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TWENTY-THIRD> ANNUAL REPORT

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station

ORONO, MAINE.

1907

STATE OF MAINE
HOOS Tae

MEAUTIN Fy
AGRICULTURAL ‘EXPERIMENT STATION

ORONO,

PRESIDENT GEORGE E. FELLOWS
DIRECTOR CHARLES D. Woops
JOHN A. ROBERTS, Norway
CHARLES L. JONES, Corinna
*ALBERT J. DURGIN, Orono -
+SAMUEL W. GOULD, Skowhegan
AuGustTus W. GILMAN, Foxcroft
EUGENE H. Lipsy, Auburn
CHARLES S. PoprE, Manchester
RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop
JAMES M. BARTLETT

Lucius H. MERRILL

FREMONT L. RUSSELL .
{WELTON M. MUNSON

§GILBERT M. GOWELL .

EpitH M. PatcH

WARNER J. MORSE .-

|| RAYMOND PEARL

MAINE.

President
Secretary

}
| Committee of
f Board of Trustees

J

Commissioner of Agriculture
: - - State Grange
State Pomological Society

State Dairymen’s Association

Members
of the
Station Staff

—-—

Ce,

THE STATION STAFF.

CHARLES D. Woops
JAMES M. BARTLETT
Lucius H. MERRILL
HERMAN H. HANSON
ARTHUR C. WHITTIER :
JOANNA C. COLCORD . .
FREMONT L. RUSSELL .
TWELTON M. MUNSON .
§GILBERT M. GOWELL
WALTER ANDERSON
EpitH M. Patca
WARNER J. MORSE

|| RAYMOND PEARL
(FRANK M. SURFACE

|| REX C. GELLERSON
ROYDEN L. HAMMOND
ANNIE M. SNOW
BLANCHE F. POOLER
HENRY A. MILLETT

**R RANK D. STERRY

*Term expired April, 1907.
t+ Since June, 30, 1907.
t Resigned June 30, 1907.

§ Resigned December 31, 1907.

Director

;
Chemists
J

Veterinarian .
Pomologist

} Pont Investigations

Entomologist
Vegetable Pathologist

\ Biologists

. Inspector
Seed Ache and Photographer

Clerk and Stenographer to the Director

Stenographer
Meteor sogieal Observer and Janitor
Laboratory Assistant

|| Appointed July 1, 1907.
| Appointed August 1, 1907.
+* Appointed October 1, 1907.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

RO viitere MON ZtILC sO LALIONI: a capirenutordin Duisheie atire aid danaraula eis stea ye iia 4 wees
NIIENO TUT ESMONETON ES, Peer ese EE aR > ee eee
IADUS(LOIENCR IL TNO LSS, Se ai ie A SE re a GO AA
Sccumaspect(orme CM ulletinm@))) v2.8 eins fs nenins none sence see
OrchimemNoress, 1900" (BrulletinemgO)) 10.200 cance fe ms Jmecieeles
Kemilizemebuspection (Bulletin 140)))). 42.) -.2+2.s4sss9-2. oe eee
oparoms cami Bulletini TAT) eu ie. ccc gcse sina doles sroie ela alumens
Mecdimca Suite Mispection (Cbtlletin 142) least ante comes ase
_ Notes on the Seedling Apples of Maine (Bulletin 143) .........
Rouligyee x<perments, 1900 (Bulletin 144)" .0.....0:0-2.2.-0 0 -
Food Inspection—Maple Sugar and Sirup (Bulletin 145).... ....
Heqiiemeinspection «(Bulletin TAO)enm seo soe. seas ee ee
Miticseortonmiantwouse: (Bulletimer47))xseu-- eos ee oe cee
insect INOHES tor mG oy —\(CBiwlllenia TS) socososaccuanacbooddesuune
Porat Discses, mOe7/ (shulllleuin WAC) soboonscccnosneouancsunce.
Meteorclosay (COBuillenia 050) soncdcaocccndncocscudueuoucun uous
Report of the Treasurer (Bulletin 150) .................-..-..-
lhagess, noo x(Cleinullleanay 46) hoo coho aise cain cia cwle'a 0 He nom SeIse ace

ANNOUNCEMENTS.
|

THE AIM OF THE STATION.

Every citizen of Maine concerned in agriculture has the right
to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within
its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Council
that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit.

In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is prepared
to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy
products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and
creamery glassware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi
and insects, etc.; and to give information on agricultural matters
of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State.

All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public
benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use
of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station.
The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accommo-
dation. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses,
the results of which cannot be published, if they prove of general
interest.

CORRESPONDENCE.

As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are
received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain
unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com-
munications should, therefore, be addressed to the Director or to
the

Agricultural Experiment Station,
Orono, Maine.

The post-office, railroad station, freight, express and telegraph
address is Orono, Maine. Visitors to the Station can take the
electric cars at Bangor and Old Town.

The Station is connected by telephone.

HISTORICAL NOTES FOR 1907.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Experiment Station publishes during the year second bul-
letins which make up the annual report for the year. All bulle-
tins isuéed by the Station are sent to the names upon the official
mailing list prepared by the Office of Experiment Stations, to all
newspapers of Maine, to libraries and to agricultural exchanges.
Bulletins which have to do with general agriculture including
feedng stuff, fertilizer and seed inspection are sent to the gen-
eral maling list. Bulletins having to do with food and drug in-
spection are sent to a special list of all dealers in Maine. The
annual report is sent to directors and to libraries.

The Station prints miscellaneous publications which in the
case of newspaper bulletins are sent to the press of the State and
exchanges. The other publications are chiefly used in answer
to inquiries.

BULLETINS ISSUED DURING 1907.

Bulletin 138. Seed Inspection, 48 pages
Zz 139. Orchard Notes, 1906, IG) yagi
a 140. Fertilizer Inspection, TOs
Ed 141. Prevention of Potato Scab, sie) pags
» 142. Feeding Stuff Inspection, ZO

143. Notes on the Seedling Apples of Maine, 30

‘¢ 144. Poultry Experiments, ALAR aS
cf 145. Food Inspection, | TOles eis
= 146. Fertilizer Inspection, Bo Rpe
¥ 147. The Potato Plant Louse, Dileoms ee
a 148. Insect Notes for 1907, 2 ee
149. Potato Diseases, 1907, vt ea

“cc

150. Meteorology, Treasurer, Index, Toe csc

Vi

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS FOR 1907.
Newspaper notice of bulletins 135 and 136—one page.
List of bulletins published in 1903-1906—one page.
Newspaper notice of bulletin 138—one page.

Newspaper notice of bulletin 139—one page.

Circular relative to poultry breeding stock—one page.

Circular on poultry publications—one page.

Newspaper notice of bulletins 140—one page.

Newspaper notice of bulletin 141—one page.

Maine Food and Drug Regulations—12 pages.

Laws regulating the sale of food and drugs, feeding stuffs,
fertilizers, seeds and creamery glassware—2o pages.

The Farmer and the Seed Law—one page.

Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm—4 pages.

The Quality of Grass Seed—one page.

Newspaper notice of bulletin 142—one page.

Mailing list revision circular and card.

Newspaper notice bulletin 143—one page.

Newspaper notice of bulletin 144—one page.

2 Samples of foods and drugs for analysis—one page.

Sirup standards—one page.

Circular to handlers of cotton seed meal in car lots—1I page.
Written guaranty the dealers safeguard—one page.
Directions for sampling feeding stuffs—2 pages. -
Newspaper notice of bulletin 145—one page.

Labeling soda water and soda water sirups—one page.

. Notice to druggists—2 pages.

Newspaper notice of bulletin 146—one page.
Plum curculio—8 pages.

2 Swallow tail butterfly—4 pages.

Sphinx chersis—8 pages.

Fall web worm—2 pages.

Luna moth—4 pages.

Tiger moth—4 pages.

Bud moth—2 pages.

Polyphemus moth—4 pages.

Cherry tree ugly nest—2 pages.

Ilo moth—4 pages.

Newspaper notice of bulletin 147—one page.
Newspaper notice of bulletin 148—one page.

HISTORICAL NOTES. vit

CHANGES IN STATION COUNCIL.

The term of office of Hon. A. J. Durgin as Trustee of the
University of Maine expired in April, 1907. Hon. Samuel W.
Gould of Skowhegan, Trustee to the University was appointed
in June to be a member of the Station Council in Mr. Durgin’s
stead.

As noted below, Professor Munson resigned June 30 and
Professor Gowell resigned December 31 from the Experiment
station staff and from those dates they were no longer members
of the Station Council.

Dr. Raymond Pearl was made a member of the Council dating
from July 1, 1907.

CHANGES IN THE STATION STAFF.

Professor Welton M. Munson, Ph. D., resigned June 30 from
the Experiment Station as Pomologist to accept a somewhat
similar position at the West Virginia Experiment Station and
University. Dr. Munson had been connected with the Maine
Experiment Station since 1891 and had becomse closely identi-
fied with the horticultural interests and particularly the or-
charding of Maine.

Professor Gilbert M. Gowell resigned from the teaching force
of the University of Maine June 30, 1907, and from the Experi-
ment Station December 31, 1907. Prof. Gowell has long been
associated with the agriculture of the University and was one
of the first appointments to the Experiment Station staff, being
superintendent of field and feeding experiments to the Maine
Fertilizer Control and Agricultural Experiment Station which
was established in 1885. In the reorganization of the Station,
for quite a number of years, Prof. Gowell was connected entirely
with the University but in 1896 he became Agriculturist to the
Station. During the last ten years his work at the Station has
been largely along the lines of-poultry investigations, for which
work he is best and widely known. During the past three years,
Prof. Gowell has developed a very extensive and successful
poultry plant at Orono to which he now intends to devote his
- whole attention.

As stated last year, the Experiment Station Council had
decided to very materially develop breeding investigations at the

Vill MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Experiment Station and for this purpose established the Depart-
ment of Biology. This action went into actual effect by the ap-
pointment (July 1, 1907) of Raymond Pearl, Ph. D., University
of Michigan as Biologist, and (Aug. 1, 1907) Frank M. Sur-
face, Ph. D., University of Pennsylvania as associate biologist.
The immediate problems which are engaging the attention of the
biologists are the breeding of sweet corn and the study of the
fndamental principles which underlie animal breeding. The
large poultry plant of the Station is being utilized for this pur-
pose.
BUILDINGS.

The Station library had outgrown the shelf room in the direc-
tor’s office and the east room in the upper floor of the north
wing of the Station building was fitted up during the summer
of 1907 for the library. ‘This is the largest room in the Experi-
ment Station building and is of sufficient capacity to house the
library with its normal growth for a number of years.

The west room on the ground floor of the north wing was
fitted up during the summer for an office and laboratory for the
Biologists. es

A two-story wooden building 39 x 40 feet was erected in the
fall cf 1907 between poultry houses No. 2 and 3. Two-thirds
of the first floor is used for the storage of grain, for the heating
apparatus and for wash room for poultry appliances. The
remainder of the space—three rooms each approximately 10 x 13
have been fitted up for surgical laboratories to be used by the
Biologists in poultry investigations. These rooms are heated
by hot water, lighted by electricity and provided with hot and
cold water for washing; also they have the latest antiseptic
devices and are thoroughly equipped with apparatus for surgical
work in poultry. The upper floor is used for the storage of
poultry appliances.

BULLETIN No. 138.

SHGID) MIN SIE IEKCINUOIN,
Cuas. D. Woops, Director.
Roypen L. Hammonp, Analyst.

The Legislature of 1897 enacted a law regulating the sale
of agricultural seeds. This law was satisfactory as far as it
went, and resulted in an improvement in the character of the
‘ seed sold in the State. It did not provide for an inspection
and as time passed the moral effect of the law to some extent
and with some dealers grew less. To remedy this, the Legis-
lature of 1905 passed an additional section to the law, calling
for an inspection somewhat similar in requirements to that of
the laws regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers, foods
and feeding stuffs. The chief requirements of the law follow.
The full text of the law will be sent on application.

CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAW.

Kind of Seeds Coming Under the Law. The law applies to
every lot of seeds, containing one pound or more, of cereals,
grasses, forage plants, vegetable and garden plants, but does
not apply to sweet corn, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants.

The Guarantee. Every lot of seed sold, offered or exposed
for sale must be accompanied by a written or printed guarantee
of the percentage of purity. Dealers may base their guarantee
upon tests conducted by themselves, their agents, or by the
Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station; pro-
vided, that such tests shall be made under such conditions as
the said director may prescribe. The rules for testing the
purity of seeds are given in Bulletin 36, a copy of which will
be sent on application to the Station.

TESTING SEEDS AT HOME.
It is important to the user of seeds to know their percentage
of purity, what kind of weeds they carry, and their vitality.
A seed which carries foreign matter of any kind is correspond-

zZ MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

ingly lowered in value. Furthermore the weed seeds which
the seed contains may be pernicious. While it is not easy to
make an exact purity test, it is not difficult for a farmer to so
acquaint himself with the more common seeds that by the
help of an ordinary magnifying glass he will be able to tell
whether the seed in question contains any considerable amount
of impurities. If the seed is spread out upon a white plate,
a little practice will enable the farmer to see whether a given
seed is reasonably pure or not, and he will soon learn to detect
the more common foreign seeds.

It is much easier for the farmer to test the vitality of seed
than to make a purity examination. Bulletin 125 of this Sta-
tion contains simple directions for performing germination tests
at home without any special apparatus, by means of which the
farmer can learn for himself whether or not the seed he is
using has good vitality.

RESULZS OF THE INSPECTION:

As it was expected would be the case, it was found that only
a few dealers were conforming to the requirements of the law.
It was also found that much of the seed offered was of inferior
quality arid that in many instances it contained dangerous weed
seeds. No prosecutions have been made for the violations of
the law but all dealers whose names appear in the Maine Regis-
ter have been notified that illegal sales must cease. Further
violations of the law will be duly followed up.

The table on pages 3 and 4 summarizes the results of exam-
ination of samples of seeds examined by the Station in 1905.

The table on pages 5 to 46 contains the detailed analyses of
samples collected by the Station and those sent in by corre-
spondents. Some of the samples were sent by the dealers
and it does not necessarily mean that they were offered for
sale in Maine. In some instances tt 1s certain that when the
examination showed the seeds to be of low purity, they were
not brought into the State.

The table on pages 47 and 48 contains a list of the weeds
obtained from seeds here reported upon. They are arranged
alphabetically in accordance with the English name. As the
common name differs in different parts of the country, the
scientific name is given for the purpose of identification.

SEED INSPECTION,

2

Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in 1906.

Names of weeds.

Wumber of samples examined. .__

ANeoeMOR A “yyallkel iyhayR See ee
American pennyroyal ------_----___-
Arrow-leaved tear thumb--_--------
Borage family
Bee plant
LBS RETE CIO GIR Ve ea ae ae
iSO DATA —e es ee
IBGE TAI IEG! ae a
BS aGlkaeme dikes se ae ie See
iBikyelolers. kai s—e E s
IBiPReKeC) jolAa tba ee ee
IRON (AIG See Se ee
Blue vervain
Blue weed
IBGE Om: OS Deas See
Canndiane blueerasgn 22s. ee
Chinactifia Wansiie a2 5 se ee
Careless weed
Catnip

Charlock
Chicory
Common chickweed
Commonkpurslane: 2222 eee
(Coin? COCKE EE ee a
Cornero miwelile t= eis oe See ee
Wore aMayAWwiee Gis
(COAL STORIE ee ee ee
Crab grass
(CORTON ZS) eyrT DSA AS al
Dandelion
TEN ONGUG USS 5 ac eee
LOMAS, IP VE ea Se ee
Ergot (spore clusters)
Hyening primrose
False flax
Mieldimpenpensrrassss 2 shes eee
IMIGIG! Soo moon ci
PHEW S Ope ee Bn Se a eee
LEMIRE ITE Ei TS a
LAV Nay See) che SE Sat ig ee
Golden rod
GOOSEEOO typ see ses eee eS
(Gineerh, Titope yh ee eee a ees

GAY CiBIOk tGCt Ree ee

Hard fescue
Heal-all
Hedge mustard
HIGHS KOUIAG! Sk ee ee
Knot grass __--

Lady’s thumb __-
Low amaranth
Marsh elder
May weed

Kinds of seed and number
of samples. :

Red clover.

Ss.

2 5 20

ma (oD) °
ois I ie S Bil |=

. (3) oO (o) fo) °
e - Ps) so)
Oh She 2 , 3
By a She aS se m | ®
Sl bee Leak ens 2
OS | SB Bl ce ee)
a bel 2 | Se be le eee
@lalSi/B\2/518)18] 8
Se a Se Oulpta |e Mi |

|

45/21] 8|69| 1|25| 1] 3] 1
Pr ede lea wl Abe gem fea [eo
Pad aan Del ori We SG Cela ee eG
SESS ec eae |e fl | Ce
aT (ee a eo fa STE ail ania
S200 210 lero ern Meee he evn | net eee
PEP Epa een ee
13 iL fie (a Eo | Bian eae
Lasley TC Fe |S
Rog eee 8 Cy Se a ae cea ae
Gl) ait SSeS ESP er gel heer
peel ese | aA PN fe a a atic ieee
pe ee Dy ene FSP ese | ee eee a |

4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in 1906.

Kinds of seed and number
of samples.

Names of weeds.

Kkentucky bluegrass.

Mammecth clover.
Crimson clover.
Wood meadow.

Red clover.
Alsike clover.
White clover.
Timecthy.
Alfalfa.
tungarian.

Meadow fescue ----.---.-_-_..-___.--
Menzie’s pepper grass__-____ es
Wormer seb? Do

Niwa wale +=

Mouse-ear chickweed ----_- =
Night-flowering ecatehfly ___________
Orange shawikenwee Geena Lee
Ox*eyendaisy, ee Se ae eee
Pale pErsicari ae ae me
IRennyaCres Sas === = ee Pie
(REN Permerassc tei ae ee ee eee
Pig weed cies Se oe es ee
Plan tained. ss Oa ea eee See
IROVEREYAhWee Cie =a ee ee
IPrickleyslettice ese een ee
Eri Ck @yin ODD Va
RACV OC Cl en See ae ee Se
RID STASS eaten neal ek dies eee
INES jNeNB Wh Lape
SHEP EARS Mp UTS Cee ee een
Sheep sonnel eee ee
SlenideraCraperas ss
Sedgeiktamilys)==s ee eee ee
Slender: fescue: 52ers eee
Smartweed2 f= ae
Spring-leaved sow thistle_-----_---_~
SoOmw-sthistle: sss Seer en
SDUESC) Seca. pare Se Be ete ee ee
Stringine netile ee
SUCHIN Sar C] Ov. Cy eee
SiwitcGhesorassia sae peels
SPCarmin th === eS ee
FRamweed ts ss= shies. Se RSE
Tumbleweed

White vervain
Wildibuckwihteates == see
Willdelettweer a2 kets eee ee
AWA let ahh cont dee Se a ee
WiloOwehetb 28S ee
WALCO SS ras sit eee eee
IWOEIMSECCE EMIS Car Ce ee
SYA OW ier een a ees eee ame eee eR
SVeTO Wan DS yao ee ee ee
Yelloweroxtail = eee eee
Yellow swood!sorrel === ee
Mellow: LOCKketi=s = ose ee

SEED INSPECTION. 5

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

. 5
of : ne f
3.2 Source of Sample, and Character. Kind Ae Lo Bu
gs and Number of Foreign Seeds in one aus) me ue
Ce) Pound.; 539 ee los
Na un Sie a0

ALSIKE CLOVER. (Trifolium hybridum.) Perect. Perct. Per ct.
666 Belfast Grain Co., Belfast, April 12, 1906... 87.6 1.2 11.2

Harmless,—Timothy, 66,800; white clover,

37,200; red clover, 1,200; Kentucky blue

grass, 100; redtop, 100; Noxious,—Sheep

sorrel, 5,400; black medick, 2,100; mouse-

ear chickweed, 8,000; night-flowering H

catchfly, 1,600; plantain, 700; bitter dock,

600, pepper grass, 400; hedge mustard,

300; shepherd’s purse, 300; mayweed, 200;

sedge sp., 100; five finger, 100; evening

primrose, 100; ribgrass, Canada _ thistle,

witch grass, catnip.

694 A. M, Brown, Augusta, April 21, 1906...... 84.7 Qed iB}

Harmless,—Timothy, 8.3 per cent of whole;
white clover, 16,200; red clover, 5,100;
redtop, 1,200; Canadian blue grass, 6,000;
suckling clover, 300. WNoxious,—Sheep
sorrel, 5,600; night-flowering catchfly,
3,500; black medick, 1,400; rugel’s plan-
tain, 1,700; hedge mustard, 1,000; five
finger, 900; mouse-ear chickweed, 700; ox-
eye daisy, 400; evening primrose, 300;
bitter dock, 300; goose foot, 300; shep-
herd’s purse, 200; slender crabgrass, 100;
American wild mint, mentha canadensis,
100; heal-all, 100; lady’s thumb, 100;
green foxtail, 100; field pepper grass, 100;
ergot, 100; ribgrass, 100; Canada thistle,
100; mayweed, pepper grass, dandelion,
pigweed, moth mullein, sow thistle.

616 EF. J. Carsley, Dexter, April 9, 1906........ 80.7 DA 16.9
Harmiess,—Timothy, 12.3 per cent of whole.
Redtop, 12,200; red clover, 2,700; alfalfa,
300. MNoxious,—Sheep sorrel, 20,100; plan-
tain, 2,900; night-flowering catchfly, 2,200;
common chickweed, 1,200; mayweed, 900;
five finger, 900; goosefoot, 800; green fox-
tail, 700; dock sp., 600; stringing nettle,
500; pepper grass, 300; witch grass, 300;
slender crabgrass, 200; ribgrass, 100; cat-
nip, 100; evening primrose, 100; bull this-
tle, 100; wormseed mustard, 500; hedge
mustard, 1,000; ox-eye daisy, tumble weed.

700 ©. M. Conant Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906.... 98.3 sit 1.0
Harmiless,—Timothy, 3,600; white clover,
3,000; red clover, 800. Noxious,—Sheep
sorrel, 200; mayweed, 100; bitter dock,
100; green foxtail, goosefoot, witch grass,
crabgrass.

708 R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906, 84.5 abs 14.0
Harmiless,—Timothy. 7 per cent of whole;
white clover, 44,600; red clover, 3,300;
suckling clover, 300; Kentucky blue grass,
200. Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 14,100; night-
flowering catchfly, 600; rugel’s plantain,
400; black medick, 300; mouse-ear chick-
weed, 300; mayweed, 200; green foxtail,
200; common chickweed, 200; five finger,
200; goosefoot, 200; pepper grass, 100;

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

6

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

1907.

Sample
number.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.+

Koreign
seeds.

631

553

ALSIKE—Continued.
Canada thistle, 100; bitter dock, 100;
witch grass, 100; hedge mustard, 100;
pigweed, shepherd’s purse, sedge sp., rib-
grass, yellow wood sorrel.

R. B. Dunning Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906..

Harmiess,—Timothy, 6,200; white clover,
5,900; red clover, 800. Noxious,—Black
medick, 1,200; bitter dock, 300; sheep sor-
rel, 200; green foxtail, 100; pigweed, 100;
rugel’s plantain, 100; hedge mustard, 100;
goosefoot, lady’s thumb.

G. A. Dustin Co., Dexter, April 9, 1906......

Harmless,—Timothy, 50,900; white clover,
23,200; red clover, 2,100; Kentucky blue
grass, 400. Noxious,—Black medick, 1,800;
sheep sorrel, 5,100; night-flowering catch-
fly, 2,300; hedge mustard, 1,000 wormseed
mustard, 300; Canada thistle, 100; bitter
dock, ribgrass, green foxtail, goosefoot,
pigweed, Borage family, amsinckia inter-
media.

Ben D. Field, Belfast, April 12,°1906.......

Harmiless,—Timothy, 8.1 per cent of whole;
white clover, 10,600; red clover, 5,900;
Kentucky blue grass, 3,700; redtop, 2,000;
suckling clover, 300. WNoxious,—Plantain,
2,200; sheep sorrel, 2,700; black medick,
2,100; night-flowering catchfly, 900; hedge
mustard, 900; bitter dock, 800; five finger,
700; goosefoot, 500; witch grass, 300;
sedge sp., 200; mouse-ear chickweed, 400;
mayweed, 200; Canada thistle, 100; slen-
der crabgrass, 100; ribgrass, 100; pepper
grass, 100; green foxtail, ox-eye daisy,
heal-all, blue vervain, evening primrose,
dandelion.

INS dale lors (Cop, Ialowulicoya, JNoreill Ye a4 6 6 oi

Harmiless,—Timothy, 48,800; alfalfa, 1,000;
red clover, 200; redtop, 100. Noxious,—
Night-flowering catchfly, 1,200; common
chickweed, 900; Sheep sorrel, 800: dock
sp., 400; goosefoot, 300; plantain, 200;
stringing nettle, 100; green foxtail 100;
pepper grass, 100; hedge mustard, witch
grass, bull thistle.

A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton, April 2, 1906......

Harmiless;—Timothy, 20,300; red clover; al-
falta. Nozious,—Night-flowering catchfly,
900; pepper grass, heal-all, sheep sorrel,
mayweed, hedge mustard.

718* G. H. Freeman Co., Presque Isle. Apr. 26, ’06,

* Sample sent by dealer.

Harmiless,—Timothy, 16,000; red clover, 600;
alfalfa, 500; redtop. Noxious,—Night-
flowering catchfly, 1,300; sheep sorrel,
200; hedge mustard, 100; goosefoot, bull
thistle.

90.

ile

See statement on page 2.

i)

i)
Ol

Per ct.

1.8

abate)

4.9

bo
i)

2.0

y No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION. 7

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.

Sample
number
Pure
seed.
Horeign
seeds.

