 IB ha | AB AGIL A afn) 13.99 4.70 Miareh'30; miOrning cc. ccc. cece cence 12.50 3.65] 12.93 3.90 14.28 4.85 TOA iooooADe on006~ aoooaoqobO0ONDO 13.20 4.80] 18.18 4.25 13-92 5.10 March 31, morning............. see. ceeee W.75 «©6320 | 18-18 4.10 14.20 5.25 TNA Lied eleleral-Veleleleletelelteratels(sietetetetevere 14.09 5.25 14.04 4.80 14.05 4.95 12.81 4.03 13.24 4.21 14.24 4.99 AN Oravl I), iweKoHHaMha5o5q00 sqq00000b00R0R000N00 12.33 = 3..7 13.33 4.15 14.85 5.80 TOMA Mid ono00d000000 Sedodvocsseoe 13.59 5.10} 13.20 4.20 13-91 4:70 April 11, lost. JNovenl 14, sano yBaMaocHoooH0Gne BoED oODDGE 12.17 3.40] 13.19 4.00 14.56 5.45 IMMA NiGo5G0 cooGo docOd oddnandu6 - 14.12 5.35 13.06 4.55 13.19 4.05 PASH) EMD IT OTUTAE olelelatelelate(oletetoietetctstalsisteieteiste 12.35 3.45 | 138.05 4.45 13.99 4.65 TOBA ooooGbOMDAS o poagCO0 ag00000 13.79 -75 | 18.738 4.40 14.39 5.00 AtprilllaWmorniiies. ces. stveeeeak bee sk 12.75 3.60] 13.38 4.05| 15.35 5.85 night...... 90900 coodedeDoGaobuaS 14.48 5.55] 14.07 4.65 13.71 4.40 13.20 4.86| 13.87 4.31| 14.24 4.99 48 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XXII. COMPOSITION OF FOODS AS FED IN DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 2 In 100 parts water-free substance. nN o | mai | reine an ST lg BRIE m || os 2|38 S38 £ = | = 2) es eee ~ = nD a | =—a> =} = || < | & | & | mao | & u ' | | | ] OCU XML Bay—fed alone-..0s0<-eeosseu sess 12.1|| 5.17| 7.43] 32.75] 51.60| 3.05 CCLXIV Hay—fed with So. Corn Silage ..| 12.6) 5.37) 7.52) 32 29] 51.57| 3.25 CCLXV Hay—fed with Field Corn Silage..| 12.7)! 5.20) 7.61) 32.18) 51.8 3.13 CCLXVI So. Corn Silage—fed alone .. .... | 86.4|| 8.44] 11.19] 30.77} 46.16) 3.44 CCLXVII So. Corn Silage—fed with hay...) 86.18), 8.24) 11.13} 30.56 45.44 4.63 CCLVIII Field Corn Silage—fed with hay,} 80.25),) 5.87 12.01) 22.10 55 07) 4.95 CCLXXXI Field Corn Silage—fed alone...| 79.64), 5.49 yi 21.86) 54.7. 5.96 TABLE XXIII. WEIGHTS OF AIR-DRY EXCREMENT. * = 23 = 5) o 2 2 =| = D B D t | grams. | grams. | grams. HAY BUMS .5 ss56sosccpenbesassssoosass sebosoasscossossers¢ | 1,302 1,550 1,311 Southern corn silage—fed alone.. 510 637.5 685 Southern corn silage and Diay...-. -..ceccccccccscccccees 952 946 955 Field corn silage—fed alone..........2...2. 2 scccncesccces j 531 507.8) 504.4 Field corn silage and hay..............2.....0.. sss: oceee| 637 809 | 788 * For analyses see report of L. A. Merrill. COMPOSITION OF THE MILK. AVERAGES FOR EACH FIVE DAYS. I] || Cow 1 || Cow 2 | AGNES za aes | eel 3s ol SS | Salt eS ZS |) Sect wees Ailes es il o@ a | Aa Ss || Sa | € || ea = 1 : Lbs) mihi pSpseoooosooe | 12.45 3-69 || 12.86 4.14 |) 14.19 4.54 Period 1 | * Second half........... 12-38 3.57 | 13.13 4.00 || 13.88 4.56 Wurst dialeics- <-z FES ars On o a tor ma oP og on rs) 25 | 38 | 88 |225| 23 | 53 | be Hea laa | oa |86a)/ he | we us | ( Cow 1, 182 350 98 727 407 12.44 69 First half, 14 days, } Cow 2, 182 350 98 753 309 12.86 4.14 )Agnes,| 210 | 350 93 | st7 | 320 | 149 | 4.54 Milk yield first half ...... ..).--ceerfececcesefeweeeeeeleceeeees 1,036 ( Cow 1, 182 350 98 727 399 12.38 3.57 Second half, 14 days ; Cow 2, 182 350 98 763 338 13.13 4.00 lAgnes,) 210 | 350 98 | 850 | 319 | 13.88 4.56 Milk yield second half...... ono Soallacooovcsllocsdoccclaca0ncdc 1,056 Total milk yield.........}......ss|seeees sallagagoeoe Jeseeeeee 2,092 SECOND PERIOD—28 days. Cow 1, 112 350 98 674 381 12.52 3.81 First half, 14 days, } Cow 2, 112 350 98 720 323 13.13 4.14 Agnes, 140 350 98 798 305 13.64 4.63 Milk yield first half .........).-.-ssesjeeeeeeeeleeeeeeee |scesecce 1,009 Cow 1, 112 350 98 670 384 12.26 3.71 Second half, 14days Cow 2, 112 350 98 732 295 12.92 4.06 Agnes, 140 350 98 | 814 278 13.70 4.67 Milk yield second half ......|.....--.|scsceces[escceee looaonooe 907 MOAN WAIT FAI Clacoo cavollocooancallova pecolloowo. caclloccc ....| 1,916 THIRD PERIOD—28 days. Cow 1, 182 350 98 716 293 12.80 4.03 First half, 14 days, | Cow 2, 182 350 98 770 288 13.24 4.21 Agnes, 210 350 98 852 237 14.24 5.00 Milk yield first half..... ...|... ..-. WV aareyetolerctel||sYouavarece ors ltstetaretstne 818 Cow 1, 182 350 98 725 317 13.20 | 4.36 Second half, 14days ; Cow 2, 182 350 98 771 310 13.37 4.31 (Agnes,| 210 350 98 840 268 | 14.24 4.99 aoe Sees ee | a) ee Milk yield second half...... 3000 0 ollagaoogoall coobccdliboasacnn 895 | Motalemillkayieldeeccriccdtecssoaltesstee. loeetoest Kamien 1,713 | | The testimony of this experiment, as gained from observation of the animals and a study of the figures given in this connection, is unfavorable to the smaller ration of hay. The withdrawal of the noon feed of five pounds of hay resulted in (1) a diminished flow of milk, (2) a loss of weight of the animals and (3) an appearance of unthriftiness in the cows. 50 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. To be sure the cows gave less milk during the third period, after the larger ration was restored than in the previous period on a smaller hay ration, but it was easy for the experimenter to sc ‘hat the animals were using their food to recover from the depr_ ing effect of an insufficient food supply. It is also noteworthy that during the last half of the third period the cows had not only recovered their loss of weight but had begun to gain in milk yield. The writer cannot resist the temptation to call the attention of those who believe that the ration largely controls the quality of the milk to the fact that although the cows lost flesh and diminished greatly in their product, the quality of the milk seems not to have been influenced. Attention is also directed to the great variations that occurred from day to day in the quality of the milk, although no changes occurred in the food. eee ee Chak = : : ‘ Loy - . Fr % ae ie * “ - ts = an 4 f ete = - et - mk oa . A pen = ~- re — one es > tw : a ie “~ . Swahionteg ole ie eee (NATURAL SIZE.) ) HYBRID. A TOMATO ke PLATE — REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST. HORTICULTURAL NOTES. W. M. Munson, Horticulturist. H. P. GOULD, Assistant. It has been the policy of the Horticultural Division from the outset to conduct work which should be of ‘permanent value and to con- tinue every investigation through a series of years. Each year’s experience gives additional facts for the direction of investigation ; the field is ever widening, therefore we have not completed any line of investigation and do not expect to do so. In addition to our perennial studies it is our purpose to conduct a certain amount of work which shall have an immediate practical value to the farmers of the State. This work is mainly in deter- mining the characteristics of different fruits and vegetables offered for sale, in applying approved methods of culture and in combating the insect and fungous pests of orchard and garden. The interest in this work on the part of the gardeners and fruit growers of the State, as evinced by the increasing volume of our corres- pondence and the demand for bulletins would seem to justify its continuance, but we would not lose sight of the main point, viz.: that principles are of more importance than isolated facts. i—Nores or Poratoes. The Rural New Yorker Trench System. In 1893 a comparison was made between the ordinary furrow cultyre of potatoes and the so-called Rural New Yorker Trench System. From this work we concluded: ‘‘That it is questionable whether the results obtained will justify the extra labor involved in practicing the trench system. * * * Duplicate lots in every instance produced contradictory results.”* This conclusion was *Rep. Me. Exp. Sta. 1893. p. 124. 4 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Or bo afterwards called in question on the ground of too deep planting, though the criticism was without reason. During the past season the work was very carefully repeated on a more extensive scale. The land selected for the purpose was a strong clay loam, naturally moist, but thoroughly underdrained. The land was divided into two plots of one-twentieth acre each. The variety used in this test was Early Rose. On each plot sixty pounds of a complete fertilizer were applied—broadecast for the common system; in the trench with the other. The two plots were plowed and harrowed alike. One was then furrowed about four inches deep, and planted in the ordinary man- ner, the fertilizer applied on the surface. On the other plot furrows eight inches deep were made. These were then pulverized to a depth of fourteen inches. They were then filled to six inches, after which the fertilizer was distributed in the trenches and covered with two inches of soil. The tubers were then planted in the same manner as on the other plot. The two plots were treated alike during the remainder of the season. The results obtained from the two lots are shown in a table. TABLE If. Treatment. Whole number of tubers, InArketable small tubers, small tubers. tubers, Number of Weight of Number of | | EARLY BOSE. | | | | | Prenlis ce owe Seer ee ses.- oe csee esc eye | 3.662 2.077, 5399.75) 1,585) 95.25 2,284, 682.25) 1,027 64.00 FOTTOW- «<2 0-22-22 0c0s cece sseecennsese- | 3.311 The total number of tubers was greater from the trenches, but the gain was wholly in those which were small and unmarketable. The average size of individual tubers from the two plots was not essentially different, but as seen in column four the number of salable tubers was much larger from the furrows,—there being a difference of 82.5 pounds on the plot. The tops remained green several days longer on the plot which was furrowed than on the other and this may in part account fo: the relatively large number of salable tubers. The actual cost of labor in preparing and planting the two plots, after plowing and harrowing, was, for the trench system sixty AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 53 cents and for the other thirty-two and one-half cents, or a differ- ence of twenty-seven and one-half cents. Reducing the results above detailed to the basis of one acre we have $5.50 as the increased cost of planting by the trench system with nothing to show for it,—on the contrary with an actual differ- ence of 27.5 bushels in favor of the ordinary method. We are thus led to the same conclusion as last year, viz.: Results do not justify the extra labor involved in the trench system. II—Nortes or Corn. Except in our general studies of plant variation, corn has not received marked attention at this station. During the past year, however, several varieties were grown, and some notes concerning their behavior are given. The table indicates in the most concise way the more important points of general interest. All varieties were planted May 27th. TABLE II. 2S > | 23 pele Aalpact ie ects) Aika) a ius ZS £ Bie ase) Mee aga VARIETY. Be ae Cava | eel of | on aon 5 Sx oe a ops OFS o8 . fo) x ova) oa ° as Sa fs Srey Bos os ‘ss Aas | Aga eel || as ma | do (GROM Noo coos. Mrereeeiererstererateietsts July 19,;Aug. 7,|/Sept. 1, 97 60 6.5 Dreer’s Extra Early... ..... July 17,|July 24,)Aug. 15, 80 71 5.0 Early Cory ....--+.e-eees-eeee July l1,|July 24,)Aug. 14, 79 63 5.0 Early Minnesota ............ jJuly 14,\July 27,)Aug. 25, 90 85 Fist Marblehead ....: s2-... as. July 17,)July 24,);Aug. 15, 80 66 5.0 Moore’s Concord ..........+. July 27,/Aug. 7,/Sept. 8) 104 58 6.5 Narragansett ca cOOCdDCODE -.--e\July 14,)Aug. 2,)/Aug. 25, 90 85 5.5 WIOMNESUON ooo0.05 coacoco000nE |July 27,)Aug. 9,/Sept. 19, 115 42 5.5 Perry’s Hybrid .............- July 17,|July 31,)Aug. 28, 93 77 6.5 Stabler Pedigree ............ July 27,/Aug. 11,/Sept. 19, 115 52 7.0 Country Gentleman......... Aug. 4,|/Aug. 25, Bie) ilissnonodod hocabouesd 5.5 fe{ (2! SOW LAM aieieiwtsletehsieicitciecieie se « July #31; Ane MIs) Soe AE ete leeeee cans 6.0 OA Ne Plus Ultra .-.........0.0.,- kyu, PANTS OPH Ey ladooscctsdlloceccdocee 6.0 TRIS Ob Cone Ano Coenen |Aug. 4,/Aug. 24, Biers Rosas Cee 6.0 — O-n Stowell Evergreen .......... bts pileeNeves SaRSH) fo) 9 WAR AA ocl|eaat Ganac 7.0 54 MAINE STATE COLLEGE As seen in Column 5, the varieties in the order of maturity were as follows: Cory, Dreer, Marblehead, Early Minnesota, Narragansett, Perry's Hybrid, Crosby, Moore’s Concord, None- such and Stabler. For the average home garden we would select from this list Cory or Dreer for early use and Crosby or Perry’s Hybrid for medium and late. The last named sort has been one of our favorites for general crop. As an early sort Dreer was some- what superior to Cory in that the ears were larger and it was slightly more productive. Column 6 represents the relative yield; the basis being the aver- age number of ears per plant. III—Nores or Tomatoss. 1. Husroricat—Our garden varieties of tomatoes belong to two distinct species,—Lycopersicum pimpinellifolium, Dunal, and Lycopersicum esculentum, Miller. The former is represented in the garden by the ‘‘Currant” or ‘‘German Raisin.” This species is found wild in Peru and Brazil, but little is known of its history. It has not been modified by domestication and probably has not been long under cultivation. The chief value of this species aside from its use as an ornamental plant and to a limited extent for preserves, is in the breeding of new types, as suggested in previous reports.* Lycopersicum esculentum, the ordinary tomato, is undoubtedly a native of Peru, but is spontaneous or indigenous throughout Mexico and as far north as Texas and California in a form closely approach- ing the cherry tomato of the gardens. So far as we know, it was first cultivated in the south of Europe. It is mentioned as early as 1561, while in 1583 the ‘‘fruit was eaten upon the continent dressed with pepper, salt and oil.” It was grown in England in 1597} but for many years was used only for ornament. Even so late as 1819 only four varieties are named. § Our own country was even later than England in beginning the general culture of the tomato. The fruit is said to have been introduced into Philadelphia by a French refugee from St. Domingo in 1798,$$ and in 1806 McMahon writes: ‘‘The tomato is much " *Report Maine Experiment Station, 1892. 68. {Dodoneei, Stirp, Hist., 455. +Gerarde, Herballe, 275. §Trans. London, Hort. Society, III, 347. §§Manning, Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 40.) - J | { GLASS, nit UNDK Ss 1 y TOMATOK JING PORG ‘ 4 PLATE Qt Or AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, cultivated for its fruit in soups and sauces . . . andis also stewed and dressed in various ways and very much admired.”* It was introduced into Salem, Mass., about 1802 by an Italian painter Comé, ‘tbut he found it difficult to persuade the people even to taste the fruit.”+ The general culture of the tomato for market began about 1829. The history of the introduction of our common. varieties is a record of gradual change from the angular sorts of the Orangefield and Hundred Day type to the smooth apple-shaped type of to-day. The old Large Red of the earlier catalogues was followed in 1862 by Fiji Island and in 1864 by the Cook’s Favorite. In 1866, Tilden appeared and then in rapid succession Maupay, Keye’s Extra Early, Boston Market, General Grant, Trophy and Paragon. Paragon was the first of the round or apple-shaped varieties to attain prominence, and its introduction gave a great impetus to the culture of the tomato as a field crop. It was a triumph for the application of correct principles of selection, for in the production of this variety the habit of a whole plant rather than ane character of an individual fruit was considered. In 1880, Perfection appeared and during the next decade, Favorite, Beauty, Dwarf Champion, Lorillard, Ignotum, and a host of similar excellent varieties have been put forward, till it would almost seem that further improvement may not be expected. iI]—Forcine TomMatores IN WINTER. I have repeatedly called attention to the importance of the winter forcing of fruits and vegetables in supplying a growing demand. Each season during the past four years, we have grown with uniform success many of the more promising varieties, and have attempted to secure new strains and hybrids which would be of special value for forcing. Methods of culture have also received attention and the deductions here given are based on the most careful study of the plants in all of their relations. General Cultural Notes.—Successful tomato culture under glass depends fully as much on the man in charge as on conditions. Eternal vigilance and the exercise of good judgment on the part of the grower are more essential than strict adherence to set rules. Strong bottom heat, plenty of light and a large volume of pure air *McMahon, Gard. Calendar. 319. 7Felt, Annals of Salem II, 631; cited by Manning, Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 40. 56 MAINE STATE COLLEGE are important conditions and are best secured in a large, well venti- lated house. Bottom heat is not absolutely essential to success, but the crop matures much more quickly if given this condition. The house in which all of our work with tomatoes has been con- ducted is twenty by fifty feet and about eleven feet high at the ridge. The central bed is supplied with six two-inch hot water pipes; the flow being carried overhead to the further end of the house. The accompanying diagram—Fig. 1—represents a cross- section of this house showing the benches and the relative location of the hot-water pipes. i iN 00 FORCING WOUSKH. I—CROSS SECTION OF HIG. PLATE IIl. SINGLE STEM TRAINING (CHEMIN MARKET.) AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. oO ~] To make the best use of the house two crops should be grown during the season. ‘This will bring each crop on at a season when the expense of heating during a part of the time will be slight. Plants for the first crop should be started as early as the first of August, the middle of July being none too early if the bulk of the crop is desired for the holidays. In case two or more houses are ayaila- ble it is well to make a second sowing in about three weeks to give a succession. For the second crop seed should be sown about the first of November. The plants are treated in every way as for out-door culture till handled the last time. For the final receptacle for fruiting we have generally used boxes eighteen inches square and one foot deep. In the bottom place a layer of about an inch of charcoal, potsherds or ‘‘clinkers” from the furnace; then fill to within two or three inches of the top with prepared soil, consisting of three parts good garden loam and one part well-rotted stable manure. Each box will hold four plants, and the check caused by the partial confine- ment of the roots seems to be of value in hastening maturity. This point is discussed in another connection (see page 57-59). We have usually found the best returns to follow when the plants were trained to a single stem, as shown in Plate III. Flax cords about the size of wool twine are fastened to the cor- ners of the boxes and attached above to wires running lengthwise of the building on the rafters or sash-bars. The plants are secured loosely to this support by means of bast or raffia. All side shoots should be removed as soon as they appear. When the plants are about five feet high, or when about four clusters of fruit have set, the terminal buds should be pinched off. The vitality of the plant will then be expended in the development of the fruit. As the fruit sets, the clusters should be supported by means of a small cord or piece of raffia passing around the main stem above a leaf, thus forming a sling. At this time, too, it is well to stir the surface of the soil and work in a quantity of well-rotted manure, or to give frequent applications of liquid manure. The temperature of the house should be as nearly uniform as possible. We usually prefer about 60° at night and 70° in dark weather, but on bright sunny days the mercury may run up to 80° or higher. If possible, avoid cold draughts and sudden changes of temperature. Until the plants begin to blossom, the atmosphere of the house should be kept moist and the soil, though not saturated, should 58 MAINE STATE COLLEGE never become very dry. Our practice, afterthe plants are removed to the fruiting boxes, is to water thoroughly about three time a week—less frequently in dark weather. On all bright days the walks and tables are thoroughly sprayed. Some method of artificial pollination is usually found necessary. The best time to pollinate (fertilize) is about noon on bright days when the airinthe house is dry. Tomato flowers are highly self-fertile, and the operation of pollinating consists simply in giving each plant two or three sharp taps with a padded stick. Some consider if necessary to attend to each individual flower, but we have always found the other method satisfactory. A Comparison of Box Culture with Open Beds.—The writer has frequently expressed a preference for eighteen inch boxes in forc- ing tomatoes, on the ground that a reasonable confinement of the roots would tend to induce fruitfulness. Some extensive growers, however, maintain that the open bed or border is preferable; though all agree that bottom heat is always to be desired Each year a dozen or more plants of each of several varieties have been grown in boxes as described on page 57, while dupli- cate lots have been grown inopen beds. These beds were two and one-half to three feet wide and eight inches deep. They were built across the central bench and thus received the same bottom heat as the boxes. The following table represents in detail the results obtained : AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 59 TABLE III. FIRST CROP. SECOND CROP. VARIETY. & 2 SE Be é ee =e 28 Ss) as | HO | ) 4 | Sa | & |ZalEalas|| & |ae/Ea| <3 1892-3. GOLDEN QUEEN. BES ON aeefetet atoll alotelsiolsiatet=tatomtetele|lelaieleletatnterol= |(etststarel-l| isleyeleteyellisietetercte April 24,) 7 1.36; 3.1 Redeye. 6. Bua ema eoale os tals eel bare cel tennse eats April 25,| 7 9] 2.2 ITHACA. . Es OsRarete te erelsieieleieier~ Sonoconodss Nov. 193) 9 1.4) 2.5 April 11,} 10 1.66) 2.6 BOM ve ciso.s vareie cts adseoo, code Nov. 23,) 9-5 | 1.1 1-8 |}April 18,} 8 -92) 1.8 LONG KEEPER. OR aeecodcs avemareee Sestealbeecaalbeeead |e ememe || April 17,| 13 2.12} 26 IBe dbs aciere Bt Sache e oars ASEEBA We Sel ies cnilleearars May 6] 7-7] 8] 1-6 *LORILLARD. [BOI ee aces iasiels aoe. Noy. 21,| 9.3 | 1.22] 2.2 |INov. 21,| 8.2] 1.6] 3-1 LEGGE! onaciooaoscoacncoaobDRED Nov. 23,) 10-3 | 1.00] 1.6 Nov. 235| 1.0 -95| 2-1 1893-4. GOLDEN QUEEN. iBOEGootooceoaseb asconedon Dee. 23,) 12-5 | 2.32) 2.97 1GG).od oeascedegoabeconases Dec. 16,| 11 eo) eo ITHACA. 13XORE 5a066 O00 cnoopooaaoendS Nov. 9;| 15.2 2.19} 2.3 ||May 17,) 10.9] 1.69} 2.47 LEC! coooopedcomsonaaD noAaods Nov. 93| 16 2.25) 2.25||May 16,) 11.6 1.77; 2.44 LONG KEEPER. ES O>Xerciaiolers noadoncotesa coscdlecss soodnedloddces: locade j|oecdac Dec. 25,} 8.8 1-9 3.44 BOG eos cinieicieic ce sisieicinie cine sine |neseisiewsieie\|/v eins Sodecllonasas Dec. . 