Yeey ce >) ane each a fe a ot RERKS ee IRIS 2 STUUR ee Raita z ame gees LLL TES LIED ROC TIE EOIN os SUMAN LIBRARY OF THE 4 y. aly Hoe ce pit uf ‘BOOTLIMO UNV SUSQOH NG) TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 87.908 Maine Avricultural Experiment ‘i ton 1396 Part II of the Annual Report of the Maine State College. AUGUSTA KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT 1897 4 gy f by ees A g The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address in Maine. All requests should be sent to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. STATE OF MAINE A.W. Harris, Sc. D., President Maine State College: S1R:—I transmit herewith the Twelfth Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the year ending December 31, 1896. CHARLES Di WOODS; Director. Orono, Maine, December 31, 18096. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE WeGLer Of (LT ANSMVUIGEAL a > a rteret= 2/2 | ole wis! olelelosloeleoalaisio etoile eee eee 3 Organization OF the Station «2 scis:-, Sie sieccices ccieech ease Eee eee 6 Report of iWots dre stlivstra soc s005 Sono cot Goon Da so toss oSse asco ocec 7 Report of the Director .--..- sees cece cece cece cece cece cee e cece eens 9 Reports of the Station still available. ..-.------ se ceee eee eee eee 16 Acknowledgments ++ -eee cece cece cece eee cece cee cece eee ceeeeees 19 New Fittings of the Cow, Staples ccien «ai elelsiels oo aici ena 22 Analysis of Feeding Stuffs. ....------ 2-2 ee22 ceec cone cone cone voce 28 Profitable amount of Seed Corn per acre..-----+- s+ ---e sees eee at SA) Sunflowers and English Horse Beans as Silage Crops ------.-..--- 32 Tests of Separators .--+- eee cece cece cece eee eee cee cece eee eee 35 Feeding experiments with Milch Cows....----.++ss-eseee see eee BYE Effects of Tuberculin on Tuberculous Cows -..----++---e+e sees eee 56 Orehnard) NOES > cles see aeteyeteie eleteielsiele = lsloleiel olaielo oie lous iste ieee eet 64 Notes on Winter Gardening... .--- +++. cece cece cece cece cece cence Ee 84 Wotes\on Plants. )o 26 cistectem alee aio =)o aie ore aio oe oletole ose ete erat 109 Notes on! the Insects) of the Wear ee --eeae «ee eerie ee eee 117 A New Garden Smynthurid .=........2.2.002022 ssencce =o=5 seam 124 Dietary Studies at the Maine State College........--.-+++ +--+ ++: 128 Meteorological Summary ----.----- BASSAS a55 3h a5 eons s555 2555527. 127 Bulletins Issued in 1896: No. 23, Preservation of Cream for Market.......-.-.+-+e--- 141 No. 24, Cabbages: .2 - <2. /s000is'- «ic 32,50 cise 5 oe eee 145 No. 25, Inspection of Fertilizers, 1896............-- toco 22: 150 No. 26, Inspection of Creamery Glassware .---- +++ +--+ sees 150 Ne: 27, Peas, Sweet Corns. ---- ---0lec- 2) «+> sea eee eee 154 No. 28, Potato Rot,—Fungicides ...-+--.++se++ sees eens eeee 158 CONTENTS. Bulletins Issued in 1896: No. 29, Notes on Spraying..------- cece cece cece cee e cece coer No. 30, Inspection of Fertilizers, 1896 ...............-....-. No. 31, A Modification of the Babcock Method ............. Lans—Connmnancinl Itemmliz7aess 6g0565 6000 59006400 bn00 G00 boa aoKG Crammer GUESS s066 55.0002 abo¢ coos cong cond Gob 0Ged 500d Commercial Feeding Stuffs .-.---.---. eee eee cece eee nee Purity of Seeds ...---- eee cece cece cece eens tees cece cone cee nderabope OG OT) [SOG esate! elects) cle ele) ere lnlelcle\slo)eta\a ele! lele\iolsla/a 01s a's e1e)=\s Index to Reports for 1885 to 1895, inclusive -..--+-++s esse cere eeee MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT ABRAM W. HARRIS, ...----.-+- +++. see ees President DIRECTOR CHARLES D. WOODS, -.------ +--+ +++. +--+ ee Secretary BENJAMIN F. BRIGGS, Auburn,.---....---++---- 7} ARTHUE 1. MOORE, Orono,-22 25.) -e-s-ceeeeee bc oneaa eases ELLIOTT WOOD, Winthrop, .---..-----+.--+--- J B. WALKER MCKEEN, Fryeburg,--.---.--- State Board of Agriculture ORA- 0; CROSBY; Adbiony, Re bese esses Pee 63 57 | SHE copsocoddassenassc0dns gododbededD oHDaooC 65 76 7 70 Gornmhmcalissacieken eae se Beto cascersces ces coors 16); . Jllesseeeeeer g2 92 Giutenkmealsesseoes ess eee cee eee 0) Gah“ iecssedes-: 91 88 CotloOnzsceGhine ala. 1c visiclstalaterinie/o -vellsjeielaie\eeieieisjar SS ial cercsremievetere 64 “on! PST AV detelersvereietaaiateoinie aiciainie olelaisictero ts /sictesielncioeeinieteieeiie 78 25 68 72 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS. 39 GLUTEN MEAL COMPARED WITH COTTON-SEED MEAL AS FOOD FOR MILCH COWS. The object of this experiment, the results of which are given in the following tables, was to compare the feeding value of gluten meal with cotton-seed meal, when fed in such propor- tions that the quantity of digestible nutrients of the one equalled those of the other. Gluten meal, a material made from the residue left in the manufacture of starch and glucose from Indian corn or maize, _ is now Offered quite extensively in our markets as a cattle food. There are also several other products made from this residue which are known by various names, such as gluten feed, corn bran, corn germ, etc. None of these, however, are so rich in protein as gluten meal, for the reason that in its manufacture the hull and germ of the kernel is removed, which is not the case in the manufacture of the other materials mentioned. The high grade meals do not differ greatly in composition from linseed meal and average about one-quarter less protein than cotton-seed meal. They also contain but little ash, and are less valuable than the oil meals as manure formers. In this,as in all the other experiments, thé animals were kept in as nearly uniform conditions as possible, and the grain ration fed was small so as to avoid an excess of nutrients in either ration. The cows were weighed at the beginning and close of each period, so that any gain or loss in flesh could be noted, and the milk was accurately weighed at each milking. Samples were taken the last five days of each period, and the average of the results obtained was taken as the average composition of the milk for that period. The butter made from the milk produced, while the cows were on each ration, was tested for quality and - hardness. 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. WEIGHT OF COWS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EXPERIMENT. Cow’?s DUMDPeLK. jo cce cele 1 2 3 4 5 6 Weight in pounds ..... ava 790 905 963 990 785 863 RATIONS FED DAILY. Ration 1. Gluten meal, 3 lbs. Timothy hay, 15 lbs.; silage, 20 1bs.; mixed grain, 8]lbs. <~ Corn meal, 2 lbs. Bran, 3 lbs. Ration II. ( Cotton-seed meal,2 lbs: Timothy hay, 151bs.; silage, 20 lbs.; mixed grain, 8 lbs. ; Corn meal, 23 lbs. i Bran, 3 lbs. Cows Nos. 5 and 6 received but 6 and 7 pounds of grain respectively. The others received the full ration as given above. COMPOSITION OF FOODS USED. KINDS OF Foop. 2 4 2 E gua < E < By & Zao ey To %o To Zo % % TEVA otele eletoletsisisistelclelorelsreiereiavctetol= 13.2 4.4 5.9 29.0 45.0 2.5 Silage...... sonadogasuousgds 69.9 1.6 4.0 6.0 16.6 ie) Cormimeaecrrereeiieeicteil=l-leris 14.4 1.4 9.3 1.9 69.2 3.8 Glutenjmealeen cactus 9.1 0.9 33.7 1.3 49.5 5.5 Cotton-seed meal.....-.... 8.0 7.2 42.4 5.6 24.2 12.6 Biehl ssqons coc Joag00d006 ode 11.7 5.9 _ 15.4 8.9 54.0 4.1 DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS CONSUMED BY EACH LOT OF COWS PER DAY. |RATION I WITH GLUTEN MEAL. Ben oe t COLTON: KIND OF NUTRIENTS. | : = : a6 2 _ _ ° . - = Se ilrehceilereaa ap Ce ea |s Beal am Sa i= SH maiciien = on =| Aan 58 | 58 | 58 |FEs || BS | BS | Bs | Fea Ke) oo oO =} q 3 Sa | aA aA | Ti | SHOU a ale bocananooosconceasood0 ‘ope [aS actaeene | sacs 800.3 117.4 49.2 Daily yield per cow......... & G20He|patocreck: [te eeeee ees | 19.1 2.8 1.0 | Ration IJ—one-half grain. Il. 10 Rae opcenGnSTponococonosecbnada tspoqodcude 70 | SUOUEM Wael G docpsnecoessoooda door|lossdhcadadilosouansace 687.6 99.4 | 34.5 Dailysyiela WEL COW ere ciessleelelo ale)alcleielal] aleleimiebeolrl| eletetele oielers 16.4 2.4 s LOt IT -.-- 202s ee reee ere sc sees eeecc cree lereseraenal 60 | AGIAN AIAN! 5500 Sacccossoss sacdcssdilcc cot eetlecee ee eee 791.8 120.1 39.7 Daily yield per cow........-...-+-- Hasaee eeeelesecee eens 18.9 2.9 9 | CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE FOREGOING DATA. This experiment, although too limited to be of much value in itself, confirms the results of Professor Robertson’s investi- gations and those obtained from experiments made at this Station last year, showing that silage, of the quality used, can be substituted in part for the grain ration of milch cows without causing loss of flesh or lessening the production of milk. In this case fifteen pounds of silage appeared to equal four pounds of the grain mixture. GROUND OATS COMPARED WITH WHEAT BRAN FOR MILCH COWS. In some sections of the State cats are a very important crop and are extensively grown for market or feeding to animals. When the price is so low that it hardly pays to take them to market in exchange for other grains, the station receives fre- quent inquiries as to their value as feed for milch cows. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS. 47 The grain is subject to quite wide variations in composition, depending somewhat on the variety, nature of the soil where grown, climatic conditions, etc. As a rule oats grown in high latitudes are heavier, contain less crude fiber and more nutrients than those grown farther south. Good, heavy, northern grown oats do not vary greatly in composition from wheat bran, the principal difference being that they contain a little less protein, and ash materials. Their feeding value as far as has been determined is not materially different. The average composition of northern grown oats and wheat bran is shown in the following table: FI 5 a oD 3 af A .S 8 2 a = ® py a : S < a Fy Ado i % % % %o % % OFPAUE) oveosopodsaoqdooneedonG 10.00 3.0 12.50 9.00 60.50 5.00 lBIRAM aodoo, BooedoaDdooHOdouKG 12.00 6.0 15.50 9.00 | 53.50 4.00 The chemical composition, the digestibility of the two being about the same, would indicate that bran is worth slightly more pound for pound than oats, but so far as they have been tested practically, there does not seem to be any material difference. In the test made at this station, the results of which are given in the following tables, the six cows previously described were used. They were divided into two lots of three each. Lot I received ration I and lot II, ration II, for the first period. The order was reversed in the second period, lot I receiving ration i= 1ot Tl, ration I) In the third period both lots were fed as in the first period. RATIONS FED DAILY. ) Bran, 4 pounds. Ration I—Hay, 20 pounds, mixed grain, 8 pounds. } Corn meal, 2 pounds. Cotton seed meal, 2 pounds. i Ground oats, 4 pounds. Ration II—Hay, 20 pounds, mixed grain, 8 pounds, } Corn meal, 2 pounds. Cotton seed meal, 2 pounds. Cows No. 2,3 and 4 received the full rations as given above, but Nos. 1 and 6 received but seven pounds of grain mixture, and No. 5 but six pounds. 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CF FOODS USED. “ f eI ome £ — S a) On kee : = a = = Boy = = < a Zao x % %o % %o % % IBEMN¥a5G000000 bouaD0ddCG00000 13.2 4.4 5.9 29.0 45.1 2.5 Mixed grain (Ration I)... 10.7 5.0 ile 6.9 49.9 6.5 Mixed grain (Ration II) .. 10.8 3.8 19.0 8.1 51.8 6.5 TOTAL NUTRIENTS CONSUMED BY EACH LOT FOR EACH PERIOD. KINDS OF NUTRIENTS. IBrOte nye cen seericiiesciweieiseleeiicesteire Carbohydrates...... quosononcuodadoes IDEN. codospocdapooosouca0dooODS0DdNbODS WORM oadooouadodndosonddoadanon0D[ Total per cow per day ..........+-. RATION I WITH BRAN. RATION II WITH OATS. Period I. Lot I. Period II. Lot II. Period ITI. Lot I. Average during tests. lbs. 175.6 1208.3 62.3 1446.2 23.0 Ibs. 166.8 1184.5 59.6 1410.9 22.4 | lbs. | lbs. 175.6) 172.7 1208.3} 1200.4 62.3] 61.4 1446.2}1434.5 23.0) 22.8 Period I. Period II. Lot I. Period III. Average during tests, Lot II. lbs. | lbs. | lbs, | lbs. 157.7} 165.7) 157.7) 160.4 1198.3)1218.4)1198.3) 1205.0 59.8] 62.5) 59.8} 60.7 -8)1446.6}1415.8) 1426. 5} 23-0) 22.5) 22. 14 in) ot 1 2 a. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS. 49 TEMPERATURE OF STABLE AND YIELD OF MILK FOR EACH COW PER WEEK. 2 PERIODS. B g ad HO Deg I—February 23—March 14. TESTE Wels agccoceqoseonda50es 41 Second week.. ............-- 45 AMavbeGl yAeeligsgoopuguoo oooDodoG 41 ENO tia ilereretavelteveroysioue-‘slcicistenh cretsis I1—March 15—April 4. Mieeshs WEEN Goasodonbosaa00 O65 44 Second week. ......:......... 44 IMoubral Wr@OSiS “Goggnscps5000e00s 49 THOU oon bod0onodnqddaodoad Aan IIJ—A pril 5—April 25. IDES NE) < Gone -oocopnopdcoone 50 Second week... .. ..... .... 56 TMimlial WEIS podaoceodoes0000KD 55 IND Cooeacasads “andeas0b000 YIELD OF MILK PER Cow. Cow No. 1. Cow No. 2. Cow No. 8. Total Cows 1--3. Cow No. 4. Cow No. 5. Total Cows 4—6. Cow No. 6. lbs. lbs. ion Se lbs. 108.4) 351.9 109.0) 361.5 112.6) 363.0 101.5 100.4 86.0} 98.3] 120.3 330.0|1076.4 103.5) 345.4 104.1] 338.4 105.3] 341.1 312.9 1024.9 264.6) 300.2 ola m ts AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF MILK FOR LAST FIVE DAYS OF EACH PERIOD. Cow 1. Cow 2 Cow 3. Cow 4. Cow 5. Cow 6. eS eet eS ile eee ee Sl Be sy ees eS) 3 ° 3 eS) s ) x eS S iS) S M & mM i mM & mM ea mM i v9) fo % % | % YON Go| Yo Vo SON Go | Go|) Yau % Period I.. .| 14.79) 5.14) 14.13) 5.09] 14.48) 5.08) 14.68 5.07| 14.34] 4.69) 15.04) 5.35 Period II ...} 14.49; 5.08) 13.56) 4.90) 14.15) 5.14) 14.55) 4.96) 15.14) 5.09)15.46 5.75 Period III ..| 14.79] 5.16] 14.03) 5.22) 14.49) 5.28) 14.25) 4.71) 15.62) 5.07) 15.54) 5.88 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOTAL YIELD OF MILK, SOLIDS AND FAT FOR EACH COW FOR EACH PERIOD. is r= = 5 5 ‘pO | "ex o & Maleate (se) a | Ss ath > |FHlES| & B cs lbs Ibs. | Ibs TRAN MON JI Ditka soaoo, auddoo0o cododoannHDds lool 1 0 37.4| 13.0 BW op6800 46.0) 16.6 B lo 48.8| 17.1 II 4 20 53.0) 18.1 5 31 WaT) Welog 6 55 48.4) 18.0 III ALG ereroumere a aill = 16357) 2 14 42.1) 15.7 | 3 12 51.9) 18.9 LRA MOM UO Gopongdodeoun0g Go0) voocaodD I LY Nboooe0 53.2) 18.4 5 12 55.0} 18.0 @illsopodo 49.6) 17.7 | II ib | 28) 38.8| 13.6 2 35 44.0} 15.9 3 25 50.2) 18.2 Iil 4 3 54.9) 18.1 i eaoode 47.8| 15.5 | linooode 48.3] 18.3 TOTAL YIELD OF EACH LOT OF COWS FOR EACH PERIOD, AND AVERAGE DAILY YIELD FOR EACH COW. = =) =| oS i) is} RATION. S op O oO. is ae it = ae! Peel ns) = Sor Ses D oF OG, =| i ae 54 Oy 5 oD =e z An aig lbs. lbs. Ibs. | lbs.) Ibs. TAP N—I LO I sogoedsecadooHHcodcanod aocoddodC0 ihre lnesape se 26 915.2/132.2 | 46.7 Average daily yleld...... eleteveraiele(efetetetotototel| etetataverall eetetstetcterelleteteteteterets 14.5) 2.1 0.7 Isat — I oyy MW iggncogodaoococenddoadd0ds ooDBOoS II LOGS | rroretoterete 1024.83/154.02) 53.6 Average daily yield....... 5 50009 900006 loc Sogallsoogacaoll ‘oso00a0 16.3) 2.4 0.9 LYN ALOE IE Goo doonanconnooconRnDOdboanO. oO II B lloodoans 922.6]133.1 | 48.2 Average daily yield........ Je decree eto bah CI 1456 |\) 221i marOys f CORE IGOR IL Gogq SaonebdGRD oauG HoDoS Shoa |[ IL Naodatooc 38 | 1076.4|157.9 | 54.1 A VETAL E.G Ally PVC] Cl eisieietoteie\=ievelelal- elatel PoD0DRNOUDD \VGEKE Gaco00S ooeDedondn0 6) 5 Moder ately vigor ous, upright RUDRA ~coosnoonaoococnd soouddn| SGTOM Dyersieveteyateleteisicleyetetetereie 10 Very vigorous, spreading..../Strong .........-..+.-.6- | 15 6 Vigorous, upright, spreading /Strong ............. ... 12 ..| Vigorous, upright, spreading|Strong 18 -| Vigorous, upright, spreading Strong ...... ........ | 24 Vigorous, upright, sturdy....|Strong .. ........,-....- 12 Vigorous, willowy...... ....- SipROaNS!Gonpon oGoodoGdS -| 12 Moderately vigorous. ....... SHEROINES Go5505, coouD O0abS 10 Upright, vigorous, spreading Strong ...........-...+. 12 Upright, vigorous, spreading|Strong .........++.-.+6 15) 4 Moderately vigorous SULOMEMecereicisielelelsrcistelsiersi: 12 Vigorous, spreading... ..- So SHPROMVE? SonccocooocecccaN Ss 15 5 Vigorous, spreading.... : ‘Strong... sono 18 Vigorous, spreading...... ... \Blighted. 6 7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The number of trees in the orchard at present is 130, about 30 having been removed on account of a new building. Of this number ten varieties are crabs, and the remainder, 34 varieties, consists mainly of standard varieties of recognized merit. The object in view in starting the orchard in this way was to have a number of the standard sorts for comparison. Many of these will be top-worked with other varieties. With few exceptions the trees have thrived and proved hardy, although neither soil nor location are well suited to orcharding. Several sorts bore some fruit last season, and the present year many others came into bearing. Most of the varieties in this orchard are well known and require no special mention. Some of those not commonly grown may, however, be noticed in this connection. Arctic—Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit medium, roundish conical; greenish yellow, heavily overlaid with crimson on the sunny side, with splashes of a deeper shade and numerous light dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk sub-acid. Good. Bears a strong resemblance to Baldwin and will replace that sort in trying climates. The following notes from Mr. W. A. Taylor of the United States Department of Agriculture are of interest in this connection: “So far as we have been able to ascertain the original tree of Arctic apple was found growing on the farm of John H. Esseltyne, Cape Vincent. New York. Mr. Esseltyne sold the tree some years ago to O. K. Gerrish then of Geneva, N. Y., but now of Lakeville, Mass. After securing a crop of wood for propagation Mr. Gerrish destroyed the original tree to prevent theft of scions. It was therefore impossible to secure specimens of the fruit for exam- ination after the variety was introduced by Mr. Gerrish until the trees sold by him came into bearing. In 1896 the variety bore in New York, Massachusetts, Vermont and Maine, as we received specimens from those states. We consider it a promis- ing variety for market orchards in the north as it is apparently more resistant to the cold than Tompkins King or Baldwin.” Haas—A popular market variety from Missouri. Tree hardy, very vigorous, upright, productive; an early annual bearer. Fruit medium, oblate or slightly conical; skin smooth greenish ORCHARD NOTES. 71 yellow, shaded nearly over the whole surface with dark red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk sub-acid. September, October. Haynes’ Sweet—A very vigorous, hardy sort, originating in Waldo county, Maine. Fruit large, oblong, yellow, washed and splashed with scarlet. Stem short, stout, in-a broad, shallow, slightly russet cavity. Calyx open; basin shallow, slightly irrregular; core very large. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, sweet. Good. September to January. This variety is per- fectly hardy and vigorous as far north as Caribou. Its color is not bright enough to make it a valuable market sort. Milding—A strong, hardy variety, originating in New Hamp- shire. Highly esteemed in Piscataquis county and wherever known. Fruit large, oblate, whitish-yellow, shaded, splashed and mottled with red; flesh light yellow, rather coarse but crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly sub-acid. December, January. Munson Sweet—A vigorous productive variety of uncertain origin. Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow often with a blush. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet. Highly esteemed wherever known. September to February. Pewaukee—A seedling of Oldenburg, originating in Wiscon- sin. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, an annual bearer and very productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish. Skin yellow splashed and mottled with red. Flesh white, juicy, brisk acid. Good for cooking. November to February. Prolific Sweeting—One of the varieties imported from Russia by the Department of Agriculture in 1870. It is a beautiful yellow fruit of medium size. Somewhat resembles Yellow Transparent in form and color. Of this variety Dr. Hoskins writes: “It is the best fall sweet apple I am acquainted with, and I could sell almost unlimited quantities of trees and fruit if I had them. I am now propagating it on a large scale for my own planting.” Season September to October. Rolfe—A valuable early winter variety, originating at Guil- ford, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, a good annual bearer. In protected places will thrive as far north as Caribou. Fruit medium to large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh white, fine grained, tender, sub-acid. December, January. 72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Shiawassee Beauty—Seedling of Fameuse, originating in Shia- wassee county, Michigan. Larger and more oblate than Fam- euse, Otherwise resembling that variety. Flesh firm, white, tender, brisk sub-acid. October to January. Ill THE APPLE ORCHARD—RUSSIAN VARIETIES. As stated in a former Report, one feature of our orchard work is the introduction of hardy fruits. In the spring of 1890 about 75 varieties of Russian apples were procured from the [owa Agricultural College. Other varieties of apples have been obtained from time to time and many Russian and native plums and other hardy fruits have been added. Some of these trees have been grown at the Col- lege, others were sent to different points in Aroostook county and still others to Rangeley. A few of them have fruited and may receive attention at the present time; a general discussion of the subject being deferred till our next Annual Report. The following field notes represent the condition of the Rus- sian orchard at the Station’ in!) “September, @ooqo his orchard was started in the spring of 1890, with one year old trees obtained from the Iowa Agricultural College. The soil in which the orchard is located is rather heavy loam with clay sub-soil. It has a southwestern exposure. Garden crops have been grown on the land from the first and thorough cultivation has been given. Without reference to the character of given varieties the trees are here arranged in alphabetic order. The numbers enclosed in parentheses refer to the original importation list; the other numbers, to the orchard record. Alexander, 7—Old tree. A well known sort needing no description at this time. Belongs to the Aport family. Aport (252), 39—Similar to Alexander in tree and fruit. Growth one and one-half feet. First fruited in 1895. Moder- ately productive. The term Aport is a generic rather than a specific one and covers a family of apples of which the Alexan- der is perhaps, the best known member. Aport Ourent, 21—Upright, vigorous, spreading, with dark heavy foliage. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. ORCHARD NOTES. 73 Arabskoe, 65 and 66—65 moderately vigorous, spreading; very productive, precocious. About one-half bushel was removed in August and the yield at harvest time was one bushel. Growth one foot. The fruit is large, heavy and covered with a tich bloom, somewhat resembling Blue Pearmain. Keeps well into the winter but is of very poor quality. 66, young tree set in 1896. Has made but a slight growth. Matures late. Growth two feet. Arabka (257), 44—Moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Dark in wood and foliage. Growth one and one-half feet. Fairly productive. Has a tendency to bear the fruit on the ends of long twigs like the Alexander. Same as Arabskoe. Blushed Calville, 31—Of vigorous, upright habit, resembling Yellow Transparent. Growth one and one-half feet. It so closely resembles Yellow Transparent that its identity is ques- tioned. Borsdorf (356-402), 46—Vigorous, spreading, profusely branched. Branches small and slender. Light colored in wood and foliage. Growth two feet. A few specimen fruits pro- duced in 1896. These are small, oblate, greenish yellow. Mature in late winter. Cross Apple (15 M), 28—Very vigorous, upright, spreading. Branches freely. Limbs long and slender. Growth this year two and one-half feet. Moderately productive. Fruit resem- bles Haas. This variety does not correspond with the descrip- tion of Cross Apple as given by various authorities and it is pos- sible that it has been misnamed. Daisy, 60—Two-year-old tree set in the spring of 1896, mak- ing a strong growth. Early Sweet (No. 9 Voronesch), 8 and 52—Vigorous, upright, spreading. Large, heavy foliage. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. Excelsior—One of Gideon’s Seedlings. Vigorous, spreading, productive. Like the preceding and like the next one, shows the crab parentage. Wood iully matured. Growth one and one-half feet. Full crop of fruit. Fruit medium, conical, greenish-yellow washed with crimson, slightly russeted. Sharp acid. September to November. 6 74 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Golden Reinette, 202—Vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, (one and one-half bushels fruit). Branches freely with tendency to form crotches. Fruit small, golden, washed and splashed with carmine. Flesh yellowish, crisp, mildly acid. A promis- ing autumn variety. September to December. (This fruit does not correspond to Budd’s description of Golden Reinette and is probably wrongly named.) Grandmother (469), 50—Vigorous, upright, hardy. Growth two feet. But one fruit produced in 1896. Resembles Duchess. Season winter. Green Crimean (399), 48—Vigorous, spreading and productive. Branches freely. Growth one foot. First fruited in 1896. Fruit large, smooth, conical; green, changing to yellow at maturity. A good autumn variety. Green Sweet, 37—-Wrongly named. A small sour winter fruit of no value. Hibernal (378), 47—-Of low spreading habit, moderately vig- orous. Productive. Growth one foot. First fruited in 1894, (one-half bushel in 1896)., Drops badly at maturity. Good for cooking. Season October and November. Koursk Anis, 13—Set in 1895. Hardy. Moderately vigor- ous. Growth one foot. Koursk Reinette, 30-—Vigorous, sturdy in habit with few stout branches. Large dark foliage. Growth one and one-half feet. Productive. A promising variety. This variety we have as 20 M. The latter is by Mr. Budd, called “Sweet Longfield.” Large Anis (413 Dept.), 54—Moderately vigorous, spreading branches. First fruited in 1896 (one-fourth bushel). Growth one and one-half feet. Fruit resembles Rhode Island Greening. Lead Apple (3 M, 277), 23 and 41—23, vigorous, spreading; branches leave the trunk nearly at right angles, so few crotches are formed. Growth one and one-half feet. Productive (one and one-half bushels in 1896). The variety which we have under the above name is apparently of the Aport family and is not the true Lead Apple as described by Budd. 41, (277), very vigorous, upright, compact, few branches, has a tendency to form crotches. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. It is possible that when this comes into bearing we shall find that we have the true Lead Apple, although in Bulletin No. 31, lowa Agricultural ORCHARD NOTES. 7s) College, Professor Budd refers to No. 277 as Swinsovka, a mem- ber of the Lead Apple family but not identical with 3M, the true Lead. Further study is evidently necessary. Longfield (161), 36—Vigorous and very productive. Growth two feet. Fruit of medium size, conical, yellow with red cheek. Good for cooking and for dessert. Season September to Janu- ary. In common with most of the Russian varieties, it drops badly and must be harvested early. Valuable. Losovka (4 Orel), 1—Tree in rather a low situation, badly broken by snow and careless workmen in 1892. Recovered and making a vigorous growth at the present time. Foliage thick and leathery. Of vigorous spreading habit. Growth the present season two feet. No fruit. Mallett, 14—Upright, compact, vigorous with few branches. Growth two and one-half feet. No fruit. October, 81—One of Gideon’s Seedlings. Moderately vigor- ous, spreading; few branches; very productive (one and one- half bushels in 1896). Wood well matured: Growth one foot. Fruit small, conical, yellow, washed and splashed with carmine. Flesh white, crisp, acid. A handsome fruit, good for cooking. Orel No. 7, 3—Very vigorous, spreading. Foliage thick, heavy, resembling Losovka in this respect. Growth two feet. No fruit. Ostrakoff (4 M), 24 and 33—24, vigorous, upright, spreading, with few stout branches and heavy dark foliage. No fruit. 33, young tree set in 1896. Peter, 79—One of Gideon’s Seedlings. Moderately vigorous, spreading; very productive. The habit of the tree as well as the character of the fruit shows the crab parentage. Wood well matured. Growth one foot. Bore a full crop of fruit in 1895 and 18096. Red Queen (316), 45—Upright, sturdy, compact, with few branches. Bore a few specimen fruits in 1896. These were conical, greenish-yellow with blush cheek. Season winter. It is questionable whether this is rightly named. Repka Aport (261), 40—Resembles Alexander. Produced a full crop of fruit which checked the growth to a certain extent. Growth one foot. Repka, 5—Young tree set in 1896. Growth six inches. 