ALSIKE—Continued. . Perct. Perct. Per ct.
718* G. H. Freeman Co., Presque Isle, Apr. 26, ’06, 82.1 Mats) 16.4
Harmless,—Timothy, 83,700; white clover,
67,200; red clover, 1,800; alfalfa, 1,000;
redtop, 400. Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 10,-
300; night-flowering catchfly, 800; rugel’s
plantain, 700; hedge mustard, 600; com-
mon chickweed, 600; goosefoot, 400; shep-
herd’s purse, 400; pepper grass, 200;
stringing nettle, 200; mayweed, 200;
green foxtail, 200; ribgrass, 100; tumble-
weed, bull thistle, dock sp., five finger,
witch grass.

592 French & Hlliott, Guilford, April 7, 1906.... 62.1

Harmiless,—Timothy, 85,400; white clover,
42,800; red clover, 10,600; alfalfa, 5,900;
redtop, 6,800; Kentucky blue grass, 2,800.
Noxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 44,800; sheep
sorrel, 78,900; night-flowering catchfly,
7,800; sShepherd’s purse, 12,200; pepper
grass, 6,800; ribgrass, 5,100; mouse-ear
chickweed, 7,700; five finger, 5,100; com-
positae sp., 4,000; goosefoot, 3,300; may-
weed, 2,400; corn mayweed, matricaria
inodora, 1,300; dock sp., 1,600; green fox-
tail, 1,100; heal-all, 500; common chick-
weed, 400; Canada thistle, 400; evening
primrose, 300; ergot, 300; corn spurry,
300; yarrow, 300; hedge mustard, 400;
tumbleweed, 100; blue vervain, 100; penny
eress, 200; crane’s bill, 200; sedge sp.,
100; American wild mint, 100; slender
erabgrass, 200; sow thistle, 200; knot
grass, 100; mustard black, 200; ox-eye
daisy, crabgrass, hairy stick seed, yellow
wood sorrel. ;

ot
~l
oo
bo
tb

630 H. E. Gilley, Bucksport, April 13, 1906..... 73.8 4.1 22.0

Haxrmiess,—White clover, 8.1 per cent of
whole; timothy, 5.7 per cent of whole;
red clover, 5,400; redtop, 5,400; Kentucky
blue grass, 2,200. Noxious,—Plantain, 17,-
400; shepherd’s purse, 3,500; pepper grass,
2,300; five finger, 1,400; mayweed, 1,100;
night-flowering catchfly, 1,100; goosefoot,
600; witch grass, 500; hedge mustard, 200:
black medick, 200; mouse-ear chickweed,
100; slender crabgrass, 100; bitter dock,
100; green foxtail, pigweed, Canada this-
tle, ribgrass, blue vervain, yellow wood
sorrel, heal-all, dandelion, lady’s thumb,
erane’s bill.

609 A. W. Gilman, Foxcroft, April 7, 1907...... 84.1 a6 14.
Harmless,—Timothy, 9.3 per cent of whole:
White clover, 26,700; red clover, 4,900:
alfalfa, 2,100; redtop, 3,200; Kentucky
blue grass, $00. Woxious,—Mouse-ear
chickweed, 38,200; Sheep sorrel, 2,100;
plantain, 1,700; dock sp., 800; five finger,
700; goosefoot, 600; hedge mustard, 600;
pepper grass, 500; sedge sp., 400; shep-
herd’s purse, 300; mayweed, 200; night-

(ve)

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

‘

8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

oH RS 5
ee Source of Sample, and Character, Kind 5 ow ee
g¢ and Number of Foreign Seeds in one me! ae Pa
as Pound.; = ad Lo
ns Ln ae xn
ALSIKE—Continued. . Perct. Per ct. Per ct.
flowering catchfly, 100; witch grass, 100;
common chickweed, ribgrass, green fox-
tail, catnip, tumble weed.
559 Jas. H. Glenn, Caribou, April 4, 1906....... 939 1.0 Drews
Harmless,—Timothy, 25,500; white clover,
19,400; alfalfa, 2,200; red clover, 900; red-
top, 100. Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 700;
night-flowering catchfly, 600; rugel’s plan-
tain, 400; witch grass, 100; mayweed,
100; pepper grass, 100; sedge sp., 100;
hedge mustard, 100; five finger, pigweed,
goosefoot, ribgrass, dock sp., green fox-
tail.
732*H. N. Goodnue, Fort Fairfield, May 4, 1906, Ba} oT 4 5.9
Harmless,—Timothy, 14,600; white clover,
22,900; red clover, 2,000; alfalfa, 600.
Noxious,—Night-flowering catchfly, 4,900;
sheep sorrel, 200; green foxtail, 200;
green foxtail, 100; mayweed, 100; goose-
foot, 100; common chickweed, 100; dock
sp., Canada thistle, pigweed. Rie
737* H. N. Goodhue, Fort Fairfield, May 4, 1906, 97.0 .6 2.4
Harmiless,— White clover, 14,900; timothy,
4,200; red clover, 1,000; alfalfa. WNox--
ious,—Sheep sorrel, 300; deck sp., 200;
night-flowering catchfly, 200; goosefoot,
100; rugels plantain.
GAG di. 1D; EGieany, Comlinna, Ajoreilll IO), UOOS > 566040500 83.7 2.0 14.3

Harmiless,—Timothy, 81,300; white clover,
54,500; red clover, 3,800; redtop, 2,100;
Kentucky bluegrass, 2,100. WNoxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 6,800; mouse-ear chickweed,
2,300; plantain, 1,900; black medick, 1,000;
night-flowering catchfly, 1,0v0; pepper
grass, 800; sedge sp., 400; witch grass,
300; shepherd’s purse, 300; goosefoot, 200;
five finger, 200; mayweed, 200; hedge mus-
tard, 200; lady’s thumb, 100; slender crab-
grass, 100; pigweed, 100; bitter dock, 100;
green foxtail, ribgrass, common chick-
weed, catnip, Canada thistle, ergot, heal-
all, penny cress.

687 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, April 21, 1906,
Harniless,—Timothy, 18,700; white clover,
18,900; red clover, 1,000. Noxious,—Night-
flowering catchfly, 1,300; black medick,
1,700; sheep sorrel, 1,400; goosefoot, 300;
hedge mustard, 200; catnip, 100; common
chickweed, 100; bitter dock, mayweed, ox-
eye daisy, Canada thistle, green foxtail,
pepper grass.

is)
—
-l
ON

4.8

539 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Feb. 28, 1906.. 87.6 1.4 11.00
Harmiess,—Timothy, 100,100; poa sp., 6,300.
Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 17,200; menzies
pepper grass, 900; common chickweed,
1,200: compositae, 500; plantain, 9,100;
Canada thistle, 100; American pennyroyal,

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7; No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION. 9

Analysis of seeds. 19006.

@H t of =]
So Source of Sample, and Character, Kind x po Bui
sits] and Number of Foreign Seeds in one>* Ho a 2 HD
Cis} Pound.; So Sic Lo
ne un He qn
ALSIKE—Continued. Pencil cl Clam iaelct,

100; five finger, 1,200; witch grass, 100;
careless weed, 100; goosefoot, 100; cruci-
ferae, 100; bitter dock, 300.

636 Ireland Bros., Corinna, April 10, 1906...... 83.9 29) 1) 5%

Harmiless,—Timothy, 10.6 per cent of whole;
white clover, 22,100; red clover, 4,400; red-
top, 3,600. Noxious,—Black medick, 1,500;
mouse-ear chickweed, 3,200; sheep sorrel,
3,000; plantain, 3,000; night-flowering
catchfly, 1,800; five finger, 1,100; werm-
seed mustard, 600; sedge sp., 600; bitter
dock, 400; hedge mustard, 400; pepper
grass, 400; goosefoot, 400; shepherd’s,
purse, 300; mayweed, 100; common chick-
weed, 100; ribgrass, green foxtail, Canada
thistle, tumbleweed, ox-eye daisy.

652 Judkins & Gilman, Newport, April 10, 1906, jal .8 8.0

Harmless,—Timothy, 23,700; white clover,
13,300; red clover, 2,000; redtop, 300;
Canadian blue grass, 300. MNoxious,—
Black medick, 10,800; sheep sorrel, 5,300;
night-flowering, catchfly, 1,400; bitter
dock, 300; hedge mustard, 300; catnip.
100; pepper grass, 100; common chick-
weed, 100; Canada thistle, 100; goose-
foot, 100; mayweed, 100; green foxtail,
Lappula texana, hairy stick seed, witch
grass, ribgrass, heal-all, mouse-ear chick- -
weed, lady’s thumb.

525 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 94.4 .8 4.8
Harmiess,—Timothy, 46,100. Noxious,—
Canada thistle, 100; common chickweed,
1,800; sheep sorrel, 2,000; menzie’s pepper
grass, 300; American pennyroyal, 100.

622 €. PB. McCrellis, Dexter, April 9, 1906...... 81.9 19 16.2

Harmiess,—Timothy, 88,500; white clover,
.66,600; red clover, 4,400; alfalfa, 800;
Kentucky blue grass, 2,800; redtop, 400.
Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 6,500; mouse-ear
chickweed, 2,900; rugel’s plantain, 1,700;
pepper grass, 1,200; night-flowering catch-
fly, 700; five finger, 400; bitter dock, 300;
pigweed, 300; hedge mustard, 200; may-
weed, 200; sedge sp., 100; smart weed,
100; shepherd’s purse, 100; witch grass,
ribgrass, Canada thistle, goosefoot, com-
mon chickweed, green foxtail, heal-all,
yellow wood sorrel, catnip, blue vervain,
crabgrass, rye grass.

614 A. J. McNaughton, Foxcroft, April 9, 1906.. 84.7 asad 113} 58)
Harmless,—Timothy, 76,200; white clover,
60,200; red clover, 3,209; alfalfa, 400;
Kentucky blue grass, 800; redtop, 200.
Woxious,—Sheep sorrel, 4,900; night-
flowering catchfly, 1,200; mouse-ear chick-
weed, 700; plantain, 600; pepper grass,
500; five finger, 400; egoosefoot, 400;

7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

Io MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

oe a is)
AS Source of Sample, and Character, Kind ae po ae
gg and Number of Foreign Seeds in one Ko} BD BD
as Pound.y =§ eS Lo
ns yn og yn
ALSIKE—Continued. Per ct. Per ct. - Per et.

hedge mustard, 200; shepherd’s purse,
200; ribgrass, 100; Canada thistle, 100;
green foxtail, 100; mayweed, 100; bitter
dock, common chickweed, sedge sp., heal-
all, witch grass, slender crabgrass, pig-
weed, ox-eye daisy, evening primrose.

729* M. P. Moore, No. Anson, May 4, 1906...... 86.2 outs 12.1
Harmless,—White clover, 67,100; timothy,
39,300; red clover, 2,300; redtop, 100.
Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 3,600; rugel’s
plantain, 800; dock sp., 300; night-flower-
ing catchfly, 290: pepper grass, 200; witch
grass, 100; slender crabgrass, 100; goose-
foot, 100; ribgrass, 100; mayweed, green
foxtail, five finger.

(Nosy IDA ABE Woes Whoblinte, Yeyoraul Wily WOOGs saccouc 90.0 il, a 8.9
Harmiess,—Timothy, 81,800; white clover,
21,400; red clover, 300; Kentucky blue
grass, 600. Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 900;
mouse-ear chickweed, 1,200; bitter dock,
500; five finger, 400; Canada thistle, 200;
witch grass, 100; night-flowering catchfly,
plantain, pepper grass, pigweed, common
chickweed, evening primrose, goosefoot,
hedge mustard, moth mullein, sedge sp.,

dandelion.
594 Sanders Bros. & Co., Sangerville, April 7,
LUGO, G i> crap ane tse tek ducr suse cchseet aes anoa coat emedeuedemoaae eemaltoes 87.4 1.4 11.2
Harmiess,—Timothy, 77,500; white clover, >

35,000; red clover, 2,600; alfalfa, 500;
Kentucky blue grass, 900. MNoxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 4,600; mouse-ear chickweed,
1,200; rugel’s plantain, 800; night-flower-
ing catchfly, 700; hedge mustard, 500;
pepper grass, 500; goosefoot, 400; shep-
herd’s purse, 300; dock, sp., 300; sedge
sp.,, 200; lady’s thumb, 100; five finger,
100; common chickweed, 100; dandelion,
100; witeh grass, ribgrass, mayweed,
evening primrose, Canada thistle, tumble-
weed, - green foxtail, heal-all, slender
eraberass.
603 Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 7, 1906..... 82.6 We 15.9

Harmiess,—Timothy, 9.7 per cent of whole;
white clover, 28,500; red clover, 7,500;
alfalfa, 2,200; redtop, 4,800; Kentucky
blue grass, 200. Noxious,— Mouse-ear
chickweed,y 4,300; plantain, 3,500; sheep
sorrel, 4,600; pepper grass, 1,400; dock sp.,
1,100; night-flowering ecatchfly, 1,100;
sedge sp., 700; hedge mustard, 700; worm-
seed mustard, 700; five finger, 500; witch
grass, 300;. goosefoot, 300; shepherd’s
purse, 300; ribgrass, 200; catnip, 200;
green foxtail, 200; common chickweed,
100; mayweed, 100; yellow _rocket, 300;
heal-all, Canada thistle, lady’s thumb,
pigweed.

* Not an official sample.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION. II

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

of os =
AS Source of Sample, and Character, Kind a po Bu
gg and Number of Foreign: Seeds in one BS Ba mS
an Pound.+ 35 ae Lo
nea : yn 45 34un
ALSIKE—Continued. Perici berict. sherict.
642 EF. B. Shaw, Corinna, April 10, 1906......... 90.1 2.0 7.3

Harmiess,—Timothy, 48,400; white clover,
grass, 500. Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 2,700;
bitter dock, 600; rugel’s plantain, 400;
black medick, 400; mouse-ear chickweed,
300; five finger, 200; sedge sp., 100; pig-
weed, 100; witch grass, 100; pepper grass,
night-flowering catchfly, mayweed, rib-
grass, worm-seed mustard, blue vervain.

625 S. L. Small, Dexter, April 9, 1906.......... 80.5 1.4 aU yea f

Harmless,—Timothy, 11 per cent of whole;
white clover, 20,900; red elover, 4,700;
Kentucky blue grass, 6,800; redtop, 3,500;
suckling clover, 400; alfalfa, 300. Nox-
ious,—Sheep sorrel, 20,900; night-flower-
ing catchfly, 2,700; goosefoot, 2,200;
rugel’s plantain, 2,700; mouse-ear chick-
weed, 1,200; five finger, 900; worm-seed
mustard, 900; hedge mustard, 600; pepper
grass, 600; bitter dock, 600; green foxtail,
500; mayweed, 500; witch grass, 400;
sedge sp., 300; ox-eye daisy, 100; ribgrass,
100; ergot, 100; catnip, 100; lady’s thumb,
100; evening primrose, 100; blue vervain,
Canada thistle, dandelion, slender crab-
grass, sow thistle, yellow- wood sorrel,
pigweed.

556 A. M. Smith, Presque Isle, April 4, 1906.... 5 8) Ail 4.0
Harmiess,—Timothy, 15,200; white clover,
13,100; alfalfa, 1,700; red clover, 800;
redtop, 100. Woxious,—Night-flowering
eatchfly, 2,300; sheep sorrel, 600: ribgrass,
200; hedge mustard, 100; goosefoot, com-
mon chickweed, Canada thistle, pepper
grass,

576 A. M. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906.... Situ aly 14.8

Harmiess,—Timothy, 87,400; white clover,
51,000; red clover, 2,400; alfalfa, 1,500;
redtop, 1,100. Noxious,—Sheep _ sorrel,
9,400; rugel’s plantain, 1,400; night-flower-
ing catchfly, 1,300; hedge mustard 700;
goosefoot, 600; mouse-ear chickweed, 600;
sedge sp., 500;. five finger, 200; Canada
thistle, 100; slender crabgrass, 100; vel-
low wood sorrel, 100; heal-all, 100; witch
grass, 100; shepherd’s purse, 100; dock sp.,
100; pigweed, 100; pepper grass, ribgrass,
mayweed, green foxtail, ox-eye daisy.

574 A. M. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906.... 95.9 at 4.0
Harmiess,—Timothy, 15,200; white clover,
15,000; alfalfa, 2,100; red clover, 600, red-
top. Noxious,—Night-flowering catchfiy,
1,100; sheep sorrel, 200; ribgrass, 100;
goosefoot, 100; hedge mustard, 100; Can-
ada thistle, pepper grass, dock sp., mouse-
ear chickweed, green foxtail, ox-eye daisy.

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

12 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

oH
a5 Source of Sample, and Character. Kind
Es and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
ee Pound.;

Pure
seed
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

ALSIKE—Continued. Perct. Perct. Per ct.
568 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906..... 93.9 8 5.3
Harmiless,—Timothy, 26,000; white clover,
16,100; red clover, 2,000; alfalfa, 2,400;
redtop, 200. Noxious,—Night-flowering
catchfly, 1,000; sheep sorrel, 400; mouse-
ear chickweed, 200; rugel’s plantain, 200;
ribgrass, 100; pepper grass, 100; witch
grass, 100; green foxtail, 100; hedge mus-
tard, 100; penny cress, 100; dock sp.,
goosefoot, five finger.

067 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906.... 96.9 583 2.8
Harmiless,—Timothy, 16,500; white clover,
5,800; alfalfa, 1,000; red clover, 900.
Woxious,—Night-flowering catchfly, 700;
tumble weed, 200; goosefoot, 100; sheep
sorrel, 100; dock sp., pepper grass, hedge
mustard.

546*Soule Bros., Buxton, April 7, 1906.......... 89.5 2.0 8.5

HMarmless,—Timothy, 89,400; redtop, 5,000;
red clover, 1,100; alfalfa, 800. Noxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 2,000; plantain, 2,500; worm-
seed mustard, 400; slender crabgrass,
100; dock sp., 200; common chickweed,
600; goosefoot, 200; five finger, 300; night-
flowering catchfly, 300; pepper grass, 100;
mayweed, 100; witch grass, 200; Canada
thistle, 200; evening primrose, 100; ox-eye
daisy, 100; ribgrass, 100; green foxtail,
100; stringing nettle, tumbleweed, catnip,
black nightshade.

658 Swan & Sibley, Belfast, April 12, 1906..... 87.7 53 12.0
HMarmiess,—Timothy, 50,400; white clover,
61,700; red clover, 1,600; Kentucky blue
grass, 1,000; redtop, 300. Noxious,— -
Sheep sorrel, 3,200; black medick, 800;
night-flowering catchfly, 400; goosefoot,
300; witch grass, 300; hedge mustard, 200;
plantain, 200; sedge sp., 200; pigweed, 200;
five finger, 200; shepherd’s purse, 100;
mouse-ear chickweed, 100; pepper-grass,
100; green foxtail, evening primrose,
common chickweed, yellow daisy, ox-eye
daisy, heal-all, slender crabgrass, bitter
dock, mayweed.

767*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906.. 99.1 583 6
Earmiess,—White clover, 2,900; timothy,
1,500; red clover, 600; Kentucky blue
grass, 200; redtop, 100. MNoxious,—Sheep
sorrel, 200; five finger, 100; night-flower-
ing catchfly, witch grass, pigweed, rugel’s
plantain.

766*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906.. 88.8 5 9.7
Harmless,—Timothy, 56,800; white clover,
24,700; red clover, 4,900; redtop, 300,
Noxious,—Canadian blue grass, 1,800;
sheep sorrel, 7,200; plantain. 1,6v0; five

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.;

Sample
number.

ALSIKE—Continued.
finger, 1,300; night-flowering catchfly,
900; pepper grass, 600; goosefoot, 500;
sedge sp., 400; mayweed, 300; witch grass,
300; bitter dock, 300; charlock, 200; pig-
weed, 100; evening primrose.

765*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..

Harmless,—White clover, 12,400; timothy,

8,900; red clover, 700; Kentucky blue

grass, 200, redtop. Noxious,—Sheep sor-

rel, 700; pepper grass, 100; night-flower-

ing. catchfly, bitter dock, five finger, rib-
grass, plantain. ir:

764*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..
Harmiess,— White clover, 44,800; timothy,
28,600; red clover, 700; redtop, 400.
Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 3,300; night-
flowering catchfly, 600; bitter dock, 200;
goosefoot, 200; English rye grass, green
foxtail, witch grass, rugel’s plantain.

755* BH. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906.....
Harmiess,—White clover, 4,200; timothy,
3,300; red clover, 900, redtop. Noxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 100; goosefoot, 100; five
finger, 100; dock sp., night-flowering
ecatchfly, pepper grass.

754*H. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906......

Harmiess,—Timothy, 42,200; white clover,

20,800; red clover, 1,100; redtop, 200;

alfalfa, 100. Woxious,—Sheep __ sorrel,

4,000; rugel’s plantain, 200; night-flower-

ing catchfly, 200; dock sp., 100; goosefoot,

five finger, Canada thistle, catnip, tumble
weed, witch grass, yellow wood sorrel.

CRIMSON CLOVER.
(Trifolium incarnatum.)
527 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906.
Harmiless,—None. Noxious,—Sheep _ sorrel,
100; common chickweed, blueweed.

MAMMOTH CLOVER.

(Trifolium pratense perenne.)
(sil 12 di, Cenesiley, iDecieie, UNiorill G5 UNO0Gssocecac
Harmiless,—Timothy, 6,800; alsike clover,
6,800; alfalfa, 400. Noxious,—Dock sp.,
2,300; sheep’ sorrel, 1,200; green foxtail,
1,100; ribgrass, 1,100; field pepper grass,
700; rugel’s plantain, 400; goosefoot, 200;
night-flowering eatchfly, 200; lady’s
thumb, 200; heal-all, 100; tumble weed,
100; black medick, 100; knot grass, 100;
slender crabgrass, 100; bull thistle, may-

weed, blue vervain, witch grass.

SEED INSPECTION. 13
Analysis of seeds. 1906.
Be pee ibae
Se Gea ae
=) oO
i) Sir a
Perct. Perct. Perct.
97.0 7 2.3
90.3 1.0 8.7
98.7 12 ‘thal
93.5 8 5.7
99.7 al 2
94.8 1.4 3.8
97.9 ties .8

701 C. M. Conant & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906..
Harmless,—Timothy, 1,200; white clover,
600; alsike clover, 500. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 700; lady’s thumb, 3:00;. spurge,

300; ribgrass, 100; crabgrass, 100; slender

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2. :
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

14

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Sample
number,

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.

HOG
2 U}
2d Pee) Xs}
50 VR ov
® S| Lo
402 a qn

MAMMOTH CLOVER—Continued.
crabgrass, 100; tumble weed, 100; may-
weed, 100; night-flowering catchfly, 100;
bitter dock, 100; rugel’s plantain, witch
grass, Sheep sorrel, heal-all, catnip, goose-
foot, blue vervain. (Virginia three seeded
mercury, 200.)

703 R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906,

HMarmiess,—Alsike clover, 10,100; timothy,
4,000; white clover, 2,900. Noxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 400; bitter dock, 300; rugel’s
plantain, 200; green foxtail, 200; catnip,
100; evening primrose, 100; ribgrass, 100;
dandelion, 100; heal-all, mayweed, Canada
thistle, night-flowering catchfly, lady’s
thumb, slender crabgrass, pepper grass,
pigweed, spurge.

629 G. A. Dustin Co., Dexter, April 9, 1906.....

HEarmiess,—Timothy, 18,800; alsike clover,
16,800; white clover, 10,100. Noxious,—
Green foxtail, 4,800; rugel’s plantain,
2,000; bitter dock, 600; witch grass, 600;
sheep sorrel, 400; ribgrass, 300; slender
crabgrass, 800; yellow foxtail, 200; night-
flowering catchfly, 200; goosefoot, 100;
mayweed, 100; spurge, 100; lady’s thumb,

crabgrass, hedge mustard, pigweed,

bracted plantain, Canada thistle.

551 A. H. Hoge Co., Houlton, April 2, 1906......

Harmiess,—Timothy, 5,700; alsike clover,
3,500; white clover, 2,800. MNoxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 900; rugel’s plantain, 800;
witch grass, 600; green foxtail, 500;
goosefoot, 400; dock, sp., 600; lady’s
thumb, 100; night-flowering catchfly, 100;
mayweed, 100; tumbleweed, 100; bracted
plantain, 100; hedge mustard, 100; rib-
grass, slender crabgrass, crabgrass, blue
vervain, arrow-leaved tear-thumb.

Byatt} IBIS Amey? (Cos, lel@wiheosa, Ayoyelll 2 IWGOG, ooo

Harmiless,—Alsike clover, 400; timothy,
200. WNoxious,—Green foxtail, 700; sheep
sorrel, 400; dock sp., 200; night-flowering
eatchfly, 100; ribgrass, slender crabgrass,
lady’s thumb.

560 Jas. H. Glenn, Caribou, April 4, 1906.......

Harmiless,—Timothy, 400; white clover,
alsike clover. Noxious,—Ribegrass, 500;
rugel’s plantain, 400; yellow foxtail, 300;
goosefoot, 200; crabgrass, 100; witch
grass, 100; green foxtail, 100; Slender
crabgrass, lady’s thumb, dock sp., tumble-
weed, arrow-leaved tear-thumb, bracted
plantain, heal-all.

735*H. N. Goodhue, Fort Fairfield, May 4, 1906..

= Sample sent by dealer.

Harmiless,—Alsike clover, 600; white clover,
200; timothy, 100. WNoxious,—Green fox-

Peret. Perct. Per ct.

Steal “8 Hil
92.5 1.0 6.5
97.4 5 , Dail
99.2 ‘3 5
98.7 % 5
99.3 4 ag

See statement on page 2.

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION. 15

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

Scurce of Sample, and Character, Kind a
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one ae)
Pound.; £9

n

Foreign

Sample
number.
seeds.

MAMMOTH CLOVER—Continued. Pemct benct.. Ferict:
tail, 400; ribgrass, 200; dock sp., 100;
rugel’s plantain, 100; sheep sorrel, night-
flowering catchfly, yellow foxtail.

