ON BELEN II Eh PERE LIBRARY > TION O D = SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Maine Agricultural Experiment Station ORONO, MAINE, 1901. AUGUSTA KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT 1902 TRALEE The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address in Maine. All requests should be sent to Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. STATE OF MAINE. A. W. Harris, Sc. D., President of the University of Maine: Sir :—I transmit herewith the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the year ending December 31, 1901. CHARLES D. WOODS, Director. Orono, Mer., December 31, 1901. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT ABRAM W. HARRIS DIRECTOR CHARLES D. Woops EDWARD B. WINSLOW, Portland VORANUS C. COFFIN, Harrington JOHN A. ROBERTS, Norway B. WALKER MCKEEN, Fryeburg . EUGENE HARVEY Lipsy, Auburn CHARLES S. POPE, Manchester JAMES M. BARTLETT . Lucius H. MERRILL . FREMONT L. RUSSELL. WELTON M. MUNSON . GILBERT M. GOWELL . GUMAN A. DREW . President Secretary | Committee of Board of Trustees . State Board of Agriculture A . State Grange ? State Pomological Society ) | Members t of the Station Statt THE STATION STAFF. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY. CHARLES D. Woops JAMES M. BARTLETT Lucius H. MERRILL FREMONT L. RUSSELL . WELTON M. MUNSON GILBERT M. GOWELL . GILMAN A. DREW Lucius J. SHEPARD OrRA W. KNIGHT EDWARD R. MANSFIELD CLIFFORD D. HOLLEY . *PERLEY SPAULDING, . +HERBERT W. BRITCHER, . * Resigned May, 1901. + Appointed September, 1901. Director Chemist Chemist . Veterinarian ers Horticulturist . Stock Breeding and Poultry : Zoologist Assistant in Agriculture . Assistant Chemist Assisiant Chemist Assistant Chemist Assistant in Horticulture Assistant Zoologist TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Wetter om thamistniteals aie ciyc eee SORE or) 3 Oiicens oleic StaltOne. wee ae pee, Mo 4 PETOUNCC ICTs yy. ie ae oe NRE TNE, acs 7 Oats as Grain and Fodder CBillctink7o) aera lo ee, 9 Feeding Stuff Inspection GB lle tin gain yarn eres PARA his ck ta, aie 25 Fertilizer Inspection (Bulletine72). 2a. Ate ee RC ye Bare 4I Experiments with Fungicides upon Potatoes in 1900 (Bulletin 73) ee 49 How to Fight Potato Enemies (Bimlletint73) at aes ene 538 The Manurial Value of Ashes, Mucks, Sea Weeds and Bone (Bul- Stine 10) cc ais 5 teens oly Loci’ ot) Aamioinicalal oxic hts anor s eee is 65 Analyses of Miscellaneous Food Materials (Bulletin isi) | oa ana he 89 The Horticultural Status of the Genus Vaccinium (Bulletin 76)... 113 Fertilizer Inspection (Bulletin CLT) cia rea te: eee ee ok aN 161 Newspaper Bulletins in TOO CEUllebine 78) a en nt 177 The Colorado Potato Beetle CBisble cine 78) 3 Way eee ee Sager Sho gy Feeding Stuff Inspection Law CBiulletie7®) eee tenn ee eee 180 The Chinch Bug (Bulletin 7 SA sicker et lea tee MA coe at Dea 182 Acknowledgments (Bulletin TiS) aaa Ate ana OPC CaN ae sete nai 185 Meteorological Observations GBulletine78)e aaa eee 189 Report of the Treasurer (Bulletin 78) gi AS se Meceeepal esha 192 ANNOUNCEMENTS. THE AIM OF THE STATION. Every citizen of Maine concerned in Agriculture, has the right to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Council that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit. In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is prepared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and creamery glass-ware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi and insects, etc. : and to give information on agricultural matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State. All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station. The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accommoda- tion. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses, the results of which cannot be published, if they prove of general interest. INSPECTIONS. The execution of the laws regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, and agricul- tural seeds, and the inspection of chemical glassware used by creameries is entrusted to the Director of the Station. The Sta- tion officers take pains to obtain for analysis samples of all brands of fertilizers and feeding stuffs coming under the law, but the organized co-operation of farmers is essential for the full and timely protection of their interests. Granges, Farmers’ Clubs and other organizations can render efficient aid by reporting any attempt at evasion of the laws and by sending, early in the sea- 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. son, samples taken from stock in the market and drawn in accord- ance with the Station directions for sampling. In case there should be a number of samples of the same brand sent in, the Station reserves the right to analyze only in part. STATION PUBLICATIONS. The Station publishes several bulletins each year, covering in detail its expenses, operations, investigations and results. The bulletins are mailed free to all citizens who request them. The Annual Report is a reprint of the bulletins of the year and is bound with the Report of the Board of Agriculture and dis- tributed by the Secretary of the Board. The combined report for 1901 can be obtained by addressing the Commissioner of Agriculture, State House, Augusta, Maine. CORRESPONDENCE. As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com- munications should, therefore, be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. The post office, railroad station, freight, express and telegraph address is Orono, Maine. Visitors to the Station can take the electric cars at Bangor and Old Town. The telephone call is “Orono 5.” Directions, forms and labels for taking samples, of fertilizers, feeding stuffs and seeds for analysis can be had on application. Parcels sent by express should be prepaid, and postage should be enclosed in private letters demanding a reply. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director. OATS AS, GRAIN AND FODDER. J. M. Barryert. The oat crop ranks third in importance amons American cereals in the United States and has a long lead as first in the State of Maine. In 1899 the State grew about 141,600 acres, which was six times as much land as was devoted to any other cereal, and about 5,000,000 bushels of the grain were raised. Owing to the low price and uncertain yield of wheat in recent years, the acreage devoted to oats has greatly increased. Formerly the oat grain was only used as food for animals but now it holds a prominent place among nutrients for man. The grain varies quite widely in composition and weight. In the southern portions of our country it is much coarser, contains more hull, and is consequently more bulky, a measured bushel weighing sometimes as little as twenty pounds, while the north- ern grown grain frequently weighs over forty pounds. The quality and composition is also considerably affected by climatic conditions, such as moisture, heat and cold, etc. The oat plant succeeds best in a cool, moist climate such as is found in northern and eastern Maine, the Provinces, and Prince Edward’s Island. It will grow on most all kinds of soil, from light gravelly loam to stiff clays and peats. The oat is a great forager and will grow on poorer soil than wheat or barley. It thrives best and matures the plumpest grain on rather light soil well suppled with moisture, and sufficiently early to allow the oats to be sown the last of April or first of May. Late sown oats are liable to rust before the grain matures. INFLUENCE OF MANURE ON OATS. Although oats will grow and yield moderate crops on poorer soils than most other cereals, they respond readilyand profitably to liberal applications of manure. ‘Too heavy applications of stable manures or nitrogenous fertilizers are liable to cause an excessive growth of straw at the expense of the grain. Oats require less nitrogen than wheat, and are greatly benefitted by liberal quanti- ties of phosphoric acid, and this fact should be borne in mind in preparing land for them. If stable manure is employed, only a IO MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQol. light coat should be added and then a supplementary dressing of acid phosphate applied. In using commercial manures alone, it is always best to use a complete manure unless the land has pre- viously been weil supplied with nitrogen from stable manures or some leguminous crop like clover or peas turned under, in which case, only phosphoric acid and potash need be applied with per- haps a little nitrate of soda to furnish soluble nitrogen to start the plants early. For a complete fertilizer it is recommended to use one carrying about 2.5% nitrogen, 8% available phosphoric acid, and 3% potash. A part of the nitrogen, at least 5%, should be in a soluble form as in nitrate of soda, and the ‘remainder in some more insoluble form as tankage, ground fish or bone, in order that the young plant may be made vigorous and thrifty by the former, while the older plant can be kept growing by the latter. This recommendation is based upon results of a large number of experiments by Stoeckhardt which were repeated for several years. He found that when soluble nitro- gen was lacking the crop did not prosper in the early stages of vegetation, and also when only soluble nitrogen compounds were used the growth fell off too soon after the plant had flowered. The experiments of both Stoeckhardt and Wolff show that a liberal supply of phosphoric acid is necessary to insure an abund- ance of plump, well-formed grain. Finely ground bone meal with small amounts of nitrate of soda and muriate of potash are recommended as a fertilizer for this crop. OATS AS GRAIN. Oats are a valuable feed for most all farm animals. The relatively large amount of fiber they contain in proportion to kernel, as compared with most other grains, makes them.a safer feed with but little danger of over feeding, when put in the hands of careless workmen. They contain a higher proportion of digestible protein than corn or wheat and are lower in carbo-. hydrate materials, consequently the nutritive ratio of the grain is such that it contains in itself a quite well-balanced ration for working animals. ‘They are a very convenient and highly prized erain for feeding horses. They usually are and should be fed unground to horses, unless the animal is unable to masticate his food properly. Experience shows that oats give a horse “mettle,” OATS AS GRAIN AND FODDER. If or stimulate him as no other of our grains do. They are con- sequently held without a peer by horsemen as feed for driving horses and may be made almost exclusively their diet. A chemist by the name of Sanson claims to have discovered a stimulating principle, supposed to be an alkaloid, in the seed coats of the oat grains, varying in quantity in different varieties of oats and also with soil and climate in which they are grown, but later careful investigations by chemists have failed to discover any alkaloid, or nitrogenous compound of a stimulating nature. Nevertheless the belief is so prevalent among practical feeders that nothing gives so much “mettle” to the horse as oats, it seems evident that they must contain something which, if not a stimu- lant, acts much like one and makes oats admirably adapted by their nature to this class of animals. For growing colts or dairy stock there is no question but that other grains or combinations such as wheat bran, middlings, linseed, gluten meals, etc., are more economical at present prices, and just as efficient. Many experiments have been made to test the practicability of using substitutes for oats as feed for horses. At Hohenheim, Germany, in 1893-94 feeding experiments were conducted in which beans and corn were substituted quite largely for oats, the proportions being two pounds oats, three pounds field beans, eight pounds corn. In Paris also the Paris Omnibus Company substituted beans, corn and oil cake for a large portion of the oats in the grain ration, with good results. The New Jersey Experiment Station made an experiment with street car horses in which dried brewers’ grains were substituted for oats. The horses fed the grains, performed their work and kept in as good condition as those fed oats. The conclusions of the station authorities were: “That dried brewers’ grains, pound for pound, were quite equal to oats in a ration for work horses. The results of the substitution was a saving of about five cents a day for each animal. The North Dakota Station compared wheat bran and shorts with oats for feeding horses and mules at quite severe work. The conclusions drawn from the experiment were: That the mixture of shorts (middlings) and bran proved of equal worth to oats for the working animals. The Maine Experiment Station in 1890-91 compared a mixture consisting of twelve parts wheat middlings, seven parts gluten 12 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TQOT. meal, three parts linseed meal, with oats as a grain ration for growing colts. The results of the two tests show that the mixed grain ration produced more rapid growth at less cost than the oat ration. The above experiments show that other grains can be often profitably substituted for oats at present prices in rations for horses without detriment to the animal and a financial saving to the owner. MAINE GROWN OATS. In 1898 the writer, in estimating the food value of our different grains, had occasion to look up the composition of Maine oats and found that very few analyses of well authenticated Maine grown grain had been made, and as the composition of oats grown in different climates varies quite widely, the average anal- ysis given for the whole country would not furnish very reliable data. Therefore it was considered advisable to collect samples of Maine grown oats from different parts of the State for anal- yses. The work was begun so late in 1898 that very few samples, five only, were obtained and very little data was given with them. Early in 1899 a circular was sent out to several parties in different parts of the State requesting samples and information as to methods of tillage, manuring, etc. Eleven samples were received from localities which represented nearly all the oat growing regions of the State. The tables which follow give the data furnished by the growers of the oats as to previous treatment of the soil, its preparation for the crop, the dates of sowing and harvesting and the yield per acre. The wéights of straws are largely estimates and there- fore cannot be considered very accurate. The bushels are prob- ably measured bushels and consequently would over run in the case of the heavy oats. The weights per bushel were estimated in the laboratory. The weights of straws are largely estimates and therefore can- not be considered very accurate. The bushels are probably measured bushels and consequently would over run in the case of the heavy oats. The weights per bushel were estimated in the laboratory. The table on page 15 gives the chemical composition of the grain calculated to water content at time of receipt and also as calculated to a water-free basis. 13 FODDER. AND OATS AS GRAIN *s00}BjOd pus Aodp1eq ‘syBO *80098]0dg *so90}yejod puw ulop *s90]B]0g “ACH “SuUvOq PUB §S90JBIO”d *S]vO pUuB ULL09 ‘390]8B10g “AVH “U109 PUB §}BO ‘S90]BIOg *ULLOD ‘suvaq PUB UlOD *SavO “SqvO “= s909R]0d pus AdLIBq ‘SIRO ee ee ey - ABH seeecone PUOSOODGO TT Aisreeiers wtaleyeiets “8180 se eee ee eeees eee eeee see ee eee ee ee * AV Sikeaeteseisrcie *U109 PUB S909BI0g Bee ee eww eee eee ere ee Cerone : Av ee ee ee in se eececee ACH see ee ene wears ee eeeee seeseee * ABEL DOQOBOSHIOGOSGOOHUN9O9 SOOGHONHD ARV eee eee e tees wee ese sese es sees eeesens *AVH see eeeee OO OICONNO NGO HII QOOOD COLA Ta | taco) “tress BOL ABlO IUW.STT seeesee- TU BOT ABO WL SUT **** ULBOT ABO UINTpPa TT eee eeerees *WBOT JUST *s++** TBO] 100d ADO ee eeee es eset ee A[JOABL ‘pues puv Av19 IUSIT sreeees- BOT ABIO IST ~eeee"* ULBOoT ABIO IN SLT *s** TIBOT AYNOL BSIBOD risinineieisi setts ULBOT Apuwg DIBGGIBOOHS CONDE) A®BIO Sea nchenen ya REND OR “LOST NI GNVY NO G&SIVY SdOUD ‘TlOS JO puly *o+) *9MO1QUL9g ISOM teeeeeeeeees © UOITNOH eee eseweees “mBysdog, seeeeeeeers -gqqofaByo “99 *pTOUSId 189M spenenouNan onbeniimern Sriaoudnouban cap aya MGT treeeereee ee TOVUITO tote e ee eeeer ee CTOOUIT teeeeeesers. OTOGITGON teres T94U0Q UlLODUI'T Veer eeeeees NIG pPBaYy Ub eeeeeereees TZAODUY *OLOQATAON *uopspoy seeeeess TINGny UION ‘postey 0G M UMOT tteeeeee eee TOMO “EH ee eeeewces *AOLALYS IBd8O sees SuTqua[Bg *S ATudH "') -UlpNB[DOW 19WLoT seeeeeeeeee OIE OM DO sores TIBQUITY “O SIMo'T teeter SUOUOHS "MOL tteeeeseres «DIBION “WW “A treeeeeeeeeres UMOIG “WO terres MOTSUTA IW Of [cesses ree eUTEED EW teeeeeros es TORUNE “DM “seeees- 100g “SH YT ‘O syeeseeeres: MOTSULM Ww “L i ee a) uudg "¢ BODOUCIUOUGTGO TTC | [esuy “Aq poystaimay “SUVOA ONIGHONUdT NI GNV'I HHL NO NMOYSD SdOHO AO SGNIM GNV “110S JO GNIM ANG ‘NMOUD AYAM AGHL AYVGHM ‘GANIVLYO WOHM WOU “SLVO NMOUWS ANIVWN AO SISATYNV ‘aTd ues jo I9quinu UO0T}BIg IQOT. 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. rit ict ages mor milet M¥BAIYS JO PTOI [ sees qydasg “qdag ‘Suny ‘Ssuy “Sny ‘Ssny “Suy “SnyV “Sny . “ouy ‘adas sence cees weeceeree 06 Tidy ‘T ABW “Ir AWN “OL AVI ‘cL ABN “gy AVI sevecceces: eveccccee ecceveccee wececeeseons UBSOTT UBLIOQIS u19]89 AA UOWULUOD reese s89¥O LOYIV “-"UBISSNY DIT AA SAECO) OH CONeHLLUIO\O) beeeeeeee> TLI01S0 MA seeeeeees + KQOQTT “***TOITO YS199009 spe eee erscceseseeres see e cect reser oes soeeerer- TST] SPUNO (IOOT ‘AINUBU SpP.109 INO teeceeereoooerrroees HINUVUL UIVG SUOJ UIIIFIA veeeeeeres seeeeeseees QINUBUL O[BIS SPlod XIG OUON pe eecees Ceres rses.. sees vesese= cosesceseces reereeeeroe< UIOISUT JAI) 210B OF SPUNOM (0G seeseeserorss TDK O} DANUBU J[QBIS SPIO XTS SOA MOS - 9108 0} O}VJOd §,.1OYOOAD “SAI 008 ‘AINUBU SpP10d XIS peeecccesere seeewcce see ee eres ss FOZ TTIVIOT UOTUL §,coxIVg Spunod 009 se ceces sereesueereeesteersss QINUBUL SPlOO XIS cinieisiaina sisaasreee QUON see eee ee reer eeesocee weenie tereere vyotug § Ad[pBAg 910¥ 09 Spunod (0g see ee coeeete reste cece eers Shot mee ress CoBeosreres sewers eeceer sees eeiorese veereseesess seceeeeese ee eee coe eseeenc terse reees senses evesee. ceseseeseese @eveurceccee es see ensesees seen eesos see eee eeeene eee eer sere e ee ees 1eeecose estos eeere sees eo seesesseee seeerereses OMUBUL UB PUB dOBWIOd STA yee - + 9UON ++ 9108 19d dINUBUI 9[QBIs SpBoT AJNBA T, seer TOZI[ dag Ao[pBlg PUB dINUBUL UAV Set ne te peeeneereeeeseaseerieeeeererterss QUON IANUBUL 9TQBIS Sra see seeeccce- seceeeerse #929708 19d JINUBU SP.10d UDADS - QUON + LOZI[AI] AvVayo “sq] 00g ‘AINUBUL SPIO) F dINUBUL 91q¥BIS Splod g PUB TEZT[I}IeJ Spunod 0g freee -sereesees TOZTTIAO, PUB IINUBUL DARL be teereseeeereeeseses* QINUBUL JO 1809 IUSIT teteees seeeereeers FTO OF OANUBUU SP1OO ZL ee were eer eee seescer ee sees eessses cer acesseseeee yeeeeree vest seve oees aInUBIL jo 4B00 qQusry *spousng —o10y 19d UIBID JO P[ALA “SULJSOATB TT Jo a3eq “BUTMOS JO 09¥q “peas “6681 NI GUY ONVIY MOIT ‘aT uLBS JO IvQulnN UOTVBIS ANOV Ud SGIMIA GNV DNILSHAUNVH GNV DNILNV'Id JO SULVG ‘ALAIMVA ‘ONINONVW ‘SLVO NMOUS WNIVW AO SISATIVNV OATS AS GRAIN AND FODDER. 15 ANALYSES OF MAINE GROWN OATS. COMPOSITION OF THE OATS ON CURED AND WATER FREE BASIS. = 2 o 5 : on fh Shillees o | 4 = Variety. oh he Hy = aye ne Silesia = ES Cie SINCE UIE sc 9) Pn ENN on Paro ee ah PUIG rot nena Ace g a lee | | ae Nn |e = < 4 o Ao | Of | | | | | ON CURED BASIS. Ibs.| % | % Ys he Ye % | % | 4142 |..... 8.39 | 3.03 | 10.68 | 13.92 | 59.97 | 4.76 | 4.247 AWE leone 8.66 | 3.59 | 11.69 | 13.47 | 57-88 | 4.71 | 4.215 4144 |...... 8.73 | 3.0) | 18.00 | 12.13 | 58.20 | 4.93 | 4.270 ( 4145 |..... 11.15 | 2.92 | 12.56 | 11.28 | 57.70 | 4.39 | 4.161 4146 | .... | 8.07 | 3.41 | 12.13 | 13.24 | 58.26 | 4.89 | 4.218 4187 | 34 | 11.35 | 3.95 | 10.75 | 9.33 | 61.27 | 3.35 | 4.203 41s8 | 34 | 10.20 | 3.67 | 11.13 | 9.13 | 60.23 | 5.64 | 4.300 Scottish Chief ............. 4189 | 332 | 10.93 | 3.19 | 10.88 | 8.31 | 62.17 | 5.22 | 4.250 Db entvn tetas de rso cst: 4190 | 313 | 10.18 | 3.43 | 11.38 | 9.19 | 60.28 | 5.54 | 4 239 NMGStOUi) 22 | ueenae Chapin & Ca Chapin & Co WW peeecn- cee eases Chapin! & Co. .2.-232---~ asaccce = A. B. Hopkins & Co .......-.-.-.- Butler, Breed Co......--.-.-....- Humphreys, Goodwin & Co -.-.. Humphreys, Goodwin & Co .--.. Humphreys, Goodwin & Co .--. Hampbreys, Goodwin & Co .--- Humphreys, Goodwin & Co .-.-| Hunier Brothers. -.. Hunter Brothers. ...............- Hunter Brothers. -.--.-..-.--... Independent Cotton Oil Co...-- J. E. Soper & Co ........ See ees | Manufactured at 7 Sampled at Greenville, S. C...- Wilmington, N. C.. Wilmington, N. C..! Macon, Ga .... ...- Memphis, Tenn..-.| Memphis, Tenn....| Jackson, Tenn..... Jackson, Tenn..... Jackson, Tenn....- Binkley, Ark. Binkley, Ark....-- | Binkley, Ark....... | Litile Rock, Ark...) Little Rock, Ark...) Memphis, Tenn..-.- Memphis, Tenn....) Memphis, Tenn....) Memphis, Tenn.... Memphis, Tenn....! Memphis, Tenn....| Memphis, Tenn....) Memphis, Tenn....! Memphis, Tenn....!| Memphis, Tenn....; Memphis, Tenn...-| Memphis, Tenn....| Memphis, Tenn....| Memphis, Tenn.... St. Louis, Mo. __.-- St. Louis, Mo... -- | . Louis, Mo....... | - Louis, . Louis, . Louis, St. Loais, . Loais, St. Louis, Mo..... a5 St. Louis, Mo. ...... Memphis, Tenn..--- Memphis, Tenn.---| Memphis, Tenn..--| Memphis, Tenn.--.| Memphis, Tenn....| St. Louis, Mo......./ St. Louis, Mo. ....- St. Louis, Mo....... Memphis, Tenn.-.- Bridgton cnn ewer ecee Brunswick ._......- Hallowell ....- ... Auburn .. Camden Foxcroft ----..... +e Westbrook . ._....- Lewiston ......-.... Carns ------seeee= Athens: .)c2cce-s-cepe East Newport...... East New port Waterville ._....... Bangor Belfast . --- Brownfield Branswick . ....... Pittsfeld Augusta Belfast <..