76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Russian Gravenstein, 35—Very vigorous and spreading. Pro- ductive. A promising autumn fruit of about eae season of Duchess, which it somewhat resembles. Sandy Glass, 32—Upright, sturdy with handsome dark foliage. Growth one foot. A second growth started late in the season. But two fruits were produced. Saunkernaty, 1&8—Very vigorous, spreading, branches numer- ous. Foliage small, but thick and with a heavy pubescence. Fruited for the first time in 1896 (one-half bushel). Fruit small, green, of fair quality. Season winter. May be of value in the north. Silken Leaf (75 M), 34—Vigorous, spreading, dark in wood and foliage. Moderately productive. Growth two feet. Fruit small, conical, greenish-yellow overlaid with red. Sklanka, 16—Very vigorous, upright, hardy. Growth two fectany Nopiatits Skruischapfel, 17—Very vigorous, upright and compact. Branches few and stout. Hardy and productive. Three pecks of fruit this year. Fruit small, of poor quality and drops badly. Striped Winter, 11—Moderately vigorous, spreading. Light colored in wood and foliage. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. Inclined to make a second growth in autumn. Sweet Pippin (5 Orel), 2—An upright, vigorous grower. Foli- age smaller and thinner than the preceding. Average growth two feet. No fruit. Swinsovka, 4—Moderately vigorous, upright, spreading; broad thick leaves of moderate size. Growth one foot. No fruit. Table Apple, 1j—Very vigorous, spreading, branches freely. Foliage thick, leathery, and densely pubescent on under side, of characteristic dark bluish-green color. Growth two feet. Single specimen of fruit produced in 1896. Small, roundish, oblate, green, stalk short, slender in narrow cavity. Calyx small enclosed in a broad shallow basin. Tiesenhausen, 38—Upright, sturdy, vigorous, productive. Growth two feet. Fruit small and worthless for New England. Tetofsky, 75 and 76—75, young tree set in 1895. Vigorous, upright, compact. Few stout branches. Very large leathery ORCHARD NOTES. Tf foliage. 76, the identity of this tree is doubted. We shall give description later. Titovka, 69>—Very vigorous, upright; has a tendency to form crotches. Few but stout branches. Growth two feet. No fruit. Titus, 1o—Very vigorous, spreading, shoots stout and dark colored. Foliage large, thick and leathery, with heavy pubes- cence on the under side. Growth one foot. First fruited in 1896 when two specimens were produced. Fruit very large and showy, but coarse grained. Ukraine (290), 42—Upright, vigorous, compact, hardy and productive. Growth one and one-half feet. The fruit is large and handsome. Season September. Good for cooking. Vargulek (12 M), 26—In habit of growth like the preceding. Inclined to form crotches. Rather slender for the heavy load of fruit (one and one-half bushels in 1896), which checked the growth somewhat. Growth one foot. Fruit small to medium, greenish-yellow with stripes and splashes of crimson. Quality good. Drops badly. | 38 Voronesch, 53—Moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Few branches. Growth one foot. Very productive. Fruit of Duchess type, but two weeks earlier. 50 Voronesch, 54—Vigorous, upright, compact. Branches long, but stout. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. Wealthy, 68—Low, vigorous habit. Very productive (two bushels fruit in 1896). In spite of heavy crop made a growth of one foot. This is the best of the seedlings sent out by Peter M. Gideon of Minnesota. Io M, 25—Very vigorous, upright, compact, with compara- tively few but stout branches. Growth one and one-half feet. Very productive, but the fruit drops badly. Season September. Fruit small, conical, greenish-yellow with splashes of red; of poor quality. 13 M, 27—Vigorous, upright, compact, with dark heavy foli- age. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. 18 M, 29—Upright, spreading with numerous long slender branches. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. 984, 51—Moderately vigorous; spreading, few branches. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 387, 12—Moderately vigorous, spreading. Removed to pres- ent location in 1892. Growth one and one-half feet. No fruit. Of the varieties above mentioned the following are at pres- ent regarded as most promising: Aport, Arabskoe, Golden Reinette, Hibernal, Lead Apple, Longfield, Russian Graven- stein, Vargulek. The Gideon /Seedlines, Excelsior, October and we eten vane very productive and good for cooking but are not specially val- uable save in the colder parts of the State. IV. ORCHARD WORK IN AROOSTOOK COUNTY. In the spring of 1890 fifty varieties of Russian apples were sent to E. W. Merritt, Houlton, and a duplicate lot to J. W. Dudley, Mapleton. The lot sent to Mapleton was divided, one- half being placed with Edward Tarr. All of the trees sent to Mapleton were placed in nursery rows till they should fruit. Trees placed with E. W. Merritti—Mr. Merritt set his trees in a young orchard, and has given them good care up to the present time. Some of the varieties have fruited abundantly and proved of considerable value. The following table gives Mr. Merritt’s observations concerning such of these trees as have fruited. ORCHARD NOTES. 79 MR. MERRITT’S NOTES ON RUSSIAN APPLES. bas A VARIETY. A Habit of growth. ae 2 | Be 5 2 B 8 Poe eee) a (7 = 4mRE/ HS || o | a JATIN oGoabo ObeoS 1890} Very VigOrous .....-s.eeree 1 |1896/Good| 7] Ist, | L. W. Anthony ........... IEG G@erilosonpcsdodod. 6dbandocue0 1 /1896;Good| 9} Ist, | L. W. JNFNOIAH Sopsoongeogs6 1890} Very vigorous......... «.. 3 |1896/Good| 41] 3d, | E. W Aport Seedling....|1890} Poor ...... ..-..ssseees soe 3 |1896}Good| 5 | 8d, | E..w Aport Virent...... SOO |ietarstevarotetaleteisielereistereisveteleiolelalaletelors 3 |1896;Good| 4 2d, | BE. W Arabsk0e .. s..s0e 1890| Upright ... . . .........5..| 1 [1895|Gooa] 9 | ist, | L. W Blackwood .......- 1888] Vigorous, upright......... 1 |1895|Good} 5 | 2d, | Fall. GCOMGIETIA REMNEWES. cal hi) coocode56 cpodoo GoconoG0ddDS 1 |1896}Good| 8 | Ist, | L. W. Golden White..... 1888} Medium, upright.......... 1 |1895}Good| 5 | 3d, | L. F. Mhibermalss seeeeere |1e90 | WASOLOUS se eessesecsclescs ese 1% |1895|Good| 6] 3d, | L. W. Koursk .........-. HO Erodes cooecobaqdaas00s0g0000 1 /1896}Good| 6 | 2d, | L. W. Koursk Reinette..|1890| Vigorous ............+.2s+- % |1895}Good| 8&8 | Ist, | E. W. IGE! Sucodadoeoes..00 NW | Cores sodonsoboogcocconanon0 1 |1896}Good| 6 | Ist, | L. W. Longfield .......... TEGO! Cxoxoyel! onoavsada0) aosooonodGs 1 |1895|Good| 10 | 1st, | L. W. No. 5 Orel.......... 1890) VASOLOUS cece. cere 4 sce % |1896|Good| 8 | Ist, | L. W. Ostrakoff .......... 1890) Very vigorous ...... ...... 1 |1896/Good| 7 | Ist, | W. Silkeenieeiacecicion ese WEED) “Cxorveelaaasc’ ceocooauasuoada00S 1 |1895|Gooda| 7 | 3a, | BE. W. Switzer .........0.. 1888] Vigorous, spreading ...... 1 /1895) Very| 7 | 2d, | Fall. ANTON ALE Godowoco00Go 1888| Very vigorous, upright...| 2 |1894 Pee 9 | 1st, | Fall. Vargulek «-.3 2... 1890} Good......... boguea soaKo0c0D 1 1896 Coen 5 | 3d, | H.W. * Quality in this table is but relative. Those ranked as first quality are but second when compared with standard sorts. Abbreviations: F—fall; W—winter; E—early; L—late. Concerning the above list Mr. Merritt writes: “I do not con- sider any worth propagating unless the tree ranks seven in pro- ductiveness and the fruit one in quality. The quantity is indi- cated more particularly with reference to use for dessert pur- poses. The trees mentioned in the table are all hardy, and good growers, but some of the trees sent have not come into bearing and are poor growers. Some seemed determined not to grow and have been replaced with trees of approved varieties.” 80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Trees Placed With J. W. Dudle of the varieties sent to Mapleton have already been described in the notes on the Experiment Station orchard. The two lots, however, are not quite comparable, since the trees at the Experiment Sta- tion have received more thorough culture and are not crowded into nursery rows. Because of the more vigorous growth of the former, fruiting has in some cases been delayed. The following notes represent the present status of the trees entrusted to Mr. Dudley: Aport (252)—Vigorous, upright, spreading. In habit of growth and in fruit resembles the Alexander. First fruited in 1896 (a few specimens). As before remarked, the term Aport applies to a family of apples which includes the Alexander and some other varieties. Aport Ourent.—There is some doubt as to the identity of this variety. The tree is very vigorous and productive. Fruit large, handsome and promising and will receive further atten- tion. Arabka, (No. 257)—Broken over by snow several times. At present about the size of a good two-year-old tree and now vigorous. Arabskoe—Hardy, healthy, vigorous. First fruited in 1896 (one half bushel). Worthy of propagation. Bogdanoff—Tree upright with thick leathery foliage. First fruited in 1896. Fruit large, smooth and highly colored. eco Season winter. Borsdorf, (356)—Upright, vigorous, spreading. First fruited in 1896 (a few specimens). Cross Apple, (No. 413)—Moderately vigorous, light colored in bark and foliage. First fruited in 1896 (one-fourth bushel). Golden Reinette—Moderately vigorous and spreading. First fruited in 1895 (one-fourth bushel). The fruit is much smaller than on the tree in the Station orchard. Grandmother, (No. 469)—Badly injured by the snow in 1891. Recovered and though a small tree, bore some fruit in 1896. Resembles Vargulek. Green Crimean, (No. 399)—Injured by snow in 1891, but recovered and is now making a moderately vigorous growth. ORCHARD NOTES. SI Limbs have a characteristic horizontal growth. Its habits do not correspond with the habits of the Green Crimean as described by Professor Budd. Green Sweet—Injured by snow in 1891. Now making a vig- orous spreading growth. Has not yet fruited. Lead Apple, (No. 277)—Vigorous, upright, with few stout branches. Twelve to fifteen inches growth. Has not fruited. Losovka, (No. 4, Orel)—Vigorous, spreading, with thick leathery foliage. Blossomed in 1896, but no fruit matured. Red Queen, (No. 316)—Injured by snow in 1891 and 1892. Now making a very vigorous growth. Resembles Tetofsky in habit. Repka A port, (No. 261)—This variety was evidently killed and a sprout from the stalk has been allowed to grow. Rolfe—This variety, seven years from the bud, bore one-half bushel the present season and has proved vigorous and hardy from the first. It is in a somewhat protected situation, but promises well for Aroostook county. Silken Leaf (75 M)—Vigorous, spreading. Fruited in 1895 and also in 1896. Promising. Titus—Very vigorous, spreading, with few stout branches and large leathery leaves. Blossomed in 1896 but matured no fruit. Vargulek, (12 M)—Broken by snow in 1891. Now making a moderately vigorous, upright growth. First fruited in 1895. The fruit is small, rather showy, but very acid and is not of special value. 38, Voronesch—Vigorous, upright, spreading, with thick foli- age. Fruited in 1895 and also in 1896. Resembles Duchess, but two or three weeks earlier. 50, Voronesch—Moderately vigorous, spreading, with long willowy shoots. First fruited in 1896 (one-half dozen speci- mens). 20 M—A vigorous, upright tree. Bore fruit somewhat simi- lar to Duchess. Evidently wrongly named. No. 378—Vigorous, upright. Injured by snow in 1891 and 1892 and has never fruited. Trees Placed With Edward Tarr—The most promising varie- ties in Mr. Tarr’s collection are the following: 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Early Sweet—Vigorous, upright, spreading. _ First fruited in 1896 (one-half bushel). Fruit of medium size, yellow, juicy, sweet. Valuable for the north. Revel Borsdorfer—Very vigorous, spreading, hardy, produc- tive. Resembles King in habit of growth. Fruit large, coni- cal, yellowish-white, washed and splashed with carmine. Flesh crisp, agreeably acid. Good. Season late autumn and early winter. Very promising. Royal Table—Very vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. First fruited in 1894. One and one-half bushels in 1896. Russian Gravenstein—V ery vigorous, upright, spreading, with heavy dark foliage. Fruit medium, conical, ribbed, yellow splashed with red, calyx large, closed, in a shallow, irregular basin. Stem one and one-half inches, stout and rather deep cavity. Flesh rather coarse, white, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk sub-acid. Good. Season September. As grown in Aroos- took county this variety is some two weeks later than at the Station and the fruit is smaller. Striped Winter—Vigorous, upright, spreading. Branches sparingly. First fruited in 1894; one-half bushel in 1806. Other varieties in Mr. Tarr’s collection which are of more or less value are: Anis, Antonovka and Mallett. Orchard Work at Perham.—As stated in a former report* arrangements were made in 1891 by which a large num- ber of varieties of fruits have been sent to the farm of Mr. James Nutting, Perham, Aroostook county. Mr. Nutting died in 1893, but the work has been continued, under the supervision of the writer, by Mr. Oliver Y. Nut- ting, to whom much credit is due. The cions set in bearing trees in 1891 made a vigorous growth and most of them have borne some fruit. The close planting and rank growth of the Duchess trees used as stocks have, however, seriously affected the size and quality of the fruit. Aside from the question of hardiness, therefore, the value of many of the different varieties can not as yet be stated. In 1892 cions of sixteen varieties were crown, grafted on Duchess seedling stocks. Others were added the following year. In 1895 all that were of sufficient size (13 varieties) were * Report Maine Experiment Station 1891, p. 97. ORCHARD NOTES, 83 planted in the orchard and the past season several more were set. At present the young trees are growing finely. The varieties included in the list are the following: Arthur, Okobena, Bethel of Vermont, Ostrakoff, Duchess Seedling No. 8, Patten’s Greening, Korsk Anis, Prolific Sweeting, Longfield, Shiawassee Beauty, McMahon, Titus. North Star, Besides the apples above mentioned there are on trial at present several varieties of plums and cherries, all of which are proving hardy and many of which promise to be of value. The list of plums includes the following Russian sorts: Bessara- bian, Early Red, Hungarian Prune, Moldavaka, Voronesch Yellow, White Nicholas, 19 and 20 Orel. In addition to these are Cheney, Rollingstone, Wolf, and Wyant of the Americana elass:y: The cherries include Griotte du Nord, Orel Sweet and 23 Orel. Mr. Nutting reports as follows on these fruits: “None of the plums sent by you have produced fruit in such abundance as Mooers’ Arctic, but they are not yet as old as the latter. “The cherries are growing well and all but one bore some fruit last year. Orel Sweet and Griotte du Nord are very promising.” NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. W. M. Munson. Eternal vigilance and the exercise of good judgment, both in the management of the crops and in marketing, are far more important than adherence to set rules in conducting successful gardening operations in winter. The grower must possess a love for the business, and must give personal attention to all of the details. All instructions must be regarded as suggestive rather than as rules to be rigorously applied. These consider- ations being recognized, and the requisite energy being thrown into the work, the business may be very profitable in many localities. The risks in forcing vegetables are great. For this reason it is advisable to begin in a small way and develop with the busi- ness. One must learn how to ventilate, to water, to manage his furnace, and to market. This experimental work is best done, at first, on a small scale. Again, it will in general be necessary to create a special market for winter-forced vegeta- bles and this must be gradually accomplished. In Maine we cannot hope to compete with the growers of Massachusetts in supplying the large wholesale markets, but must depend upon our own larger cities and towns for a market. For this reason a “fancy” market near at hand should be sought. Aside from the cost of constructing glass houses, the most important items of expense to be considered are the fuel and the labor. The cost of these items can be only approximately estimated, since they will vary with local conditions. A single house standing alone, covering 2,000 square feet of surface, will require not far from twenty-five tons of coal for the year, if a temperature suitable for tomatoes and cucumbers is to be maintained. For lettuce and radishes considerably less is needed. Several houses standing together will require propor- | ET HSNOH NHWUSN NI GOOLLYT NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 85 tionately less fuel. In the Station forcing houses, covering approximately 4,500 square feet of glass and an office building, about sixty tons per year are used. One good man with occasional help should be able to do all the work in houses covering 4,000 square feet of ground if the arrangements are convenient. I. THE HOUSES USED FOR WINTER GARDENING. 1. Cold Frames. The simplest form of glass structure in common use is the ordinary cold frame. This consists of a box of greater or less extent covered with a sash or sashes. The ordinary sash used in gardening work is 3x6 feet. The cold frame used in com- mercial operations is made by simply placing boards on edge about six feet apart and laying the sash across them, the ordi- nary soil of the garden being used. The boards are held in place by driving stakes inside and out and by occasional cross pieces. It is well that one side should be about three or four inches higher than the other in order that the rays of the sun light may be received a little more directly and that the water in case of rain shall run off more freely. For amateur gardens a little more care is usually exercised. A frame twelve to fifteen feet or more in length is made, the back side being twelve inches, the front side nine inches high, with pieces of 2x4 in the corners to hold the boxes together. Sashes are then put across as before indicated. In this way the heat of the sun is utilized in warming up the soil earlier in the spring, and plants may be started several weeks earlier than would be possible in the open ground. Aside from its use in start- ing early plants the cold frame is little used in “winter garden- ing.” 2. Hot Beds. The hot bed is similar to a cold frame with the addition of some artificial means of raising the temperature of the soil. The usual means employed is that of fermenting manure. In preparing a hot bed, it is well to dig a pit about two feet deep and if a permanent bed is desired, this may be either planked up or bricked up to keep out mice. The hot bed is not prac- 86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ticable for use in midwinter, but may be made as early as March for the starting of early tomatoes, cabbage plants, etc. In starting a hot bed, fresh, rather strawy manure is used. Horse manure is preferable for this purpose, but sheep manure is sometimes used; that from highly fed animals is best. The manure should be placed in large piles as taken from the stable and turned occasionally to prevent overheating. When the bed is started a layer of manure about six inches deep is placed at the bottom and thoroughly tramped. Then another layer is put in in the same way and so on successively until the pit is full. In case there is not much straw or litter in the manure, alternate layers of leaves may be used to good advantage. This will prevent too rapid fermentation and will make the bed last much longer. When the pit is filled, a frame similar to the one already described is placed over it and from four to six inches of rich soil are added. The pit for the manure is made about six inches wider than the frame in order that the soil may be heated evenly clear to the edges of the boxes. In the management of hot beds and cold frames great care is necessary or damage will result from fluctuations in temper- ature. The volume of air is so small that the atmosphere is quickly affected by outside conditions. After making the frame a thermometer should be placed within the frame and no seed should be sown until the tempera- ture of the soil has receded toabout 80°. In sunny weather con- stant care is necessary to prevent the burning of the plants. An hour’s neglect will sometimes ruin a season’s work. It is a good plan to have shades of light cloth to put upon the beds in April and May to avoid this danger. These are best made by tacking pieces of light cotton cloth, which has been soaked in linseed oil, upon wooden frames the same size as the sash. Heavy straw mats are also necessary to protect the beds from cold at night. Sometimes instead of the single frames described, hot beds are made double, the center being somewhat higher than the sides. In this case, bottom heat is often supplied by means of a flue or hot water pipes instead of fermenting manure. In NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 87 general, however, for commercial purposes a cheap forcing house is to be preferred to the “fire hot bed,’ as such a house may be put up at but little greater expense and the cost of maintaining is but little more, whereas the work may be done much more easily and satisfactorily than is possible with the hot bed. In short, a forcing house may be described as a hot bed large enough to get inside of. 3. The Forcing House. a. The Lean-to:—The lean-to or shed-roof house is a natural development of the cold frame or hot bed, and temporary houses may very easily be made by placing ordinary hot bed sash by the side of a wall. This form has the advantage of cheapness in that the sides of a building may be utilized, but it has the disadvantage of allowing light to come in from only one side. A lean-to house should naturally be placed upon the south side of the wall or building. b. The Uneven-Span House:—The form in most common use at the present time is the so called two-thirds or three-fourths span house. It is similar to a lean-to excepting that the peak has been cut off, thus doing away with a large amount of waste space and allowing more light to come in. In general, houses of this description are placed east and west with the long slope to the south. Recently there has been some discussion con- cerning the merits of the practice of placing the short slope to the south. The advantages claimed for this practice being that the rays of the sun are much more directly received by the sharper angle; that the snow slides off more quickly; and a third doubtful advantage claimed is that on the north side the long slope will retain the snow to a certain extent and thus shut out cold drafts. The uneven span house is the form almost universally used for the growing of roses and for most com- mercial purposes. Figure 1 represents such a house at the Experiment Station, which is used for growing lettuce. 88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Fic. 1. UNEVEN-SPAN HOUSE. In making an tneven-span house the angle of the long span with the horizontal is about thirty to thirty-five degrees; that of the short side thirty-five to forty-five, sometimes more. - c. The Even-Span House:—This form, figure 2,is used mainly for narrow propagating houses and for conservatories rather than for commercial forcing houses. It is seldomused in a house more than sixteen feet in width. Even-span houses should be placed with the ridge running north and south. They have the advantage of admitting the sunlight on all sides of the plants. NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. &9 4. Construction of Houses. a. Walls and Foundations—From the nature of the super- structure it is evident that while the foundation of the forcing house need not be specially heavy it must be very rigid. There must be no displacement from lateral pressure nor must there be a possibility of heaving from the action of the frost. If practicable a foundation of cement or stone is desirable, but ordinarily commercial houses are built without such foundation. The best green house wall is that which at the least expense is perfectly rigid, is durable and will effectually shut out drafts of cold air. A cheap and effective wall is readily made by the use of posts and matched boards. In building such a wall as this, posts are set about four feet apart and in this climate at least four feet deep, that there may be no danger of heaving. The posts should be as uniform in size as possible, about five or six inches being large enough. It is well to place a flat stone in the bottom of the hale before setting the post. A sheet of tarred paper is then tacked on each side of the posts and out- side of this the sheathing is placed. Along the top of the posts should be placed a two-inch strip equal in width Plate 349 to the thickness of the posts, and above this the plate. The plate should be about 3x9 inches and bevelled on the top so that moisture may run off read- ily. It should be grooved on the under side to receive the matched boarding and thus shut off all possi- bility of the entrance of cold air. It should also haveanother groove nearer the edge to prevent the backing up of water into the joint formed with the boards. When completed the plate Fig. 3. A CHEAP WALL. will then project one inch beyond the wall as shown in figure 3. A wall of this description may be built very cheaply and under ordinary conditions will last ten to fifteen years. The posts 7 go MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. should of course be selected with care and cedar or locust should be used. Brick and tile are sometimes used for green house walls. There is always danger, however, that because of excessive moisture and frequent changes in temperature such a wall will not prove durable. The brick wall which appeals to me most strongly is one used by Professor Green of Minnesota.* This consists of a four-inch brick wall on each side of a three-inch hollow tile with a one-inch air space on each side of the tile— thus making a thirteen-inch wall. In-this wall we have three separate dead-air spaces, an arrangement from which we should expect excellent results. Such walls, are, however, very expen- sive and not advised for ordinary commercial purposes. Some of the houses at the Experiment Station have been built with a double brick wall with an intervening air-space of about two inches. This arrangement is fairly satisfactory provided the brick used are well burned. In any case it is important that the two courses be tied together at frequent intervals. b. Roofs:—As already indicated, the simplest form of green house roof is made by the use of ordinary hot bed sash. This form has been modified to a certain extent in the building of orchard houses and other like structures with temporary roofs. In such cases a permanent wooden or iron frame is constructed and sash are put in place whenever the houses are desired for use. At the present time, however, some form of per- manent sash bar is considered preferable. Sometimes raiters of 2x4 stuff are placed about six or seven feet apart to give rigidity to the roof, but the tendency at the present time is to use rather heavy sash bars and omit the rafters. In this climate, because of the excessive falls of snow to which we are liable, sash bars about 2x2 1-2 inches should be used. Purlins should also be placed at frequent intervals. All supports may best be made of gas pipe or small steam pipe rather than of wood. The object in all of the details of construction should be to shut out as little light as possible. The gas pipe purlins may be made to serve the double purpose of supporting the roof and of carrying the water where desired. This method is followed in some of the larger commercial establishments. It has been * Bulletin 7, Minnesota Experiment Station. Ey NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. Ol suggested that these purlins be utilized in conducting steam for heating, but the advisability of such a practice is questionable because of the alternate contraction and expansion which would follow and the consequent disturbance of the glass. Each sash bar is held in place by means of an iron strap. A ridge pole of 2x5 stuff is generally used. This should be grooved at the sides to receive the glass, as shown in the figure. c. Glass:—In general it is better to get second quality double thick glass of pretty good size. We prefer 14x22 or 16x24 although because of the lower price on smaller sizes it is com- mon among florists to use 12x15, this being the largest size at the low prices. Belgian glass is more expensive than the American product but is superior to the latter. In some sec- tions heavy plate glass is employed. Of course this latter is very expensive, but it is very durable. There is a common notion that a flaw or bubble in the glass is likely to serve as a lens and result in burning foliage. Such, however, is not the case as was shown bysome very careful work conducted by Mr. J. C. Blair at Cornell University during the past year; but glass of a wavy character or of uneven thickness should be discarded. It is glass of this character that causes the trouble. 