647 J. EY Gray, Corinna, April 10, 1906......... 81.1 abaal aUel ges}

Harmless,—Timothy, 85,600; alsike clover,
69,600; white clover, 9,100. Noxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 1,000; green foxtail, 900;
hedge mustard, 600; bitter dock, 500;
witch grass, 400; rugel’s plantain, 3900;
night-flowering catchfly, 300; goosefoot,
200; black medick, 100; ribgrass, 100;
evening primrose, 100; catnip, 100; may-
weed, 100; slender crabgrass, 100: Canada
thistle, blue vervain, yellow foxtail, lady’s
thumb, bracted plantain, crabgrass.

638 Ireland Bros. Co., Corinna, April 10, 1906.. 85.4 2.4 12.2

Harmiless,—Timothy, 28,600; alsike clover,
31,700; white clover, 5,400, Kentucky blue
grass. Noxious,—Green foxtail, 6,700;
black medick, 1,200; bitter dock, 1,700;
Sheep sorrel, 1,200; goosefoot, 1,600;
lady’s thumb, 900; night-flowering catch-
fly, 800; rugel’s plantain, 700; slender
erabgrass, 300; ribgrass, 200; Canada
thistle, 200; hedge mustard, 100; crane’s
bill, 100; witch grass, 100; pepper grass,
100; mouse-ear chickweed, 100; pigweed,
100; blue vervain, mayweed, smart weed,
sedge sp., bull thistle, heal-all, evening
primrose, yellow foxtail.

611 A. J. McNaughton, Foxcroft, April 7, 1906.. 83.8 eo, 15.0
HMarmiess,—Timothy, 65,800; alsike clover,
53,400; white clover, 12,600; alfalfa, 100.
Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 1,100; green fox-
tail, 1,000; bitter dock, 500; rugel’s plan-
tain, 400; hedge mustard, 300; witch
grass, 200; smart weed, 200; - braeted
plantain, 100; catnip, 100; mayweed, 100;
Slender crabgrass, 100; night-flowering
eatchfly, 100; American pennyroyal, 100;
goosefoot, Canada thistle, evening prim-
rose, lady’s thumb, heal-all, blue vervain. -

595 Sanders Bros. & Co., Sangerville, April 7,
BCG rrice se ctalc at seen carte viata raic eae ce bichon tans bets Sia St 17.6
Harmiless,—Timothy, 72,600; alsike clover,
69,809; white clover, 8,600; alfalfa, 200.
Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 1,500; dock sp.,
700; green foxtail, 800; rugel’s plantain,
600; hedge mustard, 300; witch grass,
300; goosefoot, 200; night-flowering catch-
fly; 200; Canada thistle, 100; lady’s thumb.
100; slender crabgrass, 100; black medic%,
100; ribgrass, mayweed, yellow foxtail,
evening primrose, crabgrass, blue vervain,
bracted plantain, heal-all, borage family,
smart weed.

685 John Scales, Guilford, April 7, 1906........ 86.7 5 10.8
Harmless,—Timothy, 23,800; alsike clover,

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

16

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Sample
number.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.;

Pure
seed

MAMMOTH CLOVER—Continued.

28,500; white clover, 2,500; alfalfa, 800.
Noxious,—Green foxtail, 8,900; dock sp.,
1,700; goosefoot, 1,200; sheep sorrel, 1,200;
night-flowering catchfly, 700; ribgrass,
700; lady’s thumb, 500; rugel’s plantain,
500; witch grass, 300; slender crabgrass,
200; pigweed, 100; Canada thistle ,100;
knot-grass, 100; evening primrose, 109;
pepper grass, 100; hedge mustard, 100;
charlock, 100; blue vervain, mayweed,
heal-all, black medick, bull _ thistle,
meadow fescue.

605 Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 7, 1906.....

Harmless,—Timothy, 13,200; white clover,

9,000; alsike clover, 1,900. MNoxious,—
Green foxtail, 8,300; rugel’s plantain,
8,100; sheep sorrel, 4,900; ribgrass, 900;
dock sp., 1,100; night-flowering catchfly,
600; slender crabgrass, 600; witch grass,
600; tumbleweed, 600; lady’s thumb, 300;
goosefoot, 100; Canada thistle, 100;
bracted plantain, 100; mayweed, 100;
heal-all, 100; poverty weed, 100; hairy
stick seed, 100.

747*Sawyer & Gifford, Dover May 17, 1906.....

Harmiess,—Timothy, 5,100; white clover,

1,100; alsike clover, 900. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 4,300; ribgrass, 1,900;
tumbleweed, 1,300; witch grass, 500; dock
sp., 400; crabgrass, 200; goosefoot, 200;
sheep sorrel, 200; heal-all, 200; lady’s
thumb, 100; slender crabgrass, 100; green
foxtail, 100; bracted plantain.

601 Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 7, 1906.....

Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 34,700; timothy,

25,900; white clover, 5,000; alfalfa 500;
redtop, 100. NWoxious,—Green foxtail,
5,300; goosefoot, 1,400; dock sp., 1,300;
sheep sorrel, 1,100; lady’s thumb, 500;
Slender crabgrass, 400; ribgrass, 300:
mayweed, 300; rugel’s plantain, 300; witch
grass, 200; charlock, 100; tumbleweed,
100; common chickweed, 100; evening
primrose, 100; night-flowering catchfly,
100; Canada thistle, smart weed, blue
vervain, heal-all, sedge sp., yellow foxtail,
ragweed, field pepper grass, black medick.

626 S. L. Small, Dexter, April 9, 1906..........

* Sample sent by dealer.

Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 15,100: timothy,

13,500; white clover, 2,300; alfalfa, 200.
Woxious,—Sheep sorrel, 2,500; bitter dock,
3,700; ribgrass, 3,400; rugel’s plantain,
1,100; green foxtail, 900; field pepper
grass, 600; Canada thistle, 600; goosefoot,
600; night-flowering catchfly, 300; black
medick, 300; yellow foxtail, 300; heal-all,
200; hairy stick seed, 200; lady’s thumb,

Per ct.

90.

95.

86.

90.

See statement on page 2.

9

6

1907.

. =]

HH
~2 Og
S38 «BS
ce Qe
ol 4

Penicwe hence

2.0 7.2
1.8 2.3
2.3 11.1
2.2 7.2

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

“a

SEED INSPECTION.

Analysis of seeds. 19006,

17

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.} :

Sample
number.

Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

MAMMOTH CLOVER—Continued.
100; mayweed, 200; common chickweed,
100; smart weed, 100; witch grass, 100;
catnip, pigweed, chicory.

566 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906....

Harmiless,—Timothy, 200; white clover,

200; alsike, alfalfa. MNoxious,—Green fox-

tail, 100; witch grass, 100; dock sp., sheep
sorrel, 100; ribgrass, goosefoot.

758*E. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906.......
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 17,700; timothy,
5,200; white clover, 1,400; alfalfa, 700.
Noxious,—Goosefoot, 300; dock sp., 300;
Sheep sorrel, 100; night-flowering catchfly,
green foxtail, rugel’s plantain, mouse-ear
chickweed, mayweed, lady’s thumb, rib-
grass, heal-all, yellow foxtail, pepper
grass, wild turnip.

756*i. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906......

Harmiess,—Timothy, 400; alsike clover,

300. Noxious,—Green foxtail, 500; dock

sp., 200; sheep sorrel, 100; blue vervain,

goosefoot, night-flowering catchfly, yellow
foxtail.

751*H. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906......
Harmiess,—Timothy, 15,100; white clover,
12,600; alsike clover, 6,400. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 2,700; green foxtail,
1,100; sheep sorrel, 600; slender crabgrass,
500; witch grass, 400; yellow foxtail, 300;
mayweed, 300; ribgrass, 200; tumbleweed,
200; Canada thistle, 200; dock sp., 200;
dandelion, 100; goosefoot, 100; crabgrass,
100; pale persicaria; 100; night-flowering
eatechfly, blue vervain, mouse-ear chick-
weed, evening primrose, hedge mustard,
lady’s thumb, five finger, heal-all, bracted
plantain, knot grass, pepper grass, penny
eress.

RED CLOVER. (Trifolium pratense.)
664 Belfast Grain Co., Belfast, April 12, 1906...
Harmless,—Alsike clover, 22,500; timothy,
6,200; white clover, 2,900. Noxious,
Green foxtail, 3,900; sheep sorrel, 1,000;
yellow foxtail, 200; goosefoot, 200; rib-
grass, 200; slender crabgrass, 200; knot-
grass, 100. Witch grass, night-flowering
catchfly, lady’s thumb, bitter dock, rugel’s
Plantain, catnip, pig-weed, crabgrass, pep-
per-grass.

678 J. M. Bray & Son, Bucksport, April 13, 1906,
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 4800; timothy,
4900; white clover, 1100. Noxious,—
Ribgrass, 2800; rugel’s plantain, 1800:
green foxtail, 2100; yellow foxtail, 800;
Sheep sorrel, 700; witch grass, 500; bit-

ter dock, 300; lady’s thumb, 200; bracted

94.

4

93.8

95.0

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

Perict.. ber ct.

1.3 4.4

18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 19006.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.;

Sample
number
Pure
seed
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perect. Per ct.
plantain, 200; charlock, 100; spurge, 100;
heal-all, 100; goosefoot, tumble-weed,
slender crabgrass, blue vervain, rag-weed,
field peppergrass, night flowering catchfly,
nightshade, crabgrass, peppergrass, bull
thistle.

695 A. M. Brown, Augusta, April 21, 1906...... 94.1 2.5 3.4

Harmiess,—Timothy, 4100; alsike clover,
4900; white clover, 1100; alfalfa, 200;
Kentucky blue grass, 100. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 3700; bitter dock, 1000;
ribgrass, 1100; green foxtail, 900; crab-
grass, 700; slender crabgrass, 700; field
peppergrass, 500; Canada thistle, 300;
witch grass, 300; Spurge, 300; lady’s
thumb, 300; goosefoot, 200; pig-weed, 200;
yellow foxtail, 100; nightshade, 100; knot-
grass, 100; catnip, 100; black medick,
heal-all, blue vervain; May-weed, night-
flowering catchfly, hairy stick seed.

722*J. S. Cairns, Hallowell, May 3, 1906....... Doren 2.0 2.3
Harmiless,—Alfalfa, 700; white clover, 300;
Noxious,—Ribgrass, 4700; green foxtail,
38,100 ;cranes bill, 500; dock sp., 200;
goldenrod, 200; sow thistle, 500; lady’s
thumb, heal-all, black medick, blue ver-
vain, knot-grass, tumbleweed, chicory.

620 F. J. Crasley, Dexter, April 9, 1906......... 92.8 2.1 5.1

Harmless,—Timothy, 9800; alsike clover,
9400; white clover, 1700. Noxious,—Rib-
grass, 3200; dock sp., 2100; sheep sorrel,
1600; green foxtail, 1600; goosefoot, 500;
field pepper-grass, 400; rugel’s plantain,
400; lady’s thumb, 200; mayweed, 200;
slender crabgrass, 200; Knot grass, 200;
black medick, 100; night-flowering catch-
fly, 100; witch grass, 100; tumbleweed,
100; heal-all, 100; bull thistle, blue
vervain.

702 C. M. Conant Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906.... 98.0 1.3 off
Harmless,—Timothy, 1800; alsike clover,
700; white clover, 1200. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 700; rugel’s plantain, 500; pig-
weed, 100; witch grass, 100; Virginia
three seeded mercury, 100; ribgrass,
lady’s thumb, bitter dock, catnip, spurge,
yellow foxtail, heal-all.

588 H. Douglass & Co., Guilford, April 7, 1906.. 88.1 2.0 9.9
Harmiess,—Timothy, 15800; white clover,
8400; alsike clover, 8400. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 7,800; ribgrass, 9,600; sheep sor-
rel, 4,600; rugel’s plantain, 5,400; bracted
plantain, 500; dock sp., 1,600; goosefoot,
900; charlock, 700; slender crabgrass, 700;
night-flowering eatchfly, 500; lady’s
thumb, 600; five finger, 200; mayweed,

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION. i9

Analysis of seeds. 19006.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind 3
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one HS
_Pound.7 Fo

Sample

number.
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

RED CLOVER—Continued. Pericta seenct,
100; black medick, 100; Canada thistle,
pigweed, yellow foxtail, crabgrass, knot-
grass, witch grass, heal-all, blue vervain,
chicory.

709 R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906. 91.6 AG 6.

Harmiless,—White clover, 22600; timothy,
16200; alsike clover, 9800; Kentucky blue
grass, 300. Noxious,—Sheep sorrel, 1700;
rugel’s plantain, 2900; plantain, 900; rib-
grass, 1300; green foxtail, 1100; witch
grass, 900; slender crabgrass, 700; mouse-
ear chickweed, 600; goosefoot, 400; night-
flowering catchfly, 300; bitter dock, 300;
yellow foxtail, 300; spurge, 200; pigweed,
200; lady’s thumb, 200; crabgrass, 100;
may-weed, 100; smart-weed, 100; bracted
plantain, 100; american penny-royal, 100;
sedge sp., 100; heal-all, 100; black med-
ick, 100: pepper grass, five finger, Canada
thistle, evening primrose, ox-eye daisy,
rag-weed, field pepper grass, worm-seed
mustard, blue weed.

704 R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906. 96.8 5 Oke

Harmiless,—Alsike clover, 9100; timothy,
4500; white clover, 2500. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 2200; sheep sorrel, 500; rugel’s
plantain, 300; bitter dock, 200; may-weed,
100; Virginia three seeded mercury, 200;
yellow foxtail, 100; slender crabgrass,
ribgrass, goosefoot, spurge, crabgrass,
night-flowering catchfly, hedge mustard,
lady’s thumb, hairy stick seed, pigweed,
Canada thistle, blue vervain, evening
primrose.

630 G. A. Dustin, Dexter, April 9, 1906......... 992 6
Harmiess,—Timothy, 500; alsike clover, 200;
white clover, 100. Noxious,—Green fox-
tail, 100; yellow foxtail, 100; pigweed,
100; rugel’s plantain, 100; bitter dock,
100; slender crabgrass, ribgrass.

615 W. J. Eldridge, Foxcroft, April 9, 1906..... 92.9 9) 5) 5

Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 16500; timothy,
6900; white clover, 2100; alfalfa, 700.
Noxious,—Night-flowering catchfly, 2200:
bitter dock, 800; green foxtail, 800; sheep
sorrel, 600; goosefoot, 500; ribgrass, 400;
heal-all, 300; field pepper-grass, 300: can-
ada thistle, 200; charlock, 100; plantain,
100; black medick, 100; compositae sp.,
100; witch grass, 100; amsinckia borage
100; witch grass, 100; borage family,
lady’s thumb, smart weed, slender crab-
grass, pigweed, ragweed, mayweed.

672 Ben D. Field, Belfast, April 12, 1906....... 88.8 33 51 8.
Harmless,—Timothy, 9900: alsike clover,
15900; white clover, 2600; alfalfa, 300;
kentucky blue grass, 200. Noxious—Green
foxtail, 3500; yellow foxtail, 200; rib-

7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

©
4
2
ie

20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.f

Sample
number
Pure
seed
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perct. Per ct.

grass, 4000; bitter dock, 3000; Sheep sor-
rel, 1800; canada thistle, 900; rugel’s
plantain, 900; night-flowering catchfly,
700; lady’s thumb, 600; goosefoot, 500;
field pepper grass, 400; black medick, 300;
ragweed, 200; witch grass, 100; heal-all,
100; charlock, 100; slender crabgrass, 100;
Knot grass blue vervain, mayweed, ox-eye
daisy, chicory, hairy stick seed.

552 A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton, April 2, 1906...... 96.8 .8 2.4
Harmiess,—Timothy, 6800; alsike clover,
1800; white clover, 900. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 3800; ribgrass, 600; lady’s thumb,
200; rugel’s plantain, 300; bull thistle,
100; mayweed, 100; goosefoot, 100; arrow-
leaved tear-thumb, 100; dock sp., night-
flowering ecatchfly; slender crabgrass,
stringing nettle, hairy stick seed.

549 A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton, April 2, 1906..... 99.5 ae 383
Harmless,—Timothy, 200; white clover, 200.
Woxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 100; green
foxtail, 400; sheep sorrel, ragweed, dock
sp., night-flowering catchfly, slender crab-
grass.

571 G. H. Freeman Co., Presque Isle, April 5, 1906. 96.9 1.0 2.1
Harmiless,—Timothy, 7,100; alsike clover,
3200; redtop, 200. NWoxious,—Night-flower-
ing catchfly, 1,200; sheep sorrel, 900;
canada thistle, 200; evening primrose, 100;
bull thistle, 100; ox-eye daisy, corn
spurry, dandelion. 2
717*G. H. Freeman Co., Presque Isle, April 26, 1906 88.2 1.4 10.4
Harmiless,—Timothy, 42800; alsike clover,
23900; white clover, 18300. Noxious,—
Green foxtail, 2300; witch grass, 1200;
sheep sorrel, 1400; rugel’s plantain, 1200;
goosefoot, 800; ribgrass, 500; night-flow-
ering catchfly, 300; hedge mustard, 300;
slender crabgrass, 200; common chick-
weed, 200; catnip, 100; tumbleweed, 100;
dock sp., mayweed, lady’s thumb, bull
thistle, bracted plantain.

714*G. H. Freeman Co., Presque Isle, April 26,
DUS) 3y uae en eect SUB e nn I Rem Ste ues Urine Riese a pits 99.4 4 .2
Harmiless,—Timothy, 200. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 500; ribgrass, lady’s thumb,
tumbleweed.

591 French & Elliott, Guilford, April 7, 1906... 86.4 4.0 9.6

Harmless,—Timothy, 13000; white clover,
7,100; alsike clover, 5,500; alfalfa, 200,
Kentucky bluegrass. Noxious,—Ruegel’s
plantain, 22,200; ribgrass, 4,700; green |
foxtail, 4,100; lady’s thumb, 1,600; black :
medick, 800; sheep sorrel, 3,000; goosefoot,
1,000; bracted plantain, 500; dock sp., 700;
Slender crabgrass, 800; witch grass, 500;
crabgrass, 600; blue vervain, 400; pigweed, |

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2. |
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound. |

SEED INSPECTION. 21

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

|

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind a
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one as
Pound.} £2

Sample
number.
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perct., Per ct.

700; mayweed, 300; heal-all, 400; ameri-
ean pennyroyal, 100; charlock, 100; five
finger, 100; Canada thistle, 100; catnip,
100; corn spurry, 100; night-flowering
catchfly, Knot grass, yellow foxtail, com-
mon chickweed, sow thistle, switch
grass.

676*H. F. Gilley, Bucksport, April 13, 1906... 85.5 3.6 10.9

Harmiless,—Timothy, 20600; white clover,
9200; alsike clover, 9500; redtop, 200.
Noxious,—Green foxtail, 8900; ribgrass,
7200; rugel’s plantain, 7900; plantain,
1800; sheep sorrel, 5100; night-flowering
catchfly, 1000; bitter dock, 1100; lady’s
thumb, 1000; charlock, 800; goosefoot,
800; slender crabgrass, 500; blue vervain,
500; evening primrose, 400; mayweed, 300;
pigweed, 300; crabgrass, 300; yellow fox-
tail, 200; witch grass, 200; hedge mus-
tard, 200; spurge, 200; catnip, 100; bracted
plantain, 100; pepper grass, 100; five fin-
ger, 100; chicory, 100; knot-grass, 100;
nightshade, 100; canada thistle, heal-all
bull thistle, ox-eye daisy, penny cress.

608 A. W. Gilman, Foxcroft, April 7, 1906...... 85.7 1.8 12.5

- Harmless,—Alsike clover, 52,000; timothy,
22800; white clover, 18000; alfalfa, 700;
kentucky blue grass, 200; redtop, 100.
WNoxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 3400; green
foxtail, 2300; sheep sorrel, 1900; slender
crabgrass, 1400; goosefoot, 900; dock sp.,
600; ribgrass, 600; night-flowering catch-
fly, 500; witch grass, 300; lady’s thumb,
300; mouse-ear chickweed, 300; hedge
mustard, 200; crabgrass, 200; pepper
grass, 200; yellow foxtail, 200; Canada
thistle, 200; bracted plantain, 100; may-
weed, 100; blue vervain, ox-eye daisy,
heal-all, five finger, catnip, charlock.

723*H. A. Gilman, So. Norridgewock, May 2, 1906 98.7 4 9
Harmiess,—Timothy, 2900; alsike clover,
2700; white clover, 1500. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 900; night-flowering catchfly, 700;
goosefoot, 400; mayweed, 200; dock sp.,
200; lady’s thumb, 100; borage family.

736*H. N. Goodhue, Fort Fairfield, May 4, 1906.. 99.4 72 4
Harmiess,—Timothy, 300; alsike clover,
100. Noxious,—Green foxtail, 700; yellow
foxtail, 100; marsh elder, field pepper
grass, ribgrass, rugel’s plantain, sheep
sorrel, dock sp.

644 J. E. Gray, Corinna, April 10, 1906......... 88.2 Je, 10.6
Harmiess,—Timothy, 33500; white clover
27700; alsike clover, 18200. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 4100; sheep sorrel, 5700;
witch grass, 1600; green foxtail, 1000;
night-flowering catchfly, 1100; slender
crabgrass, 600; black medick, 400; pig-

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.;

Sample
number
seed.
Pure
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perct. Per ct.

weed, 400; may-weed, 300; bitter dock,
300; ribgrass, 200; goosefoot, 200; pepper
grass, 200; bracted plantain, 100; crab-
grass, 100; american pennyroyal, 100;
spurge, 100; knot-grass, 100; lady’s thumb,
blue vervain, canada thistle, evening
primrose, yellow foxtail, heal-all, hairy
stick seed, chicory, common chickweed,
alfalfa.

685 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, April 21, 1906 )G).. al 4 of
Harmiess,—Hungarian grass, 1400; alsike ;
clover, 200; timothy. Noxious,—Night-
flowering catchfly, bitter dock, lady’s
thumb.

686 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, April 21, 1906 89.6 1.6 8.8

Harmless,—Alsike clover, 29800; white
clover, 17,000; timothy, 8500. Noxious,—
Green foxtail, 1900; yellow foxtail, 100;
night-flowering catchfly, 1500; rugel’s
plantain, 700; sheep sorrel, 700; witch
grass, 500; ribgrass, 500; goosefoot, 400;
bitter dock, 200; slender crabgrass, 100;.
catnip, 100; lady’s thumb, 100; black
medick, 100; may-weed, 100; pepper-grass,
100; spurge, 100; blue vervain, 100; sedge
sp., 100; canada thistle, tumble weed,
hairy stick seed, heal-all, knot grass,
bracted plantain. .

538*Geo. B. “taskell Co., Lewiston, Mar. 24, 1906 O73 AL 3} 1.4
..Harmiess,—Timothy, 100. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 1300; chicory, 900; umbelliferae,
500; yellow foxtail, 200; canada thistle,
300; tar weed, 100; ribgrass, 700; black
medick, 200; sheep sorrel, 200; blue
vervain, 100; pale persicaria, 100; blue
weed, 100; goosefoot, 200; bee-plant, may-
weed, wild buckwheat, crane’s bill, hedge °
mustard.

683*Oscar Holway & Co., Auburn, April 21, 1906. 81.4 6.5 UP}531

Harmiess,—Timothy, 23900; white clover,
9300; alfalfa, 400. Noxious,—Ribgrass,
7500; green foxtail, 6500; goosefoot, 3900;
sheep sorrel, 4200; night-flowering catch-
fly, 5000; dock sp., 800; lady’s thumb,
800; heal-all, 1100; poverty weed, 1000;
blue vervain, 400; tumbleweed, 200;
rugel’s plantain, 1300; mayweed, 200;
bull thistle, 200; witchgrass, 100; evening
primrose, 100; common purslane, 100; knot
grass, 200; stringing nettle, 200; slender
crabgrass, 100; hedge mustard, 400;
bracted plantain.

5387 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Feb. 28, 1906... 96.7 1.0 2.3
Harmless,—Timothy, 2700; hungarian, 2300;
english rye grass, 100. Noxious,—Sheep
sorrel, 900; rugel’s plantain, 400; bracted

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.
**This analysis kept these goods out of Maine.

SEED INSPECTION. 23

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.7; 3

Sample
number.
Pure
seed.
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds

RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perct. Perct.
plantain, 200; ribgrass, 2800: common
chickweed, 600; compositae sp., 300; bitter
dock, 100; canada thistle, 100; black med-
ick, 100; slender crabgrass, 500; goose-
foot, lady’s thumb, sow thistle, cruciferae
sp.

637 Ireland Bros. Co., Corinna, April 10, 1906... 86.8 2.3 10.9

Harmiess,—Timothy, 20900; alsike clover,
38300; white clover, 21500; kentucky
blue grass, 300; alfalfa, 100; redtop, 100.
Noxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 1800; sheep
sorrel, 2200; green foxtail, 2100; goosefoot,
1600; bitter dock, 1200; ribgrass, 1000;
night-flowering catchfly, 900; slender
crabgrass, 800; mouse-ear chickweed,
400; witch grass, 300; black medick, 300;
yellow foxtail, 200; lady’s thumb, 200;
pepper grass, 200; hairy stick seed,. 200;
mayweed, 100; five finger, 100; spurge,
100; evening primrose, 100; canada thistle,
100; smart-weed, 100; crabgrass, tumble-
weed, blue vervain, hedge mustard, cat-
nip, bracted plantain, ox-eye daisy, sedge
sp.