-s222se.e5 North Gorham....-. East Fryeburg....- Readfield .........- we c ewer eee Augusta, -...-.<.... Dexter Bowdoinham Monmonth. ......- Skowhegan Portland Pittsfield Fryeburg 9 5 aS 5 & S |Ss|/3sa] o 5 O o a 3 5 iS 5 mn |mneE | Se] & Oo or) oct a ca O fe o) % % lo % % % 0 % lo % % 2344) 0.96) 1.10) 2.06) 2.06 4.85} 3.16) 1.85] 8.01} &.00! 9.86) 9.00 2345} 0.25) 0.96) 1.21) 0.82 6.05) 3.22) 1.46) 9.27) 8.00) 10.73) 9.00 1619] .... (\atalleeecselll pact ese 1.20] 10.92] 11.00] 12.12] 12.00 2393} 0.39) 1.06) 1.45) 1.03 -10) 35.54! 1.63) &.64) 8.00) 10.27) 9.00}| 2. 2347| 0.67) 1.38} 2.05] 2.06 6.69} 2.63) 2.41) 9.32! 8.00] 11.73} 9.00 iis 2572) 2.19} 1.389) 38.55) 3.30|| 4.23 4.67) 1.47} 8.90} 8.00} 10.37] 9.00]| 7. 2573) 0.03) 0.83) 0.86] 0.82 2.60} 4.87) 3.86) 7.47) 7.00) 11.33) 8.00 1.58 2348) 1.20) 1.26) 2.46) 2.47 3.-77| 3.06) 1.97) 9.83} 9.00) 11.80] 10.00)) 2.43 2349) 1.03) 1.50) 2.53) 2.47 2.55) 4.03! 3.06) 6.58} 6.00) 9.64) 7.00]| 5.15 9350] 0.74) 1.30) 2.04] 2.06 5.61| 4.71| 2.36] 10.32] 8.00] 12.68] 9.00]| 3.34 2351) 0.39) 0.64) 1.03] 1.05 5.44) 3.14) 1.46) 8.85) 8.00} 10.04) 9.00 2.61 2352| 0.42) 2.28) 2.70) 2.47 4.59) 1.89) 1.25) 6.48) 6.00) 7.73] 7.00}| 10.94) 1 UBB) cook eoonas 1.20) 0.838 3.39] 1.55| 0.54) 4.94! 4.00) 5.45] 5.00]] 8.35 2353} 0.52) 1.40} 1.92) 2.05 6.40} 2.35) 1.89) 8.75) 8.00} 10.64) 9.00]| 2.93 IGE boodlloodosc o1yeal' aa Oleses 6.50} 1.73] 0.92! 8.23) §.00} 9.15} 9.00 4.33 D3 D4i blalelelsis 0220 e020 ieanrere 4.46) 5.17) 1.58) 9.81] 10.00} 11.39) 11.00 1.91) 2. 2355) 0.32) 1.80] 2.12) 2.05 5.94) 2.25) 1.38) §.29| 8.00} 9.67) 9.00 6.35) 6. 1414). ollesoto of} taps) (Datel 4.84} 3.08) 1.96) 7.92) 7.00) 9.88) 9.00 UeGAey Ate DA etaletalere meer ctetel| ntetorajevell(shetaresets 7.66] 2.60! 1.96) 10.26) 10.00) 12.22) 11.00}| 2.08 2394) 2.40) 0.90} 3.30) 3.30}) 7-02) 1.99) 1.04) 8.81} 8.00} 9.85) 9.00|| 7.56 2361} 0.60} 1.42] 2.02). 2.06)| 6.82) 2.43) 2.55) 9.25) 6.00) 11.80} 9.00)| 2.01 2362| 0.37) 0.70) 1.07) 1.03)| 5.31) 3.03) 1.44) 8.34! 8.00} 9.78) 9.00}} 2.10 2363| 0.82) 1.20) 2.02) -2.05)| 6-65) 5.16) 2.40} 10.81} 8.00) 13.21) 9.00|| 2.93 9364] 0.95} 1.32) 2.27) 2.47|) 6.72} 3.08) 1.94] 9.S0} 9.00} 11.74} 10.00]| 2.35 2365) 0.56) 1.42) 1.98] 2.06)) 6.75) 2.85) 2.29) 9.60} 8.00] 11.89} 9.00}} 1.95 2366] 0.64) 1.32) 1.96) 2.06 5.52) 4.89] 2.23) 10.41; 8.00) 12.64) 9.00]| 3.03 2575| 0.96) 1.18} 2.14) 2.47|} 4.18) 2.29) 1.67) 6.47) 6.00} 8.14} 7.00}} 10.62 2576| 2.15) 1.389) 3.54) 3.30 3.80| 4.10) 2.15) 7.90) 8.00) 10.05] 9.00}| 7.48 2367; 1.02) 1.50) 2.52] 2.47 2.56] 4.07) 2.94) 6.63) 6.00) 9.57} 7.00|| 5.46 IPB Soddallacosee 2G ied .03, 6.20) 3.11} 2.23) 9.30) 8.00) 11.54) 9.00)| 2.26 Paia | Use| = Metes) Biee ko) CIC aa soa: 2.84) 2.74) 2.84) 2.56} 5.58) 4 28]) 3.48 YA teh) Seta) ceils BinaTate ZA eons Paci hsh| Male Ws Deer 2.70\ 4.18} 4.401) 0.79 2579| 0.40) 1.14) 1.54) 1.50]| 2.27) 5.90} 2.19) 8.17) 8.00} 10.36] 10.00}| 2. 2580} 1.19) 1.95] 3.14) 3.00 3.57| 3.49) 2.23] 7.06) 7.00} 9.29) 9.00|| 7.é 2581; 0.52} 1.16) 1.68] 1.50); 2.30) 6.62) 2.50) 8.92) 9.00) 11.42) 11.00}]} 2. 2582) 0.71) 1.73) 2.44) 9.95)] 3.27] 5.48) 2.76] 8.75} 9.00] 11.51] 11.00 2585 OsOolmelate|m eal eo. 3.73] - 3-01] 0.53) 6.74) 6.00| 7.27) 7.00 2584! 0.90)...... 0.90) 0.75 3.05} 1.93} 3.03) 4.98} 6.00) 8.01) 8.00 2585| 0.18) 0.7 0.92) 0.75 1.69} 6.43) 2.15) 8.12} 8.00} 10.27] 10.00 2586, 0.61) 1.73) 2.34) 2.25!) 7.26) 2.32) 0.83} 9.58) 9.00] 10.41) 10.00 2587) 0.30) 1.18} 1.48} 1.50]| 2.28) 6.79) 2.31] 9.07) 9.00) 11.38) 11.00 2588) 0.35) 0.65) 1.00) 0.75 1.39} 4.82) 3.05) 6.21] 6.00} 9.26} 9.00 2589) 1.03] 0.81) 1.84) 1.50 1.04) 3.68) 7.10} 4.72) 6.00) 11.82] 12.00 259 |ieeieielere 0.78| 0.78} 0.75 3.16; 6.12) 2.31) 9.28) 9.00) 11.59} 11.00 1 OP OQ “Te bo Br Gr wm OO CO on w che . 8 . ele eee bo Co bo Re -1bro Sree Fi OD Ono 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MANUFACTURERS’ SAMPLES, 1901. = = } = | = Manufacturer, place of business and brand. 3 | fy i | te 2591| Bowker’s Ten Per Cent Manure....... anon cS" Eee aea) Se otha ae eioe pees =S-5 25222 2592|Gloucester Fish and Potash ...................-- SOAS se ree mnen earns 2593/Stockbridge Corn and Grain MAiTé = ose. pcb eh oe oe ee ee - 9534 Stockbridge Potato: Manure. it sce co wten series esc oaeel aoe weaie Buea ob acute See eee 2593 Stockbridge SUE EP UO A RO ocean ee ene Sas ese ooo eos ioe | HENRY ELWELL & COo., NEW YORK, sc one El well’s Hureka Fertilizer. cc. See eee eee 2609) Lister’s Special Corn and Potato Phosphate ...- ..-......2-..c00 cececensce-oc S11) Lister's Success PHosphates.c. -ccoe -cocn-- csencea = sae ees aerate. Soccer teens eee Pols Ste Ss eS. FOS ALE soso = eee eee ee ee ee NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. ysiNew “neland Corm Phosphate .scs-- «sss -e a5 een en eee see es eae aoeemenean eee 2 2319|New England Potato Fertilizer------.--- -225.5 c2ccse wenceccsnee coves enccasnass NATIONAL FERTILIZER CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 1886) Chittenden?’s|Complete Rerinlizer 5 -- 24 -ces eee ee ee eee ees =o eb aeee Passos 2385|Chittenden’s Market Garden Fertilizer .... ..---<---.----ce.csecceesescce weeeceee | PARMENTER AND POLSEY FERTILIZER CO., PEABODY, MASS. 2598) A SACO TANG po neee taco ewes sees oun cea ne wenn aeee ee oe ane oe es oe oe eee eee 2599|"P. & P.2? Grain Grower.........--- - 2346 Pac & P.” Potato Fertilizer 93 Plymouth Becks BravGiscoasssaccts access oe esw ence ee se stot uses one Sere eee a eEe cme S12E| |Special Potato Fertilizer...... 2.2. ..--22cse ce een eee cere ee ee eee eee ce reece nee eeeeene 2125 Star Brand STPEEDHGS DN ALE eae foo ee ee ene ee eee as ee ee eee ee eee EDWIN J. PHILBRICK, AUGUSTA, ME. Thsei i bil tiara eine i Cee eee eee So Se es = Seo ee eso ised seas so THE PORTLAND BENDERING CO., PORTLAND, ME. 1616) Portland Rendering Co.’s Bone Tankage. ...---. -..-------+---es220 e-200--+-- 220 PROVINCIAL CHEMICAL FERTILIZER CO., L’T’D, ST. JOHN, N. B. ou Provence Chemical Fertilizer Co’s Special Potato Phosphate..... Fjedekecassos HE RUSSIA CEMENT CO., GLOUCESTER, MASS. i 2616] Maine State Granve Chemicals: oo: os ce scene eee eee ee eee eee 2617| Maine State Grange Potato Manure 2618)Maine State Grange Seeding Down Fertilizer 2606) Bssex A Superphosplate 2-.--csssee = sess eases ee eee esac ees nee eee eee ee 2601|Essex Complete Manure for Corn, Grain and Grass..... 2..0.202-.202 scnceessoce 1411)/Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes, Roots and Vegetables ...-.....--.....----. | WG ESsex: Corn Meritt zern..2=- ees sae oe ale eee SE Se Cn OO Ione a eameac 2602)Essex Market Garden and Potato Mamre 5-52 | ee g.-| Kind of ashes. eer fina dies =3 eee aoc pate alee aS Oo fe oe Seas = 3 25 Se] eo | Se eee = os =a | = | o@ -- So = == = | ¥ GE sees 4 : UNLEACHED ASHES. i TERETE sence soeseosecoscc = ceo5 cee 4.40 3-00 | 7.12 | 1.34 | 8.46 | 38.60 74 Mostly hard Wo0od..-.--.--.2--2s0s--+-- “80 ) 2.56 | 7.74 | 1.26 | 9.00| 36.59 $3)Pure birch WOO0G---..--..c-.--s2-5 === -06 6.05 | 10.43 | 1.61 | 12.04 | 39.07 Sol Hard WwOOd sssc.ee cess oooh ee eae eee 3-30 | 2-98 | 5-24 | 2-08 | 7-27 | 31265 Sap ard iwOOG) sas0 62 -eeecse = een eee )oorrsos 2.00 | 7.82 |----- jensgtes cocccc 3003; Bard wood, Ganada...............---. |..-...- [sees eee | 9.63 j..<..- | es5as5 |ssnsz2- 3013, Hard wood, Canada ...... Jacoosents2sS |/socrers)|sorccoce: 8.09 |...... jeeseees heesocis: Hard wood, average ..-.......... 2.40 | 3.32) 8.01 | 1-56) 9.57 | 36-48 70 Soft wood, household fires..........-. | 4.64] 1.78 | 2.64) 2.01 | 4.65 | 23.62 Ss4(Getarashescieses eee eee ee 1.52] 1-91 | 5.09 |-.-..- lesse552 eds =< Dump ashes: | & Soft wood, mostly spruce .... ..... | 20.63 | -64 | 2.38 -64 | 3.02 | 29.36 66 Soit wood, mostly spruce......... 1.50) 1.35 | 1.27) 2.62] 31.22 67, - Soft wood, mostly pine............. 66 | .40 | 1.18 1.53 | 31-72 86 Mill waste, mostly spruce .-. ...-- 2: 1.58 | 1-90) 1-16 | 3.06 | 38.72 Soft wood, dump, average......-|.......) 1.09 | 1.51} 1.05] 2.56 | 34.95 Mill furnace ashes: 5 From spruce sawdust .-..... wees coal 1.40 3.43 | .96 | 4.39 | 35.90 68 Soft wood, mostly spruce..-....-.-.|..-..-.. fe eilBeg -88 | 1.05 | 1.93 | 46.14 69 Soft wood, mostly spruce.......- : 88 | 1.47 | 3-50 | 1-70] 5.20 | 46-20 587 Soit wood, mostly spruce.....- .-- i ===] 2-80) 4°69 |22222 Baacens soas 5 3004 Soft wood, mostly spruce .. - ..-.!.. bent stay f 92562 [bocce | ccoea Ae eames 3014 Soft wood, mostly spruce.... ..- Sail Paccietoss S| Neeser Ds WEES sss 024 ee s- : Soft wood, furnace, average. ...j- ---.-| 1-66 3.46 | 1-24 | «4.70 | 42.75 Canada ashes—car lots: | oS es Ean as ind Soong sSass> Secs [eee | Seeeece Sheep ese oos pesos esa = SAF) sesase cetesessace sosscts coscceessocss pose ose leases <5 ated | Goses josoos- eee ° SOG ET ese Coen eee ene nee a eee edeseap 6268 len 5 60-|elewes eae BEE SSeS SsCIeC Tee Serbcn SIS OCMC ORsoSE Ton eaneos| Nesoass Gestesec!| eT Besa lesa 25s° Ssrcoose SUAS) ee oss eae ae Sa Dads ee den eee cee eas eeeee \\ Sawn eee eT sages Saco 05 oo S324) 0 soeessscsss so setessssceecsscs cp osses) cocsscless 2 Taf. |e ssses |easas:- esa we, Canada ashes, AVETAGE ..... 20-200) cece eee secccees HS |jnns5- |eseceee ao55 76 Spent tan bark ashes .......-.--.-+..--- | -1.05 | 1.44 -98 1.2 | Pa Sac $43)*Muck?? aSheS..-.2---.ccceseenscerns === Cotteeee Trace -.----- | --es- Trace). --.-- LEACHED ASHES. i 72) Hardt wOods- costco eee eee ee e\ss ses | 32.95 | 1.911 .46| .97 | 1.43 | 25.45 73 Mostly hard wood, mixed .......... .. | 31.25 | 1.54 -35 | -93 | 1.28 | 20.00 77 Mostly hard wood, probably .......... 31.22) 1.52) .90) -56 | 1.46) 32.97 30) Mostly hard wood .....:...2 ....:0..--- | 31.40 1.96] 1.13] -72]) 1.8 | 29.06 73 Soft and hard wood, mixed.......... - | 34.05 | 1-42] .29| 1.32 | 1.61] 20-54 81|Mostly hard wood, Canada .........-.. 9.43 | 1.60! .94| .59] 1.53] 31-12 Leached ashes, average.... ----. | 31.05 | 1.66 -68 | .85 |) 1.538 | 26.53 ! MANURIAL VALUE OF ASHES, “MUCKS,” ETC. 69 For the purpose of clearness the averages of the preceding table are given in a concise form in the table which follows: POUNDS OF WATER, PHOSPHORIC ACID, WATER SOLUBLE POTASH AND LIME IN 100 POUNDS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF WOOD ASHES. Kinds of ashes. = ra g a os m } es Qu mE 4 | | ‘Dialer Iwas! \y7OreysloanscosansocsdboncconoDood|| sage odds 3.3 8.0 36.5 Unleached soft wood, household... .. secsess|seevee eee 1.8 2.6 23.6 Unleached soft wood, dump.........2+eeeeeeee Keveceitersverei ilpat 1.5 | 34.3 Unleached soft wood, mill furnace.........+2 | ssee0 os 1.7 BIO) 42.8 “Orolieeveleeyel (Cine VGlEl, COEnPNOLKE! Goaascaadacdocapono lladsenooucollace a cous Gil) WlSapeocedac EDO TAG! eNbeGl\yOWIl, sooasdsoo0 doncsooso9 oad 31.0 7 aul 26.5 The results of the analyses indicate very clearly that different samples of ashes differ markedly in their manurial value. The unleached hard wood ashes are of much greater value than those of soft woed. As seen from the table on p. 67 this cannot be attributed chiefly to the kind of wood, but more to the method of burning and subsequent care. Potash is volatile at a not very high temperature and in case of very hot fires much of the pot- ash would be driven off and lost. Dump and furnace ashes are more or less exposed to the weather. The rains if copious enough to wet through the pile would leach the ashes and carry off more or less of the water soluble potash. In case of a dry pile partialiy wet, the water falling upon the top will dissolve out the potash in the upper layers and carry it to the lower part of the pile. Inthe case of damp ashes drying out, the movement of water is toward the top and the water containing the potash would be drawn to the top and evaporate, leaving at the top of the pile the potash in the form of a more or less crystalline crust. With the next rain this would be dissolved and carried down into the pile to again reappear at the surface in subsequent evapo- ration of the moisture. It therefore follows that the composi- tion of a pile of wet ashes is not uniform and that portions of it 7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. would be poorer than other parts in plant food. In selecting samples for analysis great care needs to be taken in order to be sure the sample fairly represents the whole. The potash insoluble in water is chiefly the silicate of potash which is only slowly if at all available to plants. The phosphoric acid is all in insoluble form and how readily available is not known. In addition to their manurial value, ashes have a decided effect upon the capillary power of the soils. If a solution of carbonate of potash, such as potash of wood ashes, is poured upon loam, it will be made muddier and stickier than it would be if moistened with water. Milton Whitney of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture has investigated this subject and finds that alkaline solutions seem to loosen the particles of the clayey soil from the particles of sand and float off the clay particles, so as to fill up the spaces between the sand grains. As a result of this clogging of the pores, the circulation of the water is much retarded. That this action of an alkali is sometimes of great practical importance is attested by the fact observed by Whitney, that soils are met with in which the particles of clay are held so closely to the grains of sand that the soil has the appearance and properties of a sandy soil, although it may act- ually contain as much clay as many so-called clay soils. Car- bonate of potash has a tendency to keep clay in a “puddled” con- dition. A ball or jump of moist clay, held together with alkaline carbonate does not tend to crumble during the process of drying, but remains a hard lump. As unleached ashes carry large amounts of potash lye, the application of ashes may have practi- cally the same effect upon soils as the addition of carbonate of potash. Potash soils also have a decided action upon soil nitrogen. These alkaline solutions have great power to dissolve organic matters and render unavailable nitrogen available. This ten- dency of potash to promote rank growth is well illustrated wherever the land has been recently cleared of wood and the logs burned. The rankness of growth which follows is probably due not only to the available potash thus returned to the soil, but also to the superabundant supply of nitrogenous food made available by the action of the alkali upon the soil humus and to the fact that alkali has a tendency to retain moisture. ia scat bias MANURIAL VALUE OF ASHES, “MUCKS,” ETC. WE A favorite way of applying wood ashes is as a top dressing to mowing or pasture lands. ‘This encourages the growth of clover and some of the better grasses, with a tendency to crowd out inferior kinds of grasses, weeds and moss. The presence of an alkali seems to favor the growth of potato scab. On land free from scab fungus, ashes are beneficial for potatoes. J,eached ashes depend chiefly upon the phosphoric acid and lime for their value. Coal ashes have no fertilizing value and any effect they may have depends upon their mechan- ical condition. A bushel of average unleached hard wood ashes weighs about 48 pounds. This would contain OLAS MM cra le e thy cuts ated ss yeas about 4 pounds, worth 20 cents MOS PMOTIC ACTG sacs. hilewes fa ST MANAUS uc is 3. 0K HS thd Cormeen ener a teeta TAROT OH. shite pane UR Wet ashes are not much more compact than dry, A bushel of wet ashes weighs considerably more than a bushel of dry ashes, but this difference is chiefly due to the water. A bushel of wet or leached ashes contains about 50 pounds of dry matter or prac- tically the same as a bushel of dry ashes. Canada ashes as sold in car lots in this State carry from 3 to 7 per cent of potash, and would at the valuation thus used be worth from 18 cents to 28 cents a bushel. Average dump ashes at the same valuation will be worth about 13 cents, and average mill furnace ashes abeut 15 cents a bushel. In buying, the cost of carting and applying needs to be taken into account. “Muck.” The correct use of the word muck, which means dung in a moist state, has been entirely lost in New England and is applied without much discrimination to any bog earth derived chiefly from decaying vegetable matter. The term as used includes materials ranging from a bog meadow mud to quite perfect peats. Large deep bogs containing true peat are comparatively few in New England, but small, shallow depressions, containing impure peats, occur everywhere. The gravelly soils of New 72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOTI. England need the addition of large amounts of organic matter and these impure peats have been thus used for generations under the general name of “muck.” While the use of the word in this sense is provincial and perhaps not to be encouraged, it will be so used here for lack of a better term. By “peat” is gen- erally understood a somewhat similar product in which the decomposition has not advanced so far. Such material is usually brownish in color and when dry has considerable fuel value. These peaty soils or mucks are the results of the partial decay of vegetable materials. ‘They are found in swampy places filled with stagnant water. -The successive growth of sphagnum and other water-loving mosses, as well as the forest leaves falling into the water, are changed by decay into the black earths and impure peats. Mucks thus formed contain appreciable amounts of insoluble nitrogen and usually but little mineral matters, unless sand, clay or silt has been washed into them during their forma- tion. Mucks owe their peculiar properties to this decomposed vegetable matter, which constitutes the humus of the agricultural chemist. ANALYSIS OF MUCKS. During the past iew years the Station has examined for cor- respondents a number oi samples of these materials from differ- ent parts of the State. . The following table shows the pounds of water contained in mucks as they are taken from the bogs. and the varying weights of ash, organic matier, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and petash contained in 1c0 pounds of the water-free (perfectiy dry) mucks: MANURIAL VALUE OF ASHES, “MUCKS,” ETC. » 73 POUNDS OF WATER IN 100 POUNDS FRESH MUCKS AS TAKEN FROM THE BEDS AND THE POUNDS OF ASH, ORGANIC MATTER, NITROGEN: PHOSPHORIC ACID, AND POTASH IN DRIED MUCKS. 3 IN WATER-FREE re a MATERIAL. 2 3 a q 3 a mm = ; D = by Locality. 2 a e 2 4 z A 2 ® : 5 E 2 2 = a 5 oS x = a = fe) Z 278|South Sebec... ..... Sbaetd Daccoedec 83.2 86.9 2.77 279\Turner.....-..... e000 moconocses coo 75.1 18.9 1.29 280) Brunswick.... ..+.e.es. pa0nd| ondE200d| ono eo0cS 96.2 1.98 PaliNewiGloucestersececescccoieeasess ol laeeenesaen 57.9 1.15 282;}\Freedom...... oooatogncds sodnene oC sooDo S00 65.4 1.51 opts ADAMS ctelelniela cle elelelalsieleie condnoncoone 77.5 80.9 1.70 S41) Burkettville. 222.60. cccccne Hoos008¢ 80.7 9203 2.16 CSAP HES Tans lx © tb WaLllil Ge: carsioletersloveisyaleifovreis cleievevetereie 79.5 65.6 1.67 218| Fhomaston.... ..... duvoenaucoons coullnoorazodad 57.2 2.06 219) Wayne....-se.e--eee Site Soqccocaselsogpancaes 84.0 1.63 DI Bash BMA cine TON. .cecsaeccccecseces |ecewer eae 94.5 1.56 243'Charlotte...... Senaowsdcalpnncoeeneca 78.5 51.6 1.78 298|North Leeds. ....... ... icin aonoureG 85.3 are : 1.75 AU ins6s6 6 Souvaobeecacosansostcsosno Hacnee)lace ate’ stataintalleteevot ieee -68 3002 Readfield............... BOTOOCrunD JO || wees Wasco. ans 1.86 SyUAT ANTON TT Nyicaadocougddo .xoneoespsoauanne nosed. Gos =anooos 1.78 3105|Richmond Corner. . ... ......6..05- fit) |losdssoc = 2.85 3106 Burnham. ........... nec 5c 5050000 4 omy 1.36 3107|Burnham..... .... OOOR Ob). BODOOS sh Gh. obllecc.cas 35 2.538 SUE EVOMSON go6e on nooncancon Bd ook aasodacond eanocrts “a6 1.46 SIGHIEREAI EO tas 904 oy ods See ba ee ee Bee akoak 1.19 3167|Bar Harbor ........ SQUe0C 6 80.7 qncoEdon 1.26 Phosphorie acid. 100 POUNDS OF PERFECTLY E (=) eo 17 .02 1.16 .07 27 “UT 26 04 1.97 27 1.08 14 54 .08 =96 -20 GEA peee ne plata tee ad bets 28 | .47 .02 .06 trace trace 22 | > .59 BL | .20 ae meas be ab etches Hh owe20 trace | .90 74 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. 