5. Ventilating and Ventilating Machines. In general, ample provision should be made for ventilation. The object of ventilation is to purify the atmosphere rather than to lower the temperature and provision should be made whereby the outside air may be admitted near the base of the house as well as at the ridge. The ventilators should extend the whole length of the house, rather than be confined to a few small sashes. It is better to raise the whole line a little than to raise a few sashes to a greater extent, as in the latter case there is danger of injury from cold drafts. Many growers prefer that the ventilators should spring from the ridge, as in this way the warmest air will escape and it is claimed that the house may be kept cooler in very hot weather. In our own experience, however, we prefer to have two lines of ventilators operated independently. In this way, provided the ventilators are hinged at the ridge, we may avoid direct drafts in case of Q2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. high winds. The ventilating sash should, if possible, be from two to three feet wide and should be continuous for the whole length of the house. There are several styles of ventilating apparatus, among the more prominent of which are the Hippard, manufactured by E. Hippard of Youngstown, Ohio; and the Challenge, manufac- tured by the Quaker City Machine Company, Richmond, Ind. The latter has been, perhaps, one of the most satisfactory with us. Another style which we have in our houses is the so called automatic cable ventilator manufactured by A. Q. Wolf & Bro., Dayton, Ohio. This style has the merit of cheapness and thus far has been very satisfactory with us. We have had it in operation for three years. The Rochefort apparatus, now on sale by Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia, is an English machine which acts on the same principle as that made by Wolf Bros. This has been used but very little in this country. The auto- matic ventilator, manufactured by the Chadbourne-Kennedy Company, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., is an expensive machine, costing $50, but with us has proved very satisfactory. An extended discussion need not be given in this connection because it is not likely to be of general use among commercial gardeners. In the extensive houses of W. K. Harris, Phila- delphia, the machine is, however, exclusively employed and is regarded very highly. 6. Methods of Heating. Whatever method of heating is used it is well first to con- sider the cost, the efficiency, the durability and the economy both of fuel and attendance. The method of conveying smoke and other products of combustion through the house by means of brick or tile flues has in the main been superseded by the modern methods of steam and hot water heating. The first cost of flues is certainly light and the fact that they are still used by florists in many parts of the country is sufficient proof of their efficiency, but they are not economical and there is always danger of leakage and the escape of coal gas which is very destructive to plant life. In the large lettuce houses which supply the Chicago markets, however, this method of heating is still very commonly used. ——— NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 93 In modern green house heating we have only to consider two general systems—steam and hot water in closed circuits. Each system has its ardent champions; each has its advantages and its faults. Both claim economy of fuel and ease of control as specially strong points. It is claimed that the hot water heaters require less attention than steam heaters. This, how- ever, is a doubtful advantage save at night as frequent atten- tion to the fires is essential to the most economical use of fuel. On the other hand, fewer boilers are required to heat a large plant if steam be used and the first cost of piping for steam is very much less than for hot water. There is no doubt that in the economy of construction and in efficiency, when the circuit is very crooked, steam has the advantage. On the other hand, there is less fluctuation in temperature with hot water. In selecting a hot water heater, observe the amount and arrangement of direct heating surface, the arrangement of water sections in the heater, the ease of cleaning and the readiness with which leaks may be mended. MHorizontal sections are usually most efficient. For steam heating an ordinary second-hand horizontal flue boiler, condemned for high pressure work, will be found cheap and satisfactory. 7. Pipes and Piping. The common practice both with steam and hot water at present is to carry the “riser” or flow pipe to the farther end of the house and there distribute heat by means of smaller return pipes. If practicable there should be a gradual ascent in the flow pipe from the furnace to the point of distribution in the returns. There should then be a gradual descent of the return pipes to the furnace. The size of pipe best suited for returns depends upon the length of the coils and also to a cer- tain extent upon their height above the heater. In general, two inch pipe is to be preferred if hot water is used and one inch or one and one-quarter inch with steam. We sometimes use one and one-half inch pipe for hot water circuits, but unless the coils are very short the friction reduces the efficiency of the apparatus. Q4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. There has been much discussion as to the relative merits of placing the pipes overhead in the house or under benches. In general, we have found that a combination of the two systems is preferable. 8. Internal Arrangements and General Management. a. Beds and Benches.—There is a great difference in opinion, as well as in practice, concerning the use of shallow benches or of solid beds in forcing houses. In the great lettuce houses of Arlington, Mass., the solid bed is exclusively used, while the famous Grand Rapids lettuce of Michigan is grown entirely upon shallow beds in flue heated houses. In general, however, we would advocate solid beds for plants requiring no bottom heat, such as cauliflower, lettuce, radishes, etc.; while for semi- tropical plants like melons, cucumbers, beans and tomatoes, benches are preferable. Built as they usually are of waste lumber, benches are short lived and must be renewed in from three to five years, but with a little extra care and attention their durability may be doubled. If wooden legs are used, raise them above the level of the soil and place a stone or brick under them. A better plan, however, is to use old steam pipe for legs and allow the pipe to extend to the top of the front boards, thus holding the latter firmly in place. Another important consideration in making benches in the green house is that a space be left next to the wall that the hot air from beneath may circulate freely next to the glass and that the plants be not injured by cold drip from the roof. If the sup- ports be of wood, it is specially important that paint be used very freely. In all benches provision should be made for drain- age by leaving cracks between the bottom boards. Instead of boards, slate or tile is sometimes used. The latter is preferable, but either of these is of course much more durable than wood and is a better conductor of heat. For ordinary purposes, however, wood will probably continue to be mainly used. b. The Soil:—The soil for use under glass should, as a rule, be more sandy than that usually called “good garden loam.” The reason for this is evident. We know that, other things being equal, plants make a more rapid growth and mature more quickly on warm sandy soils than on heavy loams, and it NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 95 is just this quick growth that we must have in the forcing house. The atmosphere is quiet and is so moist that evapora- tion is reduced to a minimum in the house, and heavier soils are very liable to become sour or in bright sunny weather to lose their water quickly and become hard and “dead.” A good general rule for forcing house soils is to use two parts of sand, two parts of well rotted manure and two parts of loam from the garden or of turf from an old pasture. Freshly prepared soils will never give satisfactory results in the house. For this reason a large quantity of prepared soil should be kept on hand in a convenient place. Rotted sod is the best basis for green house soils. Our own practice is to get a quantity of sods from an old pasture and place these in layers, grass side down, in a regular stack. Alternating with layers of sod may be placed a liberal quantity of stable manure. The top of the heap should be flat or somewhat concave to retain the rain and hasten decay. Decay may also be hastened by a liberal use of lime while the stack is being made. The heap should be thoroughly forked over after a few months and again at the time of removing to the house. At the second handling any desired amount of sand may be added. c. The Water:—An abundant and unfailing water supply is essential. Where it is possible to use city water, this will be the best source of supply. Otherwise cisterns must be built or wells provided at considerable immediate expense. Rain water or river water is to be preferred if obtainable, but this is not imperative. When and how to supply the water is far more important than the source of supply, provided there is no injurious ele- ment present. The operation of watering is perhaps the most important factor of green house management. The older a gardener grows the more care he takes in watering, for care- lessness in this operation is the exciting cause of innumerable diseases of plants. It is the last operation an apprentice is taught and probably not one man in twenty is thoroughly com- petent in this direction. In all of the life processes of plants, water is an important factor; but it is well known that plants require very different amounts of water at different seasons, in different situations, or in different states of health. 96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. In applying water we must remember that each plant has an individuality which should be taken into consideration. Transpiration (giving off water) is a physiological and not a mechanical process. It is regulated by the vital action of the plant. The amount of water depends upon, (1) The kind of plant grown. The native home of a plant may suggest the amount of water needed. For instance, the cactus is a native of the desert and requires but little water, while the tomato is found in a moist region and requires a large amount of water. (2) The conditions as to health and disease. As above mentioned, the vital processes of diseased plants being less active, such plants will utilize less water and will be injured if kept too moist. (3) The nature of the soil. Retentive soils will, of course, require different treatment than will light sandy soils. The former, if given too much water, will very soon become heavy and water-soaked, while the latter will stand very liberal applications. (4) The atmosphere of the house. We must remember that the atmospheric conditions of the house are such that the amount of evaporation is greatly reduced. The plants, too, are thickly crowded together and the ground shaded. These facts will have an immediate bearing on the amount of water to be used at any one time. Naturally in bright sunny days much more water is used than in cloudy weather. Indeed, it is advisable to avoid watering so far as possible on cloudy days. d. When and How to Water:—In the winter it is rarely advisable to syringe plants or to do much heavy watering in the afternoon as the temperature would be lowered too much, thus favoring the development of fungi. In the summer, on the other hand, it is often advisable to water late in the after- noon in order to reduce the temperature. In general, morn- ing is the best time to apply water, and at this time the walks should be thoroughly wet down to keep the atmosphere moist. In any case the soil should be kept constantly moist. Plants like plenty of water to drink, but will not stand wet feet all of the time. Whether to apply the water in the form of a spray, wetting both the plant and the surface of the soil, will depend on the 0 bw te aha - NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 97 kind of crop grown. Roses and other hard wood plants will stand frequent spraying, and it is well to have the surface of the soil moist in the case of melons, cucumbers, etc. Some others, however, thrive best when the surface of the soil is kept dry, so with the latter it is well to force the water to the bottom of the bed in a solid stream, while with the former the thin spray is desirable. e. The Sunlight:—There is a marked difference in plants, even though closely related, in their ability to stand sunlight. The melon, for instance, will thrive in the strongest sunlight, while the cucumber, which is closely related, also tomatoes and lettuce do better if the roof is slightly shaded during the bright days of spring. The ill effect of direct sunlight is shown in the “burn” of lettuce and cucumber plants after a few days of cloudy weather. The bright sunlight dries the atmosphere of the house quickly and, according to Galloway, the rapid transpiration causes the breaking down of the tissues. The amount of sunlight is con- trolled by the use of shades or rollers or more often by paint- ing the roof. A lime white wash applied with a spraying pump is often recommended. This, however, is a temporary expe- dient as the lime soon washes off. A little salt added to the white wash will greatly increase its adhesive quality. In our own practice we generally use a thin paint of white lead and naphtha, and apply it with a brush. This wash is more dura- ble than the other, is neater, and if not too thick, is readily removed with a cloth or scrubbing brush whenever desired. f. Insects and Fungi:—The confined atmosphere and high temperature of the green house seem specially favorable to the development of insects and fungous enemies. One of the most common insect enemies is the aphis or green fly, so called. To. meet this enemy tobacco smoke is the best weapon. The house should be thoroughly fumigated at least once a week. Trays containing moistened tobacco stems placed upon the steam pipes are sometimes used with good effect. Snails and slugs are also troublesome. These may best be met by liberal applications of lime and by making traps by placing boards or pieces of potato around in various parts of the house and by hand picking. One of the most common 98 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. fungicides is potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur) which may be obtained at any drug store. This is applied by dissolving about one-half ounce in a gallon of water and spray- ing the plants. It is less conspicuous on the foliage than is the Bordeaux mixture and if used in season is very effective in keeping down most fungous diseases. Whenever a plant is observed to be diseased it should at once be removed and destroyed. “Eternal vigilance is the price of success.” II. VEGETABLES GROWN IN WINTER. In any garden work, and this is specially true of the winter garden, the secret of success is to have something on the ground constantly. It costs but little more to have some plants half grown and ready to take the place of the first crop when mar- keted than it does to devote the whole house to a crop and then wait several weeks for the next to come on. In case of plants not readily handled, “catch crops” may be grown in the interim. The most important crops used in winter gardening are: Lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers and radishes. Besides these staple crops, there are many of minor importance in themselves but which may form important factors in keeping up a succes- sion of crops or in utilizing otherwise waste space. Among these are: Asparagus, bean, cauliflower, cress, parsley, pep- Pet, ete. Lettuce. Lettuce is one of the most satisfactory crops for the beginner in greenhouse gardening. It is easily managed; requires a smaller outlay for a suitable house than is necessary for most crops; it is always in demand, and is not a total loss if not marketed within a certain limited time. The plate repre- sents the lettuce house at the Experiment Station as seen in January. The lower bench was at this time devoted to other purposes. It is often used, however, for carrying forward young plants. From three to four months are required for lettuce to attain the best condition for marketing, though with some- what strong bottom heat we have taken off a crop in ten weeks from the time the seed was sown. So in growing lettuce for NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 99 the winter markets, the seed for the first crop should be started as early as September 1, and other sowings should be made at intervals of about two weeks to insure a constant supply. Our own practice is to sow the seed in light, rich soil in flats—shallow boxes about 16x20 inches and two inches deep— and place the flats in a moderately warm and well ventilated room to induce rapid growth. A house kept at a night tem- perature of about fifty degrees is preferred. | When the first true leaves are well started, the young plants are pricked out about 2x2 inches in other flats or in shallow beds. Watering is carefully attended to and the soil is stirred frequently. About a month later the plants are transferred to permanent beds, being placed about 6x6 or 8x8 inches—the distance varying with the variety grown. Many successful growers practice handling twice before the final transfer, placing the young plants two inches apart at the first handling and four inches at the second. With the second and third crops this is, doubtless, a good practice as the main body of the house is thus more fully utilized. The soil for lettuce should be very rich, light and porous. On solid beds we also place a layer of fresh stable manure before putting in the soil; thus having, in effect, a large hot bed in the house. Before the second crop is put on the bed, the soil is enriched by a liberal quantity of well rotted stable manure. The quality of lettuce is exceedingly variable, depending largely on the conditions of growth. A good lettuce plant is of rather a yellowish green color and the leaves are thin and brittle. To be of the best quality lettuce must be grown rapidly. The element most important in securing rapid growth of foliage is nitrogen; this element we often apply in the form of nitrate of soda. Place about three ounces—a small hand- ful—of the nitrate of soda in a twelve quart can of water and sprinkle the soil thoroughly. In order that the nitrate be applied at the rate of 100 pounds per acre, each can of water should be distributed over a space about nine feet square (81.6 square feet). During the earlier stages of growth the plants may be watered freely with a coarse spray; but as the heads begin to form and the leaves cover the surface of the ground, we usually 100 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. water with a solid stream between the plants. Not infrequently the heading of the plants seems to be hastened by an occasional application of warm water. The marked success of the method of sub-irrigation already outlined will no doubt com- pletely change existing methods. In any case, the atmosphere should be kept moist by frequent spraying of the walks. The leaf surface of the lettuce plant is enormous, and the rapid transpiration in case the atmosphere is very dry will often seri- ously injure the plants. The temperature of the lettuce house may be varied consid- erably, though most growers prefer a night temperature of about forty-five degrees and a range of about twenty degrees during the day. In case it is desired to hold a crop in check for some special purpose, the house may be kept ten degrees lower than here indicated. On the other hand, we often force the crop for a short time by increasing the heat. But, in gen- eral, the conditions of temperature should be as nearly uniform as possible. Insect and fungous enemies must be closely watched. It is a good plan to strew tobacco stems or tobacco dust on the bed among the plants; and thorough fumigation once or twice a week is indispensable. Whenever a plant is affected with mildew it should at once be removed and the use of sulphur on the steam or hot water pipes is recommended. If the soil is stirred frequently, however, and if there is reasonable care in watering and in maintaining a uniform temperature, we are seldom troubled with mildew. One of the advantages claimed for the practice of sub-irrigation is that there is less liability of trouble from disease. The most profitable varieties to grow will depend entirely on the markets available. In New England there is very little demand for any but the cabbage lettuces, of which there is noth- ing better than White Seeded Tennis Ball, or a selected strain of this, known as Rawson’s Hot House. Of the curled-leaf varieties, Grand Rapids is most popular. The cabbage lettuces are more difficult to grow than the others and usually command a correspondingly higher price. In marketing, the heads are cut off at the surface of the ground and packed in barrels or crates for shipment. Many | ae fine TOMATOES AND BEANS UNDER GLASS. NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. IOI growers, however, prefer to pull the plants, carefully shaking off all dirt before packing. The demand is best and the prices are highest in February and March, at which time the heaviest crop should mature. In Boston and other eastern markets the prices range from sixty cents to $1 per dozen heads and often higher. Profits—Supposing the plants to be set 6x6 inches, we should have four plants per square foot. At sixty cents per dozen this would be twenty cents per square ioot for each crop or say fifty cents for the season, as the net proceeds from the | _house,—a very favorable showing when compared with other crops. Tomato. The improved facilities for shipping and the increased extent of the’ market gardening industry in the South have to a certain extent reduced the demand for hot-house tomatoes; they often bring $1 per pound, however, and seldom in mid winter fall below forty or fifty cents in the Boston markets. In New York competition is stronger and prices are lower, but in most cases the cost of growing and marketing will not exceed thirty or thirty-five cents. Even in the face of southern competition the tomato may be profitably grown, for there is always a demand on the part of some people for the best and the very novelty of hot-house fruit will often count for as much as its unquestioned superiority.* Cucumber. The secret of success in growing cucumbers is to have a light, rich soil, good light, strong bottom heat and uniformly high temperature. The ideal house for cucumbers is one which is large enough to allow the vines to attain a good size without interfering with each other; which has rather a flat roof and _ which will allow ventilation without permitting a draft to strike the plants. A large house is preferable to a small one as the temperature is less quickly affected by outside conditions. As a means of bottom heat, steam or hot water pipes may be used; or if the plants are grown in solid beds fermenting manure is often employed. In our own practice, the plants have been grown in shallow beds heated with steam or hot water. * For further notes concerning the forcing of tomatoes see Annual Report Maine Experiment Station 1894, p. 55. 102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Any time after the first of September the tables may be pre-- pared for the winter crop. A layer of potsherds or “clinkers’’ from the furnace is first spread upon the table to insure good drainage, then light, rich, fibrous soil to a depth of six or eight inches. No time spent in doing thoroughly the work of prepar- ation is wasted. Fic. 4. TYPES OF ENGLISH CUCUMBERS. Bist ar Ff ee ae ee NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 103 The seeds may be sown in the soil where they are to grow or may be started in pots and afterwards transplanted. We usually prefer the latter method. In either case a catch crop may be taken from the bench before the cucumbers are large enough to interfere. In some sections of the country the English forcing cucum- bers are highly prized and it is mainly to this class that atten- tion has been given at the Experiment Station. The cucumbers of this group are very large, varying from fifteen inches to two feet in length, and are practically seedless. The quality is of the best, but the demand for English cucumbers is limited to the fancy trade. Figure 4 represents three of the most popu- lar varieties. In New England the White Spine, or one of its improved forms, is almost universally grown, and the solid bed rather than the shallow bench is generally used. As already noted the crop is started any time after the first of September, but the common practice among the larger growers is to raise two and sometimes three crops of lettuce in the house before giving up the space to cucumbers. About December I cucumber seed is sown in a warm house over strong bottom heat. When well started, the young plants are transplanted once or twice to encourage root growth and by the first week in January are in five or six inch pots, and ready for planting out as soon as the lettuce is removed. Before setting the plants, trenches about one and one-half feet deep and a foot wide are dug about ten feet apart running the full length of the house. These are partly filled with fer- menting manure, which should be firmly packed as for a hot bed. The soil is then replaced in the trenches, and the plants set directly over the manure. The plants are set three and one-half feet apart, two plants at each point for training in opposite directions. Trellises are then made, by placing A shaped supports of iron or wood between each two rows. These supports reach from the bed nearly to the glass and horizontal wires are stretched over them. In this way a V shaped space is left at each row of plants. 104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The atmosphere should be kept moist and very warm. The temperature should never run below sixty at night and sixty- five is preferable. Radish. The radish is among the most easily forced of the vegetables, but in New England markets there is only a relatively small demand for it during the winter. It is best grown as a catch crop—as in the interim between lettuce and cucumbers in spring or between crops of beans—or a single bed may be devoted to this crop in the lettuce house. (See Plate.) It is usually supposed that the radish demands much the same conditions as lettuce, but in our experience better results have been obtained in a much higher temperature than is suitable for lettuce. The crop must be forced into a rapid and con- tinuous growth in order to secure the fresh, crisp roots that are desired. In rich soil and with sufficient water it is sometimes ready for market in twenty-one days from the seed. The red turnip-rooted varieties are the ones used mainly for forcing. Of these Cardinal Globe and Non Plus Ultra are among the best. White Box is a favorite in some markets. An important point to observe in marketing is that the rad- ishes in any given bunch be of uniform size. The wholesale market price will range from $2 to $4 per 100 bunches. A bunch usually takes about eight to twelve roots; varying with the size. In a general way, as pointed out by Galloway, it is found that about thirty-five per cent. of a given crop of radishes will reach marketable size in thirty-five to forty days, thirty per cent. requiring two to three weeks longer and the rest never mature. Now here is a chance for loss. If the whole crop is taken off when the first plants are mature—as is very desirable—we have no returns from about two-thirds of the ground occupied. On the other hand, if we wait for more of the plants to mature, the next crop is held back fully two weeks and in course of the season this means loss of time sufficient to grow one full crop. A solution for this difficulty is offered by Professor Galloway of the Department of Agriculture in a very careful study of the relation of the size and weight of seeds to the growth of plants. peer Ta, a es NOTES ON WINTER GARDENING. 105 In his studies of the radish Mr. Galloway found that, “large seed germinated more quickly and certainly and produced marketable plants sooner and more uniformly than small seeds.” He further concluded: “(1) By the use of large seed eighty-five to ninety per cent. of the crop may be brought in at the same time. “(2) Practically all the plants thus grown being market- able no ground is wasted. ; “(3) Enough time is saved by using large seed to grow one additional crop during the season. In other words, if four crops are grown, using mixed seed and waiting for plants to attain marketable size, five crops can be grown if large seed is planted. “(4) The only additional expense is the extra amount of seed used, all the smaller ones being sifted out and thrown away.” This extra expense will average perhaps twenty-five cents per pound of seed. But as one pound will plant about 1,500 square feet of ground, the item is not of great importance. Beans. Beans are easily forced and in many places form one of the best secondary catch crops. They are ready for picking in six to eight weeks from the time of sowing and may well be grown on the beds devoted to melons and cucumbers, before the latter need the whole space. The same soil and general conditions described for cucumbers are well suited for the crop. Beans may be started on the benches where they are to grow, or in pots—two or three beans in a three inch pot—and trans- planted in about two weeks. Successive crops are usually started in pots. Lack of heat in the early stages of growth may delay the crop for a month, so it is not the part of economy to delay heat- ing the house in the fall. A night temperature of about sixty degrees is found best. Special care is necessary in watering; the leaf surface, and consequently the transpiration of moisture, is enormous and there is danger that the soil may become dry from beneath. 