653 Judkins & Gilman, Newport, April 4, 10, 1906 94.4 1.0 4.6
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 18,000; timothy,
9800; white clover, 2200. Noxious,—Rug-
el’s plantain, 1800; bitter dock, 800; rib-
grass, 500; sheep sorrel, 500; green fox-
tail, 300; night-flowering catchfly, 300;
black medick, 200; may-weed, 100; goose-
foot, 100; bracted plantain, 100; evening
primrose, 100; witch grass, 100; hedge
mustard, 100; catnip, 100; canadian blue
grass, lady’s thumb, canada thistle, heal-
all, hairy stick seed, yellow foxtail, smart
weed, ox-eye daisy, blue vervain, slender
crabgrass. »

519 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 99.6 ell 33
Harmiess,—Timothy, 500. Noxious,—Rug-
el’s plantain, common chickweed, bitter
dock.

623 C. P. McCrillis, Dexter, April 9, 1906....... 88.3 128 9.9
Harmiess,—Timothy, 33100: white clover,
23200; alsike clover, 17000; alfalfa, 400.
Woxious,—Sheep sorrel, 6000; rugel’s
plantain, 4400; green foxtail, 1800: witch
grass, 1200; night-flowering catchfly, 1200;
bitter dock, 800; goosefoot, 500; pig-weed,
300; slender crabgrass, 300; bracted plan-
tain, 300; blue vervain, 200; hedge mus-
tard, 200; evening primrose, 100: crab-
grass,100; ribgrass, 100; lady’s thumb,
100; pepper grass, 100; spurge, 300; Can-
ada thistle, mayweed, black medick, cat-
nip, heal-all, smartweed, hairy stick seed.

612 A. J. McNaughton, Foxcroft, April 7, 1906.. 86.4 9 ala Lf
Harmiess,—Timothy, 42000; white clover,
32700; alsike clover, 21300; alfalfa, 100.

7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

24

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Sample
number.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.7

Pure
seed

RED CLOVER—Continued.

Woxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 4900; sheep
sorrel, 5200; witch grass, 1900; green
foxtail, 1800; slender crabgrass, 900;
goosefoot, 500; night-flowering catchfly,
500; ribgrass, 300; bitter dock, 300; even-
ing primrose, 200; hedge mustard, 200;
crabgrass, 100; mayweed, 100; mouse-ear
chickweed, 100; blue vervain, 100; hore-
hound, 100; lady’s thumb, tumbleweed,
canada thistle, pigweed, bracted plantain,
pepper grass, pennyroyal, black medick,
catnip, corn spurry.

691 Merrill Bros., Augusta, April 21, 1906......

Harmiess,—Timothy, 12800; alsike clover,

10,000; white clover, 2,000; alfalfa, 600;
Kentucky blue grass. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 2,900; bitter dock, 3,500; rugel’s
plantain, 2,600; ribgrass, 2,300; sheep sor-
rel, 2,100; goosefoot, 700; slender crab-
grass, 700; Canada thistle, 400; field pep-
per grass, 400; black medick, 300; witch
grass, 200; night-flowering catchfly, 200;
nightshade, 200; lady’s thumb, 200; char-
lock, 100; spurge, 100; knot-grass, 100;
evening primrose, 100; blue vervain, 100;
crabgrass, bracted plantain, heal-all, may-
weed, yellow foxtail, pig-weed, rag-
weed, crane’s bill, corn gromwell.

730*M. P. Moore, No. Anson, May 4, 1906......

Harmiless,—Timothy, 8100; alsike clover,

2,400; white clover, 1,500. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 4,000; ribgrass, 1,800;
green foxtail, 1,600; dock sp., 400; slender
crabgrass, 400; tumbleweed, 200; crab-
grass, 100; sheep sorrel, 300; catnip, 100;
flax, 100; goosefoot, witch grass, lady’s
thumb, heal-all, yellow foxtail, blue ver-
vain, Canada thistle, mayweed, bracted
plantain, ragweed.

656 L. H. Mosher, Unity, April 11, 1906........

* Sample sent by dealer.

Harmless,—Timothy, 37,800; white clover,

18,900; alsike clover, 24,900; redtop, 300.
Woxious,—Sheep __ sorrel, 2700; rugel’s
plantain, 3100; green foxtail, 2100; witch
grass, 2100; slender crabgrass, 900; rib-
grass, 800; goosefoot, 400; bitter dock,
300; spurge, 300; night-flowering catchfly,
200; crabgrass, 200; evening primrose,
100; lady’s thumb, 100; bracted plan-
tain, yellow foxtail, blue vervain, pig-
weed, heal-all, hedge mustard, ragweed,
canada thistle, bull thistle, pepper grass,
catnip, may-weed, common chickweed,
mouse-ear chickweed.

Per ct.

90.9

95.9

88.0

See statement on page 2.

Foreign
seeds.

er ct.

6.6

2.9

1907.
i
es
08
‘BE

Perct. P
4 5
i574
1.0

11.0

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION. 25

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

on ;

a Source of Sample, and Character, Kind %y po 5,

a¢ and Number of Foreign Seeds in one 4D o% 'D

2 a Pound. ; 42 & I ys)
RED CLOVER—Continued. Per ct... Perct. Per ct.

582 G. W. Park, Fort Fairfield, April 5, 1906.... 96.6 5 AS)

Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 9,900; timothy,
3,700; white clover, 2,100. Noxious,—
Green foxtail, 2,300; rugel’s plantain,
1,100; sheep sorrel, 600; goosefoot, 200;
slender crabgrass, 100; pepper grass, 100;
night-flowering catchfly, mayweed, catnip,
lady’s thumb.

728*G. FEF. Rowe, China, May 9, 1906........... 79.2 oe 17.6

Harmiless,—Timothy, 49,700; white clover,
84,500; alsike clover, 24,500; alfalfa, 500;
redtop, 400. Noxious,—Green foxtail,
8,900; sheep sorrel, 3,800; rugel’s plantain,
4,400; ribgrass, 2,100; dock sp., 2,300;
witch grass, 1,500; lady’s thumb, 1,100;
goosefoot, 1,700; night-flowering catchfly,
1,200; common chickweed, 1,100; tumble-
weed, 800; blue vervain, 500; slender
erabgrass, 400; charlock, 300; black
medick, 300; mayweed, 300; Canada
thistle, 200; pepper grass, 200; five finger,
200; evening primrose, 100; sedge _ sp.,
100; catnip, 100; tar-weed, 100; crabgrass,
yellow foxtail, hedge mustard, bracted
plantain, corn gromwell, Knot grass, pov-
erty weed.

721*Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 27, 1906.... 85.5 35 il 11.4

Harmiess,—Timothy, 29,500; alsike clover,
27,400; white clover, 10,400; alfalfa, 700;
redtop, 100. Noxious,—Green foxtail,
5,800; sgoosefoot, 1,500; dock sp., 1,300;
lady’s thumb, 900; sheep sorrel, 800;
night-flowering catchfly, 700; rugel’s
plantain, 500; slender crabgrass, 400; rib-
grass, 300; mayweed, 200; witch grass,
200; bull thistle, 100; catnip, 100; evening
primrose, 100; heal-all, 100; pigweed, 100;
hedge mustard, blue vervain.

720*Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 27, 1906.... 80.6 3.6 15.8

Harmiess,—White clover, 59,500; alsike
clover, 43,200; timothy, 25,100; redtop,
400; alfalfa, 100. Noxious,—Green fox-
tail, 2,400; plantain, 2,900; slender crab-
grass, 1,300; sheep sorrel, 1,300; night-
flowering catchfly, 1,200; goosefoot, 900;
pepper grass, 500; ribgrass, 400; dock sp.,
300; lady’s thumb, 300; crabgrass, 200;
catnip, 200; five finger, 200; mayweed,
100; common chickweed, 100; evening
primrose, 100; witch grass, 100; hedge
mustard, 100; sedge sp., 100; bull thistle,
bracted plantain, ox-eye daisy, heal-all,
knot-grass, pigweed.

600 Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 7, 1906.... 82.1 2.6 15.3
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 70,600; timothy,
23,100; white clover, 25,300; alfalfa, 200;
Kentucky blue grass, 500. Noxious,—

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.;

Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

Sample
number
Pure
seed

RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perct. Per ct.
Sheep sorrel, 1,200; rugel’s plantain,
2,600; green foxtail, 2,200; goosefoot,
1,600; slender crabgrass, 1,500; night-
flowering catchfly, 1,100; dock sp., 700;
ribgrass, 700; lady’s thumb, 500; pepper
grass, 300; witch grass, 200; mayweed,
200; smart weed, 100; sedge sp., 100;
Canada thistle, 100; dandelion, 100;
bracted plantain, crabgrass, tumbleweed,
hedge mustard, catnip, evening primrose,
five finger, hairy stick seed, yellow fox-
tail.

719*Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 27, 1906.... 89.7 it) 8.8

Harmless,—Timothy, 11,200; white clover,
20,100; alsike clover, 10,400. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 6,200; night-flowering
eatchfly, 1,300; green foxtail, 7,200; sheep
sorrel, 4,200; ribgrass, 600; witch grass,
500; tumbleweed, 400; goosefoot, 400;
dock, sp., 400; lady’s thumb, 200; slender
crabgrass, 200; mayweed, 100; black
medick, 100; knot-grass, 100; crabgrass,
bracted plantain, bull thistle.

583 John Scales, Guilford, April 7, 1906....... 83.7 Poll 14.2
Harmless,—Alsike clover, 70,100; timothy,
22,600; white clover, 17,800; Kentucky
blue grass, 300; redtop, 100. Noxzious,—
Green foxtail, 3,000; yellow foxtail, 200;
rugel’s plantain, 1,900; goosefoot, 1,300;
sheep sorrel, 1,000; lady’s thumb, 600;
ribgrass, 800; slender crabgrass, 1,100;
dock sp., 800; night-flowering catchfly,
600; blue vervain, 400; witch grass, 300;
pepper grass, 300; hedge mustard, 200;
Canada thistle, 200; knot grass, 100; heal-
all, 100; mouse-ear chickweed, 100; may-
weed, 100; catnip, 100; pigweed, bracted
plantain, charlock, ox-eye daisy, crab-
grass, yellow-wood sorrel, evening prim-

rose.
640 F. B. Shaw, Corinna, April 10, 1906........ 91.5 3.0 5 oe
Harmless,—Timothy, 14,700; white clover,

5,000; alsike clover, 6,100; Kentucky blue
grass. Noxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 9,100;
ribgrass, 2,500; witch grass, 2,000; slen-
der crabgrass, 1,300; green foxtail, 1,100;
sheep sorrel, 900; spurge, 800; pigweed,
600; bracted plantain, 200; bitter dock,
200; crabgrass, 100; goosefoot, 100; lady’s
thumb, 100; blue vervain, yellow foxtail,
black medick, mayweed, pepper grass,
Canada thistle, night-flowering catchfly,
heal-all.

627 S. L. Small, Dexter, April 9, 1906......... 92.9 1.6 5.5
Harmiess,—Timothy, 8,000; alsike clover,
9,700; white clover, 2,400; alfalfa, 300.
Woxious,—Bitter dock, 3,800; ribgrass,
1,800; sheep sorrel, 1,200; green foxtail,

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION, 27

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

ok ‘
ja Source of Sample, and Character, Kind f »o & ui
g¢€ and Number of Foreign Seeds in one 1D on ae
P p
ne al i =|
RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perct. Per ct.

1,000; field pepper grass, 500; black
medick, 400; rugel’s plantain, 400; may-
weed, 400; heal-all, 400; lady’s thumb,
800; yellow foxtail, 300; witchgrass, 200;
Canada thistle, 200; hedge mustard, 100;
slender crabgrass, 100; blue vervain, 100;
night-flowering catchfly, smart weed,
hairy stick seed, pigweed, corn spurry,
pepper grass.

545*Soule Bros., Buxton, April 7, 1906........ 683 of) i.) 4.2

Harmiless,—Timothy, 11,000; alsike clover,
2,400; alfalfa. Noxious,—Rugel’s plan-
tain, 8,700; ribgrass, 1,400; dock sp., 800;
sheep sorrel, 500; black medick, 300;
Canada thistle, 200; slender crabgrass,
1,400; crabgrass, 500; mayweed, 400;
witch grass, 200; goosefoot, 200; night-
flowering catchfly, 100; heal-all, 200;
green foxtail, 900; field pepper grass,
600; yellow foxtail, 100; tumbleweed, 200;
lady’s thumb, blue vervain, arrow-leaved
tear thumb, pepper grass, bracted plan-
tain, yellow daisy, prickly poppy.

577 A. M. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906... 86.8 1.4 11.8

Harmiless,—Timothy, 44,700; alsike clover,
28,800; white clover, 25,400; alfalfa, 100.
Noxious,—Green foxtail, 1,600; Sheep sor-
rel, 1,500; rugel’s plantain, 1,100; witch
grass, 800; ribgrass, 500; dock sp., 400;
tumbleweed, 3800; Canada thistle, 300;
goosefoot, 300; night-flowering catchfly,
200; hedge mustard, 200; slender crab-
grass, 100; mayweed, 100; heal-all, 100;
crabgrass, lady’s thumb, yellow foxtail,
evening primrose, common chickweed,
blue vervain, bracted plantain, borage
family, catnip.

575 A. M. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906.... 99.1 4 .5
Harmiless,—Timothy, 500; alsike clover,
200. MNoxious,—Green foxtail, 900; dock
sp., 100; field pepper grass, 100; lady’s
thumb, 100; goosefoot, heal-all, knot
grass.

565 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906.... 96.9 4 PT
Harmless,—Timothy, 2,900; alsike clover,
11,500; white clover, 2,000; redtop, 00.
Noxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 900; green
foxtail, 1,100; sheep sorrel, 400; ribgrass,
300; night-flowering catchfly, 100; marsh
elder, 100; hedge mustard, dock sp., lady’s
thumb, goosefoot, erabgrass, slender
crabgrass, witch grass, mayweed, heal-all.

564 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906.... 86.3 eG 12.1
Harmless,—Timothy, 44,500; alsike clover,
27,500; white clover, 23,900; alfalfa, 500.
Noxious,—Green foxtail, 2,000; sheep sor-

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

28

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

Sample
number.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.;

seed
Pure

Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

RED CLOVER—Continued.

rel, 2,400; rugel’s plantain, 2,100; witch
grass, 1,200; goosefoot, 800; night-flower-
ing catchfly, 400; tumbleweed, 300; rib-
grass, 300; mayweed, 200; hedge mustard,
100; yellow foxtail, 100; sedge sp., 100;
slender crabgrass, 100; dock sp., crab-
grass, blue vervain, Canada thistle, com-
mon chickweed, lady’s thumb, heal-all,
catnip, bracted plantain, pepper grass.

563 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906. Bron

Harmless,—Timothy, 32,700; white clover,

18,200; alsike clover, 19,500; redtop, 200.
Noxious,—Ruegel’s plantain, 3,60v; sheep
sorrel, 3,100; green foxtail, 2,500; slender
crabgrass, 1,200; witch grass, 600; rib-
grass, 400; black medick, 200; goosefoot,
200; mayweed, 100; yellow foxtail, 100;
blue vervain, 100; night-flowering catch-
fly, 100; dock sp., 100; tumbleweed, crab-
grass, lady’s thumb, kKnot-grass, evening
primrose, pepper grass, bracted plantain,
American pennyroyal, hedge mustard, five
finger, Canada thistle.

562 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906....

Harmiess,—Timothy, 500; alsike clover,

500; alfalfa, 100; white clover, 100.
Noxious,—Dock sp., 100; green foxtail,
100; rugel’s' plantain, night-flowering
eatchfly, goosefoot, lady’s thumb, bull
thistle.

659 Swan & Sibley, Belfast, April 12, 1906.....

Harmiless,— White clover, 27,200; timothy,

11,600; alsike clover, 10,500. Noxious,—
Sheep sorrel, 6,900; green foxtail, 4,000;
rugel’s plantain, 3,700; witch grass, 1,600;
plantain, 1,400; ribgrass, 1,100; slender
crabgrass, 1,100; spurge, 800; pigweed,
700; bitter dock, 500; goosefoot, 400;
night-flowering catchfly, 400; nightshade,
400; pepper grass, 300; yellow foxtail,
200; crabgrass, 200; blue vervain, 100;
bracted plantain, 100; evening primrose,
100; Canada thistle, 100; lady’s thumb,
mayweed, heal-all, rag-weed.

762*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..

Harmiless,—Timothy, 3,200; alsike clover,

2,800; white clover, 1,200. Noxious,—
Green foxtail, 700; lady’s thumb, 400;
goosefoot, 200; sheep sorrel, 200; slender
crabgrass, 100; bitter dock, 100; may-
weed, 100; rugel’s plantain, 100; ribgrass,
night-flowering catchfly, crabgrass, yel-
low foxtail, pepper grass, knot grass.

761*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..

* Sample sent by dealer.

Harmless,—None. Noxious,—Green fox-

tail, 500; bitter dock, 200; ribgrass, 100;
rugel’s plantain, lady’s thumb, blue ver-
vain, smart weed.

Per ct.

89.

SSE

88.

98.

99.

See statement on page 2.

2

5

4

Perct. Per ct.

8 9.3
1 -3
2.8 9.0
2 1.3
4 .2

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

<nsapeh hime

SEED INSPECTION. 29.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

o Hi

iS Source of Sample, and Character, Kind tle wo 6

g¢ and Number of Foreign Seeds in one i @ FA = ~ eS

es) Pound.t amr) jet oo Rs)

ns an HA yn
RED CLOVER—Continued. Perct. Perct. Per ct.

763*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906.. Wied 53 2.2

Harmiess,—Timothy, 6,500; white clover,
3,500; alsike clover, 2,000. Noxious,—
Bitter dock, 1,000; goosefoot, 600; may-
weed, 600; green foxtail, 500; rugel’s
plantain, 400; bracted plantain, 100; sedge
sp., 100; five finger, 100; lady’s thumb,
100; catnip, 200; blue vervain, Canada
thistle, ribgrass, yellow foxtail, knot
grass, sheep sorrel, bull thistle.

725*W. R. Ward, China, April 25, 1906......... 83.6 PY 3) 13.9

Harmiess,—Timothy, 35,500; white clover,
25,900; alsike clover, 18,300; alfalfa, 500;
redtop, 700. Woxious,—Green foxtail,
10,300; sheep sorrel, 1,900; dock sp., 1,800;
ribgrass, 1,400; plantain, 1,200; goosefoot,
1,800; witeh grass, 1,100; slender crab-
grass, 800; lady’s thumb, 800; night-
flowering catchfly, 800; common chick- °
weed, 300; five finger, 300; arrow-leaved
tear-thumb, 400; blue vervain, 400;
charlock, 300; catnip, 200; tarweed, 100:
dandelion, 100; crabgrass, 100; wormseed
mustard, 100; sedge sp., 100; tumble-
weed, 100; Canada thistle, 100; mayweed,
Ameinckia Borage family, intermedia,
pepper grass, black medick, field pepper
grass, penny cress.

757*H. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906...... 97.8 383 1.9

Harmless,—Timothy, 3,000; alsike clover, }

10,100; white clover, 1,100. Noxious,— hi

Witch grass, 300; rugel’s plantain, 300; |

sheep sorrel, 300; slender crabgrass, 200; fs

tumbleweed, 100; mayweed, 100; dock sp.,” ts

100; green foxtail, night-flowering catch-

fly, goosefoot, ribgrass, yellow foxtail,
crabgrass.

753*E. W. Walker, Houlton, April 19, 1906.... 96.9 .6 2.5-
Harmiess,—Timothy, 3,600; alsike clover,
10,900; white clover, 3,500; alfalfa, 200.
WNoxious,—Dock sp., 400; slender crab-
grass, 300; ribgrass, 200; rugel’s plantain,
200; goosefoot, 200; green foxtail, 200;
Sheep sorrel, 200; mayweed, 100; bracted
plantain, 100; night-flowering catchfly,
100; witch grass, pepper grass, yellow
foxtail, heal-all. i

749*H. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906...... 94.7 li 4.6
Harmiless,—Timothy, 12,900; white clover,
10,300; alsike clover, 10,500; redtop, 100.
Noxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 1,400; green
foxtail, 2,000; sheep sorrel, 900; slender
crabgrass, 500; ribgrass, 400: goosefoot,
300; witch grass, 200; heal-all, 100; dock
sp., 100; catnip, 100; lady’s thumb, 100;
mayweed, 100; night-flowering catchfiy,
pepper grass, crabgrass, hedge mustard,
tumbleweed, bracted plantain, blue ver-
vain, Canada thistle, common chickweed.

Ska ae Re Se

SS

“a

*™ Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

paew?

30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

1907.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.f

Sample
number

Pure
seed

Inert
matter.

WHITE CLOVER. (Trifolium repens.)
WHITE CLOVER. (Trifolium repens.)
541*Mt. Desert Nurseries, Wm. Miller, Mer.,
Bar Harbor, April 7, 1906...............
Harmiess,—Timothy, 5,600; redtop, 3,600;
red clover, 800. Noxious,—Plantain,
21,300; pepper grass, 400; five finger, 500;
sheep sorrel, 800; mayweed, 200; night-
flowering catchfly, 200; dock sp., 100;
shepherd’s purse, 500; common chick-
weed, 400; stringing nettle, 100; black
medick, 100; poverty weed, 200; amaranth
sp., 100; Canada thistle, goosefoot, knot
grass, slender crabgrass, catnip.

740*Mt. Desert Nursery, Bar Harbor, May 5,

TES XT Silt ursce eta teas Rare an eine D mate ncratly ment cr cer emt crits toy are

Harmless,—Alsike clover, 1,900; alfalfa,

1,200; redtop, 700. Noxious,—Sheep sor-

rel, 4,600; plantain, 3,400; mouse-ear

chickweed, 3,600; ribgrass, 2,200; common

chickweed, 800; night-flowering catchfly,

200; heal-all, 100; chickory, dock sp.,
shepherd’s purse.

739*Mt. Desert Nursery, Bar Harbor, May 5,

ASQ Gis ise See sense ge esas ea RCS re any SM A ten rela,

Harmiless,—Timothy, 3,800; alsike clover,

1,400; red clover, 400; redtop, 100; alfalfa,

100. Noxious,—Plantain, 2,400; sheep

sorrel, 1,700; night-flowering catchfly,

3800; pepper grass, 300; five finger, 200;

dock sp., 200; goosefoot, 100; mayweed,
shepherd’s purse.

ALFALFA. (Medicago sativa.)
689 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, Apr. 21, 1906,
Harmiless,—Red clover, 400; alsike clover,
timothy. Noxious,—Goosefoot, 300; dock
sp., 100; green foxtail, yellow foxtail,
Knot grass, ragweed.

KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS.
(Poa pratensis.)

543*Mt. Desert Nurseries, Bar Harbor, April 7,
MEQ OG ea diararesivecenres oe ete lene tat a len shew etiam Re aec aes cone Te ace
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 1,000. Noxious,—
Common chickweed, 3,800; shepherd’s
purse, 4,000; sheep sorrel, 1,800; pepper
ae sedge sp., 1,400; compositae

SD., ;

KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS—Continued.
744*Mt. Desert Nurservies, Bar Harbor, May 5,
UG OGG eanslcsciev oles voter doses ie oat aera eum ar emer alae Gomme
Harmless,—Timothy, 600, white clover.
Noxious,—Sedge _ sp., 200; shepherd’s
purse, 200.

97.8

98.7

99.5

96.7

Per ct.
Per ct.

98.3

*Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

2.6

Per ct.
Per ct.

1.4

Foreign
seeds.

1.7

1.4

Per ct.
Per ct.

3

SEED INSPECTION, 31

Analysis of seeds. 19006.

. A
29 ‘ im op.
rf Source of Sample, and Character, Kind - 22 uh
gq and Number of Foreign Seeds in one a on as
a5 Pound.} 3 PI E oo
ma Ay a 4 mn

REDTOP. (Agrostis alba vulgaris.)
665 Belfast Grain Co., Belfast, April 12, 1906.. 77.2 5.2 17.6
Harmiless,—Timothy, 16.5 per cent of
whole. Noxious,—Five finger, 32,200;
ergot, 22,200; yarrow, 5,400; pepper grass,
800; yellow daisy, 800; American wild
‘mint, 400; blue vervain, 400; mouse-ear
chickweed, 209; sorrel, 200; plantain, 200;
sedge family, 900.

696 A. M. Brown, Augusta, April 21, 1906...... Wer 5.3 15.0
Harmiless,—Timothy, 11.6 per cent of
whole; Kentucky blue grass, 400. Nox-
ious,—PHrgot, 93,200; five finger, 38,800;
yarrow, 9,800; plantain, 7,200; moth mul-
lein,, 600; sedge sp., 400; pepper grass,
400; yellow daisy, 200; yellow wood sor-
rel, 200; witch grass, 200; evening prim-
rose, 200; hedge mustard, 200; sedge
family, 12,200.

699 C. M. Conant Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906.... 81.0 8.4 10.6
Harmless,—Timothy, 9.8 per cent of whole;
alsike clover, 200; white clover, 200;
Noxious,—Yarrow, 7,400; ergot, 2,800;
plantain, 1,000; American wild mint, 800;
pepper grass, 800; sorrel, 800; moth mul-
lein, 600; five finger, 400; mouse-ear
chickweed, 400; sShepherd’s purse, 200;
sedge family, 400.

687 H. Douglass & Co., Guilford, April 7, 1906.. 81.5 6.8 11.7

Harmiless,—Timothy, 136,000; red clover.
Noxious,—Five finger, 4.6 per cent of
whole; rugel’s plantain, 56,200; ergot,
7,200; yarrow, 6,200; sShepherd’s purse,
2,400; mouse-ear chickweed, 2,200; moth
mullein, 2,400; yelow daisy, 600; evening
primrose, 600; blue vervain, 200; hedge
mustard, 200; sedge sp., 200; pepper
grass, witch grass.

707 R. B. Dunning Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906.. Uo? 10.4 14.4
Harmiless,—Timothy, 10.9 per cent of
whole; Canadian blue grass, 200. Nox-
ious,—Five finger, 113,600; ergot, 46,800;
yarrow, 7,000; plantain, 6,600; moth mul-
‘lein, 1,000; evening primrose, 800; sedge
sp., 800; yellow daisy, 600; American wild
mint, 400; shepherd’s purse, 400; pepper
grass,- 400; yellow-wood sorrel, 200;
mouse-ear chickweed, 200.