9,} 8.2 1.57) 3.05 LORILLARD. LORS sAgasooos soodconeeosses Dee: 16,| 17.0} 1-81} 1.70 Be Ciesaarereeaeenccn : Dec. 29,| 8.7 | 1.28] 2.34 *Duplicate lots grown for first crop. It will be observed that in almost every instance the better results were obtained from the boxes. Withone or two exceptions, the first fruits were matured from one to thirteen days earlier; the 60 MAINE STATE COLLEGE weight of the crop was greater; and the individual fruits averaged larger. The average results for the whole time may be summarized as - follows: TABLE Iv. | Sh Z SE GOLDEN QUEEN. BS coeeee eee ee rat ncuesane 5 ype eee een Sees 9.8 1.34 3.0 HC Suc ete cte ee Sees, Rode are peck Cees 9.0 1.31 2.2 ITHACA | Bs ss tes. SOE RO, Mere cot as 1.73 2.5 TPG leascensessocee sda ste sco See oedas seers sa 10.3 1.51 2.1 Lone KEEPER Bx oe) ile: Sere deawe eee Mercere e poeta Ure as 10.9 | 2.01 3-0 BE eee oe sceer ae cetera eee cea rencees arene ee asee or | 8.9 | 1.19 2.3 LORILLARD. arc oe lhe Ace Ate, Wee caeeene re .| 11.5 1.54 2.3 [i Sane ee ee Re SER aS tere oe. bie | 8-7 1.08 2.0 A Comparison of Planis from House and Field Grown Seed.— Attention has previously been called to the possible importance of conditions of growth of the seed in accounting for variation in the character of succeeding generations. It has seemed ‘‘possible that by forcing plants to early development in the house and by limiting the amount of fruit borne, a strain of unusual vigor may be pro- duced.” * With a view to throwing light on this subject several varieties have been grown under glass continuously and compared with the same sorts from seed maturedjin the open air each year, through succeeding generations. The results are shown in Tabie III. *Rep. Maine Exp. Sta. 1893, 116. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 61 SECOND CROP 1892-3. FIRST CROP 1893-4. O43 2 ihe @ 5 2 = 52, 2 | Ee EE, 2 | Ose VARIETY. An ans) Pe 3 Re, FS Fos oo (yf) os on°o oo Phi ee Oo: o oD ws n 60.2 | 602, to 7 tp. | Sn SoF Son Zp sos c=» ie) Heo rea mo seo Ha =e ae Se Sea 2s Pas L55 4 | 43a | <34 48 | 408 | 438 GOLDEN QUEEN. IEIQIOIESS) Goccodenedaonpea||ccuds oapos lloooge Bfatelete||levetstetsieleverels 14 2.23 8.08 HETG! avatars cieieieivie c.c\vjoie ale) ||| ie vie einiecieie’s || cielo) vjcle\e|(visieicisioe cele 13 2.32 2.97 ITHACA. ISKOIRISKAR Geoodaoddog H0cd 5 87 2.6 11 1.68 2.43 Tan lonoscngodccooucodS 10 1.66 2.6 22 2.45 1.74 LORILLARD. : TEOUIS: Gong S00000 9000 8 1.46 3.1 19 2.42 2.0 TE) Clic caterstevercis’s s'e oy. Sy rors 9 1.30 2.4 17 1.81 ner SECOND CROP 1893-4. FIRST CROP 1894-5. ~ zs 2 = Ss 3 = ‘gs Sp ep_, 2 BE Sp ‘en_ #2 = Sis} cs S546 VARIETY. SLs ES Pes Sty cars) Pos oo Oe oro oo Orsi oe ort © ae Sn oF | a Ss oH 209] So | See || eee fm | S05 | Som o= 225) | 26a os a8 | fn 5 io) = Ne Na ° a = . = Z ew 2 x ° Bie 2 Se VARIETY AND TREATMENT. = Oo. oS = a25 eral Pe) a= =) n On, Og, & = EEO Pei ica <8e bom =) ITHACA. CUTE COKE Cbrerevatecreisictcitveieicleresjsie creleiviclelsinielslelersts Sept. 4, 37 10.6 4.9 iG (elavevol k’=(olaccnn OO OBOSLeBCOCONOCCHOOOCOS Aug. 15, 495 14.8 5.3 NICHOLSON. (ChivnelkGGl cos acoueddtad POCanOGOCODOCORDOL Aug. 27, 63 12.7 §.1 INO DR GITE CLKOC letelereteteleietoiniefelselelsieictelatmialeicls/e/alere Aug. 9, 45 9.8 3.5 OSCEOLA. WIT CEE iets ormselciasialctetrcteloisic/eieis: cia oletelcislaveicvelane Aug. 15, 119 16.0 2.1 ING GOECRElet cogooqocobe ne odsooosen0C Aug. 4, 72 9.8 2.1 | | | The Ithaca plants which were not cut back were superior to the others, but with the other two varieties the reverse was true. This difference is no doubt due to the fact that Ithaca is relatively a late variety, while the others are earlier. It will be seen that in 64 MAINE STATE COLLEGE every instance the plants which were cut back were somewhat delayed in maturing fruit, but the growth was enough more vigor- ous so that with sufficient time the crop exceeded that from the other plants. Effect of Mulching.—The use of a mulch of straw or other litter as a means of conserving moisture has frequently been discussed. While our own practice is to employ frequent cultivation for this purpose, a comparison of the two methods of treatment was made for purposes of illustration. Several plants of each of two varieties were placed in adjacent plots, May 29. On June 30, after both lots were well started one plot was given a heavy mulch of fine hay—lawn clippings—while the other was given the same cultivation received by the general plantation. The results are shown in the following table. TABLE VIII. oR 2 2 2 5 SEM eel aes | 2. Se Be ¢ : a le, Pos Eee ee TREATMENT. ay, oo oA6, als ea cd oD Le | onF, | se a Sin ag So og i ox Sia ye eaige os z Pe S| pceumages x <4 Frere ee sees MINIMUM PUAP UNIPDIOWN “Toa, ‘srcoaopliwp sno9000.00UH7 “AOTT (ULIQDINODU WNLLOdS OWORUAT pereeeeeee MOOT MOMUIUD IND 1109S YT . teeeeeee se WAOIMTGGATLT NVIGVNVO s MVMOLV OD SQOWOLOTLIOIC WIL “ATIMOLVO DNIMUIMOT IT GIOIN Ree Ree eee Bee ee ee GAuASVaTd TO a1Os) 10 XVI USTV a ‘SHUN WHONT AML MOO MOUTO A seeeoesee WOIMOdSOGVTID NOWWOS/) WOARLOTSOHUNIW TTT SNONDLIASNOON] Shee ee Ceeeeereeeeeeees TONY MOWIG Frenne ereeeeeetrerseeerVOG TT V wae OVeN eves eerreeTITOITIG WV ad * TUOlig, Vary UV ' VIILESIDY WONVILO CMATHOUN WOM WOM ‘POSI—-GUNINVXO GNV GU DMrOdoee SUN V Td aL Il OL g 87 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. “AU AO] LOOT “ApPTSpVoOT UO Pod AA *(peyurqsn{Ty esp dd ‘esr ‘Qaodoy UOTPRIS JUMUITLLOAUNX A, ae 1 “SpleU PAOJVATJ[NO PUB PUBL SSVI5 UT POOA *‘poomM VW “puUR, SSB MOT UT ‘OpIspvor Aq [TOS JSTOT! SMOPBOUT MOT UL POO A, *O9RIS OL] OF MON ‘OW ‘AOTPUIG SpLoy AAOTO “Spuvy oangsnd uy *SpOOM usdo pus sploy JO 1apaz0q UL poo Ad “OSST UL AO MATG 9NOQB*OD Joos -qoudg ULPUNOJOSTyY “puBT SSRs UL POX “pPOOMARI OYJ 09 poQRloYy “(poqgBagsn{Iy gor °c ‘Z6sT today Uuolzeyg JuoULLIOd xo 90g “PUBL SSB.LS PUB SMOPBOUL UT POO MA “PUBL SSUB.IS UL POO A *puUB]L SSR.LS UT Pod A, ‘purty pooM pus sploy JO ap.1o0q UL poo AA *SpUv] SSU.IS UL poo My ‘soon OISUM PUR SPO UL poomM yuBy *poomM VW “SMOPTOUT MOT UT Perens oud AA * {110g “(a AS} seeeee seeeee COITFUEA UITOM “TEAM tee seers OTOGIOIVAL ‘SPULSTUY ‘SUNCouud y ISO AA ‘SUTSHOD "AA Poa “yunqouudy Yao "WW UWOLOTT SSTIN OUOIO ‘AOAIVIT *7T “TOAOd YINOY puBwesy "WV “SAIN *yuNnqouudy Yao "JW UdTOT] Sst sts ses TlOTSpPLIG, UWMON ‘plnoy "TT *O vee ess OUOLUT] ‘ACO[SUT AA "AT WLM “109 PUOMUATPOTY WosNg, “oP ULM POT CONG GOOG oF hoCon iis) 4 Saadngs “1H ay "=?" TOPSULIIG ISBHP SULTIN'T “WW OV ToOMOTG ‘AOAIV]T TL * rerresees TIOSTPU JSUT SOUT “WV sorereees TIOSIPUP VOL “AOdTA "IW °V YUNCOUUO,, “GAO “J UOLOTT SSTIV tereereesTOUXOd ‘A0qBaIvy woT[doys “TOPSUTLIIG ISVoT SUPINL “oT teeeeeeceroes sD TOJUBS ‘SUTILOT I °O meee rT QUNDIDD UNYOLULT, teeeeeserr (onUdDIdS SNULOLET “ry 99N)N0I.00)VD DILDIPIVNOS! Kay Vunsopiun wopliydp seeeereee ory LgnID DUOIEY)D “Ln wnwlhypndy pynosny seeeserr Hcoguin ndoLjouopy XI UNUQVOS WNLODLAYT eeeeeee ss 2 1020UI) SLUIYIUP "TT WUNIDYUDAND WNWVDMAYT] seer fsnqghgup wnr1oyouy ess TIIJOTL ‘s2suaaw snowy sree NTT UN LOSLOD UNYD# sreeeery HsonUNdA! DLAYIOUID seer ewer ‘sruarg DLaYZOUSD *sieialeeeseeeverry ‘IQ, UMNO) °* MOA OTO dOyT 10 ‘MOTIAA seees TVGHD 10 ‘SsanHO “AVOTTAMNS 9OG-AVWN ‘avy WOoug GaMvN ‘AVAIFAMNVNS SOVEE-A TOTAL INVId cose MATCdCOd AWHAOTO sooccsoooe*(HTAGMUIMV EA HONOYW sete AVILES Se “CIMT MOIIMV IT GON VIO AMOOIND 1O SxAwOONNNAS seoe* TTLSINE VAVNV)) dag, GAUEINWOS Loa s dOUaGNoO “ASOUNRT |] ONINGTAG NOWNOD teres GNTAYW WTA 0% 6L MAINE STATE COLLEGE 88 *‘T[O1 07 WO] SUISNGD ‘sold (sBl puB sJUBIIND JO SOABOT OY Suryougyy *ALOYOIY PUB ANUTVA oq Wodn poo§y OJ PIBS ST VAIG OU ‘sopoods SsurdAy-yystu y “SULIOM A568 (C9 OJFUL YOIVY TOIT M ‘aseq -qwo uodn sesso sjistvuy ‘aseqquno Suysojuy *STUBITYS pusw spuod ur punoj stay ‘ssvq rox 4IVq B SV Pos ST pus ‘s1o[cuv Aq ,,.UOSqOd,, PeT[Bo SI su AQ poaAloNat SVM TOIYM BAIL OU, ‘SOAVO] PIFIVMP PUB SSTAQ Tevwus JO Youn [Vururiso) Vv SuLyVuUt ‘syooys ayy jo puso oj avouU spnq [Vrojel Wo7y JIvjs OF SSIM] [[VUUsS snoOdoWUINU SuIsneO ‘ON ‘OUNTO Jnoqe SW][O UO UOWMIWMIOD AIOA ‘SNOT YIVG.AO pr990g ‘OT ‘Toujod puv uoysprieg ‘sinqoA1q noge salva -10JUL OU} UL VOIBOSIVI BADAQ ‘SpToOy W109 OJ ISVUGpP JUIOS OSTR puB ‘SuTABY aagTV SPUB[ SSBL5 0} ASBUIVP J[GBIIpIsuOD SuULOg *sqavd 4yOs 99 JNO Suryons pueB sPosoqoard 99 YIM wavy oy} Suroaord ‘solqa0q oywjod jo wVAIvy, 043 uodn o7ISsBIEg “SULYJOTO puB syood 0} 9SvMIBP S9Op OSTY *990 ‘ajsed ‘avsns sulyeq ‘“Arjued og gnoqe jyuepunqey Aaa, “SuLIdS 949 UL .1O SAVp 1OJUTM UWIBAL ur MoUs ayy wodn poAtosqo usqjo sA10]T ‘d01} B JO SJOOI 99 Jnoge sung UT JUBpUNnGYy see" qdoysotounyy ‘odog ‘gS ‘svyp Pe treeeresee TIQOMOW LOALVM “A Toes PLOYALV A ‘SUISSIET *¢ “UL AY ‘STB WOdsTy] ‘AimMqst[td "J ‘00D "**-9IS]T onbsoartg ‘aloo Ouvloed "+: 91S] OnDsorg ‘a1ooy_ ouvpod SOO ODOO TOO IKK) ‘AOAIBET T “Al ‘IOUIO/N § UBIg ‘OSVIg SHAVBISNYH ‘TBVYLTIOD ‘WOSUTOL *D SOY ‘SA DO S8000MDGODO WBE 3D] AL TOIT AA “I ‘ot CSLEIB]]) DwHI0NSOL DIAMID) Steere cue tees ees UN) SNODIIV. la Teleieielele) eleisleinml= nr aD SILO UCT FOO AO OD OOOO ODUM ALO) supph.wop trrtteceeeseeseesee ry tsnns SZ Pitt ee teeter ee rer seen ee eey79tgy/900 aSWaPDUYD “IBA ‘aviiuwwo UnWDdIaT trrsesesees MBG sntagdoona) snssug trees TRIG *S7720WLIIWNIWNI SN}) Lad trttesesese ry Qurupyoong nusiday teseeeess TOUT {700201 sagnLoyor MATTOU-LV aT CHAN Va-GAOITAO see cece sesoee ““HLOW VNOT WH, se eeroneces ATAVALLING @vaadvo ATH GLINVUOTIAY ASNOTINVId AVWAAASOOY AH] Se asNO'T MAUVE GaUML- Wy trteeeeserecs NNT HONINO “ONG WAICTOS GHAaNVE-ONIY Tereereecceee ee TOW UAATIS POAGOLODOOIOIOGONS THEE AT ANOINS OL L~ 9 a “SAV WAT ‘dWAIGOUY WOHM WOU ‘ANVN IVOINHOGL ‘aNVN NOWWOD VOST-~GHNINVXA GNV GALUOdAM SLOASNT 89 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. “AP AMS XOMLALT 9} UOdN OLISBIRg “Buoy soyour OMg AT[NZ “AOJISOdIAO oY, ‘suou nouyoyT Ano Jo jJsosivl a9 st sig, ‘ssso U9} ABl OJ seeiy o[dvut pap ojUr Surtog|:: ‘quupunqge A194 “saysnq jazey PUB $991} Wid JO SOA] OYJ UL SojOY SuyVq) *-*oTsy onbsearg ‘aaooy ouvpoqd *SSULI[PDPIUL UL S1OQtUNU JVaAS UT punOg|*: |] Remember that benzine is an inflamable liquid. Do not bring a light near it. Do not apply benzine to a room in the even- ing when lights are burning or enter a room with a light when it is filled with the vapor. It is well enough to keep a room closed while the benzine is being applied so it will not evaporate too rapidly. The strength of the vapor favors the destruction of the larvee and beetles. Having decided that you have the buffalo carpet beetle to grapple with, then apply the following remedies. PREPARATION Of ROOM. As the larvee crawl into cracks in the floor and under the base- boards to transform, precautions should be taken to fill, so far as possible, these hiding places. a. Fill the cracks in the floor and the crevices at the bottom of the baseboards carefully with a moderately thick mixture of plaster of paris and water. This will set hard and prevent their entrance. 120 MAINE STATE COLLEGE b. Should the use of plaster of paris be inconvenient or undesir- able, then, by means of a hand-atomizer charged with benzine, puff the liquid thoroughly into all the floor cracks and crevices about the baseboards. It would be well to leave the carpets off a few days and make the second application of benzine before put- ting them down. c. When cleaning house it is best to take up all the carpets at once, and thoroughly clean all the rooms before putting any of the carpets back. The common way of cleaning one room at a time and returning the carpet at once would give the pest a chance to fly or craw] from one room to another while the work is going on. d. JIthas been recommended to put a strip of tarred roofing paper around the border of the room before the carpet is laid. This would no doubt help to repel the attacks of the beetles and. would be desirable if the odor was not objectionable. The odor of napthaline, gasoline and bisulphide of carbon and kerosene make the use of these efficient remedies undesirable in the house. A tight box filled with the vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon from above is used by naturalists to disinfect museum specimens and it could be used to disinfect carpets out of doors. It is very volatile and highly inflammable. The vapor is very heavy, being two and a half times as heavy as air and settles rapidly. PREPARATION AND CARE CF CARPETS. a. In Europe this beetle is not known as a carpet pest because the use of carpets is not common. Rugs which can be taken up and frequently shaken are more in use than in this country. Ina badly infected house it would be well, if possible, to discard the use of carpets for a time and use rugs, taking them up frequently and shaking them. A more extreme measure would be to discard carpets and rugs for the summer season. If carpets are used they should be taken up at least twice a year, thoroughly beaten and lightly sprayed with benzine and left out of doors until the benzine evaporates. Leaving carpets down the whole season and then cleaning them carelessly gives the pest fine chances to increase unmolested. b. As the larve attack the exposed edges of carpets, they are usually found around the border of the room. If the depredations of the insect are noticed between the times of house cleaning and it is not convenient to take ap the carpet eee a Pee ues © ae ee + sy SR ey eS eee AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 121 then take a damp, folded sheet or cloth and spread it smoothly over the infested spot and iron it thoroughly with a hot iron. Allow the iron to remain long enough to generate steam suflicient to penetrate the carpet and destroy the insects. If thought desir- able the whole room could be so treated but the benzine method would prove less laborious. Some leave the carpet untacked and turn the edges back occasionally and examine them carefully. c. When you buy a new carpet from a local dealer in the infested district, or import one from the larger cities, it would be well to examine it carefully and spray it with benzine before put- ting down. There is no doubt that the pest was introduced in ‘carpets purchased in the city or cities where the pest has been found in the large carpet houses. d. The custom of sending carpets to the cleaner has its danger as a cleaning house would be very apt to harbor the pest. When returned, carpets should be sprayed with benzine before putting them down. e. Carpet cleaners in the infested district could easily arrange to give all carpets a dry hot air or steam bath of from 160° to 200° and thus thoroughly disinfect them after they are cleaned. -f. Carpets to be stored for the summer should be thoroughly beaten, disinfected by spraying with benzine and put into a tight box, the cracks of which have been previously sprayed with ben- zine. A box can be made tight by pasting paper over the cracks. Some line boxes with tarred paper and sprinkle napthaline crystals (crysta alba) in the fabric. This is better than camphor gum and is a good expellant, is cheap, and leaves no stains or offensive odors behind. Care of Clothing.—Clothing to be stored should be treated as recommended for carpets. Drawers or boxes in which infested clothing has been stored should be thoroughly sprayed with benzine. Furniture. —Cloth covered furniture should be thoroughly steamed or sprayed with benzine. If the methods advocated above are carefully applied for two or three seasons, even so difficult a pest to exterminate as Anthrenus Scrophularice will be compelled to yield. 122 MAINE STATE COLLEGE THE OAK-BARK WEEVIL. Magdalis olyra (Herbst). OrpER CoLEorpTERA: Famity CurcuLionip&. é Specimens of the above in- : sect were received from Mr. B. Walker McKeen and sent him by Mr. Delano Moore of Presque Isle. They were said to be feeding on the leaves of elm trees in that region. This. Fig. 11. Larva, pupa and beetle of Mag- being a new habit for this dalis olyra. species we wrote Mr. Moore asking him to send more of the insect and some of the leaves upon which it was feeding. Here we give a cut of one of the leaves showing the nature of the work. Mr. Moore writes that this species was also very abundant upon hazel bushes in June, destroying the leaves. Wesent some of the beetles to Dr. Horn, who pronounced them the above species. Dr. Packard says [in Forest Insects, p. 80] that this species infests oak trees, the larve living under the bark. We do not know whether the larvee attack elm trees or not, but possibly this is so, as the perfect beetle feeds on the leaves. This species can be recognized by the cut and following descrip- tion: Color dark reddish brown to nearly black, clothed with short lighter colored hairs. The base and tips of femora and rest Fic. 12. Elm leaf eaten by Of the legs including the antennz pitchy red- Magdalis olyra (original). qigh. Length one-fourth to one-third of an inch. We know no remedy. Should it confine its attacks largely to hazel bushes it would be more beneficial than otherwise. eee ee AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 125 THE FALL CANKER WORM. Anisopteryx pometaria, Harris. When we first began to observe this insect in 1887 it was not very abundant about Orono and did no material injury. It gradu- ally increased from year to year and in 1893 had become so abund- ant as to do much damage to orchards and shade trees. The foliage of trees on the college campus and in Orono were so badly eaten that it was feared they would die. Forsome unknown reason, probably from the increase of parasites that prey upon this species, it almost entirely disappeared during 1894 and has given no trouble whatever about Orono in the summer of 1895. The insects seem to be migrating or passing over the State like a slowly moving wave from the north toward the south. Its depredations have gradually spread down the Penobscot valley. In 1893 they were very abund- ant in Arnold and Prospect and this season (1895) they are doing so much damage to the shade trees in Thomaston that a town meeting will be called to consider the means necessary to check them. Mr. E. P. George, President Thomaston Improvement Company, writes that ‘‘canker worms appeared upon a few of our fruit trees about four yearsago. They have increased in numbers each year and gradually spread to the elms until this year fully three-fourths of the eight or nine hundred elms and fruit trees in the village were com- pletely infested and deprived of their foliage by the end of June.” The trees about Orono were not killed. They no doubt suffered a severe shock and the growth for a season or two was greatly checked but they seem to have regained their usual vigor. It took the worms about five years to reach the period of greatest numbers at Orono and if they have the same experience at Thomaston with them they will not be so abundant next season. It is well known to ento- mologists that insects have gradual periods of increase and then suddenly decline. We had a very good example of this in Maine in the case of the Forest Tent CaTerpPi_iar, which is fully explained by rapid increase of parasites, (see Station Report 1890, page 138.) Report of Veterinarian. FE. L. RUSSELL. TUBERCULIN AS A DIAGNOSTIC AGENT. No apology need be offered for a report relating to bovine tuberculosis. The importance of the subject is excuse enough. Those who are impatient at the amount of attention the subject is receiving from all quarters need to realize its importance more fully than they do. It is doubtless possible to take extreme ground in advocating the importance of tuberculosis from a sanitary and economic standpoint, but the general public is so far from realizing the true importance of the matter that there is need of even these extremists. There is no safety in ignorance or indifference. Safety consists in recognizing existing dangers, and adopting the most eflicient means of combating them. The world moves; and this is true even in relation to medical science and it has been especially true during the last ten years. Greater advance has been made in our knowledge of the causes of disease during the past ten years than in the fifty years preceding. And with the increased knowledge of the causes has naturally come a correspond- ing knowledge of the means of preventing and of curing disease. The magnitude of this progress, and its far reaching results in prolonging life and preserving health it is yet difficult to realize. The most progressive and enlightened can hardly comprehend it, and it is in no way strange that the public that is to be directly benefited is somewhat slow to accept facts that are new and not well understood. Knowledge must always be in advance of practice, and there are never lacking those extremely conservative individuals who cling to the old until nearly everybody else has acknowledged the value of the new. ‘These individuals have their place, no doubt, and act in some measure as a balance wheel, but progress is made in spite of them and not with their help. There are those even at the present time, who are decrying vaccination against small pox and insisting that it does more harm than good aA ae lw A Sau e e at i all li ce a irs eee ee ee AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1 045) but vaccination is almost universally practiced in civilized coun- tries in spite of them, and thousands of lives are saved by it. Tuberculosis is by far the greatest scourge among diseases that has cursed this earth through all the past centuries as far back as history extends. As the effects of light, air, food and exercise upon the health of the individual have come to be realized many lives have been saved, and those sick, even with consumption, have been restored to health. But it was with the discovery in 1884 of the tubercle bacillus and the establishment of the fact that it was the active agent in producing all forms of tuberculosis that the foundation was laid for substantial progress in overcoming this disease. Whether it will ever be possible to cure a large propor- tion of cases is still in doubt, but it has become entirely evident that it is possible to prevent its attack. The deep seated convic- tions of centuries are not easily changed, and necessary means cannot immediately be put in operation. There has to be time for the popular intelligence to appreciate the need and the advantage to be gained. Considering that only a little more than ten years have elapsed since the important discovery I have mentioned, was made, great progress has already been made. Houses in which consumptives have lived are disinfected, some degree of isolation of tuberculous patients is attempted, and the food supply is watched that it may not carry disease. That these precautions are everywhere or even generally adopted, is not true, but they mark a decided advance and give promise of the time when, with a more general knowledge of the means to be used and greater