8 106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. An occasional spraying does no harm, but in general it is best to water with a solid stream and see that the soil is thoroughly wet. Fic. 5. BEANS READY FOR MARKET. Growth should be continuous and rapid from the first. 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D.40) seeery Ssrpnajoauos wnwoblhjog Serr SSN VAYOLIL SNIUDLDULE “TT 22D b-vIShy) snyQUDULyY SOULNVUVW VY i i iri Se ee) Pete, conte AW AMMO VTE “LIPOLTE- AV A MOEA VS SSVUy) NVIIVONATY "WT AYW AUIVAILIND eh STOO avaOO “CUA M-ANIGG MOVTG NOLO) SA GCMLALDT WTLLVY MOUSE “SMUVNAY ‘daa ATIONODO—968T NI QHNINVXW SEINV Id “ANWVN NOWWOXD) NOTES ON PLANTS. IT3 WEEDS AND SEEDS. That weeds are increasing in Maine is apparent to anyone whose attention has been called to the matter. Scarcely a year goes by without the introduction of some new weed not previ- ously reported from the State. The spread on the farm, or from farm to farm of old acquaintances is of common occurrence. The weed question has become a serious one to the farmers of Maine. It is a hopeful sign that public opinion is becoming aroused on the subject. There are several causes for the introduction and spread of weeds, but they are largely under the control of farmers through personal attention and legal enactment. Weed seeds may get into the State in discarded ballast from vessels; through packing material from other states and coun- tries; on through cars; by migrating birds and other minor sources, although these latter causes are only occasional and accidental. By far the most serious and certain causes are the annual importation of seeds for planting and grain for feed. In later years farmers have grown less grain than formerly and the demand has steadily increased with our growing stock industry. We are more dependant than ever upon other states both for seeds and grain for feeding. With this foreign seed and grain have been introduced the weeds growing in the regions from which they came. Farmers have not been alive to the importance of not intro- ducing weeds into their fields and have been quite indifferent in regard to the quality of the seeds they have sown and the grain they have fed. They have not seen the importance of destroy- ing weeds in their fields when first introduced; have allowed them to overrun the farm and spread from farm to farm until the fighting of weeds has become a most serious problem. There being no laws against the selling of seeds and grain har- boring the seeds of bad weeds, dealers have taken no great pains to offer for sale a quality of seed better than the consumer demanded. Farmers in Maine are largely using a third grade seed when they could get a first grade by paying a little more for it. Dealers say that farmers often from choice take a poorer grade of seed when a better could be had at a few cents Ii4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. more per bushel. We learn that most of the seed sold in Maine is distributed from Chicago and goes through a screening pro- cess to get the weed seeds out. It is by no means thoroughly cleaned. That the ‘seed’ offered for “sale conlds be archer improved and the percentage of weed seeds reduced to a min- imum we have no doubt. All farmers have to do is to demand a clean seed and it will be grown. ‘The price would be higher, but it would be much cheaper in the end. We do not believe that a uniformly absolutely pure seed can be grown. Scattering weed seeds must be expected and farmers must be alive to destroy- ing the scattering weeds that appear in their fields the year they seed and the year following. The remedy would be to demand a purer seed and then carefully destroy the scattering weeds that spring up before they spread. We believe farmers have overlooked grain brought on the farm for feed, as a source of weeds. Wee believe more bad weeds are introduced this way than by seeds. The seed sold in Maine is screened, while that imported for feed is not screened. The latter would naturally harbor more weed seeds, as the cleaner grain is always selected for seed. Grain is scattered where the cars are unloaded and along highways from the centres of distri- bution to the farm. In feeding on the farm it gets into manure and thence into the fields. We learn from good authority that grain brought in by the carload for feed is sometimes retailed for seed,and that farmers knowingly,to save(?)a fewcents,sow such inferior seed. ‘To determine how far grain imported for feed is a source of weed distribution in Maine we addressed a letter to the Maine Central Railroad and received the following reply: Professor F. L. Harvey, Maine State College, Orono, Me:.: Dear Sir—TI have your communication of the 3rd inst., and beg to give you the information that the delivery of cars loaded with western grain is not confined to any one or to a few prin- cipal points along our line, but I am sorry to say, for your pur- pose, that such cars are regularly delivered at every station, though some may receive a larger proportion than others, and such stations I should say would be Portland, Brunswick, Bath, NOTES ON PLANTS. T15 Gardiner, Augusta, Waterville, Auburn, Lewiston, Winthrop, Oakland, Livermore Falls, Farmington, Skowhegan, Pittsfield, Newport, Dexter, Foxcroft, Belfast, Bangor, and on our White Mountain Division like Fryeburg, Brownfield, Cornish, Steep Falls and Sebago Lake. That western grain brought in by the carloard is often very foul with weed seeds will appear from the following: One party sent us a pound of seed oats irom the West, pur- chased from a local dealer who represented it as cleaned seed and charged several cents per bushel more for it. It was prob- ably unscreened grain from cars. An examination of this seed gave the following results: 1,160 mustard seeds, 576 black bind-weed, 111 goosefoot, 13 smartweed and sorrel, 28 flax seed, 20 grass seeds, several foxtail, 4 wild morning glory, 3 bugloss and several seeds of six different kinds of compositae, not identified. From another party we received samples of foul seed screened from oats bought for seed. Eight ounces of the foul seed con- tained as follows: Black mustard, English charlock, jointed charlock, shepherd’s purse, pigweed, bind-weed, smartweed, bugloss, flax seed, morning glory, several kinds of grass seed and compositae, and one seed that looked like the Russian thistle. Samples like the above are not uncommon. We have exam- ined western oats that were fully one-third by weight jointed charlock. The past season a weed new in Maine, the buffalo bur, came up where a carload of western grain was unloaded and screened. Every town where cars are unloaded is liable to become a centre of weed distribution. The only remedy for this is for farmers to use ground feed and not import whole grain. In the solution of the seed and weed question the following points may be worthy of consideration by the farmers of the State: 1. As far as possible seed grown in the State should be used. Even if such seed be weedy, no new weeds are likely to be intro- duced. Many farmers grow clean seed on their farms and thus escape the introduction of weeds. 116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2. Purchase the best the markets afford, as to plumpness, brightness and freedom from weed seeds. If dealers do not keep a satisfactory seed, demand better and it will be provided. It is best to buy early before the rush of planting time. 3. Farmers should watch their fields carefully, especially after seeding,and destroyany new weeds that appear before they seed and spread. ‘This is absolutely necessary, as seed entirely free from weed seeds is not on the market. 4. Farmers should be alive to the importance of clean cul- ture and the necessity of destroying weeds along roadsides, fence corners, hedge rows and waste places. Weeds take the food supply from plants grown for profit, reduce the yield per acre and are themselves worthless. It takes time and money to kill weeds and they yield no return. It becomes an endless job if weeds are allowed to propagate themselves about the fields and annually scatter a fresh supply of seeds. Better strike a blow at the sources of weed seeds. It would be cheaper in the end. 5. Railroad companies should be made responsible for not destroying weeds that spring up in car yards and about depots where cars of western grains are unloaded, and along railroad embankment where weeds frequently spring up from seed brought long distances in ballast or dropped from passing cars. It is unjust that the farming community should suffer from the . carelessness of corporations. Towns should be held responsible for allowing weeds to grow in the streets and roads, around lots, and in waste places, to become centres of distribution to farms. 6. Property owners, residents and non-residents should be responsible for harboring weeds along the roadsides fronting their property. This is desirable to protect careful farmers from their shiftless, thriftless neighbors and from weed patches on unoccupied land. 7. As grain brought in by the carload harbors so many weed seeds, the attention of farmers is called to the danger they run in bringing whole grain on the farm for feed. Dy Ly Fic. FIG. Meee sSTON THE INSECTS OF THE, YEAR: F. L. Harvey. WoopDLousE oR Sow Bue, a crustacean belonging to the genus Oniscus, was reported as doing damage in mushroom cellars by eating the fungi. They can be killed by putting pieces of potato poisoned by a solution of arsenic in the beds. Croton Bucs were received from Monmouth, Me. These no doubt were introduced in packing materials. This insect is quite abundant in some towns in the State. It is an importa- tion from Europe. They frequent houses especially about water pipes. Free use of insect powder scattered where they irequent is said to destroy them. THE OysTER-SHELL BARK-LOUSE is exceedingly abundant and is increasing rapidly. As it saps the vitality of trees with- out attracting much attention, it is overlooked. It seems to thrive better in the North, being worse in Maine than farther south. It does more injury to young trees. We have received information this season of orchards of young bearing trees so badly infested that the twigs of all the trees were literally cov- ered with the scales. The life history of this scale is given in the Report of this Station for 1888, p. 157, but we wish to add the following regarding treatment. The usual way is to apply a dilute alkaline wash to the trees in the spring after the young lice hatch. These scales could be treated in the winter at any time by applying thoroughly to the trees and small branches with a brush a strong alkaline wash, made by dissolv- ing two pounds of whale oil soap in one gallon of water. The cost of the material would be more for the strong wash, but there is more leisure in winter to do the work. The strong wash should not be applied after the leaves start. 118 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. THE HEMISPHERICAL SCALE was found quite abundant upon ferns grown in the house at Orono. It is also found on ferns in the Station forcing house. It yields readily to treatment with alkaline or kerosene alkaline solutions. THe Etm-TreeE Barx-Louse considered in the Report of this Station, 1894, page 83, was reported again this season as abundant on elms. The elms in Maine are also iniested with CANKER WoRMS, MourNING CLOAK BUTTERFLY, THE OAK-BARK WEEVIL and the STEEL-BLUE FLEA BEETLE, (Haltica chalybea.) THE BuFFALO TREE HOPPER was reported this season for the first time as doing damage to the foliage of apple trees. It is pale grass-green in color, marked with whitish dots and a pale yellow streak along each side. It is an active, jumping insect. The form and size are shown in the accompanying plate, Fig. 1. THE YELLOW-NECKED APPLE-TREE CATERPILLAR was reported this season for the first time as feeding on the foliage of apple trees. The small white round eggs of this insect are laid side by side in nearly straight rows on the under surface of the leaves. The young larvae eat only the pulp of the leaves. Whenolder they devour all but the stem, destroyingall the leaves ona branch. The full grown caterpillars are about two inches long. The head is large and black. The joint next to the head is dull orange. There is a black stripe down the back and four yellow stripes down the sides, alternating with three black ones. Body clothed with soft whitish hairs. Fig. 5 shows the cater- pillar in the position it assumes (with the head and tail up) when disturbed. Though partial to apple trees, it attacks plums and ‘pears and several kinds of deciduous trees. It is capable of doing great damage when abundant. The larvae feed together and the branch on which they occur can be cut off or the clus- ters of insects crushed. THE FALL CANKER Worm so abundant for several years has not been abundant the past season, though doing some damage in southern and western Maine. NOTES ON INSECTS. I1I9 THE CURRANT SPAN WoRrM is very abundant about Orono. Qur attention was called to currant and gooseberry bushes almost barren of foliage from the attacks of this insect. It is very different from the Currant Sawfly worm, which is so com- mon in Maine. It is the larva of a geometrid moth, and has the habit common to inchworms ofarching the back when crawl- ing. When full grown it is about an inch long, whitish in color, with a yellow stripe down each side and another along the back. The segments are spotted with black. There is but one brood inaseason. ‘The larvae have the habit of suspending themselves with a silken thread when disturbed. Fig. 4 shows the larvae, pupa. The moth is shown in Fig. 2... Hellebore will not destroy this insect. Paris green would be effective, but the worms are worst when the fruit is nearly grown. Possibly a strong wash of whale oil soap and water applied in the winter might destroy the eggs which are deposited on the twigs and branches. THE GOOSEBERRY FRuIT Worm seems to be on the increase. It is common on the wild gooseberries in Maine and may spread from this source. This worm is the larva of a small moth which is shown in Fig. 3 b. The cocoon is shown in Fig. 3 a. The larva, Fig. 3c. The moth deposits its eggs upon the young berries and the worms gnaw into the fruit. As they grow, several berries are enclosed in a web, and the worms live on them. Infested berries ripen prematurely. When dis- turbed, the worms let themselves down quickly by a thread, which makes it difficult to destroy them by hand picking. Rub- bish should be removed from under the bushes where the insect hibernates. Tue Lime TREE WINTER MorTH was reported this season it injurious numbers. It seems to remain where the Fall Canker Worm has about disappeared. It was considered and figured in the Report of this Station, 1893, page 161. THE Army Worm made its appearance in limited numbers at Corinth. Mr. W. E. Jordan, who sent us specimens, reported it as feeding on oats. THe AsH-GRAY PINION was reported again this season as eating into apples. This species is figured in the Report of this 120 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Station, 1888, page 176. The larva of Pororgia Clinton was reported from Aroostook county as feeding on the foliage of apple trees. THE VELLEDA Lapret Motu. This insect was received from Western Maine where it was mistaken for the Gypsy Moth. This species having never been reported before from Maine we give cuts of the moth and larvae. The body of the larva is covered with warts, which bear tufts of black hairs. On the back and at the sides, gray hairs are mixed with the black. When at rest the caterpillars lie close to the twigs and are hard to see. The flat under-surface is pale orange marked with black dots. See Fig. 6. The moths are gray and white. See Fig. 7. THE APPLE-TREE TENT CATERPILLAR was very abundant the past season in Western and Southern Maine. The season has been remarkable for the great number of leaf eating insects reported. Besides those noted or found in the list printed above there were several species of budmoths and leaf rollers, that did much damage. These insects could be controlled by spraying, a practice that is gradually coming into favor among fruit growers in Maine, but which could be employed profitably much more than at present. THE CuRRANT FLy (Epochra Canadensis) was more abundant than ever the past season about Orono. It is not generally distributed. There are none in the Station garden, though badly infested gardens occur in Orono. THe Apple Maccot (Trypeta pomonella), we are happy to say, has nearly disappeared in several localities during the past season where it was very bad before. Whether it has really gone or whether the large apple crop has made it appear less numerous on account of abundant food supply is a question. It is probable, however, that the late appearance of snow for the past two years together with freezing and thawing have destroyed the pupae, which are deposited so near the surface. Flies as a class are fragile and subject to injury by great climatic changes. NOTES ON INSECTS. I21 Rat-tTait Larva, the maggot of a species of two winged fly which has a long tail-like appendage to the body, was received for examination. These maggots live in water or liquid decaying organic mat- FeSO say the books.) he lone tube like’a tail 1s used 'as’a respiratory organ. One of the specimens received was taken in chip dirt on the floor of a wood-shed. It would seem that they also live in dry situations and put the tube to the surface of the debris to breathe. | From one of the specimens came a large yellowish brown fly. These flies live on the pollen of flowers and are often seen about flowers during the summer. THE Horn FLy continues to be reported but seems to be on the decrease in Maine. THE BUFFALO BEETLE is spreading. We have had word of it from several new localities the past season. THE PiGEON TREMEX is doing considerable damage to maple and other shade trees in some parts of the State. ; Ptinus Fir, a small beetle, was reported as badly infesting a bag of timothy seed. The bag had been hanging in a finished room from May until the following March. When examined, thousands of the beetles were found. This is an introduced species from Europe. Probably a few got in before the seed was hung up, and multiplied. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 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MIDIS DIQOIVULD TT Pee eee tere eee won sseeeee “*DIONOW sereereseeess a6 ry (OYUD DSSIUD{ seressCuUty) medoway) vrunshynig seve eeeeeeeeeeees 8 ee yun DOAOLL “ SLLIREL ‘MuUupowaup DdwUn90082,/) tesceeeeees = (11099) Dpanjas adhjoy, DDD ODOC RCO UOOOOOUOS dra hee id fF NOWMDI d tresses: NOWNANHO] “T1V9 Gaa9 AVMAAMOVIA oeee “NNTS ACMI AVA ATLAGE- VATA BOTA TALS ATLAAA-VaAT HY WaHAWNOND sees cece s CTT OTE V IN soeesees cess ATLA Taanly, HSV veceeose ATLADA-NIVUD AAssay COPE MOD ASC HO FANT EG AMY. SIRES IED OV ) sere oe eeee tee roe OITANNAD WAT ‘MaMOg ATAVIN AVONS beteteeeees seeeees TEAM NOOVY titeereseeeees seanTaag OTVHIOG se teeee seeeeeeeeseeees ETT NUOH VANV'] TIVL-LVY ORTAMALLAG MVOTD DNINTAOW te cteeere seeeee TOW VICOMOMO tree ee eeser cesses TTTOW VNOT “UVITIIUALV)- INGL, GAL ATdd V ees *HWLOW LAddI VT VARTITHA AHL 6§ A NEW GARDEN SMYNTHURID. Smynthurus albamaculata n. sp. By F. L. Harvey. Body dull blue-black with steel blue reflections in direct light, obscurely marked with numerous small whitish blotches of variable shape and size, arranged in poorly defined transverse bands, giving a marbled appearance. Head, terminal segments of the body, antennae, legs and elater pale purple. Underside of body pale brownish. Sides of head and the vertex yellowish brown. Eye patches black, bordered on the inner margin by a whitish band which is constricted in the middle giving the appearance of two spots. Antennae more than half as long as the body. Ratio of segments 1:21%4:3:5. The basal joint widest, globular and whitish. Base of the second segment light. Term- inal segment composed of nine joints. (In young specimens apparently eight jointed by the coalescence of the two terminal). Antennae, legs, elater and body clothed with hairs. Body widest behind, abruptly narrowing into the terminal segments. Anal tubercles prominent. Claws medium size. The larger, .03I m. m. with a single tooth on the inner edge near the end. Short claw, .o17 mm. plain, broadest in the middle. Two tenent hairs about the length of the longer claw and extending about two-thirds the length of the claw. Furcula short and stout. Ratio to body 4:7. Ratio of parts of furcula: manubrium 4, dentes 4, mucrones 1. Dentes with about ten bristles on the lower edge. Mucrones curved near the base, narrow lanceolate and plain. Length of insect .8 to 1.4m m. Habitat:—Found abundantly during May and June in gardens. Doing much damage to early garden plants. Attacks radishes, beans, cucumbers, squashes, etc., eating numerous holes in the epidermis of the leaves and sucking the Fig. 2. Fig. 5.. SMYNTHURUS ALBAMACULATA, Harvey. A NEW GARDEN SMYNTHURID. 125 juices until the leaves wither. Numerous specimens examined during the last five years. Orono, Me., F. L. Harvey. Distinguishing characters:—This species has the same habits as Fitch’s S. hortensis and is equally as injurious. For a long time we took it for that species. It has the dark body and lighter head, legs, antennae and elater of the above. It is, however, readily distinguished by the purple of the head, antennae, terminal segments of the body and elater, the obscure white markings on the body and especially by the nine joints to the terminal segment of the antennae. There being in S. hortensis six segment to the terminal joint, according to Fitch and McGillivray—but really seven if Fitch’s figure is cor- rect. The only species we know of having been found in America with nine joints to the terminal segment of the anten- nae is S. roseus, Packard, from which our species differs in the color of the body, size and habits. Remarks:—Vhe young of this species are lighter colored than the adults, appearing brownish to the naked eye and often show only eight joints to the terminal segments of the antennae. The older specimens acquire the blue black color and reflections. The marbled appearance of the body cannot be seen by the naked eye ora hand glass readily and the casual observer would say the body was plain, blackish: The whitish markings can be readily seen by magnifying 75 diameters. They appear as though they were under the skin and show through it. Alco- hol and glycerine specimens show the markings plainly. By careful examination of alcoholic specimens we found there was a median dorsal brownish stripe extending from the head half the length of the body and ending in a clover leaf white spot. There are three obscure transverse bands made up of white spots, giving the surface a mottled appearance. The anterior band from dorsal view shows two white spots each side the median line. The second stripe bears five oblong spots each side of the median line and lower on the sides an S shaped mark- ing composed of a chain of white blotches. Still lower on the side and anterior to the first and sloping forward is another S formed by a chain of spots, the lower loop of the first S mak- ing the posterior loop of the second. See Fig. 4. 126 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Starting near the base of the manubrium and running obliquely up the side of the body and ending in the dorsal view is a stripe of oblong whitish spots. The white spot next to the dorsal end placed inward out of line. Fig. 3, a. We have tried to show the arrangement of these markings in Figs. 3 and 4. Description of Figures:—Fig. 1, drawn by Mr. J. H. Emerton from live specimens, shows well the form of the body and the obscure transverse bands. The drawing was made from live specimens. Fig. 2, drawn by Mr. Emerton, shows a ventral view of the same. Fig. 3, drawn by the writer, shows in detail the white markings as seen in alcoholic specimens, examined by high powers. No attempt is made to show more than the location of the markings. Fig. 4, is a side view showing loca- tion of the spots. Fig. 5, shows structure of the foot. Remedies:—We do not agree with Fitch that the work of the Smynthurids is entirely secondary, at least this species is capable of sucking the juices in some way without the aid of other insects. The above species was very abundant on cucumbers in my gar- den this season but we did not notice the Flea Beetle. Some times there would be more than a dozen on a single leaf. Ina few days the leaves turned whitish and on examination the epi- dermis was found full of little pits. Rarely, if ever, was there a hole through the leaf. They attack the new, young plants, eat- ing the seed leaves (cotyledons). The application-of dirt, ashes, sulphur or pyrethrum while the dew is on will act as deterrents until the plants are larger when they appear to do but little damage. We searched for specimens June 25th, and found them very scarce. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. Reported by L. H. MERRILL. These observations were made under my direction, by mem- bers of the Station force. Readings were taken at 7 A. M., 1 P.M.andg P.M. The instruments were those in general use by the Weather Bureau. ahi VV ic METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1896. at AA 5AG 24 oN» Lone. O8e0404 Elevation above the sea, 150 feet. ae ial fe | Hl i a = = q a ; SS Sh he Saleen = Senillentas 5) 2) 2 2 ar < | 2 =) | Zz a = eee (ea Highest barometer . .............205 soso: 30.56, 30.43 30.53) 30.71, 30.94) 30.89) 30.68 Lowest barometer...... ......... sees--s- 29.69 29.85. 29.57} 29.57) 29.69] 29.27) 29.60 MEATEDATOMELET 2-0 a2. sseccinss vanaccewene 30-10 30.14) 30.17) 29.93, 30.27, 30-20, 30-14 Highest temperature........scssseee cesses s6| 92] 87] 68] 68] 45] 74 { MOWESE LEMP CTADULE SPRING TERM. Grams. | Grams. | Grams. |Calories First dietary (No. 148): Usual food supply... 132 147 751 4,990 Second dietary (No. 149): Costly meats; milk inormiere |! Gabooeooooun AGabddoagne GOUoR LOMaeaoo mon 112 164 517 4,105 Third dietary (No. 150): Milk in abundance; other protein less GOStly.....-...+.se0.5 «. 112 106 530 3,620 FALL TERM. ; Fourth dietary (No. 151): Milk supply limited 131 181 579 4,595 Fifth dietary (No. 152): Milk supply unlimite:l 120 184 436 3,990 Voit’s standard, man at moderate work ..... 118 56 500 3,055 American standard (Atwater), man at moi- GUAT WrODis aacesoagsadban Aus icone Hosaubecnads 15) Soxbdaso lloodedu ‘oes 3,500 It will be noticed that the consumption of fats and carbo- hydrates was especially large, while the amount of protein was more nearly in accord with the so-called dietary standards. The amount of nutrients consumed in the first dietary (irom February 25 to April 24) is especially excessive, particularly in the case of the carbohydrates. While this may be explained in part by the uniformly keener appetites of the students at the beginning of a term, it was probably chiefly due to the abundant supply of maple sirup which was furnished during this period. The use of so much sirup involved a correspondingly large con- sumption of flour. Seventy-four grams of maple sirup and 358 grams of flour were consumed daily per man during the first dietary, whereas during the succeeding dietaries scarcely any sirup was eaten and only 281 grams of flour per day. There can be but little doubt that the free use of sirup on the table leads to an excessive proportion of carbohydrates in the dietary. The marked decrease in the food consumption as the term progressed is probably accounted for by the gradual elevation of temperature and the changes in the physical condition of the students. The food consumption changed from a fuel value of about 5,000 calories in February, March, and April to less than 3,700 calories in May and June. 136 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPPLY OF ANIMAL FOODS UPON THE SIZE AND COST OF THE DIETARY, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO MILK. As has been stated, the attempt was made in four dietary stud- ies to deliberately control to some extent the supply of animal foods and the source of protein. The attempt was also made to determine the relative value of milk in the dietaries. The following table briefly summarizes the amounts and kinds of food materials purchased in the four dietaries: FOODS PURCHASED IN FOUR DIETARIES. FOODS PURCHASED DAILY PER MAN. eI q : cee. | & gs Bo | Sts cican bah) 28 rayet bean) —o—_ DM ~ ~ Pa a0 ep Bai eye me ED Sue e Se Bo Se Sue O55 a Oma 25 OS | AES Gzsce ee ees Animal food: Grams. Grams. Grams. | Grams. Beef, veal and mutton. ............ 