7 POUNDS OF ASH, ORGANIC MATTER, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORIC ACID, AND POTASH IN 100 POUNDS OF DRY MATTER OF SUBSTANCES SOME- WHAT RESEMBLING MUCK IN APPEARANCE. H oO 2 g . rS = o a =| = a > na : 3 S) Es Kind of Material. | 7) = ° B 2 é = 3 on rey a g Hala Pea Rea oS 2 @ zo = r= i) 4 < S A Ay Ay 22M SCA SHOVES SMW Cae eretalolelelalon elelels/elnielelnlelolele ae 22.7 77.3 =69)- 16 -62- 222/Decomposed sphagnum .......s..ssese2- | oe sc0no}o00 o000 os |lonnagacs 12: PLOW MOE WAWClaoobag0e. seocpeo0GGDG0 EoODDNGODI|G000080 |loo000000 ay 16 1.06. BUG MANES WM oacatoG caodaddS aannco0dda0R05l] adonnbolloocodnde -46 -59 1.43. SEBIAME EG [QOS coosncocon0as0 odDONnDOdGDG000C0000 18.1 81.9 OL al (cletolelalateril|islolstatvisteye SYM UD mii, Orn WEY) MINOIPs00 o6000 o5a0000000 Accl| scoops scosacoe| Boy 20 19s SESOnll vitor Ghyakegl WARIANA 900. ocacannaco coclloaoooano|locos0000 2.45 24 28% WATER IN MUCKS. The large amount of water contained in this class of materials. makes their handling laborious and expensive. When first shoveled out of the bed, more than three-fourths of the weight is due to the water. In the table it will be noted that the least. water in 100 pounds of muck as taken from the bed was 75.1 pounds and in several cases there were more than 85 pounds of water in 100 pounds of the freshly shoveled muck. It is never the case that mucks can be made perfectly dry in field or barn treatment. ‘They are very retentive of moisture and even when shoveled out of the pit and allowed to remain in: a heap until the dry season of the year, they still usually contain AO to 50 per cent or more of water. If these materials are to be used as an absorbent in the stable, it is important that they be as. thoroughly dried as practicable and kept protected from rains. One hundred pounds of well dried peaty muck will absorb 4 to 6. times its weight of urine. ASH OR MINERAL MATTERS IN MUCKS. The quantity of ash in these impure peats examined by the Station is variable but is usually large. In one instance only 5 per cent of the dry matter was ash, while in another sample 48 | | : MANURIAL VALUE OF ASHES, “MUCKS,” ETC. 75 pounds out of 100 pounds of dry muck was ash. This ash is chiefly sand and has very little fertilizing value. On this account, therefore, the greater the amount of ash generally the poorer the muck. The quite complete analysis of the ash of five samples of muck follows. The laboratory numbers of the samples are the same as in the table on page 73. POUNDS OF MINERAL MATTER IN 100 POUNDS WATER FREE MUCK. a er) S a a I~ > a D D a o> | a a an H Pl H H H oO o o oO o a a a a = A | | 5 A 3 5 3 3 =| S | r= (= A 2 g iS & ie a =) =) a = a = S| A A 3 3 3 3 3 DM nm i) mM NQ Sands silica etcscssriesecciere. “lsieaneieicilers 37 Wyatt |r abhy 35.53 23.74 Iron oxide and alumina............. obit. lboaauoonos] -30 3.53 2.54 TMC eee Re Ute Pe 6.55 ATO hi web 1.88 3.67 Magnesia,........... rave) leTejetot-telePtejofa\e)>[« BN" Nsondnoona: 15 «15 12 JERI 09560 iddwoncopo nada, cadano90Gcan 02 -07 17 04 sar SOOIB coocpodonAspc mODGD. HocabdGe0O.DuKdE EBD NM dewodooe | 17 14 03 Shall oeppenre pveialsogn osoucgoouubcaoKDGd ‘ -70 alii 10 -B4 -82 Pore sjolavormea hotels aassss555055 55900050 -17 1.15 20 26 1.97 Carbonic acid, coal, etc...........+. WV ORY Ws aasoage 20 -20 1.45 Mocallashpaamnsni ccc masher 13.06 esesi 42.07 34.61 In the samples marked 278 and 280, the mineral matter prob- ably consists for the most part of true ash—i. e., matter that once formed a part of the growing moss or other plants; although the large amount of lime in 278 may have come from the shells of minute organisms often found in shallow water. The large excess of mineral matter in the other samples must have pro- ceeded from sand washed in from higher ground and is naturally poor in plant food. ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN IN MUCK. From the above table and that on page 73 it is evident that whatever value mucks have as fertilizers is not due to the minute amounts of phosphoric acid and potash which they carry but to the organic matter and its accompanying nitrogen. 76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. Mucks vary greatly in the organic matter which they contain. Occasionally a peaty muck will have as high as 95 pounds of organic matter for each 100 pounds of dry matter, while others will have little more than half that amount.- Since the value of the muck as an absorbent depends upon its organic matter, it follows that ior litter a peaty muck is better than one that is clayey or sandy. The nitrogen in mucks is for the most part in inert com- pounds and is not immediately available for plant food. The quantity of nitrogen in mucks also varies greatly. With one exception the mucks examined at the Station carried more than 1 pound of nitrogen for each 100 pounds of water-free muck. Ten samples had about 2 pounds in 100 and 3 samples had mere than 2%4 pounds oi nitrogen for each 100 pounds of dry matter. It is not a matter of indifference whether the muck is high or low in nitrogen content. While by far the larger part cf the nitrogen in these materials is in a form that is insoluble in water and is, considered as a plant food, compara- tively inert, it is a matter of common experience that this nitro- gen may be made to contribute to the support oi crops, and that it has therefore a considerable money value. When muck is exposed to the action of the air, as when mixed with ordinary cultivated soil, its nitrogen slowly under- goes change and is gradually rendered available to the growing plant. Through the action of bacteria proper to soils the nitro- genous constituents in the humus are changed to ammonia. The most favorable conditions for this bacterial action are moisture, air and warmth and the absence oi acidity. Hence the process oi conversion of unavailable nitrogen compounds to available forms may be hastened by the addition of lime or ashes to a muck and by composting. The use of muck as a stable absorbent adds greatly to its store of nitrogen because of the nitrogen of the urine thus taken up,and the germs always present in manures accelerate the conversion oi the inert nitrogen into available forms. In the preparation of muck for manure as well as in con- siceration of preserving iarm yard manure the question oi com- posting naturally presents itself. While the ability to procure commercial fertilizers readily has caused composts to fall some- Me. nt “ee ia Poe’ oe eT a MANURIAL VALUE OF ASHES, “MUCKS,” ETC. 77 what into disrepute,—and while in certain localities, near cities, it may be more profitable to expend labor in hauling stable manure than in building compost heaps—it is true of a State of sniall proprietors, for whose labor there is at times no profitable outgo, that “the composting of muck and peat with stable and barnyard manures is surely destined to become one of the most important items in farm management.” Some mucks ferment of themselves when thrown into heaps and such kinds serve well as manures without weathering, fer- nientation or any kind of preparation. But the kinds most com- mon in Maine are well nigh useless as manures unless they have been rotted or fermented. In view of these differences it is not strange that farmers frequently deem mere exposure of muck to the air to be a sufficient preparation of this material. While this is the case with some mucks, the safest and surest way of obtaining good results with muck is to ferment artificially in the compost heap. Experience teaches that in many situations, a large proportion of the useful ingredients of dung and urine can be saved by com- posting with muck. It is equally certain through such compost- ing the unavailable plant food of the muck is made available. The ferments are present in such amounts in farm manures that left to themselves they suffer by the fermentation, and most mucks are so deficient in ferments that by themselves the fer- mentation necessary to render their inert organic matter avail- able will not take place. In the preparation of muck composts, dung or fish are the materials commonly used to excite fermentation. Most farmers prefer to make compost in heaps. A common plan is to lay down a bed of muck six or eight feet wide and a foot or so thick and cover it with a layer of dung of somewhat less thickness, fcllowed by another layer of muck and so on. Different farmers use very different proportions of muck. The ordinary practice seems to vary from I to 5 parts of muck to I part of dung. Rich dung from stall-fed cattle will ferment more muck than that from animals less highly fed. The practical rule is to use no more muck than can be thoroughly fermented by the manure. In the case of sour muck the addition of small amounts of lime or wood ashes will correct the acidity and hasten fermentation. 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. Nitrogenous manures cost more than others for the simple reason that concentrated nitrogenous compounds capable of sup- plying this element to plants are neither abundant nor readily prepared. “New sources of phosphate of lime have continually been discovered, so that the price of this article has not risen from year to year, in spite of the greatly extended use of it. But the assimilable nitrogen compounds are more costly than cither phosphates or potash salts, and there is no immediate prob- ability that their price will be much reduced. Hence the impor- tance of recognizing clearly the value of the peat (muck) and the humus which are found already in the fields.” * SEAWEEDS. Seaweeds have long been used as manures in this country and in England. Here in New England there is abundant evidence of the great value of sea manure. According to Storer, with the exception of the intervale farms cf the Connecticut river, the farms that depend upon manures derived from great cities, and a few localities in which the fertility is based upon fish manure, “the only really fertile tracts in New England are to be found back of the sea beaches upon which an abundant supply of sea- weeds is thrown up by storms.” Under the name of seaweed are included a large number of plants which grow in the water on the coast and are found col- lected on the shelving beaches or in inlets, or adhering to the rocks covered by tide water. From their habit of growth, those which grow upon the rocks between low and high water mark are called rockweed. Others which grow in deeper water from low water mark out to a depth of four or five fathoms and are washed in by the tides are called driftweed or kelp. These materials are valuable agricultural resources to farmers located near tide water, but it is doubtful if the farmers along the coast of Maine fully appreciate their value and utilize them to the extent they should. ‘They are used extensively on the coast of France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and southern New England and many fine farms owe their fertility almost wholly to these materials. *Storer, Agriculture, Vol. II, p. 82. Se MANURIAL VALUE OF ASHES, ““MUCKS,” ETC. 79 SEAWEED AS CATTLE FOOD. Wiile their chief value is as a manure, some varieties of sea- weeds are used as food and on some islands near the coast, sheep subsist largely upon them during the winter months. Mr. H. A. Long of Roque Bluff has for manv years been a successful grower of sheep on one’ of the islands of the Maine coast. During the present winter, agents for the Maine Siate Scciety for the Prctection of Animals investigated the conditions under which the island sheep are kept. Three years ago Mr. Long sent samples of the kinds of rock weeds eaten by the sheep to the Station for analysis. Because of this and the investiga- tion of the society above named, he recently wrote as follows: “Are the elements found in the seaweed capable of sustaining life without any other food? We know that our sheep eat it in the winter and practically live on it for six or seven months in the year, and if it will keep them fat and strong, why is it that -we must house our sheep and feed them hay and grain as we are told the law requires us to do? My cows will go to the shore nearly every day and eat some of the rockweed from the rocks, and I have never seen any hurt to them, or odor in milk. If possible I wish to have made plain to me the value of a pound of seaweed or rockweed, compared with a pound of good hay fed to a sheep or cow.” As the same question is of importance and interest to many in the state, the chief points given in the answer to Mr. Long are here presented : The sample sent to the Station by Mr. Long was a mixture of several species of rockweed. They were separated into two lots and analyzed as two samples. The sample called rockweed con- sisted chiefly of two species of flat-stemmed rockweed, Fucus vesiculosis and Fucus evauescens ‘The other sample was sea lettuce. In the following table there is given the analyses of these samples, and for the purpose of comparison, there is also given the average analysis of a few common cattle and sheep fodders. 80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. POUNDS OF WATER AND NUTRIENTS IN 100 POUNDS OF "SEA WEEDS AS COLLECTED COMPARED WITH THE WATER AND NUTRIENTS IN 100 POUNDS OF COMMON CATTLE FODDERS. 2) 2 | a 2 = 2 | = | Of hea aie ap ily = eS =e te 2 ood ee E ] ~ cS — — >> = ae = = FD =< | | Rockweed (Fucus) .-.-. .... 73.9 2.8 | A 3.5 13.1 | 6.3 Sea lettuce (lva).....-.+.... ISG le ey 2 9.2 5-7 | 10.6 ei Corn fodder (green)........- | 79.3 1.8 | E z |} 2 = zs Name. E z 2 2 gE ae | ae? | ee |, See ae ete | Peel = , | hae: | Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs 6396 Aunt Jemima’s Pancake Flour.......... e--| 0027 en) Reet | .0079 6397 Uncle Jerry’s Pancake Flour ............-.. ) -0055 | -0045 | -0634 - 0033 6398 Uncle Jerry’s Buckwheat Flour ............ -0056 | -0037 seeccos | -0001 6399 Reliable S-R Prepared Flour.... .-. edt ee 0073 | 0062 | .0027 | 9001 6400 Hecker’s Superlative S-R Flour ......... «--| 0065 -0036 |. seeeeeee | -0089 6401 Ureka S-R Prepared Flour -......... -...... | -0058 | -0032 | sooRescon: | -0010 6402 Purina Health Pancake Flour ....-....--.. | -0072 | -0052 |.-- ----.- | 0083 6403|Century Health S-R Pancake Flour ........ | .0037 | -o017 | -on19 | 0009 6404/Cereal Pancake Flour. .....-...-...2.s-ecee- -0048 | -0042 | -0022 -0008 | i I i i I i WEIGHTS OF NUTRIENTS AND FUEL VALUE OF ONE POUND OF PREPARED FLOURS. Z : 23: a = = a - = = | — | 7) - = | aes | 2 = = | y x | | ce = z Name. Zz = 3 = : = 2 z So | 5.| 2 z pal cats = | = So = = = | ifs) a | = Sie i flntct = o | = =) Fla} eae | oOo] < | = j ! { | Lb. | Lb. | Lb. | Lb. | Lb (Calo. | | | i | 6396| Aunt Jemima’s Pancake Flour............. | -089 | .094 | .006 | -761 | .050) 1705 6397 Uncle Jerry’s Pancake Flour..........-.- .--| -090 | -107 | .007 | .746 | .050 | 1680 6395|Uncle Jerry’s Buckwheat Flour............. -091 | .109 | -012 -730 | “058 | 1670 6399 Reliable S-R Prepared Flour .............. -090 | 030 | 008 | .782 | 930 | 1690 6400 Hecker’s Superlative S-R Flour. .......... | .094 | .091 | .009 | .75¢ | .048 | 1650 : | | | 6401\Ureka S-R Preparec Flour.......-.......... | -090 | .059 | .009 | .787 | -025 | 1710 i 6402 Purina Health Pancake Flour......... eeeeee -089 | -100 | -016 | .738 | .057 | 1670 } | | | | | | | k | 6403 Century Health S-R Pancake Flour........ -086 | .099 | .009 | .75 056 1650 6404|Cereal Pancake Flour ..........+. bor oe aN .080 | .122 | .028 | .727 | .046 | 1740 6405 Swan’s Down Prepared Cake Flour......... .098 | .103 | .008 | .792 | .002 | ANALYSES OF MISCELLANEOUS FOOD MATERIALS. 97 The chief variation of a self-raising flour from a typical flour of the same grade is found in its higher ash content. A pound of straight patent flour will have about .oo5 pounds of ash. The ash in 1 pound of the self-raising flours (6405 is not self-rais- ing) varies from .025 to .058 pounds. ‘This added ash consists of common salt, and leavening materials. Patent flour usually carries about .002 pounds of phosphoric acid to the pound. Larger amounts than this in a self-raising flour indicates that acid phosphate has been added in the leavening. ‘The use of phosphoric acid in place of cream of tartar is perfectly proper and indeed on some accounts preferable. Alum should not be present in flour. In small amounts its presence may be acci- dental. ‘When as much as .0o2 pound occurs in a pound it is fair to assume that it was added intentionally. Alum is harmful and should not be used in flours or baking powders. The amount of leavening is measured by the carbon dioxide which is evolved when the fiour is wet up with water and heated. As shown by the analvses the total leavening power may be con- siderably in excess of the available, the proportion of the latter decreasing with age. If chemical leavening agents are to be used, it is far better to mix them with the flour at the time of baking. Good bread flour with sufficient cream of tartar and soda as leavening material costs about 3 cents a pound. The ready prepared flours here reported upon were sold at the rate of 5.3 to 16.1 cents per pound. Because of the high cost, the poor keeping quality and the temptation to adulteration, from the standpoint of economy and health, the general use of prepared self-raising flours is unwise. PEA Four. A five pound package of pea flour sent by Dr. Charles Cald- well of Chicago to the Department of Agriculture was for- warded to the laboratories of this Station for analysis. Dr. Caldwell regards the flour as a very promising addition to our food products. He recommends that it be mixed with wheat flour and used for bread making, “‘since it not only improves the flavor of the bread, but its texture as well, the loaf remaining soft and moist much longer than when wheat flour alone is employed.” He suggests that it be compressed into cakes and 98 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. used as an army ration. Its preparation is supposed to include steam cooking, roasting and reduction by the roller process. It is light sulphur-yellow in color and nearly as fine as ordinary wheat flour. Its composition is given in the following table, together with that of dried peas and wheat flour. WEIGHT OF NUTRIENTS AND FUEL VALUE OF ONE POUND OF PEA FLOUR, DRIED PEAS, AND WHEAT FLOUR. Water. Protein (N X 6.25). Carbohydrates. Fuel value. Fat. Ash. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. | Calo. Pea Flour, 6430........-..cece «cee -nee -078 -284 -019 “O87 - 032 1884 IDIMWEG! [EGRIS Vaccosaconscenseccossoconoses -095 - 246 -010 -620 -029 1665 Wheat Flourf........... 5 pebccconsenocs -126 -U7 -014 -738 -005 1763 * Bulletin 28, Office Experiment Station, p. 67. { Average of 21 analyses made at this Station. The pea flour is very rich in protein, containing nearly two and one-half times as much as wheat flour. If the product were placed upon the market at a moderate price it seems quite prob- able that it would find a ready use. GLutTEN Foops. In Bulletin 55 of this Station the analyses were given of several so-called gluten preparations which carried “‘only a little more protein and a little less carbohydrates than ordinary flour.” As a result of the publication of these analyses, we have received many letters from people suffering with diabetes ask- ing for information relative to gluten preparations high in pro- tein and low in carbohydrates. The Pure Gluten Food Com- pany of New York claim that their goods are high in gluten and low in starch. These claims are substantiated by the anal- yses of samples which follow: Breakiast Cereal Pure Gluten, (6342). The Pure Gluten Food Company, New York. “The Strength of the Wheat. ANALYSES OF MISCELLANEOUS FOOD MATERIALS. 99 Gluten Breakfast Cereal is entirely free from starch and has received the highest medical endorsement for the treatment of diabetes, dyspepsia, obesity. and Bright’s disease. Gluten Breakfast Cereal is rich in nitrates and phosphates, the essentials in upbuilding and strengthening the tissues, muscles, nerves and bone. It contains none of the heating properties found in the cereals. It promotes perfect digestion.” Plain Gluten Flour, Pure Gluten, (6343). The Pure Gluten Food Company, N. Y. “The ideal flour for diabetes, dyspepsia, obesity and Bright’s disease. For making bread and crackers. Pure gluten flour is entirely free from starch and contains all the properties for mus- cle and fiber building. Our gluten preparations have received the highest medical endorsement. We invite comparison and chemical analysis.” Self-Raising Flour, Pure Gluten, (6344). The Pure Gluten Food Company. “Pure Gluten Self-Raising Flour is the ideal preparation for making self-raising pancakes, muffins and gems. It contains all the nitrates or muscle and fibre producing qualities, and being entirely free from starch, it has none of the heating properties of other pancake flours, and will not therefore disturb digestion, nor produce derangements incident to warm weather. As a pancake or gern flour for diabetics and dyspeptics, it is incom- parable in nutritive worth.” WEIGHT OF NUTRIENTS AND FUEL VALUE OF ONE POUND OF THE PURE GLUTEN FOOD COMPANY’S GLUTEN PREPARATIONS. “eal | | =o | S S| (Saseun )s |e on = | ? | Ze As aye PU th wid fe ec ee Pesee lige == fc | 5 | 3 Nea be Nag |g) = | Pe Se alse Sinisa ret | mene a | hee leet alll Ou leteale a (tenes | | | | | | l Lb. | Lb. | Lb. | Lb. | Lb. | Lb. Calo. 6342| Breakfast Cereal. .......-...++-eeeeee- .093 | .437 | .016 | .003 | .444 | -007 | 2060 | | 6343/Plain Gluten Flour............22.- sneseeosae wea =ssan= es 583 ABT vee cree cee eee es 322 Army, RAGIONS!::225- 02+ -s5e6. ease eeee Be eee: $23 | 661* ce i Fone 6332 Standard Emergency Ration.....-...-........-- 540 AIST cree ee vere 6333 Standard Emergency Ration .-.. ..... ..- -..- 402 | 319 270 49 6335| Arctic Food ....2.2.2-22 seen eee es elahey oeee 444 402 | See eee 6334 'Tanty Emergency Ration ....----.0-.secese-see 585 475 Neateee ers) 6341/F-A Food Company’s Stew. ...--... «...--.---- 1151 HA |. score ossssc2ce 6407 Toril Beef Tea.......... ino) 8 Moe Pwd ...-+-|Broken _|-... -- |e eaneajl eoceeeee GANG I SOSOUL een eae oes lacie eae oe ae een ries Broken sooetce ‘| EARS SsnoAoce (395) BPD lens aspmens psa aS nOsnOna Shoe Shenaadaac pee 2240s eeeeeee ceereee FADIPIASMON:: nese ccs ste s) con pes ca ace aoe ieee ee | 490 EST pore snnd oon3¢752 6330 LEP ELEt (EYETI(UBYDISE GSDASIE CASEEOR OC InSEAOGBOIe See 55 £5) Wea oes |enaods * Excluding 26 grams bone. + Not including a tablet of tea, 18 grams, and two small boxes of pepper and salt, 6 grams. ANALYSES OF MISCELLANEOUS FOOD MATERIALS. 103 CONDENSED FOODS. GRAMS OF NUTRIENTS IN PACKAGE. 2 nm |WEIGHT OF MATERIALS IN PACKAGE.) 5 | 3 g toe a 2 = 5 A Brands. a é S 3 S v Z = = o a Zz = a aa iS) < eo 7 ; Gms./Grams/|Grams|Grams|Grams Gms. Calo. 6323|Ration Cartridge ..............- | 241 34.2 52.9 | 42.0 98.0 | 15.9 | 1071 6324|Blue Ration a ......- seseeeee- | 169} 76.1| 37.5| 9.0] 97.9] 8.5| 432 6324|Blue Ration b .........+.. ----- 78 00) aed eOuNpm2s-lel uso Oh ie sted | 436 6325|Red Ration a............. opcac || IR 33.8 | 26.2 18.5 Byes) || Bel | 496 6325|Red Ration b..............-..- 77 12) 5.0 23.0 46.6 | 1.2 | 424 6326|Ration Cartridge .......... aoocel| P48) | iNet) 62.3 12.6 iGeAD | M3eS le aia 6327|Emergeney Ration a. ......... 