appreciation of the advantage to be gained we shall have laws, well sustained by public sentiment, that will successfully con- trol the spread of tuberculosis among man and beasts. When this time shall come many years will be added to the average duration of human life, and it would seem that the way is prepared for bringing about this desired end almost within the next generation. The time must come, and should come soon, when every case of tuberculosis shall be attributed to gross carelessness or almost criminal negligence in not using well recognized and reliable pre- ventive precautions. In this regard we wish to deal with a phase of the subject that has vital relations to public health, and is also vastly important from an economic standpoint. However opinions may differ in regard to the absolute relation between human and bovine tuberculosis it is generally conceded that tuberculosis of cattle affects in some degree the public health, and if it were not for the pecuniary 126 MAINE STATE COLLEGE side of the question, there would not be the slightest protest against destroying every case of bovine tuberculosis as soon as it could be discovered by any available means. Some degree of danger to human beings from tuberculous cattle is generally conceded. The whole trouble when it comes to disposing of the three or four per cent of tuberculous cattle in Massachusetts or the one per cent more or less of tuberculous catile in Maine, hinges on the matter of expense. It is human lives in the balance with property, and where it is my property against some one else’s life, the property consideration is apt to outweigh human life. There is a disposition to ignore, or make light of the danger and magnify the loss. What is needed isa more general appreciation of the danger, which is certainly real, if not as extreme as the most radical would claim ; and the pecuniary loss from the destruction of a few hundred head of sick and com- paratively worthless cattle would have little weight. To entirely eradicate human tuberculosis within any given time is impossible. We can't and don’t want to use the necessary means; this will be a work of generations and almost entirely along the line of pre- vention, and the extermination of bovine tuberculosis would be a long step in that direction. But with the means now at our dis- posal it is perfectly feasible and when rightly viewed I believe it will be considered highly desirable to free this country of human tuberculosis within ten years. We have simply to destroy the comparatively small number of animals that are now diseased, dis- infect the places where they are stabled and institute a system of periodical inspection that need be neither cumbersome nor expen- sive compared to the great end to be gained. Half way measures which simply attempt to control must prove more expensive in the end and not nearly as satisfactory in the results. I know the claim is made that, if all tuberculous cattle were destroyed, it would be but a little time before there would be just as many: but this does not seem to me reasonable. We know that individuals have cleaned tuberculosis out of their herds and kept it out and what is possible for an individual is possible for a community of individu- als. The same system of inspection that will enable us to get rid of tuberculosis in the first place will render it possible to keep rid of it. Besides human consumptives will not always be allowed to spread disease broadcast and with all tuberculous cattle destroyed there would be the chief danger to our herds. Until within very recent years when there has been any attempt to exterminate bovine tuberculosis there has been an insurmount- “ \e fi 0 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17274 able difliculty in the impossibility of discovering cases until con- siderable advance had been made. Diseased cattle might remain in a herd for years and their true condition not even be suspected. Although nearly every state has enacted laws for the purpose of controlling or exterm‘nating bovine tuberculosis no apparent head- way has been made. There would seem to be as many tuberculous cattle now as ever. To be sure no serious attempt has been made to thoroughly exterminate the disease in any large territory for it has been a recognized impossibility ard it is doubtful if the results from the work done have justified the expense, whether they have or not is certainly open to discussion. ‘The destruction of an ani- mal that has already thoroughly infected her surroundings with disease germs and with only a short natural leave of life remaining may be of doubtful importance. She has probably already done most of the harm she is capable of. With the dis- covery of tuberculin and its effects upon tuberculous cattle we entered upon a new era. What was before so nearly impossible as to discourage effort becomes comparatively easy and it will be strange if during the next ten years we do not see more advance made in getting rid of bovine tuberculosis by the aid of the diag- nostic properties of tuberculin than would have been possible in any length of time if dependence had to be placed on a physical examination. In regard to the value of the tuberculin test in diagnosing tuberculosis there can now be no question. The only wonder now is that there should be any opposition to its use or that dependence should longer be placed in a physical examination. But extreme conservatism or ignorance of the comparative value of the tuberculin test probably accounts for it. It is my purpose in this report to review some of the results obtained by the use of tuberculin as compared with a physical examination. Our own experience in the use of tuberculin covers more than three years. We have held autopsies on thirty-two cows, heifers and bulls that reacted under the test, and, although we claim a fair degree of skill in making a physical diagnosis, there were not over ten of these animals that we would have condemned from a physical examinatiou alone,yet with possibly two exceptions they all exhibited tuberculous lesions. In two cases where it was necessary to hold a very hasty autopsy by lantern light no lesions were found. At the state college of Pennsylvania the college herd was given a physical examination, and tested with tuberculin, by two different parties. Only one case of tuberculosis was found by a physical examination, and four by the 128 MAINE STATE COLLEGE tuberculin test. One cow that seemed to be tuberculous from 2 physt- cal examination proved to be suffering from a slight disorder of an entirely different nature. Since last October cattle taken to the Brighton and Watertown markets have been tested with tuberculin by the veterinarian of the Boston Board of Health and destroyed at the owner’s loss when found diseased, so it is safe to assume that. only apparently sound cattle have been sent there since that time. During the first six months over one hundred animals were con- demned and the autopsies showed that 79 per cent were tuberculous, and of sixty-three beef cattle passed as sound and slaughtered, four were found to be tuberculous. Here we have the tuberenulin test applied under the most unfavorable conditions upon cattle just arrived from a long journey and surrounded by all the disturbing influences of an open market, yet the result must be considered very favorable to the tuberculin test as compared with any physi- cal examination. The biologist of the New Jersey Experiment Station, Professor Julius Nelson, reports that of the forty-three animals of the college herd examined by him, reactions were obtained in twenty-eight cases and at the autopsies twenty-five were evidently diseased. The other three, one cow and two heifers were apparently sound but he says the temperature of these three varied so little from the normal that he was in doubt whether they reacted or not, and he killed them on mere suspicion. This same herd was subjected to a careful physi- cal examination before the tuberculin was used and fifteen animals selected as diseased, three of which provedto be sound. Dr. Austin Peters in an address delivered in Boston recently assumes as a result of his observation that only a quarter or a third of the cases of tuberculosis revealed by means of tuberculin would be discoy- ered by a physical examination. Dr. Laws of Cornell, a very con- servative man, says in a bulletin published a little more thana year ago. ‘*When the State aims at a thoroug’ extinction of the disease (tuberculosis) in our herds this test (tuberculin test) can- not be omitted as itis absolutely essential to success,” and what he says in regard to the extinction of tuberculosis from a state has equal force when applied to a herd. In regard to the effect of tuberculin upon healthy cattle, in a recent bulletin Dr. Laws produces testimony based upon his own experiments and those of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry that shows, as far as these experiments go that the injec- tion of a test dose of tuberculin into a healthy cow, even if repeat- eee AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129 ed several times, has no appreciable effect upon the productiveness or health of the cow. This has also been the experience of nearly all who have applied the test. Cows that have been tested suffer from the same troubles that affect other cows and there is no ground for connecting these troubles with the test that has been made. In Bulletin No. 42 of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion the history of tuberculosis in the Vermont State College herd is given. The first of January, 1894, all but two animals out ofa herd of thirty-three were in apparent health. These two had been in an unthrifty condition since coming from the pasture in the fall ; tested with tuberculin twenty-four animals reacted and the post mortem confirmed the test. Two animals that failed to react were killed and showed no disease. In the same bulletin it is stated that the station veterinarian during the first six months of last year made over a thousand injections of tuberculin and two hun- dred and twenty-two animals were found diseased. Two hundred and twenty of these were slaughtered and found tuberculous. Nothing is said about the other two. This is a very remarkable record and does much to confirm the value of tuberculin in detect- ing tuberculosis. Most of these cases were found in two badly infected herds and of six hundred and sixty-two animals tested, only thirty-nine cases of tuberculosis were found. In Bulletin No. 27 of the Massachusetts Hatch Experiment Station Dr. J. B. Paige gives the results of his experience with tuberculin. The entire college herd was destroyed at different times, the last of them in January, 1894. At this time thirty-two animals were killed, twenty-five of these reacted under the tuberculin test and were found to be tuberculous. The other seven were sound. Of the twenty-five tuberculous animals in no case had the physical symp- toms so developed that by any ordinary examination a diagnosis of tuberculosis could have been made. Among the conclusions with which Dr. Paige closes his bulletin are these : ‘‘The diagnosis of most cases of this disease by physical exam- ination is impossible.” ‘*That in tuberculin we have an exceedingly delicate and reliable test for tuberculosis ” ‘*That in tuberculin we have the only means by which we can eradicate tuberculosis from among our cattle.” We might go on to almost any length in giving the results of the use of tuberculin in detecting diseased cattle, and they would all 130 MAINE STATE COLLEGE give testimony in the same line as this already given. Many thou- sands of cattle have been tested in this and other countries by hun- dreds of different men and the results have been surprisingly uniform. The most unfavorable results we have been able to find any record of were those obtained by the Boston Board of Health at Brighton and Watertown. We have already noticed the condi- tions were not such at these places as to warrant us in expecting satisfactory results, but they were in a large measure satisfactory, certainly much better than could have been obtained by a physical examination. The following is from a bulletin by Dr. E. P. Miles published by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. “The laws necessary to control the disease (tuberculosis) in bovine animals and lessen the mortality in man may be briefly stated as follows: ; Ist. The most important of all, the establishment of a state board of health, one member of which shall be a qualified veterin- arian. ; 2d. The appointment of a qualified state veterinarian, who shall be an ew-officio member of the State Board of Health and work under its direction. 3d. A liberal appropriation placed at the disposal of these officers, in order that they may effectually carry out their work. 4th. The establishment of publiv abattoirs, and compelling the slaughter of all animals for meat at these places. 5th. Providing for veterinary inspection of all animals slaugh- tered for meat; also veterinary inspection of all public dairies. 6th. The provision of some means to compensate owners of all condemned animals. 7th. A law empowering the State veterinarian to order the des- truction of all condemned animals. 8th. The provision of county hospitals for indigent tuberculous people. 9th. Compulsory disinfection of all premises that have been occupied by tuberculous people or animals. 10th. Compelling the disposal of the carcasses of all tubercu- lous animals by cremation. 11th. Prohibiting tuberculous people from attending public gatherings in closed buildings. With these laws in force, tuberculosis can be practically stamped out. a AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 131 Science is arrayed for the battle; all that is lacking is the declaration of war on the parts of the states and government.” APPENDIX. The following report on the prevention of bovine tuberculosis was presented to the Massachusetts Veterinary Association, and after thorough discussion and revision, it was finally adopted by the association at a meeting held on November 28, 1894. Realizing the importance of preventing the extension and con- tinuance of bovine tuberculosis among our dairy herds, the Massa- chusetts Veterinary Association has prepared the following brochure in the hope that it may assist in spreading information on the pre- vention and eradication of this disease. In referring to tuberculosis the following questions are often asked by stock owners: (1) How shall the occurrence of tubercu- losis be prevented in a healthy herd, and (2) how shall tuberculosis be eradicated from a herd that is already diseased ? In considering these questions it should be borne in mind that while it is a fact that, no matter how unhealthy the surroundings, bovine tuberculosis cannot exist without the presence of the bacillus, yet it is equally a fact that the germ requires a suitable soil for its development, and that a favorable condition of the body for the development of tuberculosis frequently results from hereditary pre- disposition, unsanitary surroundings and the injudicious management to which dairy cattle are so often subjected. It follows then that anything that tends to undermine the health of the dairy stock should be avoided and a continual effort made to strengthen and build up the constitution of the dairy cow. The following recommendations are made to stock owners to prevent the occurrence of tuberculosis in a healthy herd: 1. As far as possible owners should raise their own stock and endeavor to improve tbe constitution of the herd by breeding only from animals that are strong constitutionally and known to be free from any tuberculosis taint. 2. When practicable all farmers should own a bull. They should restrict its use to their own cows, and not allow it to come in contact with other stock. 3. Allow no strange animal to come in contact with the herd without first making sure by tuberculin test (which is now recog- 9 1337) MAINE STATE COLLEGE nized to be the only practical method of diagnosis) that they are free from disease. 4, Never buy from infected or suspicious herds. 5. Never purchase a cow with a cough or abnormal breathing, lumpy or diseased udder, swollen joints, or with a tendency to scour or bloat. 6. Overcrowding in barns should be avoided. Provide as much air space as possible, allowing at least 1,000 cubic feet for each animal. 7. Pure air and abundant sunlight are essential to the preserva- tion of health in animals. Windows hinged at the bottom and dropped slightly inward at the top may be utilized for light and ventilation. In this way the air is directed upward, thereby pre- venting a current of cold air on the cattle. 8. In fair weather cattle should be in the open air as much as possible. 9. All barns should be kept as clean as possible. They should be sprinkled before being swept, and in consequence of the irritat- ing and infectious character of the dust of stables in which tuber- culous animals have been kept, sweeping should always be done while the cattle are in the yard. 10. In consequence of the danger to cattle from consumptive expectorating in and around barns, no consumptive person should be allowed to have charge of or come in contact with the dairy cattle. 11. Do not keep manure in the cellar. Better have no cellar, but where one exists it should be well drained, well lighted and well ventilated. 12. Manure sheuld be frequently removed from the neighbor- hood of barns. 13. The barn yard and its surroundings should be well drained and free from standing water and filth. 14. Early breeding, late and continuous breeding, as well as excessive and injudicious feeding and milking, are all frequent predisposing causes and should be avoided. With reference to the eradication of the disease in herds already affected, it is reeommended that a thorough examination of the herd be made, using tuberculin test. All animals found diseased should be slaughtered and the remaining animals retested at intervals. The thorough disinfection a + = Say AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 133 and renovation of all infected barns is imperative and good drain- age, light and ventilation should be secured. Where these conditions cannot be obtained it would in many cases be more economical and satisfactory to build new stables, always observing the recommendations suggested for healthy herds. ATE, BURR, M.D. V., Jas. By Parc, DL VoUSi, Joun M. Parker, D. V.S., Committee on Tuberculosis, In a bulletin lately published in the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, the following methods of disinfection are recom- mended : (a) Corrosive sublimate (mecuric chloride,) one ounce in about eight gallons of water (one-tenth per cent.) The water should be kept in wooden tubs or barrels and the sublimate added to it. The whole must be allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, so as to give the sublimate an opportunity to become entirely dissolved. Since this solution is poisonous it should be kept covered up and well guarded. It may be applied with a broom or mop and used freely in all parts of the stable. Since it loses its virtue in proportion to the amount of dirt present, all manure and other dirt should be first removed and the stables well cleaned before applying the disinfec- tant. After it has been applied the stable should be kept vacant as long as possible. Before the animals are allowed to return it is best to flush those parts which the animals may reach with their tongues to remove any remaining poison. APPENDIX. Bulletins Issued in 1894. BULLETIN No. 6. FRUIT CULTURE—VARIETIES. By far the most important branch of fruit growing in this State is that of orchard culture. Soil and climate seem especially adapted to producing apples of the highest quality and appearance, while rocky hillsides, unfit for the general operations of agriculture, are often found to produce the finest fruit. Pears and plums receive but little attention except in isolated localities, while cherries are still more neglected. The rapidly increasing number of visitors to our State during the summer months, with the consequent increased demand for fresh fruits and vegetables opens a home market for horticultural products which is very encouraging. It therefore seems advisable that the Experiment Station should obtain and disseminate such information as shall be most helpful in building up the several branches of horticultural work. As is well known, Maine apples have a world wide reputation for quality and beauty. It remains for us to plant such varieties as are likely to prove most valuable; to give the best possible culture to our orchards ; to prevent, so far as possible, the attacks of diseases and insect enemies; and to sort and pack our fruit honestly. Plum growing, which formerly received considerable attention, especially in the Penobscot valley, is again being undertaken in certain sections of the State. It is a remarkable fact, however, ‘ 136 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. that nearly seventy-five per cent of the plum trees reported in reply to recent inquiries, are grown in Aroostook county. If plum growing can be made profitable in those sections of the State where winter protection of the trees is absolutely essential, there would seem to be no good reason for its neglect in other sections which have equally good soil, far more favorable climate, and more available markets. ‘The most serious enemy of the plum grower is the Black Knot, and it is only by concerted action on the part of growers that this disease can be held in check. In New York and some other important plum growing regions, stringent laws have been passed for the protection of the fruit growers, and it is hoped that in the near future similar action may be taken by our own legislature. Smal) fruits, especially currants and gooseberries do not receive the attention their importance demands. Both of the fruits named delight in the cool, moist climate afforded by our high latitude and proximity to the ocean, while they are easy of culture and are always in demand at good prices. Strawberries, too, coming as they do after those from Massachusetts and New York are out of the markets, and just as the people are flocking to our summer resorts, offer a promising field to the enterprising fruit grower. With the above facts in mind, the subjoined list of varieties (condensed from a catalogue of the fruits of the State which will be published in full in our annual report) is sent out as the first of a series of short bulletins on fruit growing; methods of culture ; enemies and diseases of fruits; and the varieties best suited to different sections of the State. The widely varying conditions existing in different parts of the State render a general statement as to the value of any given vari- ety for the State only approximately correct. Varieties which may be of merit in the southern portions of the State are not sufficiently hardy for the middle and northern counties. On the other hand, some sorts considered specially valuable in Aroostook county, are unknown in York. The following schedules of varieties for the different sections named, are presented after carefully considering the recommenda- tions of leading fruit growers in those sections : For Aroostook, Piscataquis, Northern Somerset, Penobscot and Washington counties : AppLes.