337 130 241 211 JeVorAtg Wena le GiGocaa, sacbooacsooaadaos | 76 172 114 132 IPOUWIERY:-ccinreie'e wee. s\siniel«!s\e1elolelo/«\o]=/)2)-) ie) = Til NWecscouas 3 one 9 14 Tins AvGosgosceasodac soocon0dooonsddn 89 | 69 61 54 IDEtA\cgoadond CODDODSbODOCORQNODaG OODe 2 53 49 | 28 IB OUSE Gat boonoobodKGObooboduDoOROoE 83 7 67 40 WGUD Ag abado8 GbooddoDO CONGO GDO ON 6OdO00 510 1,197 873 1,223 WDTNCKMA KEM GogondadsobboudoocdGdos lia a Oxcnocoliscann ooba adbllovocdusc00be 2 MOtal i sche ove ernne aces 1,611 1,695 1,414 1,704 Vegetable food: Cereals, SUZAT'S, EtC.... 2.0000. cece 476 | 55 576 460 Vegetables............. : 638 | 477 671 464 EMITLGS i tusien naroe cheese cOee Cree eee 80 121 243 202 TPG h al ra ceiti cs eee ee ae ee eee AeroS ean 1,193 1,490 1,126 Motalofoodieracececctcceseeecesene 2,806 2,888 2,904 2,836 In the following table the results of the studies are shown in another form: GROSS WEIGHTS OF FOOD PURCHASED PER MAN PER DAY. iS © 3 = = 2 Ss + Se : Soy 5 n Ax] Hoo oe ere = Ts SS oo = 2s _— SS rae) of s oe 5 oO io) qe SHOR an Ba Grams.| Grams./ Grams. | Grams. Dietary No. 149: Milk supply limited; high- COSt Proteim 3222. |e - -cilele ssi ROTO OOD Oo CaaS 810 801 1,204 2,806 Dietary No. 150: Milk supply unlimited;}) loWer-COSt PrOtein......- serscecconcee-soceee fe dlesleyr/ 498 1,203 2,888 Dietary No. 151: Milk supply limited......... 873 541 1,498 2,904 Dietary No. 152: Milk supply unlimited...... le R223 451 1,126 2,836 DIETARY STUDIES. 137 The tables show very conclusively that the intention to materially modify the kind of animal foods in passing from diet- ary No. 149 to dietary No. 150 was carried out.. The use of beef, veal, mutton, poultry, and eggs was greatly diminished and the consumption of pork and milk increased. The butter eaten was less in the latter period also. In dietaries Nos. 151 and 152 the character of the animal foods other than the milk did not differ greatly. The quantities of high-cost meats were less, but their place was not taken by low-cost meats. The above figures leave no room for doubt that the free use of milk diminishes the consumption of other foods. In passing from dietary No. 149 to No. 150 the milk consumption per man increased from 810 grams daily to 1,197, and the use of other animal foods decreased from 801 grams to 498 grams, while the vegetable foods were eaten in about the same quantities in the two studies. Essentially the same result follows in dietaries Nos. 151 and 152, where the milk eaten increased from 873 grams daily to 1,223, the consumption of other animal foods decreasing from 541 grams to 481, and of vegetable foods from 1,490 to 1,126 grams. In the first instance the milk replaced other animal foods, and in the second there was mainly a decrease in the use of vegetable foods. But while the increased consumption of milk diminished the consumption of other materials, what was the effect upon the actual quantity of nutrients taken and upon the cost of the dietary? The answer to the question is very definite, and may be found in the following comparison of the results of the investigations: COMPARISON OF NUTRIENTS EATEN. NUTRIENTS PER DAY PER MAN. Carbohy- Protein. Fats. drates. Total. Cost. Second dietary (No. 149): Milk] Grams. | Grams. Grams. | Grams.} Cents. limited: ANioiTO RUN HOYoGISI65 No-oaobenodos 72 158 53 OBS lasdaadoo00 Vegetable foods ... ....... 40 6 464 SIO ‘Booabdo00 MO LATOOUSvesrieerie selelseret: 112 164 517 793 34 Third dietary (No. 150): Milk un- limited: PATINA TO OMS yeieninic len cccle)- : 67 98 65 ZOOM lleleleteistelerstere 1 Vegetable foods........... 45 8 465 BIS (Seo bcobo Total, foods........ . Hodisic 112 106 530 748 26 10 138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COMPARISON OF NUTRIENTS EATEN—CONCLUDED. NUTRIENTS PER DAY PER MAN. & a =r ]S D g Fi Ses e a S — He ~ mn a 3 ics lo) fe) oy oy Os a ie) | Fourth dietary (No. 151) : Milk limited:| Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Cents. Animal foods. OMM eterisoneters 45 Vegetable foods GP \lnocqcosooc 534 Y WoxiglaiwarorslsSGaaoocg paaue. odooDGades 131 181 579 891 Pal Fifth dietary (No. 152): Milk un- re limited: IAMTUNTAISEOOUS seetetsicio sisistsisieiciclsistetsicler= SB) Haooadoncdc GE Weoecocsdad|laacobd00 Vegetable foods........... -..s.0.. SUVS TH So nccoKeos Bis lebanseGcosloeaacaue 4 WOVEN! 1WoYoVGIEY a) Gocco ceooncedeoocands 120 184 436 740 25 The results are stated in another form in the following table: SUMMARY OF NUTRIENTS EATEN DAILY PER MAN. = ; Zs S 2. og 3 S = 2 re 2s S Be a a ae iS) ao oy = os = aa SPRING TERM. Second dietary (No. 149): Grams. | Grams.} Grams.| Grams. | Cents. Milk supply limited...............6.- 112 164 517 793 34 Third dietary (No. 150): Milk supply unlimited .... ........ 112 106 530 748 26 Difference, (increase +, decrease —)..|.......... —58 +13 =| —45 —8 faLL TERM. Fourth dietary (No. 151): S Milk supply limited ................. 131 181 579 891 27 Fifth dietary (No. 152): Milk supply unlimited .............. 120 184 436 740 25 Difference (increase-+, decrease —).. —l1 +3 —143 —151 —2 It appears that instead of causing an increased consumption of nutrients, the freer use of milk was attended by a decrease of the nutrients eaten in the spring term amounting to 45 grams daily and in the fall term to 151 grams daily. In the spring term it might reasonably be urged that the coming of warm weather would have the effect noted, all other conditions remaining the same, but this cause certainly could not have been operative in the fall term, when milk was freely supplied, for cold weather came on, and this ordinarily causes a keener appe- tite. It is interesting to note that in the spring term the addi- DIETARY STUDIES- 139 tional milk replaced other animal foods, while in the fall term it replaced vegetable foods. It is reasonable to regard this as to some extent a case of involuntary selection of foods, as with the advent of warm weather the tendency would be to reject animal foods, while the effect of cold weather would be the reverse. - The financial outcome is favorable to the free use of milk. Notwithstanding the largely increased waste, the cost per man per day in the third dietary is 8 cents less than in the second. The total decrease in the cost of food during dietary No. 150 as compared with dietary No. 149 was about $4.50 per day. The saving should not be credited wholly to the increased sup- ply of milk, because the other animal foods were in part of a less expensive kind. The saving in dietary No. 152 was less, emounting to only 2 cents per day per man, or a total of $1.57. daily. This smaller saving is equal, however, to $416 for a school year of thirty-six weeks with the number of persons included in third dietary study. It should be noted that this saving was made in spite of the increased proportion of animal foods, an increase which, other conditions remaining unchanged, raises the cost of living. If, as we have reason to believe, it be true that the average American dietary contains too large a proportion of non-nitrog- enous compounds, then the free use of milk, besides cheapen- ing the cost of living, accomplished another desirable result, viz., it raised the proportion of protein in the dietary, thereby making it more rational. The nutritive ratios of the dietaries with a limited supply of milk were 1:7.9 and 1:7.5, and of the dietaries where milk was freely used 1:6.7 and 1:6.8. SUMMARY. The main results of these dietary studies are briefly summari- zed with especial reference to their important practical relations to the economical purchase of human foods. (1) The cost of the animal foods bought for the commons of the Maine State College during a09 days was 69 per cent. of the total food cost, varying in the different periods from 63:7 to 73.1 per cent. This shows very clearly the direction in which econ- omy can most effectively be exercised im purchasing a food © supply. 140 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. (2) The freer use of milk did not, as is supposed by some to be the case, increase the gross weight of food eaten. The extra amount of milk consumed replaced other animal foods to a nearly corresponding extent in the first trial and caused a pro- portionate diminution in the consumption of vegetable foods in the second study. (3) The actual quantity of water-free nutrients eaten dimin- ished rather than increased when more milk was supplied. This is in marked contrast to the apparent effect of the free use of maple sirup, which was accompanied by a notably large con- sumption of nutrients. (4) In both trials the increased consumption of milk had the effect of materially narrowing the nutritive ratio of the dietary, a result which, in view of the recognized tendency of Americans to consume an undue proportion of fats and carbohydrates, appears to be generally desirable. (5) The dietaries in which milk was more abundantly sup- plied were somewhat less costly than the others and at the same time were fully as acceptable. (6) These results indicate that milk should not be regarded as a luxury, but as an economical article of diet, which families of moderate income may freely purchase as a probable means of improving the character oi the dietary and of cheapening the cost of their supply of animal foods. STATION FARM BUILDINGS. BULLETIN No. 23. PRESERVATION OF CREAM FOR MARKET. Ins IL, JRISSIBIDIE, It is an important feature of our dairy business that there is a growing demand for fresh sweet cream, not only for domestic use, but for exporting to the large cities. During the past year this cream trade from Maine has considerably exceeded $150,- ooo and each year finds the demand increasing. It has come to be an important question how best to foster this branch of our dairy business, and during that season when butter is most abundant and cheapest—for there is the greatest demand for cream during the summer months—to find a profitable market for this commodity and so reduce the butter supply and at the same time increase the profit from the dairy. One important reason for fostering the cream trade is that cream sold to be con- sumed as cream is in no large degree a rival of either milk or butter, but enlarges the demand for dairy products at a time when such products are most abundant and most cheaply pro- duced. ; The only obstacle in the way of this trade that has retarded its development is the perishable nature of cream. While it is but little more perishable than milk, it is in a sense a manufactured product and subject to delays in the process of manufacture before it can find its way to market. This difficulty is in a meas- ure overcome by the perfecting of cream separators which quickly condense the cream from the milk without any long delay or opportunity for change, or by what is often found to be a more practical way, the cream obtained {rom the milk by the deep cold setting process is condensed by the separator while it is yet sweet and comparatively fresh. 142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL- EXPERIMENT STATION. - One reason why there has been more risk in handling cream than milk is the greater value of the cream, involving greater loss when it fails to reach the market in good condition. | As is very generally known at the present time, the souring of cream is due to the growth of minute organisms or plants called bacteria. These bacteria are not present in the milk while it is yet in the udder of the cow, but they are so universally distrib- uted, especially in warm weather, about the barns and in the dust of the air, that the milk has scarcely reached the pail on its way from the udder of the cow before it is contaminated with them. Under favorable conditions for their growth they will cause the milk or cream separated from it to sour and no ordin- ary straining or even passing the milk through a cream sepa- rator will remove them. After the bacteria that cause souring of milk and cream are once introduced, they will multiply rap- idly and soon do their work unless they are destroyed or held in check, that is, their growth and multiplying prevented. METHODS OF DESTROYING THE GERMS. There seem to be but three methods of preventing this growth and consequent souring of the cream: First, by means of cold; second, addition to the milk or cream of some germicide like boric or salicylic acid; or third, by subjecting the cream to a sufficiently high temperature to destroy the germs. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages when put to practical use, and it is the purpose of this bulletin to show which of them has the most to recommend it. USE, OF COLD: In this climate during steady cold weather there can be but lit- tle objection to the use of cold as a preservative in shipping cream to local markets. Cream that is kept at a temperature below 45 F. will remain sweet for a long time, but in warm weather and when it has to be shipped to a distant point in warm cars, the necessary cold is secured by the use of ice, which is an unsatisfactory method on account of expense, although the qual- ity of the cream brought to market by this method is of the highest. PRESERVATION OF CREAM FOR MARKET. 143 USE OF GERMICIDES. The method of adding something to the cream that will destroy the bacteria or prevent their growth, no matter how warm the weather or how distant the market, appeals to the dealer on account of its cheapness, simplicity and effectiveness. Cream in which a sufficient quantity of boric acid or salicylic acid has been introduced, for these are the substances generally used as preservatives of cream, will remain perfectly sweet for an indefinite time even in the hottest summer temperature. These chemicals produce no decided change in the taste or appearance of the cream, and it is no wonder that this method has some- times been adopted by those who have seen in it a solution of the only difficulty in the way of extending a lucrative cream trade. What, then, are the objections to this method? The first and the very decided objection that will occur to the consumer is, that when paying for sweet and wholesome cream he does not want it diluted with anything else. In view of the compara- tively small quantity of the preservative that has to be used, this objection might be overcome by an appeal to the reason of the consumer, if he did not have reason as well as prejudice on his side. Ifit could be shown that the preservative was as harmless as the cream itself there would, perhaps, be no reasonable objec- tion to it, but the best that can be claimed for these chemical preservatives is, that while they are sure death to bacteria they also endanger the health and derange the digestive apparatus of human beings. Among those qualified to judge of the effect of these substances when taken into the stomach of human beings, there is practically but one opinion, and that is, that the constant consumption of them is harmful even if taken in small quantities. In certain cases where persons are suffering from disease of the digestive organisms, the use of cream preserved by this method is positively dangerous. The statement 1s made by Foraster and quoted in the National Dispensatory that boric acid greatly increases the fecal solids and the excretion of albuminous compounds,even when given in a daily dose of seven or eight grains, and that these effects con- tinue for some time after the suppression of the medicine. 144 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The United States dispensatory says that the practice of using salicylic acid for a preservative of articles of food is to be con- demned. A commission appointed by the French government reported that the prolonged use of even a very small amount of salicylic acid is dangerous, especially to very aged persons. It is not difficult to see that it will be fatal to the permanent interests of the cream trade if dependence is placed upon chem- ical preservatives to keep the cream sweet. Such a practice is quite easily detected by chemical tests and a well founded sus- picion that it is commonly resorted to can only work injury to the trade, even in cream preserved by unobjectionable methods. USE OF HEAT.—PASTEURIZATION-. The third method for keeping cream sweet until it reaches the consumer, namely, by the use of heat, is based upon the fact that bacteria that cause souring of cream are destroyed at a temper- ature which leaves the cream uninjured. By practical tests it has been found that a temperature of 155 deg. F. continued for ten minutes will destroy nearly all of the souring organisms without seriously injuring the appearance and without percepti- bly. affecting the taste or wholesomeness of the cream. This method is termed “pasteurization.” While pasteurization may not destroy all bacteria that are sometimes found in cream, so that there is no possibility that souring will take place after- wards, it does destroy most of them, and if cream so treated is at once placed in sterilized cans with proper precautions to guard against introducing any more germs, it has been found in prac- tice that it can be shipped to distant markets under all conditions of weather and reach the consumer in a perfectly sweet condi- tion. Pasteurized cream has been successfully shipped from Wisconsin to Maine and California and intermediate points with perfect success. Perhaps the chief objection that can be urged against this method is the fact that after being heated to 155 deg. F. the cream never seems quite as thick as before, but this is an objec- tion that has little weight when the true cause is known. The taste and appearance, aside from thinness, is like that of fresh cream. PRESERVATION OF CREAM FOR MARKET. : T45 To pasteurize cream it is only necessary to quickly warm it to 155° F., allow it to remain at this temperature for ten minutes and then cool it as quickly as possible. To do this rapidly on a commercial scale requires specially devised apparatus, several forms of which are already on the market. It will be seen that this method involves slightly more trouble and expense than that of preserving with chemicals, but it seems to us that it is the only practical method that is not open to very serious objec- tions and it renders possible a large and permanent extension of what is already a considerable business in this State, and it will without doubt pay the dealers in this commodity to look well into the advantages of this method over any other at their com- mand. It may not be out of place in this connection to state that the Maine Experiment Station has ordered a pasteurizing apparatus of an improved pattern, which can be seen here a little later by those interested in the cream trade. We intend to carefully investigate the effectiveness of the apparatus and, if it meets with our expectations, we shall be inclined to urge upon the creamery men of the State the advisability of the pasteurizing method of preserving cream in place of the more expensive or otherwise objectionable methods that have formerly been used. MAINE STATE COLLEGE, Orono, Me., Feb. 24, 1896. BULLETIN No. 24. CABBAGES. Ho PY Goucn. The purpose of this bulletin is to give a concise account of our experience with cabbages during the past season, with a brief discussion of the evidence presented. The seed was sown April Ist, and the seedlings pricked out into seed-flats April 27th, and set in the field May 25th. The season being exceptionally dry, all of the plants made a weak growth and correspondingly small heads. 1. Influence of sige of seed:—The idea has been advanced that it is the tendency of plants from large seeds to run to leaves at 146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. the expense of the head, while the tendency of plants from smalt seeds is to run to head. In order to study the influence of the size of seed on the relative size of the head, fifty of the largest seeds, also fifty of the smallest were selected from each of three varieties. Of two of the varieties, the weight of the smaller seeds was less than half that of the larger; the weight of the smaller seeds of the other variety was a little more than half that of the larger. Each lot of fifty seeds was sowed, and when the plantlets were ready for the first handling, twenty of the best plants from each lot were selected and handled as above stated. Table I gives the ratio of the average weight of the heads from the small seed to that of the heads from the large seed. TABLE TI. == Ballhead Reynolds’ Harvest Home. IDANARD. GYXXlocd5.0 codpbo0GaDoUDGGoubG doDDDOESDD ODDObCeDODCG — or) Wo) —_ iN) -1 94 SWAPS S] itaersieyereyersterclovercios ctsteveterctarstainisivtslevorsvets eveveree cielo letnsiereretere 1.00 1.00 1.00 The facts are too obvious to need extended explanation. ‘The large seed of two of the varieties, Ballhead and Reynolds’ Early, produced heads which averaged 69 per cent. and 37 per cent. larger respectively, than did those from the small seed. The other variety—Harvest Home—gave contradictory results, the heads from the small seed averaging 6 per cent. heavier than those from the large seed. 2. Results of tying up the outer leaves:—It has been thought by some one that by drawing the leaves of the cabbage together and binding them with a string over the head, maturity would be hastened. Accordingly, with this idea in mind, as soon as the heads had fairly commenced to form, three lots of plants were treated in the way described above, i. e., the points of the leaves were drawn together over the head and a string tied around them sufficiently tight to keep them in the desired position. The results obtained relative to the point in question cannot well be expressed by figures, but suffice it to say that the operation seemed to have no influence whatever upon the date of maturity. This treatment, however, was not without its effect, as the fig- ures in table II will show. ~ > beaten ei CABBAGES. 147 TABLE II. Harvest Home. Surehead. Reynolds’ Early. OURGHIEAVEShl CCU eieecte serie ceils isisieisialcinicieivscicieies lecerere ioieisie 44 | 46 67 COREG Reed Hee eae iomishra emma ssisineeoe nine Gamsaeoaaees woeat LOO} |eleO0 1.00 Representing the weight of an average liead from the check plants by I or 100 per cent., an average head from the Harvest Home which received the special treatment, would be repre- sented by 44 per cent. In the same manner, we observe that the heads from the treated plants of Surehead were only 46 per cent. as heavy as the untreated, and Reynolds’ Early, 67 per cent. In a word, the size of the heads from the treated plants averaged from 33 per cent. to 56 per cent. by weight smaller than did those from the untreated plants. Another result of this operation which was even more notice- able than the decreased size of the heads, was the effect upon quality. Although all possible care was taken in tying up the leaves, they did not overlap sufficiently to keep out all moisture, so that during rains a considerable amount of water entered each head. This moisture being so inclosed within the leaves, did not readily evaporate. Asa result of this continued damp- ness, the inner portions of the plants very soon began to decay; it was not long before this effect became noticeable upon the outer leaves, resulting in a large proportion of the leaves fall- ing off long before the season of growth would otherwise have ceased. Asa result of this decay, not a single head was pro- duced fit for home use, to say nothing about its marketable qualities. 3. Effect of Mulching:—The advisability of using straw or some similar material as a mulch for the purpose of conserving the soil moisture has often been discussed. In order to ascer- tain the advantages, if any, of such treatment in the culture of the cabbage, three lots of plants, as soon as they were fairly started after being set in the field, were thoroughly mulched with swale hay so that when packed down the mulch was two or three inches thick, the space between the rows of plants being 148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. completely covered. Three lots of plants, corresponding to those mulched, received frequent cultivation. So far as the maturity of the heads was concerned or the per cent. of plants forming heads, the mulching seemed to have no appreciable effect. There was a slight increase in the size of the heads favoring the use of the mulch, as shown in the following table: TABLE III. Surehead. Harvest Home. | = i=} = ie) jy’ fas} Q ° i S =) =) -l e I SS) The differences are not sufficient to be very conclusive. It will be noticed that there was no difference in the case of the Lupton between the average weights of the heads from the two lots, while the average weights of the other two varieties were only 7 per cent. and 13 per cent. in favor of the plants which were mulched. These differences are so small that we would not feel justified in making too strong claims for the advantages of mulching, as the variations might result from some other causes, yet we may infer from the indications that a mulch can be applied to advantage, especially in a dry season. 4. Shallow vs. Deep Cultivation :—It has been our practice in the cultivation of the cabbage, as in that of nearly all vegetables, to use the horse-cultivator with much freedom, running the cul- tivator as close to the plants as possible without disturbing them. This, oftentimes, becomes in effect a method of root pruning, giving rise to the question——Does deep cultivation affect the heading of the plants? For the purpose of ascertain- ing, if possible, the effect of such treatment, four lots of plants were cultivated as described above, while four similar lots were given only such cultivation as could readily be furnished with a common hoe. The various lots of plants were all cultivated with the same frequency, the only difference being the depth to which the soil was stirred. The following table gives the com- parative results: CABBAGES. T49 TABLE IVY. #5 wo F oan |, eae VARIETY AND TREATMENT. Sze |O R's aes leek aos |aare, Surehead: Singillony @uilshyennionocees cosooobao copeo eHdoeada SocEdccecse ee 10.5 1.16 IDEN CWILAIVAMMNO No Gdocand000-5a H000 KnoOCoERbODOZO0D0RB0000q0000004 G 1.00 One-bundred Weight: Sino Culah AB OM goo-coacsquoee, wan opboodaude oonaod sadooonc 11.1 1.12 DOD CHULA AMO NooocodcocneG GndoedoD. BoonNo daDoobade0D Coon DOOKC 0 1.00 Lupton: Siiillon?; Culp ATO MSsondss. aauaoocagdeea ac Ee Gooonandes 6 Delaeisrersts 523 -93 IDE CHUA VENDWOMoossdoo0s Béon0G0dGuG0RG OndDdQDDUDEUN obGOaHSOGG0C 12.5 1.00 Harvest Home: SHOMOV/? OLUIFAHO ae cd oGonHeano, Sogo ooDoandOGaGONDOGG Od sOonAuOS : 52.6 72 ID@@n) CMU ENING oodanc ‘ongboa00OnGosadandAUONS coGgdGOoOaneuOdoogd 5.0 1.00 The effects as expressed by the above figures are somewhat contradictory. In the case of all but one of the varieties, Lup- ton being the exception, a larger percentage of the heads from plants which received shallow cultivation were immature at the time when most of the heads were ready for cutting, than from those receiving deep cultivation, the difference varying from about Io per cent. to over 47 per cent. It seems probable that the deep cultivation which gave to the plants a heavier mulch of finely pulverized soil than that given to the plants receiving the shallow cultivation, so aided in the conservation of the moisture that the plants were able to make a more vigorous growth, and to form more perfect and uniform heads. No specific conclusion can be drawn from a comparison of the aver- age weights, as two of the varieties gave results favoring deep cultivation, while two were against the practice, though the greater difference was in favor of deep cultivation. RECAPITULATION. 