120 14.6 | 56.1 29.6 11.9 7.8 a 6327|Emergency Ration b .......... 113 i1Af3) | 8.2 32-7 68.0 | 2.2 | 622 6328|Emergency Ration a. .....-... 121 4.5 71.8 32.6 Guz mbe4s Ie a7a6 6328| Emergency Ration b.......... 127 5.7 8.3| 15.3] 94.8] 2.9] 588 6321|Nao Meat Food................. 437 | 231.3 56.9 90.1 46.2 | 12.5 | 1328 6322) Army Rations ......... ....... 661 | 420.2 | 101.2 84.3 47.9 | 7.4 | 1542 6332|Standard Emergency Ration..| 418 23.6 | 129.6 90.5 | 1€0.3 | 14.0 | 2198 6333|Standard Emergency Ration a 270 17.0 50.6 54.8 | 137.0 | 10.6 | 1402 6333|Standard Emergency Ration b| 49 5 3.2 10.5 34.0 8 254 GBR) |AUY OG AKE MO logagacosnacos assoood 423 30.7 75.1 | 167.3 | 119.8 | 30.1 | 2430 6334|Tanty Emergency Ration ..... 475°) 313.5 60.2 48.6 41.9 | 10.8 | 1482 6341|F-A-F Company’s Stew ...... 964 | 6388.0 | 149.2] 114.5 52°55 | 9.8 | 2460 GRP MRO NOI oogo6000 aonoo0K0 SODD0CDGN 224 20.5 198.2 ai Ti 1.9 | 1144 GOP) Aken, scasoccosdoanosbeaouaKd 453 38.7 | 339.8 8 40.3 | 33.4 | 2041 6300 Pain-de-SUGrnehericicieiceeisicicies 55 5.9 5.9 08 42.2 -7 | 208 | The six preparations bearing the mark of Bovril, Limited, 30 Farringdon St., London, are all put up in tin cans in the form of flattened cylinders with rounded ends. These vary in length from 4% to 7 inches and are easily opened by means of the kev attached. All contain dried meats, in most cases mixed with vegetables, the whole ground and compressed. Four of the tins are made with a compartr:ent containing one or more cakes of chocolate wrapped in tin foil. The inscription upon one of these cans (6327) is here given in full: 104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. “Emergency Ration. Field service. This ration is not to be opened except by order of an officer, or in extremity. It is to be carried in the haversack and produced at inspections, etc. Lhe ration is calculated to maintain strength for 36 hours if eaten in small quantities at a time.” (Upon one end of the can) “Basis Meat Extractives and Albuminoids. May be used dry with cr without biscuits, or as a soup one-fourth part boiled for 15 minutes in one pint of water.” (On the other end of the can) “Chocolate Basis. The contents may be used dry, or one- fourth boiled in one pint of water. Bovril, Limited, London.” The Bovril goods, the Standard Emergency Rations, and Arctic Food may for convenience be classed together. It may be said of them all that they appear to be good articles and when prepared according to directions would probably furnish appe-- tizing dishes, subject, of course, to the limitations common to all canned goods. The emergency rations 6327 and 6328 are “calculated to maintain strength for 36 hours if eaten in small quantities at a time.” No direct claim of the kind is made ior the other Bovril goods, though the statement that the Red Ration Cartridge (6323 and 6325) is “recommended to be used on alternate days with the Blue Ration Cartridge’ (6324 and 6326), seems to imply that each of these cartridges is sufficient for a day. The package containing the Standard Emergency Ration, 6332, is said to contain “enough palatable food and drink to sustain one man for one day under all conditions.” The Standard Emergency, (6333), is said to be sufficient for two heartv meals. These ciaims may very properly be considered here. Various estimates have been made as to man’s daily needs. These estimates have been based either upon a study of the daily waste of the body, or upon direct nutrition experiments, in which the daily food has been gradually reduced until a main- tenance ration has been struck. While these estimates must vary not only with the individual, but with the habits and other conditions of the subject, an average may be fixed upon which is sufficiently exact for our present purposes. Of the standards given, those of Moleschott in Germany and Atwater in this country are perhaps as frequently quoted as any. ANALYSES OF MISCELLANEOUS FOOD MATERIALS. [05 Moleschott gives the following diet as.sufficient for a man per- forming a moderate amount of work: > IEA CON USHA a ers, Bene) Sams nace CR AP aa a 120 grams. TEMES pee Matte la a RR or go grams. Carbohvdratcste wawee we ye suet 330 grams. This gives a total weight of 540 grams, or about { 1-5 pounds of dry matter per day. By the use of the proper factors, we find that such a diet has a fuel value of 2,680 calories. That is, these quantities of nutrients, in the metabolic processes which they undergo in the body, yield an amcunt of heat sufficient to raise 2,680 kilograms of water 1° C., or about 5 tons of water 1° F. It is an interesting fact that what constitutes an adequate diet for the European does not satisfy the American workman. By a study of dietaries in this country Atwater has found that a man at moderate labor requires daily about 125 grams proteids, with enough fats and carbohydrates to bring the fuel value up to 3,500 calories, an advance of about 20 per cent over Moleschott’s esti- mate. This required fuel value may be supplied by adding to the 125 grams proteids, 100 grams fats, and 502 grams carbo- hydrates. In the following table these European and American estimates are compared. EUROPEAN. AMERICAN. Grams. | Calories. | Grams. | Calories. PROWESS os ondsocdoa onoD o0b SodoEsDDG0ONRADO 120 492 125 512 Fats..... eh fesareuitetatatevstarsiee oecla sjoieie ats ucteters aitole's 90 837 100 930 Carbohydrates ..-..-.cceeeeee ces neceeeeee- 330 1353 502 2058 LI eRe pat TE ae 540 2682 m™7 | 380) In the following tables these standards are compared with the contents of the packages concerning which the previously men- tioned claims are made. Since 6327 and 6328 are said to be sufficient for 36 hours, two-thirds of the contents of the package are taken as the basis for calculation. The emergency ration 6333 is said to suffice for two meals: in the table the contents are therefore increased by one-half to correspond with one day of three meals. 106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOTI. DIETARY STANDARDS COMPARED WITH CONDENSED FOOD RATIONS | nlories. Laboratory 1 number. Protein. Fats. Carbohy- drates. ( Grams. Grams. Grams. European Standard..... 2... 22-sec.ccecceer 120.0 90.0 | 330.0 2682 American Standard... 2.22--cccccscscccccecnn- 125.6 100.0 502.0 3500 6327 Emergency Ration....-....... BAP POG OEE 42.9 41.5 53.3 780 6328| Emergency Ration........c.seesse-+ 2 -ceeees 53.4 31.9 67-7 793 (B93 TSG Soe ececsccsstses cece occe cecos 52.9 42.0 92.0 1009 325 REG Ran ON aeen ae sen = aac nee ae sae eta 31.2 41.5 84.4 860 6324 Blue RARION pases ces eo eens eae ep aes 43.1 32.1 $4.8 823 S28 AMS TSA eee sce ete cSt coc tcsenceeoetes 62.3 12.6 76.4 686 6332 Standard Emergency Ration.........- = cecoae 129.6 90.5 160.3 2030 4333 Standard Emergency Ration......... .....- 20.7 98-0 | 256.5 2294 The comparisons made in the table show that for the most part the claims are extravagant. W4ith the exception of the two last given, none of the packages supply more than one-half the protein required to replace the waste of one day, and not more than one-fourth or one-third of the potential energy called for by the standards. Indeed a little thought would have shown that no ration containing less than one and one-half pounds of dry matter can supply the waste of the active adult human body. f we refer once more to the standards given, we will see that even if a food could consist of absolutely pure protein, fats and carbchydrates, it must contain from 540 to 727 grams, or from one and one-fifth to one and three-fifths pounds. In practice such a food is impossible. In addition to the water and waste matters invariably present,there will always be a varying amount of min- eral salts in our food, a certain proportion of which is just as essential te our existence as anyoneof the three nutrients already considered. While an amount of food under one and one-hali pounds may constitute a valuable “emergency ration,” the con- tinued use of such a diet must inevitably result in a reduction in strength and body weight. The Pain-de-guerre is an evaporated bread used as a con- centrated ration in the French army. The process of manu- ANALYSES OF MISCELLANEOUS FOOD MATERIALS. 107 facture is secret. The sample as received consisted of a single biscuit, about 2/4 inches long and 1 inch thick, weighing less than two ounces (55 grams). It is said when it is moistened the Pain-de-guerre takes up a great deal of water and swells so that it has the appearance of soft bread rather than that of a cracker. Because of the smallness of the sample, this property was not tested. Its chemical analysis would seem to indicate that it is made entirely of wheat with which it agrees quite closely in composition. MALTED Nuts. Malted Nuts. (6178). Manufactured by the Sanitas Nut Food Co., Ltd., Battle Creek, Mich. “A perfect food, can be used to the exclusion of all other foods for infants or other persons, is suited to all ages and possesses all the essentials of a perfect nutrient. Malted nuts is not a chemical mixture of food elements, but a simple preparation of natural products, predigested and otherwise prepared for prompt and perfect assimilation.” As shown below, the claimed analysis on the wrapper cor- responds closely with the results of the analysis of the sample here reported upon. WEIGHT OF NUTRIENTS AND FUEL VALUE OF ONE POUND OF MALTED NUTS AS CLAIMED BY THE MANUFACTURERS AND FOUND BY ANALYSIS. Claimed Analyses. Lbs. Analyses here Reported. Lbs. \VEMIEIP aon000 Goe0n Gb20005000s00000 045 (WEIN coogocos006s60 asobo0s0s5c0 baDE 026 Vegetable Albumin ............... - 236 RODE UM areretatelaleratelolelnlataleroteletoletolslatele’aist= 237 Nut fat (perfectly emulsified)....| .204 WH eatitetatatatetelstetetetetatelslotstetatstratels(elaMnatartateter | .276 Digested starch (Maltose, etc.) ..| .493 Carbohydrates ....-.. .....-+e..0. -439 SLES SaaoonvedoosdoqbabeDedoodaean0dn 022 IXEID. o5090000006 cogoDDOOGOCAb000 006 022 Fuel value, Calories per pound..| 2,600 | ACORNS (Quercus). In Bulletin 54 of this Station, Nuts as Food, there were given the results of analvses of acorns from the common black oak of Arizcna, Quercus Emoryt, and samples of acorn meal and acorn bread used by the Indians of the Yosemite Valley as food. We were indebted to Dr. Chestnut of the Division of Botany, U. S. Department of Agriculture for these samples. In April, 1goo, 108 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOl. Dr. Chestnut sent us specimens of the “Valley White Acorn,” Quercus lobata, “one of the acorns which is most abundantly used by the Indiatis of Mendecino county, California.” This is analyzed as number 6312. In shelling the nuts it was found that about half of them were spoiled. The edible portion of good ones made up the sample taken for analysis, but the propor- tion of shell (refuse) to kernel (edible portion) is based upon all of the acorns, good and poor. Weight of acorns, 130 grams. Hdible portion, kernels, 93 grams, 71.54 per cent. Refuse, shells, 37 grams, 28.46 per cent. The composition is given below together with that of the ° acoins previously analyzed: It will be noted that the acorns of Quercus lobata are much lower in fat content and higher in car- bokydrates than the other samples examined. This affects the fuel value markedly, as the fats have much greater heats of combustion than the carbohydrates. WEIGHT OF NUTRIENTS AND FUEL VALUE OF ONE POUND OF ACORNS, ACORN MEAL, AND ACORN BREAD. | Cs 5 5 o 2 z, Pa) 3 a H o fe) L z z ~ = $ a 4 S ) = : ve, S e = S 3 Se a © 3 D RS = 3 Og n 2 (le [om] = a0 i>) BO - & s i Ss NM = (eu, = S)) < ics Lb Lb. Lb Lb Lb. Lb. |Calo. Edible portion, Maine Station, 6393 ........ | - -449 +039 21 ATT 014 1075 California grown * ........ Jools 2S) lee 0660s (e020 ene acai a Oran | ee California grown *......... = -Dom, bo OL 020 -404 -008 - As purchased, | : Maine Station, 6393......... | .094 407 -035 -019 -432 -013 974 | California grown .........- Wve 54 ere455 0m 2056 oul ee Olin jase 1 2nn fee O0G - | California grown .......... | - 155 445 -035 | _.017 -341 AOR | = * Calif. Experiment Station, Report 1896-7, p. 153. THREE TROPICAL FRUITS. The Division of Pomology of the U.S.Department of Agricul- ture has furnished the Station with specimens of three little used tropical fruits, the cultivation of which is being introduced into the subtropical portion of the United States by the Department of Agriculture. The description of the fruits and the uses to which they are put are furnished by Mr. William Taylor, Pomol- ogist in charge of Field Investigation of the Department. 110 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. SURINAM CHERRY, Sometimes called Pitanga. 6313. This is the ribbed, round- ish, oblate fruit of Eugenia Micheli. It is a tropical shrub, native to Brazil and other tropical portions of South America, attaining a height of about 20 feet. It is sparingly grown in Southern Florida and Southern California, where the fruits are esteemed for their sharp but pleasant acid flavor. ‘They are somewhat used in domestic jelly-making, but the product has not. yet attained commercial recognition,—at least in this country. The samples analyzed were grown at Rockland Grove, Lemon City, Florida. Weight of cherries, 140 grams. Edible portion, 116 grams, 82.86 per cent. Stems and stones, 24 grams, 17.14 per cent. WEIGHTS OF NUTRIENTS OF ONE POUND OF SURINAM CHERRIES. n o a 3 s 2 FS a s 2 a | @ = oe 5) < Lb. Lb. Lb Lb. In fresh pulp.........c000- Wa etcvsvavevatetaiarel rictansrete bs ibictora: tei niowetevere -850 -004 *.139 -007 Edible in one pound whole fruit ............ ....seeerce- 704 -003 115 - 006. * Including invert sugars, .100 pound; total sugars, .101 pound. AVOCADO, Also known as Aguacate, Alligator Pear and Mid-Shipman’s Butter. 6282. This interesting fruit—RPersea gratissima of botanists—is the product of a tree native in tropical America, but now widely grown throughout tropical countries. The principal commercial supply in the markets of the United States comes from Jamaica, though there is a considerable and increasing production in Southern Florida, both on the mainland and the keys, and a small production in the milder portions of Southern California. The West Indian type of the species—which is the only, one found in our Eastern markets—yields a fruit as large as our aE oe ANALYSES OF MISCELLANEOUS FOOD MATERIALS. Jat largest pears. The varieties differ considerably in form, and range from deep purple to light green in color. The principal use to which this fruit is put is that of salad making. The soft buttery substance of the fruit lends itself to this use admirably. The Mexican type which is now being tested in both Florida and California, yields a much smaller fruit, but the tree is reputed to endure several degrees of frost, whereas the tree of the West Indian type is injured by a tem- perature of 32 degrees. The Mexican type is also reported to be of more dwarfish habit than the West Indian, the latter be- coming a tree of large proportions. The specimens analvzed were grown at Cocoanutgrove, Florida. Three pears were received, representing three dis- tinct varieties. The pulp of the pears was mixed and analyzed as one specimen. Weight of three fruits, 1,021.6 grams. Edible portion, 762.2 grams, 71.09 per cent. Seeds, 201.4 grams, 19.71 per cent. Skins, 94.0 grams 9.20 per cent. 1,021.6 100.00 WEIGHTS OF NUIRIENTS AND FUEL VALUE OF ONE POUND OF ALLIGATOR PEAR. n o ~ 3 : i Lis = s : g E ae Sly ese ena airy ipa oral Sete = Sy cy 6) < = A, | Lb Lb. Lb Lb Lb. |Calo. In one pound of edible portion......... | .81} Olu -102 068 -009 1758 Edible in one pound of whole fruit....| .576 -007 -073 049 -006 ROSELLE, Also known as Jamaica sorrel, 6394,—the Hibiscus Sab- dariffa of botanists—is a widely distributed tropical plant yield- ing the Roselle fiber of commerce. As grown in Florida and California it is an herbaceous annual. It is valued in both states for its fleshy, acidulous calyces from which jellies and pre- serves are made that are of a beautiful wine-red color and have Ti2 MAINE: AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOT. a flavor approaching that of the cranberry. The plants are grown from seed planted in the spring and they require a long season free from frost to mature the crop. Under favorable conditions they produce a very heavy, continuous crop of blos- soms in the latter part of the summer and autumn. ‘The thick, juicy, dark red calyces are the only portions used, and these are at their best soon after the petals fall. If the harvest is long de- layed, the enlarging ovary forms too large a proportion of the product and lessens its value by detracting from the acidulous flavor of the jelly or preserves. The specimens examined were from Oneco, Manatee Co., Florida. The pod and calyx were analyzed separately. Extracts from both pod and calyx were also analyzed. 125 grams of the pods with the enclosing calyx gave: Pods, 63.1 grams, 50.48 per cent. Calyx, 61.9 grams, 49.52 per cent. WEIGHTS OF NUTRIENTS AND FUEL VALUE OF ONE POUND OF JAMAICA SORREL. | | | Carbohydrates. Protein, =I | = l | Lb Lb Eb |e be | Lb Cialis hered secede Ais ane heen 865 021 .003 103 | .008 Oe ee ee eee eee 40 017 o10 122 oll nxtract trom calyxa-)--ee-a seers ee -912 O09) | sensceeeee *.072 007 Extract from pods. .........2ees0+0+- heh ceaze | hfolp ewer #042 | .007 * Including sugars, .016 Ib. + Including sugars, .010 1b. a dll tite HOR LICULLURAL: STATUS: OF» THE GENUS VACCINIUM. W. M. Munson. The members of the genus Vaccinium, though indigenous to this country, and supplying in large quantities fruit which is surpassed in quality by but few of the more generally cultivated species, have received comparatively little attention from horti- culturists. In 1898 a report upon the Blueberry in Maine was published. by the Maine Experiment Station. The object of the present paper is to present as concisely as may be the exact status of the group at the close of the nineteenth century, and if possible to extend the knowledge of these plants in such a way as shall insure a more just appreciation of their horticultural value. ' There is much confusion in the vernacular names applied to members of the genus Vaccinium. The terms “Bilberry,” and “Whortleberry’”’ usually mentioned as “common names” by American writers, are seldom or never heard among the common people in this country, while “Huckleberry” is often used indis- criminately for plants of this genus and for the Gaylussacias. In the central states the term Huckleberry is usually applied to Vaccimum corymbosum, while Blueberry is given to the low growing species like Canadense and Pennsylvanicum. In New England, Huckleberry is reserved for species of Gaylussacia, while Blueberry is applied to the lower growing species as above, and High-bush Blueberry to corymbosum. ‘There is no satis- factory explanation of the word huckleberry, which in English works occurs only in those of recent date.t| The red berried species are, in general, referred to as cranberries. 1The Latin writers of the middle ages generally referred to plants of the genus Vaccinium as Myrtillus, and the fruit was known as myrtleberry. It is not im- probable that the term Whortleberry is a corruption from myrtleberry (Cf. Prior, Pop. Names, Brit. Plts. 121) and that the American colonists further changed the name to “‘hurtleberry.” The transition from hurtleberry to huckleberry was easy by simply dropping the first r, i. e., hutleberry. Others derive the name Whortle berry from the Anglo-Saxon heort-berg, hart-berry, or as we would say, deer-berry The question is discussed by Sturtevant in the Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural] Society, 1890, p. 18. ‘ II4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. In England the common names, as collated by Sturtevant, are: Whorts or Whortleberries and Bilberries; in France, Airelle, Aurelle, Myrtilles, Myrtilles des bois, Bluete; or in Brittany Lucets, and in Normandy Mawrets. In Sweden they are called, in Upland, Blabar; in Smoland, Slinner; in Scania, Bollion; in Lapland, Zirre and Zerre. In Brabant the usual terms are, Crakebesein, Haverbesein and Postelbesein; in Ger- many, Heydelbeeren, Bickbeeren, Blawbeeren, Schwartzbeeren ; or for some species, Drunkelbeeren, Rauschbeeren, Grosse Heidelbeeren, Moosheidelbeeren, etc.; in Italy, Myrtillo; in Russia, Ticherniza, Pjaniza, Goluble, etc.* DISTRIBUTION. The genus includes about 125 species of wide geographic dis- tribution, extending from the Arctic circle to boreal sub-tropical regions, and the high mountains of the tropics; most common in North America and the Himalayas. There are in North America proper about twenty-five species and in Mexico and Central America as many more. The Himalayan region is par- ticularly rich in species many of which are epiphytic. With very few exceptions (e. g. erythrinum in Java and emirnense in Madagascar) the genus is unrepresented in the southern heini- sphere and in the lower regions of the tropics. The most widely distributed species are, perhaps, Myrtillus and uliginosum, which cccur in middle and northern Europe, Asia (except in the central pdrt from the Himalayas to Thian- schan, where all vacciniums are absent), Canada and central North America southward to New York and Colorado,and west- ward to Alaska. Uliginosum, especially, is confined to northern and mountainous regions. Jl1tis-Id@a, also, has a wide distribu- tion somewhat similar to Myrtillus. It is common in the higher woodlands and mountains of mic ‘!e and southern Europe, in America southward to New England, : ake Superior and British Columbia. In several places in Germany, as stated by Drude,? wild hybrids between the foregoing species and V. intermedium, Ruthe, arenot uncommon. The hybrids have evergreen foliage. 