—Alexander, Dudley’s Winter (North Star,) Fameuse, Hayford Sweet, Oldenburg, Yellow Transparent, Wealthy and the ~I APPENDIX. 13 Hyslop and Lady Elgin Crabs. The number of varieties tried and found wanting would form a much longer list. Prars.—Only the most hardy will succeed. Fulton, Eastern Belle, Nickerson, and Vermont Beauty are suggested. Pears have not as yet been grown to any extent. Piums.—Damson, Green Gage, Moore Arctic, Smith’s Orleans. Of these, Moore Arctic is by far the most valuable, though not of high quality. Smati Fruits.—Agawam blackberry, Cuthbert and Tyler rasp- berries; Fay and White Grape currants and the Houghton goose- berry lead. Many other varieties, both of orchard fruits and of small fruits are under trial for this northern region at the present time, and the results obtained will be reported in due season. For Oxford, Kennebec, Waldo, and the southern counties : Appies.—Baldwin, Ben Davis, Gravenstein, Hubbardston, Jewett Red (Nodhead), Mother, Northern Spy, Oldenburg, Red Astrachan, Rhode Island Greening, Tallman Sweet, Yellow Belle- fleur. Prars.—Angouleme, Anjou, Bartlett, Clapp’s Favorite, Law- rence, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Sheldon. Piums.—Bavay, Imperial Gage, Lombard, McLaughlin. Cuerrizs.—Black Heart, Downer’s Late, Governor Wood, Early Richmond, English Morello. RaspBerries.—Cuthbert, Golden Queen, Shaffer, Gregg. BLACKBERRIES.—Agawam, Snyder. Currants.—Fay, Versailiaise, Victoria, White Grape. GoosEBERRIES.— Downing, Houghton, Smith. STRAWBERRIES.—Bubach No. 5, Crescent, Haverland, Sharpless, Wilson. Grares.—Concord, Green Mountain, Hartford, Moore’s Early, Worden. The above named varieties are the ones most commonly grown at the present time. It is believed that many of these varieties (especially of the small fruits) will soon be superseded by some of the newer introductions, even as the Hovey strawberry, Knevett raspberry, and Dorchester blackberry have given place respectively to the Crescent, the Cuthbert and the Agawam. A catalogue of all the varieties known to be cultivated in the State with a concise description and the approximate value of each 138 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. will be published in our annual report for 1893. A copy of this report will be sent to those requesting the same. W.M. MUNSON, Horticulturist. Maineé State COLLece, Orono, Mz., Jan. 8, 1894. BULLETIN No. 8. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS. Spraying with some solution of copper as a protection from the attack of apple scab is coming to be looked upon as a necessity by many of the more progressive orchardists. During the past three seasons the writer has been engaged in solving some of the problems incident to this work. The results, so far as obtained, have been detailed in the annual reports of the experiment station.* The principal work of the present season was a comparison of the effectiveness of different mixtures. ‘The failure of certain trees, set apart for that purpose, prevented reaching more definite conclusions regarding the best time for spraying. The materials used in the work here mentioned, were as follows: 1st. Modified eau celeste.—2 lbs. copper sulphate, 2 1-2 lbs. carbonate of soda, 1 1-2 pts. ammonia and thirty-five gallons of water. 2nd. Bordeaux Mixture.—6 lbs. copper sulphate (Blue Stone), 4 lbs. fresh lime, dissolved separately, then mixed and diluted to 40 gallons. 3. Bordeaux Mixture and Paris Green.—Same as No. 2 with addition of Paris green in the proportion of 1 lb. to 250 gallons. Ath. Paris Green.—1 lb. Paris Green in 250 gallons water. The season was very dry and the trees were much freer from scab than in previous years. ‘That there was marked benefit from the treatment is, however, shown in the accompanying photographs of fruit from contiguous trees and also in the table. *Rep, Maine Exp. Sta., 1891, p. 112; 1892, p. 92. ‘6S ‘pogqnos AUST ‘1 ‘poqaqvos ATpa ‘ost ‘oot 139 APPENDIX. a ‘dH AVUdS LON—T ‘ON 140 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. E be = D - = F Z = | = a = - os = =) Zz m = cS =) ra = = = RestLts oF SPRAYING To Prevent APPLE ScaB. 1893. Check trees (not sprayed), - 38.5 per cent. free from scab. Eau celeste. sprayed four times, W228) AE RED ES: Bordeaux mixture, sprayed four times, = = = = 79.9 cs se ae se te Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, sprayed four times. - So RS SE ie or SS) mR ie The above figures are the average results obtained from an examination of the fruits of;three trees of each class. Much of the fruit classed as ‘‘slightly scabbed” in our examinations, hence not a oe APPENDIX. 141 considered in the above figures, would grade as ‘*No. 1” fruit. As is well known, however, the fungus grows rapidly after the fruit is packed, hence the rigid adherence to our arbitary distinction. As shown by the table, the best results were obtained from the use of a combination of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green—a fact which would indicate a possible fungicidal value for Paris green. That this value is slight, however, was shown by some trees sprayed with arsenite only. The modified eau celeste, while less effectual than Bordeaux mixture in preventing scab, was also found to injure the foliage unless used with caution. The fruit also was made somewhat rusty, the epidermis apparently being injured by the ammonia. The relative value of the different materials used may best be iliustrated by the following diagram, the shaded portion represent- ing the per cent. of fruit free from scab: 1. Not sprayed. 2. Eau Celeste. Bordeaux Mixture. (s\) 4, Bordeaux Mixture and Paris Green. A Brier RETROSPECT. For the benefit of those who have not received previous reports, it may be well to give a brief resume of the results obtained from three seasons’ experiments. We have seen that apple scab is caused by a parasitic fungus which attacks the leaves and young twigs as well as the fruit, and that the growth of the tree may be seriously checked. Spraying the trees with certain compounds of copper has been found an effective means of holding the disease in check,—the increase of salable fruit, as a result of spraying, often amounting to 50 per cent. Indications point strongly to the value of spraying early in the season, before the blossoms open, and of repeating the application four or five times during the season. The best results have been obtained from the use of Bordeaux Mixture, prepared as follows: 6 pounds copper sulphate (Blue Stone), 4 pounds quick lime, 40 gallons water. 142 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. Dissolve the copper in a pail of hot water; slake the lime in another vessel ; mix and dilute as above for use. Farmers are advised to club together in the purchase of appa- ratus and chemicals, thus reducing expense. Necessary chemicals may be obtained in large quantities of : Weeks & Potter Co., Boston. Eimer & Amend, 205 Third Ave., New York. W.S. Powell & Co., Baltimore, Md. Most of the materials may be purchased in small amounts at the local drug store. Force pumps and other apparatus for spraying may be obtained of any of the leading manufacturers, as: Field Force Pump Co., Lockport, N. Y. Gould’s Manufacturing Co., Seneea Falls, N. Y. W. & B. Douglass, Middletown, Conn. The most satisfactory nozzle we have used is the ‘‘McGowen,” manufactured by John J. McGowen, Ithaca, N. Y. Our second choice is the ‘‘Climax,’’ manufactured by the Nixon Nozzle and Machine Co , Dayton, O. W. M. MUNSON. Marne State CoLieces, Orono, Me , March 1, 1894. ; BULLETIN No. 9. TOMATOES. Much of the work with tomatoes during the past season was ir continuation of experiments previously undertaken, and related principally to methods of culture. The following condensed notes will indicate in a general way the conclusions reached. 1. Liject of Early Setting :—Duplicate lots of plants were given the same treatment early in the season. One lot was removed to the field May 23, the other a week later. The first lot was severely checked by frost May 27, but in spite of this fact the plants recovered and there was practically no difference in the yield of the two lots. The slight variation found, was in favor of the early set plants. Conclusion :—Indications still point to the value of early setting of tomato plants. APPENDIX. 143 2. Value of Pot Culture:—The importance of careful handling of tomato plants has previously been emphasized by the writer. During the past season a test was made as to the value of growing plants in pots previous to setting in the field. Twelve plants of each of four varieties were transferred from the seed flats to thumb- pots, later to 3-inch, and then to 4-inch pots, and to the field June 1st. Duplicate lots were handled in boxes in the ordinary manner on the same dates. In every instance the plants handled in pots produced a larger number of fruits and a greater total weight of the product than those from boxes ; but the individual fruits were slightly smaller. Computing the yield per acre on the basis of the weight of fruit picked previous to October 1st, aud considering the plants placed five feet apart each way, we found for the first three varieties, a difference of more than 29 bushels each, in favor of the pot grown plants. This difference at 75 cts. per bushel, (none of our fruit sold for less than 60 cts. per bushel, and early in the season we received $1.75 at wholesale,) would amount to $21.83 per acre, a sum far in excess of the cost of pots and expense of handling. Conclusion ;—There appears to be a marked increase in the pro- ductiveness of plants handled in pots previous to setting in the field. 3. Individual Variation :—Very often a new variety is recom- mended, or a particular method of culture is advocated, because excellent results have been obtained for a single season. The danger of drawing conclusions from such limited experience, was pointed out by the writer last year. when it was found that ‘‘in no case were the results from duplicate tests uniform.”* Duplicate lots of each of three varieties of tomatoes were grown during the past season. All of these were given the same treat- ment in the house, and were planted side by side in the field, receiving the same culture. The results obtained, bear out our former conclusions to such an extent, that the results of certain methods of culture undertaken, are withheld for further verification. The weight of individual fruits was practically uniform, but the variation in number of fruits, and in the consequent weight of the product, was very marked. The date of ripening was also variable. Conclusion :—The individual variation of plants of any given variety is often such as to obscure any effects of different methods * Rep. Maine Exp. Sta. 1892, p. 64. t Rep. Maine Exp. Sta. 1892, p. 65. 144 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. of culture, and render conclusions drawn from a single season’s work very unreliable. 4.° Crossing :—The work of developing a tomato which shall be of sufficient earliness to be profitable as a market crop in those sections where the seasons are short, was detailed in our last annual report. Selections and further crosses were made the past season with interesting and promising results. The Lorillard- Peach cross showed a less marked increase over the pure Lorillard in number of fruits, than was the case in the first generation. In the second generation, the influence of the male parent on the character of the fruit was shown by several individuals which assumed the form and the rough skin of Peach. The Jgnotum-Peach cross showed a similar falling off in the second generation,—the difference amounting to nearly 44 per cent. 5. Varieties :—The tomatoes were started in the forcing house March 27. All varieties were given the same treatment while in the house, and were transferred to the open field June 1st. The first ripe fruits were found July 25, on Golden Ball and Long Keeper. Two days later one or more fruits were gathered from Aristocrat, Great B. B., Ithaca and Maule’s Earliest. On October 1st, when the season was practically ended, the following varieties were found, in the order named, to have been the most productive: Golden Ball, Improved Peach, Maule’s Earliest, Burpee’s Climax, Lorillard, Ithaca and Belmont. Opti- mus, which was the most productive sort grown last year, stood ninth (or dropping the first two varieties, which are of value for amateur culture only, seventh) in the list the present season. The large late varieties, such as Belmont, Buckeye State and Stone, decayed very badly late in the season. The same is true to a certain extent of Ignotum, Matchless and Optimus. Maule’s Earliest and Burpee’s Climax were both much smoother than is usual with very early sorts and are promising. Ithaca and Long Keeper deserve the credit given in previous reports. Lemon Blush failed to blush and was consequently inferior to Golden Queen. Buckeye State, Royal Red and Stone, while of merit as individual fruits, are all too late for our short seasons. Ponderosa will also be discarded for similar reasons. Terra Cotta was of very unsatisfactory quality and is not a firmly fixed variety. APPENDIX. 145 Great B. B., in spite of its name, is a fairly good variety. It decayed badly late in the season. Summary OF Tomato Nores, 1893. 1. The conclusions of former years as to the value of setting tomato plants as early in the spring as possible are confirmed. 2. Plaxts handled in pots previous to setting in the field are more vigorous and productive than those not so handled,—a fact which may be of great importance to the commercial grower. 3. Individual variation is often such as to render the work of any one season unreliable. 4. The productiveness of any given variety may be largely increased by crossing with some of the smaller less valuable sorts. But this increased productiveness may be partially or wholy lost in a few years even if good culture is given The variety will quickly ‘¢run out.”’ 5. It seems possible that seeds from plants grown under high culture in the house, may give better results than those from plants not so treated. 6. By combining the Lorillard-Currant hybrid with the Lorillard, the size has been fully doubled and the quality much improved ; but there has been a reduction in the number of fruits produced. 7. Of the newer varieties, Burpee’s Climax, Maule’s Earliest and ‘‘B. B.” (Brinton’s Best) were among the most promising. Buck- eye State, Ponderosa, Royal Red and Stone are too late for our climate. Lemon Blush lacked its distinguishing characteristic, and Terra Cotta was of inferior quality. W. M. MUNSON. MAINE STATE COLLEGE, Orono, Mz., March 15, 1894. 146 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. BULLETIN No. 10. CAULIFLOWERS. The cauliflower is a vegetable highly prized by many, but is too seldom met with in the home gardens of our State. Possessing many of the good qualities of the cabbage, it is to a certain extent lacking in the peculiar rank flavor which renders the former dis- agreeable to many people. The delicate qualities of the cauliflower are, however, frequently disguised or lost through failure of the housewife to familiarize herself with the best methods of serving. For this reason we send with this bulletin directions for cooking the cauliflower, condensed from material kindly furnished by Miss Anna Barrows, School of Domestic Science, Boston.* 1. Culture:—In a general way the culture is the same as for cabbages. Larly varieties should be started in the house or hot bed as soon as the first of April. Handle as needed and set in the open field as early as possible—say the 20th of May, setting the plants about two by three feet. The best soil is a rich, moist, but well drained loam. Like the cabbage, the cauliflower is a gross feeder and demands intense culture. If growth is stopped, from any cause, the heads are * Directions for Cooking the Cauliflower.—A cabbage or cauliflower, unless taken directly from the garden, is much improved if so placed that it can absorb water through its stalk for 12 to 24hours before cooking. Soaka cauliflower, head down, in cold salted water for an hour before cooking, to draw out any insects that may be concealed. A small cauliflower may be cooked whole and should be placed in the kettle with the flowerets up, as the stalk needs most thorough cooking. A large head should be divided into six or eight sections. Cookin a kettle of rapidly boiling salted water to which may be added one-fourth of a level teaspoonful of soda, (the soda aids in softening the woody fibre). The kettle should be skimmed occasionally while the vegetable is cooking; or, to save trouble, some prefer tying the cauliflower in a thin cloth. Anagate or porcelain lined kettle is prefer- able to iron, which is likely to discolor the cauliflower. The odor is less notice- able if the kettle is left uncovered; the water may also be changed to dispel the odor. A cauliflower should be tender after twenty to thirty minutes of rapid boiling. If overcooked it appears soggy and water-logged. A good cauliflower, well cooked, requires little additional flavor besides salt and good butter. Some, however, prefer the addition of grated cheese. The eauliflower may also be served as a garnish for meats, in sauces, soups and is ex- eellent cold asa salad. Many prefer it with a thick cream sauce. “Cold boiled cauliflower is very good fried plain in butter or breaded and fried, or mashed and fried like oyster plant, with the addition of an egg and a palatable seasoning of salt and pepper.” The last paragraph is from Miss Corson’s Practical American Cookery. Many other hints may be obtained from this and other leading guides to cookery. APPENDIX. 147 liable to ‘‘button,” or form small sections interspersed with leaves, worthless for market purposes. Frequent cultivation is necessary and it is probable that in case of very dry weather about the time of heading, irrigation would be a profitable means of securing a crop, at least for home use. When the heads are about three inches across, the outer leaves should be brought together and held in place by means of a piece of twine or raffia, that the heads may be well bleached. 2. Jafluence of Harly Treatment of Plants.—The question as to the value of handling the plants in pots previous to setting in the open field, was considered with reference to the number of heads produced. Four varieties were used in the test with the following results : In two instances there was a difference of twenty per cent. in favor of the plants grown in pots. One variety gave the same number of heads in each case, but the plants from pots were two or three weeks earlier than the others. The fourth variety gave a slight difference—about seven per cent.—in favor of the box treatment. Doubtless any benefit that might arise from handling plants in pots would lie in the more uniform rate of growth secured. Conclusion.—Indications point to an increased percentage of marketable heads as a result of handling cauliflower plants in pots during the early stages of growth. 3. Effects of Trimming.—The practice of reducing the amount of foliage at the time of removal to the field received attention the past season. ‘The foliage of one lot of each of five varieties was reduced by one-half, while duplicate lots were left without trimming. As a rule, the per cent. of heads formed was greater from plants not trimmed. There was practically no difference in the earliness of the two lots, nor was there a marked difference in the size of the heads. Conclusion.—Results obtained will not warrant us in commend- ing the practice of trimming cauliflower plants severely at time of setting in the field. 4. Vurieties.—Nearly all of the more important varieties of cauliflower were grown in our gardens the past season for purposes of comparison. As was expected, great variation was found in the different varieties and strains of the same type, as regards 10 148 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. earliness, percentage of heads formed, and the character and quality of the heads. Nearly all of the earliest varieties produced a high percentage of marketable heads, while the late sorts were anything but satisfac- tory. Of the whole number of varieties grown, sixteen produced more than seventy-five per cent of marketable heads, while with eight varieties every plant produced a good head. Most of the late varieties were checked by the dry weather and showed a tendency to ‘‘button,’’ or go to seed. The following field notes concerning some of the more important varieties were made: Alabaster (Johnson & Stokes).—Said to be a sport from Dwarf Erfurt (see below). A small, early variety, of erect habit, thus permitting of very close planting. Autumn Giant (Thorburn).—A very large, late variety of excellent quality. Should not be started so early as most other sorts Best Early (Burpee’s Best Eur’y, Burpee) —Small, but one of the earliest and surest heading varieties. Dwarf Erfurt (Thorburn).—Takes its name from the city of Erfurt, Germany, where cauliflowers are extensively grown. One of the most popular early varieties. Several strains were grown the past season, of which the best seemed to be Thorburn’s Extra Early. Early Danish (Farquhar).—Of the Erfurt type; forming a medium sized head, very firm and good. One of the best. Early Paris (Thorburn, Farquhar).—Moderately vigorous, with long stem and of spreading habit. Leaves covered with heavy bluish white bloom, giving the variety a characteristic light shade. Heads of fair size but lacking in solidity. Giant Purple (Childs).—A large late variety; very attractive when growing and of excellent flavor, but when served its color is objectionable. Imperial (Landreth).—A medium sized, pure white variety; of spreading habit, heads not sufficiently firm. Kronk’s Perfection (Farquhar).—A very fine strain of the Erfurt type. Of medium size, early, uniform, and in our plantation was among the best. Landreth First (Landreth).—Of vigorous, erect habit, but hav- ing a short stem. Heads of medium size, white, and rather remarkable for uniformity. One of the best. APPENDIX. 149 Livingston’s Earliest (Livingston).