706 R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906, 84.2 2.8 13.0
Harmiess,—Timothy, 11.6 per cent of
whole. Noxious,—Ergot, 42,000; yarrow,
11,000; plantain, 800; American wild mint,
600; moth mullein, 400; five finger, 400:
sorrel, 200; witch grass, 200; mouse-ear
chickweed, 200; sedge, 400.

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 19006.

,

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind by
and Number.of Foreign Seeds in one aS
Pound.; a2

Sample
number.
Inert
matter.
Foreign
seeds.

RED TOP—Continued. Per ct. Perct. Per ct.
648 G. A. Dustin Co., Dexter, April 9, 1906.... 78.0 4.5 17.6
Harmiess,—Timothy, 16.1 per cent _ of
whole; alsike clover. Noxious,—F ive
finger, 19,400; ergot, 16,000; yarrow, 4,800;
grass, 600; American wild mint, 400;
moth mullein, 200; yellow daisy, 200;
evening primrose, 200; ribgrass, 200; sor-
rel, witch grass.

671 Ben D. Field, Belfast, April 12, 1906....... 83.4
Harmiless,—Timothy, 10.9 per cent of
whole; Kentucky blue grass, 600; alsike
clover, 200. Noxious,—Ergot, 50,400; five
finger, 23,000; yarrow, 9,000; plantain,
1,400; sedge sp., 600; yellow daisy, 400.

12.7

eo
(Je)

590 French & Elliott, Guilford, April 7, 1906.... 83.1 LA 4.7
Harmiless,—Timothy, 55,200; white clover,
4,600; Kentucky blue grass, 200. Nox-
ious,—Ergot, 57,400; five finger, 10,400;
yarrow, 6,800; rugel’s plantain, 4,400;
witch grass, 1,600; blue vervain, 600;
Sheep sorrel, 1,000; sedge sp., 400; white
vervain, 1,000; evening primrose, 200;
slender fescue, 400.

1
On
bo
(oe)
OU

(HH Vo id, Gaen,, Comino ANioril 10, W90G6>c655a5 5 16.2.
Harmiéess,—Timothy, 12.7 per cent of

whole; alsike clover, 200. Noxious,—

Five finger, 76,600; ergot, 67,000; yarrow,

4,600; plantain, 6,400; sorrel, 1,800; yel-

low daisy, 1,200; witch grass, 800; sedge

sp., 600; pepper grass, 600; American wild

mint, 200; hedge mustard, 200; evening

primrose, 200.

688 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, Apr. 21, 1906, Sint eT ni
Harmiess,—Timothy, 16,200. Woxious,— :
Yarrow, 10,600; ergot, 4,200; spearmint,
2,600; mouse-ear chickweed, 1,200; hard
fescue, 800; moth mullein, 200; witch
grass, 200; five finger, 200.

536 Oscar Holway & Co., Auburn, Feb. 28, 1906. 84.6 LORS =) | Ba
Harmiess,—Timothy, 45,200; white clover,
5,600. Noxious,—Ergot, 27,200; five fin-
ger, 6,800; plantain, 2,800; witch grass,
1,400; sheep sorrel, 1,000; yellow daisy,
800; moth mullein, 200; sedge, 200; yar-
row, 2,200.

635 Ireland Bros., Corinna, April 10, 1906...... 82.5 4.3 13.2
Harmiess,—Timothy, 12.4 per cent of
whole. Noxious,—Five finger, 19,800; '
yarrow, 5,600; plantain, 1,400; yellow }
daisy, 600; stringing nettle, 600; commen
chickweed, 400; ergot, 25,600. ,

650 Judkins & Gilman, Newport, April 10, 1906. 70.7 12.8 16.5
Harmiess,—Timothy, 14.6 per cent of
whole. Kentucky blue grass, 600; alsike

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.

sample
number

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

Inert
matter.

33

Koreign
seeds.

REDTOP—Continued.

clover, 600; white clover. Noxious,—
Five finger, 39,000; yarrow, 20,800; ergot,
8,600; plantain, 2,000; moth mullein,
1,600; mouse-ear chickweed, 1,200; sorrel,
1,800; mentha canadensis, American wild
mint, 400; yellow daisy, 200; mayweed,
200; dandelion, 200; pepper grass, 200;
sedge sp., 200; green foxtail, hedge mus-
tard, shepherd’s purse, blue vervain,
witch grass, ox-eye daisy.

528 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906.
Earmless,—Timothy, 15 per cent of
whole. Noxious,—Five finger, . 113,800;
plantain, 16,200; stringing nettle, 1,000;
careless weed, 400; witch grass, 200; blue
vervain, 800; pepper grass, 400; penny-
royal, 600; moth mullein, 600.

692 Merrill Bros., Augusta, April 21, 1906......
Harmiess,—Timothy, 6,000. Noxzious,—
Hrgot, 67,400; yarrow, 3,600; plantain,

400; five finger, 200.

Coe VlOsShen Winity, Agoril oil 9065 oe). 2s
Harmiess,—Timothy, 13.1 per cent of
whole; alsike clover, 400; Kentucky blue
grass, 200. MNoxious,—Five finger, 80,800;
ergot, 74,200; plantain, 7,800; yarrow,
5,600; witch grass, 1,200; pepper grass,
800; sorrel, 800; sShepherd’s purse, 600;
American wild mint, 400; yellow daisy,

400; moth mullein, 400; sedge sp., 400.

742*Mt. Desert Nurseries, Bar Harbor, May 5,
WODG, igie.6 Gsaee re sepa ae ene) eer ee er a
Harmiess,—Timothy, 1,200. Noxious,—Yar-
row, 8,400; mint, 290; ergot, 31,600; five
finger.

743*Mt. Desert Nurseries, Bar Harvor, May 5,
ED OG iemreeeccte teas Ruateey cicteierstece cack choteve Tae hee crore ine
Harmiless,—Timothy, 8,600. Woxious,—
Yarrow, 4,800; mint, 1,200; plantain, 400;
mouse-ear chickweed, 200; ergot, 1,800;
pepper grass.

544*Mt. Desert Nurseries, Bar Harbor, April 7,
USO. <craiaiens tec e ane In een re Ronee aa eee ete
Harmless,—Timothy, 800. Noxious,—Yar-
row, 4,400; polygonum sp., 7,800; common
chickweed, 1,200; ergot, 14,600.

* Not an official sample.

593 Sanders Bros. Co., Sangerville, April 7, 1906,
Harmiess,—Timothy, 12.6 per cent of
whole. Kentucky blue grass, 600; white
clover, 200. Noxious,—Ergot, 65,400; five
finger, 64,800; rugel’s plantain, 7,000;
yarrow, 5,600; sedge sp., 600; yellow

Per ct.

83.

96.

JE

96.

75.

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

bo

Per ct.

14.6

Per ct.

UG)e

Te

We

15.

4

9

34

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

1907.

Sample
number

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number ef Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.+

Pure
seed.

inert
matter.

Foreign
seeds.

602

606

641

660

663

677

RED TOP—Continued.
daisy, 400; shepherd’s purse, 400; Ameri-
can wild mint, 400; night-flowering catch-
fly, 400; sorrel sp., 800; dandelion, 200;
moth mullein, 200; tumbleweed, 200; pep-
per grass, 200; blue vervain, 200; witch
grass.

Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 7, 1906....

Harmiless,—Timothy, 16.5 per cent of
whole; red clover, 800; Kentucky blue
grass, 600; alsike clover, 400. Noxious,—
Five finger, 134,000; ergot, 41,200; yarrow,
7,400; rugel’s plantain, 5,400; pepper
grass, 2,600; sedge sp., 1,600; yellow
daisy, 600; moth mullein, 600; mentha
canadensis, 600; sShepherd’s purse, 400;
sorrel, 400; catchfly, 400; evening prim-
rose, 200; goosefoot, 200; dandelion, 200;
blue vervain, 200.

Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 7, 1906....
Harmiess,—Timothy, 800. MNoxious,—yYar-
row, 8,800; white vervein, 2,400; common
chickweed, 400; witch grass, 200; plan-
tain, 200; Sheep sorrei, 200; ergot, 67,600.

He BeShaw, Corinnay Aprile dO sit9 0 Girne en

Harmiess,—Timothy, 13.2 per cent of
whole; Kentucky blue grass, 400. MNox-
ious,—Five finger, 41,200; ergot, 31,000;
yarrow, 13,200; plantain, 2,600; moth
mullein, 2,000; shepherd’s purse, 1,000;
American wild mint, 400; pepper -grass,
400; dandelion, 200; mouse-ear chickweed,
sedge sp., 5,600.

Swan & Sibley, Belfast, April 12, 1906.....

Harmless,—Timothy, 9.3 per cent of
whole; alsike clover, 200; white clover,
200; Kentucky blue grass, 200. Nox-
ious,—Ergot, 9,000; yarrow, 6,600; five
finger, 4,400; sorrel, 2,000; plantain, 1,000;
mouse-ear chickweed, 400; witch grass,
400; moth mullein, 200; sedge, 600.

TIMOTHY. (Phleum pratense.)
Belfast Grain Co., Belfast, April 12, 1906...
Harmiess,—Redtop, 38000; Canadian blue

grass, 700;; white clover, 700; alsike
clover, 300; red clover, 100; alfalfa.
Noxious,—Five finger, 5200; rugel’s plan-
tain, 1300; evening primrose, 800; ergot,
700; yellow daisy, 400; sedge sp., 400;
witch grass, 100; American wild mint,
100; goosefoot, tumbleweed, sheep sorrel,
blue vervain, green foxtail, pepper grass,
bitter dock.

J. M. Bray & Son, Bucksport, April 13, 1906.
Harmiless,—Redtop, 15.400; white clover,
1,700; alsike clover, 1,300; red clover, 500;
Kentucky blue grass, 200. Noxious,—Five

Per ct.

70.

90.

73.

86.

98.

98.

6

Per ct.

$) -

3.

5

Per ct.

20.4

14.5

10.1

1.4

1.0

7; No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

hte

SEED INSPECTION,

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one 2
Pound.t a

Sample
number

35

Foreign
seeds

TIMOTHY—Continued. Perct. Per ct.

finger, 1000; sheep sorrel, 600; pepper
grass, 500; yellow daisy, 500; rugel’s plan-
tain, 500; evening primrose, 200; sedge
sp., 100; ergot, 100; goosefoot, green
foxtail, crabgrass, ribgrass, hedge mus-
tard.

693 A. M. Brown, Augusta, April 21, 1906...... Soe
Harmiess,—Redtop, 7400; white clover, 800;
red clover, 200; alsike clover, 100; Ken-
tucky blue grass, 300. Noxious,—Five fin-
ger, 1700; evening primrose, 400; rugel’s
plantain, 400; sedge sp., 200; yellow
daisy, 200; blue vervain, 100; tumble
weed, 100; heal-all, ergot.

GUY) 1. J. Cayesilgig IDeeaicigs Joel 85 UNG b scscaccs 96.2 iL.

Harmiess,—Redtop, 93800; alsike clover,
5500; white clover, 3700; redclover, 1500.
Woxious,—Hedge mustard, 7800; rugel’s
plantain, 1700; five finger, 1500; goosefoot,
1200; mayweed, 900; pepper grass, 600;
evening primrose, 500; sheep sorrel, 500;
witch grass, 400; blue vervain, 200;
stringing nettle, 200; tumbleweed, 100;
ribgrass, 100; common chickweed, 100;
bull thistle, night-flowering catchfly,
heal-all, green foxtail, dock sp.

Glsmip Ie Canrsley= WMexter: vAiprill 9 N90Ge ns ae ene 98.5
Harmless,—Redtop, 9200; alsike clover,
3800; white clover, 900; red clover, 600.
Woxious,—Five finger, 2200; rugel’s plan-
tain, 1500; evening primrose, 1200; yellow
daisy, 700; stringing nettle, 500; blue
vervain, 200; sheep sorrel, 100; tumble
weed, 100; witch grass, 100; pepper grass.

697 C. M. Conant Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906... 39RS

Harmiess,—Redtop, 1900; white clover, 400;
Kentucky blue grass, 200; redclover.
Noxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 3200; five
finger, 900; sedge sp., 600; witch grass,
400; crabgrass, 100; blue vervain, evening
primrose, goosefoot, yellow daisy, spurge,
Sheep sorrel, pepper grass, green fox-
tail.

698 C. M. Conant Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906.... Wot
Harmiless,—Redtop, 1200; white clover, 900;
red clover, 300; alsike clover, 100; Ken-
tucky blue grass, 300. Noxious,—Ergot,
800; sedge sp., 200; five finger, 200; pep-
per grass, 100; green foxtail, bitter dock,
Sheep sorrel.

540*L. Decker & Son, Clinton, March 29, 1906... 92.6 2.

Harmiess,—Redtop, 95100; white clover,
1600. Noxious,—Five finger, 8100; rugel’s
plantain, 2900; evening primrose, 900;
yellow daisy, 700; sheep sorrel, 600; blue
vervain, 500; pepper grass, 400; stringing

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.

0

3

Per ct.

2.8

1.0

5.1

7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

1907.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.y

Sample
number

Pure
seed

Inert
matter.

Foreign
seeds.

TIMOTHY—Continued.
nettle, 600; ribgrass, 100; American wild
mint, 100; mayweed, 100; goosefoot, 100;
common chickweed, 200; spring leaved
sow thistle, slender crabgrass.

539*L. Decker & Son, Clinton, March 29, 1906...

Harmless,—White clover, 1,600; redtop,

1400. Noxious,—Evening primrose, 200;

rugel’s plantain, 100; five finger, 100; yel-

low daisy; pepper grass, nignt-flowering
catchfly, heal-all, sheep sorrel.

586 H. Douglass & Co., Guilford, April 7, 1906..
Harmiess,—Redtop, 32100; white clover,
400; alsike clover, 300; red clover, 200;
Kentucky blue grass, 700. Noxious,—Five
finger, 18500; rugel’s plantain, 2100; ergot,

600; evening primrose, 600; yellow daisy,

300; goosefoot, 100; pepper grass, 100;
hedge mustard, 100; green foxtail, witch
grass, bracted plantain, sedge sp., dock sp.

710 R.B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906
Harmiless,—Redtop, 9400; white clover, 1800;
alsike clover, 1600; Kentucky blue grass,
1300; red clover, 300. Noxious,—Five fin-
ger, 5600; rugel’s plantain, 900; yellow
daisy, 800; ergot, 700; plantain, 600; even-
ing primrose, 400; sedge sp., 300; pepper
grass, 300; bitter dock, 100; yarrow, 100;
night-flowering eatchfly, 100; lady’s
thumb, 100; sheep sorrel, 100; goosefoot,
100; mouse-ear chickweed, 100; charlock,
100; pigweed, 100; witch grass, 100; rib-
grass, common chickweed, green foxtail,
blue vervain, hedge mustard.

711 R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906
Harmiess,—Redtop, 2600; white clover, 500;
Kentucky blue grass, 500; alsike clover,

200; red clover, 200. Noxious,—Evening
primrose, 700; yellow daisy, 500; ergot,

500; rugel’s plantain, 400; five finger, 400;

blue vervain, 200; dandelion, 100; sedge sp.

705 R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, April 24, 1906.
Harmiess,—White clover, 400; red clover,
300; Kentucky blue grass, 100; redtop.
Noxious,—Rugel’s plantain, 200; ergot,
200; sedge sp., 100; dandelion, 100; pep-

per grass, evening primrose, heal-all.

632 G. A. Dustin Co., Dexter, April 9, 1906......

Harmless,—Redtop, 17,200; Kentucky blue

grass, 1100; white clover, 1100; alsike

clover, 600; red clover, 500. MNoxious,—

Five finger, 2000; plantain, 1400; yellow

daisy, 700; evening primrose, 700; sedge

sp., 400; ergot, 300; dandelion, 100; witch

grass, 100; sheep sorrel, bitter dock, pep-

per grass, yellow wood sorrel, blue
vervain.

Per ct.

99.

98.

98.

99.

99.

ON

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

1

7

0

2

5

9

Per ct.

iL.

0

Per ct.

1.0

ilsal

—- > CUS eet

SEED INSPECTION. ‘ 37

5 i
ao Source of Sample, and Character, Kind 5 po 5
gs and Number of Foreign Seeds in one as o8 Ho
as Pound.; So de es)
na hn fais eu
TIMOTHY—Continued. Perict; Per'ct. Per ct.
5661 H. A. Edward, Caribou, April 4; 1906....... 99.4 4 .2

Harmiless,—Redtop, 4400; white clover, 900;
red clover, 400; alsike clover. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 200; yellow daisy, 100;
ergot, 200; goosefoot, five finger, green
foxtail, slender crabgrass, sedge sp., pep-
per grass, dock sp.

670 Ben D. Field, Belfast, April 12, 1906....... 97.8 Ws) ee

Harmless,—Redtop, 10200; alsike clover,
3700; white clover, 1100; Kentucky blue
grass, 1200; red clover, 400. Noxious,—
Five finger, 3600; evening primrose, 2000;
rugel’s plantain, 1100; yellow daisy, 900;
ergot, 800; blue vervain, 300; tumble
weed, 200; yellow wood sorrel, 100; sheep
sorrel, 100; pepper grass, 100; witch grass,
100; mouse-ear chickweed, 100; sedge sp.,
goosefoot, hedge mustard.

694 AY El. Hogg Co., Houlton, April 2, 1906...... Oi). 83 4 <3
Harmiess,—Redtop, 10,200; red clover, 600;
white clover, 400. Noxious,—Pvening
primrose, 500; plantain, 300; five finger,
300; yellow daisy, 200; stringing nettle,
100; blue vervain, 100; wild lettuce, 100;
ergot, 300; sheep sorrel.

555 A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton, April 2, 1906..... 99.5 -3
Harmiless,—Redtop, 700; white clover, 400;
red clover. Noxious,—Green foxtail, rug-
el’s plantain.

to

716*G. H. Freeman Co., Presque Isle, April 26,
LVN: nt necher chore Red oe aReO eRe oie crore Oasiceey Oneness 99.4 2 4
Harmiess,—Redtop, 300; alsike clover, 200.
Noxious,—Evening primrose, 1500; plan-
tain, 200; five finger, 200; pepper grass,
100; stringing nettle, blue vervain.

715*G. H. Freeman Co., Presque Isle, April 26,
RD OG rreciraliere ss reteto cine) tc ashen sents Dinitree neaiaiens 99.6 =} sil
Harmiless,—Alsike clover, 1100; red clover,
redtop. Noxious,—Evening primrose, 100;
rugel’s plantain, 100; sheep sorrel, 100;
witch grass.

589 French & Elliott, Guilford, April 7, 1906.... 98.4 .8 .8
Harmiess,—Redtop, 6900; white clover,
2000; red clover, 1600; Kentucky blue
grass, 700; alsike clover, 600. Noxious,—
Five finger, 3,100; rugel’s plantain, 1,400;
sedge sp., 500; sheep sorrel, 100; yellow
daisy, 100; peppergrass, yellow wood sor-
rel, evening primrose, blue vervain, dock
sp., ribgrass. 3

679 H. F. Gilley, Bucksport, April 13, 1906..... 98.1 = T 2
Harmiless,—Redtop, 21400; alsike clover,
1600; red clover, 300; Kentucky blue grass,
700. WNoxious,—Five finger, 5300; plan-
tain, 1200; ergot, 1000; yellow daisy, 400;

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

38 MAINE, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

1907.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.7;

Sample
number

Pure
seed

Inert
matter.

Foreign

seeds.

TIMOTHY—Continued.
goosefoot, 400; evening primrose, 300;
green foxtail, 200; pepper grass, 100;
spurge, 100; blue vervain, sedge sp., bitter
dock, sheep sorrel, pigweed, mayweed,
heal-all, catnip, ox-eye daisy.

604 A. W. Gilman, Foxcroft, April 7, 1906......
Harmless,—Alsike clover, 1500; white clov-
er, 1100; redtop, 400; red clover, 200;
Kentucky blue grass, 100. Noxious,—
Rugel’s plantain, 600; blue vervain, 600;
evening primrose, 400; ergot, 200; yellow
daisy, 200; five finger, 200; slender crab-
grass, 100; sedge sp., sheep sorrel, pepper-
grass, mayweed, goosefoot, green foxtail.

724*H. A. Gilman, So. Norridgewock, May 2,
a ELD) yet een Carer en ee ee Sis eS IER CeHORoEC CRE
Harmiess,—Redtop, 15,400; white clover,
1800; red clover, 800; alsike clover, 300.
WNoxious,—Five finger, 1700; rugel’s plan-
tain, 600; yellow daisy, 500; evening
primrose, 300; blue vervain, 100; sheep
sorrel, 100; lady’s thumb, 100; sedge sp.,
200; yellow wood sorrel, 100; green fox-

tail, sow thistle.

557 Jas. H. Glenn, Caribou, April 4, 1906.......

Harmless,—Alsike clover, 500; white clover,

300; redtop, 200; red clover, 100. Nox-

ious,—Goosefoot, 100; five finger, 100; yel-

low daisy, 100; rugel’s plantain, evening
primrose, dandelion.

558 Jas. H. Glenn, Caribou, April 4, 1906.......
Harmiess,— White clover, 500; alsike clover,
500; redtop, 300; red clover, 100. Nox-
ious,—Evening primrose, 600; yellow
daisy, 100; goosefoot, 100; hedge mustard,
200; rugel’s plantain, five finger, may-
weed, green foxtail, dock sp., blue ver-

vain, slender crabgrass, pepper grass.

738*H. N. Goodhue, Fort Fairfield, May 4, 1906..
Harmiess,—Redtop, 100; white clover, 100;
red clover. No noxious seeds found.

734*H. N. Goodhue, Fort Fairfield, May 4, 1906..

Harmiless,—Redtop, 300; white clover, 200;

alsike clover, 100; red clover, 100. Nox-
ious,—Ribgrass, yellow daisy.

733*H. N. Goodhue, Fort Fairfield, May 4, 1906..
Harmiess,—Redtop, 400; alsike clover, 100;
red clover. Noxious,—Green foxtail, even-

ing primrose, sedge, sp.

643 J. EH. Gray, Corinna, April 10, 1906.........
Harmiess,—Redtop, 18,900; white clover,
1200; red clover, 300; alsike clover, 300;
Kentucky blue grass, 800. Noxious,—Five
finger, 7200; rugel’s plantain, 1400; goose-

Per ct.

99.

98.

99).

99.

99.

99.

99.

Site

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

1

Per ct.

1.4

Per ct.

.
ca

SEED INSPECTION. 39

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

oH S
3.2 Source of Sample, and Character, Kind es 22 a $
ge and Number of Foreign Seeds in one Bo fe z >
S 3 Pound.; a & g 5,2
TIMOTHY—Continued. Renct.) ber ict.. er Ci

‘foot, 700; ergot, 400; yellow daisy, 300;

evening primrose, 200; mayweed, 100;

shepherd’s purse, 100; hedge mustard,

100; dandelion, 100; pepper grass, blue

vervain, heal-all, green foxtail, yellow .
wood sorrel, sheep sorrel, witch grass,

Sedge sp., slender crabgrass.

684 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, April 21, 1906 98.6 4 1.0

Harmless,—Redtop, 8300; white clover,
2600; alsike clover, 1400; red clover, 500;
Kentucky blue grass, 700. Noxious,—Rug-
el’s plantain, 2500; five finger, 1600; ergot,
400; plantain, 400; evening primrose, 300;
heal-all, 200; sheep sorrel, 200; yarrow,
100; goosefoot, 100; sedge sp., 100; yel-
low wood sorrel, 100; peppergrass, 100;
yellow daisy, blue vervain, mayweed,
witch grass, green foxtail, slender crab-
grass.

682 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, April 21, 1906 99.4 aD mae
Harmiless,—Redtop, 2300; alsike clover, 400;
red clover, 200; white clover, 100; Ken-
tucky blue grass. Noxious,—Ergot, 300;
goosefoot, 100; rugel’s plantain, 100; five
finger, evening primrose, pepper grass,
yellow daisy.

681 Geo. B. Haskell Co., Lewiston, April 21, 1906 99.5 .4 sal
Harmiess,—Red clover, 200; alsike clover
200; redtop 100; Kentucky blue grass, 100;
white clover. Noxious,—Goosefoot, 100;
Sheep sorrel, 100; ergot, 100; mayweed,
evening primrose, rugel’s plantain, black
medick.

534 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, February 28,
BEDS OG erncsvransa isi sss pss Stic sc ha testes ak oth Moen ayale a aealahel Sue 95.4 2.0 2.6
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 3200; red clover,
1,100. Noxious,—Five finger, 13,000; plan-
tain, 11,700; pepper grass, 1,600; sheep sor-
rel, 1100; blue vervain, 400; goosefoot, 300;
evening primrose, 800; willow herb, 100;
common chickweed, 100;. marsh elder,
200; stringing nettle, 500; dodder, 100;
mayweed, 200; yellow daisy, 100; yarrow,
100; black medick, 100; yellow foxtail,
400; lady’s thumb, bitter dock, pale per-
sicaria.

634 Ireland Bros., Corinna, April 10, 1906...... 99.1 .6 ach
Harmiless,—Redtop, 9400; alsike clover,
1200; red clover, 200. Noxious,—Five fin-
ger, 2900; plantain, 700; pepper grass,
400; yellow daisy, 200; evening prim-
rose, 200; mayweed, 200; shepherd’s
purse, 200; green foxtail, 100; goosefoot,
100; tumbleweed, 100; blue vervain, 100;
sheep sorrel, 100; stringing nettle, pov-
erty weed.