2 Sturtevant, Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc., 1890, 18. 2 Eng. and Prant. Pflanzenfamilien, 4:51. TIORTICULTURAL STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. I15 Though erythrocarpon, of the southern Alleghanies, is not found in the old world, a very, closely allied species, Japonicum, is found in central Japan and China—these two species forming a unique type intermediate between the blueberries and the cran- berries. In Japan Vaccinium is numerous in species, but, with the exception of the red fruited V. Japonicum and the black fruited V. ciliatwm, they are not very abundant and are mostly confined to alpine summits where the species are found which in the extreme north encircle the earth; and blueberries nowhere cover the forest floor with the dense undergrowth which is common in our northern woods." Of the purely American species, the most important ones are: in the East, cespitosum, Canadense, corymbosum, Pennsyl- vanicum and vacillans, together with the cranberries, macrocar- pon, Oxycoccus and Vitis-Id@a; in the South, Myrsmites and virgatum; in the Northwest, myrtilloides and ovalifolium. HISTORICAL NOTES. The vacciniums have been strangely overlooked alike by horti- culturists and by historians. Pliny, Vergil and Theophrastus make brief reference to them; Dodoens,? in 1578, and Gerarde? and Parkinson in the early part of the seventeenth century give brief discussions of several forms. Parkinson says:* “There are divers sorts of these low shrubs which must all go under the name of Whorts or Whortleberries, although there is much difference between them.” He then describes nine different sorts, the first two being referred to as “Bilberries.” In America the fruit must have been used extensively by the Indians in colonial times, though there are few records ot such use. Parkinson refers to Champlain who in 1615 found the Indians near Lake Huron gathering blueberries for their winter store. Kalm speaks of the Indians drying the fruit by the sunshine or by the fireside for winter use. Roger Williams mentions: “Attitaash (Whortleberries) of which there are divers sorts; sweet like currants. ...Sautaash are these currants TSargent, Gard. & For. 6:254. 2 Lyte’s Dodoens, 670. (1578) 3 Herballe, ed. 2, 1418. (1633) 4Theatrum Botanicum, 1459. (1640) 116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 190 dried by the natives and so preserved all the year; which they beat to powder and mingle it with their parched meal, and make a delicate dish which they call Sautauthig, which is as sweet to them as plum or spice cake to the English.” Until very recently no attempt has ever been made at improve- ment by cultivation. USES OF THE FRUIT. As before noted, the records concerning the uses and distribu- tion oi the vacciniums are meagre. Enough is known, how- ever, to indicate-that from the earliest times various species have been recognized as oi value for food or omament. Pliny’ mentions the use oi vaccinia to dye the garments of bond-slaves to a purple color. Dodoens, in 1578, says:* “With the juyce of them (especially oi the black kinde) is made a certayne medicine called of the apothecaries Rob, the which is good to be holden in the mouth against great drieth and thirst in hoat agues...... Fen or Marrische (marsh) Whortes doe also quenche thirste, and are good against all evil inflammation or heat oi the blood.” Gerarde also, in 1633, writes:* “The juice of the black Whorileberries is boyled till it become thicke and is prepared or kept by adding honey or sugar unto it: the apothecaries call it Rob, which is preferred in all things before the raw berries themselves... -.. They be goode for a hot stomacke, they quench thirst, and allay the heate of burning agues...... The people of Cheshire do eat the blacke Whoriles in creame and milke as in these south parts we eat strawberfries...... The Red Whorile is not of such a pleasant taste as the blacke, and therefore not so much used to be eaten; but they make the fairest carnation color in the World.” Parkinson, in 1640, quotes Gerarde concerning the medicinal value of the “bilberries,” and says further:* “With the juyce of the berries Painters do color paper or cards, doe make a kind 1Roger Williams’ Key, 231; cited by Tuckerman, foot note in Josselyn’s N. E. Rarities, 92. = Lib. 16 cop. 12, cited by Gerarde, Herballe, ed- 2, 1419. # Lyte’s Dodoens, 670. * Herballe, ed. 2, 1419. > Theatrum Botanicum, 1459. : 4 HORTICULTURAL STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. Tay, of purple blew colour, putting thereto some allome and Galles, whereby they can make it lighter or sadder as they please. And some poor folkes, as Tragus sheweth, doe take a potiuil of the juyce strained whereunto an ounce of Allome, foure spoonfulls of good Wine vinegar, and a quarter of an ounce of the waste of the copper forgings, being put together, and boyled all together, they put their cloth, wooll, thred, or yarne therein, letting it lye for a good while, which being taken out and hung up to dry and afterwards washed with cold water will leave the like Turkie blew colour, and if they would have it sadder they put thereto in the boyling an ounce of broken Galles.” As already noted, the most widely distributed member of the group is V. Myrtillus, and this species is very generally used as an article of diet or in making drinks. In the Orkneys the fruit is large and is used for wine.1 The Scotch Highlanders eat the berries in milk and “make them into tarts and jellies, which last they mix with their whiskey to give it a relish to strangers.” In England they are found in the markets and “are eaten in tarts or with cream or made into jelly,’? while in Poland, “mixed with wood strawberries and eaten with new milk they are considered a great delicacy.”* In France they are esteemed as a fruit and are used for coloring wine.® The berries are also of considerable importance for food in Germany, Siberia, and with the Indians of the Rocky Mountains. V. uliginosum, after Myrtillus the most widely distributed species, has large, juicy, black fruits, which are eatable but not agreeable in flavor as ordinarily found, and are commonly believed to be unwholesome. Gmelin reports their extensive use in Siberia, though there they are believed to promote intoxi- cation. It is probable, as is known to be the case with V. Vitis- Idea, that in the far North the quality is better than further south. The western Eskimos, according to Seeman, collect the berries and freeze for winter use. Of the species, Loudon says:" “In France they are used to color wines red; and in 1 Dickson, Pr. Essays Hort. Soc., ser. 2, 7:132, cited by Sturtevant, 1. ¢. 2 Lightfoot, Fl. Scot. 1:201, cited by Sturtevant, 1]. c. 3 Loudon, Arb. et Fruit. 2:1157. 4 Ibid, 1158. ® Aspelin, Fl. Oecon. 520 (1784) cited by Sturtevant, l. c. § Sturtevant l. c. 7 Loudon, Arb. et Fruit. 2:1158. 118 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. Siberia and Sweden they furnish an ardent spirit that is highly volatile and intoxicating. The leaves are added to Lycopodium alpinum by the Icelanders; and a yellow dye for coloring wool- lens is produced by an infusion of the two plants.” Of Vitis-Idea Loudon says: “The berries are scarcely to be eaten raw, but they are made into pies in Derbyshire, and in Sweden a rob or jelly is made from them which is eaten with all kinds of roast meat. In Sweden this preserve is also con- sidered an excellent medicine in colds, sore throats, and all irritations of the mouth or fauces. In Siberia the berries are macerated during the autumn and part of the winter in water; and afterwards they are eaten in a raw state, and fermented along with barley or rye, and a spirit distilled from them; or with honey, and a wine produced. Sweetmeats are also made of them with honey or sugar, which in 1814 we found in frequent use at Moscow at balls and masquerades. The berries of this plant form an important article of commerce in the sea ports bordering the Gulf of Bothnia, whence they are sent to the south of Europe along with cranberries.” In the colder parts of North America, and along the coast of Maine? the berries of this species are highly prized for food and are esteemed above the common cranberry for jellies and sauces. The berries of V. ovalifolium are used largely, by the natives of the Northwest in making a dainty which they call le brow. The berries are gathered before they are quite ripe, pressed into a cake, dried and laid by for winter use. “For use a quantity is put into a vessel of cold water and stirred rapidly until it appears somewhat like soap suds. It is pleasant to the taste, with a slightly bitter flavor.”* Funston, in a recent report on the flora of Alaska, says concerning this species:* “A shrub four feet in height, forms a large part of the undergrowth near the coast (Yakutat Bay, Alaska). The dark purple berries, rather larger than peas, are collected in great quantities by the Indians who use them fresh and preserve them for winter, drying the fresh berries by artificial heat. In September, imme- diately after the close of the fishing season, nearly all the women 1 Arb. et Fruit, 2:1165. 2 Harvey, Trans. Maine Pom. Soc., 1895, 52. sR. Brown, Jr., Bot. Soc., Edinburgh 9:384. 4 Contrib. U.S. Nat’] Herb. 3:No. 6, cited by Gard. and For. 9:70, (1896). HORTICULTURAL STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. I1lg and children devote themselves to collecting and drying blue- berries for winter.” Of all the American species used for food, the most important are, perhaps, corymbosum, Pennsylvanicum, Canadense, and vacillans. ‘The first of these, the High-bush Blueberry, or Swamp Blueberry, or “Huckleberry” of the middle west, is of firm texture, good size and excellent flavor. The shrub is easily transplanted, grows rapidly on any good soil and, more than any other species, shows a marked tendency to vary in the size, shape and quality of its fruit. It is the natural starting point in attempts to add the blueberry to the list of cultivated fruits. During the past few years it has received considerable attention as a garden fruit, especially in New England.* The other species named grow mostly on uplands—Pennsyl- vanicum especially, on dry sandy “barrens’—and form the bulk of the blueberry crop as seen in the cities or at the canning factories. USE FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTING. Among the plants which lend tone to the landscape in October and November by reason of their bright foliage, many of the species of Vaccinium may be included, the brilliant red, crimson and orange colors often persisting much longer than the bright hued leaves of a majority of other plants. f the ornamental species none are more strikingly beautiful late 11 the autumn than the common high bush blueberry— V. corymbosum. When well srown it is a stout, thick, spread- ing bush eight to ten feet high. The plant is beautiful when in flower; the fruit is attractive and of the best quality; and the bright scarlet and crimson effets in late autumn, rivalling the sumach in brilliancy, are unsurpassed. As an ornamental plant the species deserves a place in every garden. Pennsylvanicum also brightens waste place: for a short time, but drops its foliage too early 10 be worthy of planting as an under shrub. The same is true of Canadense, which is in many respects similar. Stamineum (the Deerberry), *iough early deciduous, is attractive when in bloom, and ‘'.roughout the summer, by reason of its graceful habit. The deerber:y is fourd 1The Blueberry in Maine, Rep. Me. 4 g. Exp. Sta., 189s, 170. 2) MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. over a wide range in the northern states and in the mountains south. Though usually found on gravelly soil, it will thrive in any good garden soil, and it is one of the very, few ornamental shrubs specially suited for densely shaded situations. Although not abundant in our woods, it is not rare and its chaste beauty entitles it to a place among valuable native ornamental plants. Arboreum, introduced into the Kew Gardens by John Cree in 1765, forms an irregular shrub too diffuse and straggling to be of value except in masses at the south. Hirsutwm, from the mountainous regions of North Carolina and Alabama, is as beautiful in its autumn coloring as is corymbosum and like that species retains its foliage late in the season. Vutis-[dea and uliginosum, with their shining box-like foliage, are effective as edging for the shrubbery border. Ovatum is characterized by Douglas' as “one of California’s most beautiful hedge plants,” but it has as yet received little attention in cultivation. PROPAGATION. The spread of any plant in cultivation is, to a large extent. dependent upon the activity of progressive nurserymen. If these men find a given class of plants difficult of propagation, such plants are seldom widely cultivated. In the past one chief drawback to the dissemination of the blueberries has been the difficulty, or supposed difficulty, of propagation. The few nurserymen who have offered them for sale have usually depended upon the native heaths and pastures for their supply of plants, rather than upon the nursery rows. The results have been most discouraging, and the blueberries, though among the finest of fruits, are almost unknown in cultivation. In the case of the cranberries, propagation is performed almost exclusively by cuttings. With the blueberries grafting is easily performed and in this way specially choice individuals may be perpetuated. For general purposes, however, seedlings or division will be used. Propagation by seed naturally requires care and skill, but is entirely feasible, and the method may be detailed in this connection. At the Arnold Arboretum Jackson Dawson has for many years grown seedling blueberrics. and his method is essentially as follows :* 1Gard. and For. 6:116, (1893). 2Cf. Country Gent. 1885, 660. HORTICULLURAL STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. I2!I Seed pans or boxes, about four inches deep are half filled with potsherds and covered with a layer of sphagnum, after which a compost of the following composition is used: one part good fibrous peat (upland preferred), one part well rotted pasture sod, and one part clean fine sand, free from iron rust. The soil is firmed with the hand, or, better, with a mallet. The seed, washed free from pulp of freshly gathered fruit, is then sowed thickly over the surface, pressed down slightly with a board and covered with the slightest possible sprinkling of soil. Over this is put a light covering of sphagnum and water is applied with a fine rose. ‘The boxes are then placed in a cold frame and allowed to get a few hard frosts. About the first of January they are brought to a house with a night temperature of 55 to 60° and a range of 10° higher by day, watched carefully and kept moist but not saturated. As soon as the young seed- lings appear, the sphagnum is gradually removed and a small quantity of compost sifted in among the plants. When the first or second true leaf has expanded, the seedlings are pricked out into fresh pans or boxes prepared like the first; slight shade 1s given on bright days and the atmosphere of the house kept moist by wetting down the walks. The plants them- selves are syringed but slightly, and the temperature is kept as even as possible. About midsummer the plants are again handled and the same treatment as before is continued until about Sept. 1, when more air and less moisture are given, that the plants may be gradually hardened off and later removed to a cold frame for the winter. As frost approaches, the frames are protected with mats that the foliage may be retained as long as possible. After the leaves drop, the frames are covered with a few inches of meadow hay, or litter and left for the winter; except that the frames are opened once or twice each month to admit the air. Early in April a bed, about 18 inches deep, of rich, peaty loam is prepared. In this the young plants are set four to six inches apart, syringed morning and evening and shaded by iath screens during the brightest sunshine until thoroughly established. By the end of August all wate: is withheld, that the wood may ripen off for winter. At the approach of winter a few 122 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. iI9QO1. inches of loam between the plants, to prevent heaving, is the only protection required. The following spring. or two years from seed, they may be planted out permanently. Mr. Dawson has sown seed from September to January and, while most of it grew the first season, some delayed until the second year and then came up well. Seed that is kept until dry and then sown, even in autumn and kept in heat all winter, will seldom germinate until the second year. Notes from Maine: At the Maine Experiment Station the writer has grown several hundreds of seedlings and, while in general following the method suggested by Mr. Dawson, has not found the extreme attention to details absolutely essential. Our practice has been to wash the seed from the pulp soon after har- vesting, put it in cloth sacks and stratify in moist sand until early the following spring, allowing it to freeze in the meantime. Seed pans with liberal provision for drainage, are then filled with potting soil, to which is added a considerable portion of leaf mold, and the seed is sown as before described. Partly from force of circumstances, and partly from design, the seedlings were not given the best of care: but after being handled once were, late in the summer, transferred to the cold frame where they were simply covered with litter during the winter. The folicwing spring they were transplanted into beds, shaded until established, and made a good growth during the summer Naturally, however, the better care will produce larger plants and, where practicable, should be followed. The low blueberry (V. Pennsylvanicum) will usually fruit in from three te four years from seed, but V. corymbosum requires four to six years. CULTIVATION. Within the past quarter of a century various spasmodic attempts have been made at the cultivation of the blueberry; though probably, as long as the fields and mountain slopes yieid such an abundant natural supply as at present, this section of the genus Vaccinium will not receive the attention, in the way of cultivation and improvement, that its importance deserves. In the wild state the fruit is certainly mcre worthy of notice than was the blackberry, the raspberry or the currant. HFORTICULTURAL STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. 123 Some writers have the mistaken notion that blueberries require a poor soil. One writer goes so far as to say: “Blueberries will not grow in cultivated ground, neither can they be grown from cuttings nor can their tips be layered. The only possible way to transplant them is to cut a sod from a matted berry patch and transplant it into sod ground. An old worn out pasture makes the best berry land.’ Such a statement hardly needs refuting. There is no doubt that the plants will do better if the roots are not too much dis- turbed in removal, but the poor sod land is not a requisite to successful culture. In 1868 a successful amateur attempt at cultivation was made by J. W. Scott, Bridgewater, N. Y., but pressure of other work finally crowded it out.’ About 1875, Jackson Dawson, at the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass., began the culture of blueberries from seed, and has demonstrated the possibility of successfully culti- vating most of the more common species.* In 1883, and for a few succeeding years, Professor E. S. Goff of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, made some attempts at culture, but the work finally yielded to the pressure of other duties. A similar fate befell like work at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1887. In 1886, Frank Ford & Sons, Ravenna, Ohio, offered at least three different species of Vaccinium and one Gaylussacia in their nursery catalog and said: “This much neglected fruit, which is of great value and easy of cultivation, ought to be found in every fruit garden. Its perfect hardiness and adaptation to all kinds of soil, render it as easy of cultivation as any of the small fruits, and it can be grown anywhere that corn will grow.” In 1€91 at least three American nurserymen offered blue- berries for sale, and in 1893 as many as nine species were on the market—though not largely grown. In 1898, at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station the work was taken up systematically, and is still in progress. 1“S. A. H.” Rural New Yorker, 1886, 25z. 2 An. Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1883, 287. 3 Country Gentleman, 1885, 660. 524 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOTI. Several instances of the successful and profitable garden culture of blueberries are cited in the Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, 18¢8.