—One of the earliest. Small but uniform in date of maturity—a valuable consideration in a market variety. Long Isiand Beauty (Gregory). A valuable second early sort. Only two cuttings were necessary, and every plant produced a marketable head. Prize Earliest (Maule).—Three weeks later than some of the other early sorts. Not satisfactory this season. Snowball (Early Snowball, Thorburn).—A moderately vigor- ous variety forming small but very solid heads. From this type many valuable strains have been derived. One of the most valu- able of these is the next mentioned. Thorburn Gilt Edge (Thorburn).—Not quite so vigorous as the parent, the leaves being slightly smaller and very dense, while the stem is shorter Heads small but of good form and solid. Usually one of the most reliable. Vaughan’s Danish Snowball (Vaughan).—Differs little from Snowball mentioned above. Very early and apparently a sure header. Algiers, Italian Taranto, Late Dutch, London, Nonpareil, Stadt- holder and some others, while producing very good individual heads, were not reliable the past season, but will be given further trial. SUMMARY. 1. The general treatment of the cauliflower is similar to that required by cabbages. Thorough and frequent cultivation are essential. The outer leaves should be brought together and tied a few days before cutting, that the heads may be well bleached. 2. Handling plants in pots before setting in the field increased the percentage of marketable heads. 3. Trimming plants at time of setting is of doubtful value. 4. Early varieties are, as a rule, more certain to produce a sat- isfactory crop than are the later sorts. d. The earliest varieties grown the past season were: Burpee’s Best Early, Dwarf Danish, Kronk’s Perfection and Livingston’s Earliest; closely followed by Alabaster, Landreth’s First, Long Island Beauty and several strains of Snowball. All of these varie- ties produced a high percentage of marketable heads. W. M. MUNSON. MaIne State CoLuece, Orono, Me., April 1, 1894. 150 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. BULLETIN No. 11. CORN AS A SILAGE CROP. The report of the Station for 1891, pp. 41-46, gives a summary of three years’ work in testing the relative production of food material by various fodder and root crops. It appeared that the large variety of corn known as Southern White produced the greatest amount of digestible dry substance per acre, excelling root crops, Hungarian Grass and other varieties of corn. Since 1891 a comparison between varieties of corn has been continued. This has been done because the corn crop is an important one to Maine dairymen and because the problems connected with its growth in Maine are local in their nature and cannot be solved by experiments in other states, excepting possibly New Hampshire and Vermont. The most common question asked in this connection is, Which are the most profitable varieties to grow, the large, which mature only in a latitude south of New England, or the smaller, which complete their growth in this climate ? As set forth in the report previously mentioned, the proper test of productiveness is the yield of digestible dry matter, the gross weight of crop or even of total dry matter being deceptive because of differences in the water content and in digestibility. All effort has been directed, then, towards ascertaining the actual growth of digestible material in the several cases. One other point has necessarily been considered, viz.: The relative value of a pound of digestible material in the crops compared. ‘This latter com- parison can most safely be made by feeding experiments, and this has been the method used. The study of the corn crop has been conducted in 1892 and 1893 in much the same manner as in previous years, only some- what more comprehensively. The results secured are concisely stated in the accompanying table, all intermediate data, such as size of plots and yield per plot, being omitted. The figures for the three years previous are stated for the sake of comparison. APPENDIX. iS: COMPARATIVE YIELD OF SOUTHERN CORN AND MAINE FIELD CORN, AS GROWN IN MAINE. YIELD PER ACRE. = oo Digestible ze Dry substance. |/dry substance. BE | i E Ow a || | e || | Crop of 1888. BOSE tt epee ere eae ee Southern corn. ......--...- icreihiese 26,295 | 12.30 | 3,234.3 65. | 2,102.3 Mane Beeld COLD . 202-26: cecsccsstece 14,212 || 17.4 2,472.9 || 70. | 1,720.5 Crop of 1890. Southern corn..... iWearnoonoesbceLce 32,950 14.94 4,922.7 69 3,396.7 Maine field corm ............... = «- 15,300 15.84 2,415.9 71 1,715.3 Crop of 1891. Sutera Goytisaccocosscononcecodooc¢ 46,340 13.46 | 6,237.4 61. 3,804.8 Hileman tell Cosel Geeoceoconeecacccees 28,080 13.55 3,804.8 73 27171 .d Crop of 1892. | Southern corn, Field 1.............. 37,320 14.67 | 5,474.8 64. 3,003.9 Southern corn, Field 2............-. 34,320 | 14.15 | 4,927. 64. 3,153.2 Maine field corn, Field 1 500 22,490 20.90 4,700. || 78. 3,666. Maine field corn, Field 2........... 29,400 18.64 5,480. || 76. 4,164.8 Crop of 1893. | Southern corn, Field 1..... BOUIC ONO 39,066 15.45 6,035.7 || 65.* 3,923.2 Southern corn, Field 2............6. 26,660 16.58 4,420.2 || 65.* 2,873.1 Maine field corn, Field 1...... 500 27,780 25.43 7,064.4 70 4,945. Maine field corn, Field2...-....... 18,610 19.50 3,328.9 || 70 2,540.2 | Southern corn, 7 trials.......... . ....- Nilestieneten pec cobescoteoecccs sooucooge 46,340 16.58 6,237.4 || 69. 3,923.2 LIFE Hc GoscccossonbcundoacuLpoce 26,295 | 12.30 3,234.3 || 61. 2,102.3 Riv Crae Onis nicitcce tee atiactsice saeae ene 34,761 14.50 | 5,036. || 65. 3,251. Maine field corn, 7 trials.........-0... Nila hI. Gocacacnccanoanoocere aooe 29,400 | 25.43 7,064.4 i8 4,945. AMUN yee orn ele tu ees ees 14,212 13.55 | 2,415.2 || 7 1,715.3 MeeGrdie (2st e ees. nuiccn ees 29,969 18.75 | 42994. || 73. | 3)076. i i | * The average of previous years. The foregoing figures show a large variation in production in different years, under conditions other than the season, quite uniform. This variation is not alone in gross weight of crop, but in dry matter as well. The largest quantity of dry matter pro- duced in any case during the five years is nearly three times that yielded by the smallest crop. This is in part due to manuring and cultivation and in part to the character of the season. Had these experiments been discontinued after 1891 the out- come would have been decidedly favorable to the large variety of Dent corn, but in 1892 and 1893 the relation of yield has been re- versed and the smaller variety of Flint corn has taken the lead. It is probable that another five years’ series of comparisons would furnish a somewhat similar experience. 152 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. The general outcome for the five years is slightly favorable to the large variety of corn if we consider only the yield of digestible dry matter. But when we take account of the fact that in the one case an average of five and one-half tons more of material have annually been handled over several times, we are led to conclude that the smaller, less watery variety of corn has really proved the more profitable. It is significant, also, that the largest yield of dry matter in any instance has been from the small variety. While the Flint corn grown in this State is not capable of storing so much dry substance as the large varieties of Dent corn, under circumstances equally favorable for both, the latter cannot in this latitude reach anything like maturity, and so loses the advantage of that period when growth is most rapid. SUMMARY. (1). The average weight per acre of the green crops for five years were: Southern Corn, 34,761 lbs.; Maine Field Corn, 22,269 lbs.; difference, 11,492 lbs., or nearly five and three- fourths tons. (2). The average dry matter per hundred pounds was nearly one-third more in the Maine Field Corn, the relation being Southern Corn, 14.50 lbs.; Maine Field Corn, 18.75 lbs., or as 100 129: (8). The Maine Field Corn proved to be the more digestible, the relation for dry matter being: Southern Corn, 65 per cent; Maine Corn, 73 per cent., or as 100: 112. (4). The average pounds of digestible dry matter per hundred pounds of green corn have been: Southern Corn, 7.25 lbs. ; Maine Field Corn, 13.69 lbs., or as 100: 189. (5). The average yield of dry matter per acre has been: Southern Corn, 5,036 lbs.; Maine Field Corn, 4,224 lbs. (6). The average yield of digestible dry matter has been: Southern Corn, 3,251 lbs.; Maine Field Corn, 3,076. (7). The yield of digestible dry matter has averaged 175 lbs. more with the Southern Corn. To offset this if has been necessary to handle annually five and three-fourths tons more weight. (8). The largest as well as the smallest yield of digestible matter in a single year has come from the Maine Field Corn. W. H. JORDAN. Marne StaTeE CoLiece, ) Orono, Mz., April 2, 1894. f MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT) SYATION, BULLETIN No. 12. SECOND SERIES. POTATOES. A CoMPARISON OF THE TRENCH SYSTEM WITH ORDINARY CULTURE. A few years ago considerable interest was aroused by the accounts of wonderful yields of potatoes obtained by a method of culture known as the Rural New Yorker trench system. The system derives its name from the fact that it was first used at the trial grounds of the Rural New Yorker and was advocated by the editor of that paper, Mr. E. S. Carman. The system consists essentially in planting the tubers in trenches five to seven inches deep and twelve to fifteen inches wide, the bottoms of which are well pulverized; covering to the depth of about two inches; then applying any desired amount of fertilizer in the trench, after which the trenches are filled so that the surface shall be level. Now it has been the practice of the writer for several years to plant in furrows, applying fertilizer broadcast over the surface of the ground; for there is little doubt that the old custom of * hill- ing” potatoes is worse than useless,—it is positively injurious to the crop on dry soil. It has seemed doubtful in view of the fact that the roots of the potato extend in all directions, filling the whole space between the rows, whether placing the fertilizer in a trench only could be as rational or in practice as satisfactory as the other method. In the paper referred to and also in a book recently published, * the statement is made that ‘‘ In every trial the land laid out in trenches, whether with or without fertilizer or manure, has largely outyielded that planted according to the old method of hills or furrows.” In an issue of the Rural New Yorker of recent date is a detailed * The New Potato Culture, p. 35. 2 MAINE STATE COLLEGE account of a comparison of the two methods as conducted on the grounds of the originator of the trench system. From this trial the following conclusions were drawn: ‘‘ There isa difference of the total yield per acre of only one half bushel (.49) in favor of the trenches but of the marketable potatoes there isa difference of over seventeen bushels per acre in favor of the trenches. ‘* The yield of small potatoes (unmarketable) of the furrows is 16.79 bushels per acre greater than that of the trenches.” * The work of this station, planned without the knowledge that similar work was being undertaken elsewhere, is detailed below. Ona piece of sandy loam, having a southern aspect, alternate rows of the variety named below were planted three and one-half feet apart—one being ‘‘ trenched,” the other planted in an ordin- ary furrow. The rows trenched were plowed about a foot wide and eight inches deep, after which the soil in the bottom of the furrow was loosened and. pulverized, some of the earth being worked back into the furrow. The ‘‘ seed,” cut to two eyes, was then planted one foot apart in the row. The pieces were covered to a depth of about two inches when a complete fertilizer at the rate of one thousand pounds per acre was scattered in the trenches, and the trenches were filled. The other rows were simply plowed, the seed pieces dropped and covered, when the same amount of fertilizer as before was scat- tered on the surface. As soon as the young shoots appeared above the surface a smoothing harrow was used and thorough culture was given until about the middle of July, when the vines covered the ground sufficiently to keep the weeds down and serve as a mulch for themselves. The comparative results are shown in the accompanying table: * Rural New Yorker, Oct. 14, ’93, p. 683. ee ee ee lmlmLCmCllceeeeeeeeeertrl ee a RATS “are yy ote ee et a Se ee AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3 TRENCH SYSTEM VS. ORDINARY CULTURE OF POTATOES. of bu. 43 si) 3 ml = 25/38 | estan |) REEMA peep! ee & ~ 5 ah tet ices! Hi re ty OQ q4y QO HH a) = VARIETY AND Ss os oie es ee 55 SYSTEM. ss =) 2 s5| ag a =n > Ey 2 Ag| Sa5| 3% 35 ‘O's oS rac SOL Sema eo Fe bee = = = a=} oH | EARLY ROSE :— ; No.1. Furrow...| 58 87 51.03 7.84 D.6 234.4 34.6 Trench... | 61.48 Da.24 8.24 5.0 244.8 37.9 No.2. Furrow...| 80.60 | 71.00 | 9.00 | 69 | 327.7 | 41.5 Trench...| 79.23 68.72 10.51 6.1 317.4 48.5 CRANE’S JUNE :— | No.1. Furrow...| 69.90 62.00 7.90 6.0 286.2 36.3 Trench...| 66.30 54.81 11.49 Deo Daal 52.9 No.2. Furrow...| 70.19 58.45 11.74 5.9 269.6 54.1 Trench...| 71.57 61.04 10.53 5.8 282.1 48.5 HEBRON :— Furrow...| 64.15 59.12 5.03 5.4 271.7 23.2 Trench...| 74.07 65.16 8.91 5.4 300.8 41 In every instance duplicate lots produced contradictory results. The first lot of Early Rose gave a greater yield from the trench— the difference being nearly ten bushels of marketable tubers per acre. The second lot reverses these figures, so far as the market- able tubers are concerned, but the increased number of small potatoes makes the total yield practically the same with the two methods of treatment. The first lot of Crane’s June gave a difference of thirty-three bushels of marketable tubers per acre, in favor of the furrow; while in the second lot the trench produced at the rate of twelve busliels per acre more than the other. In each instance above mentioned the number of marketable tubers per hill was slightly smaller in the trenches and the weight of individual tubers was somewhat greater. On the other hand, with one exception, the small tubers from the trenches exceeded in weight and number those from the furrow. Hebron, from the trench was superior to the same variety from the furrow. The number of tubers per hill was the same but the individual tubers from the trench were so much superior as to 4 MAINE STATE COLLEGE be equivalent to an excess of 29 bushels per acre over the other. It will be seen that these facts are, in a measure, opposed to conclusions concerning the system which have heretofore been published. We would not, however, condemn the method without further trial; though itis but just to say that certain parties quoted as obtaining specially marked results from the trench system have discarded this method in general practice. Conclusion :—It is questionable whether the results obtained will justify the extra labor involved in practicing the trench system of potato culture. In our trials the past season duplicate | lots in every instance produced contradictory results. W. M. MUNSON. MAINE STATE COLLEGE, Orono, Mz., May 1, 1894. a ee APPENDIX. 153 BULLETIN No. 12. POTATOES. A COMPARISON OF THE TRENCH SYSTEM WITH ORDINARY CULTURE. A few years ago considerable interest was aroused by the accounts of wonderful yields of potatoes obtained by a method of culture known as the Rural New Yorker trench system. The system derives its name from the fact that it was first used at the trial grounds of the Rural New Yorker and was advocated by the editor of that paper, Mr. E. S. Carman. The system consists essentially in planting the tubers in trenches five to seven inches deep and twelve to fifteen inches wide, the bot- toms of which are well pulverized ; covering to the depth of about two inches; then applying any desired amount of fertilizer in the trench, after which the trenches are filled so that the surface shall be level. Now it has been the practice of the writer for several years to plant in furrows, applying fertilizer broadcast over the surface of the ground ; for there is little doubt that the old custom of ‘‘hill- ing’’ potatoes is worse than useless,—it is positively injurious to the crop on dry soil. It has seemed doubtful in view of the fact that the roots of the potato extend in all directions, filling the whole space between the rows, whether placing the fertilizer in a trench only could be ds rational or in practice as satisfactory as the other method. In the paper referred to and also in a book recently published,* the statement is made that ‘‘In every trial the land laid out in trenches, whether with or without fertilizer or manure, has largely outyielded that planted according to the old method of hills or furrows.” Tn an issue of the Rural New Yorker of recent date is a detailed account of a comparison of the two methods as conducted on the grounds of the originator of the trench system. From this trial the following conclusions were drawn: ‘‘There is a difference of the total yield per acre of only one-half bushel (.49) in favor of the trenches but of the marketable potatoes there is a difference of over seventeen bushels per acre in favor of the trenches. * The New Potato Culture, p. 35. 154 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. ‘“*The yield of small potatoes (unmarketable) of the furrows is 16.79 bushels per acre greater than that of the trenches.”* The work of this station, planned without the knowledge that similar work was being undertaken elsewhere, is detailed below. On a piece of sandy loam, having a southern aspect, alternate rows of the variety named below were planted three and one-half feet apart—one being ‘‘trenched,” the other planted in an ordinary furrow. The rows trenched were plowed about a foot wide and eight inches deep, after which the soil in the bottom of the furrow was loosened and pulverized, some of the earth being worked back into the furrow. The ‘‘seed,” cut to two eyes, was then planted one foot apart in the row. The pieces were covered to a depth of about two inches, when a complete fertilizer at the rate of one thousand pounds per acre was scattered in the trenches, and the trenches were filled. . The other rows were simply plowed, the seed pieces dropped and covered, when the same amount of fertilizer as before was scattered on the surface. As soon as the young shoots appeared above the surface a smoothing harrow was used and thorough cul- ture was given until about the middle of July, when the vines covered the ground sufficiently to keep the weeds down and serye as a mulch for themselves. The comparative results are shown in the accompanying table: TRENCH SYSTEM VS. ORDINARY CULTURE OF POTATOES. : | z 2 7 2 1 Sia sale = S Zoe! of on = = Gea | AP HO 2 2 Sa sae 22 VARIETY AND SYSTEM. 2 Di 2; | 2-5 = zen | Bar = Lae SnD 5 Soe) ele: = 408 | Ao EARLY ROSE. ‘ No. 1. Furrow......-...--- 58-87 51.03 7.84 5.6 234.4 34.6 Trench cools. m- nme 61.48 | 53.24 8.24 3-0 244.8 37-9 No. 2. Furrow. -..--....-- 80.00 | 71.00 9.00 6-9 327-7 41.5 Trench — oc. ceuscleee 79-23 | 68.72 10.51 6.1 317-4 48.3 CRANE’S JUNE. , ; No. 1. Furrow............. 69.90 62.00 7-90 6.0 286 .2 36.3. reve) eee. eee 66.30 54.81 11.49 D-2 253.1 32-9 INO 2a HULEOWee eee tose eee 70.19 58.45 11.74 5.9 269-6 54.1 MECN CH vsece cess occe 71-57 61.04 10.53 5-8 282.1 | 48.5 HEBRON. é Bato Wee See ee 64.15 59.12 5.03 5.4 271.7 23.2 Trench . ..---....-. 74.07 65.16 S-91 5.4 300.8 41.1 *Rura!l New Yorker, Oct. 14, ’93, p. 683. haat heen LOS Her Els APPENDIX. 155 In every instance duplicate lots produced contradictory results. The first lot of Early Rose gave a greater yield from the trench— the difference being nearly ten bushels of marketable tubers per acre. The second lot reverses these figures, so far as the market- able tubers are concerned, but the increased number of small potatoes makes the total yield practically the same with the two methods of treatment. The first of Crane’s June gave a difference of thirty-three bushels of marketable tubers per acre, in favor of the furrow; while in the second lot the trench produced at the rate of twelve bushels per acre more than the other. In each instance above mentioned the number of marketable tubers per hill was slightly smaller in the trenches and the weight of individual tubers was somewhat greater. On the other hand, with one exception, the small tubers from the trenches exceeded in weight and number those from the furrow. Hebron, from the trench was superior to the same variety from the furrow. The number of tubers per hill was the same but the individual tubers from the trench were so much superior as to be equivalent to an excess of twenty-nine bushels per acre over the other. It will be seen that these facts are, ina measure, opposed to con- clusions concerning the system which have heretofore been pub- lished. We would not, however, condemn the method without further trial; though it is but just to say that certain parties quoted as obtaining specially marked results from the trench system have discarded this method in general practice. Conclusion :—It is questionable whether the results obtained will justify the extra labor involved in practicing the trench system of potato culture. In our trials the past season duplicate lots in every instance produced contradictory results. W. M. MUNSON. Marne State CoLiece, f Orono, Me., May 1, 1894. 156 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. BULLETIN No. 13. THE SUPPRESSION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS AND GLANDERS. The object in writing this bulletin is to call attention to the modern, and, in most cases the only, methods of determining whether animals are suffering from these diseases. But little refer- ence is made to the general symptoms of the diseases, for although volumes might and have been written describing the symp'oms that are sometimes noticed, it is a well known fact that in many cases, particularly in tuberculosis, there are no symptoms that would either attract the attention of the owner or that can be detected by the most skillful veterinarian, and in this obscurity lies the chief danger. A long description of inconstant symptoms will tend to obscure the points presented here and would accomplish nothing. Any inquiries regarding diseased animals, accompanied by a description of the symptoms, the Experiment Station will be ready to answer at any time. Tuberculosis of cattle is a widely distributed disease differing in no very essential particular from tuberculosis of other animals. It is transmitted from sick to well cattle through the matter coughed out and through the milk, and very rarely directly from parent to offspring by inheritance. On account of the conditions under which they are kept, dairy cattle are most subject to the disease and in general it is most prevalent among cattle where consumption and other forms of human tuberculosis most prevail. On the other hand, it seems to be true that human tuberculosis is most prevalent where the meat and milk of tuberculous cattle are used for human food. The statement is made that among some reservation Indians where diseased meat is freely eaten, the death rate from tuber- culosis is one-half of all the deaths. There are two principal reasons why every effort should be made to suppress bovine tuberculosis. 