¥No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 19006.

s c

(<b) eal
AS Source of Sample, and Character, Kind ~o Hoe
gE and Number of Foreign Seeds in one rg Bap Lo
a5 Pound. =o ae 29
ne hn ag qn

TIMOTHY—Continued. Perict. Perict seence,
607 Ireland Bros., Corinna, April 7, 1906:....... WS) 5B} .4 .3

Harmless,—Alsike clover, 700;.redtop, 200.
Noxious,—PMvening primrose, 500; yellow
daisy, 400; plantain, 3800; witch grass,
100; common-chickweed, 100; pepper grass,
slender crabgrass.

524 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, February 20,
TOO Gisheitvaredtoe ete reien etch ceemem este cenreiya yan civ cree ures 99.4 53 S483
Harmless,—Red clover, 300. MNoxious,—
Crabgrass, 300; pepper grass, rugel’s
plantain, stringing nettle.

523 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, February 20, a6
XIN ie cepa useciencire GlGicr tec unacnc rca onONG Sita cletcuemoic 9.
HMarmiess,—Red clover, 700; alsike clover,
200. Noxious,—Cominun chickweed, 100;
hedge mustard, 100; poverty weed, 100;
careless weed, rugel’s plantain, lady’s
thumb, bitter dock.

oO
(ev)
i)

651 Judkins & Gilman, Newport, April 10, 1906. 94.8 58) 4.3

HMarmiess,—Canadian blue grass, 17,100;
redtop, 13,800; alsike clover, 13,400; white
clover, 4,700; red clover, 1,500; alfalfa,
100. Noxious,—Black medick, 1,100; five
finger, 1,000; shepherd’s purse, 900; hedge
mustard, 800; sedge sp., 800; plantain,
700; ribgrass, 600; sheep sorrel, 500;
ergot, 500; yellow daisy, 500; dandelion,
400; goosefoot, 400; green foxtail, 400;
mouse-ear chickweed, 300; Canada thistle,
300; night-flowering catchfly, 300; evening
primrose, 200; blue vervain, 100; pepper
grass, 100; mayweed, 100; bitter dock,
100; heal-all, catnip.

624 C. R. McCrellis, Dexter, April 9, 1906....... 98.4 4 474
Harmless,—Redtop, 32400; alsike clover,
1200; Kentucky blue grass, 500; white
clover, 400; red clover, 100. Noxious,—
Five finger, 2600; rugel’s plantain, 1200;
ergot, 900; yellow daisy, 800; evening
primrose, 400; sedge sp., 200; blue ver-
vain, 400; sheep sorrel, 200; dandelion,
ribgrass, goosefoot.

6138 A. J. McNaughton, Foxcroft, April 9, 1906.. Oi ail 55 1.8
Harmless,—Redtop, 45300; alsike clover,
2300; white clover, 700; red clover, 300;
Kentucky blue grass, 500. Noxious,—Five
finger, 2700; ergot, 1700; rugel’s plantain,
1300; evening primrose, 600; yellow daisy,
500; Sheep sorrel, 300; sedge sp., 200;
blue vervain, 100; pigweed, 100; goose-
foot, hedge mustard, dandelion, witch
grass, heal-all.

746*Merrill, Runnells & Mayo Co., Waterville,
May aliGewlG 0G aici see a Cea 98.1 5 hae!
Barmiess,—Redtop, 35100; alsike clover,

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION.

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.+

Sample
number.

Pure:
seed.

matter.

Inert

4I

Foreign

seeds.

TIMOTHY—Continued.
1100; white clover, 800; red clover, 100.
Noxious,—Five finger, 5800; evening prim-
rose, 1300; rugel’s plantain, 800; sedge
sp., 500; sheep sorrel, 100; blue vervain,
100; hedge mustard, 100; chicory, 100;
yellow daisy, pepper grass, mayweed.

690 Merrill Bros., Augusta, April 21, 1906......
Harmiess,—Redtop, 2500; red clover, 1000;
alsike clover, 600; white clover, 100; Ken-
tucky blue grass, 100. Noxious,—F ive fin-
ger, 700; rugel’s plantain, 700; evening
primrose, 600; sedge sp., 500; ergot, 300;
goosefoot, 100; charlock, 100;.blue ver-
vain, 100; yellow daisy, moth mullein.

731*M. P. Moore, No. Anson, May 4, 1906.......

Harmiess,—Redtop, 3200; white clover,

1800; alsike clover, 1900; red _ clover,

1100. Noxious,—Five finger, 1600; plan-

tain, 800; yellow daisy, 300; sheep sor-

rel, 300; evening primrose, 200; tum-

bleweed, 200; ribgrass, 100; witch grass,

100; goosefoot, 100; sedge sp., 100; dande-

lion, 100; pepper grass, blue vervain,
green foxtail.

Gc) Ib, I8l, MIOSinee, Whim, “Norell ill, WO. o555 550
Harmless, Redtop, 25400; alsike clover,
700; white clover, 800; Canadian blue
grass, 500; red clover, 400. Noxious,—Five
finger, 2300; rugel’s plantain, 1100; even-
ing primrose, 1000; yellow daisy, 700;
ergot, 600; pepper grass, 300;blue vervain,

400; night-flowering catchfly.

542*Mt. Desert Nursery, Wm. Miller, Mgr., Bar
sige ovones VANjonmill Te eke Nees cog Geib oore Gide oto o-ciG
Harmiess,—White clover, 2600; redtop, 400.
Woxious,— Witch grass, 300; pepper grass,
100; goosefoot, 100; bracted plantain, 100;

sheep sorrel, 100; low amaranth.

580 G. W. Park, Fort Fairfield, April 5, 1906....

Harmiless,—White clover, 1900; redtop, 1200;

alsike clover, 1000; red clover, 600. Nox-

ious,—Yellow daisy, 300; evening prim-

rose, 200; rugel’s plantain, 200; five fin-

ger, heal-all, night-flowering catchfly
green foxtail, goosefoot, blue vervain.

578 G. W. Park, Fort Fairfield, April 5, 1906....
Harmiless,—Redtop, 1600; alsike clover, 700;
white clover, 100; red clover. Noxious,—
Green foxtail, 200; charlock sp., 200;
goosefoot, 100; evening primrose, 100;
rugel’s plantain, blue vervain, sedge sp.

581 G. W. Park, Fort Fairfield, April 5, 1906....
Harmiless,— Kentucky blue grass, 300;
white clover, 100; alsike clover, 100; red
clover, 100; redtop, 100. Noxious,—Yellow

Per ct.

D8) o

98.

98.

3)

99).

99.

*Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No numker is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

ao

bo

Per ct.

ba

6

(JX)

Per ct.

42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

=
oO ab
Aus Source of Sample, and Character, Kind its po we
gE and Number of Foreign Seeds in one os BS £3
as Pound.7; oP ae as)
ne ny Be Eun
TIMOTHY—Continued. iPerct, “Périciaecrer.
daisy, 100; tumbleweed, 100; goosefoot,
100; mayweed, 100; blue vervain, evening
primrose.
726*T. L. Prescott, Waterville, April 10, 1906... 88.7 4.3 7.0

Harmless,—Redtop, 4.2 percent of whole;
alsike clover, 5500; white clover, 2400; red
clover, 1000. Noxious,—Ergot, 3800; five
finger, 21,600; rugel’s plantain, 14,800;
sheep sorrel, 2600; evening primrose,
2100; blue vervain, 1100; goosefoot, 1200;
yellow daisy, 500; pepper grass, 400; :
witch grass, 300; dandelion, 300; hedge i
mustard, 300; yarrow, 200; green foxtail, 7
200; sedge sp., 2200; tumble weed, 100;
charlock, 100; slender crabgrass, 100;
common chickweed, 100; mayweed, 200;
lady’s thumb.

760 Sanders Bros. & Co., Sangerville, April 7,
: LOY Tiaras aie cr citer ieitichos inka tucemicrciats ehecaid mien cid oe 98.4 22 1.4
Harmiless,—Redtop, 33100; alsike clover,
1200; white clover, 1500; red clover, 300;
Kentucky blue grass, 300. Noxious,—Five
finger, 2300; rugel’s plantain, 900; yellow
daisy, 600; ergot, 500; evening primrose,
300; sedge sp., 300; hedge mustard, 100;
sheep sorrel, 100; heal-all, 100; witch
grass, 100; blue vervain, goosefoot, pep-
per grass, dandelion, mayweed.

on
co
co

Sawyer & Gifford, Dover, April 7, 1906..... 99.6 2 a2
Harmless,—Redtop, 400; redclover, Ken-

tucky blue grass, white clover. Noxious,—

Evening primrose, 900; yellow daisy, 100;

rugel’s plantain, ergot, five finger, heal-all.

584 John Scales, Guilford, April 7; 1906........ 992z 55) “333
Harmless,—Redtop, 1300; -vhite clover, 900;
alsike clover 900; red clover, 100; Ken-
tucky blue grass, 100. Noxious,—Evening 4
primrose, 800; five finger, 500; blue ver- Z
vain, 200; slender crabgrass, 100; sheep
sorrel, 100; ergot, 100; yellow daisy.

639 eRe Ba Shaw. Conmmnea ss Annrilisl Ose9 OGresreeaeietn Sag .8 il se

Harmless,—Redtop, 1800; white clover, 900;
red clover, 800; alsike clover, 300; Ken-
tucky blue grass, 200. Noxious,—Five
finger, 27800; rugel’s plantain, 2200; even-
ing primrose, 1,500; goosefoot, 600; pepper
grass, 300; yellow daisy, 200; sorrel, 200;
lady’s thumb, 100; dandelion, 100; ergot
100; green foxtail, 100; blue vervain,
may weed, heal-all, bitter dock, corn
cockle.

6230S: Le esimalle Dexter PAD Tiles 19 OG pet lene 98.0 a5 il alt)
Harmiless,—Redtop, 6700; white clover;
1500; Kentucky blue grass, 1500; alsike,
clover, 1700; red clover, 900. Noxious,—
Five finger, 2200; evening primrose, 2000;

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION.

Analysis of seeds. 19006.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.y

number
Sample

Pure
seed,

TIMOTHY—Continued.
rugel’s plantain, 1100; yellow daisy, 500;
ergot, 400; sedge sp., 400; pepper grass,
300; hedge mustard, 306; blue vervain,
100; tumbleweed, witch grass, yellow
wood sorrel.

573 A .M. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906....
Harmiless,—Alsike clover, 600; white clover,
100, red clover. Noxious,—Evening prim-
rose, 200; yellow daisy, 100; plantain, 100;

dock sp., blue vervain.

572 A. M. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906.
Harmless,—Redtop, 400; alsike clover, 300;
red clover, 100, white’ clover. Noxious,—
Evening primrose, 1400; five finger, 100;
rugel’s plantain, 100; charlock, 100; green
foxtail, sedge sp., goosefoot, blue ver-
vain, witch grass, crabgrass.

570 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906....

Harmiless,—Alsike clover, $00; redtop, 400;

white clover, 300; red clover, 100. Nox-

ious,—Yellow daisy, 500; evening prim-

rose, 200; rugel’s plantain, 200; goosefoot,

200: green foxtail, 100; witch grass, 100;
heal-all, 100; pepper grass, five finger.

569 M. C. Smith, Presque Isle, April 5, 1906....
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 500; red clover,
100; white clover, 160; redtop. Noxious,—
Evening primrose, 200; yellow daisy, 100;
goosefoot.

547*So0ule Bros., Buxton, April 7; 1906......:...

Harmiess,—Redtop, 11700: white clover,

2700. WNoxious,—Five finger, 1500; plan-

tain, 1300; evening primrose, 800; yellow

daisy, tumbleweed, stringing nettle, blue
vervain.

768*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 2900; redtop, 500;
white clover, 400; red clover, 100; Ken-
tucky blue grass. Noxious,—Rugel’s plan-

tain, 300; evening primrose, 300; ergot,

100; goosefoot, 100; yellow daisy, may-'

weed, slender crabgrass, hedge mustard.

769*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..
Harmiess,—Redtop, 80700; alsike clover,
3500; white clover, 3100; red clover, 500:
Kentucky blue grass, 5200. Noxious.—Five
finger, 21200; ergot, 3100; plantain, 3400:
rugel’s plantain, 3,300: sheep sorrel, 1,800:
evening primrose, 1800; hedge mustard,
1200; yellow daisy, 1000: pepper grass,
700; goosefoot, 600; sedge sp., 600: witch
grass, 400; mayweed. 300; dandelion, 200:
white vervain, 200; shepherd’s purse,
100; heal-all, 100; ribgrass, 100; yellow

Per ct.

48):

VY).

98.

3)

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

yy

OV

Per ct.

bo

bo

oO

bo

43

Per ct.

4.3

44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Analysis of seeds. 1900.

1907.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.y

Sample
number

5

. »
Og aD
Ayn oe

Foreign
seeds

TIMOTH Y—Continued.
wood sorrel, 100; blue vervain, green fox-
tail. ;

770*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..
Harmiess,—Redtop, 7900; white clover,
1300; red clover, 800; alsike clover, 200;
Kentucky blue grass, 600. Noxious,—Five
finger, 3300; rugel’s plantain, 2000; ergot,
1100; yellow daisy, 900; evening prim-
rose, 400; sedge sp., 300; goosefoot, 100;
pepper grass, 100; witch grass, 100; blue
vervain, hedge mustard, may weed, yel-

low wood sorrel, dandelion.

771*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..
Harmless,—Redtop, 37,400; alsike clover,
2600; red clover, 1900; white clover, 900;
Canadian blue grass, 700. Noxious,—Five
finger, 4700; rugel’s plantain, 1600; sedge
sp., 1200; evening primrose, 700; yellow
daisy, 700; plantain, 500; blue vervain,
300; ergot, 100; dandelion, 100; may weed,
100; pepper grass, green foxtail, goose-

foot.

772*Swan & Sibley, Belfast, November 1, 1906..
Harmless,—Redtop, 36,400; alsike clover,
1,100; red clover, 500; white clover, 500;
Kentucky blue grass, 800. Noxious,—
Ergot, 3,700; five finger, 3,100; rugel’s
plantain, 2,900; yellow daisy, 1,000; pep-
per grass, 600; sedge sp., 500; evening
primrose, 300; green foxtail, 200; moth
mullein, 200; mayweed, 100; hedge mus-
tard, 100; goosefoot, dandelion, sheep
sorrel.

752*H. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906......
Harmiless,—Alsike clover, 100; white clover,
100; redtop. Noxious,—Five finger, 100;
ergot, 100; blue vervain, goosefoot, sedge

sp.

750*H. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906......
Harmiess,— White clover, 300; alsike clover,
200; red clover, 100. Noxious,—Green
foxtail, 100; night-flowering catchfly, 100;
sheep sorrel, 100; .yellow daisy, 100;
evening primrose, pepper grass.

748*E. W. Walker, Houlton, May 19, 1906.....
Harmiess,—<Alsike clover, 1,500; white
clover, 700; redtop, 900, red _ clover.
Noxious,—Plantain, 300; evening prim-

rose, 300; five finger, 100; sedge sp., 100.

759*BH. W. Walker, Houlton, May 29, 1906......
Harmiess,—Redtop, 4.7 per cent of whole;
red clover, 8,200; alsike clover, 6,400;
white clover, 1,900; Kentucky blue grass,
18,900. Noxious,—Five finger, 27,400;

Perct. Per ct.

8) it
97.0 1.0
oil oil
28) ot 2
Ooh . - 2
g)$) oa 5
84.5 5.1

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

Per ct.

2.

il

10.

0

8

crys

SEED INSPECTION. 45

Analysis of seeds. 1906.

Source of Sample, and Character, Kind
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one
Pound.{

Sample
number
Pure
seed.
Foreign
seeds.

TIMOTHY—Continued. Perct.) ber ct. ber ct.
rugel’s plantain, 11,200; evening primrose,
3,400; witch grass, 900; ribgrass, 200;
goosefoot, 3,500; yellow daisy, 2,900; blue
vervain, 2,600; pepper grass, 1,200;
American pennyroyal, 300; sedge _ sp.,
1,000; sheep sorrel, 600; dock sp., 500;
yarrow, 300; dandelion, 200; bracted plan-
tain, 100; yellow wooed sorrel, 100; crab-
grass, 100; shepherd’s purse, 100; slender
crabgrass, 100; mayweed, 100; green fox-
tail, Canada thistle. :

WOOD MEADOW.
741*Mt. Desert Nurseries, Bar Harbor, May 5,
WING OLR T feos one oc scree ep eis oat oe suwaetiensutiensne ye, oes 98.6 a8) ~5
Harmiless,—None. Noxious,—Orange hawk-
weed, 3,400; prickly lettuce, 600; chicory,
400; corn spurry, 200; common chickweed.

HUNGARIAN.
518 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 99.3 4 -o
Harmiless,—None. Noxious,—Lady’s thumb,
400; pigweed, 200; Sheep sorrel, 100;
crabgrass, 900; witch grass, Pennsylvania
persicaria.

538 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Feb. 29, 1906.. 98.7 4 9
Harmiess,—Timothy, 400. Noxious,—Crab-
grass, 2,600; lady’s thumb, 1,300; arrow-
leaved tear thumb, 100; careless weed,
200; witch grass, 400; ragweed, 300; bull
thistle, 100; goosefoot, 400; bladder ket-
mia, wild lettuce, blue vervain.

i}
it
i
4
|

531 C. B. Cummings & Sons, Norway, February
Dal.’ “UDO Si ise Gameete ge re men eee eee ceoariatr iar 98.9 ot) -6

Harmiess,—Timothy, 100; red clover, 100.

Woxious,—Goosefoot, 3,000; crabgrass,

200; witch grass, 300; lady’s thumb,

bitter dock, arrow-leaved tear-thumb,

careless weed, common chickweed, plan-

tain, catnip. 3

596 Sanders Bros., Co., Sangerville, April 7, 1906 99.3. 53 4
Harmiless,—Red clover. Woxious,— Witch
grass, 700; gocsefoot, 700; smart weed,
200; lady’s thumb, 200; slender crabgrass,
200; yellow foxtail, 100; blue vervain,
crabgrass, ragweed, ribgrass.

6383 G. A. Dustin Co., Dexter, April 9, 1906.... 99.1 .4 ati
Harmiess,—Alsike clover, 100. Noxious,—
Witch grass, 2,200; crabgrass, 600; lady’s
thumb, 300; slender crabgrass, 100; goose- id
foot, 100; meadow fescue, 100; blue ver-
vain, ragweed, pigweed.

661 Swan & Sibley, Belfast, April 12, 1906.... 98.4 33 1.3
Harmiless,—Timothy, 300. Noxious,—
Goosefoot, 3,000; witch grass, 2,600; crab-
grass, 1,300; pale persicaria, 900; lady’s

* Sample sent by dealer. See statement on page 2.
7 No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Analysis of seeds. 1900.

Hi ; S|
) ee hy wo.
oa Source of Sample, and Character, Kind ® po ‘5
gs and Number of Foreign Seeds in one HD ape wD

ns =)
g 3 Pound.} ct, © ae a
Perct. Perct. Per ct.
thumb, 400; tumbleweed, 300; knot grass,
200; slender crabgrass, 100; blue vervain,
100; fireweed, ragweed, yellow foxtail.
674 A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast, April 12, 1906.. 99.1 4 75)
Harmless,—None. Noxious,— Lady’ s thumb,
1,600; goosefoot, 1,000; crabgrass, 400;
witch grass, 300; yellow foxtail.
JAPANESE MILLETT.
532 C. B. Cummings & Sons, Norway, February
at: Waal 0) asec Gk orc iene: ortieGrC GaOaECTanD Danial tole Oren osceotory. Gu 99.2 58) 5
Noxious,—Yellow foxtail, 800; goosefoot,
100; ragweed, 100; lady’s thumb, mustard.
529 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 94.2 0.0 5.8
Harmless,—None. Noxious, Yellow fox-
tail, 5,400; ragweed, 2,600; arrow-leaved
tear-thumb, 200; lady’s thumb, 100; flax,
100; goosefoot, 100.
FOUR-ROWED BARLEY.
530 C. B. Cummings Sons, Norway, February
DA WANO Gx ese eae eR ee ean Nae ene MG Loci ene ake 96.6 6 2.8
Harmiless,—Oats, 300; spring wheat, 200.
Noxious,—Corn cockle, 100; lady’s thumb.
TWO-ROWED EBARLEY,
522 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 99.5 .0 of)
Harmless,—Spring wheat, 100; American
banner oats.
621 F. J. Carsley, Dexter, April 9, 1906........ 98.1 .0 1.9
Harmless,—American banner oats, 400;
spring wheat, silver hull buckwheat. ~
WNoxious,—Wild buckwheat, charlock.
649 Judkins & Gilman, Newport, April 10, 1906. 99 -0 08)
Harmless, i oats. Nox-
ious,-—Wild buckwheat, 200; charlock, 100.
JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.
526 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 100.0 .0 .0
AMERICAN BANNER OATS.
662 Swan & Sibley, Belfast, April 12, 1906.... 94.6 ~5 4.9
Harmiess,—Wheat, 800.
SPRING RYE.
520 Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 99.1 4 Bt)
Harmless,—Spring wheat, 200; American
banner oats, winter oats. MNoxious,—
Wild buckwheat, 100; flax, ragweed.
PRING WHEAT.
5621 Kendall & Whitcen Portland, Feb. 20, 1906. 100 .0 -0
GARDEN PEA.
667 Ben D. Field, Belfast, April 12, 1906....... 100 -0 0
668 Ben D. Field, Belfast, April 12, 1906....... 100 .0 .0

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

SEED INSPECTION. 47

Analysis of seeds. 19006.
ole Fe i
Source of Sample, and Character, Kindao . . ve = Uh
and Number of Foreign Seeds in one fg ue) Be qS
Pound.+ as SG S| Lo
ne he FE So

GARDEN PEA—Continued.

669 Ben D. Wield, Belfast, April 12, 1906....... 100

598 W. A. Hill, Sangerville; April 7, 1906...... 100 0 .0

097 W. A. Hill, Sangerville, April 7, 1906...... 100 0 a)
CANADA FIELD PEA.

675 A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast, April 12, 1906.. 100 ol) .0

610 A. W. Gilman, Foxcroft, April 7, 1906...... 99.2 .0 .8

Harmless,—Oats, 100.

+ No number is given if there were less than 100 seeds in one pound.

A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 19006.

Common name.

American pennyroyal.
American wiid mint.

Arrow-leaved tear-thumb.

Bee plant.

Bitter dock.

Black medick.
Black mustard.
Black nightshade.
Bladder ketmia.
Blackberry or raspberry.
Blue vervain.
Blueweed.

Borage family.
Bracted plantain.
Bull thistle.
Canadian bluegrass.
Canadian thistle.
Careless weed.
Catnip.

Charlock.

Chicory.

Common chickweed.
Common purslane.
Corn cockle.

Corn gromwell.
Corn mayweed.
Corn spurrey.
Crabgrass.
Crane’s-bill.
Dandelion.

Dodder.

English ryegrass.

* Hrgot (spore clusters).
Hvening primrose.

Scientific name.

Hedeoma pulegioides, (lL) Pers.
Mentha canadensis, L
Polygonum sagittatum, L.
Cleome integrifolia, Torr & Gray.
Rumex obtusifolius, L.
Medicago lupulina, L.

Brassica nigra, Koch.

Solanum nigrum, L.

Hibiseus trionum, L.

Rubus sp.

Verbena hastata, L.

Hehium vulgare, L.

Amsinckia intermedia, F. & M.
Plantago aristata, Michx.
Carduus lanceolatus, L.

Poa compressa, L.

Carduus arvensis, (lL) Robs.
Amaranthus hybridus, L.
Nepeta cataria, L.

Brassica sinapistrum, Boiss.
Cichorium intybus, L.

Alsine media, L.

Portulaca oleracea, L.
Agrostemma githago, L.
Lithospermum arvense, L.
Matricaria inodora, L.
Spergula arvensis, L.

Panicum sanguinale, L.
Geranium maculatum.
Taraxacum taraxacum (L) Karst.
Cusecuta epithymum, Bab.
Lolium perenne, L.

Oenothera biennis, L.

* Hrgot is a disease affecting grain and grasses. The disease is very
tatal to the plants attacked and ergotised grain is dangerous and some-

times fatal to man and animals.

48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 1906.

Common name.

False flax.
Kield peppergrass.
Kield scorpion grass.
Fire-weed.
HKive-finger.
HKlax.
Goldenrod.
Goosefoot.
Green foxtail.
Hairy stickseed.
Hard fescue.
Heal-all.

Hedge mustard.
Hoarhound.
kKnot-grass.
Lady’s thumb.
Low amaranth.
Marsh elder.
Mayweed.
Meadow fescue.
Menzie’s peppergrass.
Mint family.
Moth mullein.
Mouse-ear chickweed.
Night-flowering catchfly.
Orange hawkweed.
Ox-eye daisy.

Pale persicaria.
Pennsylvania persicaria.
Pennycress.

Peppergrass.

Pigweed.

Plantain.

Poverty weed.

Prickly lettuce.

Prickly poppy.

Ragweed.

Ribgrass.

Rugel’s plantain.
Rutabaga.

Sheep sorrel.

Shepherd’s purse.

Sedge family.

Slender crabgrass.
Slender fescue.
Smartweed.

Sow thistle. -
Spring-leaved sow thistle.
Stinging nettle.

Spurge.

Suckling clover.

Switch grass.

Spearmint.

Tarweed.

Tumbleweed.

Virginia three-seeded mercury.
White vervain.

Wild buckwheat.

Wild lettuce.

Wild turnip.

Willow herb.

Witch grass.

Worm-seed mustard.
Yarrow.

Yellow daisy.

Yellow foxtail.

Yellow rocket.

Yellow wood-sorrel.

Scientific name.