* While for the production of improved types it will doubtless be necessary to resort to the culture of seedling plants, the length of time required for. results an’ the careiul attention to details in the management of seedlings, as well as the uncertainty of results, will restrict such culture te the.experiment stations, or “o-a few enterprising nurserymen. The ordinary iruit grower may, however, secure a stock of plants irom a neighboring pasture or swamp, and by giving the same attention to culture whick he. would give to currants may secure very. satisfactory results. For this purpose, the high-bush bluckerry, V_ corym- bosum and. its varieties are perhaps the best sorts. They are relatively easy to transplant, .either from swamp or upland, and are of good. size and very prolific. ‘The variety amanum is a tather dwari form with very large berries and grows ireely on the upland. V. wacillans is the next best species ior cultivation as a “small fruit.” b THE BLUEBERRY INDUSTRY. Although irom the earliest colonial times the blueberry has been highly prized as an article of iood, very little attention has been given to the systematic exploitation of our resources in this direction. : In many of the northern and eastern states—particularly in New England, New York, Michigan and the mountains of Penn- sylvania and West Virginia—there are thousands of acres of land worthless for agricultural purposes which, after the pine is removed, send up an abundant growth of blueberry bushes, alders, poplars, grey birches and spireas. It is believed that by proper management these lands may be made to yield a hand- some profit to their owners, and furnish employment to a large number of people. At the present time these lands are, for the most part, con- sidered as public property, and irresponsible parties, recognizing the fact that the blueberry crop is more abundant on young bushes which spring up after a fire, recklessly burn over vast areas and destroy valuable forests for their own selfish gain. 1Rep. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. 1898, 170 HORTICULTURAL, STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. I25 Although very large quantities of fruit are gathered through- out the northern and Atlantic states, the industry has been more nearly systematized in New England than elsewhere. One writer in 1887 states’ that he ships an average of 1,000 bushels a year from his farm in New Hampshire and as many more for his neighbors. He estimates that on one branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad as many as 20,000 bushels are shipped annually. THE BLUEBERRY BARRENS. In the southeastern part of Maine, there are about 150,000 acres known as the “blueberry barrens.’ Much of this land was burned over by the Indians before the colonial period and since the removal of the timber from the remainder, it too has been repeatedly burned to keep down the growth of birches and alders, and to facilitate the harvesting of the fruit. About 40,000 acres of the barrens belong to Mr. William Freeman of Cherryfield, Maine, who may properly be regarded as the pioneer in the blueberry industry of America. After long and bitter litigation he proved beyond question his right to charge royalty for all fruit gathered on his lands and estab- lished a systematic method of treatment which is applicable, under most conditions, everywhere. The method is somewhat as follows: 1Country Gentleman, 1887, 565. 12 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOf. The land is divided into several tracts, each of which is leased to some responsible party who assumes the whole care of burn- ing, keeping off trespassers, harvesting and marketing the fruit. The owner receives, as rental, one-half cent per quart for all the fruit gathered. The pickers receive from one and a half to three cents per quart; those who lease the land and haul the fruit to the canning factory, or to the station for shipment, one-half to one cent per quart,—the rate being determined, in accordance with the market values, by the firm which handles the product. ‘The fruit is all canned or shipped by one firm which keeps a record of the amount as it is brought in, and pays the royalty to the owner. Every, year a certain section of each “lease” is burned over. © This burning must be done very early in the spring, before the soil becomes dry; otherwise the fire goes too deep, the humus is burned from the ground and most of the bushes are killed. Many hundred acres on what should be the best part of the “barrens” have thus been ruined. The method most commonly used in burning a given area, is for the operator to pass around the section to be burned, dragging after him an ordinary torch or mill-lamp. He then retraces his steps and follows over the burned area. setting new fires in the portions which have escaped and back-firing if there is danger of spreading unduly over areas which it is desired to leave unburned. A device occasion- ally used consists of a piece of one-half inch gas-pipe, bent at the end at an angle of about 60 degrees. The end opposite the bent portion is closed with a cap or plug, and in the other end, after filling the pipe with kerosene, is placed a plug of cotton waste or tow. This device is by many regarded as superior to the lamp or torch, as it is more easily handled. Each section of the lease is usually burned over every third year. by far the largest proportion of the fruit is taken to the fac- tories for canning. Early in the season, however, before the factories are opened, a considerable amount is shipped to the larger cities for use while fresh. This fruit is usually shipped in quart boxes, shown in the figure. The blueberries have an advantage over other small fruits in that, with the exception of currants and zooseberries, they will stand rough handling better, and will keep longer than the others. MORTICULDURAL, SDALUS OF Tt GENUS VACCINIUM. 257, A BOX OF BLUEBERRIES. All of the early fruit is picked by hand, and only the ripe berries are gathered. Later in the season, particularly on “old burns,” i. e. on areas which will have to be burned over the next year, the fruit is gathered with a “blueberry rake.” This is an implement somewhat similar to the cranberry rake in use on Cape Cod, and may be likened to a dust pan, the bottom of which is composed of stiff parallel wire rods. The fruit may be gathered much more quickly and more cheaply by means of the rake. The bushes are, however, seriously injured by the treatment. In no case should the rake be used in gather- ing the high-bush blueberries. As the berries are gathered they are passed through a fanning mill before being sent to the can- ning factory; and again, at the factory, they are submitted to a much stronger winnowing. ‘This is usually the only preparation necessary. Wm. Freeman, F'sq., Cherryfield, Maine, may properly be regarded as the father of the blueberry industry in America. His account of the beginnings of the industry is given herewith. 728 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOI. The canning of blueberries on a commercial scale was begun in Maine as early as 1866 when A. L. Stewart of Cherryfield packed some of the fruit procured from the neighboring wild lands for the Portland Packing Company. J. W. Jones, a pioneer in the corn packing industry, was engaged in the can- ning of blueberries in 1870, as were also William Underwood and Company, Jonesport, Maine. a BLUEBERRY RAKE, Before canning the fruit was deemed practicable, “the plains” were considered common property and people came for fifty and even one hundred miles for a week’s outing and to gather blue- berries for their own use, and to sell to the merchants of neigh- boring cities and villages. The timber on the plains was fast being destroyed by fires which were set by the blueberry pickers and, in 1870, Mr. Freeman, who owned some forty thousand acres of the wild land, decided to charge a small royalty for the fruit picked on his lands. Most of the packers paid the small amount demanded without question, but the Underwood Com- pany refused and after repeated attempts to get them to recog- nize his right of property, a suit for trespass was instituted by the owner. The trespass continuing, other suits were brought and the case was finally carried to the supreme court before it was decided. The final decision was a complete victory for Mr. Freeman—a judgment of $1,700 being granted and the HORTICULTURAL’ STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. 129 right of owners of public lands to sell “stumpage” for blueberry or other fruits being established once for all. Mr. Freeman’s action not only benefited other owners of wild lands, as well as himself, but it resulted in the perfect system of management already detailed. A BLUEBERRY CANNING FACTORY. The financial importance of the blueberry, industry is very difficult even to estimate at the present time. In Maine the canning of blueberries is largely in the hands of a few leading packers. The largest of these factories has a daily capacity of 700 bushels and the average annual output is 8,300 cases of two dozen cans each; representing 6,250 bushels of fresh fruit. The average price per case for the canned fruit is $1.90. In other words, the value of the annual product of this one factory is not far from $15,000." There were in 1g00 seven factories in Maine which engaged in canning blueberries. These were as follows: J. and E. A. Wyman, Cherryfield, Burnham and Morrill, Harrington, 1Thbis is the Wyman factory which handles Mr. Freeman’s fruit. As will be seen, Mr. Freeman’s royalty will amount to $1,000,—and this from land which is otherwise worthless. 1350 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOT. L. A. and A. R. Logie, Columbia Falls, J. A. Coffin, Columbia Falls, A. L. Stewart and Son, Cherryfield, Lawrence Bros., Jonesboro, L. A. and A. R. Logie, Vanceboro. The value of these factories is about $50,000. Those at Jones- boro and Vanceboro were erected in Igoo. i The number of hands employed in the various factories would aggregate about a hundred, but including the pickers, there are from one thousand to two thousand men, women and children employed in the blueberry packing industry during the canning season. About $30,000 are distributed among the pickers each year. . : The total canned product of the “blueberry barrens” in 1899 was about 50,000 cases and the price per case was $2.20, making the value of the blueberry crop in this one small section con- siderably more than $100,000. In northern Michigan large quantities of fruit are shipped each year but there is no systematic management of the blueberry lands. The Western Express Company, through the courtesy of the Superintendent, Mr. S. A. Davis, records the following ship- ment of blueberries in northern Michigan for 1900: Saulte Ste. Marie, 650 cases (16 quarts each) ; Sturgeon River, 38 cases; Ispheming, 544 cases; Wetmore, 220 cases; Marquette, 20c cases; Seney, 1,719 cases. The last season was a very poor one for blueberries in upper Michigan, the crop having been largely destroyed by late frost. Large quantities are usually shipped from Baraga, whereas none were shipped last year. From Wetmore, which reports 220 cases, the normal shipment is about 3,000 cases, and Sturgeon River which reports but 38 cases is usually one of the best ship- ping points. WHITE BLUEBERRIES. White or pinkish fruits, instead of the usual deep blue colored berries, are not uncommon in certain localities. In some cases these are simply albino forms; in others the color is due to a fungous growth. In the gardens of the Maine Experiment. Station some of the albino forms are now fruiting, and, aside from the color, they are perfectly normal. ——— == —————— Se Se 3 i . *. ‘ : HORTICULTURAL STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. 131 Albino forms of certain species—as VV. Mvyrtillus—were early observed. Dodoens, in 1578, mentions “some that beare white Berries when they be rype, howbeit they are but seldome seen.’ White fruits are catalogued by Ruppius in Flora Jenensis in 1726, and were found by Gmelin in Siberia in 1768.2 In 1854, John Booth of Floetbeck nursery, near Hamburg, Germany, offered for sale plants of a white fruited form of V. Myrtillus which had been obtained from the Black Forest.* A white fruited form of Vitis-[d@a is also noted as occurring at Lyng- dalen in the province of Christiansand in 1761.* V. PENNSYLVANICUM, ALBINO. White fruited forms of Pennsylvanicum and corymbosum have been observed by the writer; white vacillans is reported in 1 Lyte’s Dodoens 670. 2 Cited by Sturtevant, Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. 1890, 25. 3 Loudon, Arb. et Fruit. 2:1157. 4F]. Dan. 1:9. 132 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. Garden and Forest, 1893, and other species are recorded.’ Ascherson and Magnus* have made a special study of the color and form variations of Vaccinium, and citations are given which show the very general distribution of albino forms throughout the world. No special reason for this difference in color can be assigned: The white forms are iound growing (usually in colonies) by the side of the normal type. li exposed to full sunlight, the fruit is very likely to have a blush cheek, or even to be of a scarlet color. B44 The albino iorms must, however, be carefully distinguished from the “white berries” caused by the presence of a fungous growth. One oi these white forms was described.in 1859 by Doll as V. Myrtillus var. leucocarpon. But in 1879 Schroeter showed that the white color was due to a fungus which he called Peziza baccarum (now Sclerotinia baccarum).#2 Ten years later Woronin gave a full account of similar white berries found by him in Finland on Vitis-Id@a, Oxyceccus and uliginoswm, three species which are also common im the United States—and of the fungus producing the color.* BOTANICAL NOTES. Vaccinium (Origin of the name obscure) ; V acciniacee. Branching shrubs, creeping vines or small trees (sometimes epiphytes), with alternate, often coriaceous, evergreen or decid— uous, sOmetimes membranaceous leaves; flowers small, white, pinkish or reddish in lateral racemes or terminal clusters, some- times solitary in the axils, mostly nodding on slender bracied pedicels and bearing blue black or red berry-like iruits, mostly edible. Calyx 4-5 toothed, adherent to the ovary, persistent, forming a crown-like appendage to the iruit. Corolla various in shape, usually campanulate, cylindraceous or urn-shaped, rarely sub-globose, 4-5 toothed or cleft. Stamens distinct, included within the corolla tube or exserted; anthers often 2-awned at the back, the cells separate and prolonged upward. * Garden and Forest 3-508, (1535). ? Berichte d. deut. Bot. Gesell. 1890, 387-400. ? Gard. and For. 2:50, (1889). +Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 1858. HORTICULTURAL STATUS OF THE GENUS VACCINIUM. 133 into tubes at the apex, opening by terminal pores or chinks. Pistil single, with a 4-5 or 8-10 celled ovary which is glabrous or hirsute. Flowers in spring with or before the leaves, berries ripe in summer and autumn, sweetish or sometimes acid, mostly edible. . THE NATURAL GROUPS OF SPECIES. In making the following natural divisions of the genus I have, in general, followed Bentham and Hooker, but have included the group Oxycoccus, after Gray in Synoptical Flora. When two closely related forms occur over a wide range in latitude, the assigned differences are very, liable to fail at some point. . Key to the Groups. A. Ovary. 4-5 celled (rarely 8-10 celled in Vitis-Idza). B. Stamens exserted Cre Chilanichtsovillouss.\ cee ue oe oe: OXYCOCCOIDES. CC. Filaments. puberulent. ....4........ Oxycoccus. BB. Stamens included C. Filaments glabrous or pubescent EUVACCINIUM. CCy Filaments rprilosexsc: aces ye oe Vitis-Ip#a. AA. Ovary 10celled (sometimes imperfectly so in Cyanococcus). B. “punog Sorn onw OHS NOHO AGH WHO MOD COD HO GHW BHO Oo < = < y Nn Cy “18RD HOO ANS Hoe OO~r HES OMt DAH AHO HAH Saas ay lla ete BGR ERR AR Sh HR SSS She Ra XBR XHAES n A i) “aTquyosuy SH HAA OAR NOM AA FRAN AAN HAM HAN FAA aaaans 4 ie =| _ 4 oy =n AH Dat WD AMIN AMA OH BOA Wee Moo Seon a DAA Aan AAs Gen Bae ome aoe Sat SBS5 BES SH S19 00 % < : Oyfaliepecet es Ps fon see. th Oa Tare OD TO Saw Mo Oa OSD. MO aac JIJLIADY Sesodoh ema mmc MAG Dena HN IGA aH MOO aAliom aANawaA Q D : a At OM Seid WHR COD Bom TRH ADS SHH OHH AnoaOS S| Stes SRS HES HEH RSS HEH HER WHS BAS SAS SRLES ma fo) “aTqn[os Sahedig mtg Mer INI NAGS 64d Ibid Wied tind wad miso me Ke = aro = te Si ooo 6S Oe SCO ou 73 Sir) Nome OSm Mo” Re} wooo on S08 oa sl Nn “pony oS S23 Sas 28S SRE SSS 365 SSS FAH: HSS SSR a 19 -uBaens Snead aA A AAN AMA AMA HAA IRA Ana MAG AA a9 Es ret Res : _ eels re < aa = ISH SIS mae Had DAM SOD SO EHO HO. LOR SCORHOE ° IOAH SISS Gi9g MOM AHS Mao BS SOMOS HH OSS SHOMD Z Zz i=] . GPUErt Dy 9 he yen PCO, ROPER Se are OS Tae Lee ee es MTS ‘ake es) auelrd? MMe ls aaiiel ae < gQ punoy Sno BAA AANA awon Aaa nan AA NMA He MOANA AANA 5 ° ron SAD ARM Geil ART BMG emt HOR MO: Fee AAO 3 “1098 Ms ot MA SEH IHD HA AcO09 00 SO rs Ht DiIGW A = i re re Sere et ee re be Hn | rea eit Se rei re S ur oTqnjosuy SARA Ane tal ees " DSt- AHH SAD Bias Goa Nwmi0 SN MRINQ Ans OO DOWN “10V AM Shy HR OPS MISH HSH HH +S EAH GNs ROE SHANG A a a ia 2c 3 . ney hs ul eTqujog Sad 4 a : eet Ore | . =a SOs OOS CEH AAW SAM HINO FLD CHA HHI OTD CyLSe BSS BES S88 GES SSR SBE BEB P28 FES BBR SEESE “OQ UINnU UOTTBIYG ANA AA ANN ACA AAA NA ASN AAA AA AAe ANS 164 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF STATION SAMPLES, 1901. E | Q Fa 2 Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Sampled at 5 S | 2S | r~} | ~~ | M 9649||Pacific NODSqUe GUANO. sae aesmeceascnene asm ae ceeeeee sehen oe Portland ....... ALS Venvenne Leo) Spoeeeillsoon, cooacenocontondoon oe ecoKonoad Saned sone s |Portland ......- 2651/Soluble Pacific Guano. .......-.-.22 2. cece ee ee eee eee eeeeeeee Sena Bozosos } 2652 Soluble Pacific Guano with 10% Potash.............. Saas sane \Ft. Fairfield... 2653) Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer.....-....- .... -- -|Portland ....... 2654; Packer’s Union Economical Vegetable Guano...... _pg0ce saccel |Bangor s.2 se eee | | 2655| Packer’s Union Gardener’s Complete Manure .......-. ......-. |Houlton ........ 2656} Packer’s Union Potato Manure..-.....-....--2--2----s2cceee--eees Portland - acre 2657|Packer’s Union Universal Fertilizer....-....--.c-++s--ceecorece- Portland Sacostc 2658 Packer’s Union Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer. .......... |Portland .. ...- 2659|Quinnipiac Corn Manure .--..--- 25 2 2--s- 28. ew wn neenn ‘Por tiand. =2-..- 2660, Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure......-...--..0-+ cee eeeeeeee |Ft. Fairfield.... 2771|Quinnipiac Mohawk Fertilizer ..... ......-s++essesse02 coecee-e (Gray eee 2661|Quinnipiac Potato Manure........ 20.20. .ccccccceceneeccen wece-e| |Portland . ....- 2662|Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate . RUDE OaoaASOU OOOO monDHcods ee), Portland BadcoSe 2663|Quinnipiac Seeding Down Manure...... .....-eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee ‘Portland secant 2664|Quinnipiac Special with 10% Potash..... .... .....-+-.+++--+---- ‘Ft. Fairfield...- Pia REG ES Leoni) MGI s505 Sacccoesoo CospodesodasSonOna secde0ca0 Ft. Fairfield.... 2666|Read’s Practical Potato Special... -......2.... ..seessee0 ceeeee Ft. Fairfield.... 2667|Read’s High Grade Farmer’s Friend.........-. SNe dofrsisisie este ee |Ft. Fairfield...- 2663)Read’s Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer ..... .......-..-.-+--ee0- Ft. Fairfield.... 2669|Standard A. Brand .....----..--22-e-ee- = cocccccceceecreee secreee Portland ....... 2670 Standard IDSIB MN Sioacsecoscatson cost peenéncoemec Portland. .... Ziyi Sypris ars | (Aa Nasco - cass sacoGcsaceseorensoc SAABS BOO OADAMOBCOUS Spieaie'| POLLAN veel 2672| Williams and Clark’s Americus Am’n’ted Bone Sup’rphos’ate Portland ......- 2673) Williams and Clark’s Americus Corn Phosphate .......---.... Poctlandie eee 2675 Williams and Clark’s Americus with 10% Potash ........... -. Ft. Fairfield ..- 2674, Williams and Clark’s Americus Potato Manure........ — ..... Portland ...... 2676| Williams and Clark’s Americus Potato Manure.............--- Portland ...... 2677; Williams and Clark’s Potato Phosphate .............+.-...+0-+- Portland .... .. 2618) Wales and Clark’s Royal Bone Phosphate forall Grops .. Portland ...... = i a FERTILIZER INSPECTION. ANALYSES OF STATION SAMPLES, 1901. 165 NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. : 2 Total. Available.| Total. 2 g i=) aaNet ie = |e |. fe 2 sl |) || Ge 5 Wye o 2 2 = Alas Folate 7s' : I eae Suen ears il ie z 5 a & SST Clie 2 ee i S =) Ere cs 5 atc =) is ° = 3c 5 at 5 =i S| see ere i) 50 7m ® 2 5 =) 5 5° ° = viene lene ey reall ea alamo | ese en. (eee) tee alert) pe sla { | % % % % %o S % % % % % % 2649 +00) 2e29) 64) 1:03 5.90| 3.51) 2.41) 9.41) 8 11.82} 10 2.50) 2 2650 -74| 1.43) 2.17) 2.06) 5.42) 3.80) 1.75) 9.22) 8 10.97} 10 3.04) 3 2651 -63| 1.85) 2.48) 2.06)| 5.87) 2.70) 3.19) 8.57) 8 11.76) 10 1.88} 1.5 2652! 1.68} 1.59] 3.27) 2.47 3.21) 3.36) 2.82) 6.57] 6 9.39) 7 8.94) 10 2653) 1.13} 1.59) 2.72) 2.47|| 6.14) 2.80) 2.22) S.94) 9 11.16] 11 2.57) 2 2654 -49} 1.31] 1.80) 1.25)| 2.11) 4.45) 3.30) 6.56) 6 9.86) 7 3.27) 3 2655| 1.28) 1.03) 2.31) 2.47|| 3-S6| 2.74; 1.53) 6-00) 6 rely | “7 10.87) 10 2656 -79| 1.29) 2.08) 2.06 5.20) 2.88) 1.87) 8.08) 8 9.95} 10 7.95) 6 2657 ollTi| Uo itey) hes 82 4.96) 3.22] 2.01} 8.18) § 10.19} 10 4.17) 4 Wstloosceullopeosalltoscas hoeote 5.15) 5.34]. 3.21) 10.49) 11 13.70} 12 1.99) 2 2659 -53| 1.91} 2.44) 2.06]| 5.50) 2.34! 3.84) 7.84) § 11.638) 10 1.90}, 1.5 2660) Lei2| 47) 38-19) 3:30)|). 5-81) 2274) 1-96) “S.55| 8 10-51) 9 6.69) 7 2771 -89 -83| 1.68 -82|| 2.07) 5.45) 4.00) 7.52) 7 11.52} § Uesizl| u 2661) 2.16} 1.36) 2-51). 2.50!) 3.19) 2.53) 3.91) 5.72) 6 9.63) S$ 5-79} 5 2662 +20 2.05} 2.30) 2.06)) 5.82) 2.386) 2.57] 8.18) & 10.75) 10 3.48) 3 2663 -32) 1.17) 1.49} 1.08]; 4.15] 4.96] 2.55) 9-11) 8 11.66) 10 2.51) 2 2664 -99| 1.27) 2.26) 2.47); 4.48] 2.07/ 1.75] 6.50) 6 S221 7 10.41, 19 2665 SOG Met a2een 2aA7 4.10) 2.5) 1.60) 6.60) 6 8.20) 7 10.59} 10 2666 SUG) Ua is8y -S$2/| 2.58) 2.08) 2.55) 4.66) 4 fe2ki eo 9°22) 8 2667| 1.82) 1.43) 3.25) 3.30]| 4-47) 2-61) 2.23) 7-08! 