1st: It should be done to pro- tect healthy cattle that are continually being exposed; and 2d: It should be done to save the many thousands of human lives that are yearly sacrificed to consumption contracted and fostered by milk, meat, etc., from tuberculous cattle. It is certainly true that either of these reasons offers grounds sufficient to warrant the adoption of even what may seem to some to be extreme measures ea 2. — APPENDIX. V5 to suppress this terrible scourge. If it could be shown that as a state we were entirely free from obvine tuberculosis and sufficient means were being used to preserve that freedom, it would create such a demand for our dairy stock as would compensate us for all the expense involved and we would not be subject in any such measure to the continual losses that we now have to meet from this cause. If any of our breeders have an ambition to improve their stock and go out to purchase animals to this end, they stand about an even chance of ruining their herd and business by introducing tuberculosis with the improved blood. Many instances of this sort might be mentioned as having occurred in this State, and it is safe to say many more will occur unless measures are taken to prevent it. Many of our most progressive dairymen and stock breeders have run against this snag in their business, and have either been obliged to dispose of their stock at a loss to them- selves or to those who purchased it, or to continue breeding from diseased stock—a course which deserves to be condemned from every standpoint of policy and safety. One tuberculous cow introduced into a large dairy herd has often been the means of contaminating most of the herd, and one diseased herd of choice animals where the calves are raised and sold has often been the means of introducing tuberculosis into many herds, to the material loss of the owners. A much more serious reason than the purely financial one why every effort should be made to suppress bovine tuberculosis is the close relation it bears to the same disease in human beings. Every tuberculous cow is a menace not only to the health of other cattle, but to the lives of human beings. Bovine tubercu- losis is not perhaps the greatest factor in causing human tuber- culosis, but it is an important factor. It is possible to demon- strate beyond a reasonable doubt that thousands of children and adults die each year as a direct result of bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis of cattle and human beings is the same disease, due to the same cause, bacillus tuberculosis. This bacillus thrown off from the lungs of consumptives, coughed out by tuberculous cattle, in the milk of consumptive mothers, or in the milk or flesh of diseased cattle, has the same power to set up disease in sus- ceptible animals without regard to its source. When we consider that during the one year of 1892 in this State alone, 1,513* human beings died from pulmonary and other forms of tuberculosis and 158 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. that 1892 was probably not an exceptional year in this*regard. we ought to awake to the importance of removing the cause of this great fatality as far as possible. This was the year in which grip raged to such an unusual and alarming extent, yet¥the grip'caused less than half (755)* this number of deaths and all other forms of contagious diseases combined did not prove so fatal as‘tuberculosis. If the much dreaded disease, small pox or Asiatic cholera, should gain a foothold in our State and for one year cause half the havoe that tuberculosis does every year, the State and nation would combine to use every available means to check it, and they would succeed. Now tuberculosis is a more surely fatal disease than either of these, but just as surely preventable, and, if through long and continuous familiarity with it we had not come to regard its ravages as almost inevitable, we might be comparatively free of it within five years. Dr. Law says ‘‘Tuberculosis is allowed to continue its career of death only because of reprehensible igno- Trance and criminal indifference.” (Cornell University, Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 65.) The greatest obstacle to the suppression of bovine tuberculosis next to ‘‘criminal indifference” has been the difficulty in determin- ing what animals were affected and what were healthy. We have had no means by which we could detect the early stages of the disease. If a cow were well fed and cared for she might for years be a source of contagion in a herd and a menace to the health of human beings, without her true condition being known. This difficulty in detecting the disease made it practically impossible to get rid of it. The most that could be done was to kill off the advanced cases as soon as they could be detected. Now, how- ever, this is changed. We have a method by which it is possible to detect tuberculosis in catile in any of its stages with a very high degree of certainty. If there are any cases that cannot be detected by this means, they are either so advanced that the merest novice will have no difficulty in diagnosing them by a physical examina- tion, or, the animals are very slightly affected, the disease for the time being making no progress, so that for practical purposes they can hardly be considered diseased. In this brief bulletin it is impossible to describe in detail the method by which the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle is made easy and certain. It is perhaps sufficient to say that by the simple *Report of State Board of Health for 138. RAE APPENDIX. 159 injection of a twentieth of a gram of tuberculin underneath the skin of a cow there will be a marked rise of temperature within from nine to fifteen hours, provided she has tuberculosis, and not otherwise. Tuberculin, the diagnostic agent, is a chemical sub- stance, that in the dose given has not the slightest injurious effect upon well animals. ‘There are certain precautions to be taken to avoid mistakes, and some degree of skill and familiarity with the diseased conditions of cattle is necessary on the part of one mak- ing the test, but with suitable instruments and professional skill it is comparatively easy for one man to examine a herd of fifty ani- mals in less than twenty-four hours and detect every case of tuber- culosis that may exist there. Thus we see that the problem of suppressing bovine tuberculosis, we will not say the complete extermination, for this will be impossible while other tuberculous subjects are allowed to freely distribute the seeds of disease, resolves itself into the simple testing of all bovines with tuberculin ; and as soon as the public mind is awakened to the true importance of the work this will be dune, and the tests will be repeated sufli- ciently often to keep the disease in check. Public sentiment that will demand the suppression of what has long been regarded as an inevitable evil may be slowly developed, but its development is sure when the work to be accomplished is so simple and important as the suppression of tuberculosis. But if radical and generally applicable measures are not at once in operation to do away with this disease, there is no reason why individuals should not protect their own herds and the lives of their families and patrons by making sure that they are not har- boring it. A man who will buy and keep a family cow to supply milk and butter for his children and not adopt the simple and inexpensive measures necessary to be sure she is not affected with tuberculosis is either ignorant of the danger incurred or guilty of negligence little short of criminal. The dairy man who is supplying the public. including invalids and children, who are particularly susceptible to consumption, with milk or butter, who will not go to the slight expense necessary to test his herd for tuberculosis, has neither a proper regard for his own or patrons’ interest; and, particularly, the breeder of choice dairy stock that will continue to breed and distribute among other herds cattle that may, and, as experience has shown, are particularly liable to carry with them the seeds of 160 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. tub-reculosis, is not deserving of public confidence. Any one can purchase tuberculin from some of the leading druggists and also the necessary instruments with which to administer it, but we would advise the average farmer and stock owner not to undertake a test of this importance, the complete success of which depends upon experience and professional skill. It would be better to employ a competent veterinary surgeon. The expense ought not to be very great. For the present, as far as other work will per- mit, the Experiment Station will undertake to examine cattle for tuberculosis in any part of the State where the owner {will pay travelling expenses. We cannot promise to continue to do this indefinitely, but for the next few months, for the purpose of obtaining data relative to the prevalence of tuberculosis among our cattle, we hope to be able to answer all calls in this direction. It is possible that arrangements can be made to examine a limited number of large herds free of all expense to the owner. After a herd is once free from tuberculosis, we can only be sure of keeping it free by attention to the following details: lst. Have the barn thoroughly disinfected. 2nd. Retest the herd at intervals. 3rd. Test all purchased animals before addivg them to the herd. GLANDERS. This is a disease prevailing among horses and mules, and trans- mitted from them to some other domestic animals and to man. Cattle are not subject toit. In a very general way it bears some resemblance to tuberculosis. Its presence has often been difficult and even impossible to determine. Horses are sometimes affected with it for years, and carry the disease to other horses without manifesting any symptoms that lay them open to suspicion. The disease is conveyed to man and other animals brought into con- tact with the diseased one chiefly through the nasal discharges and from ulcerating lymphatic glands. Recoveries from glanders are probably less frequent than from tuberculosis, aud when trans- mitted to human beings it usually assumes an acute and speedily fatal form. The glanders bacillus is the active source of this disease and this bacillus is given off from diseased animals, chiefly in the nasal discharge and in the discharge from the ulcerated lympathic glands Well animals contract the disease by introduc- ing into their systems in some way the glanders bacilli contained seta oe ainiiaiae TES APPENDIX. 161 in these discharges. The disease is most prevalent where large numbers of horses and mules are found closely associated in con- finement. Here the conditions are most favorable for the spread of the disease, but as horses circulate quite freely from city to country districts, public watering troughs and feed stables where transient boarders are kept also have their share in spreading the disease. Through this State cases are continually appearing in such advanced condition that they cannot be mistaken for anything else and they are killed. How many other affected animals escape detection and are not even suspected of being glandered, nobody can tell, but it must be a considerable number. In any suspected case or in the case of any animal where it is desired to know posi- tively whether the horse is suffering from glanders we now have a sure test similar in nature to that by which we determine the pres- ence of tuberculosis. A very small quantity of a chemical substance called mallein injected into a glandered horse causes a rise of tem- perature and a local swelling at the point of the injection, while if the horse is sound the small dose of the mallein used apparently has no effect. The distovery of the value of mallein in diagnosing glanders followed soon after the discovery of tuberculin, and while of less importance, is nevertheless of great value. In stables where one horse among many is found to have glanders we can with mallein make sure that no obscure cases are allowed to remain. By this test prized family horses suspected of having glanders can often be shown to be free of it, and none of the wiles of the tricky dealer will be able to disguise glanders so that this test well made will not reveal it. SUMMARY. 1. This bulletin is for the purpose of calling attention to a satis- factory method of determining the presence of tuberculosis in cattle and glanders in horses. 2. Tuberculosis is a widely distributed disease common to man and other animals and readily transmitted from one to the other. 3. Tuberculosis is spread among cattle and from cattle to man by the material coughed out from the lungs and: by the milk and flesh of affected cattle. 4. Bovine tuberculosis should be suppressed as a measure of economy and to prevent sacrifice of human lives. 5. By a physical examination tuberculosis in cattle can only be detected in advanced stages. 162 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. 6. By means of tuberculin it can be readily detected in all stages. 7. The tuberculin test is simple, harmless and conclusive and should be used to test all cattle in the State and all imported ani- mals before they are introduced into new herds. 8. The Experiment Station will for a time undertake to test cattle for any who may desire, at the simple cost of traveling expenses. 9. Glanders is often an obscure disease with no well marked symptoms. 10. Glanders may be transmitted from affected horses and mules to man by means of the discharge from the nostrils or from ulcerated lymphatic glands. 11. Glanders is most prevalent in large cities but is often con- veyed by the sale of affected horses into country towns. 12. Mallein serves as a sure test of the presence of glanders. 13. Mallein can be used with no risk and slight expense. F. L. RUSSELL. MaIne STATE COLLEGE, t . Orono, Me., June 1, 1894 BULLETIN No. 15. A SCHEME FOR PAYING FOR CREAM BY THE BABCOCK TEST IN BUTTER FACTORIES. J. M. BartLettr. Several of the butter factories in this State are already employ- ing this test to determine the butter value of the cream furnished by their patrons and are making use of those values as a basis of payment. In some cases considerable confusion and dissatisfac- tion have arisen between the patrons and managers of the factories, due in some cases to a misunderstanding on the part of the former and in some few instances to an improper handling of the test on the part of the latter. We feel it our duty to state here that no person should even attempt to employ the test as a basis of pay- ment until he has thoroughly mastered it and has convinced him- self that he can obtain correct results. It would be better in all cases if he could secure instruction from some person competent to give it, than to try to work it out by himself. we ae ies —$—— MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BULLETIN No. x4. SECOND SERIES. | BR HiT Hirt ath Hn INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS. W. H. Jorpan, Director. J. M. Bartritett, L. H. Merritt, Chemists. This bulletin is the second to be issued during the year 1894 giving a report of the official inspection of fertilizers. The first bulletin. No. 7, was published on February 1st, and gave the results of the analyses of Manufacturer's Samples. These samples were furnished by the manufacturers for inspection accompanied by an affidavit that they were like the goods which they represented ‘* within reasonable limits.” The samples mentioned in this bulletin are almost wholly those selected by a Station representative at different points in the State from goods which were exposed or offered forsale. These samples were very carefully taken in accordance with the provisions of a law which seeks to guard the rights of the manufacturers, and they certainly represent the particular lots of goods from which they were selected. The outcome of this year’s inspection of fertilizers in Maine under a new law is of somewhat unusual interest, especially to those who are responsible for the execution of the law. This new law, as has been repeatedly stated, was brought into existence in order to give to the farmer, if possible, some official assurance of the composition of the goods in the market before purchasing. This assurance is to come from the analysis of manufacturers’ samples, and it is important to all parties concerned to know whether with the best of intentions on al! sides it is feasible for tlle manufacturers to supply a sample which will not only fairly represent.a brand of goods in a general way, but which will also be a safe guarantee for the individual farmer to accept in buying a few tons or even a few hundred pounds of that particular fertilizer. We now have the data of one year’s experience, and while better results can be obtained in succeeding years, the testi- mony supplied is worth considering. One feature of this bulletin which may cause more or less com- ment is the omission of the money valuation of each brand AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3 analyzed. This omission is not due to any new opinions on the part of the writer as to the value or justice of such valuations. Viewed in the proper light, a money valuation of a fertilizer, on the basis of average market conditions, may be very useful and serves as a fairly just commercial standard of comparison, in spite of certain errors which cannot be obviated. While the writer has always appreciated the force of certain objections which man- ufacturers have made to money valuations of fertilizers, he has realized at the same time that manufacturers have not always given due recognition to the farmer’s relation to the matter. It seems now, however, that, after so many years of experience and education, the interests of the farmer are likely to be better served by asking him to calculate those valuations for himself, thus obliging him to give a closer study to the composition of the goods he is comparing than he generally would do if he were simply to glance at a list of figures which another person had calculated for him. A fertilizer containing ten per cent of available phosphoric acid and three per cent. of nitrogen would cost not greatly different from one containing four per cent. of available phosphoric acid and five per cent. of nitrogen and judged by the commercial valuation alone should be equally profitable for use. As a matter of fact these two combinations are greatly unlike in what they would supply to a growing crop and it is certainly to be expected that under certain conditions the one or the other would be the more profitable. This essential difference in composition is not indicated always by the valuations, and is only recognized when the percentage composition is studied. The trade values of the fertilizing ingredients in raw materials and chemicals adopted for 1894 by several states, including Con- necticut, Massachusetts and New Jersey, are given below. TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS IN RAw MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. 1894. Cts. per lb. Nitrogen in ammonia salts -.--..00.- ccsceeecnes cea: smecnnamens na 19 OD “0 FOTOS co coscocn0 EGd0dGacduds CooG Odd CaccbAGenn 6 eons 144 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat, blood, and in high-grade mixed fertilizers............... 183 oe a ‘** cotton seed meal, linseed meal and castor (DOPIC Ee OSSidonio: oseRc Pager SoasSdeohBemaAn 15 ee “ ‘* fine ground bone and tankage............... 164 4 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Orgaule nitrogen in fine ground medium bone and tankage. - Bs Be ‘* medium bone and tankage.... --......+ eee 12 ey Ss ** coarse bone and tankage ..........s.-eresee- 7 oD os ** hair, horn shavings and coarse fish seraps-- 7 Phosphoric acid soluble in water. ..cssecccccesces sececessccescces 6 = ‘* soluble in ammonium citrate................., .00- 5s i *¢ in fine bone and tankage...........sseeeseseee sce 5S ap ‘+ in fine medium bone and tankage..........+....+6 45 ne ‘© in medium bone and tankage..........0-+see+ eee 3 ss ** in coarse bone and tankage......-...s0.0see0 seers 2 06 ‘¢ in fine ground fish, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, castor pomace and wood ashes, insoluble (in am. cit.) in mixed fertilizers...........+cecccevsceee 2 Potash as High Grade Sulphate, and in mixtures free from Muriate, 5 O68 WIDIRETE® 0060.0006000000.000600090800000000000000 0000000000 4% The organic nitrogen in superphosphates, special manures and mixed fertilizers of a high grade is usually valued at the bighest figures laid down in the trade values of the fertilizing ingredients in raw materials, namely, 18 1-2 cents per pound; it being assumed that the organic nitrogen is derived from the best sources, viz., animal matter, as meat, blood, bones, or other equally good forms, and not from leather, shoddy hair, or any low-priced, inferior form of vegetable matter, unless the contrary is ascertained. The insoluble phosphoric acid is valued in this connection at two cents. The above trade values are the figures at which in the six months preceding March, 1894, the respective ingredients could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, in the raw materials, which are the regular source of supply. They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for the six months ending March 1st, plus about 20 per cent. in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations. The valuations obtained by use of the above figures will be found to agree fairly with the retail prices at the large markets of standard raw materials, such as: Sulphate of Ammonia, Dry Ground Fish, Nitrate of Soda, Azotin, Muriate of Potash, Ammonite, Sulphate of Potash, Castor Pomace, Dried Blood, Bone and Tankage, Dried Ground Meat, Plain Superphosphates. Below is given a simple rule for calculating the commercial value of the several brands of fertilizers practically on the basis AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5 of the above trade values. In order to simplify the method all the nitrogen is valued as organic, and all the potash as the sulphate. This will have the effect of causing a slightly higher valuation of those brands containing nitrogen from nitrate of soda or potash from the sulphate, but will not change the figures sufficiently to affect their usefulness. Multiply 18 1-2 cents by the percentage of nitrogen and this product by twenty ; Multiply 6 cents by the percentage of available phosphoric acid and the product by twenty ; Multiply 2 cents by the percentage of insoluble phosphoric acid and the product by twenty ; Multiply 5 cents by the percentage of potash and this product by twenty ; The sum of these four final products will be the commercial valua- tion on the basis taken. The valuation will be useful only as a means of determining whether one fertilizer has a selling price greater than. another in proportion to some standard of valuation. Such conmercial valuations do not necessarily measure the relative value for use on a particular farm. The information to be found in the following tables is classified as follows : Table J. Description of Manufacturer’s Samples. ‘¢ I. Analyses of Manufacturer’s Samples. ‘¢ III. Description of Station Samples. ‘© JV. Analyses of Station Samples. ‘¢ V. Comparison of Guarantees, Manufacturer’s Samples and Station Samples. MANUFACTURERS WHO HAVE PAID LICENSE FEES FOR THE YEAR 1894.