Camelina sativa, (L) Crantz.
Lepidium campestre, R. Br.
Myosotis arvensis.

lirigeron canadensis, L.
Potentilla monspeliensis, L.
Linum usitatissimum, L.
Solidago canadensis, L.
Chenopodium album, L.
Chaetochloa viridis, L.
lLappula texana, Britton.
Hestuca ovina duriuscula, L.
Brunella vulgaris, L.
Sisymbrium officinale, L.
Marrubium vulgare, L.
Polygonum aviculare, L.
Polygonum persicaria, L.
Amaranthus blitoides.

Iva xanthiifolia, (Kresen) Nutt.
Anthemis cotula, L.

Hestuca elatior pratensis.
Lepidium menziesii, D. C.
Labiatae.

Verbascum blattaria, L.
Cerastium vulgatum, L.
Silene noctiflora, L.
Hieracium aurantiacum, L.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, L.
Polygonum lapathifolium, L.
Polygonum pennsylvanicum, L.
Thlaspi arvense, L.
Lepidium virginicum, L.
Amaranthus retroflexus, L.
Plantago major, L.

Iva axillaris, Pursh.
luactuca secariola, L.
Argemone hispida, Gray.
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, L.
Plantago lanceolata, L.
Plantago rugelii, Dec.
Brassica campestris, L.
Rumex acetosella, L.

Bursa pastoris, L.
Eleocharis.

Panicum filiforme, L. '
Festuca ovina tenuifolia.
Polygonum hydropiper, L.
Sonchus oleraceus, L.
Sonchus asper, (L) All.
Urtica dioica, L.

Huphorbia nutans, Lag.
Trifolium filiforme, L.
Mentha viridis, L.

Panicum virgatum, L.
Madia sativa, L.
Amaranthus albus, L.
Acalypha virginica.

Verbena urticaefolia, L.
Polygonum conyvolvulus, L.
Lactuca spicata, Lam.
Brassica campestris, L.
KXpilobium adenocaulon, Haussk.
Panicum capillare, L.
HKrysimum cheiranthoides, L.
Achillea millefolium, L.
Rudbeckia hirta, L.
Chaetochloa glauca, L.
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br.
Oxalis corniculata, L.

er Se a a

FIGURE 1. Ben Davis, 14 yearsjold, top-worked!to Jonathan, May, 1904,

FIGURE 2. Tree shown in Figure 1, after 24 years, October, 1906. The tree bore
one peck of fruit. (See page —.)

BULLETIN No. 139.

ORCHARD NOTES. 1906.
W. M. Munson.

The orchard work of the season of 1906 is a continuation of
that detailed in Bulletins 89, 122, and 128, and is considered in
the same general way. The season of 1906 was unusual, by
reason of extreme wetness: previous to August 1, followed by
extreme drought after that date. Despite these conditions,
however, the Baldwins never before yielded such fair, smooth,
handsome fruit. The Tolmans were not quite so good, and
were noticeably attacked by codling moth. In addition to the
usual field work at Manchester and New Gloucester, the
orchards were all thoroughly pruned this season, and some notes
and suggestions relative to pruning are given herewith. A
study of seedling apples native to the State has also been made,
and it is planned later to publish notes and descriptions of these.

CULTURE AND FERTILIZATION.*

The comparative study of cultivation and mulch, as treatment
for a young bearing orchard, showed results somewhat different
in the season of 1906 from those obtained the previous season.
The growth of trees was essentially the same as in previous
years; but the yield of fruit was, in some cases at least, better
from the mulched trees. There is less tendency to deterioration,
1. e. there are fewer dead or dying trees, among the Gravensteins
on the mulched area than on the cultivated, possibly due to the
fact that growth had been less vigorous, and the wood had more
nearly matured previous to the recent severe winters. Little
difference was noticed in this respect in the relative effects of
the use of stable manure and concentrated fertilizers.

The unfertilized trees at the end of the orchard show a decided
falling off.. The rotting turf, which furnished nourishment for
the first few years of the experiment, has been exhausted, and
the trees now have the yellow, half starved appearance too
‘common in New England orchards. Of the 11 unfertilized

* See Bulletin 122 of this Station, p. 182.

52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

trees on the cultivated section of the orchard, 7 produced fruit
this year, yielding a total of 20 baskets (10 bushels) ; while of
the 11 unfertilized mulched trees, 4 produced fruit, yielding a
total of 22 baskets (11 bushels). Of the 7 cultivated trees men-
tioned, however, all but one produced fruit the previous year
(a total of 14 bushels) ; while of the 4 mulched trees only one
produced fruit in 1905, (a total of 2 bushels). It should fur-
ther be stated that of the mulched trees mentioned more than
half of the fruit (13 baskets) came from one tree, No. 49, pre-
viously noted as particularly and unaccountably thrifty and
productive. The most casual observer can but note the need
of additional plant food.

On the fertilized portion of the orchard the difference
between the culture and the mulch was, this year, about as I to
2 1-2, with the Tolmans, but was quite the opposite with the
Gravensteins, the ratio being 3.4 to 1. In other words, while
the average yield of 11 Tolman trees on the cultivated section
was one bushel per tree, the average of the corresponding num-
ber of trees on the mulched section was one barrel per tree. Of
14 Gravenstein trees on the cultivated area, on the other hand,
the average yield was 4.8 baskets as compared with 1.4 baskets
on the mulched area. Asa matter of fact, the difference is even
more striking than this, for of the 14 cultivated trees 10 bore
fruit, the minimum crop being 2 baskets and the maximum 13;
while of the mulched trees but 2 bore fruit, one giving I 1-2
baskets, and the other 10 baskets.

In comparing the yields of both Tolmans and Gravensteins
for two or three seasons past, there is an apparent advantage
from the use of stable manure. This advantage, which lies
partly in the added amount of humus and, doubtless, partly in
an actually larger amount of plant food per tree, is not suffi-
cient, however, to pay the extra expense of hauling the manure
for the considerable distance which is necessary in this, as in
most orchards. Where stable manure is readily obtainable, and
need not be hauled long distances, or over rough roads, there is
nothing better for use in the average Maine orchard; but in
very many cases the use of concentrated fertilizers is more
economical, and will give equally as good results.

+See plan of orchard Bulletin 122, this Station, p. 183.

ORCHARD NOTES. 53

ORCHARD RENOVATION.*

The work in the “renovation orchard” for the season of 1906
consisted of the usual plowing and harrowing, and the applica-
tion of the same amounts of fertilizers as in 1905, 1. e. two-thirds
the amount given during the first three years of the experiment ;
or at the rate of about 133 pounds nitrate of soda, 200 pounds
of muriate of potash, and 200 pounds acid phosphate per acre,
in varying combinations, on the different plots.

The effect of the treatment given this orchard is visible as
far as the orchard can be seen, and from a hillside one-half
mile distant the different plats can readily be distinguished by
reason of difference in color and vigor of foliage. On those
plats from which nitrogen has been withheld, there is now a
decided lack of color and a weak growth indicative of neglect;
while on the plats receiving nitrogen, whether alone or in com-
bination, a vigorous growth and rich deep green foliage are
evident. On this particular hillside, nitrogen is the one thing
lacking ; potash and phosphoric acid, either alone or in combina-
tion, giving no better results than are found with the check
trees. The plat receiving all three elements, however, is decid-
edly the best in the lot, although if there is any difference in
soil, this is the poorest corner of the orchard.

The data given in the tables on pages 54 and 55, continued
from last year,* are suggestive. As previously noted, the
winters of 1903-4, and of 1904-5, were both exceptionally severe,
and many trees were badly injured. While the trees under
observation are making a strong effort at recovery, and, in
nearly every instance, are forming new tops where the injured
portions have been cut away, there was not sufficient vitality in
the trees to make this recovery and to form fruit buds in the
fall of 1905 for last season’s crop. Hence the apparent falling
off in productiveness, as shown in column five of the tables. An
examination of the trees late this fall, however, indicates every
prospect for a full crop again next year.

* See Bulletin 89 of this Station, p. 18; Bulletin 122, p. 190.
* Bulletin 122 of this Station, p. 193.

54

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Orchard Renovation—Annual Vield.

Plat and
number
of tree

BARRELS.

YIELD PER TREE, IN

1903.

1904. 1905.

1906.

Remarks.

Check
Row

Tree No.

Tree No.

ao. POW hw we
angoocoonrcenan

Hee ore
anncoc

eeeeeee

OH Rew Ot

see ere

EP PWHD DORE DU
oooonoooonno

peceeees

eee enee

«ee

TLaAWOSORRAD

*

OS et eet CO CO DO Ob
*

PW DDH wwoe
Sonmnowm1939:Nsoo

*
Cs

me ro GOD
“IPN oore
*
mC hobo
ace

*
Lobokwoso:

CO bo WO O1 OT HE bv OO
C2 OnOL OOo OT Oms
SAE SQ IIS

owonrooe

OR OOo
CorfoMmo
coo oo
a 6.0 O26
ocreoo

Gb O16, o 6n0 O20

SSONODAAE OE

YY -
ate

PPD CWee HSowr

KS DOonwmwoa#nPe

vl Se

DRODRONDSCS

cnNnowrc ooo
*

ooonm

eesersers
a)
*

SorcCoO acoo

ocoorore

eooororsesce
ocoowownwocooocoo

*Extra good fruit, 1905.

*Extra good fruit.

*Extra good type.
*Extra good type.

Vacant.
Nearly killed, winter of 1904-5, recovering.

*Extra good type of fruit.
*Extra good type.

*Extra good type.

tNearly all the fruit on this plat dropped
early, in 1904, remainder was soft and
worthless as in April or May.

Plat and
number
of tree.

Plat. V.

Tree No.
66

ORCHARD NOTES. 55

Orchard Renovation—Annual Yield—Concluded.

YIELD PER TREE,
IN BARRELS.

1903. | 1904. | 1905.
a5 iewedes 1.0
2.0| 6.5* 5
0 4 “9
0.0; 2.5 sit
70) 6:8") 1.3
SO) OMB i
15 |i BO 1.9
sO By 4
Folge! 2.3
4.0) 2.4 3.4
0| 5.0 2
0| 2.4 1.0
S0laeunes 3
20 4 ‘1
2.0| 4.2 .0
5.0} 5.8 3.4
0; 2.2 1.6
sO). Pek 1.2
Ol > 18 1.0
0 .0 9
igo Wee! 1.6
2.0/ 2.3 28
ONG a de3 2
Bol 9 LO 1.0
6.5, 0.0 1.3
0 0 ul
Bao ame) 1.6*
4.0| .0| 2.8
3.5 2.8$t| 3.5
JON. Tei 5
1.0} 3.2) a)
Ga 7.0 .0
te et 2.6 1.0
pete 3.4%] 2.0
Bash 5 1.0
setae 4.2 Tan

1906.

(—)

*

wm

*

Sseossseveoows
coonmoone

ee eee w ee

Remarks.

*E xtra good type.

*E xtra good type.

Vacant.

Almost dead.

*E xtra good type.

Gravenstein.
Treebroken; only one limb,extra fine fruit
Gravenstein.
Gravenstein.
Gravenstein.

Gravenstein.
Gravenstein.

Gravenstein.
Gravenstein.
*Also .$ bbl. Starkey on portion of tree.

+Condition of this fruit similar to that of
plat 3.

*Extra good fruit.

56 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Another feature worthy of note is the continued exhibition
of individuality of character suggested last year.* Certain trees,
as is the case with certain hens in a flock, or certain cows ina
herd, are more or less uniformly productive, while others are
uniformly unproductive, or are erratic. Compare, for example,
Numbers) 17; (20; 21, 22, 25,.22. 47, 51, 67, and Sis withemomecy
A2e SOs 5251549 OA 68, 73, and 78. During the four seasons since
the records have been kept, the first 10 trees, representing all
of the different plots, have yielded an aggregate of 131 barrels
of fruit. During the same period the second Io trees, repre-
senting the same plots, have produced an aggregate of 39 bar-
rels. Continuous records of these trees will be kept, and cions
from each engrafted upon a uniform foundation stock for
comparison. ete

Most of the trees formerly designated as bearing an “extra
good type” of fruit, so far as they produced fruit at all, this
year, showed the same desirable characteristics. This is partic-
ularly true of numbers 17, 20, 25, and 51. Cions from these
trees, also, will be made the basis of comparison with cions from
less desirable types.

It is generally believed that by selecting cions from trees of
productive habit and desirable type, the character of a young
orchard may be correspondingly improved; but no accurate data
are available to substantiate this claim. The fact of bud varia-
tion is admitted, and the results obtained by George T. Powell,}
and others, point to the practice of cion selection as one of prob-
able importance. One of the aims of the station in conducting
the work here described is, if possible, to answer definitely the
questions involved.

THE TOP-WORKED ORCHARD.*

While conclusions cannot yet be drawn from the work in
top-grafting, it is of interest to note that all trees of Jonathan,
both those from nursery stock and those from bearing trees,
bore some fruit this year. The yield was not large—t1-2 peck
tc one peck on each tree—but for trees engrafted but 2 1-2

* Bulletin 122 of this Station, pp. 194, 195.
+ Trans. Maine Pom. Soc., 1899, p. 44.
* See Bulletin 122 of this Station, pp. 198, 199.

ORCHARD NOTES. 57

years, the start is satisfactory. The cuts, figures 1 and 2, show
the Jonathan trees as they appeared after grafting, in May,
1904, and at the time of harvest, October, 1906. None of the
other varieties, Baldwin, Sutton or Spitzenburg, have yet pro-
duced fruit. The original Ben Davis trees, left for comparison,
produced from 1 to 2 bushels of fruit each.

The early part of the season was so very wet that cultivation
of this orchard was impossible in 1906. Accordingly neither
culture nor fertilizers were applied. The witch grass, which is
very abundant here, grew luxuriantly and was mown, in August,
and left upon the ground. In 1907 the usual clean culture will
be practiced and fertilizers at the rate of 500 pounds per acre
will be applied.

COVER CROPS.

The chief advance made in the work with cover crops during
the past year, has been the practical demonstration of the value
of rye and spring vetch for such purposes in a region where
they had not hitherto been used. On a dry, rather steep hillside,
on the farm of Mr. John W. True, in New Gloucester, stands
a thrifty young Ben Davis orchard, which is just coming into
full bearing. This orchard is thoroughly enriched every year,
either with stable manure or with concentrated fertilizers, and
besides growing some very thrifty trees, has for several years
produced alternate crops of silage corn and of potatoes.

In the late summer of 1905, at the time of the last cultivation
of the silage corn, this orchard was divided into 3 plats, upon
the first of which spring vetch was sown at the rate of I I-2
bushels per acre; upon the second winter rye, at the same rate;
and upon the third or check plat no cover crop was used.
Owing to the shade of the growing corn, the vetch plants made
but little growth and a poor stand was secured. The rye, while
weak and drawn at the time the corn was cut, thickened and
made a good cover before the close of the season.

On May 12 the orchard was inspected and it was found that
the upper plat, upon which vetch had been sown, was but
slightly protected and that gullies, in some places a foot deep,
had been washed between the trees. The second plat, on which

+ See Bulletin 122 of this Station, p. 201-203.

58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

the rye was used as a cover crop, showed no tendency to form
gullies, and the land was left in good condition. The line
between the two plats was sharply drawn by the protecting
action of the rye. Below, on the check plat, the washing com-
menced again, and the soil was left as in the first plat. In
some cases a regular network of roots was exposed to sun and
drying winds. On May 15 the whole orchard was plowed, and
no ill effects consequent upon growing a spring crop upon the
ary hillside followed.

While not of scientific importance, this demonstration of a
principle which has so frequently been urged by the Experiment
Station has done more than mere words and reports can ever
do to induce practical farmers to follow the method suggested,
and thus prevent alike the washing of cultivated hillsides in
winter, and the drying out of the land by leaving the cover crop
too late in the spring.

SPRAYING NOTES.

Owing to the unusually favorable conditions during the past
few seasons, the practice of spraying orchards for insect and
fungous pests has been somewhat neglected. Apple scab,
formerly so destructive, has given very little trouble, and Maine
has not to contend with the dreaded bitter rot of the South and
West. At no time for the past 10 years, however, has the
codling moth been so abundant as in 1906, and it is reasonable
to expect even greater trouble next season; while a warm,
moist spring is almost certain to develop a serious outbreak of
apple scab.

As repeatedly shown by the publications of this Station, both
the scab and the insect pests—codling moth, canker worm, bud
moth, and tent caterpillars—may readily be held in check by a
timely and thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture and
Paris green, or Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead. Asa
matter of insurance, therefore, wherever it is possible, every
orchard should be sprayed in April, before the buds open, again
just before the blossoms open, and at least once after the fruit
sets. If any application is to be omitted let it not be the first
one, as experience has shown that this application is specially
valuable in checking apple scab, while this is also the time—
and the only possible time—to fight the bud moth.

ORCHARD NOTES. 59

The fact of the financial gain to be derived from rational
‘spraying is no longer in doubt. Therefore, experiments by the
‘Station along this line are unnecessary. A circular of informa-
‘tion, ““ How to Fight Apple Enemies,” will be sent to anyone
interested in the matter, however.

DWARF PEARS.

Owing to the natural conditions in northern New England,
little attention has been given to the growing of dwarf fruits.
‘Considerable interest is evinced in the subject, however, and
‘inquiries concerning the merits of the dwarfs are frequently
received.

The experiment station of a neighboring state is making a
‘somewhat extended study of dwarf fruits, including apples,
pears, and others, and results of these trials are awaited by the
fruit growers of all New England.

For purposes of demonstration and study a small orchard of
‘dwarf pears was planted at the Station in 1903. This orchard,
-consisting of 100 trees, is not yet in bearing; though some of
the trees blossomed in 1906. The following varieties are
included in the orchard, 5 to 10 trees of each being planted:
‘Koonce, Angouléme, Flemish Beauty, Seckel, Manning Eliza-
‘beth, Howell, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Anjou, Lincoln, Mount
Vernon. Besides these, 2 trees each of Fame, King Karl, and
‘Triumph, have been received for trial. Most of the trees are
‘making a vigorous growth, and give every indication of making
.a valuable addition to the Station’s collection of fruits.

While for most commercial purposes the standard pears are
‘usually preferred to the dwarfs, the latter are often desirable
for amateur uses, or in special locations where but a small
amount of land is available. Among the advantages of the
dwarfs are: Small size, and consequent large number of trees
that may be grown upon a given area; habit of early bearing;
adaptation to unfavorable soil conditions; ease of caring for
the trees and of harvesting the crop. One of the best dwarf
pear orchards in the country is more than 50 years old, and the
trees have been so managed that all of the fruit may still be
harvested from a step ladder. The trees may be planted 8 feet
apart each way, cutting out alternate rows in each direction as
they begin to crowd.

60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

As a rule, dwarf pears will come into bearing at from 3 to
5 years from planting; the check to growth, resulting from the
slow growing quince roots, having the ustfal effect of inducing
fruit production. Heavy clay soils, if well drained, will sustain
the quince roots, and produce vigorous healthy trees; while on
pear roots the results would often be unsatisfactory. Care
must be used in planting, however, and the annual growth must
be cut back at least one-half every year. ‘The ease of managing
these small trees, and of harvesting the fruit is self evident.

Despite the attractive features of the dwarfs, in very many
cases only failure and disappointment will result from their use.
That this failure is, in many cases, preventable, is shown by
the results in the Station orchard.

The requisites to success in the management of dwarf pears
may be briefly summarized as follows. (1) Set with care,
on well drained soil, digging large deep holes, and setting the
trees so that the point of union between the cion and the quince
root is at least 4 or 5 inches below the surface of the ground,
when the holes are filled. (2) Prune the tops back to mere
stubs at time of setting, and each year remove at least half of
the annual growth. This annual pruning may be done at any
time sin the late tall winter, sor carly Springs” |(3)eCuueae
least a foot below point of apparent injury, and burn at once,
every branch that shows indications of pear blight. (4)
Spray, at least 3 times during the season, with Bordeaux mix-
ture and arsenate of lead as indicated in the circular if informa-
tion, “How to Fight Apple Enemies.”

PRUNING NOTES.

One of the most important characteristics of any plant is the
fact that its various parts are unlike; that each branch is, in a
measure, independent and capable of becoming a new individual.
On this fact rests the whole philosophy of the pruning of plants.

A tree is essentially a colony of individuals. Every branch
is endeavoring to do what every other branch does,—that 1s, to
bear leaves, flowers and fruit. So every branch competes with
every other branch, and there are more branches, or germs of
branches—buds—than can possibly be supported upon any tree.
There is, then, a struggle among the branches; all are not
necessary to the life of the tree and the removal of the useless

ORCHARD NOTES. 61

ones will serve to the improvement of the remaining ones. In
other words, pruning is a necessity, and the pruning given by
nature in a neglected orchard or forest is more severe than the
average man would dare to attempt.

It is often urged that pruning should be commenced when
the tree is planted and continued annually throughout the life
of the tree. It may be a question, if a proportionate amount of
time is really saved, however, or a better growth of the trees
secured, by early pruning. In other words, it is doubtful
whether equally good or better results may not be obtained by
removing superfluous branches at 4, 5, or 6 years of age, rather
than by severe pruning very early in the lifetime of the tree.
‘This question is under consideration at the Experiment Station
at the present time.

Owing to the natural balance between the foraging capacity
of the plant and its superficial growth, if the root system of a
tree is active and effective, the top will be correspondingly
large. Ifa large part of the top is removed, there is at once an
endeavor to restore the balance by an unusually rapid growth,
and the development of a large number of dormant buds in the
form of “water sprouts.” Pruned trees are almost always more
vigorous than unpruned ones, because the food taken up by the
roots is concentrated into a smaller number of branches. Prun-
ing must, in a measure, then, have the same effect as manuring,
since the stimulating effect of the new growth must be felt in
a reflex manner upon the root system also, causing a rapid
extension into new foraging grounds. If, then, in combination
with the stimulative pruning, the new foraging grounds reached
are provided with suitable plant food for the nourishment of the
trees, the best possible conditions for rapid development are
provided.

A common, though erroneous, notion is that the removal of
large limbs from a tree is necessarily injurious. In the prac-
tical operations of orcharding, as is well known, the removal of
large limbs is frequently a necessity. A plant is largely what
food supply and other environments make it. The removal of
a portion of it, therefore, cannot be injurious unless the portion
cut away is so great as to interfere with the nutrition of the
remaining parts. The vitality of a plant is largely determined

62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

by the conditions under which it grows—the soil, the surround-
ings, the treatment. Other things being equal, therefore, s=
far as an injurious effect upon the tree is concerned, it makes
little difference whether a large limb or numerous individual
small limbs are removed in the process of pruning. It is always.
advisable, however, to paint the wounds made by the removal.
of large limbs, and thus exclude the spores of parasitic diseases.
which may cause decay and death of the tree.

It is astonishing to find how little the average orchardist:
thinks, when pruning his trees, of the actual problems at issue.
The important effect of pruning upon the vigor of the tree has-
already been suggested. Pruning is also practiced to produce
larger and better fruits and flowers; to keep the plant within:
manageable limits; to remove superfluous cr injurious parts ;.
to facilitate spraying, tillage, and harvesting; to train the plant
to some desired form. One of the noticeable effects of severe
pruning, and the consequent disturbed equilibrium of the plant,.
is the formation of water sprouts. The appearance of the water
sprouts seems to be influenced more by the vigor of the plant
and the amount of pruning than by the season of the year in
which the pruning is done. It is probable, however, that fewer
water sprouts will arise if pruning is done after midsummer,.
since at that time the growth of the season is completed. In
any case, water sprouts may be regarded as weeds in the tree
top and should usually be treated as such. In some cases, how-.
ever, in old trees with long, bare limbs, a few of these sprouts:
may well be left as a protection to the limbs and as an aid ini
harvesting. In a few years these sprouts will usually develop:
into bearing branches,—although there is a common notion that.
water sprouts never bear fruit.

The tendency of plants is to grow from the uppermost buds..
By pruning in one way this tendency is augmented, in another
way it is checked. As a rule, in dealing with fruit trees, the
latter end is desired, since the principle that “checking growth
induces fruitfulness” is universally recognized. The heading
in of young growths tends to develop lateral and dormant buds,
or to thicken the top; so that the question of heading resolves
itself into a question of personal ideals. To secure thick topped
trees, heading is necessary. It has, however, the further very
marked advantage of inducing the development of fruit buds

4

ORCHARD NOTES. - 62

near the body of the tree, rather than far out on the limbs.
This, in the case of plums and other tender wooded plants, is an
important consideration.

Fruit bearing is determined more by habitual performance,
and by the condition of the plant, than by the kind and extent of
pruning. In other words, it is to a certain extent an individual
characteristic, as pointed out on page 56. Pruning, however,
may be made a means of thinning the fruit, and thus improving
both the size and quality of that which remains, by removing
superfluous shoots upon which fruit buds are borne.

But here it is important that the operator should know the
manner in which the plant bears its flower buds. Heading back
the annual growth thins peaches, quinces, raspberries, black-
berries, black currants, and to a certain extent red and white
currants and grapes, all of which develop flower buds on the
wood of the last season. With the apple, pear and plum, which
produce fruit on spurs or miniature branches, on wood of more
than one season’s growth, older limbs must, of course, he
removed in order to effect the desired thinning.

Pruning, by thinning the fruit, may have a very important,
though indirect, effect in controlling the bearing year of plants.
If an individual fruit spur be carefully studied it will be seen
that there is usually an alternation in fruit bearing, for the rea-
son that demands made by the fruit are so great that the fruit
bud cannot develop the same year. In the bearing year the leaf
bud develops to continue the spur the following year, and in the
following or barren year, the fruit bud is again developed for
the succeeding year. Fruit bearing on alternate years is, then,
largely a question of food supply. To make a tree bear every
year it is necessary either to supply more food material or to
remove a portion of the fruit. The latter alternative may be
accomplished by pruning.

Since in large fruits one spur usually bears one fruit, the
alternate bearing of individual spurs will continue, and it will
be necessary to remove all of the fruit from individual spurs,
thereby allowing a portion of the spurs to bear one year and
others the next. It is doubtful, however, if any amount of thin-
ning can produce an annual bearing habit unless the trees
receive other necessary good care. It is probable that the better

64 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

course to pursue, in attempting to get fruit every year, is to
change the bearing year of entire plants throughout the orchard
and allow these to bear one year and others the next. It is not
to be understood that these results will always follow, but the
tendency is in the direction indicated.