1. The size of the seed seems to have some influence upon the size of the head, the larger seed, as a rule, producing the larger head. 2. The tying up of the outer leaves seems to have no influ- ence upon the maturity of the heads, while it produces a marked decrease in the size and almost invariably causes the head to decay. I50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3. Mulching with straw or some similar material in a dry season tends to increase the size of the head. 4. Deep cultivation seems to have little 1f any effect upon the size of the head, but plants so treated appeared to mature more uniformily than plants receiving shallow cultivation. MAINE STATE COLLEGE, Orono, Me., March 1, 1806. BULLETIN No. 25. INSPECTON OF FEREHUZERS ooo The bulletin gave the manufacturer’s guarantees and the analyses of manufacturer’s samples, but as these figures are of only passing value they are omitted here. BULLETIN No. 26. INSPECTION OF GLASSWARE USED BY CREAM- ERIES AND BUTTER FACTORIES GO DETERIE INE THE VALUE OF CREAM AND Wire J. M. Bartrerr. Ever since the introduction of the Babcock test for estimating the value of cream or milk at creameries and butter factories, more or less dissatisfaction and in some cases distrust, have pre- vailed among a few patrons to whom payment has been made on this basis. These complaints have come in various forms. Some creameries have been accused of using incorrectly grad- uated glassware, pipettes that were too small, thereby making the test too low; others of employing incompetent men to manipulate the test. In order to remedy such evils if they existed and restore con- fidence to the minds of the patrons, a law was enacted by the Maine Legislature of 1895, entitled “An act for the Protection of Dairymen,” which appears as Chap. 169 of the laws of 1895. Without giving the full text of this law, there is stated below a summary of its principal provisions and requirements. INSPECTION OF GLASSWARE. I51 Section 1. This section requires that every individual or corporation buying milk or cream or apportioning its value on the basis of the fat content shall have all the bottles and pipettes tested for accuracy, which are used in determining the per cent. of fat, and each of these bottles and pipettes shall bear a mark showing that it has been so tested. Sec. 2. In this section it is made the duty of the Director of the Maine Experiment Station or some person he may desig- nate to execute the provisions of Section 1. The actual expense of this work shall be paid by the persons or corporations for whom it is done. Sec. 3. This section requires that any person operating the Babcock or other tests for determining the fat in milk or cream which is to be purchased or its value apportioned, must possess a certificate of competency for such work. This certificate is to be issued by the Superintendent of the State College Dairy School in accordance with such rules and regulations as he may devise. Sec. 4. No one is allowed to use at any creamery, butter factory, cheese factory or condensed milk factory where milk or cream is bought or its value apportioned, or to have in his pos- session with intent to use, any sulphuric acid of less than one and eighty-two hundredths specific gravity. This section also provides penalties for the violation of the provisions of this act. Sec. 5. This section fixed the date on which this law shall take effect which is six months from the day of approval, or September 27, 1895. Early in the spring of 1895 a circular letter was sent to each creamery with which was enclosed a copy of the law giving notice that the Station would be ready to test all glassware after June 1. The examination of candidates and issuing of certifi- cates of competency for making the test was conducted by Professor G. M. Gowell, superintendent of the dairy school, and the work of testing the glassware was delegated to the writer. METHOD OF MAKING THE TEST. For this purpose we had made anaccurately graduated burette of the same diameter and marked the same as the necks of the cream bottles. The bottle to be tested is filled to the zero mark 152 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. with mercury as is also the burette. Then the mercury is allowed to run slowly from the burette into the bottle until the upper line of the mercury stands at the 5 per cent. mark on the burette. The mark at which the upper line of the mercury stands in the neck of the bottle is also noted and if it coincides with the 5 per cent. mark, the graduation is correct. - Another portion is now run in until the Io per cent. mark on the burette is reached and so on until the 25 per cent. mark is reached. Slight errors like one or two-tenths of I per cent. have been passed unnoticed, but when there was an error of three-tenths or more, the bottles have been thrown out, not because three- tenths in practice is a serious error, but because it is better to insist that manufacturers shall furnish goods up to their guar- antee. For testing pipettes, an accurately graduated standard pipette is used. It is filled with mercury and then the contents are emptied into the pipette to be tested. If the point reached by the mercury coincides with the mark on the standard pipette, it is of course correct. All bottles and pipettes tested and found correct have been marked with the letters O. K., while those that are not correct are marked “off.” Only about one-half of the creameries of the State have sent their glassware to us, which indicates one of three things: (1) That those who have not responded are not using the test; (2) that they have obtained tested glassware from dealers, or (3) they have not complied with the law. In all, 1,498 cream bottles, 210 milk bottles and 96 pipettes were received prior to January ist. Thirty-nine of the cream bottles were found to be more inaccurate than the prescribed limit, three-tenths of one per cent. and were consequently thrown out. Twenty-four of the number, however, were found in two small lots which evi- dently came from some unreliable manufacturer, as the error found was greater in those, in some cases over one-half of one per cent., than in any other lots. Of the 210 milk bottles all were correct, excepting 33 of one lot of 0. The errors in these bottles varied from three-tenths to one per cent. The source of these bottles could not be learned as they were found at the creamery when the parties now occupying it took possession. They were evidently made by some unreliable firm. . INSPECTION OF GLASSWARE. 153 The glassware as a whole, however, has been very satisfactory and the new goods received from the manufacturers since the above act went into force have been exceptionally accurate, showing that the law has had the desired effect. No intentional fraud has been detected, the discrepancies discovered evidently being due to errors in graduating. The law, although in most cases seeming unnecessary, cannot help being beneficial to all parties using the test, as it will event- ually exclude the goods of unreliable manufacturers from the State, and will tend to increase confidence in the accuracy of the method upon which are based the payments for milk and cream. The following is a list of the parties and creameries who have sent us their glassware to be tested: E. E. Light, Union, Me. West Paris Creamery, West Paris, Me. Bethel Dairy, Bethel, Me. Bridgton Creamery, Bridgton, Me. W. L. Phillips, East Wilton, Me. Forest City Creamery, Portland, Me. Hillside Creamery, Exeter, Me. eae sc R Goss Co, Wewiston: Mie. Turner Centre Creamery, Auburn, Me. New Gloucester Creamery, New Gloucester, Me. Wonder Brook Creamery, Kennebunk, Me. John C. Gordon, Ellsworth, Me. G.-F. Gerry, Garland, Me. Solon Creamery, Solon, Me. Poland Dairy Association, Poland, Me. I. O. Winslow, St. Albans, Me. C. A. Whitney, Norridgewock, Me. Bangor Creamery, Bangor, Me. Cl Cy Nichols, hoxcroit,) Me: E. S. Dixon, Sabbatus, Me. J. M. Tukey, New Castle, Me. Smith, Hampden, Me. Fast Pittston Creamery, East Pittston, Me. Maine STATE COLLEGE, Orono, Me., March 25, 1806. ; il 154 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BULLETIN: Now2z PEAS—SWEET CORN BE eesGourp: PEAS. It is a well known fact that nearly all of the earliest varieties of peas are what are commonly known as “smooth” or “hard”’ peas; the poor quality of this type is equally well known. One of the aims of the introducer has been to secure a sort which should possess the qualities of the later or “wrinkled” varieties and at the same time be as early as the smooth varieties. Efforts in this direction have been at least partially rewarded with suc- cess. There have been put upon the market during the past few years several varieties of the wrinkled type which are of excellent quality and also very early. The purpose of this article is to call attention to a few of the newer varieties of peas which have given good satisfaction as grown in the station gardens. Our usual rate of seeding has been one quart of seeds to 100 feet of drill, though it is probable that one quart to 75 or 8o feet of drill may be a more profitable rate. The following descriptions are of “wrinkled” varieties of recent introduction which can be recommended for general cultivation. Station, (Gregory):—Of moderately vigorous growth; 5 to 6 peas to the pod; quality good; maturing in from 45 to 55 days. Morning Star, (Childs):—Growth somewhat less vigorous than Station; 5 to 6 peas to the pod; CEES excellent; reaches edible maturity in 45 to 55 days. Exonan, (Thorburn & Co.):—Vines medium height but very small; foliage noticeably light colored; about 6 peas to the pod; maturing in from 50 to 60 days. PEAS—SWEET CORN. 155 Early Woodside, (H. N. Smith):—Of rather dwarf habit; 6 peas to the pod; quality good; from 60 to 70 days required to reach edible maturity. Climax, (Northrup, Braslan & Goodwin Co.):—A very tall variety with rather small vines; one of the most prolific; quality not of the best; matures in about 70 days. Echo, (Burpee):—A moderately vigorous grower; 7 peas to the pod; matures in from 65 to 75 days. Renown, (Burpee):—Of rather dwarf habit; prolific; season medium to late. Nott’s Excelsior, (Maule):—A dwarf sort about 1 foot in height; 5 or 6 peas to the pod; matures in 50 to 55 days. Has received many favorable comments during the past 4 or 5 years. The above are only a few of the many sorts which might be mentioned in the connection of “new varieties’ but to increase the list would be doubtless to increase the indecision if one were selecting varieties for planting. In our comparison of varieties such well known sorts as American Wonder, Heroine, Stratagem, Telephone, Abund- ance, and several others of like reputation have been taken as the standard of excellence. Of the smooth peas, we will simply make mention of the fol- lowing varieties: Maud S., Sunol, Summit, Rural New Yorker, Alaska, Daniel O’Rourke Improved. These varieties have no marked distinctive characteristics aside from the type and their chief value lies in the earliness of maturity. It will be observed that in the foregoing descriptions consider- able latitude is given for the time required by the different varie- ties to reach edible maturity. This wide variation is given from the fact the season has considerable influence upon the time required to reach edible maturity, the number of days being less in a warm than ina cold season. The same difference is notice- able in the time required for the maturity of early and late sowed peas of the same variety. 156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SWEET CORN. Although corn has received no special attention at this sta- tion, several varieties have been grown each year and a few notes taken concerning their behavior. Every one who is at all familiar with the’ catalogue of the average seedman is equally familiar with the high sounding and attractive description of varieties which most catalogues con- tain. We do not wish to infer that such descriptions are given for the purpose of deceiving, yet the fact remains that if one bases his anticipations on the descriptions which he finds, he is more than likely doomed to disappointment at the results which he obtains. While this condition of things does not exist in regard to the descriptions of corn to the extent that it does in regard to many other things, yet not a few of the state- ments are misleading. Especially have we found this to be true as to statements concerning the date of maturity. Very often varieties described as “early” have proven so late as to be almost worthless, and several so called medium sorts have failed to mature at all. A plausible excuse may appear, however, for this apparent deception when we consider the fact that practi- cally all of the seeds disseminated by the larger seed companies are produced in a climate where the growing season is consider- ably longer than in Maine. The following table represents most concisely the more important points relative to the varieties grown the past season: ‘i SWEET CORN. 157 oi | | ab ce bo | ° [e) 5 | t Sie ans Bole lo S = ‘ot Sle S Ss to a |e |e a = SB lasek 8 a |BSls |e 5 2 rn fei fey Variety. Source of Seed. 3 ) 2 Sei le > bod Q Aa | S Sioa BF aes Sosa ole ea Ge J Meee ile 22 | 22 gS |sSisalss oR Se! 3 Si|F iro See elan A jzsl8iae Best of All........... H. W. Buckbee........... July 24;Aug. 1/Sept. 2.| 95]....] 7.0 Cory (White) .. ./J. M. Thorburn & Co ....|July 12|July 24;Aug. 17.| 79) 6.0) 4.5 Crosby’s Early. J. M. Thorburn & Co..../July 20/Aug. 5/Sept. 2.| 95) ...| 6.0 Early Dawn..... Johnson & Stokes ....... July 24;Aug. 7)Sept. 7.| 100) 7.5) 6.5 Harly Sweet......... D. M. Ferry & Co... ... July 24;Aug. 7/Sept. 11.) 104) 9.0) 7.5 Early Sunrise ....... Iowa Seed Company ....|/July 12) July 26;Aug. 17.) 79) 7.0) 6.0 Early Vermont ..... A.W. Livingston’s Sons, July 12/July 26/Aug. 24.) 86]....| 4.0 Eastman’s Early....|Eastman seed Company|July 12)July 26)/Aug. 17.| 79) ...) 4.0 Hance’s Early....... A.W. Livingston’s Sons,|July 24/Aug. 10/Sept. 11.) 104) 7.5) 6.5 Henderson Sugar ...|Peter Henderson & Co..|July 24/Aug. 7/Sept. 7.| 100) 9.0) 8.0 Hickox Hybrid ..... D.M. Ferry & Co .... .|July l7;/Aug. 7/Sept. 7.| 100) 9.0} 7.0 IBIOSNERY Sonsucoganous Johnson & Stokes...... July 24;Aug.10)/Sept. 7.} 100) 8.0} 8.0 eeey s Early Sweet|J. J. H. Gregory & Son..|July 12|July 26/Aug. 17.| 79) 6.0) 5.0 New England ....... D. M. Ferry & Co........ July 15;Aug. 1/Aug. 31.) 93) 7.0) 6.0 Perry’s Hybrid...... J.M. Thorburn & Co ...|July 20;/Aug. 5/Sept. 7.| 100) 8.0) 6.5 Quincy Market...... J.J.H. Gregory & Co ...|July 15|July 30)/Aug. 26.) 88|....| 5.0 Shaker’s Early .... |A. W. Livingston’s Sons,|July 24;Aug. 8/Sept. 11-./ 104) 8.0) 6.5 Stabler’s Early...... J.J. H. Gregory & Son..|July 29|....... Sept. 11.) 104) 8.0) 7.5 IVE ITOSC se reterelelerelafolaler: J. M. Thorburn & Co....|July 26;Aug. 7/Sept. 5.) 98)...-| 5.0 WOX Sugar. ...- 3... W.H.Maule........ . |July 24/Aug. 7/Sept. 11.| 104) 7.0) 5.5 Livingston’s Ever- ARNON, ongoonoodopooe A.W. Livingston’s Sons,|July 24/Aug. 10/Sept. 15.| 108) 9.0) 7.5 Acme Evergreen....|lowa Seed Company ....|July 29}Aug.19)Did not)....|....| 7.0 Burlington Hybrid .|A. W. Livingston’s Sons, July 29}Aug. 7} reach 7.0 Country Gentleman,|Johnson & Stokes ....... July 30)/Aug.17) edible 7.0 Early Large Hight- matu- RONKOladnocnooGse0e A. W. Livingston’s Sons,|July 27/Aug. 10) rity. 8.0 The varieties named above were all planted the last of May. The first killing frost was about the middle of September, so that in addition to the varieties which failed to reach edible maturity those which matured on or after September 11, of which there were several, were of but very little value for table use, as the date of edible maturity given in column five refers to the day on which the first ear was found which had reached an edible con- dition; this date, in most cases, was several days before enough ears could be picked to test the varieties. For several years past the Cory has been the standard of earli- ness, but in quality it is far from perfection. As may be observed by referring to the table, several varieties were grown the past season which came to edible maturity on the same date as Cory—7g days from date of planting. The variety—Early 158 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Sunrise—seems worthy of special mention. The quality com- pares very favorably with that of most later varieties and it was the most prolific variety grown. Of the varieties which failed to reach edible maturity, we would call attention to the Country Gentleman, from the fact that since its introduction several years ago, no variety has received more favorable comment than this one, but for this State it is of little value on account of its lateness. It may mature under the most favorable conditions although it has been grown here for the past three years and in no case has it reached an edible condition before frosts, when given ordinary field culture. For the benefit of those who may desire to purchase seeds direct of seedsmen the addresses of the seed merchants referred to in the above table are given herewith: J. M. Thorburn & Co., 15 John St., New York; Johnson & Stokes, Philadelphia, Pa.; D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich.5 A> W. “‘Etyvisieston s Sons, Columbus, Ohio; J. J. H. Gregory & Son, Marblehead, Mass.; Peter Henderson & Co., 35 and 37 Cortland St., New York; Iowa Seed Co., DesMoines, Iowa; Eastman Seed Co., East Sumner, Maine; Wm. Henry Maule, Philadelphia, Pa.; H. W. Buckbee, Rockford, Ill. MAINE STATE COLLEGE, Orono, Me., March 18, 1896. BULLETIN No. 28. POTATO ROT—BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND FUN- GIROID AS PREVENTIVES. Hubs Goump: Potato rot or “late blight” as it is frequently called, is a com- mon and at the same time, one of the most serious diseases of the potato. It is the result of the growth and development of a fungous plant within the tissues of the leaves and tubers. The first indication of the presence of the fungus is the browning of distinct areas upon the leaves; a portion of the leaf may be affected or the whole leaf may be involved. If the weather is POTATO ROT. 159 warm and moist the disease usually spreads with great rapidity, a whole field assuming a brownish or blackened appearance within a few days from the first evidence of the presence of the malady; or if the weather is cool or dry, it may be difficult to distinguish the effect of the fungus from the natural maturing and dying of the foliage. Early potatoes are seldom if ever injured, as the disease does not make its appearance until July or August. Just how the tubers become infected is not known. ‘The spores form on the under side of the leaves and fall to the ground. It is probable that these spores are washed by rains into the soil where they come in contact with the tubers and gaining entrance cause the well-known dry rot. It is possible that the mycelium of the fungus descends the stems and enters the tubers in that way, though the former manner of contam- ination is considered the more probable. The injury due to the effects of the fungus may result from two causes. If the tops of the late potatoes are killed in July or August, the tubers will remain very small, even though they do not decay; but this latter condition almost invariably accom- panies the dying of the tops, (if the dying be due to this fungus,) and when such is the case, the loss due to decay is usually much greater than from the former cause. Although the direct effect of the disease on the tubers is to produce a dry rot, yet this unhealthy condition of the potato may often induce a “wet rot” which is especially noticeable at the time of digging. If the weather is such that the fungus is developing rapidly, a very disagreeable and characteristic odor can usually be detected. This subject has received much attention from experimenters during the past few years and some striking results have been obtained, proving almost beyond a doubt that the disease can be held in check if not absolutely prevented. Bordeaux mixture has invariably given the best results as a preventive of the malady. By the use of Bordeaux mixture, at the Vermont Experiment Station, the total product in 1892 was increased from the rate of 169 bushels per acre from an unsprayed plat, to 400 bushels from 160 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. a sprayed plat; at the Rhode Island Station, in 1890 the increase was 48 per cent., and several other stations report very favorable results. : Quite recently there has been put upon the market a fungi- cide known commercially as “fungiroid.” This article is man- ufactured by Leggett & Brother, New York, and is said by them to be a powdered Bordeaux mixture and a substitute for that fungicide as ordinarily prepared. So far as | am aware, its qual- ities have not been thoroughly tested. If fungiroid should prove to be equally as effective as Bordeaux mixture, its advan- tage over the latter would be its ease of application. This applies especially in the treatment of low-growing plants. During the past season the subject was given some consider- ation at this station. There were eighteen rows in the plat used for this work. The first row was sprayed with Bordeaux mix- ture; fungiroid was appiied to the second, while the third was leit untreated to serve as a check,—and so on throughout the plat—every third row in order receiving the treatment described above, making six rows sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, six treated with fungiroid and an equal number which received no treatment. The first application of fungicides was made July 13; two other applications were subsequently made at intervals of about two weeks. The following table gives a summary of each of the six rows: BORDEAUX MIXTURE VS. FUNGIROID. . ou 5 = =| x Seer aeaies mis ae is 2 = o = n TREATMENT. Sus os Ear 5 o358 ea | 22 | ®8ea | oes | Be | =a Sos | hos 1SOINOVERWED notesione- sass. e eee eee eet eee ooo 84 Wood-lousevor/ sow bust ere eee eee eee Cee eee 117 Yellow daisy. 54.5.h55. fs cielancsletelscnne couse ere oe Oe eee III Yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar..................-eecee+es 118 Yellow: rattle. so cose wieiale dic ais cleiche eee Ge eee 112 PDE XS TO REPORTS POR) THE YEARS ae LO 1896 INCLUSIVE. PNCHORUtES HIV C Olam rene ee ete nace cece ca: PNaidmontheatine ee round bones -jj-cees cee ee ae: INGknOwiledomlentSmen eestor ee oe inoeee PNG OMe domme mest neice cuore a anise hse evehelareuel eucheuciees orale eaves oes INCEACAMS PICALAUKU Mae eriecaeichicelee acco eee Ndilterationvonmlolassestaalscsscedca lsd ceseeos ese ecen ee PNGTOStISHAl DA VaTeVilll SanIS see eee eee eee ace ENG OS USMC CITT AM yee ute Tone neniel Tate aA atte tay aunt, baw ABFORHS SHOlOMNSTE, Sagcosdooassconsecudouccndoc PNOTOSUISMVILN SAT Sica ale ei ctersiecinsie wikicie care cca icee aiene INGROSUISMVULSATISeratialiySiSsnmee ee sei els ASTOSHIS Wihlleginis, EineUb Eo cibcooabodo0ebuD0dG0d ASATORIS, ‘CENIICTEY Richa Gamat itec aa eure cienene aee mie A SACTHS) SADSTIC I aay ie ecto ain i Rae ere SOG oO ane PN MAS HMO CUIPALULS ney sus eis-ces:mteesneceis eh olevevel sisi atereiviele aisveucuene Albuminoid nitrogen in grasses and clover...... Mibumen nelationsto putter lateascscecess senses AN Ibiza oie TI erTnKeeen OC nes comprare, cinta PMO CUBS a CHOSLISK yn e arya cee ais, sot eet aut Seclinre eave) ape ovants ia cheats INisikemcloviermattalysise ana euien oo sce cress Allenke Clower, imalbyiSs 6obco6s0oeogsoguueuaKdoe PNISIIKeNClOVeT talalySiSwas ost scence cise eecie Wlsike clover, artificial digestion of............ INSikxexcloveridicestibilitye some ncecese ccc cee Aisle Clowes, aliexesillonlltin7, Gooccouccoucegou0an0ce Alsike clover, digestibility of extractive matter in Alsoplaile, iON, ocosdobosbqobcoudGocKKauKE Amarr nS inAGKOIe ao ooocqducccsuecgbecuoouc Auinimoniacalicopper carbonates..ccsseeses cece ee ATTMO MUS, “GoleowhtAvascooadechoopsoduccsuDGboo A ma@lkriicall Ti GunOCl soencousodoneen uocue hoo OOOO Os Analytical and experimental methods........... ANGACEV ERICKA Sie Coit OL ORE SERIES m uate Ce ec ry i er Se ee ed eeseee eee eee see ees ec eee eee eee ere es eee oe Ce rr ry Ce ey eee ese eee se eee eee sees eee eae rr ry eee eee sae sees eee ees e ese eee eee eee eee esos Ce ee ry PAGH 94-104 86-37 88-25 96-19 96-111 87-119 92-104 89-162 89-162 89-161 88-86 89-38 QI-102 QI-194 88-187 88-88 90-28 89-166 89-164 86-51 88-86 89-38 88-199 88-96 89-43 88-98 96-122 89-170 96-112 96-111 96-165 87-125 88-195, 213 87-123 192 INDEX. PAGH ANGYROPHOLUS Mp lanusi yar sesj- es eisiecie cece ieee Cee Oe 03-147 IAmeoumoisyorain) mObhk (42 science citene cine ce eae Cee Coreen 93-159 ATHSOPtEhyEX aD OMIELAT IAN. sie1s are cicjsie eo hele ee OE ee eee 88-166 Anisoptényxs pOMleteriar. mci, somes (canons ale aero eee Q0-137 IATIISO PLE HY POMmlEtatias asa 4 dees acee sore eee Q2-117 ATISOPtehyx POMetaTaay ss vec ose vice ls ale oO eee 93-150 AniSopteryss pOmetanias onsn< tice oo Hee ne Oe Ee 904-123 Anthomyia betas acc cs oS tee nao ns Ose GeO COO eee 93-151 AntHOoOxanthum OdoOKratiM-se ceteris cet eee erect 89-165 Anthracnose; beans. 2:0 a. is sues = picinciars leks lee ee nC ee oe 93-152 Anthracnose of raspberry and! blackbertyeeeeceeoeeee eee ree 92-112 INMIMPNETVOSS, (WOMMLO). ouododocosoosouc Ge ian Sirs age sees oe Oe 03-154 Anthirentis; Scrophillariaea snes eee eee ECE eee eee 96-123 ATithrenisscrophulaniaes aes eco oon Lee ere Q4-115 Ants) remedy fOr: Gi: .ss 0 Wecities cin doee orem roe EEE 88-194 Apatela Tépusculinass22: 5 aces pane anon Ore eee ere QI-177 Anatela lepuscultnaw. cao sass to cate oO OCLC eeCee gI-198 Aphis, apple=trees scuies ce ociss Gale oe ene e UE EO eee 88-170 Aphis; mali. 22 ee ad ace Bret eh eee ene eee 88-170 Aplisyinallt. ds sens alse bivcie ayes ee OEE C EEE QI-177 Aphis. -Tib@s s6o4 siuesisciors cise tne 6 Geen ee OEE 03-147 Aphontustrdentatussacnce noeeeee on at eC eee Cee rer rEe QI-199 Aphonus tridentatiss as asec ciis otieenie eee Dee eee EEE OOo 92-103 Apple leambucculatrixe.. cs.de soon ee One eee Eee 93-164 Apple maggot. = ue aeccs tre he oie Oe ne OE eer 88-175 Apple mag got sje s esata den ee eee eee 92-99 Apple MASTOL: cise sic Moe dete ole deals Saisie er eee eee Eee 93-148 Apple mae gots ceed cole desde silo ba Hee ote Eo eee One 95-93 Apple mage Otis? : 24 Heath euk Geeta Ob Be OE ee 96-120 Apple maggot, bibliosraphiyateele eee eee eee Eee eee 89-190 Appleymagcot) histonysanddistributionss sees eer eer eeeeere e 89-190 Ap plesimacec or lite stistonyereeeoe eee eee eC ee EOE Ecoe 89-219 Apple maggot) remedies. a. .c.ccceen se eee eee Cee eee 89-222 Apple mascot technical descriptions een eee eee eeeerr eee 89-215 Applelorchard. (Russianevaniebliesss see ee aoe eee eee Eee 96-72 Applevorchard) standard vanieriess-eaaeleeee eee oe eee 96-69 Applé sGaby oi ucatas cece eiie Sheen re tena bas ee ECOL 88-149 Apple scabs... 2 2 ete e seine she oes Coes EE CELE 89-182 Apple, Scabiyi.h sic cscs clesstueroeronicte ccke hae GEO Ee EERE 90-113 Apple seas... .:accid abasvcteele ccs 8 oa.8 iene aks Oe le See REECE EE QI-I10 Apples, list of wanietiese .!2 2 ceca oc mo oclacis se oe EO Eee 93-132 Apples. select: vanieties:, oss ciees os singe aie SEE OEE 03-143 Apple=trée! aphisinc xctie os csc hes eeales lea cee oe eee 88-170 Apple-tree borer, tlataneaded's... ..0-5 0.6 seh ee eee Eee 88-155 Apple-tree borer sround-neaded: sas. 4-46 eee eee 88-153 Applestreeitent caterpillar. .)c.5. clu sosee sees oe eee oe 88-159 Appleztree tent caterpillar: .'=; ao sss aceon eee 95-92 Apple-tree tent caterpillar... .c.c02) Voss se cm eeoe ee OEE 96-120 INDEX. ANRRHIEN SE ionCinCZIaIE eo tecoe ion chosio cas onl cute oat ant AIS HES (Dl MEibiNe s oye Apicdoccus ty coon Somme case PAUTEITUV Ae VV OUSHIL ays eit ecis ace le site alla a eleile Vato lve faa fan's vo leltovetsle tle’ PRERMeNAat we nlite aielaceliitians cases cde case saa ce ATIC, GhEAMICIISS 6 noose ods OOo he sooo Oo deen pees ATHMTCEY! CHBSHACN Cyt ORS. Songooongoocdocooo0HS AGpiincialy digestion, time required TOt...++----o- 4 ¢ ASMeS; Cdr, AWNGIS Soosogcooboucesboudbondscooue AGINES,, CORE Git mMEATEGhEONS coogaccccedcccgo0bdc0G000C ANSINES HON aneeKubaKer enronobaKGl InXoyWKSn oo 5dond0nd0douG dese Aglaes, lilcacinecl, ameahysisionccsvodcctucuovoconveboonor AgInes, tain lair, aMAbYSIGs sooocaccouceoconobeobuuuce AGINeS; WHOOG), GN NSISe > sudepsescobdnneenveceoueuce 2 ASINCS, WOO, EMAINSiSccsocescusdoccbbonaodocecouodeS A SINE GATERY = DIRTONNg Gensiomcol ca a oD OO Ian EEO omoere AS) Gareivc PINTO a aesut a SEIS IER Sion tee sine eee NG etimber=beetl Oven aad e.sais Ge Reecahhie ais Bales hs Sela MSopAnasisiOr winter Cardeninge.:.;.2+2++s2---222--- ASOIGOENS MEP o5cesoenode BRR stalase Woe dled 05 phen ENS (Sigel CLITA LUISE s cee n a Slaretantn aie veya aril kc aarels aes are ANSP CSIR, J GENEIN TENS Sigel Busttees ook Pa OSA AISNE aR ge Sa ENV GSE COWS, COMmposition OL amilk........-...<..- AZo, SOliulonilinng te acm rato a hese eed eae en oes Re Babcock method, “modification Of.......55.4...7644- AD COCKMCEEATIY LEST ain iheicisiscad Latiel a Go Ristan Sekt erases IBayclleyy, Inez, (Ghee slow Marans Aas Bee a eens co oe eee BratglevaiteStsd@le Viabletiesisl: cect cissia oh vai ee cee cee Damley, HOSES Ol WEIIGUES.s o4ccccnccacaacceanausnccues Barley, Uses On WENICUIES. ogoccunonevesadouvesocsodec IBAPIA, - SHER EV Na i Clea eee Sane am cur eon en Pear lee DET ve Beansmionr wittereanrdening. .. 1...) .joeae soe aso TEXSRBiA* AREA LSS dre, ote ae Te eee UO Oe Ee ANIME NVC CV listed eet aue nt prt isn hci cpank car tee Su eR Re dstnawanyellOwpbacu sae siden ceueae toes. aac Me IBCCMS CLAD COMP OSIEION sas ak tvs cel sete ieee sence IESE Binal SOLO) Seale Abe oon en ecm nde Gaoen carmen VCCESMIST OC Lew ATIALY.SISiy ot eu bia meee ee nie ay Benen ciallennsecispnneee eet Eee ENCREC EO Aisi CaTiane akay) ota ya Stones pip mune aes ce Vag dD Ce er 193. PAGE 93-151 93-146 96-119 89-165 88-210 88-195 88-202 92-25 86-35, 86-37 86-31 86-30. 86-29 94-15 88-176 96-119 96-123 90-107 88-184. 92-104 90-105 89-119: 87-125 96-165 91-79 QI-71 94-162 95-92 96-123 93-54 87-1006 88-128 89-145 QI-21 95-91 93-152 96-105 92-99: 93-171 95-90 87-68 93-156 93-147 91-36 88-189 95-90 95-91 95-101 194 INDEX. PAGE BSE ECE MG O CMAs cass co's) 4 ovo DS oie. 0.b.d ord Paid ou aie 2 ae eee gi-181 Blackberries: lists Obevarietiés ac ...<.c10elspoe oe oe Ce ECOL 93-135 BIGGKDen hy, prustiec 4 cisiere a s,s Sides bis ee oe tele ane nee eae 96-112 Blackbenrnygsced=calleee scan ers W cleireniny ee Eee 96-123 Blacksbind=weed sense iis oe fis osicca eae ee eee eee g6-112 BlackhcanthariSzpiscieh oa oie soe 36 201d se Oe Oe 93-146 Blackvknoty.%,..9aession GE obs cae o's a ee eee 92-100 Blacke knot 245 s3 indeed ay ereapsss ie ers 55ers ee Se Ee 94-82 Black im ediGic cack aioe see ae eee CEE 89-166 Black or hair molds. on. << cay has ot cee eee 92-111 Blackespot.or,apple-scab.oaeccce eee eee eee 88-149 Black* swallow=tail 10.5.2. 06 cession kee ee ee oe 88-186 Bladder cketinia so52iieresiars. coe Sete cele: eee OEE ee Ee 96-111 Blissus leticopteruss: sos). aut Asnc one Ee Q2-124 Blissus leucoptersc 20.02 Ss ons bs sacee ee CEO Ce EEEEE Q4-III Blissus: leuceptertis: o# ssa atreecace ote See Oe ee eee 95-90 Blood: dried; solubility. j255sc06e ss eee eee » 87-125 Blues oint, attalysis 2222 caccieet bos soe Cee Eee ree 86-51 Blie joint; analysise.