* Hrram BLANCHARD, Eastport, Me., one brand manufactured at Eastport, Me. BraDLey FERTILIZER Co., Boston, Mass., two brands, manu- factured at North Weymouth, Mass. Joun §. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md., one brand, manufac- tured at Carteret, N. J. * Since Bulletin No. 7 was published. 6 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE I. DESCRIPTIVE List OF MANUFACTURER’S SAMPLES,* 1894. Station Number. 1214/Fish, Bone and Potash Pilgrim Fertilizer..... Bradley’s Potato Fertilizer... “6 “ Hiram Blanchard John S. Reese & Co Manufacturer. Bradley’s Corn Phosphate...- Bradley Fertilizer Co..... 3 eeeoe Place of business. Boston, Mass. “é 6s Eastport, Me. Baltimore, Md. TABLE II. ANALYSES OF MANUFACTURER’S SAMPLES, 1894. | Phosphoric Acid. ss @ || ret ee il . 5& Brand. 5 lS 2 = 0 : = Ss ae ee Peale ei Mile eee S| ce js eS Z: We iela pais | sis ee Z Sa | A4iio|alafl +) & | as 1213) Bradley’s Corn Phosphate..'11.33 2.76 |5.63 4.76 1.87 10.39,12.26 | 1.64/1213 1212) Bradley’s Potato Fertilizer.|10.53 2.95) |4.984.68,.2.15 | 9.6611.81 | 4.05)1212 1} 1214) Fish, Bone and Potash..... 13.73 2.62 |..../2.13) .88 | 2.13) 2.51)13.09)1214 1211) Pilgrim Fertilizer.......... 115.59) 1.13) |3.33 6.28 1.85) 9.61/11.46 2.241211 | ! * Received after March 15th, 1894. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. DABGE, TIT.” DescripTivE List oF STATION SAMPLES, 1894. ~l Brand. | Station No 1178)Americus Potato and Tobacco NPG dad coodeeddG Haac 1151/Ammoniated Bone Super....... 1167 1153 1165 1202 1193 Bay State Fertilizer............ Bay State Fertilizer G. G....... Bay State Fert. Seeding Down.. Bowker’s Amm. Dissolved Bone Bowker’s Bone & Potash,Square Brand Bowker’s Farm & Garden Phos. see eevee eseeee8 cesece 1194 1188 1203 1189 Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phos... Bowker’s Potato & Veg. Manure Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate for Potatoes and Veg’s.....- 1161 1208 1162 Bradley’s Complete Manure.... Bradley’s Corn Phosphate Bradley’s Eureka Fert., Seeding Down...... eeeeresesesesees 1160 1205 1159| Bradley’s X. L. Superphosphate 1173|Cleveland Potato Phosphate.... 1175/Cleveland Seeding Down Fert.. Bradley’s Potato Fertilizer..... Bradley’s Potato Manure....... 1170|Cleveland Superphosphate ..... 1207|\Columbian Brand Amm. Super. 1163/Concentrated Phos. for Potatoes 1185)Crocker’s Amm. Corn Phos.... New Rival 1199|Croeker’s 1184)Crocker’s Potato, Hop & Tobac- co Phos. 1168]Cumb’d Potato Fertilizer....... Manufacturer. Sampled at Will’ms&Clark Fert.Co.|Portland. E. Frank Coe Co....... Clark’s Cove Fert. Co.. Augusta. Portland. Gardiner. 6 66 6< 6c Portland. Bowker Fertilizer Co...|Bangor. --|Waterville. --| Waterville. .-|Ka. Otisfield. --|Bangor. ..|Ha. Otis field. Bradley Fertilizer Co...|Brunswick . --| Belfast. --|Brunswick, --|Brunswick. -|Houlton. .-|Brunswick. Dryer Co....|Portland. -|Portland. -/Portland. KE. Frank Coe Co....... Belfast. Cumb’d Bone Phos. Co.|TPortland. Crocker Fert.&Chem.Co|So. Paris. Newport. 66 sé se “ec So. aris. Cumb’d Bone Phos. Co.|Portland. NO, Station | 1178 1151 1167 1153 116d 1203 11938 1194 1189 1161 1208 1162 1160 1205 1159 1178 1175 1170 1207 1163 1168 8 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Descriptive List or Station Sampies, 1894—Continued. } cs. | 1174\Cumb’d Seeding Down Fert.--- Cumb’d Bone Phos. Co.|Portland. Station No 1171\Cumb’d Superphosphate..... --| “ CONTTTFE ape se Portland. 1179 Dirigo Fertilizer.........--. Boe ‘Sagadahoc Fert. Co.-.-- Pownnl 1209) Farmer’s Friend Manure. ......|Nash M’fg Co........ --|So. Brewer. 1200 Farrar‘s Superphosphate....... F- S. Farrar & Co...... ‘Bangor. 1201/Fatrar’s Potato Fertilizer ...-... lee 65 GREE eaitmas ‘Bangor. 1150|Grass and Grain Fertilizer..... iE. Frank Coe Co....-.. Augusta. 1198 Great Eastern Gen. Corn Phos..|Great Eastern Fert. Co.|Hartland. 1195 Great Eastern Gen. Fertilizer. .| 3: ke *< « | Waterville. 1197 Great Eastern Gen’] Grass and| | Oats Phos.. Cee sseous eres cunt J a a: 32 St. Albans. 1196 Gr°t East’n Gen. PotatoManure., “ « *« < |Clinton. 1186 High Grade Amm. Bone Super. E- Frank Coe Co.....-. Norway. 1206 High Grade Special Potato aul | Tobacco Fertilizer..++----- /WilP ms&Clark Fert.Co. | Belfast. 1166 King Phillip’s Alkaline Guano.. \Clark’s Cove Fert. Co.. Portland. } { 1191 Maine State Grange Chemicals - |Bowker Fertilizer Co..|/ Auburn. 1154 Nobsque Guano.......0. oA) Pacific Guano Co,..-...|Gardiner. 1183 /Original Bay State Bone Super. Hear F. Tucker ..-... \So. Paris. 1181 Otis Superphosphate...... +e+0+ S. G. Olis.---. soc ccneo- Pownal. 1204 | Pilgrim Fertilizer..........-..-|John S. Reese & Co---- Houlton. 1164 Quinnipiac Market Garden Man. Quinnipiac CO. -+eeeeee Portland. 11.7/Quinnipiae Phosphate-......... | = © sssscoscc Portland. 1176|Quinnipiac Potato Manure..... | is St Js ee ee Portland. 1169/Quinnipiae Seeding Down Man. 43 nc secccc - Portland. 1172 Royal Bone Phosphate.........| wir ms&Clark Fert.Co. Portland. 1180 Sagadahoc Superphosphate. -... Sagadahoc Fert. Co....|/Pownal. 1152)Soluble Pacific Guano-.-....--. ‘Pacific Guano Co......- Augusta. 1187 $7|Special Potato Fertilizer ....... |E. Frank Coe Co....... Norway. 118: s2)Special Potato Fertilizer - - .--+ Sagadahoc Fert. Co.-..- Norway. 1157) Standard A. Brand (Secding).. Standard Fert. Co...... Bowdoinham. Brand. | Manufacturer. | Sampled at | | Safion | No. int =] ~ rom 1180 1152 1187 1182 1157 Lo] AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. DescripTivE List OF STATION SAMPLES, 1894—Continued. Brand. Manufacturer. Sampled at | Station No. | Station No 1158 Standard Complete Manure ....|Standard Fert. Co....--|Bowdoinham.(|1158 Fels icndara Fertilizer ........... : +«eeee|/Bowdoinham.|1155 1156|Standard Guano....... nYevericiatstcte “6 6 6.ee++|Bowdoinham.|1156 1190)Stockbridge Corn, Grain & Fod- der Corn Manure ..........|Bowker Fert. Co.-----. Auburn. 1190 Ce 6 ¥.ee--|Ea. Winthrop.|1192 1192|Stockbridge Man., Pots. & Vegs. S0GT P6'T | S911 TOLL 9P°9 | /68° OL 681 OL'T | 99°Sr S061 €0°9 |\¢o° TL S8IT TQ°G | '$L°Gr POLL | \K86°T |\L6 11 S6rl CLS | POLIT Q o fe GOCE || 83'S | 90'S S OIE || 99°F |ea-or oO 2¢ 2Q. ‘? g SIT || 69°T {OL St = LOLI || 88° |\ce°1T H es ICIL || 6P'T | \c0°sr Q 4 SLIL || $6'S (C8 IL >, Y) A A by =| oe & cS a ; ea U0I383S 10 G0°0T 9g°h LO°L 96°6 69°8 GL's C6°S 68°8 48°83 OF OL 99°6 69°8 #9°8 % "a[qe[lea Vy g9"1 OL'G OSV 09'T PLY crs 66°81 LTS 89°1 OLS 6L'T 98°8 TL’G % “a[qnosuy SO ee eC i i Ce i oyeydsoyg Ulog 8, AO[ PBI, "MOC SULpo0g “LOZ ITO y7 OIVIG AvEyT seecreccevee ser) xy “LOZ 09BIG Ug Ce ee ie) CYANO GN | 07S Avgy cers oquydsoydstodng suog poyrrMowuy * MNUL]E OOOBGOT, PUB OVIO SNoLtouLy ‘ploy ooydsoy gd PO'P | 10°9 || LE’ [ORE [ree ZO'P | PES || OP'S ROG [tects ttt ts* Solquqgoso A puv soojywjog Ao; otnuBpy opopdmoyH s,Aojpurg. 06°¢ LLY 08° (OYNO(Y Ry IROOP OGOOO.G9 COO DORA GtO CHO OO OOP ON On oye dsoug doy omg 8,10] MOT LET | SL°S || GE'S (GOST [ort ctr ttt sss ee tees OINURAL O[GBjodo A PUB 07FLIOT Slo MOT TS POLES Ca Ca RA Cg) PE SE SS sreeeesesoqptdsoud WM PUv [LH 8.103] MogT SOV GER SINGM |p ooe eG! s|igeam cera agc tartan ition carat sees sounTdsoyd Upwey purz UIE, §.10 MO Gee [rreess|| Led [leord [oessttt settee eset eens “pauig olvnbg ‘ysujo,7 pur ouog 8,103] Mog ANTE | YS) HE OS ROM, Joe e eee es eee + ° -OTLOG] POATOSSIG POWUOMIMY s,Loy MOG, oF | 98h ||) GEL OSE [erect B00 6L°9 | 19°@ || Bw [ROFL [rreesttt ete nieels 06°F | 08°C || Bw (USL [occ reise 10°6 | SEO |] CLL (BES [tttettttttt tse Soon ope | eta || L's [QP PL [reer 3000 % % % %% s 2 Se ab SF he Z = i - “purag "PEST ‘SAIANVG NOILVLG JO SUSAIVNW “AL WTEAVL 8061 LOTT GSTT S8IT P6LL SGI COGL COLT SaLT. LOTT Tid BLIL “IoquUInN UWOljeIS 11 STATION. NT ) I “4 EXPERIME AGRICULTURAL “plow o1toydsoyd a[qv[ivae -yu00 tod FE'g PUB [BI09 “JUDD Tod 96'6 SOAIS UOTWWIG 4dxq ‘UUOD 9YyY Aq SISA[VUY x4 OLS 10'S OL'G F0'F PLT 69'S OLS C&G Pe'T ect 19°S 09°% 9¢°T co's 99°T 63'°T L6°T 69°G 08°T 70°@ | e1°9 66°8 | FI°9 Pees 99°F | ¥Z° 6a'F | ere €6°¢ | 69°% 16°S | 79°F 98° | GL°9 12° | 16-2 ze | 18°9 6LF | Ho's 9°z | ¢9°9 sr°@ | ogg 89°e | SL'F IF | 0s°¢ 10°% | 12-9 29°% | 80°F I8s"F | 08°¢ og'e | 9874 to 'G GGG 96°T 86'T &6°G LET CLG 16°T 88 °T 406 go"s 6g°1 10°G 98°T : cl'G 69°G €9°GL 06°8T £0 °G6 PE °8 e) SI c6°6 66°61 OL° GT ve Sl 08° ST 86°0L 80°6 co°St ‘80° FL 63°F 68° CT ¢9° LT crcl 86°6E ° . coer eooeee ‘ayey dns sv Aysoyy t weer eee eee teee er eeeee eee TOZIIPIOT OFVJOT SUBIR treeeeeeeeeeccresereeereres QIBUSOUdIdNg s.dvlIn iy tebe eee eee eereeeeeeeeeeeees QINUBTL PUI S.LOULIe yy Ber ewer seco ss eree teres seseersssees LOZ 19 OSG ser er cece serceseresessee ajyeydsoydaedng pusp.aquing fereeeseeoooe® IOZIIOT UMOM SUIPIGg puvlloquing vee eeteeeesreceeeseeeer1QZi[I Jag OFBJOT puLvjloquing --+- aynydsoyg ooovqo], puex doy ‘0zVI0g 8,layI0IDN -ojyeqdsoydiodng poyeiuomuly [BAI MON 8.100019 tesereeeeessoinydsoyg U0) pajeluomMuULy s,1a39019 socerecessoeeecsggqujOg 1oJ ojwqydsoyg pojvijueou0D “s+. aivydsoydiadng peyeimomuy puvig uviquin[op soe e cee ree ces eeeeereoeeee ss oiBydsoydiadng pur[aaa[O pote cee eeseoeeees IOZI[TIIT UMOG SUlpseg puR[aAd[D Bodo, dosees poocoonannnecber rr eC ONet GH AIOSE ETT CUES eteeeeereeseseeeees youn dsoydsedag T x sfo[prag vet eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees QINUBY OFBIOT Ss, La[pRag tte e tee eee eeeeeeee severe -GOZITIJIaT 0FBIOd S.Aa[pLigq treeeeees MOG SUIpPOIG ‘OZI[I19q Boing s,Ao[pvrg ‘ayeydns sv AIR + LOGE 00GT G06 6LIT TLIT FLUE SOIL FSI 6GIL CSIL SOIL LOGT OLIL CLIT SLIT 6eIT COT O9TT GOTT POLL (/ OTL [|TB°OL | ONL || TLS | SPH | HO'R || QPS [COTE prrtrerr crest tere eeeerere eee DINE WapABH JoyrupL oupdyauyny | FOTT POST Ig°% P9°6 L0°6 hp Lop 63'P OL'L 09°&I CLOUT ROOD OO DOOD ORO O COU ROA OOO UO EMO MOOS VOU OS OAT |e yf WLS [TT POL ISI 66° 6P TT 9G°6 6° OLS 9h 9 SPS 0G FI CCC aCe Si Ck ee eine Oi ian acm aC oywydsoydiodng 1UY@) ISIL SSIL | 4L]'S |GS"IE | 116 |) FES | LOG | FOL || 90'S [GOON [otters reteset sete eee ees OBYdsoydtodng ouog oywIg ABE [RUISIO | ESIT : PAIL | LOT 80°01 OLS Set GL’°G 8G'¢g 60°T co’ SL Sa OOH SEAMS LEAS Pe ANIL RSD) SOS (Ole: WIR PANE Denman eA plese imi aredp ne gniave acieeeete lO CUBE) onbsqon FSILL IIL || 99°S |SP'ST | L9°S || TSH | SS | FOS || GOS |GLTL [erro tsetse ee eet eeeeeeen seen SuOTMMITO OTURIH ORIG OUIRIT | IGLT Si ODTE || 89°S |j86°O | GO"L || 90'S | 18°F | TES || OB°T |GG'ST |re-r terse ees eeseeeeesereeeerreess uN OUNTOITY Bde BOrR | OTT HE —- 90BT_ |] 08°9 ||LO'SE | 16°R || OL | TLS | O'R || Go's |[RO'G [trtrstts tee sseseteseereeessonoNqOT, PUB OJIOT [BPodg opYsy YSIET | 90ST | | 5 OBIE |4HL0°S | 00'SL | SG°6 |) SL's | FHS | PRD || OLS [GGG jreerss crete sete oyeydsoyqdiodng ouog, poyeuomtuy oputgy WoT | 98th | Oo ro] 96TL | 06°8 |\68'°6 66°8 |} 06° 8°9 | ODS || GGG | GPPL [ort t ott etter esos OINUBAL OFRIOT [WlOUO-) UWACOSVOL ROH | OBIT iI Pa LOI SI'S | OF FL | LOGI) GLE | ODS | LPG || GB JOSE [teers erst steers ees OVRYdsoy 87B() PUB sHBIH ULOFSVOT JWOTH | LOTT | ‘ COLT | PLS |\66°0L | 18°6 || SO°T | F8°8 | LO" GOT BL PE [ret tt ett etc e etc ee tees cee cee LOZ LTO [ULOUOH UOPSUGT FVOIH | SEIT 4 SGTT | GL'T | \e9°OL | c9°6 || 86° 69'S | 86'S || GO'S ||PO'PT [eete rset tte tester eee sss oludsoyd UlOH [BlOUdH UOJsUTT yvaIH | SIT hat si OSTE || TL'T r6e QL'S 1] OLS | GOS | GOP || WT HOS temic tester teres ewe ee wee eeseeeeee scenes TOZTIV OMT UNI PUB SSB. | OSIT Sele lsce ee Ieee Wee escalates z | ei eee ese lewetel licen eee ogists a|) e | ° ies _ oo 4 = Lat 5 ae o > ey ® e = ‘purig A Dal Seep oe Ss =I : = B = 8 5 ‘ploy onoqdsotd S “PANULZJUO) —PGE8T ‘SUTINVG NOILVIG FO SUSXIVNY oD STATION. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT c6IT O6IT NIT cecil ScIT LETT GSIL LSIL GIT OSTT GLIT GOTT OLTE LLIT 90°L 80'S #866 HLe"s | 6L I SOF PLT ¥e°T 90°F IST ] 9e°LL 98°21 $0 OL SIL #601 OF OL es'h 98° IL oF II 16 laine 29° IL 8°01 ie 69°L c0°6 02°8 9°°6 co's 0F's 9F°9 P38 18°6 OL'L 98°6 TL°6 09°8 68°6 19°S ¥8'& | PST LOT 68°G 90°% LET G0'P ¢o'T SPT L8*T T6'T FLT 60'S 0's 88°? GL’°G CoP C0’? TL'¢ 10°G €9°G FSP 68 9F°S 98°9 86°F 08°F 19°77 49 F 8Pg Té°G 00°F 69'G cup 1g°¢ L6G 838°¢ 06°8 cee co's 60°S 03°& SL's 08°T 08°G Te"s GPT 60°G 63°T 06°G 69°C 0G'T Sit 8o°G GPG eesee ss eee ‘oyeyding sv Aysory | ‘ayeyding sv Ayaegd » sreeeeeesaiqujasdA PUB S90}BJOg 10J aINUB_Y ISpliqyo0}g treeeeeseeeoes TIOQ JOPpOY puB UIVIH Sul0D I5pl1qyo0}g eeeese eee eoeeessee ee ceo eeee bees eeeeeeeeveeeeceeeereeeees “OUBN PARpULys bee tecerreeeeeeescereresees19ZII}1Of pAVpUryg see eee ces seeeees QINUBTL ajo[dur0g pinparys vteeeeeeeeseees (SuIpaag) putig “VW p.irparyg sete een eeeeseeeereoes IQZIMIAT 018J0d [elnads see eeeeeeeseeeeeresss TOZIMIAT O18JOT [Bloedg seen eeeeseeceeeoeserss QURNY OFLU a[qnlosg ste teceeeseeseeeees oUGdSOydIadng soyupEseg vet eecereeesreeeseresergypydsoyg ouog [esoy teers eeeeeOINUBL UMOC SuIpaeg ovidiauind ee eeeeeeceeseesore DINUR 0}8}]0 ovidiuuiny ee mee eee cece ete c ec rece se testes seeese® ayeydsoyd ovidiaainyd Z61L OGIT 9gIT eclL ScIL LeTL SSIT LIE Sel OSIT CLIT 69IT LET LLIT a -* 14 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE V. CoMPARISON OF GUARANTEES, MANUFACTURER’S SAMPLES AND STATION SAMPLES. 1] 1! tenes Available Phos-| || Nitrogen. || || Potash [es gen. | phoric Acid. ] otash. Fis es eae | 2 S| ce 3 |S El ade] 2 leteales |] & 5) = alles i al ies B Ast = Pl | Nt ES Pe | ed Pa rand. |e 8S eZ ]| S] sea) wis lea a |2 $8) 2]| 2/88] =|] 21s] s = i pee Sea Ss ee ie (=) ez isMmi sii es ani 3S e |=Mm)| 3 = =| = eis Sin | = 5 | = SoA |nll O18 | on ols la Se ee | ia alle \ aaa Ss || % | % kal % | % Go | % | % | 1] Americus Potato & Tobac. Manure! 2.50 2. ical 16 8. ame 26 8.64 tiger 2.94 Amm. Bone Superphosphate...-- 1.501.73/1 75 8.00) 9.36] 8. a 11.35/1-33/1.49 Bay State Werle a2 1B 00 are | 9.00| 9.67] 9.56 2.00|2-65/1.83 Bay State Fertilizer, G. G-------- (2.25 202.32 8,00) 9.72 10.40 2.00 2.62/1.59 8.00] 9.78) 8.85) 2.00/2-59/1.66 Bay State Fert., Seeding Down . 1 25'2.33/1. Bowker’s Amm. Dissolved Bone 7 fe Peale 8.00) 7.83 8.89 2.00/2-.17|2.98 Bowker’s Bone& Potash, Sq. Brnd 1.50 J ala 5.00) 6.40 3.95 2.00/2-21/9.15 Bowker’s Farm & Garden Phos.. | alee 8.00) 8.28 8.19 bee 2.21/1.93 Bowker’s Hill & Drill Phosphate. 2.50 2.60 2.42 | 9.00] 9.238 a '2.00|2.52,9.51 2.502.54 2.39} 8.00] 6.33) 9.96 4.00)/4-42'5.03 1.02 sail 8.00| 7.84] 7.67 ll. 00/1.16/1.16 | Bowker’s Potato & Veg. Manure. | 2.50 Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate.. ; Bradley’s Complete Manure for! Potatoes and Vegetables ..---.- 4.503.91 3.40 | 8.00) 9.64) 7-56, 6.00,7-85.6.46 Bradley’s Eureka Fertilizer...... oan. 5.00} 7.538) 8. a a 00)1.89/1. 61 Bradley’s Potato Manure.-..-..--. | Hed | 5.00) 7-71) 6. Oe 5.00/5.82/4.78 Bradley’s X. L. Superphosphate. .| 2.00/2.76|2.62 | 5.00'10.51 8.34) 2.00/2.47/9.59 Cleveland Potato Phosphate...... | soma 16/2. 15) 8.00/10. 47/10-51) 3.00/3-21/2.38 Cleveland Seeding Down Fert+«|/1.65/1.65 1.6 5.00) 9.14 8.46 ae 2.17 Cleveland Superphosphate ..-..-.. |lo.05 2.39)2. oll| 9.00 9.89) 10.98 2-00 2.71/1.49 1.59 9.00) 9.57| 9.03 sien Concentrated Phos. for Potatoes.. 4.00/4.00 3.55 10.00) 9.40 i Sapa 7.24/7.05 2.00/2.50 2.04 10.00) 8.54 9.43 |1.60|2-27/2.07 Columb’n Br’ndAmm.Bone Super. (1-00/1.33 Crocker’s Amm. Corn Phosphate 2 Crocker’s New Rival Amm. Super i 1.20)2. 08 1. 38 10. 00) 9.36 2a 1.60/2.041.91 Ilo Crocker’s Potato, Hop&Tob. Phos.) 2-0/3. 03/1. 37 10. 00) 8.69 5 -25/3-45/3.87 ae AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. iis COMPARISON OF GUARANTEES—Continued. | | Nitrogen. eee Potash. Sis [al o/ 4 nO | an % | % | % | % | % | %\| % | % | % Cumberland Potato Fertilizer ... | 2.50 2.21 2.12]| 9.00/10.31) 7.61|/3.00.5.16)/2.48 Cumberland Seeding Down Fert..||1.50)1.27/1.37|| 8.00) 8.94 7.92) 2.00|/2.27|1.79 Cumberland Superphosphate. -.. .||2.50|2.36 2.93) §.00| 9.87/ 9.62/|2.00/2-7411.36 Dirigo Fertilizer.............. «+ +|2.00/1-84/1.28)| 1.00] 2.77] 7.90 |8.00/4.90/4. 65 Farmer’s Friend Manure......... ine 2.44 1.26 odes -89|° .47||----| -98/1-87 Farrar’s Superphosphate..... ee 2.50 2.56 2.231 9.50)11.50/10.138 2.00(1.63 2.29 Farrar’s Potato Fertilizer ........ |2.50 2.83 2.54 9.50,10.22) 9.17||3.00|3.32)2.07 Grass and Grain Fertilizer....... ‘1.00 .91/1.27|| 9.00,10.05} 8.18|/1.35)1.79/1.71 Great Eastern Gen’! Corn Phos.. .|'3.00/3.06 3.03 8.00} 9.20] 9.62) |2.003.43)1.79 Great Eastern General Fertilizer.. | -86|1.10)1.05 | 8.00) 9.94) 9.31) |4.00|4. 72/3.74 Great Eastern Grass & Oats Phos.||.... 22 u 00 10.99 12.67 2.00)2.15)/2.18 Great Eastern Potato Manure... .|2.00/2.35 2.95, 8.00 10.04} 8.99) /4.00/5.71/3.90 High Grade Amm. Bone Super... 2.00 zug 9.00) 9.66} 9.28) /1.85|2.01/2.17 King Phillips Alkaline Guano ....||1.50)1.79 1.36 6.50) 8-26) 7.92) 3.003.66/2.68 Maine State Grange Chemicals ... 2.50 a9) (NN) losodalloooes | 4.00)...-|3.66 Nobsque Guano..........-.-++e0-//1.40/1.23 1.09}| 9.00} 8.91) 8.70 2.00)2.25/1.67 Original Bay State Bone Super... .|/2.00 2.01 2.06) 9.00) 9.45) 9.71 3.00,2.20)2.27 Quinnipiac Market Gard’n Manure 4.00 3.89 3.48|| 8.00| 9.43] 7-50, 7.00|7.47|7.16 Quinnipiac Phosphate............ 3.00)2.74 2.42 | 9.00) 9.388 9.89 2.00|2.72)1-81 Quinnipiac Potato Manure...... --|/3.00/2.71 2.58 | 6.00) 7.67) 8.60 5.00 5.80/4.06 Quinnipiac Seeding Down Manure |1.001.23 1-18, 9.00, 9.46] 9.71 2.00/2.26|1.34 Royal Bone Phosphate ........+-.|/1.25/1.26 1.20|| 7-00) 9.31] 9.36 2.00/2.26]1.74 Sagadahoc Superphosphate. ......|:2.75,2.75 2.53)! 9.57| 7.93) 7.70) 2.75/2.67/4.58 | Soluble Pacific Guano............ | 2.25 2.37 2.20)| 8.50 9.75| 9.81) 2.00|2.61/1.79 Special Potato Fertilizer.......... | 1.75:1.81 1.83)! 9.00) 9.36 7.84 |3.50'2.3813.37 i) | 16 MAINE STATE COLLEGE CoMPARISON OF GUARANTEES—Oontinued. Brand. Special Potato Fertilizer.......... | Standard A. Brand (Seeding) --. | Standard Fertilizer............... Standard Guano....... aie wohemlesieis | Stockbridge Corn, Grain and Fod- der Corn....- Ma feavetaataersieteteiejs/aieie Stockbridge Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables...........------ U Guaranteed, 3.00 1.50 1.50 8.25 3.25 | Manufacturer’s Nitrogen. | Sample. Station Sample. % | % 282-08 1.27}1.42; 2.442.30, 1.75]1.80) 3.213.18 | 3.43 3.20 | Z 2 = mt) 3/2.] S| Se Seal 2) Ze «| = | Salo5 Sle | a) Ex = || 5 = 4 o\|ea ee || Benes E 3 1% | %| % | s a \) 57 6.97) 6.46 Available Phos-| phoric Acid. Manufacturer’s Guaranteed. 8.00, 7.93) 9.024.005. 6-00 7.71 be 6.73 otash. Sample. Station Sample, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17 In Table V a comparison is made between the manufacturer’s minimum guarantees and the actual composition of both the samples sent to the Station by the manufacturer and those seiected in the open market by the Station. This comparison may be summarized as follows : (1.) Fifty-one brands are involved in this comparison. (2.) The manufacturer’s samples were as good or better than the minimum guarantee thirty-four times for the nitrogen, forty-one times for the phosphoric acid and forty-six times for the potash, while the manufacturer’s samples were poorer than the minimum guarantee, seventeen times for the nitrogen, ten times for the phosphoric acid and six times for the potash. (3.) The Station samples were better than the manufacturer’s samples ten times for the nitrogen, seventeen times for the phosphoric acid and thirteen times for the potash, while the Station samples were poorer than the manufacturer’s samples thirty-two times for the nitrogen, thirty-two times for the phosphoric acid and thirty-six times for the potash. (4.) The actual average differences between the percentages of nitrogen, available phosphoric acid and potash in the manu- facturer’s and Station samples were in favor of the manufacturer’s samples to the following extent: Nitrogen .13 per cent., available phosphoric acid .25 per cent. and potash .30 per cent. This means that on the average the samples selected by the Station were about 5 per cent. poorer in nitrogen, 2 per cent. poorer in phosphoric acid and 10 per cent. poorer in potash than those sent to the Station by the manufacturers. The Station samples, on the other hand, are on the average equal to the minimum guarantees. (5.) It is fair to remark in view of the foregoing statements that the manufacturer’s samples have much more closely repre- sented the goods in the market in nitrogen and phosphoric acid than in potash. It is not easy to explain why in thirty-six cases out of fifty-one the Station samples selected by the Station in the markets should fall so much below the manufacturer’s sample in the percentage of potash soluble in water. This fact is not accounted for, as some might suggest, by the errors of sampling small lots of goods which do not properly represent the entire bulk, because in that case the percentages would be too large as often as too small. Moreover, if it were a question of sampling, the nitrogen would be affected to a like extent. Some years ago 18 MAINE STATE COLLEGE it was suggested to the writer by a gentleman of wide experience in the manufacture of fertilizers, that potash in mixed fertilizers disappears to some extent from soluble forms, or in other words, that subsequent analysis fails to show all the soluble potash which is mixed into a superphosphate. No facts are at hand to support or discredit this view. In general it may be said that the analyses of manufac- turer’s samples-as shown in Bulletin No. 7 were in a majority of cases a fairly safe representation of the goods that were sampled in the market, excepting the somewhat remarkable deficit in potash. In some instances, however, the goods sampled were seriously below the manufacturer’s sample. It is of interest to members of the Grange to note that a sample was taken of the fertilizers purchased by contract of the Bowker Fertilizer Co. The contract guaranteed 2.50 per cent. nitrogen, 12 per cent. total and 8 per cent. available phosphoric acid, and 4 per cent. potash. The analysis shows 2.62 per cent. nitrogen, 15.48 per cent. total and 8.67 per cent. available phosphoric acid and 3.66 per cent. potash. The sample selected exceeds the guarantee in nitrogen and phosphoric acid and falls below in potash. It only remains for purchasers to carefully examine the facts for each brand and each manufacturer, and govern themselves accord- ingly. While manufacturers may claim that they cannot furnish a single sample that shall represent with reasonable accuracy the entire bulk of a particular brand for a season, a confession that they cannot do this within the same limits of exactness which are applied to the purcbase of other standard commodities would be a serious indictment of present methods in vogue in the fertilizer trade, and would constitute a very good reason why farmers should purchase chemicals where a safe guarantee can certainly be given. Marne State CoLiece, ) Orono, Mz., Sept. 15, 1894. f SS APPENDIX. 