6 9-31) 7 9.55, 10 2668 -90) 1.25) 2.15) 2.06]|} 5.50) 2.49) 1.93) 7.99] 6& 9.92} 10 6.92} 6 2669 5113) -90} 1.03 -82|| 2.50) 5-06) 3.35) 7.56) 7 J0.91) 8 1.46, 1 2670 -78| 1.49) 2.27) 2.06)} 4.80) 3.27} 3.48] 8.07) 8 11.55) 10 1.85, The 2671 -30} 1.17) 1.47] 1.03]| 6-62) 2.85] 2.14) 9.50) § 11.64, 10 2.51] 2 2672). 1.25) 1.17) 2.42) 2.50|| 6.76] 3.00 -34| 9.76) 9 11.10) 11 2.52| 2 2673 -5b3) 1.87) 2.40) 2.06)) 5.82) 3.53) 2.60) 9.35) 8 11.95} 10 1.95) ) 1-5 2675 -82| 1-61) 2.43) 2.47 3.49] 2.67) 2.36) 6.16) 6 Se) | 7 11.03 10 2674 ste aI I8) 2.08 2.06]; 5.82] 2.84) 1.88) 8.66) 8 10.54; 10 3.09) 3 2676. -B1) 1.45) 2.26) 2.06!) 5.97) 2.441 2.28) 8.41] 8 10.69) 10 3.49) 3 2677) 1.02) 1.27) 2.29) 2.501! 3.46) 2.75) 3.46] 6.21) 6 9.67} 8 5.68) 5 2675) 1.3 1.29) 1.42) 1.03]) 6.87) 3.61) 1.82) 10.48] § 12.30) 10 2.16) 2 166 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Ol. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF STATION SAMPLES, 1901. H oO z 2 Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Sampled at S ° SB a ~~ D THE BOWKER FERTILIZER oe BOSTON, MASS. 2619) BOWKe1S COLNE NOSPMALC ne eersia a aie eleleralele (ele lelsintelatelalatoe ietsiel=latotaiat Portland...... ac 2680} Bowker’s Early Potato Manure .............0..--20+---secccccces Portland.,....... 2774| Bowker’s Early Potato Manure ............0.2cscercecsccevcesces Houlton ....... 2681| Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate........-... secssserseceee Portland 22. 2682| Bow ker’s Hill und Drill Phosphate .............cccec-s-seceeces- Portlandyeeeeeee 2683) Bowker’s Market Garden Fertilizer .................e-02-1 eoee- Houlton cesses 26SA BOMAKCTZS EL OLASIBIs ONC astlelsitaslelsisteiiaieeleieisieiieienionnielaisieietsieeeisiee Socio Peele poonsoccos 2690| Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate ..........0..sseeeees cenee: Houlton ...... ac 2685| Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer............... no0000" Houlton ........ 2686| Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate........... Scaoodcoe PEOulliorl asoqacc 2687| Bowker’s 6% Potato Fertilizer.......... ...s0.eereee-- noaoocooneKe Houlton ......... 2689| Bowker’s Square Brand Bone and Potash........... .... aococe: Houlton........ 2692) Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate........... sceesseceee- sosodooceas Portland....... 0 2693} Bowker’s 10% Manure ..........-. ocooencHeaasudaodonos wcleisieicisisias Presque Isle... 2694 | GLOUECESLCES MTS HUA Gk OUAS Me celeletelat=sistetelesintalaisieieleteiots ealetetelerseies= a600 || LeNiaasocoosc 2695|Stockbridge Corn and Grain Manure.........--.-.«. nopson 090c00K0 Portland........ 2697|Stockbridge Potato and Vegetable Manure ............... eeleeer Portland..... a5 2698|Stockbridge Seeding Down Manure..... ...... ....----.e:s00e-: IBGlEAS Genementacrs E. FRANK COE CO., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 2730|E. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer.......... Portlandie, eee 2732|/E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn Fertilizer .......... coveccaced Portland .c----- 2731|E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Phosphate.........-.. dodcoaD ao00008 Belfast.. 2s. : 2753|E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Phosphate..... elalaletare'e/iateteiaisielelaetetievelet EOL Lauri eerers . 2734|E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Potato Fertilizer ..................5. Belfast........ ac 2735| E. Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer.......... poocndoO0C06 Beltastreccercece 2736| E. Frank Coe’s Famous Grass and Grain Fertilizer ............ Belfast.......... 273¢|KE. Frank Coe’s Ground Bone and Potash........ -....-.-.seeees: Belfasteerersceee 2740/E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate]Beltast..... Bonds 2741|E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer .................- Portland ..... 5G 9742|E. Frank Coe’s New Englander Corn Fertilizer.............. sei) | ROLbLAN Gee eee - 2743\ HK. Frank Coe’s New Englander Potato Fertilizer ............... Belfast) -.-..cses 2738|E. Frank{Coe’s}Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer........ Belfast .......... 2744. Frank Coe’s Original Ammon. Dissolved Bone Phosphate..|Belfast ........ 2737|E. Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guano. ....... ..........- Portland........ 2745| EH. Frank Coe’s Standard Grade Ammon. Bone Superphosphate Belfast........ oe HENRY ELWELL & CO., NEW YORK, N. Y. 2699| Elwell’s Eureka Fertilizer .........00.-.-- a0c0000 s6000 nao Gposodar Presque Isle ..- 2700) Elwell’s Excelsior Potato Fer tilizer . -neannosaneasogesAS do0000¢ Presque Isle... LISTER’S AGRICUL. CHEM. WORKS, NEWARK, N. J. 2701| Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash No. 2..........-. s0..-..s00es- Portland ...... 2702} Lister’s High Grade Special for Spring Crops SeoCoodce SoqDc0seL Fort Fairfield.. c 2703) Lister’s ’s Seeding IDO AG MSI LNA CS capone dpda000 CadOD05 HosOn SAS Portland.......- -2FS tl} bt ape 2704 Lister’ 8 s Special Corn and Potato Fertilizer ........-.00. 000000: Portland: <<: .. <1. 20d ister SiSuCcessyWeLiilli Zermatt eee eietetecereteceeieeeeciae Portlandeeoeecse 2706| Lister’s U. S. Superphosphate ........ ccecces- ccccccccccc:sececes Portland........ * ¥ ti ’ ‘» 4 a 3 ANALYSES OF STATION SAMPLES, 1901. FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 16 _ Station number. NITROGEN. Total. E § ® oS i ee aoe Fey at |e oe 5 ‘ a Beco a espe lo} ee Seal cca | nll cy Gp | Yo | Yo\ Ge % .63| .98| 1.56] 1.50|| 6.64 1.32] 1.47| 2.79} 3.00|| 4.78 -98] 1.83] 2.81] 3.00|| 3.92 86] 1-11] 1.47] 1.50]| 5.93 84] 1.35] 2.19] 2.25]| 5.12 1.00| 1.27] 2.27| 2.25]| 4.98 .18| .81/ .99| .75|| 3.46 All! | A@zi| \ asel| areal) Coa) -71| 1.39] 2.10} 2.25]| 6.89 -10| 1.48] 1.53] 1.50|} 3.99 49} .41| 90] =. 75|| 4.15 16} 1.37] 1.53] 1.50|| .96 29} .61| 90} .75|| 5.84 16) .59| --75| —-75]| 3.88 -28| .55| .83] .75|| 2.04 1.22) 1.61] 2.83) 3.00|| 4.63 1.36] 1.51) 2.87] 3.00|| 5.66 1.04] 1.23) 2.27] 2.25]] 5.15 91} 91] 1.82} 1.65|] 6.67 -71|. .71| 1.42] 1.20|| 6.79 .45| 1.19] 1.64) 1.20|| 5.09 59} .95| 1.54] 1.20|| 6.44 29} .97| 1.26] 1.20|| 4.50 1.27| 1.19] 2.46] 2.40|| 6.06 45) .57| 1.02] .so|| 4.07 55] 1.11| 1.66] 2.G0|| .22 28] 1.43] 1.71] 1.85)| 6.76 86; 1.45] 2.31] 2.40]| 6.35 .45| .75| 1.20] .80|| 4.88 .50| .71| 1.21) .s0|| 4.91 Sd) aesceaa| eee eee 4.90 36] .95| 1.31] 1.25]| 5.38 1.75] 1.31] 3.06] 3.40|| 5.74 82] .67| 1.49] 1.50|| 7.02 96] 1.01] 1.97] 2.00]) 5.60 1.27} 1.35] 2.62] 2.85|| 4.66 BA Saleen |e ckceney | eh heqens| .58| 1.01] 1.59] 1.65]! 6.54! -25] .85| 1.10] .§3]/| 4.04! | 1 .28| 1.37] 1.65] 1.65|| 4.55] -21} 1.05] 1.26/ 1.24!| 5.66) .33| 1.33] 1.66] 1.03] 5.76 WPM WNrn NRW Rw OF TS) Wejile) 165 Kee hoco rn or CoO bo i) We) PHOSPHORIC ACID. awe acs into wae Insoluble. 0 OREN ooo mor Poss epee OO 09 Oe nee Noe lord eS) bo os Go Nowe 62 6L0 . . . . Ci on) Si) lor ioe tome Wiloe [eerie 2) 2 Os SD row ot S-100 moro bet 2 OS bo co ro mont . wero oc CO OO ee me ro co oO, no bo “1 co fore) Om CO coo on Dee ROD NI SS WHD=I ron nw cmieie ro-1cr S Available. Guaran- teed. SS “DD Mom SOW Sno Baws OMOMm ROO 1-10 “50 Total. Guaran- “Nn 1] i so come nor POTASH. = lp & (e) 5 fa O % | % VERS Be 7-31) 7 7.35) 7 2.54) 2 2.23) 2 10.85, 10 1.22) 2 5.38] 3 4.60) 4 2.06) 2 6.59! 6 2.28] 2 1.96} 2 9.67| 10 2.20) 1 7.18) 7 10.50 10 10.04, 10 4.07| 4 2.99] 2.5 3.51] 2.5 | 2.60) 2.5 2.43] 2.5 8.61) 8 1.87| 1.50 3.16) 2 2.51) 2.25 6.07, 6 3.20 3 3.26 3 2.06 2 2075) 2:95 71.24) 6 2.44 2 3583) 7 9.89 10 2.53, 2 10.83 10 1:92] 3.33) 3 2.39! 2 2.30) 2 168 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF STATION SAMPLES, 1901. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. | Sampled at Station number, LOWELL FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 2163|Switt’s Lowell Animal Brand... ..-.-.-..--2.2-20.-secsscnene- |Bangor ......... 2764 Swift's Lowell Bone Fertilizer.......--.--.--..-....- (pececcac2cone Bangor .-.- .... 2765|Swift’s Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash............. .-.... -| Bangor ......-.. 2766|Switt?s Lowell Ground Bone.......... 22. -22222-222c-ce5s---00--| 2768|Swift’s Lowell Potato Manure. -- 2 ooo ens nase 2769\Swift’s Lowell Potato Phosphate .-.......... .2-22--+---+- «2---| | NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 2707|New England Corn Phosphate.....-..-..-- 2708 New England High Grade Truck Fertilizer 2703 New England Potato Mertilizers:->-- eo eee eae ee ee eee eee NATIONAL FERTILIZER Co.. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 2710|Chittenden’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate..-... --..-......-.--) Ft. Fairfield... ari] Chittenden’s Complete Fertilizer ...--..----. 1-2. 2.2. s2.02---.| |Houlton ...-.-.- 2722|Chittenden’s Market Garden Fertilizer..... ......-..-...-...---| Houlton ........ 9775|Chittenden’s Market Garden Fertilizer .-...----.---- ----. <..| Presque Isle -.- PARMENTER & POLSEY FERT. CO., PEABODY, MASS.) 27K) s\- G\. ED! ip ee css sone ssa d cocsne s2esece cesses |Presque Isle...- P14 ae = VOLACOMMCTINUIZECE sone docs see ceees ost case ean ee eeeessee Presque Isle...- 2715| Plymouth Rock Brand Fertilizer. ...-...-...-. ...--. -.... ...-|Presque Isle.... 2716|Special Potato Fertilizer ---------.-- -_---.....--.- =. 2... .---| Presque Isle-.-.. EDWIN J. PHILBRICK, AUGUSTA, ME. 2750/5. J. Philbrick’s High Grade Fertilizer...--...----.-.---.--..... | Augusta Bai so3o7 PORTLAND RENDERING CO., PORTLAND, ME. 2717| Portland Rendering Co.’s Bone Tankage Biles SSeS asecassoac /Portiand........ PROVINCIAL CHEMICAL CO., L’td, St. John. N. B. 2718 Provincial Chemical Co.’s Special Potato ricoh Scnsossase Presque Isle...-. RUSSIA CEMENT CO., GLOUCESTER, MASS. 2719 Bssexs Ad SHpELDNOSDNALG = lene napeees eee seem seeo-e een err ert |Bangor ...-. -.- 272) Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes, Roots aud Vegetables..|Houlton .. ...-. 3753 HESS oie TU A es Shion Sscacomeoscoserasscscsce adeecsting |Dexter.--..--.-. 2721|Essex Market Garden Potato Manure.............:.. .... ..- .. |Bangor ....-.... 2722| Essex Special Potato Fertilizer for Aroostook Co .... ..--.... |Ft. Fairfield... 2723 Essex XXX Fish and Potash....-- soctisenscsscstsssaccas 6 ec -- )Bangor ...-.---- 2751\ Maine State Grange Chemiecals.-.--- --- ------.---.------..- ---- Dexter...-.-...- 2724; Maine State Grange Potato Manure ---...... ...-.-------+++---- |Houlton .... --. 2752| Maine State Grange Seeding Down Fertilizer......-............ Dexter...-... «- SAGADAHOC FERTILIZER CO., BOWDOINHAM. ME.. 2725| Aroostook Potato Manure. --.--- 2.20 one oo eee cen cce one Bangor --..-.--. 9726) Dirigo Fertilizer --2-5 22-2 esc< oo) see ewecccccces eee ones Caribou...----.. an54 Sagadahoc Special Potato Fertilizer..--.---- --..--- i 8... Bowdoinham .. 2725|Sazadahoc Superphosphate. ....-. 222-2 -ccsccccee cone eecee-ss--| PANZOL .---.---. 2755 Van keewe Criilizer coins ek eee ee ene ee Nemes cee oeea soe |\Bowdoinham .. JOHN WATSON. HOULTON, ME. | 2723 W atson’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure.......... ..... Houlton ...-... = i ye Se FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 169 ANALYSES OF STATION SAMPLES, 1901. Station number. a NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. Total. ’ Available.| Total. F By alte gal Se 3 1B 2 cs! 2 ; 5 : =I 5 g fe = . ws | a eI Z Le) a < = 5 rc z rs 5 S a PS ao a H a ® ~ fs a: r= ms r= ca Bales sri se le ee joa, el Sele eS ee |S a © S) 5 = IE Ee er CIS a rey. eae tee, Wesel tee nce: Hite Hes | Toe You \ Go Ye || Yoo | Y& SS Yo) aN % | %G 2.29) 2.86] 2.46]| 6.38] 1.80) 2.73 8.18, 9 10.91} 1 3.98) 4 1.37) 1.98) 1.64!) 3.19) 4.10) 2.57) 7.29) 8 9.86] 9 d-1ll| 3 1.05| 1.87) 1.64 6.09} 3.59) 2.03) 9.68) 9 11.71} 10 | 2.20) 2 1.45) 1.72) 2.47 -05| 1483) 14.87 15.18) 5 30.05) 23 Ee aM NS 1.29). 1.95) 1.64 236!) De2d |e 1G |) the Ol 7 10.40; 8 4.56) 4 1.83] 2.81} 2.47 6.44) 1.46) 1.83] 7.90) 8 9.73] 9 6.48) 6 1.15) 1.91) 1.64)| 2.74) 5.36) 2.22) 8.10) 8 | 10.32) 9 3-61) 3 oI) B89) BroakOhi) Bela, Yosh, alee! 6.08) 6 7.32) 7 10.32) 10 2.29) 1.77) W.64 1.44) 6.65) 1.80 8.09) 7 9.89] § 4.52) 4 1.49] 1.88) °1.65]| 7-21) 2.96) 2.06 10.17! 8 12.23) 9 2.84) 2 SoH RistiAl Bist) 5.95; 2.18) 1.61) 8.13} 8 9.74! 10 6.79) 6 oP) Bley) Wels 5.28] 2.12) 2.22) 7.40) 6 9.62) 8 5.45) 5 Ze2o| ee 2sO0| ze Dalal voe0od|eo-0all Salol 6 11.18} § 6.14) 5 | 1.83) 4.541 4.53]| 3.99] 4.93| .59| 8.92) 7 Q.5I 8 8.84] 8 5 ri ee Wear fs) fee Uty- 5 1.99| 4.37| 3-96| 6.36) 6 10.32) 7 6.50! 6 1243) 2570) 2.47, 2.34| 6.19} 2.92) 8.53) 8 1145) 9 5.00) 4 1-29) 3.36] 3.29!) 3.22) 5.25) 2.17) 8.47) 8 10.64) 9 ie DO\ eer 1.11) 1.87) 2.00 3-78) 3.70) 2.78) 7 43) 7 10.21) 9 4.90) 5 Batemi| Zlob) ebay -45| 8.87 9.55) 9.32) Td4! 18.87) 19-40}}......)..-06 1.69) 3.31) 3.25 (Ho TCR) Gels 8.44 8.00) 14.42 10 3.41] 6 | 1.01; 1.14) 1.00 -80| 5.53) 4.91) 6.33] 7 00) 11.24 9 9.02) 2 3-15| 4.20) 3.70), 5.04) 3.77 1.72) 8.81] 7 10.53; 9 9.15) 8.50 1.85} 2.08) 2.00 2.79) 5.54] 4.40) 8.33) 9 12.73) 11 Billa]! 3: | 1.63] 2.39) 2.00 2.79| 5.31] 3.32] 8.10] § 11.42) 10 6.09) 5 1.85} 2.50) 2.50 M96) 5-49)" 3-62)" 7-45) 7 11.07) 9 6.03) 5 oem ect Odea obysy) — ayelats}y) cUetspa) fsiny Bi) 14) 12.95) 12 Di 2.25 SI 255) 2250) 4x04) 4.97)" 3.19)" 95311) 8 12-50) 12 4.45| 4 -91| 1.68] 1.50}| 4.55) 5.53] 2.55) 10.08] 9 12.63) 12 12.69) 12 eG) Uae) UAGt) 1-75) 6.29) 5.34) 8204) 7 13.38] 13 5.27; 5.50 -59) 1.36) 1-25 5.14) 2.17 soll Zed] 9 8.12) 6 4.6]| 2.50 -89} 1.19) 1.50 4.42) 3.34) 4.98) 7.76) 7 12.74] 11 2-13| 3 1.27) 2.14) 2.50}) 1.72) 4.15 -a0| 5.87) 6 6.17} 8 10.93) 7 1.05; 2.09) 2.00}) 4.50) 3.87) 1.63] 8.37) 7 10.00; 9 3.86) 3 -69) 1.15 -50|| 1.44) 3.84 1.99} 5.28] 3 (eral 4) 1.26) .- ce» Us| Boll7/ 3 2.12) 4.24) 3.67| 6.36] 6 LOZO03| et 6.02} 5 | IQOl. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 170 0:2 lgr'z |tt's IIgs ‘iaes et It 6Z°0L |61°6 see eect eeesecece ae veee +9 TOZIPIGAO 8)8O PUB BSBIH §,do0010 OG'TL |F6°L |00°S [GL°Tx |JO°8+ |ST°S |G0°6 JLL°6x ||90°at ey terete reececeess ceccecccrecerecess OIBYASOUT UO §.S.19YI01D OG'It |SL°L JL8°L |1es |lo'st |Z0°6 |89°8 |28°8 ||90°G con reteeree seveserserevecs cersrersess Qipmdsoyudiodng puvlaas%(9d 0°S |00°S |68°S |ZE°SZ ||0°S [268 |G9°S j08°6 |/80°T PN peer eeseeeereees ss TOZITIQIOT UMOM SULPODG PUBIOADIO O'S |80°S 98°S jju°S /80°6 j2e°S JEG" |/90°S se ete tees eee eeeereees eeeeseeess QqBTdSOUd OFBIOd PUBLOADI[D O°L ISEL t]eeeeellgeg (aa BOOOOO|ISSOSUOI i Tabrd ane seca teeeeeeeeres QINUBIN oyoTdmM09 OpBLy USIP puBlaao[o 0°S ssereslegez lOLz ("8 tee 2170°6 LI'S eO'T oo eee wee eee ee teeeer sere es Sq OID ILV OJ LOZITIQAO PUBLOADTO 0% |ZO'L |LhS {19S |/0°S [STIL JOL'G [ses |/s0'°L Bee fee pee eee seeeeeeeeees TOZILIVIOM UMOG SULPIOG GAOD 8, YIB(O Oat |9q°s J9I°s |9s"g |10°St |ea°S |6P°S J60°8 |\eo°Tt Se boseeeseeeese esse -QOUBNY OUI[VILV AIM SsULY PAOD 8 YAIBl’D OL reser lOTsye (10°S |69°S |-°°"*"|2G°Le |10S°E |c0°s sis Goo PID CODCOD sss OINUBAY JOUB[ IWATD DAOD 8, ALBIN. OL "108°L jO6°L |j0°2 * 180°6 |Gk&"8 | 28" a ae ai O00 te teers es OQINUK OVATAULON VODURYAG DAOH §,3IBD O¢'Tt |98'T |80°S [FS jlorst |89°S |G9°6 |90°6 ||90°St | FES SHO rrteeseeesees serseeese ayer OZITIAIOT 09BIG ABA OAOD SIVBID O'S |L8°S logs |06°L |lo°6 {6L'OL JOL'6 |29°6 |\oG°at |1G°% oe teeeee seseseereees TOZITIGAT 0FBIG AVG DAO) §. HAVIN O'S |8G°S |ZE°Z |SE'Sx |]0'G = |SL°6 |SL°6 |PL°Gx ||09°G |19°% le trereeseeees cones oangdsoydiodng ry “xX § Ao[prrg 07a jog'e jsc'g jz8°e |/0°9 |SL°9 |8h°9 |FL°9 |j08'S TSG BOG Vee seme ee cee ane saeereer sec resroesos QINUBA OFVIJOY §, AO[PBIg O'S! |9FS |ST°Se [LG°S j|]O°St |LE°S j06G°S% |Z0°G ||90°S |LO°% Gg 90 opHOo sOCOOGG tes ereeees TOZTITWMOT OFBIOg §, LOTPRIG sor jes't ee: seeee Hoey FL'S |1g'8 see silage GC'T O46 nono tessa bern ees terre eessoguydsoud BAVSBIN 8, Ao[pBig 0-2 |tee leze lore llocs \epe9 letce lgpe llgo't {161 a Sede eee cee eee cee veeeeerees TOF AIT BYOING §,LaTPBI_ OSL |S8*t |96*Tx |6L°S |lost |recs 90°34 |8h°S ie leneates eos e's terceeeeees ceeeeees QIRGdSOU UIOD §,AdTpPBIg 0°OL |0 pti |neeeaed||| Oo PL°L OS'S |66°E +o seseereeees ss usuqog AWOL UIA otnuByy oyordwop s,Ao[pRrg O°, |8 [Pi Ly |LG°9% |/0°8 |8L°8 oss joce 90 “*soTQuJosSOA PUB S909RIOg OJ VINUB OJ9[AULOH §,Ad[ PBI % % % % % % % Bo ED Bo iB | LOGE | “OUGT | “GEST || se | “LOGT | “006T | “66ST 28 | TOI | “006r | “66st = as | Sp 7 t5) oe =| s 3 g EF “punoy & *puno,y Ey ‘punog TO2 TIE TSU OnS Ulan ‘d1I0V 9 Ha ‘HSVLOd ; Cieeatee ee ‘NGSOULIN ‘SUVHA AUUHL YOU SHTINVS NOILVLIS GNV SHALNVYVNAD FO NOSIUVd WOO *poSuvyo oojuvaeny | *SsOsA[VUB OMY JO asvioA y a FERTILIZER INSPECTION. og*¢ 0" Fe 0°9 JL°S JOS |R6"Lx |JoG-ct [Tes [6h°% |Ze°sx ae treesereeeeess QINUB OFBIOT OBIdTUUINY 5Z°S |SE°Sx 110°6 seeeslAQ-g |Z0'Ge (l0G ch [oto 1#9°s lease seeeee oo were ere ett aan oe ‘oyeydsoud ovidiuurned Seti SiSoSnoo He aed Mfoonss. oosncc| trp agp feseeetlers ceftee cee ee reeerererses TOZUTIOT YMBUOW IBIALuUiNe) sete s1l0°S @c's 0 ODo000] hyend 61'S . ae eel sse of . seers SF INUBI ud prey VOIBN oBrdruuing L,* 0°81 |F8°L |99°6 |8Z°6 ||90°S [PRS OL" etal taser suseace ate terse ceereeeererces QINUBIN ULOO OBIdLUUINY 0's POOOVONT GAS INERY HIRAINE | PO OCT tresesseeseescees Oapmdsoud XBmi[g ovidituurnt) UC LEAD FOIE HIP alE Peer ee peonae se *TOZI[I190,q7 LOAOTO PUB §YBO ‘QBON A UOTU 8,190 970Rg O'S |8T°S |69"°Re |1Z°6 |\c8" cel 10 ses" 1OZT[IZIO A [BSIAATUL) UOLUL) §,.100Bg 0°8 80°S |9L°6 |S0°8 |/90°S |80°S j08° treeseeceees s sees OINUBA OFVJOd UOLUD 8,19 dv 09 j09°9 a We WES |* DINUBW 9}JO[AMOHN S1PUIPABY UOTUL §,.1OyOVg 0°9 9¢°9 “HE6°L |O8°L jt OUBNY 9(QBI059A [BOLUIOUODW UOLUL §,1939Bq OG |F6°8 65°6 |\LF'G |OL°s |e seeeees TOZILIQIOA ULOD [BULLUY UOLUD §,.1030Bg 079 =|LG"9 CODD WIC}. Werte ses SBIOg WOT UITM OuBNY OYINBg sIqulos Ost |L¢'s CO'Gx ||90°% |Sb zt perepere ee" OUBNY OUINB 9[Gu[OS 0's ZAG OF'OL |/90°2 LUZ . eee eee ee [eroedg 07%40g DYlOBg 0°8 I?°6 68'S |\ko'TL |F9'T to sreeeeceeeeese*"OURNY) ONDSQON OLB 0°s 60°6 : "1106" = |L6°% ‘IOZI[IAI9 A [BINUDY VPBID [Sty oglovg OL og*L FFL 128" SII veeees TOZI[IJIO7 ULB PUB SSBID OYLOBg 0g" j ost j9Ls 68'6 | |90°%L |60°S teereeeeececceseres-ees oyuydsoudiadus sO 0" 8 OnSeaas #86 | le0'T+ |St'T 9.09 LOZI[IQ1IO UMOG SUIpses sO 0's ¢ ost |s0°6 91°6 |/90°%t |00°% BE as Se LO ZT LO MOBI OA IS13 0) oe Leh 108 PL°8 LO°8 | /90°S |60°G 0 sreeres ees OINUBA OFVIOT UlojsBVq JvVAID Oc'Tt |st°s |IG°L |#9°s ||0°s CP'6 Ié°L |/90°%+ |80°G . ‘ss**TBIDVdS ULOD UIDYJION ULIISBA BAI O°OL |F0°0L j8S°6 | °-*°"|/0°9 §=JTL'9 Seemed || Ocrmesml cole, soees QINUBIY OFVIOd OPRAH Yo UldsSvVg JBvoIyH OG |€0°SC |L6°T j|O8°L |/O°LT |¢0°tL De TN ese Nees ose shosees LOZI[IQIOT SIVO PUB SSB VAIISBAY BID O°F |FI°h |IL°S ILS |10°8 06°8 §§°6 |\é8" 98° T Bo seereees TOZULIIOG [BIIUNL) UIOISBVHA IBAA) O°Lt [96°L [FOL |SS"Lx |]U°L |er°s T8°*8x ||OC'F |Sl°F trees seeeeeeess118RI0g PUB DUO ‘PpOO[” §,.sul[1Vq oe'T! |86°T 0°38 =|6L°S 68°S ||90°S |90°% PRE ates hte vooes ss soquydsoydisdng puvjraquing O'S [PES O'S - |F8°8 LOS NOS hAS AL He Stk eae * OINUBIY UMOd SULpasg puvBli9q ung O'S [78S ost |€6°8 00°6 |\90°S {LOS Poe Seta oe stots TOZT[IJLOA OFVIOT PUBLLOGuUINY) OG |eeecee| veeee| sees tlorg ceeeeeleseees lessee! lager oanoo SGN00 good veers cere eee ee see reese seeteee o+-QUBNY PUBlLLEquIND O'et |g0°s |FE°Sx 6's ||0°St |z0°S |TO°Gx |69°6x ||90°S1. |90°S Re ante vette es 1OZTIIQIOT ONDBQGO, pus doy ‘0}3BI0g §,.19y¥0OIDN O°2t '6L°3 190°S IPL'Ex Hlovst 'st°s lf9°6 |ee°6x I!eo°T+ !T6°L eres iad cat aM ‘-ayeydsoydiodng poyBluoMUy [BAIY MON 8,.19390I1D IgOl. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. > cnc . oo > i = roy coo 7 ct tN CO Ot emia €0°IL 66° Sx crs F6°T 6FG F's &&°% 69°% iS) C6'T CSG 1G°G Co OF 1 c6°9 8ST eeeeeela G8°G |96 . A Don — =H am : wD * Dan $2) 1D of 5 SG Dro ie aie oii e) — S i Tos) Se = — +— for} lor) © tS ml — . . DAS ool co i> H OOH = DDS — Wawa oooco coo oco o9coOoO o9Ooo CoCo CSCoSo io Ro) l= oie) ero coow3o x FO Rx L8°8x 62°01 OF Sx 9G°6 60°0L {GOL 09°8 68°9 See Cena CCC reac a Reckay, JOUSOOOGH SoM CHGS O Goa ROGo ro aiwydsoydasdug Qs 20°T 8a 0Z'T weet wee ee wae eee see 0° 4 CLG 80°S CLT See ee wee eee e eens oe wee S* eee eet Beem ee tee ee C&T |s0°T ogee rare ewes [ewes er feeerenee cer see & aa LEG CaS 98°% PET eee ewe tees ene ee eae LEG 9°S eves fee e tee [ ee eens nace cee ee ee seees eo Td GEL 94° 2° ee te ewe ewe eens wees g0°% ixorg Sard otras Pe aC en Sera aCe aCe aC nC %o “ -TBTOIdg OPBIH USIP S2LABIO PUB SWIRITITM - -USBIOg Wil UM SNOMIULV S,YLVBlQ PUG SULBITILM ** QNUBI O1VIOd SNOLLOMY §,YAIVl[NQ PUB STUBITTLAM ‘+ -9qBvYdsoUd UION SNOLIOULY §,YABIO PUB SUIBITILA QUOT POIVIUOULULY SNOMOWY S.YIB(M PUB SMVI[TLA rirseeees eee sesseeess S90RRI0g IO] [BIOOdS paBpuBIg bette Serer eeeeseeee ee OUENN paBpuBIg ‘ IOZITMAIT Prvpuvys tresseeess QINUBI OJOTAMIOD PavpUBIg steer ee of te teeeeeccee ee seseeeessss-seqog pus suOg PABpURIS Stee vest ee tenses ee eees ee cere = DUBIE VW DABDUBIS tretseeeseseee es TOZITIJAIOT OULA PUB 9[Q(BIIIIA 8, PBI ARR OREE be eeteeeneeee sees est9789 OANg 8, DROY te seelceeeeer ee TOZITIIAOT PABPUBIS §,pBVOY be eeee sete seeeeeeeer. sess TOZT[IJAO UOSULBE §, DBO trereesess TeTOOdG O1R90g [BOTIOVIg 8, pBoy so) put SIOWIBY opBly YS §,pvoy stieeeetereterss “QINUBL 07BI0d 8,DBOY teeseres seereees ERIOg WoL qITM [Bloods ovridruurny tetesrsesses sees -OINURA, UMOG SULpeVS oBIdTuUINd tr oberereeeses eoreseeesoqauydsoyd 038IOd OVIdLUUINy “TO6T UL ped.uRieny “LOGL | “O06T ‘puno,y, 29 S | eyo “Ane _£ | Lo6t | 0061 Orn Ss Sethe a (sas oO g *punoy l=p(ap) 5 = . a . . "2eRQ —& | ‘L06E | ‘006r | 66st 2H es at o (o>) g ‘punowy “HSVLOd LOZL[LJAIT JO QULBN = “posuvtpo soyuBrensy | *SOSA[VUB OM] JO OSRAIOAYW » ] | : Si wa ¢ = : ; | OG [PES | verses ee T TST fo ttt tfecssss [cesses soRBydsOUgd 9UOG POATOSSIC POIVIUOWUY [BUISIIO 8,909 yuBIA ‘4 |0G°OL 66°6 98° OL C9’ OL seee . ee eee ee ae ay “" TOZT[ LOT SS8B.14) pues UuLBIy) puBig OZl1d §,909 YUBA “a log'24 \pe-g |10°6 (ORS 0s" ToT |80't |20°T Fe eee Z TT Mo Ose] OO PUG Lo Ua NT B1OOG) YUBA “OT | bom CoG |SL*S 0°S |90°% O'S j98°S 02° 10-9 es jrseeeellgge 0zT |98° eeccesleceeccsece * 1OZT[10,7 ULOD Iopustsuq MON 8,909 YUBA “W Es OFS I1S°S |9F'S |PL°S see ccce “* "LOZ1[1J1O7 OFBIOd IPBID YWSI S,909 YuBlg “| APG GST [TLL [L6°L JPEG [tt oqBydsoydiodng suog poayVLuoWMUly 9pBay SIA 8,909 yuBagy lloces |FR oe"24 | 0°6 16 F oe lore feceees| ceeee|| ceeeelppeg feeeeee} eeeeelloorg lggrt [eecece|eeeere| ‘sees Ust]Og puw oUOg PUNOAD §,909 YUBIA “HT OS" Tt | LS" S2°G g 08° Cl) ale Oa ee Oe [ (s0°G [Ses 8 6 Teese sseseress =" TOZI[IJIOT ULBINQ PUB SSBIN SNOULBY S900 YuBsly “| O°S |I9°S jLG Le |60°S O°Lt JGL°S |Gk°Lx |92°S |/OP"S1 OHS [[8°Ge |69°S [oct stt este es eter e ere TOZTIIA IAT OFBI0g TOSTIOX GY 8,909 YUBA 0cz lt6"% ||0¢" > lo isa) co on = is] “HN | t* LOZ] OFVJOT UBIQUINTOD 8,900 yuBay “Tf ‘aquydsoyd uBiqumuypop §,e09 yuBay “oT G26 /90°6 jB°G [OST [GPL [GL'L [OGL [ov tt esses cesteeeseees seeesss TOZITIIIET ULOD UBIQUINTOD 8,009 YUBIY “oT eee shee INVES te. RIE WOE IBREPE |PGR I SST peSeeeeoopcononeco 0C°Z 90° Sx see oe) [ieeiaie . 