¢c.cck celia. sce ee eee Oe eee 88-86 Bilwejointy analysis’ <3 ten seves see teen ORCC EEE 89-38, 39 Biueyoimt, antincialydigestioniot--- hehe eee eee Eee eee nore 88-199 Bluesjoint, digestibility &., 2.42. ).6.4206 be eee 88-96 Blae joint, dicestibility:..c6 aa .5o56 eee eee 89-43 Blue joint, digestibility of extractive matter in................ 88-98 Bolleworm, or Corm=wOrtl. ss Acne oe eee eee eee CeCe 92-119 Bomb: calorimeter cs)4245 coe sek basek on oe ee OCC eee 96-13 Boue black. dissolved analysise 44456 204 e eee ee eee 87-37 Bone -cround> analysisic..-6- cen seo tee eee eee 85-18 Bone meal: analysisasscs 6 ss ciss.cendcioer ce Oe Cee 86-28 Bone meal, analysis/).ca canes ces vot eo oe ere 87-37 Bone meal; analysis\s os cxesese sere oes See EOC CE : QO-15 Bone: meal; solubility soaneshs.< cs gogack 4s eee 87-125 Bone? solubility; < scaccdanacaacee oat soe See eee CE oe 89-31 Bones, ground, methods of treatine=.--5--- eee er eee eee eee 86-37 Bordeaux mixture tor potato tot.-- 44-2 eee eee eee 96-158 Borers, retiedies: fore ascj csc ose qanc sis de lol ee g1-2006 Botanist and! entomologist, reports... +e a> ee eee eee eee 88-136 Botanist and entomologist, reporta.-..45 4-024 eee eee eee 89-148 Botanist and! entomologist, report...0.. 500745522 e eer eee Q0-105 Botanist and entomologist. report.5--.--- se 55-eeeeeeeeee QI-I75 Botamst and entomologist; report..:.--- 2-005 shee eee eee 92-99 Botanist-and' entomologist, Teport...s. 22056 see eee eeeere 93-145 Botanist and entomologist, report. .7....- 22 ee oe ee 94-81 Botanist and entomoloesist,. repott..+.-s-s-2 25 eee eee eee eee 95-89 Botatiys work it. 2c c.iss. ed dhe dine suaien.4 on ad ae Ce 96-13 Box experiments: with fertilizers. ......4-4aee. ose eee 88-64 Boxjexpentments with) phosphates... .... 4.----seeeeeee ee rree 03-13 Boxexperiments with phosphates? ---: bee cee eee eee 95-10 INDEX. SVT a tera tI allliy’S 1S bays) ereile ev oveustkyssehcesiien’y shel ora eveveremecusnaysicrelehalevelsce Bran, wheat, compared with wheat middlings................. Bran, wheat, digestible nutrients in. Breed, effect on composition of milk. BiRee dite mStatIStiCS\..)4 == cise selena Breede mstatiStiGS anaes eeioe IBrOWNS: SISSON oo Goo nue OO SoD eno MOE RiroOnnbs, Gexcallimbss soosssccoo0g000deS IBTOWn far Inacio goooccooccancces IBFO WM ISS PIAS, oocabeoogusooo‘seT IBTO Wa: DIT a6 Bodog es Oem cic toe menor IBF EGCINEIS ODEAGHSs oscccnoo0cccsa0e00 PP TEMMISMODECCELISHe renee cee ein Baccwlatrix pomtoliellasys.s 6 ae 2° Bmecullrscixe jpyommboligiine cocsoscasonseobosuaoounvausucoogoodoc Bid=moth, eye-spotted....:......---.- ISiuieAlloy: lNubrA gee G GHouNe eno RD oO Me ees Biniralomecanpet Deetlevss scm cece es: Buataloncarpet beetle... sc ..e cles: iBinialomcanpet wbeetles so. eee assess: IBieirAllo {HSS IMOpSts oo dcucnceboGKCGS Buidimes andvappliances:..5.5...4+- Ce Ce i ee Ce ee eee ese ere eee ere eee ee eeae ee Se CC ee er Pe Ce Ce ee Batley anlount Oneream LequinedslOnans sees esac ee Buiter: Aah 5 onocabesodobddooU0OS IBuiter ainGl Gereinsconcuovsppodsoaude Butter cost Of production... .. 4. Biter COSE Oly PROGUCE ON. sce oe TO O00 OOo O10)0) 0 cOOspid Cojo oO 0.0 U Butter factories, inspection of glassware for.................- Butter fat, mechanical loss of....... Ce Butter fat, relation of casein and albumen to............-.... Butter, influenced by food........... Barter melting poimts Of... .-.004.<- Butter, profit from selling........... ©! 10 \e)1e (ejje ta; 0) (o\'e Je) (01 (0) 0! «00 1010) 0 00 0 « cy Ce rr rr Butter, production by different breeds of cows............... Butter, milk required for one pound ee Butter, relation to other milk constituents................... Bitter avolatile acids) 11s. -.40. 1/4: Buattenenilikasanaly.siseereiie cece aes nuittemenalkevanaliySiSis...cciieisie cer 6 5: Cd Butter milk and skimmed milk, versus corn meal............. Butter milks waste of fat im......... BUIGbeneLM pe aMealy.siSw es steicmai oly oe Buttercuparatialy Sissies ae)aeeleee cre Buttercup, artificial digestion........ Bittercup) digestibility «1.04244. Ce CC elie. ej elle! (e) |e! lellelfe, e101 e) 0/,0)/e0e!e lel e)\e\ ec] 6) Or eee eee ese eee esse reve esen Buttercup, digestibility of extractive matter in............... By-products and refuse, composition ey 195 PAGE 89-59 89-61 89-60 90-29 89-257 91-208 89-164 g1-183 94-85 89-162 QI-204 92-99 93-171 93-164 95-96 88-169 Q6-III 94-115 95-93 96-121 96-118 88-11 87-I1I 94-12 g6-I11 90-25 89-115 96-150 90-43 90-30 o1-62 g1-65 89-186 90-20 86-71 90-22 91-65 89-122 90-33 87-70 89-128 86-51 88-86 88-1909 88-06 88-98 88-115 196 INDEX. (C21) OSES Se aia ea ey INR PIP Cee Pe IRENE Gen NOIR OTE og 5 Gabbasenbubtentiye eee ou caelowclaitencicne ake oer Cabbasesmettects ontrimiming aan raeeeeeeeeeiee Gabbagesnietkectswonmtinimrmitite kee erences eee GCabbagess nmiluenceyomtransplamtinioy sees sence Cabbagestintiuenceton transplanting) sone Gabbasesmnotesvomniaacuuscecve may eee mer ee Cabbages: tnotesvontie ncn accea cores ce eos Gab baes in @tes totes sy tes celeron Capeun rae eae Cabbageshinotesronsnn tin cae eee eae Gacoeciabnosaceamae i Gace here ee ee Calamaenostisscanadensis), analysis: senieaaaneeeenere Calamagrostis canadensis, analysis................. Galllichytisspunctatisheene eereErcce eee e eee Calorimeter investications withecessreeeeen eee Gamrelanarcativiaeguctes ae ento tho Aece reo Me ee Cankerswormptallli scale sets dana aC elon eee Canker worm ballet vsti Sena eer ere eee Eanthanisiatratae ese ys Ses stere cen ear eee Caponizinegexperiments espe eee Tene eres GaRpet (DEStHe yO ek ES Gees lee et a aN eR (CEairDeEHS, CAE Olodasoocccsacees eas oat le MRA aa ae AR Carpocapsa pomonellatsseeeeeee le eo eenre Gale Obl eas eH Nees teak eS eee ce osc gn ye Carrots wild esc la eee el SE AC Nie A Garr Ob cwill dics siiise tere eine Rice les GaSe oe 2 eee Caseiniinelationitolbuttemlat ease eee ee eerie Catti eke decid iene Cia e he ata chet oN eat) Oe Catchily~dichotomollsiseseee eee eee eee eee CatchithyAmmichtinlowenrineresaceennG te one Goe Cattle toods, analysisiy.5 secre aoe Ean ae GCattlettoodssanally sistance eee eee eee eee eee Cattleifoodssanalysisin. 3 oss aene eerie aceon Cattlestoodssanalysissiwe ee eee eee nn eee eee Cattlevioodsse.elativiemval lene aeen nae eee Cattlenioods;nspecialsrcompositionscsnnee eee Cattle Ate! 22 Lael a ace a ea Cauliflowers, directions for serving..............:. Caulitlowers-snOtesmonmetice oe eee ooo Cecropia dmotlysc Winco gees his Piteiclak ae ae eee Cecropiajemperor morph). cee ce ccc cece nee Cecropiayenip cron moti .2 42) eee shinee ee eeee Cecropiayvemperor moths .1sssks tae hie tee eee Cedartashe sais, a liti.rearataaseitieule che ALON a ante ae PAGE 96-145 94-84 92-60 93-103 92-61 Q3-102 g1-83 92-60 93-101 95-82 04-110 88-86 89-38 95-96 90-13 89-185 94-82 92-104 96-118 88-166 Q2-117 03-146 89-257 94-115 04-120: 88-172 93-178 94-83 95-90 90-30 96-122 94-99 04-97 86-47 80-37 92-26 93-25 86-76 86-52 95-98 94-146 93-105 93-105 96-123 Qo-121 02-103 Q4-II1 92-25 INDEX. CenameiumyCONSPERSUIMS sarees ye cece eels Gentatneapemicenrawas NM Acasa a Slacenenn nN Shas eae eeas GEKESA DUD AtSiaeh ey atalavere weve pecoce ls Aeanica cer outer tclslonsts es CInEeeS) Oi GATTO GEMS Sosgdoobocoanogsucduuoens CIN GENE Die CIA rs Sake Seen ye aOR ye an a tet SSIS H AGED Obes aa aera ola rays MU valon hah ce neh ery OSA PUTEMAISTSH ERED OEM oy noel ete eT ALN tl teayaee arses Claeimies,, Wesus Or NBITEMES Je 6 Gaonauosocnonebanees Glileniie sw mis toler scenes Suam Cd gece ua aac es Claemmysres joleimalonise cs oe esoubsucomsosuoudoouer GIIESSHORRCITE ALA h et treme eae Vis BUEN GU as atau anes (Cais l 1a Xbiarel ie UGC Mann eats Sg ee ne Ud eM Claiiielay "liber 3 cuca Geib Gere eee NI re Creer ier eres Core neers el Cline Lotirers ae Stl hal ea Meret Mey pear aiteres CIAO, TOLER sees Ere a aE Helen eh eee ieE Paine ChinysohothmicaenlOnataeerye ao eceie tere ence Churnabilitys selation Of f00d tonagasadessee sen: Clatirinivaes, ichim@ ineaibeireal sieirs bo pdoahoooceacodnuocc (CLOUGH TOW LMEOH Na yesh vets s oh Salsas 8 55s See oatemies CGladomatranciteninayaaeie eee aaa oan Cladoniatraneiterinal asia tOOGs ue aacedd sone cee Cladospormittin, CorminGms>4ogcssbaccqcocoscocngsso6 Cladosporateraan Inedpeironbhann5oascongsconbooeac0ebs Clana sinellis, amelie rar oe anae hee nein em mn les Cities TKOKONG ara Sencar heres REET RP RERTEE ea ene Uh erred Chistocaimpapamericananaseees scene een: Glisiocampapamnenricanagaasee eee sate sane Chistocaimpayanlentcatlannas sees erence oer Clisi@caimnyae, Swivel bassooucaoboanobooududbosos ChistocamipanSyiliviatlGawe yaaa s step srorensichtayeh sh tehsek see celts GN TIMES MTINOL My warn eh testers shee Sige aie ae asian clears Cloveralsikemana ly sisi vcisyais ceversios osreb iene ss seers CGlovequalsikey analysis soy sa.) ease Melee dre ono ea ae Clower, allele, cheecialenitay, K6bounboooonnosondsooe Clover, alsike, digestibility of extractive matter in Clover and timothy hays, comparison of CHOWSt; DRG SICOGAY GRR enanAe MEA shan Gee ARE ea yee CHOVeresenitniSoni ny ay. Hela siahetchcte aremnie role a lainas GloOveradod cette tri hisstevlclsialorsicbarstute teller ait lcvaheocterans CloweraltaynmanialiysiSmcpiscts vente eet tae tile o ae s Clover hayayantitcialiidisestionuess. ane deeee oe Gloviermiavadicestibilityacse ee eee CONES TNO TAVEN ARSE AE HS Ain OE re Bris el Ren eR MIBUE SL ea Gloviersired Mamaly Sis): siccciletelciscs clots ic ars eteee acai Cloveroredswhiterand alsilceys ee esn donee (COWS TOISES AAS Ae SR Ra en Re a Aegon eae ee GIO VET AIS WEEE RMI Ncier te uciue, Manienee Wii tiauagiaes a coed cette BL Clover wititewanalysisi iris oder bore lolli eetore eee eee sees ere secs eee 1Q7 PAGE g0-112 92-104 96-122 96-9 QI-183 88-204, 210 94-12 198 INDEX. PAGE Gloweriwihite, analysis Jaci casas oreo 88-86 Gloviertwittesdigestibilitysaadsaer ce eke oe eee neEeer 88-96 Clover, white, digestibility of extractive matter in............ 88-98 Gliyhuse Hb eaver tbr eye ier ess aoe aie cle et ale ccleaner Boat 94-85 CobumealtanalysiSwi nex icda swiss iesle co ails coer eee 94-14 Cos, analy sisteekk ocean Beanies os EEO EEE CEe 86-51 Cobsveflect onidigestion) s oacccese rime cee OO neEEe 86-63 Codilinge mO bhi. 4 ak tamedies o eaminen wa nou Loe C GOO REEE LCE rer 88-172 Codlingmmothy..28 inoue one aceeuale eee Oo eco eee 89-188, 237 Codling \mothiisew luce «hice sees ence ee ee Oe oe QO-114 Codlinesmoth sprayintewtonseesee see ace aac eee eee eres QI-100 Goeticients),of digestibility... cases ane Cee eee 88-96 @oemal MWitens!s cicdoct cicis eects eho eee ert ote Se eee cae 96-112 Coldiiram esis Cekecers aceon a ECC Cer Cnere 960-85 Colletotrichiumephomoidessaaeen eee ecee ee Eee OO To nee 03-154 Colletotrichumpindenuthianuminee asec eee eeroce iSite 93-152 Coltstieedineyexpenimentwathyaeere ene none ee ceeeeore 90-68 Colts wieedinewexperinient .witheecceeeneree ete ce eerore g1-58 Gomandraswambellatatis yee vege eee eee ee 95-95 Completeivs» partialateriwlizersee seer eee eee eee eee cee 87-47 Concentratedtesioy producersee aerate oCr oreo 95-136 Concentratediicedeaeereee eC eroer eens UR ens cos 95-130 Condimentalscattle 1o0de imagine wae eo ee eC EEE 95-135 Conetlowetr-ioryellowadaisyeer ear nee OCOD ORE EEere 95-91 Conotrachelusmnenuphajeaaseeeoe see Oe eee Q2-103 Conotrachelus) nenuphare eee eee oa eee eee 93-151 Conotrachelus, nenuphari.s.cs ene eee eee ee eee One 90-123 Conotrachelusmnenuphanrs.s--eace aes eee ec eee eee 88-178 Continientalitoodicompositioniot- ee eee. cece eee 86-53 Copperricarbonatersolutionseesce ee eee Cee ree Cee OEE EEeee 89-182 Copper carbonatersolutione ee ae eee oe ee Coe oe eee QI-I17 Cord’erass.e cee egw as ee oN us Oe eC ee eee uno2=101 @orallorhiza anultiflonaye oo secs eens Occ Cee Oe 96-112 Coral: roOtse eo aisiss dems soe pe bee eee es Oe lee EERO OU EOE Q6-112 Cornyanrountot seed. per ache: np eeee eee Reece eee ere 94-33 Cormyamountiomseedsperiacres eee Oe eee CCE eee 95-19 Cormyamountioiseed permacnesepeene eee eee eee ee CCE ree 96-30 Corpnyamountomsugan and starchmink ease eee eee 03-32 Corn=and=cobimealis.. 2. deseee house cee ee eee 87-99 Corn-and=cob imeal compositions. a6. eee eee 86-51 Cornzand-cob! meal) digestibility... ..4)0.. ee eee ee 86-62 Gornhias ia silaseucro parc ccicihies coe cele sea ee eee 03-57 Corn asa silacexcropae sede cca een eee ee eC eee 94-150 Cormiicobs, analysis... de: 6 caw eee ee eee ENSRI Ene 86-51 Corpnecobsanticialt digestion: Of....0 s-b.6e eee eee Eee 87-129 Cornyicomparative yaeldiot varieties. ..-4ec. co eee eee Ceee 93-59 Corn vettect of ‘erinding, upon digestibility....ee eee eee eee 86-62 Cornvensilage: digestibility... 0s. senwies e tae Eee 89-46 INDEX. Corn ensilage, value of, for milk production.................+ Sorrierirel dMarialliystsis vase pape day kor ciotcbcheval «tansisyancveramcateme cma reusiates anes Cormmirel dedi sestibslitiyj yeasts cre yetelctsrsiatst set Polsio assy stase oiere.clela (Comm, saline Amel hoiges hon ee Mae E Beno Apoatic maces Com Gee Bees CGornnmproddersiwarivalty. SISH.18 Actas shed toes honciolaieloreciee «mc male eie cree Cormproddensemarnialysisitas saci ts dower ae alam onion se siciae cere Corn fodder, composition at various stages of growth........ Connmioddersdigestibuillityy cause cieis role oe oa oes bie tienes Corn irodders, chisegmlomltiny, oahascadsasseanesacnooecsuacudeus Cornnproddensdigestibilityacnsesenee sa: seesaw Cormpodderssteld vanalysisuesa says 0ss0se oso dora ie sola acme: Comn ioalcler, mellal,. Glieecinilonilttiny, aboosccsoodsooedsuosoonoudce Corniodderssoutherneanalysissmeeen econo cctosooee nee Cornnodderrsouthern, digestibility. 944. sacs deeeene so. Cornnmoddermswectanalysisn eee seeieda ots eee Connniodder=sweetaaisestibilityenas. os emo nse oc ceeen lee. Cornnpionmiodder matunesvsammatinessenae coc see acon see Conn simimnatune southern: analiysiSsancies ye ces eee ee eee Conmenmnpontantyractseabouutsiioee eels ance ocia sleet: Cornes VMicinestield analysis cehaieleicocisernc aa eile sire Connematiurerand immature sanalysis.ssccnes seo aaccuecle se (Cornmeal sanaly:sismas tattle, cakes nee ste seas a ers oe Gorrie Mamallivisisy ccc span ara cvetciery ace eaten ants iam usec iae Corn meal and cotton-seed meal for milk production......... (Cornnpniealadenticormpanalysismee seach ee cieiaeeae CGonnemireal taiic estab ility, pt rer. | skeceys toys ness -her slctet sucnete toronto loie ss eens Cormpmealidigestible nuthentsyineeeecaeceeseiicoe aces ee ae: Cormmeal experiments 1m feeding ).5..4.- sees sees ssn c Comn incall, ilime Comm, eimelhygiS, ooocboasdsccnoodouccdnsondobe Corngmeal form chticowsee saeco ae ook een Corn meal for pigs...... wen sbetegsl oc ysichal siete! sietopetatalete ale tatatiorsserotrsuershers Cogngmealemantunes residential eee noe ee Connpimealivce cornn-and-cob) mealasaade ee eenae eee Cornanrvealevich swiltoleico rites issn. cts).toire 8) ia a oreic ae Be eee CornnmiiedlnysawholencorninOorpleseesee eee eee: (GOGUMBTOLES OMe ee tes eset ce te tated tobalct shite ore Rot SN egtem skate Pye aoe Cormplartvarially.si Susie eta vate st tarolal ante o) cacietele evetckater soled notomee ote Corn plant, composition affected by maturity................ Corn plant, composition as affected by drying................ Corn plant, composition at different stages of growth........ Corn plant, yield at different stages of growth................. Cornnesilaceyidicestibilityzsreseeeec eee Cee earn Conmysoutherns analy sisue: was voc ls oes ciee seine eames Corn, southern and field, comparative yield.................. Cornmsouthernkdigestibilityass pero ee ce eee nee COMMAS WEEE ATA YSIS Pcs decoy Sitek Seog rea erate ice aS AT Sos Conmusweets digestibilityrn irs aes oe ier ea Mai eet Comresweetumanunialivaliuesssaietoe a ee ene oan ate 199 PAGE 89-69 89-50 QOI-32 86-51 O1-33 93-20 193230 89-46 OI-32 39-38 93-27, 40 93-40, 51 93-27, 40 93-40, 50 93-27, 40 93-40, 52 93-28 95-127 95-127 95-128 95-127 89-59 94-14 87-84 86-51 86-61 89-60 87-97 86-51 95-24 89-103 86-42 87-99 88-101 87-97 94-53 96-31 95-129 93-35 93-63 93-62 94-42 89-50 Q4-I51 OI-32 89-50 OI-32 89-286 200 INDEX. PAGE Gorn-esweet) Totes ON. =. ss ss incoles kee we See 95-79 Cornivsweet loss in. selling. - << 2.25 sb seh eee 89-2860 Com, whole digestibility... .c.0<22245 500 sees eee 86-60 Cor, whole- experiments in feedings. . 2.) 2 ee eee 87-97 Corn, whole. vs) cornmeal. . 32. 20..2 2 Gee. eee ee ee eee 88-IoI Corn, whole ys: corn meal for pigs... ..:: 2 >2--saeeee ee ree 87-97 Corn WOLthie: i2cb Sesion Cae ns cae bea eek eee Q3-147 Com. worn, oribolliworm. o2 g.c2soae 8 eee eee 92-119 Corrosive sublimate, treatment of seeds with................. QO-III Conythucatarcuatal so. 2.5; son ge ele ne eee 88-187 Cotalpa lanigeray 2) 22500 siejcn soe wee esos ee eee QI-205 Cotton=séed meal, analysis./..225.. 2: oo. a eee ee 86-51 Cotton-seedsmeal, analysis cf) ccce ace eee eee 87-68 €Cotton=seed meal-sanalysis:..ocsce5 cle aaa eee 89-59 Cotton-seed! meal; analysiss 255 1c Ue. ceeee ee Q4-14 Cotton-seed meal and corn meal for milk production......... 87-84 Cotton-seed meal, artificial digestion of..............-------- 87-129 Cotton-seed meal, digestible nutrients in....................- 89-60 Coiton-seediimeal for mileh cows) -o- eee: eee eee 96-39 Cotton-seed meal for milk and butter production............. 86-05 Cotton-seed meal, manure residue Of. <.. 22. 25n0 sete eee 80-42 Cotton-seed meal: manure valiie of. 2 22 a25- eee eee 87-40 Cotton-seed neal, solubility in) pepsin... ---425 eee eee 89-31 Cotton-wood dagger i).chc.aco es eee ee gI-198 Cottony ‘maple scale veo) v.25. eee ee eee Q3-I51 Gows: cost of foodiforescs. . 6 ahi eee 89-110 Cows;..dairy; tests Oba. oo. oss ee ee eee QO-17 Cows, feeding experiments with...2 25.25 oe eee eee 93-66 Cows, feeding. experiments with. 3... 2. --occe ee eee eee Q4-44 Cows, feeding experiments with... o-.-> 2.25 eee eee CEs Q5-24 : Cows;-ration f0P. 22 225d. See bieeiciciclnve one Se ee Oe: 90-49 Cow:stable, new fittings Of... cance. osee ae eee eee 4 96-22 Cows, tests of breeds 2... 2) o. odie hse EEE 89-106 Cream, amount required for butter... 5. =. - 4 eee eee enone QO-24 Cream, amount required ior one pound butter............... 86-70 Gream) ‘analysis: 35326 ced So pegs oc ae cele ve eee Dee eee 89-122 Cream, ‘analysis: .:225.0cbwee cee oe ss ee Se OE Cee 90-33 Cream:-Babcockstest fore 3 ssa ocicet oom oc Sie Oe 94-162 Cream, butter value of, raised at different temperatures....... 87-III Cream, changes on standing, a.a.. occ oe eee Eee 87-114 Cream, cost of produGson se ..05 o> ccigee oc eee ee ee 89-115 Cream, effect of temperature upon composition.............. 87-110 Cream, effects of temperature upon volume.................. 87-107 Creameries, inspection of glassware for.........-..esceeeeees 96-150 Cream obtained at different temperatures............. a eee 87-109 Cream spreservation tar market /5.4. 02.2066 sos eee eee 96-141 Cream, profits from selling... 2.22)... 0+... =. = eee Eee eeee 89-116 Cream,-relation of solids in. .2 22%. 02.22. sche eee 90-36 INDEX. CGreanmnelationutoubutter am dunmiilike see asia ee eee @reamysolidspnotetats ses HPS OAH FEDER AeA RE A Sa (Cire: (WESTINER I AA Sra ay Gi ie RE AL BE ea Sg ea Cine ainal MUS e7 5 SA aaNet A A pa aie aL eam ee Creamy weight sands compositions sseannnt esse. doen Cream), yield trom) different breeds. .:.....5/....... Creepiniewbemtvanass ieee oeies alow seesie wile aloo e eoes Crepidoderaxcicumenssse te es soe Sees sees CGrepidodeRacueumens ssacm oleae seek. CGresredmdogstallmorassnana nonce roe Cropswmnelativerteedines abilitym ens eceioceeceeie CHROOT DUETS a Br AR Bl nu eae A ec VED Eh PUR er Soe at a (Counllteshyyenreral rapes i ee a Nat Dr BU EA Ceti crptlea=heetlews waren maga tema ate nee wate Gncumibertiea-beetles ski ead sao as eked Reiss Cucumbers mon .winter gandenmimeas snes ace ec see. (Cini enilloy, you hbtian yar aren aceite Aas ne es a ein ge Gi tiitareetatantdayomaeee usta tataraeacatoniatatneot sta tena malt Ooh Wide WA e a HO (Giirerealratepn tty weed man pee em Vicente hing tks Ra hinn toc Nl (Cibiieiraiane, Ole non EMO Wels iat lacie aiid io Gea ial eae ate Mey A GuisrancesMmanwwiOniMy sek zr Ris eens A Sela eee oe erase ee (Gurarpatrastin yw. Taran es Aer ae Aiton th Oe i Ce OME MA TNE RS 2 Ciomesrasat! Groin i ee eed sh ali et GingrantsplistOnvanietlesi kaye: week we ae seen Cuscutaepitinyamume 60) .5..5 0%. SRR GW aes DO gt Guiscubame pit lay rata ee eee ie ee A AI NAT CUSCLIEE, Gomclahamlbioneed daa ae aed mise MOB ad Gas aia nimiels CW WiOinindl, WedEISeh ga tinris iat Geir MSIE eine a Saou Cllt=WwOrRil, reel? Or DIE bdosnsacnucedoccboononoe CGitaworim-vanesatedmet iui Oras Meir Cai) a (Cie ONPIOUS ce ch lene ence ee aD ee CPE PSE AE BY Notas Sell meatar w.metcc tei! sists ssScoressicweressua stereos ORCAS: DAG tylisuol@nmenattaye sas nee evn keen coisa eeoriee eee Wacwyhisnelomenratayeanallysismpaaceene cee tore eee 1D Airave COWS WEESES Oly va cismiwac i ttccmeteaabas Sig nanban ene Daimyacows tests Ol breeds, 24) 0.0. beeen eciee wee ID) eittay aan RO CLC ES sr eae os Ms ee ela els chagel ayo a tawnes Pca aks DANA PLOUUCISSEUIGY RON ee eects Daim MWASEE PLOCUCES, Ol. acid nse ccrsine sels oi acvacd sls DainyiilenslawitOr pROteCtlONiOle rolls + dele eee es Daisy, selon, OF Come OWE. oosdousacosescoaboacue IDalkirtiang, comyolluieliey. Saabooonccossccahuenosoue sor IDernclelionng, eke ase eee reas areas el leben abet ctinie ue yal Rar a Dantionlarspicarawanalysiseeeen ec kee DantwontaspicatamanalySiS srr sei tedster AD) ACarrataM MS Cia re nee rieg i iseslecedslwuane shea love mua ucmancle wise ais 14 201 PAGE 89-113 89-126 QI-71 92-171 87-114 90-22 89-162 95-110 90-123 89-116 QI-142 Q6-117 96-112 95-110 00-123 96-101 88-178 Q5-III 96-120 93-147 96-119 88-182 92-103 93-137 94-83 95-95 QO-III OI-193 91-1904 QI-192 QI-189 89-166 89-165 92-104 88-86 90-17 89-106 87-107 89-106 90-37 96-176 95-91 90-122 94-82 88-86 89-38 96-122 202 INDEX. PAGE IDEVIDUCAN Gibcey COV AMND TEM OM AIneADe cdo Naa GIO BobGGaoccqcoosoddaos QI-179 DanC iSnCaro banyan alae ctee aueisderewieteiee lenenetatenens 2s adeitblateys baueteele ayeneee 95-94 IDeepiiSettingesprocess Ye iciajs,siewiesieinlerssenctsveloreke oellaraer see eerie 03-95 Denticornn cor meal) irom "composition .-eeeereeoeeeeere 80-51 Dermestes landariusuch Weak aac vete eieekeds era aay enel ara iene eee 95-96 Dermestestardanrittsy eis cece eens Mise ee ee Ee 96-123 DiastroplhusmcuscutadekonmiSsmna-esee oe ee eee tere 90-123 Diabrotica: wattatal iia) teyel vss sucess acoateiete ree none ae erate aero Rae eee 93-151 Drastase methodsoideterminimeustancheceeeeenenrieeeeeece 03-37 Diastictisepibearias aise sraseveris eke mea MOE OTe 96-122 Dichotomousicatchilys suse ase o eRe eee eee eee 94-99 Dichotomousycatchtly awe acsacee eee One LCE 95-90 Diretanyastudies atthercollese than eae eee h een eee eee eee 96-128 DicestibilityencochicrentsiOme ne eee eee eee Ener 88-06 Digestibility affected by food combinations.................. 04-35 Dicestibilitymors bar) evs ayes er crc nrc err 03-54 Disestibility, oficlovershayenac eer eae eee eee eeeeeee 87-74 Disestibilitynon Leedinga stints erase aeee een Gee 87-67 Disestibilityvot-teeding, Stulisi aaa eee eo eer: 88-116 Disestibilityjoreueldicornnmodderseen ae ee lee ene oeee ree 93-51 Disestibilityionneldtconnisilace:sa see eee eee eee 93-53 Digestibilityrorneldkcornusilacesaem asec nee ear eee 04-42 Digestibility of gluten meal and wheat bran.................. QI-37 Digestibility of hay and field corm silage. .........4..c-0+-0- 04-44 Digestibility of hay and southern corn silage................ 04-43 Disestibilityohelineariany havens eee eee anrer QI-31 Digestibilityotameaize:|kernelasneeate eee eee Cerne 86-50 Dicestibilityrormixedwhayeycen sess son wee eee eee 94-40 Digestibility of mitrogen-inee extract......+.+.csseece seme sees 03-44 Digestibility of nitrogen-free extractive matter............... 88-98 Digestibility vor Oatistha ween aceon tee ee oe eEee 87-75 Digestibilityvotipeammecalbeeseeeeer eee eee eee ererr ae 89-60 Digestibility of pentose carbohydrates. .\...02...s4see- sone: 903-44 DigestibilityaompotatOcsweaeoeeemee oe eee eee Eee 87-77 Digestibilityron protein vantinclaleeeenecaelee eee Cee eore 88-1905 Digestibilityvon southermacorsilasesnan eae eee 03-53 Digsestibilityron southern conmlodden aie cece eee 93-50 Disestibilityon southerniconsilasese mee eee oneer eect 04-41 Disestibilityomsweercornmnodder se ancee se eee eee 93-52 Dicestibilitylomtimothyhaymeecoseoe see eee eae 86-55 Disestibilityromtimotiyahayae see eeet eee eco oee eee ote 87-72 Dicestibility, ofstimotiy, hay sees: deen er tea eee 90-57 DigestibilityNontimotavahay Men aoe Toce enone cate QI-34 DisestibilityohwanlOMms GOOLSIH ne cee eee eee eee QI-36 Digestibilityjotiwheam brane nce cee aeoecee Maena ss 8 89-61 Digestibility, of whear middlings. 42.2000: seh eee eee 89-61 Digestion wartiticialy ets cisinewloaantecekrd ge sieas Oceano ae ener 87-127 Disestion artihictal sii daisies once bene Oe eene 88-1905 Digestion; artificial ¢.i.6.< bic. sisse shoeioicleleeislo ie ero eee 88-210 INDEX. 203 PAGE Wicestion. artincial, compared with natural... 2.2... . 10.2... 87-132 Digestion, artificial, of nitrogenous materials................ 87-125 MiccctHonyaReiictaltiime required LOn sion) ilielpelsijeisis sre) eveley eval 88-202 MieestionrantiiCtal Stutzer:s mlethOGs psi). (l-)ocsjs/elelelsleeat ine 87-132 Digestion coefficients of corn fodders and silages............. 93-40 Denes iO MUN C OCMICLETIUES ete a lelclele mela velsy sha) c\ else) Runia's (nla wlavareve/suaceteye 88-117 DeEStIOME EXD CIMMNEMLS ole) yaye sa clereiesarle cielo selanetey vanes stelSusiralls errekeyle 86-53 DISS HOMME ETM TES cea Wille nets as sere Stevorn a. che) ertusdenepa levee evelelons) a ell's 87-71 Di EStIOMMecp ETITMETES se alata sine) s sielsjc ese ckeel symlenarepne leony autienane Sraut 88-90 Digestion Cio Tilsiy. syoe anaes s obo canoe oO ae CO Hamano con QI-29 IDNGSSIC) Ge OTINSM coonnpacnadoes soso eonoaodesoaoesODaO 93-38 (Digesiiont iale © oie) €) 0 o! el,0\\e eee) wile) olfe| lel eis 0, 0/\e)\«) #/elenelee)els) olulieie)s cekelisl(ele Experiment Station, organization. Experiment Station; relation'to the Colleses.o25 4 eeeee eee Extractive matter, composition... Byed ielators:..j632 S2ehed haste aeted Sear e ae eeee eenee Eye-spotted bud-moth Eye-spotted bud-moth Fall and spring manuring Fall canker worm Fall canker worm Fall canker worm Fall canker worm Fall canker worm Fall canker worm Fall dandelion Fall dandelion Fall dandelion Fall web-worm TD rr 2? Cc ce ey Ce @ fo \ep\e (0:10) 0) 8) 10 (@ 10 ‘e 0 \0).0 (0.00) 0) 01/0/10! ee lelieveleLe)ieleliel/sjiaveleepelielialie)e ei'e) |e) 001 «0 © je. 0) exe 0\0\ 0, 0: \e (0,00) 6. /e/0.0) o 110,01 10}\e 6} |e) oi wi le/iei(e iis} sel eel OR COnOnOCONN CO OO Om O CONDO OOO Cy MOO mmo OOOO OO DOOD ODD OD OD ee @s| )\0) ee\ ©) e)\0| © ele eee ee 0) 0) c/(e) &)en eee (oieleleleleleiiels)ieie e\ 0 ©. 070) 0 « e0 © © 0\ 6 6,0 0) sv .0,.0\1e\\e)(@\le) 0/8) ~ is) /ofellel wi lo\le @ © volle v0 0 80s v0 «© © «0 0 ©» 0,8) 0) 6) 0.0 © \s\\e]\).es) e)eliee) =| ehel(s)\aile © © (0 afe o © 6 0 © 0 6 © 8 (ce) 0 0 0,00 00 e000 0 0 eevee) elahelsielslistele ORONO NC ONOEOR OO NCO Cnt NC TONCEC ELH Cn) Oho nCEOnom ONO oO Crema On Oto a (0 © elie 'e ©0000: #6 60.0) © 0 0 es 00's 000 «0! \5)\s) veh eer telelellelielis le ec elleie ©).c © 01.0 0 ee (0 00. 08 (e\\e «eee! s),» ce eielleliale) isl akelelalsl ela © oe 0 0 6 0 6 0 a ce 0 0 © 0s © 0.60 6 6 00 © 0 0 6 \e\e)e)e| ele es) ejlale) sive wee © elenehe «0 ec ee 0 0 0 «0 0 6 elcele ic 0)0 0 « 0e) 68) 0 0) eselle)asieleieels Ce Cr ) PAGE 89-104 95-136 86-53 89-187 Q0-119 93-146 89-53 89-55 89-75 88-136 89-148 90-105 QI-175 92-99 93-145 94-81 95-89 96-13 92-109 93-150 96-112 Q5-III 96-120 QI-21 95-94 96-122 92-99 95-96 95-90 96-20 85-5 . 88-7 88-7 88-88 88-187 88-169 90-128 QI-146 88-166 90-137 Q2-117 93-146 04-123 96-118 90-120 Q2-105 94-82 90-124 INDEX. 