163 Another and the principal cause of confusion and misunder- standing has been the many systems employed by the different factories for applying the test in a practical way, and as if is evident that this will soon be the universal method of paying for eream and milk it seems absolutely essential that some good and uniform system should be adopted. The object of this bulletin therefore, is to present what we consider the best system for this important work and which is, practically, the one in general use in milk gathering creameries. In this system the cream is to be bought by weight as we believe ‘it simpler, more accurate and just as rapid to weigh with one of the spring scales which can be found in most hardware stores, than to measure by any system now in use. APPARATUS FOR SAMPLING AND WEIGHING. Pail for Weighing.—For this purpose we would suggest a light pail not more than nine or ten inches in diameter and eighteen to twenty inches deep, having a strong bail, a lip or nose on the top and handle near the bottom to assist in emptying. It should be made of light material and strengthened at the top by a hoop to avoid denting when being emptied and should weigh five pounds. This will hold easily fifty pounds of cream, which is as much as the collector cares to handle. Scale for Weighing.—There are several spring scales on the market that doubtless are good for this purpose, but the best we have seen is a Chatillon spring scale that has a dial and will weigh up to sixty pounds. The indicator can be set back so it will stand at zero when the pail is attached. The figures to which it points after the cream is put in will be the weight of the cream. This scale is compact and can be carried in a box eight by fifteen inches. In making the weighing, it can be hung on a sup- port on the back of the collector’s wagon or on a hook in the dairy that is high enough to allow the pail to hang clear. Tube for Taking the Sample.—For this purpose we would recom mend a metal tube about two feet long and five-sixteenths inch inside diameter, provided with a stopper at the lower opening that can be worked at the top by a small rod running down through the large tube. 11 me 164 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. Bottle for Carrying the Sample.—We prefer a two-ounce, wide mouthed bottle, made of strong glass and provided with a cork stopper. A case should be provided for these bottle with pockets to prevent them from rattling around, and a closely fitting cover to protect them from cold weather in winter. Each bottle should be given the number of the patron for whom it is to be used. SAMPLING FOR THE TEST. Manipulation.—After the cream has been turned into the weighing pail, the sample is taken by letting the sampling tube, with the lower end open, slowly down to the bottom of the pail. The lower opening is then closed, the tube taken out, allowed to drain a moment and the contents run into the bottle marked with the patron’s number. It is very essential that this tube be let down slowly and that the lower end be open, so it will fill as it goes down, taking a section of the cream through the whole column and insuring a correct sample. If the tube is let down quickly, or with the lower end closed, and then allowed to fill from COLLECTOR’S OUTFIT. 1. Pail for weighing. 2. Seale. 3. Sampling tube. 4. Sample bottles. 5. Preservative (bichromate of potash). a a ee ( 4 APPENDIX. 165 the bottom of the pail, it is possible to get a sample much less rich in fat than the top would yield. If there is more than one pail of cream, a portion should be taken from each and every lot weighed out. If a tube full from every lot more than fills the sample bottle, then all the portions drawn should be mixed in a dish large enough to hold them and the bottle filled from the mixture. In any case enough should be taken to fill the sample bottle to prevent churning on the road. Preservative.—For this purpose we would recommend bichromate of potash. After the sampling bottles are thoroughly cleaned with hot water and washing soda, a small amount, about what can be held on one-quarter inch of the blade of a penknife, of the finely powdered bichromate of potash should be put in each bottle before starting out to collect cream, then if the cream is perfectly sweet and well shaken up after being put in the bottle, it will keep sweet two weeks if kept in a cool place. Cream that is sour should not be sampled, as it is impossible for a collector to get a fair sample of it in any reasonable length of time. If it has become thick it cannot be mixed by the collector so it will be uniform, and cannot be sampled with the tube. Creamery managers should in- sist that their patrons keep their cream sweet until it is taken by the collector. This is essential not only to correct sampling, but to making a good quality of butter. Composite Sample.—The composite sample is made up from the small samples taken by the collector and is the one from which the portion is taken for the test. Half-pint fruit jars are good recep- tacles in which to put these samples, and each one should be num- bered with the patron’s number, the same as the small bottles used by the collector. The small samples are taken every time cream is collected according to the directions previously given, and as soon as they arrive at the factory they are emptied into the fruit jars having corresponding numbers. ‘The jar should be closed tightly to pre- vent evaporation. At the end of two weeks, if one chooses tu test as often as that, these accumulated small samples constitute the composite sample and the per cent of butter fat found in this sample will be the average per cent in all the cream furnished by the patron having that number for that period. In winter, or if the composite sample be kept in an ice chest with the preservative, it could be kept four weeks as easily as two, thereby reducing the work of testing one-half. 166 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. Paying for the Cream.—The majority of our creameries in this State are co-operative and therefore the profits are divided among the patrons in proportion to the amount of butter fat furnished. With this class of creameries the simplest method of dividing profits is as follows, and is best presented by an illustration : Suppose we have a creamery with A, B and C as patrons. A furnishes for one month 400 Ibs. cream testing 20% butter fat. B “sé ce ce ce 500 “ “ “ee 18% ae ee ae ia ae “se 600 ae cc ce 15% se ce Then A furnishes 400 x .20 = 80 Ibs. butter fat. ae B “ec 500 xX 18 = 99 “«e we te fs G a 600 x 15 — a0 “ ce “ce Total received, 260 ‘ “ « The net profits from the sale of butter and cream for the month are $70. Then A is entitled to 4, of $10 = $21.53. “ B “c se te ss; ‘ec $70 = $24.233.. ce C ce ce ce a ce $70 = $24.234. In case the creamery is not co-operative and the proprietor wishes to fix a price for the cream according to the market price for butter, then all that is necessary is to fix the price for the but- ter fat. Good creamery butter should on the average contain 83 per cent of butter fat, then if butter is 20 cents per pound, butter fat would be worth 24.1 cents which is calculated by the following proportion : $3: 100:: price of butter: price of butter fat. $3: 100:: 20 cents: 24.1 cents. When the cream is weighed and the per cent of butter fat deter- mined the value of the cream is very easily calculated and the process should be readily understood by everyone. The product of the weight of the cream multiplied by the per cent of fat will be the weight of the fat and this product multiplied by the price of fat per pound will be the value of the cream. | APPENDIX. 167 BULLETIN No. 16. INVESTIGATION ON THE FORAGING POWERS OF SOME AGRICULTURAL PLANTS FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID.* Pror. WALTER BALENTINE. Of recent investigations in plant nutrition those establishing the fact that leguminous plants are able to gather a portion of their nitrogen either directly or indirectly from the free nitrogen of the air are by far the most important, both from the scientific and the practical stand points. These investigations settle a question that has attracted the attention of agricultural chemists for half acentury. On the prac- tical side the results enable us to say, that it is possible, by grow- ing and feeding to farm animals such plants as peas and clover, to increase the stock of nitrogen for manurial purposes without resort- ing to the various expensive commercial nitrogenous materials. Stating the results of these investigations concisely, it has been found that the leguminous plants are able to forage on the atmos- phere for a portion of their nitrogen. Other plants either possess this power to a much less degree or not atall. If we look fora reason why this family of plants has attracted so much attention from scientists we find it in the fact that some of its members, the clovers especially, have been found in practical farming to be plants which by their growth on the soil, apparently leave it richer in plant food than before, and that farmers are actually able to produce more of grass, grain and potatoes when clover is used as one of the crops in rotation. It was to learn why a plant that takes up such large quantities of nitrogen as clover, should still leave the ground in a better condition for succeeding crops, that the sources of supply of nitrogen to the leguminous plants have been so carefully studied. The value of the results of this work to the agriculture of the world cannot be over-estimated. There are, however, other prob- lems in plant nutrition which deserve as careful study as the nitro- gen question and which may yield results of equal practical impor- tance. *This bulletin is an extract from the report of Prof. Balentine in the Station report for 1893.—W. H. J. 168 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. All who have given especial attention to the subject of plant nutrition will, undoubtedly, agree that the foraging powers of plants for the elements contained in the ash, vary greatly. This fact is recognized by the majority of observing farmers, as is shown by the following common sayings: ‘‘Wheat requires a rich soil.” ‘‘Corn is a gross feeder.” ‘‘Oats are an exhaustive crop.” Notwithstanding that these views regarding the variation in foraging powers of different crops have been held by many for years, no one is prepared to say just how it is exerted. We are hardly ready to express an opinion whether the greater vigor of certain plants as compared to other species grown on the same soil is due to their superior foraging powers for all of the elements con- tained in their ash, or for one or more particular elements. It seems quite as likely, however, that some plants are able to use certain soil compounds of potash or phosphoric acid, which are not available to other plants, as it did that the legumes were able to obtain nitrogen from sources that were not available to the grasses. Believing that a study of the foraging powers of different agri- cultural plants would reveal facts of scientific interest, and at the same time of practical value to agriculture, the writer commenced a series of experiments, in the fall of 1892, designed to test the readiness with which different plants obtain their phosphoric acid from insoluble phosphates. The reason why phosphoric acid was selected on which to make these first studies, in preference to any other substance was, that in practical manuring with crude phosphates, and also in their use in experimental work, different crops had apparently showed decided differences in their abilities to gather phosphoric acid from such a source. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. In order to have the work as much as possible under control the experiments were conducted in boxes in the college forcing house. These boxes were of wood, fifteen inches square and twelve inches deep. For soil a fine sand was used, taken from a sand bank about three feet below the surface. This sand was drawn to the forcing house, screened and thoroughly mixed by repeatedly shoy- eling it over, after which a sample was taken and the contents of potash and phosphoric acid determined, with the following result: Potash, 0.096 ; phosphoric acid, 0.012 per cent. Eee APPENDIX. 169 One hundred and twenty pounds of sand were used in each box. For each kind of plant studied nine boxes were used, in three sets of three boxes each. The three boxes of each set received the following manuring per box : .5 grams nitrate of soda = 1.86 grams nitrogen. 2.6 grams muriate of potash = 1.86 grams potash. nm B Ss — bow 5 grams nitrate of soda =1.36 grams nitrogen. .6 grams muriate of potash = 2.36 grams potash. ( ) L170 grams South Carolina rock = 4.35 grams insoluble phosphoric acid. .6 grams muriate of potash = 1.36 grams potash. [28 grams nitrate of soda = 1.86 grams nitrogen. 9 SET II4 | 28.5 grams acidulated South Carolina rock = 4.46 grams phosphoric acid, (L three-fourths water-soluble. It will be seen that all of the boxes were treated alike with refer- ence to potash and nitrogen, that the plants grown in Set I were dependent on the phosphoric acid originally in the sand, that those grown in Set II had in addition 4.32 grams of phosphoric acid, mostly insoluble, supplied by crude finely ground South Carolina rock, and that those grown in the boxes of Set III had in addition to that originally contained in the sand 4.46 grams of phosphoric acid, mostly soluble, supplied in acidulated South Carolina rock. The plants thus far studied have been wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, potatoes and turnips. Afte: planting, the boxes were under the care of a man experi- enced in growing plants under glass. Water was supplied as it was believed to be needed. At the proper time the plants were thinned so that the boxes having the same kind of plants contained the same number of plants to the box. The plants were allowed to grow to maturity. Immediately before harvesting, the crops were photographed and plates made showing the relative development of the plants produced. At the time of harvesting, the crops of wheat, barley, corn, peas and beans produced in each box were wieghed separately in an air dry condition, after which the amount of dry matter was determined in the combined crop of the three boxes of each set. 170 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. Dry matter produced in each set of three boxes. Barley. Beans. Peas. Potatoes. Turnips Wheat. Corn. grams.|grams.|grams.jgrams.|grams.|grams.|grams. Only soil phosphoric acid.... 76.9| 201.5 39.5 15.7} 112.7] 113.3) 154.4 Water-insoluble phosphoric BYE! acobatosson00d0000NeS O59" 148.6} 294.9) 103.3 17.4) 196.7) 114.6) 304.1 Mostly water-soluble phos- TOLMAGHRO BX ClSocce5n caudoocane 296.3} 508.1) 291.0 69.8] 228.6] 223.7) 270.4 While it may not be desirable to draw definite conclusions from so small an amount of data as is furnished by the above described experiments, there are some points which under the conditions of these experiments the results appear to bring out sharply. 1st. Different crops showed a decided difference in their powers of obtaining phosphoric acid from crude, finely ground South Caro- lina rock. Wheat, barley, corn, peas and turnips apparently ap- propriated the insoluble phosphoric acid from this source with greater or less ease, while beans and potatoes derived no benefit from it. 2d. The greatest practical advantage derived from the use of find ground South Carolina rock was with the turnips. With this crop a larger weight of dry matter and also a larger weight of fresh roots was obtained with insoluble phosphoric acid from the finely ground South Carolina rock than with an equal amount of soluble phosphoric acid from acidulated South Carolina rock. 3d. The indications point to a profitable use of finely ground South Carolina rock asa manure for barley and peas, as well as turnips. Ath. The acidulated Soute Carolina rock in these experiments apparently depressed the yield of grain with barley, while largely increasing the amount of straw. With wheat, both grain and straw were largely increased and in about the same proportion. Maine STATE COLLEGE, Orono, Me, Nov. 1, 1894. Note. These investigations are being continued and will be kept up, if possi- ble, until the results warrant definite conclusions. Additional data are already obtained and experiments are now in progress. Wo Lal5 dc PAGE ANALYSES, miscellaneous. -..-+.---- +0 c00e cone occu cece mens vnine 13 Apple Ven). coon Dono C600 CUD DD OO DOGO DOGU Goud DoOD ODOC OOKC COOe Cone 86 Ashes, Wood, analysis Of--- +--+ 22s cece cece cece cece cece cece eee 15 BABCOCK TEST, in butter factories -..---.-- +--+ --+2-eee eee eee 162 Beautiful Clytus, The -..------- sees cece cece cere eee cece cece eee 89 Ial Qiiethiiy Giieen eComliterel odboes uobe doudmobeadodedco sce coerc a5 87 Black Knot, The.------ +--+ cece cece cece cece cece eens cece cece eee 82, 86 Botanist and Entomologist, Report of....--.++-+--s+ see eees ees 81 Brown Grain Beetle, The. -------.-- 222+ cess cence eee cece cece cee 85, 89 Snel Choe Bieele, Wiesoccsoeoo coe coco arate Geen cone once 85, 89, 115 TRIIRIGIRS GEMINAES) Ciliooone coor beso doc oped eden cond uoon edeeoncacene 12 THINWOIN cc cconc caoo CoDd CoCo DOOD DODO CUOe KOCK DODO COCA SSCS aL OABBAGE BUTTERFLY, Dhe--~ 1-106 ose ede ewe ss as soley ote seaeeae ee eeee 14 Corpse Plant <7 @ nrc ee cm ine wrinie well ou «oie onl wsleeieislole clclam sie ae eee 87 Cotton Seed Mest analysis 0f..2---. s2e-)-cue be cco eee ree ore 14 Dream payie GOK w <>
o> sc sees sone cn cence Gees 86 Digestibility, influence of food combinations upon............... 35 Digestion Wxperiments.-.-- 26. 0.00 0205-000 coes sede pace sscncene 35 Directors? REpoOrtee--.- -- == niesee > sie mise weleisinls ois) eisieisl eel eee if Wodders he Clover=---ssieei oc nlswice cciels alii Seis isle setae eerie 87 Modder “the: Plaxe ssc co cow Seios sale cae ecee see aie ee ee eeeen eee 83 Hr VRE PARK LOUSES UNE <<< \c crc eee 2 ole weiss ies -ieiee 83, 88, 107 Hvenine Primrose; ‘Phe’ Common: -=- 2-2... + 1s ts ss ee S7 Hxcrements, analyses Of---%--)-/- -- 2. oe eielcle)a cles lls o/2)s 51s sis is) 14 WATT OANKME NV ORM. VUhe: o- oop- cease cee eee oe eee eee 123 IU Drs ray eo s35 edestsaseicods sade phon 25daces5ta565 450G008- 82 Halse Whirx Cee. eeREeGce 2405 Gee ete = eee cele SERRE eke ce eee eee $2, 86 Feeding IDS PO RTE SSodcc S550 5560955 doedads 35956 5355 ohe5t0S: 44 Fertilizers, effect of different amounts of -.-..-........-.----eee- 26 Herihzers./expermentsswibl= lm -l ee eee > ae eia eee eee 16 Fertilizers, partial and complete ---..---.------..--.-.---.------ 25 Fertilizers, vs. stable manure --..--- 22.2.2. - 2 25< o- 20 soce ween wenn 26 ieldsh pape neinGgi ee eee eee ee eee eee 16 Wiss Wodders Pherae ee eee cis ceecle niece cic eee eee ieee eer 83 Wrap Culbure: <- seas occ wae se ech s ccc als oe eee oh GCs sss ee eee eee 135 IMTS SM MNS) iss sess 3552 2320 ssc se3 355355900 ence r sense 66 RewiGg, -VATICHeS Of oo. enc ec means oe 2nd ac eee eee ere eee 136 Gu MTLISIRS,, ST RESET Citas aces 24 55 3552 505555555555 50500005 505+ 156 Gold ofPleasgure tii -- Se Set c Rcee kee LUCE SESE RSA Sse cies 82. 86 Gooseberry Plant Louse, The -....--..----------- +--+ eee eee, 84, 88, 109 lela MOISE TWAS soscs255 5505 2350 5355 soso essa nbSs esstocssses: $4 Hay, analyses Of ----------- ce ee cee cee cee cee eee cee e cece neee 14 [ER aecirG | Sribines Green IM By bite sees eons ao55 559 cess 45s os 25 seo: 38, 39 Hay Ration, large or small .---.---- -- ee sees cece cee eee eee eens 44 Hellgramite Fly «--.-+----. sees cece cece cece eee eee eee cee eens gs Helminthosporium -.--..- “hE eters ao be b.o Slee leinlete isis letere aie olaiae See eietete §2, S86 Hop Clover «- <2 22-5 22022 ees coc wees cece nd ne cece seen cece cces cone 87 GriicHEnTisis RReporiion = -oae reer ee ee ere on oe ook ee ee eee 51 [ENDTAIN IPTPE; oo sce cx sccic cence ce cece ce See L se ses euicm Ce meer ree 87 MAGEN ACH O TES eM G oc clec creleemc erste sisi a{e a'cia dite s)5)e/e'a-= (5's s/o. Seperate 8s Man: DOG SKUIMI CARs s.22 520 2c 52 c250 3s 6 eer soos ese eens S7 Manuring, Systems of...----------- ++ eee ee ee ree eee e een nee 28 Maple Tree Borer, The ...------------e- cece eee eee cece cece noes 85 Marl, analysis Of... ---- 2202 e00s cose ccs cece ene anes ence eres onan 15 INDEX. 173 PAGE AEN cal COMPOST ONY OL ee ai charcie)n)elniw cleo wiv a\s)vialn'e, oo elvis e'y al oinie +) ae min vice 46, 47 wigldl Qigbess. ocooborage co nbbetnep hceege pec ca-r te Bere re. 49 INGAAS DESEO O Mun EW ANE Hicvclclersial'e/ois/si ciels{clle/elelal’slalatelai lela ololels) viaisiaiie!a|sratetelele 87 Night-Flowering Catch Fly..--. +... sess seseeeee eens cece cece cees 86 OAK BARK WEEVIL, The ..-.---------+¢ Feces ce cercsceavens 85, 89, 122 Oats, diseases Of - ++... es ee cece cee cece eee cee cree cess cere eens 95 Oblique-Banded Woeat: RoW er wsc.cls) sarciete: Sb orolaetate "croreve ud eiwioleiolela s's/sie 84, 88, 110 Orange Hawkweed, The.....-.-.-seeces cree cece cece ccncccee cece 82, 87 Orange Roestelia, The-.-: ==: -2.. 0-222. 5 sseaecedasnese ce ese 82, 86, 90 PARIS GREEN, analyses Of...--- 20-2 cece cece eee cece cee e cee eee 15 ar Gail pW Se peposeunodeeuen One Sebo doco sess soea one robe cose 85, 89 Pear-Leaf Blight, The-...--.--- 222. ee ee cece cece eee cere eee eee 82, 86 Pear Twig Blight, The...... 020-2000 c0ce sees cece sccc cece cesecses 82, 86 Phosphoric Acid, foraging powers of plants for-..--.-.-.+++.++.- 167 utility of different forms of.-.-.......-.-...... 23 Plant Breeding, notes ON...--------- cee eee eee cee cece cece cece 73 Plant Louse, The Gooseberry-.----- +--+ seee cece cece eens cece ceee 84 PATUGE OLA TIT OD PONVEES, Olea cc cise oie