0g"s 76'Sx ao0oo Oo OZT 69° Lx tere erlewroe Bee ee ee ete eee ewe OSS (66°C (Go°s |€0°s 8 Z fe) = me O Be oom ftore | ene: ttee fl org luece [eeeeerlerce lear leet eecee lege [ere creeerereseeoceeeee* sxomttraaoy o9wiog yeroodg poywrqarag 6,009 yuerT “oT U2 O-OL |FO"OL /2S°O1 jO9-01 |) O79 |zb-L |tos G49 |iqaral [rere ons [pe:s |[issttt: cochtcer cesta torssessess OINUBI UMOC SULPAIS OSPLIqy90IS A «OTOL: /OG"OT |8O°OLs/6G°1L |] O'9- OFZ [ISL jzB"9 |] O'St |LS"% |6O°ee [BSS | cocctcte testes “* “OINUBIT 9118959 A PUL 07BIOg BSPIIqy04§ m | | | m4 Ott iste j4ovd jerk |] o-24 Jesh |esce jorce || ove lescs |eore ‘tee [esctcee tees cette Treresres QINUBY ULBIN PUB UIOD oSplIqyo01g : Pelee On Des (Gee MCh Bbe Den O29 NOCD) sGceOU i GeaGt a QZom eRe mpgs: a a|GR 2 ual ccusccnGs cscs oc cieca slacte a trresessess “USBIOd PUB YSLT 10ys90n0[H N O°0L |19°6 FFOL 9FTOL || O-e+ lee"L |g6-9 9179 Gh: Gh: ze" 16° HEHGS- OTIGUGOROdGO. Gdi-doao.d Te esiacie eevee eanieeeeeeeree> -OIMUBIN OZ0L S,lOxM OF 4 | | Ey O7GE |96°T G0°G jes || OG! 06'S [60° jGL:6 |jeL- 0B" 96" |aO"T [rte ttt eee cee eeceeeneeecseae senseseeesssoqgydsoyg dor ang 8.toHMOq m OF [86S JIGS [HS |] O'9 [GLA |o9°9 [RG"G |luS'T jeGrk |G8°L [LOG [ovo cts tte terete cet ess sees eee TSBIOg PUB OUOg pUvAg oTENbs s,1exMOg a 0°9 |66"9 [8L°9 |Le79 0791 Ite"s {90°6 98°8 ch: 06" 26" 66° SopeReosgua. ni SocbuRRdooHooQGGHOGERODOCOOUGOOO ey Atadayin CPU) 2| %9 8,10 MOG we | 0% |90°% |FRS 0°6+ |86°8 [SFO /G3'6 |jos'L |eg't |99°L [eet tee cestetssosesseses seseessoqegdsogd 9[qv1050A pur 070g §,.1oyMOg O°F |09°F |sorF 076+ |LL“OL |29°6 IFS |/Ga°S JOL7S |t¢-% |gerz Petre pettesss s seseseesss ss FOZ 91181959 A PUB OVIOd 8,.1oyMOg Oe Isg'e |sace 1 O'S |Pe7L lz28°8 129°6 Gh: 98° #8" €0°T RIOIOONEIOIC IIS ICCC ICICI tresses OaBdsOud etduqs 10 [SBIOg §,1OY MO orc leet |2e-z 0-9 leo-6 \zu:z lxs¢ lien: 66: |te° log: Tae cere ours eee Feeieeeeee oe ses Quog YseIog 8,104 MOg oot leeor [ese Tes ea (sae || Sse ieee) oll ide gel neoaege lobapool ian « |inaseensose- nohodhoctaee: aoqemeee +++ JOZITTIOgq UAPAVD JOATB IY StOTMOT OS |€ss jog-z O°G [TFG [06S |9O°OL |/9e°G [6T°S [9G°S [EGG [ows esses estes seeeeeseeee see eees QaBTdsOnd TIM PUB LITH §,.ceyMog 07% j#o'% |95°% 0°6+ |IL°8 |FL°6 [GLO |l0G°L [LT |99°T |99°T pee ag ne, oe ‘ayegdsoyd uaparvy pus waR, soy Mog O"L |9&Le |8G°L O°L |6L"Lx jo8°L |se°L || 0°€ [08'S je1°s |9r'e pel ee eee eA dINUBIY 0}BIOd ATIVY 8.19 MOT O'S |1SS |6Fs O°St [28°6 |ae"S |sa-L jlog-Ld joc" jeorr |ze't Bie SU Seager iene ese alrite aren Oye OSOM EU LOM slay A Og 0S j9L'S |g9°% O-St |8h°0T [2F°6 [OGG |leO°L [GFL JOLT JOLT [ort crrtttrreteeeeet sees coqeqdsoyg ouog [BAoY 8,4IVIO PUB SUIVITITA Og Isg°e |Fe° 0°9 It6'9 |6t°9 le9'L llog-st lee loge ‘spo |: Teeessesersees cesseees s-97Bydsod 0}B4Od &3IBl[Q PUB SULBITIEA 09 o ne Se Ok OvOL Ork Oo OP [Nore Ok OF 0° z, (e) Lo | H < i n H 4 ear iS 0° a Ok Onis va et 0" 01 02 4 0°01 i=) OL H 0° 09 =) Ss) nl eg ie) =< ey 4 Ll S | ss pssyuBi1eny GL°9 PR's cup 2801 19k sho 99" > 007% LU's 86°$8 ONG GE'S "8 Or eS" Ol Core 6876 €R"9 PPS Taal % “LOGI Iss 0"2 lor OLS ORS to ia 1eeg, OLS RO" Gx go" 001 80°01 “0061 *punoy ‘HSVLOd Lar Ge"G wee 19°9 sae tee O8"s SUP OUP LLG baG 1g" GPT “66ST “popuyouop— suv a AN O'S [els |aLL |PrI's O'Rt JLL'OL i186 | IL"6 7 HAW Oy Pose’ 0°9 [org [rerses[eeees ORS Os en| Gupa elie |snanens O'S J06"L [2L3°8 08 L COL, MYR, Mattie) pubes Ord laregr | veneeleeees 0°6 |89°6 ITRG [88's O08 |66°L LOR |PparL 00°G = J8I°R [POG joa'e O'St |88° jOLeL |eore OG) |29°6 1o°G 0's jogs C6" L QoL |OL'L gP°01 O's |PL'S Jona | st: O'0L (RL8G feteee [eeees OHO NORGe ST son esi Ot, lagry | cmere|eeess OU'St |1h6 > 116°C O'G /80"6 1998 |v: % % % % =a) Cc . ’ . . "Peo ars) TO6T | ‘OOGL | “66ST ea Epa halo ee ct x ‘punoy fey) “AIOV OIMOHASOIT | UTEVILTVAV ol HI 08'S rol LYS port OF°% go TI ba" go" T ea oe go" | G8" ai. 0" 09° 1h OFS Lv's 88" Lu'T (Wi § 1671 ard 8071 9R"% 99° T 96° 1 gO T OL'T L( OUT 9078 Ose aS G8" Ty OL PG°S r"T 10°% 88" QL T bN°S cv" 99°G 80°S 96° IOZITLMAOT OFOTAULOH 8, UOpPUOTYO oyuydsoyd OUOG po wIUOULULY 6, WOpPUOITYO LOZL[IILOT OFBIOT PUBLSUT MON w pentane LOZLT LOT WONT, OPULH WASTE puBpauyy MON ses Oquqdsoyd UlOM puvLauy MON ouuydsoud OFVIO [[OMOT 8,JIMG ORR SOO e eme ee ewe Cee ee ee Peeeeves sees OIMUBI OFBIOT [[OMOT 8,1FIMG tree seer eeee ees OHOG PUNO [TOMO'T §.4JIMG USvIOd PUY OUOg POATOSSTC [LOMO] B.AITAG teere sees TOZTITQVIOT QUO [LOMOT 8.1L puBrg [BUTUYy TTOMOT §..JIMg trees ses onmtdsoyud1odng "g "() 8.1o0gsT'y tetreeererores TOZTTTIAO MN SSOOONG &.108TT] ToT OFWIO puv as1o0pH wroodg 8 LOWLY terse ees TOZITIMAOT UMOG SUTPOOS &,.1Oq8TT] mor. SULIAG 1oJ [VIOOdg OpVLy STH 810s] , ON ‘USRIOT DUB OUOg [BUTTUY 81098 1'] ** LOZTLLILOT OFVIO LOTS[OOX HP 8, TTOM LO inuecaialsnaverat sfoveycstotersrnfo nai etane PeeereeeTOZITMOUE BIYOANAT TOA TOT -oyuydsoydiodng ouog porVUOMULy OpBrg prvpuUNgg 6,00 xURT OT teeters eeeseeeeeseeesercrees OUI) LOISTOOXH PUBIG POY 8,90D ZUBIOL ‘OT tcp Bo ; —§ | LOGT | ‘O0GT | 6681 Sy : Fe By = : “MOZI[LTOT JO OUT © *punogy p joy) ‘NADOWLIN SATAINVS NODLVES (NV SthONVUV OS FO NOSTUVANOOD Un Ow 175 *posuvy soquBieny t “SOSATBUB OMY JO DSBIDAYV x co-9 ~|\00°St ITL"9 98°9 8a°¢ cn sO 'G |GG°% tetseecees sceseeees OINUBIY 07BIOd IPBVIH USI poaoiduy §,u0s1B MA 1 |90°T ete Stee cee te eec eee eeeras Seeeteceeeereeectue oreee= T9711] 10,9 FOMUBL oS von] i 10 > coed riod 0 | LE“S |8L°8 |98°8 ||00°3+ L8°G |ZE"6x |09°Sx ||0G° ot QL°L 1619 \66°S |\0g-1t ~ Ob 8° Lx to -seereeeess- oaBydsogdiadng s0qepeseg Pile [LGGe [ott Cortes reser eeee sores eeesseeseeess TOZTITIIOg 07BIOg [BIDAdS DOUBpPRSEsG iG OF L ad O56 see e ere eee oe eee we ee ee we eee ett ee SOSGOOSIOOSGOGGS009 7 YAN AGI) IT Ooh 19 (G Hee + Lea lies Mey | sh Teh [orete jesse lezen FO'S jogeg [esse 9G: 80°OL |96°OL |F8"OL |)0E°T cucsdllanane |lagesonc00000 coaste tt teteeeteeres cee soseeseerereeess QINUBIT 0}8I0g HOO}SOOLY 09°1 fares |eeecesseecscereccceceescereeses ss IOZTIIOG UMOG SUIPIIG VSUBID 97819 JULIBIL 89°L \Z0rT Tee teeee sens Ge 02 seseeseseeesers sss sees QINUBW 01810 ISUBID 94419 OUIBIT D1 Don co Hc L por ne 2} Ig*6 |€&°6 |69°8 ||0G°% SUS |92°6 |99°0L |/OL Z GPL |rcsees iets |log-% F2°G €G°S es Sooke ies Esdras cereionss ofet~ fesehake! sie(ncc/-\eieke«lgerereie i STB) DULLOLL 4), VSUBID 91819 JUIBIL Fron teeeeeeseeeereresrecceeseosssesss-H8BIOg PUB USL] XXX XOssqy wettest eras] cree seeesreecesesreesees221-KIUNOD YOOISOOAY IO] AOZI[I19q [BIOVdG Xossq Sti raw i OLS |96°S |9E"IL ||00°S E28 LES esses 10086 1s*8 /S1°8 Some || (Lert £0°3 =|00°% afotatetel \OGRTS anlOctare haji uuhaea oct e Sree CROs Scape asa ET help |tes = fors@—Sségore «= fgars.Ssiapee «= featy LPS = faG"s = 889 FAH «| POE. LES SgIOUGrr AGT IORGC. Daa I SGI cy hele Ae TEN op kh lee or eiea: ets. lecpome latte (dere [bere leecG =) |Gbut: voir ak cen see BOUT YE | UST re 60" Oe ANB § CHAE cece Ricco ues au ayay ee gag. igstp «= |S9"L_~ «08 *F see ees “= * q10d seq £0°e seve ence te eeeeeseseees seeeeeeerenrererers® TIETULOL) ou's9 §= je" 00°S LYS 90°§ 00°6 G3"9 6L°T OP'S 6g" LL oL'g 96°T 69° LE matt a OF2G 99°§ ith 16°6 00° C6°T G6°C 06°F a°§ 06°T L9°9 laches aie eat ne te OLUANG Lene e ee eee ees seer eeeeeeeen weer ase weeeeee es CTO QL°LE = 06°S OL's CLS L8°T 86°% 9F°S 99°T sss ekesae ms Pir 06°¢ 03°T 09°S Cc'6r =| #1°6 Ils &S°S 09°S F9'°S O's 88" 60°S 6h°9 08k 9L°G iz FOODS Sateen ks SI°sc |8L°6 0g°& oPs 82'S 00°S 69° &2°S PL°G 18°¢ Os'OL = |§9°T &8°P seen anim og cei rs a og aan U GUS | *[enuuy ‘qsnsny “Tole IBn.1Iqaq *AIBNUBE “1aqumsa00q “19QULJAON *19Q0}00 ‘laquiaydag “1061 JeIA Duy JO} (ules se) uoyeyidingag penuuy. pue AjyjuoW REPORT OF THE TREASURER. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with the United States appropriation, 1900-1901. DR. To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States as per appropria- tion for the fiscal year ending June 30,1901,as per act of Congress APSO AIAN PAU ieee aecsce Seoctecccseceseceseceee ste cesses ester CR. By salaries: (a) Director and administration Officers...........+--..-+- $2,451 24 Gi)) where Siavii---550 scose- 25 Soocsecesendee sostecocses sce 4,044 49 (c) Assistants to scientific staff ......--.-.-..--..-+. A aenegee 1,373 94 (d) Special and temporary Services.....-.-..++.+-.---- TebSpge 32 67 WH = con ceancconsrope ons ne cotnectooctocscs She Geacceccttceonss Labor: ; (a) Monthly employees ......... .. spieetotsicccos 26 cssccece 751 13 (b) Daily employees..... aL peeeeees BEET lepine aie ane cin ceemaae 943 85 (c) Hourly employees-.-- 225 c.c-cccene cecccesccsrcrre= wane 61 77 DY s-pececncsceccese Eetcbstotccetosacoccesocecerotess boost coc get En bHCARONS secee seas laseia elias a Sao gee macccc -tooce scopesoseoterccuss A oc - Postage and stationery.....-.. .2----sese0 woe a nhorcbesscctdoteckccasensnt LUE NA GUT GS YESS ieecce ooteeenesnosas Stace sesso cee cee, See eae (SiGe Ie neal Eire cenosese no cated) Ba Cacascetersconcet aaa teandece Beecas Chemical supplies: Gh) WUSTTIOE Senden cosceceastecces acbbetce poco cose corecsc 297 21 (Gi) ais itee Gly esb tos sarncoeneacod Socpeeaine cedn-cSeas5)Sc0c 144 21 TGUAL seccosts ccosscteses oneness ccco ce a Scots) Bec2Sreto Seecones os Seeds, plants and sundry supplies: (a) Agricultural..........2-206 cosees os seadincs choo “5 éocene $106 42 (b) “Horticultural 2-22-72 ec ncn e- cece rece! cemenenacnn-semeran 130 28 (@y) ire! Gaede coat oecom Sak eancSercetcan AeeteGr epee Sce 2 96 (@)) Mascellan couse ccc enc one a eae en ae oe einen ei 158 7 TWiT pease seSesoccehecees eoohbecoatsoncecosese sect aces costes “cones (WS HTITWEeS snare aeosectoho | sessoe adesosoes Soetansacoteccodecesocscosesdsctc Meeding, Stuiis:.----.cs. sceee-= -en--en- Loccecan aes (obtatecccdectcbensecoae IM ine oh6. pce saat scoe one crnecssatesae Sobseces ssenccses5 ceeacs eotecosee Tools, implements and Machinery....--.--.seeseees coeeeneee ceecteeescces Furniture and fixtures .... -..-.-..-.-- “peas o6 nececococoteececote seocetoc Scientific apparatus ....... 2022. ccaesreee see araenn enncece mer rencescnnne- $15,000 00 44] 42 398 40 128 33 991 27 141 15 160 48 99 08 291 §3 REPORT OF TREASURER. 193 Live stock: (HOV OS i reieteta eset olat vl orn!o1ate/cfeiein shunts inieieiele/ ipiplele niejeiaiclola/ats «in/\p(2/0ia pee $75 00 (Ho)). (CRD econdhionpoaannooonencccooocd Ooorsudn UODDUEB COC: Aadoes 127 50 (€) POULGry «2... cc cccccescwcccences soncct sacar: cere terccnsces 14 70 (BE) SUMGTICS wee. eee ecu ccle veicvcecnecicvces cvasicvcces a eel 228 83 TG ealOee cg 0 Se ake cee ares races c we x Denine Aus MRR Pome mera eth | ZAAGAOS LOLs Fe Gb. Xs NEC adda edideandde. Oo0doddG. Od GoodddaDagsa oy USCCCINSOOGa $289 23 Buildings and repairs .........+++. Gio TOOde HonnORCoUNeNGCEad ao. ec cAcidour 370 89 MO ballecmicmiey eceaeuis Salrates! se adele see igaisisi Siete Beinreicis BROT MICAS ares $15,000 00 ISAIAH K. STETSON, Treasurer. I, the undersigned, duly appointed Auditor of the Corporation, do hereby cer- tify that I have examined the books of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, that I have found the same well kept and classified as above, and that the receipts for the year from the Treasurer of the United States are shown to have been $15,000.00, and the corresponding dis- bursements, $15,060.00; for all of Which proper vouchers are on file and have been examined by me and found correct. And I further certify that the expenditures have been solely for the purposes set forth in the act of Congress approved March 2, 1887. A. W. HARRIS, Auditor. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with ‘General Account” for the year ending June 30, 1901. DR. To balance from 1900-1901... ....... 5 shins pooaLcoRKdCsGaD0A6006 $636 00 SEMIS ON: OIKOUIEKES, GN@nd0000 Goudseqdddde Goo mmaonoDeeden 500006 2,714 86 $3,350 36 CR. BA MEN Ps ‘peoantosaco“enn000n0 sDoesoncDdonOND boson scDCDDOKCCOD ORS $967 07 LWEEXo bap IAUBEIS|5 DoGGG0 God a50oNbOD C OG0000 HonoUDEDCGOOCDCA OC 288 04 Contingent (chiefly insurance and water supply construe- HON) opoonoacosseosaco0 One sosogoDo0edoooacs co 1O0E00 0008-5000 872 20 Isom preys) CHAE) TES b ESIC SocondeoGoK.BKdsS Go00 -0nGd Sondoscoas 730 00 Balance to 1900-1901 account ...... .... ..... cnodoosoangcaooD: 493 05 $3,350 36 Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with Creamery Inspection for the year ending December 81, 1901. INO TOIOe GoM omni IEE AM accoG coooescooDosccdnG cedous oSccodooce[ec $84 65 By expense calibrating glassware. ........ cseccececseeees « seers 56 ae ct $84 65 194 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1gol. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with Fertilizer Inspection for the year ending December 3], 1901. DR. To balance from account Of 1900... . .2....20- seeccscecee aacees $247 37 Receipts for licenSeS....--.cecseeeee ee ne ere esacitic aPecnecs 2,720 00 CR. By collection and analyses of samples. ..........-..+.+ ..+--- $2,141. 05 Executive and office expenses..... Srheosoy sooehoSsecesae ate 700 00 Balance to account Of 1902-22... ccccccsesscscccerr cesscccere ~ 126 32 $2,967 37 Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with Feed Inspection for the year ending December 31, 1901. Dr. To receipts for inspection tags, 1901..... -. Saves ees atcha ees ore $1,408 60 Balance to account of 1902...... Esmee » Cbbsccetbesoees 834 54 CR. ; By balance carried from 1900 account... - -.- .--. «---------+. $666 53 Collection and analyses of samples......../.... --. ..-.0.- 553 71 Tags ........---- seetee sees tees ceeeees podtescotie orsedsccece 298 7: Executive and office EXpenSéSs.......------.eeeeeracees ceeee 700 00 Interest ....---.. 22-2 .ee see e eens scenes =a-55 6-2 Dapsossecitctce 24 16 $2,243 14 $2,243 14 INDEX TO EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. PAGE (Neko Wwled SIMeMtsteysinc sos |. oso cis pace susitte shes is | we bb we moet PAGE Oat, by products... 2 5528 Searce ae oars eee ae eee 19 feels. fe tases 0d wel geyine STE CED See Se Soe eae 38 hay: analyses 8253.36: pees ose wees ct eee Ee eee 21 products, ‘analyses i032. eee des. eee pee cee 21 digestibility. < ivicus 2s) sa. ead ease ese eee 23 digestible. natrients 255 cases ee 24 Straw: arialysis’ is. csc ne ee eo no eo eee 21 Oats, analyses Ss 292et 20 he ees ee ee eee ees 15 as Sri’ and) t0dder 42ers 9 aS Hay 25525. So tes tee eee ee eae 20 aS silage’ so. cite etna Lenk Sb ee ee ae ee i8 iiflnenced = by mandte =o.255c1.<2 sos (oo ee 9 Maine stow: 22 oikiec ace areee eRe eee eee ae 12 Viele “pervacie =. Leechs 2 ei ee eee ee cise Ae 14 Pancake flours, analyses c= - 22 see ee oe ee ee 06 Paris green and Bordeaux mixture ...............-.--------- 177 Peavand Gatshiay 2205 Soca. 0 ee eee eee 18 Hour analysis 32/2 32ce ocestusacect oe. eee pee eee eee cs PEALE? Se oc oot cae a ease et SES Cena ie ae eee Rieke 7 anaLySESS: : semis tact mae ioe t cee Oanee SOR Stee eens 73 Persea eratissinia vanalysisioLsitul.. .ee so ca oe ee Tir Potato peetle painons Or? socec ose eae at sk eee ee 177 Biehtoritar te0.s2 S22 os5s 2s Sa A eR ee ee 59 enemies? how tO Hell &... costs oe ee eee eee 38 leahidiseases st ick ce soe e ee eee eee eee ee 6c SCalewie saigssad sade ose ds ceases Sa 2s Geos ae eee 59 Potatoes; application of sunsicides foes ses<2o >=. Bete eee 52 expeninents with Diipicigdes > 22-0 eo e- eee eee 49 methods of spraying ..... Fee ae Mie ae ee oe 61 sprayed: tyield eas ose oes on ae eee eee ee ee ae 35 when aud howto Spray. 2.22 2thcs- Se eee ee 64 Precipitanoi tor theswear < 26. oc. e426) cscs at eee eee 19! Prepared flonrs:canalyses<. | 835. 35 25 0- ce eee 06 Pablications: of ‘Station’ 55:3 -2..254524655.. 0 ere eee 38 received by the Station. 2.2525 soc eee ee 185 Quercus: Enioryi, analysis of acorn 2.050 pooner ee To3 lobata. analysis! of acon $e. (22s eee ee eee 108 Ramil famatOens, 2 sac 2 25. Speer ear ees (ee ee Ig! Ratton Cartmurese toe osero ac. e Ser ee et ere ee eee IOI hibbon-weeds anialysests =) 082 tee eee) eee eee ee SI mock weed: atialyses'"< S525 tase ee eee bs dos ott ete 80 as Cattle food 3. 325 e ie eee ee 70 Roselle -atiatysis 4 Sec eee eee Ii2 Royal Oat Peed. analysis:0te eck cok eee: ©. eee 21 Sea lettuce, analysis .......... oR EPPS 5 «hdc eae 80 INDEX. 199 PAGE ; EAC ELV SESE Rite Hits we sca efs natecinn iets a cienh sea so ASTCAttleetOO Clemente ticle oiots Gore ceases ersiah ies sucks ep tenes hence 79 MATMIiia lay alerts Re Pours ac oleh seh ola SoMa hice eroreetare a 73 EM TAI SION HOMLG, MATIALY SESS silesels occeths-s's «ie pleus pisgir se eae ee 96 Sicepmaitd NSeAWCe ys we Merc sem ants na skis hase oye eeu cima «en Ss 79 tl CRNA Dae cet acee aaeepe esc riete patie wine mle teas, eralabeoe ee ietahe > 18 PEAEANG Oe tes cveatckcta acter et erste vs,2 afolal oP4 Geis tae a aA arab uete Weis 19 ‘Syoleierai iia, -olacoamnloarel, GHIA onsocdosaducuscvueucbucecs +. a4 SMRAUVEC MOLALOCSSeVLCLG carte tec. waters,» ekaeos «isc mitaaied efota cue « oe iat alo 55 Spraying tormiulas Ton POtAtOES). «pci in le cme oh rylasicatanivie oe 0s 62 DOLALOES SAP PALAIS Varro aeackas tere ss aries heigis ers end 61 (ODES ee EO eet ROR AM CNS Os Ore ge er 57 IMEEM OCS Have. Che Oe stout ake raster ie, 61 Wiilenkan dehometOndOmitinn aes nee se eee 04 WALh tum Sted ES armada ae cecerens acre ee ° 49 SHIZIITEs » NSU BLOM Uhstia Ge ysattsee ce pees tiey came cece en eotey IEE cic RGR DUC em ae A FE SUGUO Hy eit oa OLE eave ene ciercea a cotta MOC ean oe DUE OO One vi ’ (Lopbalel Nahe hes Rel aie NORRIS OTS GH St Oc RNC CG OCICS 4 | Pet DUC ALTO Stas cyn ces Sess alent avecues ere tee TiS ate cc uals wile ores 8 SEA Sees ear A Pact ee oe Anion Sue Cree eee 4 é Sutinamechettay,manaly Sis) eerie = ena GOS CROCCO care te 110 i SFeASiinehas mepOlitaeiseriee te ecios ES DRE A BEEN E DE hk 192 : DCODICAIMERITUE sete ar ee eee 2a oe GOO OS ECU Ee eee 109 F sitikeysegose analy Ses: serrireese aso ROS Ee RE SESE OE QI Weicemium albino: fonmsy ee: sce sco SOOO ee oer Si ae 130 INMETGICATIESDECECIES ee Ne et ce oe ae eee II5, 154 . {DH Ty OSes ge ON ang lect ok kG eee DIE ERY 0 Pty oh a Oa 155 ' botanical mWoteses jak sie-s eee oe ee ee ae ws Oe ore 132 - classimeaimorm, lnomercgllingirall 64 55645cc0nnzcnesccacec 135 b Nattinale eee weitere tales! Sete gisele ees 133 ® characters: Of the ents iin ccc scisev nner oa Serer eee 132 t COMMONEMATIIES tae) ere RES RRM cee 113 GIL ANROI, IMSMOIAY (CH bocogocsaaucocoogasocoecese 122 distributions orespectesweeac ere ee eerie: II4 histonicallunotesy sevees erin ceo eee coe ioe. 115 UMIPORLAMENSPECLES ac.t.icts sare ee ieee eater eens 137 Keystone: natiraleerolpsieeereneeetiee essen cess 133 FAAS. CO MMM ONES sone ete e hee fal eee ee aoe hs Ir3 Hattirdl woroOups ou Speciese. =. 4.6 swieee ses feito « 133 Specieswdescripiionmotea-uiece cae see aes cee Bee Lasete aier AL DORCUIMM seta s totaal oeewe iste eens saree otcleters 152 AtLOCOCCIM eres AACS e Se SSO Chee 150 CAeSpitOStim o.......- Saye Wi ecanere oats ett cis whee > T42 @anadense .2...0:-% SR AIS HEC SOO ORES 145 GORVIMDOSINAW, sore ahervin so sia Yexeveivusteieie are here, Hiahedoe 149 GEASSITOIt eee. RR RS a oe I5I 200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QOI. PAGE Naccinilim, species, ery tanimniimnh . ir.) ie ates yan cee ote ened) alee 152 CEVEMROCATE MOM wii cin tcetetote lene ction | senteteae 140 VaVSqS1E Ab ha0 Ws mea es Aas lagete ARS eh ene ete 146 MMACTOCALDO My icccsictns voce ceo cisco ener ane 138 IMIVESMAMTIOS. 500 ded bec c ec Piece slot crete eae I4l mmayatillOrdesy cee cyecn ar ste eevee atsced tee ater us 147 Mivertillus: oc Rce ind etatk: Salat elma t see 142 AUTOM as cus oe ne er ee ae 144 FOPUGICGR DU TD APE peA er Marana n bye peer erm iam aes er aati bs Peter 140 OValiOliiiM earns ars we ee ole ae Serato 147 CON NUANL) Fenrap cro ocecwRe OOOO Ald on 6.0 du OS 152 OsayiCOCCUS te et) eae ee ens cee RN eee rere 137 PAL VITO lity hae yes osGeeeeee Dene eee ener niet 139 era Siyil iver © Ura) eee ere eee ea 143 StAannitEtMn access ae seas cee ee Ee sete rae 153 TUTSUMOS UTI see ee Cone eas cone rat acne aa 151 VACA itis ree Shaheed see hae aaNet ean Wm pa ree - 141 WU SALUD sre Wen street eee 148 Wart Sareea ets yas, eaten Renee army eee aoe 138 use for ornamental planting............... T1Q WUSeSvobtlie tht ULE eae oe ces nee ete toe alee 116 Weel aincl @AP In@hy, AMAIKIEIS. co bboccubobcasconoosodacaso coerce 21 Wreatherobsenvationsys scrim ce nei ae ete Ue 189 Wingate lca arava! manclallliineSso onocce poo boo co ceadobuuouuoeocuece 30 (OB IWF ena chee Se par ee AHS Bete trons, ra eA GLE Auer eae ce 30 AVG ORG ISH IG neers ee ahem Pienemann Rare Ay me Sabres ar ON Rap tL Ia, 66