205 PAGE aa Baw b wiOridalisencm us ee tale coat ie natavener cues lade vecsusn ceva spate aieileGe Ye akeraseval ase 92-103 Faull viie ty svvi@ elias ye tomer tc aecrasrsice te: vaylel acess eavten chanel yay ouspe Cateaerase austere edie 96-122 TERNS emet clscaa eran ee A Se i Hin) oA PUBIC tne Mire ia nae umes cla tly 89-185 IPaurTiN, SUMEN NE eXeITAKE MES Olisibininiociadlot Serco ac Ga occa oie Ecaicin aor 90-15 areas Obie sme terri em evans cece ave atte. eve2 sales Zecca sales aie fasiels) ara ateenjers 90-58 Hateimimbittetemalli sands skimmed salle siye cae cise sec 89-128 Kae iim smile, COSE Ot DUROGICMOMN, coosdcaccosococsnbenucdo00DODEGS 90-25 Rage iim manllke, ello to Winters ooobooosoooucouluccuogocpouHOgS 86-69 ateimemulke relation to casein andvalbumen..sc. 4.0055 04506 90-30 Rare im mul, relaiorn to) Guar GOlNGISs oo6occeconsc0d05ubaccuouc Q0-22 Hen fea rates Keiiraaane Gctanillikes sl sieyeyeoatede yl etree ahasls clietau tiles Sante iaiis eyes a italien a bal ane 89-128 petal os Stamler cl aititaygy Wil Sten verersi ayes ish siete aes Seoueke sieve Weee vores lel stay sue sieetows 90-38 paremoferritllcmervcrill allo allustsyzrserers casa cesie eis venes ais aoncuacuare eps sever ari aais) eve 89-129 Rat, WSS iia Ckarononeal mails o ooeoouowedoduccesocsocaccoeKDS 93-95 Fecal intirogem, SOlMOMIinys cco coocdedonvooseboodedododmooeouc 87-134 ECCS HACO MMP OSTtTO IMS reuse kg Nae sey aren lca d seevial way aie Shave aneme lol sievaleyate 88-92 IS CES MBIA ET METI MII cre euey Ney ats ei cgirs circulars tbs dey eracearave ele, exeyeuaueys 88-198 KeedpilotrpamalySisaem seein asec ncn ECO Re TR Eas tHE ot Pa a ea 89-59 ee lent Owultewrarta ally SiS rusiar uate Anes iS uenE ie iciatay siulaualorg ghana ata 92-26 IF@eal iloEir, CheSHMONS iMybINANEIMNES wos oocococcucouvecunudogosudGe 89-60 Peeling Erg eSnvunGones ies avocleeouwesodmodee on dose uecomo ror aD 87-82 FESS Clit Sa erepY EIRITTN TALS Speirs sere cisely cis Meter scons le case e role uu sraeasty oraeersuen rans Q1-23 Peeing GASaiMICGMES) pvsdobocsboounvoeuenHodounadnouseousoss 93-64 Se mom essai e TMM DNS a eu taeretecucue tance eter eneiseareeacralenewsheobslio mestiouny ae 94-44 ee dincHexperine»nts meGnOLsnOl- eric s ce veclstcceinieaceenee : 87-135 Reeching Exqneinianenmles, \yrntle, COMMSs coocecccnoo sc cooduadudsoduuoe 90-68 Fe@eGiing exqneinoncrars yada COMES 5 soogoaccoccccoudebeoosodsaur 91-58 Reaching Sxpemmanemesy Wy COViGorssccoueconccsoous0cs0suGebe 93-66 Feeding: xen Wm CONG cocccooddocecuouooso0agodKede 95-24 IP @eGhina Exgqnermonemes Wadd CONG ooacbocoacovcdeodscoueodnode 96-37 Heedinonexp ehiimentsmwtieste Crone cio astern oie 90-71 REOGhing SUIDSIMMTNGNS Wyle GUSSHS Goobsoodosodddosoonocucaoog- 95-30 FF GSGhiae CIGNA Wada Gib odo dae cdoonnbaoccpesuuwogoes 89-85 Heedinetexp enlmlentsmwltieswallenerrc s+ eicrce ie ecinnceceaeee 90-75 eedliing Exnemianencs Yrhln GWAlNS coccooguoccsococcccdoccouce 93-82 PeOGhing SHOSKS IOP EAPO Go coosucccooouscgduccO0dduoGODGGcuE 86-73 Hee cin ommStuirsuicatialy:ST Sree wealevatyiiel clea sr ilas alse ct avoraeaiieeiae sa tits 89-57 eco ms hitsyeciallysi se, ae eie tess ci sieioters ever laue omeAereae 87-64 BeeGing Sips, OMAVGSsoccosdobodacosodgoasouscoodnabodeone 88-111 Meecha SbuiiSHmela all SdS eric crre tales susie susie steveleierearala loan rote ears oce 96-28 Feechine Sums, Ghemsimbonilbipyooooancosocansosabosanadeeecoaues 87-127 Reealime SwUnis, Ghieesuillltnresucdoobocboosoeododecueoudceaaud 88-116 Peedhing guint, liniy mellem WOsscaocdososbaodeoddadeucosueene 96-178 Ine@eching: Gyan, Greig bococcoooboucdgcobudedouocgoduuenne 88-107 elds malrataialyi SiS Gena sMiarh Masami Maleate soul atNe uaa Mean Un eh anne 92-25 Peldspar as 2 SOLIRCS Or WON, ccosdosuedosousosdnsansoccueoe 89-148 Heniihization mp olentrequinedetOTmemscaet teen ceo 92-48 INSIMILIZCIS,, AianOwnans tO) De tsa oovcoccscedooeobnconoouunsdouc QI-135 206 INDEX. HentilizensmanalySesmctacse.ccisicloa seta eiels ieee eon eee Mertilizersswanaliyslesi eisai iI Mii I a ARS A ean So ae MentilizerstianalliySesy antauidta wae eras © aelclnisce cao ore n ae a CR ent MentilizenssamalliySesiys asa aieie oes tered nerene re nice CA A ener Mentilizenss tamalliyss esi cien ssc lslecsce sie wie sie) Sei eae LA OE eee Rertilizens( jatalliy Ses eit aus) sssie sso alae eueenale ie eee et eee Mertilizens\ ama lys esis ianty siarersiic ses ielisncrac corners ear Eee eee Fertilizers analyse sie s cciain caine ss lcitslescy soley see er Mens Hn Ie ee a Mentilizers, commencitala discussion Olas. ce ener eee cence Fertilizers, commercial, profitable quantity to use............ Fertilizers, commercial, vs. stable mantire................... Hertilizers, effects of different amounts 22) cone ee Hiertilizenswiexpe rin entsmwithiemmeian acre erie ieee aie Rentilizensmexp erinme»ntsy swat hiuemc se rier erence eee tea Mertlizers wexpeniimentsy within elves eee ee ie ere ME nHhbAS, xqovembonSmes WIN sdocecoosddondecccbobascucodces Bertilizers) neldvexperiments withers oem ae cela eee Rertilizershaimel dwexp erties wilt lariat eee Hertalizerss treldvexperimients awiths.os: seem e eee ern oeenar iHertilizerssinsp ectlonbolnenacce eee CEC eece Mertilizers, inspectionvol aacas scorer Cre nore ec Fertilizers’ inspection @iias ra aie seis steer epee esa ree eee Fertilizers Mnspecttoneoh o aes coer eee ee eee eee Hentilizers inspection olue. qoer eee eee cee oe OOo eere Ferntilizersminspectionvot itis. acmeecn eee aoe eee Fertilizers, inspection of ....... iHertilizers,ainSpectionuolenasee alee ence eer or ere ecoroe Hertilizersy inspection oniermerastce eee Hertilizers, law, relating ton. .ss4 see ae eee eee Eee eneeee Hertilizersilawanelatinioutonsneer caer eee eT Eee eee Fertilizers, law, relating: toa. eee ee eee ee oH Riertilizers,, partial andicompletenssas. sone eee Kertilizers, partialvandicompletes-mnce. shee pe ee peor ere Fertilizers. valuation Olssqcceoe eos core Caen OC Ee Rertilizinesmaterialsmpiunrchaseloneaenmeacmtior ee coc rere reer Restuca)-duntsetila is.:) op) dem eectare ede. See CEE EEO Ce Eee Festuca: lations s.icceta averse sclecenea ais GeaGisiais) Se Se eee Bestttea ovina. ciisiy nie se. a ecominn «ole nie ee nae eee eee Bestia: Spratensisiicy.is sted ae sacikaicile ale cre) sve serie ate te Fieldicorn, analysesii enlace seniors eto Eee Breldvexperinvents: cate) seis ae eee ia ce one Bieldiiexcp eninmemtse as Wes hele oe Wiad adie oere Octo Ce ep Se aa Hieldvexperiments swath tertilizerse sca. c see eens Field experiments with fertilizers..................6. Revs nee Hieldtexpenimientsy with mentilizerseecca cee eee Bieldvexpernments with tertilizerses sec one eee oeeeeeee Bieldvexperiments) with tertilizers; cn. oee. eooeeneee eee Hishipomace- analysis i. fe ccicsseiw.ctschiseileenic CeCe ECE PAGE 85-10 86-16 87-16 88-37 88-9 90-4 QI-4 92-14 95-132 87-47 94-27 94-26 88-63 89-135 91-79 QI-123 87-41 87-49 94-16 86-9 87-8 88-27 80-1 go-I QI-I 95-131 95-142 96-10 87-130 95-144 96-173 QI-131 94-25 86-11 86-38 89-163 89-163 89-163 89-162 96-28 89-135 90-79 87-41 87-49 88-67 QI-123 94-16 92-25 INDEX. Righty gery, SoltiloiitayccooosoeseodsooddocogsocoeG soc Eish solubility un pepsin Solutions... +s +2 c«6 ls Hilateheadedapple-tree! DOLerac hie sce an eee clees Hal eam o GG ere ieee circle eri naty AHURA Be cUk Ae to Lilint-connm meal trom COmPOSItiOl sence s aes «ce © Flour and meal, composition....... Livatevalciato wists ities INOUE GSA OMMES, AMICI Soueoccdcaasdudguadccaucas Koddermanahysissrmethodspemancciencisectecie aces HModdenpandsrootcnopsermmiaciiciicriiecion ei creae HoddermcorupanalySestonnarncnceccccenio iene cee hoddermcornmydrieds digestibilityanasseseecce noe sees Od GersmmalPallyiSeS sini. tarunricl vapicravers eons lepaveustel disyorslslece: shale oddensmraiallys OS Asiaieiner ais: spans ialerstors sieves eyetalls ovech ce stan a Oa Cer sera tay Ses mode stinensscustetarcva ates veces) ayslerccacs (poss a seen ake ioral Hen Se martlalliy:Se Stalareaiaes ec seelcrete esa sieves ete ato taecene cele cae ray Fodders, artificial digestion of.. Food combinations, influence upon dteese bility). Food, digestible, value from different sources.... Food, effect upon churnability of milk.............. Food material, production of.. Food of man, investigations upon.. Food, relation of, to growth and Mommosition ire See Foods, cattle.. Foods, cattle.. ae Foods, ea) Acuseen Sen Foods, effect upon butter.. Ranh Foods, profitable mixture for ¢ swine.. Foods, succulent.. Forage plants, iments ce Forage plants, experiments with.. Foraging power of plants for AHouphorie feds Foraging power of plants for phosphoric acid Foraging power of plants for phosphoric acid Foraging power of plants for phosphoric acid Forcing house, construction of.... Honcine Mouse, veneral management: .. +... c.se.0s0 sss Honcinowhouse, internal, arrangement..\sacs+. assesses ovis Forcing house, methods of heating........... Forcing house, ventilation of..... Forest tent caterpillar....... OneStyteNtKCaAtenpillaiien earaiseyanicmiacin see dleicissekuee Forest tent caterpillar... Nee Ns Four-spotted pithyophagus............ Fowl meadow grass.... JERSE UIE e) COLO Gr eNG I NN ee er a Ae CP Fruit tests... JOBE WERSso boob dooc SE Fret EMRE ESESa nee pe mun une odie ee ee ee rr) cc Ce ee 207 PAGE 87-125 89-31 88-155 94-83 86-51 88-114 92-26 82-210 QI-41 89-50 89-46 88-85 88-112 89-38 96-28 88-196 94-35 93-93 89-129 OI-4I 96-128 95-36 87-64 88-81 95-135 gI-62 89-94 89-79 88-147 89-161 QI-142 93-13 94-167 95-10 96-89 96-94 96-94 96-92 96-91 88-164 89-188 90-138 93-147 89-164 94-135 89-255 90-140 Q1-94 208 INDEX. EUG UIMePRECSES Goce Sci ersiie cee Fruits, catalogue of........ Rumiparord ie ecmeve occ csee ec Fungiroid for potato rot....... Fusicladium dendriticum........... Pusicladium: dendniticums.. --452-2- os cee Husicladim~»ydendrticumls 2 ose. cee oe eee Busicladimmerdendniticumries.--eaeseee oe eee Gardening, winter, notes on........... Gelechial cerealellans. sees eee eee CECE ee German feeding Systemic.) 25-50 (eee eee Germicides for preservation of cream................ Germination expeninentsye-s aces eee oe eee oe Germimationsexpenimentsny es Coe see eee neo eeee Genmination expertinents seeker een ee eer e eee Geriminatorse.es soe: Oke ee oe re CE oer Giant Splrniéy esac cose see Cae een See eee Glanders, bovine, suppression of..................- Glassware ninspectionwsc ses a eee eee Cee Glassware; inspection. 4. + eee eee eee oer eeee Glocospontimmvenatim sess sees eee eee eee eens Glocosponitimisversicolomes- eee eee eee eee ee EEE re CGlutengmealsanalysish eee eee ee ee eee ee eee ee Gluten ‘nmieal,vanalysis.cs.) en eae ee eee Gluten mealas food for swine... -- eee eee Gluten meal digestibility. a-. «> here oe Gluten meal tor ailch cowse-2-5-) eee eee Gluten meal vs. cotton-seed meal................... Golden=rod})Canadiane-nac ce. cee eee Goldof pledsitesd.nee: Aes. eos eee eee Goldsmith\ bectles2 yh.) eee eee Cee Gooseberry: iniitiwonmbesns seen ee ee eee Gooseberry inwitly.) 26h ien re een he ee Gooseberry -plantlouses ss eee eee ee eee Gooseberry: plant-louse! sass eee eee ee eee eee GooseberriesMlist of vanletiesn.. 4-40 see er eee Gortyna nitelaysiie os eee ee oe Oe eee Grain» beetles browns Me 0 scncoos cn cree eee Grains, «mixed erowile.'.:. fence. .--= 2 -e eee ree ee Pollination, efiect on inuit. 255-5 once eee eee eee eee Pollination, secondary, eftects) Ofa-.45-46 2 oe ee eee OC EEe Polygonum: amphibiumy 224-45. sete eo ee eee eee eee Polygonum) convolvulus:. 235.2202 2sce ce eee eee Cee eee Poly zonum) convolvailus) goa-eoace ce eee eee ere cee Polygonum’ convolyulusico: cen eeee ee eee eee eEeee Polytrichum juniperinum as a food Porcellio: Speciéss. .. 250d. ie Se cases se OnE Eee Pork scrap, composition Potash from feldspar Potash, Potato Potato and, beetiscab osc4% oss eae cee eee beetle, Paris, sreen for. 2.22.2). 2s eee ee Eee Potatoes, artificial digestion of 4... eee one Oee Potatoes; boiled, compositions... ss. ee chee eee eee eee Potatoes, ‘digestibility. 2.2 ac bes eee eee OO eee ia Potatoes, NOtes ON)... sac. ods cen ee co oe che ee ee EeEee FOtatoes, NOLES .OD1:.... oscic.s 3k don chs ee Ae OE EEL EEe PGtatOes, NOLES. OM) 2 sc sod He sare oe ses, ce ee ee Oe Potatoes, raw, analysis Potatoes raw, and boiled formpigs--.- ot eee eon e eee Ee Oeee Potatoes, test. Of. varieties. |: 2..d i002 «iene aac ee ee eee IpLAtoes. tests Olwahleticswnce ree es. coor Meee oe Potatoes: test.of varieties: 5. sn a- bse dace eee eee Cee eee Potatoes; trench system, of culture. ccs. .oe eee eee eee eee Potato :pomace;.analysis.. o...<1acsceaees yee oan ECE OE EEE Potato TO: sierra cigs hes: «ee dieensre arseleieb 3's os Re EE Ee POtatO £Oby 52): hice sis -osessns cine os So bee eee eee Potato TOte. i cce5.c% yee ss so 5.6 be eee bis Blelbrahs see EE DEE Potato Scab: os. 2. ates aes a sja.0ccbs vis 0.0 6 LORE eee PBEALO SCAD . ooc 5 nce oie. cavbie wales os ss p60 34 081 CREE EEE EastAtoeSCAD; “CANSES, Ol. cacice ne eo sees aeecee aia os Se REE oer a | © @ © 2 © © 6 © 0 0 0) s 6 ss = 2.0 ©» a 6 © «6 00 © 2 0 06/00)» 00) @)s\ 00 00s) 0 ee Le Pk I eC Vr NC POC er) Oe cy ry ce MUTIAte. Of; os wes, s diadaies aeieien ema OEE CRE EECLE 2 | PAGE 96-123 90-105 88-178 93-146 96-123 96-64 93-140 91-95 96-122 89-164 89-163 89-163 89-164 89-164 QI-100 92-48 92-48 92-29 95-95 96-112 89-170 95-95 gI-184 92-103 87-68 89-143 87-37 93-156 90-114 87-129 87-68 87-77 93-121 94-51 95-78 87-68 87-100 87-104 88-123 89-146 94-153 96-28 89-174 92-114 96-158 88-148 94-102 90-115 INDEX. otentillaynonvegiGase sass. ses siacice sels PO: GapermMneniky So osocnobpeccooodeoooe Romltmy-naisine. rations fom) ......+-..- IPVPaRHE S IGOG. ooo tomo pC Oe ee OOM EG eteeo MOOG alialiySiSkierielaciis sclera ves Predaceousiwater beetle. . 4. s-4e eae: Preservation of cream for market...... IPOS, CySubhevel wos cnedscuudsmecosus iProrems digestion, arntilicial 22.2.4. 504 - Protein, coefficient of digestibility ...... Protein, value of animal and vegetable IPSS, TROBE Cp ease Ie Ae eee ee iibescent Ibeardstongue 2.5.6.6... - Eilicattons donatediyuscces sccm ascmee Purchase of fertilizing material ........ Purple flowering-raspberry ............ OnunnOS MBSE Bese anton de HOODS n aoe Aare os IRAlD ETO CONSE Gogo oboodawoce suoenS Rai pit tOOtIClOVED pate ade see eee oe ee ee RATARTONMES Olamics cee ua feiss cess asia ee Radiratiorentennesthiall ys asec IRSCANCAC 5 Siig cb. Beiey JOC ICIS CEES BRB Radishes for winter gardening ......... IReauiial, invol Sha Ks bs oe ereereRnG cence ae Oars IRein, anal Apathy onan tee eres peer seals Rannnciilasvacnis, analiySis....01.0...+- Rantincilis acnis, analiySish. s..sea. 2.2 25 Remnants naplianistriuminss sseeecese se: IRSiSIDIOSIR a cee oe eR ueEG CABO REE Cena ier Raspberries, list of varieties............ RAtTOnNsSs Compounding Of ..o..s0..5.-.- ations, Compounding Of:..2.5...---.- atiouss efect upon) milks. 2s. 4.54. 544. Ratomnonemilch COWSIaeeecsieens coe net RatlOonssOn poultmy, Talsiie see. sea IRainiom, loesys kines Orcnielll phe uae kebe ooo ueoos no oes seuss eos Rear tall larval es neni tcts stank wists colar ie Pe Ce alt DENY saree). icin ae wie ce ess eave edEclover, (COM POSItlOM.)..5.. s)). 06. - Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar ..... Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar ..... Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar ..... OS CIOS Como OOS. O65 Colo a 0fo. 5 ey Cc ey eee eee eee ee oe eee eee ee Ce TY Ce ee er rr Ce ey ee ee i rd CC ee ee eee eee eee eee eee Ce ee ee re ed Ce ry cj(ehele) 0) eelie).e: eel viie\.e) se ejleie\ ee Oa) 0 SeOioeCvioncrOycy Cicero Ouch Cd ey cc ry ee er ay CC ee ec ee eee ese eee ee eee a) Se 2 Cr Oe CuO er OO GaCOnOrO eC Oro ce ey eee ere eee ee eee eee eens Ce 220 INDEX. RRedMEODs (ANALYSIS «\. yous. obit ees de a doetere Halon ee RedStop; atialiysiSi-):0% .:/sieiejs's ateie’s (lets lores tals haere oe eee ‘Reditop, arttheials digestion Of): .722. 4.2 eee ee Redtitop! .dicestibility 32 ).6130.c se) ee ee eee iReditop, digestibilitye o.2c.-wi Sa oe oe EE Red top, digestibility of extractive matter in................. Remdeéer mosscas tood tor Swit ..2-ce ee oe eee eee Reports: of ‘the station. 25s: S226 sens G3 Ss ee ee Rbinanthus crista-callny. .-. stoke a eee eee IRbOditeSs: SPECIES aio. 5 ais ho Ros Adlon ee ee oe EE ee Rhododendron maximum 4555205 55- 20 2ee eee eee Rhubarb ter wititer sardeninoe nie o- ee ee eeeeeee Raub Grass 25 65.02 sds cass Soe Fae a oe Ee Rib) Gass” i2.).kc ee etl sence atch ke eee eee ee eee Reedricanaty: orass..c.% sions ee nee eee eee Ring-banded ‘soldier-bug; -ce ese eee ee ee eee eee Rock i.dust;, ‘analysis 04.5. M21 dso aw Aoa se eee ; Roestelia*aurantiagay.4 2. Oo. cero ee eee Room for digestion experiments 2. -e eee ee eee eee eee Root and fodder crops’ = .io26 5 ese oss eee Rough-stalked meadow ‘grass2. 22-552 ee eee Round=headedlapple-tree borer 225. (seo eee Cer eee oe eee Rove. beetles oe... Pose oe eee Royal stock food; composition. 3-2 605+ eee eee eee Rubus odoratus: 52. ).5, oc see noon Ce beeen Eee Rudbeckia Wirta: $222.2 Sods dees co ee ene eee Rudbeckia hirta) 225 524932463505 3 ee eee eee Rumex Crispus: 202s. ssc Se sic ee eee ee eee Rumex obtusitolitiss ss. 222: 2.08 hae ee eee Rutasbagas, analyses '20.9..55:.ac ce Loe ce 2 eee eee Riy@e grass) 5 lis. skies oes Sone oi acd a ee ee eee Ch ee a er ee ta EEE AEM cs has ~oabeoc St John’s; works coe Soe oe ee oe eee Sainfoins, c252 50 aoe ans bs ee es Be OO Ee Saperda) candiday 220) eo ban Laeee ooo 2 eee ee ee eee oe Scabrous hawkweed (oe 3.4 Se oe ee eee Schizoneuralanicerase=eeeeeer. ae oe io endicte tee eRe Eee Schizoneura’ lanigera ge: 22 4..)20 sui. sn oie 2 Eee Sea-weed> analysis... 32.0 6:22.25. Se cs ore se Se ee eee Sécaleseralé:ss3y5 e.g Be heb see co oe Ses veo ae ek ee CEE EELe Secondary effects of pallination .... 02.2 5,-5.2 2 ae eee Selandniaicerasics. 2 dae ses $5556 oboe cee eee eee eee ntee Selandrial cerasi i222 aes se sds sone Henk ne eo eee Selandsiacerast. .. 5 2aBe «css ofc doe cc sees oe pee Oe CECE Seed) amount, of, per acre’ for Cort). ...05- 2 «coe eee eee Seed impurities ins. .-0s 5 3.)ss<\,0 00 Seabee soa ees eee eee Seed’ selection; improvement by-....2.-22.- 4-2 -- >See INDEX. Seadls,, Wass Ol Sis hae GOCE eA cata SCE TORI itcman ical art SSO UISMLESESH Olan uty etoctcha: cuekevaseat thay « crmill reece caolabalalars ca ene arafiiel alate ls Seedsirandenwiee dst rsracis sie stenstshaie) cid tckalarabcnarsiolginic tera ile ole ares Seeals, Jew garslei einer tay iar be Gioiics ac ene Cen n CE liceieas S@eal:: HOSS: |S SG MIN AR ais Ante ea Se ents eis ear Pete nea er SE Maiav OHS WREESESM Omi varceaey Wetec eky Micra aca otel a unl care ected tyes aun Ah aaliea Srereigal cl llevan te Ste ante eA LEN RN ale cola tis rapenanlns roatere laite eae Se lralinleupit alli G ares Galea wren ala aPen ae ae Maer a aon as abel petaleuliltan interne atne SINeCepaaiestionmexpellmennts nwitlyaee acess desea tla oceans SITS PRES GUT Cem erat iy Wins, Met anetate i tunable Wal skeneten sy eyevchaiatiJetht spenesleharas SNES OME LITT Se LOM es eed Nese aliolslet Su atenati sis evelanclhatatatalstat Shelcletavaum arate’ Sinton Ope teres re ey een atte BU a cae ae ARE Ie GIN RUNG ioe ec e Ri aARNGYE Re Snr sMOSE CHO TOUISE! Ae ee ee UU ara lcuaeoaiienels, sunlere Sillalereum anti edliviS@ Sue snemten staetvea aeatacet wat Cin hel Nai uaton Hallade aua,le ata ees iN eens SilagencompanedewathmonainetOte COWSHa scm cmae sae eoeeci ces SillAere- CHOPS. UG ieee Hie CHEE OR rR TRS eTTEE aca enter ee aPE aL Silas. Cron icommal eee nie iecae Ree EG OSAP Te eon A ame SP AERCHO PINCOMIPASH occetper clon esees assy seoraatenouet ex cleweree wus avert weeds Silaioenmiel ditconmvatraliy.sise 6.4.) ssltie seater torts doi aistets les beable ile Silaiceaieladmconns atiallysisisacs las ci o cisva lois ere etela aerate Silaceumreldmcornundicestibilityanacmaacc one oe lorn Silacemiueldscornadicestibilityaasssesece code eee ones: Silage, imanisxecl, ior imosllOlr CowSooencdocuncaocoocuuabacnndudouu Silage, SOmunern, Corr, AMUbEISs5s5eo000csnduocouesasnodunouoe Silacemsouthernaconnmanalysise aes steno eee ener Silase, Soukeliernn Corn, herculloilittnyos sosncnsncecnceuadcuunans Silacemusoutivetsm conn: digestibilityeansesa wea ce sokle ee cee Silaciersoritivernnmuconna digestibilityeane ieee aoa: meee see Silacemsoutherm conn vsy eld Conmensseeeeee reece sean e Silage, Suyrece COmm, EMIS. concooodeouucacdnousooboubounods Silaicemsweet corny digestibility a1 owen nee ne aise ee Silemem ai Clio toma ty sata Mees Seren an Saale elnheca avandia eeu Sanne oe Silene ic OPO MTA ey satin se aleee nea oa cir Svcea clei huis Savini sures Muu IN ana Silemeen@ Chilo hare Meee EER OEe Rin, sn Raat herul Ga UM OL RA Silene) pennsylvanica j.e5 e402 4: iiiges APR Tein (hs Beacca been apeiaina ih Sill vieaandy'S lattes Mace erty 4 or thee caarirel aie iM can LE NR apes eee EAS SulKSie SORSYS WS eee ale arene cee a ae At a gO AR Ate AR Et ea aT SilivetmmivierstockpoOwGer no pas sen one dence aetlonee Sikimmamneal smile emelbyoigneyocogscospoodoonsoconoocdsousouudeo Skimmed milk and butter milk versus corn meal, etc.......... Sismanmved tanillke KCompositiOns 4 .u..115 se epee eee oe ties SkKirmime diniilcston, pigseas sans cciasn acre Maa cies Sei rayon eel Sicimrmledmnnnliktyyaste oleate ser semis acese eine ae Skitned tale wastevon latin: 4 as ys ceeites cement c eis: Silenderiiosctailtonass sqhey arses nes aceite ea crear a aN eye Me Sra rttitsra tl Otesa OTM wis queen ANly dil eed cu hdia) ced an Site ret blitiS Ce tey Sits eae eh a ial rey ceeula Oey oean Mi eu UNL SOL UIE AA i SiMettltIS SEMA LIS ME eee are nal onlay Bere Neen s mcs eee 93-40 222 INDEX. PAGE SiGe ss om trcl fils 220 sail sidbe Ne widlalede O Saas ne ea eee Oe eee 94-104 Spantinavcym@suroides: 2: os = ecmes eel h eos Go ee oO ene 92-104 SphasntmrastOod tomsSwitle ssn ose nen eee CC EEE 92-100 Sphasnum cymibitolim7 as a 100d”... one eee eee ee ae gi-184 Spersulavanvensisacsrmakers sc ee ce pee ee Eee Q6-III SphaerellavinagariaGeeerns oasaaor aoe ee ee eee 96-112 Sphineidacs.no se. tes bo hs wales eo oe ee g1-187 Sphinse:drupiteranumaf saeco eee Cee 96-122 Split: - SOFAIIS Sie ee =o sincera eo ee ee ee QI-177 Sphinx jor hawkamothsint..oasecnicc oor eee OCC QI-187 Spereulanmaximian o5ic/sacaielteeen ounce eee Cee Eee 89-168 Spilosoma sviteinica. as) cece a soars eae Ce Oe 95-104 Spotted: paria’ ..0 2 Nuc bap aswen else e aeons see eee Eee 95-106 Sprayingoapparatus: .é ocspamen ene Bae ee eee gI-116 Spraying vdirections tor 2. 2-cmn be eee ORC eee 89-242 Sprayanos dinections MOnaa. hisce nee OEE QI-116 Spraying: Experinivents, .\sc: des acceoe eee ee eee Q0-173 Spraying experiments. .422.0 cee biter ee eee Dee eee 91-99 Spraying experiments: schiiiiccue soto EOL Eee Eee 92-92 Sprayine experiments s.25.0604 sci ce eee eC E OODLE 93-124 Sprayine- experiments: ..h.. geet cog hes cs ee eee Ee 94-138 Spraying mixtures, formulas for .......... .o Gute 2 aes eee QI-116 Spraying: ‘NMOtes On. 2.2 vse cet ae cee eee 96-162 Sprayine: ErEeS, sai n.cadiete cise sine wo ee OE EOE 88-193 Soil) sanalysisyo< 45.25 uae Ges Sesto oOo CEE Q4-15 Soilstemperatures.)...00). 0c. ascis cee. poe oe Oe eee eee 91-158 Soiletemiperatures: os ./sc)eaede ae cee eee Ee ee eee Q2-152 Solantim) rostratuin... 5..:.3.c,o0e see ee CEC 96-III Solar radiations. fin ccognieaeieecuere ore Ee Cee " QI-165 Solar. -radiatiOmise cj Aso ays) nctye «ete oe OE ee 92-161 Soldier bug; ring-banded™=. cece occ eee eee Eee Cee : 94-83 Solidago canadensis). 2c so nace eee ere cee EC Cerne Q5-94 Solidago. latitoliac so .5:vecdcs ose eel eee cee 92-104 Solidago usquarrosa’ io... ces aoe sec ola ee eee 92-104 Solubility of mitrogenous: materials=+s44s- hee eee eee eee 89-31 Solubility, of nitrogenous matenialsse ce 7h cee eee eee QI-I7 Sonchus “arvensis (4 hissed ode cies os os UOC QO-105 Sonchus arvensis: 2.5¢...0c)nret oc he seks ee we eee 96-111 South Garolina sock -analysisen.---.ceee eles eo eee eee 87-37 South Carolina rock, experiments with ................-+--; 89-135 Sowsbtus or woodlouseme: ccc. o- acon eee Soe Cee 92-103 Sow bugvor woodlotises. 2..5 css. koce cote oleae ee eee 96-117 Sowthistle ss 2.20.6 20 Me ors oe oie wae Se ok a Sled ee EEE g6-III SpringeandiitallS@manunmte 2 oc. seme one Eee EEE re Aa gi-146 S) DDN CRO SIRO S Dea” Gamo Douala cides ecco dnecc Q6-III Squas hip tere 04-27 Stalke borer |S. nls Soec ds can ban beso mele oe 5/04 ee ARE EOEE 93-146 INDEX. Sugar, amount in whole corn plant Sugar and starch in coarse fodders Sugar and starch, methods of determining Sugar beets, digestibility....... Sugar maple boretas.ssce. cee. ‘Sugar, method for determining.. Sulphate of ammonia, analysis.. sSuntlower analyses..........6.- Sunflower heads, analysis....... ‘Sunflower heads for silage...... Sunflowers as a silage crop...... Wunshine, amount Ol...) 4. 0o6. Swale hay vs. timothy hay ...... Swallow-tail butterfly .......... Sweet corn, food and manurial value of ‘Sweet corn, new varieties ....... Sweet vernal grass Swine, animal and vegetable foods for Swine, butcher’s analysis of carcass Swine, effects of nutritive ratio upon growth ‘Swine, feeding experiments with Swine, feeding experiments with ‘Swine, feeding experiments with eee ee eee eo oe Starch wamountunditterent kinds, of (Conn. c jy. 6: ec. se Starchvand suear, methods) of/determining ..).). 45.5 ae Starch and sugar, methods of determining................... Starela, nnednoal ow Glewsisaamanbnes ss 5od5ac50escconsboesecanooede SS Ear O MMM Ape ee EAD cle PURO Le ae ae a Nala aerelava rats Stamiom lnwuillahiner aingl eyoyolbienaess Socoscooasookoonsceneddaasoas Seat Ome GMP IME Merete rate aisles ia adzt allenerarerauetigvel ate iesesaliajaweletecseaiay rare SEAETOMPMITISE@ TAs ON) desea steve tilaters ees Heclioseusta vapsders val levelarevsiesl ahirter a levercueys Stra all @ tales Gavtlgneyns ea eines aeten alee ere Malai. Ade eon a SPAR Hellen baie lan ails alchaRiac tanta SHO MY RENT NC ENOTES Oli ra. areramain oS Coe an Oem aD ad ao eoao Ts Stelitarreiatl @ ia eato laters varsned uae celenoievaisteie oats lave lisse eialroierenevslig ecaceter PS tecla mie MleaMbeetlenmietr wmisetem eters sebsienare Uueueuslieeesttealeleravercuciters SuUsers,. iceahiaer CxqnechinGae Wells cogasoosacss0nc0sougooogoonc Ste ensnme CUTS N LOR SOWIE sah vac crys e cretarera aves raj eielerp sienersi oles SwHOSMS, UGOAhiNE NOI SarONMENs ooogocooedoogddbovaonsoooUUo boo DS Steers, relation of food to growth and composition ........... BS frit iel@telabenenat spears a ames eC ts ea Lee a Alda nec duralied HORSES uaa 3 S EADIE ESHhante tate rae relies arte el uae atures eters she Mea GH eve STA WIDE TeV al Care CELE anmeneisieytar omc uNataleaaednreeuelauenate gg celamenstale tayenars SERA Deity leatib notin Lucien cos cere are co sieie cere rere eiaiene eis ater BS AWD EHTnvaNS CP) CONIA sr eee. siaya Save a ecaue aie ny eon seas ear d elena ers otal eds alent SERAWIDETHIESHEVATICCIES | Olict ktaisieveralcs's ceive e asiaversieyeuaza aie ite overseers SUTAY/OEMMOS, “WENTIEGIES Ona deadoscondogodecubbddunogtoanouoUS SERA WD EEeSs MiVATICEIES| Olean cieln ec yaijee steele es ohace HeDovearetire\teeie StripecdMogivaslam Wee tle wey Ny ead ene at Re SR toe ile Siac eo ese ee eee eos e oe eee ee oa ose ee CC CC Ce CC Cr CC eee eo eee ee ee eo ee eo ee eee oe see eo eC CC CC cy seer rere ee eee eres eee ecereesene CC ec eee eee ee ee oe oe oo 8 8 8 ee CC eee ee ee eee eee eseoe er se eso eee ese ee ee oe ere eee eon CC 88-186 89-286 96-156 89-165 93-93 93-91 89-99 89-85 90-75 QI-25 224 INDEX. PAGE SwanewnieedinevexpenimentSawith 2.0 >see eon eee eEneeeee 93-82 Swine werowthyamected by drink 25. acm eco eee -102 Swinewerowthwomeritherent bneeds- as qses-riee eerie ae ereeeee 93-91 Sylyantisnsunmeatnensise-)-ne eerie serie oe eee chp Rae BUN Sieae 96-123 Tall fescue sg nisciiorie eee so spire Sse Hein see As PEO 89-163 Malls @at Wrasse. Setanta nc ela ind Gidecee Ges AO Oe CE Cero 89-165 ihankagessolubilityain pepsi: solutions .-ssqeeeeee ee eee ae 89-31 Mankage, ‘solubilttyisensosees 6 oe cin Ge eee ORCC 87-125 Tapestry? aoOthen ccs..facs.c sates ctocre a ele ere Ceres Q5-105 WAT Weds suis soise ce wd sein deh tos Re tee Oe OEE Ee 89-168 Tenebriovmolitor. 2a cook ons eens eo cate oe Se eee 88-189 ent caterpillar; apple-trees.....25 ce 6c ee eee eee 88-159 dhent: caterpillarapple-trécta...54- ee eee one ee eee 95-92 Ment caterpillar. forest ‘jcc oc ace Sok oOo ee 88-164 Verrestuial radiation 226 64) csc46 so dane Sa ee ee QI-164 Perrestrial, radiatvomy 2's ccc aw corse ln OCC 92-160 iietranychus 2-maculatussaecascse eee eee ECE eee cee 92-133 ietranychuse2-maculatus sacs. oe haemo: ce eer eee 93-148 Thorn apples scniceueans shoe od Aevae eee One eee ere QI-179 dinnee=toothed) aphonuss- eee cee eee Ooo eee Lee Eee OL eee QI-199 Three-toothed aphonus! 2 co asc: eo Oe eee eee 92-100 Thyariles (Creeping ein... os a. cowie nee eee Ee ee 95-91 Dhymus serpyllum=s. 0. edhe cho oes ee eee 95-95 Hicks on. cats and rabbits...-..\ccos seneitientas Hee EEE gi-187 himothysandyclover hays icompanisonsolee eee eee Eee 87-81 MPaIMOtha yee os sien skh Moe Leas 6 OER Oe 89-165 Mimothy.canalysSisi: 05 60. eceaaesie nee Oe a ROE enero 86-51 Wimothy, analysis... 22% <'nacac ose ose OE OCDE 87-68 Timothy, analysis: 2... 3. csaseccus os oe oO eee 88-86 Timothy, analy sis',s,:<<4,. 0.0 seniaae ace See eee CeCe 89-38 Timothy; analyseSsa.. + a: oss ceteeen ce oes a QI1-34 Dimnethytartiticialsdigestiony Olas. 2 oe eee eee 87-129 dimothy, artical disestion Of ss46- eet eee eee ELEC eeeoe 88-199 Timothy, digestibility: 25 -Asosse ee oo. ee eee ee Oe Ce eee 86-55 Timothy, digestibility sc 125, «0. seectccen «ol Dee Eee 87-72 Timothy, digestibilityss jo. 40s tees oe EEC 88-96 Timothy, digestibility...) :ds\ss.cissck oes oben ane EEE 89-42 Timothy; digestibility s: ooiscccc% one eee cs oe ee eee QI-34 Timothy, digestibilitys soe: sos cece hee heen OEE eLee 04-37 ihimothy, digestible matenrialvin.. scciac eo ce eee oe eCe EOE 90-65 Timothy, digestibility of extractive matter in................ 88-98 timothy; eanlyucut and latexcutasoseeeenoee eee Lee eee oe 89-44 imothy, early, cut ance late Clitaassacseesce eee eee Eee 90-65 Mimothyahcysvss Swalemhay ace. acmee erie e cee eee wees 7-71 Tinea pelionella\... 6 cBe seis ncn siailerles's wine sisioe oe eR EO 95-92 Tinea) tapetzellay. 2 sissies issn. elerevn ceo eis gts. ene AIEEE on 95-105 Tainan ANOlASSESS. wc «. GENER 4 S's mike osmaco are aote eRe ty ener pass etsy ae er ear an a WE ELMO NGS CIES ey 2 ecient ha epee es OLE PURE eaieie tay EEN Aa De ee Yellow dock CO 0c Dota co OO oO Ooo OOD O00 OO 000.00 ork) Oo OLONds0 OG0 Usd) O80 0.0/0 O10 Wellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar. .........:..2....0-+60- WCeeiloay: SERBE LS SAA (ire A ee ia aren a RO Cen os La a Ree af i a's AMNH LIBRARY ei | 9