The season in which pruning is done has some influence
on fruit bearing, since winter pruning tends to produce wood
while summer pruning does not. The healing of the wound is,
however, but slightly affected by the season in which the cut
is made. Theoretically, the best time to make the cut, so far
as healing is concerned, is in the early part of the season, since
the healing process then begins without delay. More work can
be accomplished in the longer, warmer days of April and May,
but many prefer to go through the orchard on the crust of a
deep snow.

Too much emphasis cannot be laid upon the importance of the
manner of severing limbs. The wound made by removing the
limb heals best if the cut is made close to the trunk or branch.
A stub two or three inches long seldom or never heals, and
becomes a lodging place for spores of fungi and bacteria which
cause decay and death of the tree. Wounds of any consider-
able size should be given a coating of paint or some other suit-
able substance. A suitable dressing must contain two distinct
properties. It must check the weathering of the wound and.
prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi, and it must be of such
a nature as not to injure the surrounding bark. The dressing
is of no value in the healing of the wound, except that it pre-
vents decay.

For general purposes a pure white lead paint is satisfactory.
It is an antiseptic and it adheres closely to the wood. Wax,
shellac, tallow, etc., are lacking in these respects. Bordeaux
mixture would be an admirable material for these purposes
were it more durable.

BULLETIN No. 140.

FERTILIZER INSPECTION.
Cuas. D. Woops, Director.
J. M. Bartiett, Chemist in Charge of Inspection Analyses.

The law regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers in this
State calls for two bulletins each year. The first of these con-
tains the analyses of the samples received from the manufac-
turer, guaranteed to represent, within reasonable limits, the
goods to be placed upon the market later. The second bulletin
contains the analyses of the samples collected in the open mar-
ket by a representative of the Station.

In the tables which follow the discussion there are given the
results of the analyses of the manufacturers’ samples of licensed
brands. The tables include all the brands which have been
licensed to March 1, 1907. Dealers are cautioned against hand-
ling any brands not given in this list without first writing the
Station.

The figures which are given as the percentages of valuable
ingredients guaranteed by the manufacturers are the minimum
percentages of the guarantee. If, for instance, the guarantee is
2 to 3 per cent of nitrogen, it is evident that the dealer cannot
be held to have agreed to furnish more than 2 per cent, and so
this percentage is taken as actual guarantee. The figures under
the head of “found” are those showing the actual composition of
the samples.

FERTILITY AND PLANT Foon,

To produce profitable crops and at the same time to maintain
and even to increase the productive capacity of the soil may
rightly be termed “good farming.” Many farmers are able to
do this, and the knowledge of how to do it has been largely
acquired through years of experience, during which the char-
acter of the soil, its adaptability for crops, and the methods of its
management and manuring have been made the subjects of care-
ful study, without, however, any definite and accurate knowl-
edge concerning manures and their functions in relation to
soils and crops. Those who desire to study these questions, are

66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

invited to write the Dean of the College of Agriculture, Uni-
versity of Maine, Orono, Maine, who will gladly send a list of
suitable books and give full information relative to corespond-
ence courses on this subject.

Soils vary greatly in their capabilities of supplying food to
crops. Different ingredients are deficient in different soils.
The way to learn what materials are proper in a given case is by
observation and experiment. The rational method for deter-
mining what ingredients of plant-food a soil fails to furnish in
abundance, and how these lacking materials can be most eco-
nomically supplied, is to put the questions to the soil with differ-
ent fertilizing materials and get the reply in the crops pro-
duced. How to make these experiments is explained in Cir-
cular No. 8 of the Office of Experiment Stations of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture. A copy of this circular can be
had by applying to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington,

IDC;

' The chief use of fertilizers is to supply plant-food. It is good
farming to make the most of the natural resources of the soil
and of the manures produced on the farm, and to depend upon
artificial fertilizers only to furnish what more is needed. It is
not good economy to pay high prices for materials which the
soil may itself yield, but it is good economy to supply the lack-
ing ones in the cheapest way. The rule in the purchase of costly
commercial fertilizers should be to select those that supply, in
the best forms and at the lowest cost, the plant-food which the
crop needs and the soil fails to furnish.

Plants differ widely with respect to their capacities for gath-
ering their food from soil and air; hence the proper fertilizer
in a given case depends upon the crop as well as upon the soil.
The fertility of the soil would remain practically unchanged if
all the ingredients removed in the various farm products were
restored to the land. This may be accomplished by feeding the
crops grown on the farm to animals, carefully saving the
manure and returning it to the soil. If it is practicable to
pursue a system of stock feeding in which those products of the
farm which are comparatively poor in fertilizing constituents are
exchanged in the market for feeding stuffs of high fertilizing
value, the loss of soil fertility may be reduced to a minimum, or
there may be an actual gain in fertility.

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 67

CONSTITUENTS OF FERTILIZERS.*

The only ingredients of plant-food which we ordinarily
need to consider in fertilizers are potash, lime, phos-
phoric acid, and nitrogen. The available supply of lime
is often insufficient; hence one reason for the good effect
so Often observed from the application of lime, and of
plaster, which is a compound of lime and sulphuric acid. The
remaining substances, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, are
the most important ingredients of our common commercial fer-
tilizers, both because of their scarcity in the soil and their high
cost. It is in supplying these that phosphates, bone manures,
potash-salts, guano, nitrate of soda, and most other commercial
fertilizers are chiefly useful.

The term “form” as applied to a fertilizing constituent has
reference to its combination or association with other constit-
uents which may be useful, though not necessarily so. The
form of the constituent, too, has an important bearing upon its
availability, and hence upon its usefulness as plant food. Many
materials containing the essential elements are practically worth-
less as sources of plant-food because the form is not right; the
plants are unable to extract them from their combinations ; they
are “unavailable.” In many of these materials the forms may
be changed by proper treatment, in which case they become val-
uable not because the element itself is changed, but because it
then exists in such form as readily to feed the plant.

Nitrogen is the most expensive of the three essential fertiliz-
ing elements. It exists in three different forms, organic nitro-
gen, ammonia and nitrate.

Organic nitrogen exists in combination with other elements
either as vegetable or animal matter. All materials containing
organic nitrogen are valuable in proportion to their rapidity of
decay, because change of form must take place before the nitro-
gen can serve as plant food. Organic nitrogen differs in availa-
bility not only according to the kind of material which supplies
it, but according to the treatment it receives. The nitrogen in the

* Farmers Bulletin 44 of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, “Commercial
Fertilizeres, Composition and Use,” can be had free by applying to your
Congressman. Bulletin 107, Home Mixed Fertilizers, of this Station
will be sent on application.

68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

tables of analyses marked “insoluble in water” is organic nitro-
gen.

Nitrogen as ammonia usually exists in commercial manures in
the form of sulphate of ammonia and is more readily available
than organic nitrogen. While nitrogen in the form of ammonia
is extremely soluble in water, it is not readily removed from the
soil by leaching, as it is held by the organic compounds of the
soil.

Nitrogen as nitrate exists in commercial products chiefly as
nitrate of soda. Nitrogen in this form is directly and imme-
diately available, no further changes being necessary. It is
completely soluble in water, and diffuses readily throughout the
soil. It differs from the ammonia compounds in forming no
insoluble compounds with soil constituents and may be lost by
leaching. The “Nitrogen soluble in water’ of the tables
includes both the nitrogen as ammonia and as nitrate.

Phosphoric acid is derived from materials called phosphates,
in which it may exist in combination with lime, iron, or alumina
as phosphates of lime, iron or alumina. Phosphate of lime is
the form most largely used as a source of phosphoric acid.
Phosphoric acid occurs in fertilizers in three forms: That solu-
ble in water and readily taken up by plants; that insoluble in
water, but still readily used by plants, also known as “reverted ;”
and that soluble only in strong acids and consequently very
slowly used by the plant. The “soluble” and “reverted”
together constitute the “available” phosphoric acid. The phos-
phoric acid in natural or untreated phosphates is insoluble in
water, and not readily available to plants. If it is combined
with organic substance, as in animal bone, the rate of decay is
more rapid than if with purely mineral substances. The insol-
uble phosphates may be converted into soluble forms by treat-
ment with strong acids. Such products are known as acid
phosphates or superphosphates. The “insoluble phosphoric
acid” of a high cost commercial fertilizer has little or no value to
the purchaser because at the usual rate of application the quan-
tity is too small to make any perceptible effect upon the crop,
and because its presence in the fertilizer excludes an equal
amont of more needful and valuable constituents.

Potash in commercial fertilizers exists chiefly as muriates and
sulphates. With potash the form does not exert so great an

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 69

influence upon availability as is the case with nitrogen and
phosphoric acid. All forms are freely soluble in water, and are
believed to be nearly if not quite equally available as food. The
form of the potash has an important influence upon the quality
of certain crops. For example, the results of experiments seem
to indicate that the quality of tobacco, and certain other crops is
unfavorably influenced by the use of muriate of potash, while
the same crops show a superior quality if materials free from
chlorides have been used as the source of potash.

VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS.

The agricultural value of any fertilizing constituent is
measured by the value of the increase of the crop produced
by its use, and is, of course, a variable factor, depending upon
the availability of the constituent, and the value of the crop
produced. The form of the materials used must be carefully
considered in the use of manures. Slow-acting materials cannot
be expected to give profitable returns upon quick growing crops,
nor expensive materials profitable returns when used for crops
of relatively low value.

The agricultural value is distinct from what is termed “com-
mercial value,’ or cost in market. This last is determined by
market and trade conditions, as cost of production of the crude
material, methods of manipulation required, etc. Since there is
no strict relation between agricultural and commercial or
market value, it may happen that an element in its most avail-
able form, and under ordinary conditions of high agricultural
value, costs less in market than the same element in less avail-
able forms and of a lower agricultural value. The commercial
value has reference to the material as an article of commerce,
hence commercial ratings of various fertilizers have reference
to their relative cost and are used largely as a means by which
the different materials may be compared.

The commercial valuation of a fertilizer consists in calculating
the retail trade-value or cash-cost at freight centers (in raw
material of good quality) of an amount of nitrogen, phosphoric
acid and potash equal to that contained in one ton of the fer-
tilizer. Plaster, lime, stable manure and nearly all of the less
expensive fertilizers have variable prices, which bear no close
relation to their chemical composition, but guanos, superphos-

7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

phates, and similar articles, for which $20 to $45 per ton are
paid, depend for their trade value exclusively on the sub-
stances, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, which are com-
paratively costly and steady in price. The. trade-value per
pound of these ingredients is reckoned from the current market
prices of the standard articles which furnish them to commerce.
The consumer, in estimating the reasonable price to pay for
high-grade fertilizers, should add to the trade-value of the
above-named ingredients a suitable margin for the expenses of
manufacture, etc., and for the convenience or other advantage
incidental to their use.

For many years this Station has not printed an estimate of
the commercial value of the different brands licensed in the
State. If anyone wishes to calculate the commercial value he
can do so by using the trade values adopted for 1907 by the
Experiment Stations of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Vermont.
These valuations represent the average retail prices at which
these ingredients could be purchased during the three months
preceding March 1, 1907, in ton lots at tide water in the states
named. On account of the greater distance from the large
markets the prices for Maine at tide water would probably be
somewhat higher than those quoted.

TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS FOR 1907.

Cents
per pound.
Nitro sentin Gmitrates cigs ue eerie ener eae ec 18
IMATMIMO Na SACS ar cles one eM ee 17%
Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat
and blood, and in mixed fertilizers... 2014
In suine bonevandicanl<agie wae ene 204
ii COatse Done ands tankace were 15
Phospionicracids myater-sOltlll ce sme tees een 5
Cirate-SOluble eee eee ene 4Y
in fine ground bone and tankage..... 4
in coarse bone and tankage.........: 3
in cotton seed meal, castor pomace and
ASHES) gah led yok Leas OO ee a 4

in mixed fertilizers, if insoluble in
ehaahamOvainohan CWP s oon aoceoocacueunsc 2

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 71

Potash as high grade sulphate and in forms free from
Mla tenOnrecMlOrides,ys.leme ies soins a se eLdes 5
BNOMMIUUUMIMLL OM ye te etyece ets idl oie tase dre teed oe eet omer 4V

The commercial valuation will be accurate enough as a means
of comparison if the following rule is adopted:

RULE FOR CALCULATING VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS,

The commercial valuation will be accurate enough as a means
of comparison if the following rule is adopted:

Multiply 4.1 by the percentage of nitrogen.

Multiply 0.9 by the percentage of available phosphoric acid.

Multiply 0.4 by the percentage of insoluble phosphoric acid.

Multiply 1.0 by the percentage of potash.

The sum of these 4 products will be the commercial valu-
ation per ton on the basis taken.

Illustration. The table of analyses shows a certain fertilizer
to have the following composition: Nitrogen 2.00 per cent;
Available phosphoric acid 8.50 per cent; Insoluble phosphoric
acid 3.50 per cent; Potash 3.25 per cent. The valuation in this
case will be computed thus:

Nitrogen, AI 2 ROO; $8 20
Available phosphoric acid, 0.9X8.50, 7 65
‘Insoluble phosphoric acid, OFAD 250; I 40
Potash, 15O <3 25, 2525

$20 50

Since this rule assumes all the nitrogen to be organic and all
the potash to be in the form of the sulphate, it is evident that the
valuations thus calculated must not be taken as the only guide in
the choice of a fertilizer. In every case the farmer should
consider the needs of his soil before he begins to consider
the cost. In many instances a little careful experimenting will
show him that materials containing either nitrogen, potash, or
phosphoric acid alone will serve his purpose as fully as a “com-
plete fertilizer,’ in which he must pay for all three constituents,
whether needed or not.

\

72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
LB rlnyt ‘ 9 ;
Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

ra

®

2

=|

2 Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

9

}

pa)

3

~~

i?)

AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO., NEW YORK, N. Y.

1717 | A. A. C. Co’s Aroostook Complete Manure--_------..--—-_-__-—-~--_.-----—..
1718) A. Ac C) Co’s/Aroostook High Grades ee ee ee eee
17i9 | A. A. C. Co’s Northern Maine Potato Special
1720 | Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash--__--_.---------.--—--
-1721 | Bradley’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables---
1722 | Bradley’s Complete Manure with 10 per cent Potash
1723:| Bradley's: ‘Corn ‘Phosphate. 2: Se eee
1724) |Bradley7s) sHureka) @hertilizers--——-———-—- ee
21725 | Bradleycs) Niagara) Phosphate eee
1726)|-Bradleyzs Potato! Hertilizers= eee
4727.| Bradley’s' Potato. Manure: -222— 2 eS SS eee
1728 | Bradley’s X. L. Superphosphate of Lime-_-__-----—------_-__--_-___-_-_-_-..
1729) |'Clarkés)Cove, Bays State Lertilizer ee eee
1730 | Clark’s Cove Bay State Fertilizer G. G..——-.--—_----—------ == ee
1731 | Clark’s Cove Bay State Fertilizer for Seeding Down-—-----_--—---—--—---_
1732 | Clark’s Cove Defiarce Complete Manure_------------..-----------------------..
1733 || Clark’s -Cove Great Planet Manure AA__-_-.— ---__- = 2-2 == 2 ee
1734 | Clark’s Cove King Phillip Alkaline Guano_-__----.---__--_---__--__--_.--_.
1735, |kClarkis) Cove) eatato) Hertilizer ee eee
1736) Clark’ssCove Potato Manure. eee
37a Cleveland) Hertilizer) for all Crop ss ss-es) ee
L738) |=Cleveland High Grade Potato Manure. eee
17390. Cleveland’) Potato se hosp) te ee
1740 | Cleveland Seeding Down Fertilizer_---.---.-----_-_---_-_-_-.-_-----=--------+-_
1741) (Cleveland) Superphosphate= ee eee
1742 | Complete Manure with 10 per cent Potash-_---___-___-_-_-_-_-_-___---_-_---.._
1743: | Crocker’s Ammoniated Corn Phosphate__22- ee
1744 | Crocker’s Aroostoook Potato Special_-_---_--__--_-_-____
1745 | Crocker’s Grass & Oats Fertilizer-_
A746) .Crocker’s: High? Gradeli is 2 ee eee ee
1747 | Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate_____-___-_-_-_---_-______
a74seiCrocker,s 2otatoy Hop and LRobaceo stan ae
m1O25ul Crockers Specialy Potato Manure Eee Ee
1749s Cumberlanadyse.o taco Mere tli cree ee eee eee wen enn ese
1750 | Cumberland Seeding Down Manure___-__--____---___________-_______-____--_-
75 Comberland ey Saperp hosp hia tele ee eee eee ee
e752) | Darline2:s Bloods eB OMe ame: OS ee ae
3753) Mine: «Ground: /Bones!- i202 ee ee eee
I754UErassianid sawn op MD res sires eee ee ee a a ee
"17554 Great Mastern «Generales 2) Sof) Si es Oe
1756 | Great Hastern Grass and Oats Fertilizer___....-_..--.---
1757 | Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure___._-_____/__
sl758) Great) HasternyNortherne©orn tS pec ia ee eae ee
Mf) |) (Cpveche IEICE TE) Whi
1760 | Great Hastern Potato Special

73

SSS BES

88s

See sss

SER Ses
nicim our

Sss

AIS
ri

=a
oY) 00

a0 S
=

SSB

00 i

INSPECTION.

FERTILIZER

Analysis of Manufacturers. Samples, 1907.

= “peayuRrEny RES ao Oo =I alto
pa ,
Ss = cae —
5 SSR mSse som S98
_ “punoy Ror SOHN MIN HArR
ses as FSS BSe
ic a ASS BAS
= pes] UBIBny Qar Sor Bos aS
oa)
Silla OC2XRR BOQn 39615 eo
qa TASB SS Sel tales
punog SES BS Gisie| Oe)
Salaite see see gee see
9 | x) ‘pesjuBreny peo) COOH 00 Moa
Sy 2) nm
= =| C200 SHO Onc rl
|S] 85k Rae Sok Bak
o |e *punog ors ROS Oro MOO
Se lh)
S
& ae LOIN BRR Hor
iS ES Cos NGA Sala Se
2 “sTqnyosuy oO lM ONO NOR Hie”
Ln |
228 G28 288 SE5
*peyI9Ady HOR OD HOM RAR NDR
WO 1D CQ LRe wo
e CASS aN BSEEA CBSE
sIQGNlLOS 19 19 35 91d COigig 101019
j 1o> SoS Sex RQ ®
: BGA Ge ares TQS egbee
= pesjuBIBNy Hocloc) AKL NRX or
3 i
~
gig -puno 1% 3 RRS S83 S95
3 Pp AG | 13663 NAR RNA For
t
° =
q
5 “royeay EG G32 Ske 2ag
Zz Ul s[qny[oOsuy Hedin Sxn FCO CHS
"IO]BA 183 & SRS 383 Feo
Ul 8[qnuj[os oor: eee Ano Ono
; RRS RRR RSE SBS
Isqunu WO1}BIS RES ee Re & eee
Hae aan eee Adi

oo Hos mc
Ror oOo Gio oD ooes
WRN WON Wor QwHa
© oO 0 00 00 cot oor
re =
iad oH oD i sH A)
855 Ses 585 828
QR Nec AAR NR ee
LD b> Lav] ~~
Bae BRY ESR AB
Nr OD HGR oD G2 oD HER eR
Ce ge Ce i Nro
mee Fee GSH BIR
= slat ac) & 10 HL OD © i i)
Sop | co tH) sep
S28 Sik SSR SSS ® is
NON Vim nao Nien (a)
i
© i (— cro ve} Pa)
S38 Fim SRR SAR S18
QQ oD G2 eR ,;oO rN oD Nice re (sn)
'
1 QR ive)
S48 218 ASR SEX G'S Gis
HAM Fin Ann HOS HIS CO jr
i !
oer) mw If ' OR
E88 g (2 ffs Ele & it 2s
SHS Sit SHAR SOH BR iH Sk
1 t
ri oe oD HAD SO t 19 ae ER =H Ltn} t
rex | Sl Soll Sa ees reer ccf Sa io
ner nee ree Sere nee ri ei

74

1797

1798
1799

1800
1801
1802

1803
1804
1805

1806

1807 |
1808 |

Station number.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

_ Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

High Grade Fertilizer with 10 per cent Potash

Jetiely Cnc Suillolnghis Oe Joe Rinse
azaretto Aroostook Potato Guano!) ee
Mazaretton (Comm Gam fe ee eS
| Lazaretto High Grade Potato Guano__—-_--_--_--_-+-_-----_----- Spec sSssoe
|wuazarertomeropellor OLaLOn Gd nOle ess ne eee
LAZALECCOM SDECIALS EO steat oye G1 nO eae ee
Mur ite te O80 tas ra. eee i eto ES SLs Wr Ea ee
| Nitrate Of Sod aces oe a oe en eee eee
Otis’ Potato Mercier see eee at a ad
Otis’? Superphosphate) 222 2 a ee ee eee
Paciic] Dissolved Bone and) Potash
PacitieiGrass\and Grains a ee ee
Bacifie High) GradenGenera le sh ere till Ze ree ee
Pacific SNobsque; (Guano se ee ee ee ee
Pacific Potato Speciallt220 Uwe Sa Se ee 2 ee

Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer________-

| Packer’s Union Hconomical Vegetable Guano-_----------_--------------------

| Packer’s Union Gardener’s Complete Manure_-__---------_-_-_-_-________-___
|:Packer’sUnion) High (Grades ee eee
Backers Union 2 otaito: sManunes2=se= eee ee

IEE [pmtora (Opmbhyeeseul INeminlbezs

| Packer’s Union Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer___-_---_-----_---_--_--_

Plain: Superphosphate.2. 2-2). 22 Se at Se ee eee

Quinnipiae Climax Phosphate for all Crops
QOuinnipiae Com Manure]
Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure_____—____-____-_-- =.=) ~ 2 2

Quinnipiac Mohawk Mercilizensssss eas =e
QuinnipiaeseotatoyManire: 2
Quinnipiac Potato Ehospha te eee eee

Read’s Farmers’ IMP a ES Ce ee
laveniGlsy 1a biedm (Cheol Iaeneaavsrds? Tse s
Reads: “Potato Manu rein): ee ee eee

| IREAGs IPeCuEA IOWA) Sse

Reads Standard 'Superphosphaten
Read’s):Sure: Cateh (Mertilizers 220i oe ee ee

Read's Vegetable and Vine Hertilizer--— =~ 2) ee
Soluble Pacific! Guano ea a ane 2a Se ee
Standard! sA SSB rari ea at ee Ne eee
Standard sBonevandi@eotashe a ee eee
Standard) Complete Manure: 2) 2a eee
Standard: “Wertilizen 22 es ES eee eee

Standard Gianoetoryallin@ 10D See eee ee a ee ete =
Stamd andes pecial tho relia sere ee en
William’s & Clark Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate_-_--_----

William’s & Clark Americus Corn Phosphate---------------------—---------
William’s & Clark Americus High Grade Special__--_-----------------------
Williams & Clark Americus Potato) Manurel:2 22222) o-oo eee

f

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 75

Analysis of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

Nitrogen. | Phosphoric Acid. . Potash.
|
q Total. | | Available. | Total.
q PMO e[aece <P RCLOSO so OER |
iE cs Le) rS ro
a | 2 |e SPI eeu eee ae 2 & &
o Q . ® o 2 : q . .
mpegs |= |e iis |e | 21 S12) 3 1 eos ig
Sse S2/ 5 | 3 Bi) se | 8 B |] s | 3 3 5 | @
eS on d Ss (>) =} fo) (A) q ° =) i=) = i) =}
nm |a2e|ae!] & O mn on a & cao) & cd) & O
1.50} 1.03} 2.53) 2.40/| 5.82) 1.76) 2.63) 7.58) 6.00) 10.21) 7.00|| 10.44! 10.00
nncocalldsauonlloogocollogocoo||loogoodilapdoob ||loooc wollodacacllodcodsllasoonsiledosos 49.50) 48.00
0.19] 0.78] 0:97] .8235]| 5.69 3.36] 2.11] 9.05] 8.00] 11-16)....7, 4.57| 4.00
0.95) 1.02) 1.97} 1.64]| 4.47) 3.20) 2.74) 7.67) §&.00} 10.41),..... 2.53) 2.00
1.21} 1.82) 3.03) 3.29 4.00} 1.90) 2.27| 5.90) 6.00) 8.17]|...... 10.60) 10.00
0.70] 1.30) 2.00) 2.06]] 5.69) 2.56) 2.88) 8.25) 8.00] 11.13)...... 6.52) 6.00
1.69] 1.56] 3.25] 3.29|| 5.85| 2.27] 2.55] &.12] 8.00] 10.67]...... 7.70| 7.00
sdoto0|losaces |oomeen| aeccicen |lacoeae pllocoosulfaoaucalloonoonllocacoslltedeccllooounelll CO) GIL SW A)
Ise oeoue BANOO PAREN aeGoos |eaouos| bopoadl |e: bdodllaaqhue sootee loesooelllaescenibo cose
1.74] 0.58] 2.32) 2.08)| 5.74) 2.28! 2.46) 8.02) 8.00} 10 48] 10.00}! 3.05) 3.00
0.6s| 1.38] 2.06| 2.06|/ 6.94) 2.92| 2.43] 9.86] 8.00] 12.29] 10.00|| 2.16) 1.50
>cinddl actin aes ee 5.93] 4.81] 1.91| 10.70] 10.00] 12.70) 11.00|| 2.43) 2.00
0.42} 0.64) 1.06 2|| 5.46) 38.01) 1.43) 8.47} 7.00) 9.90) 8.00/| 2.99) 1.00
2.33} 1.41} 3.54) 38.30}/ 5.15) 2.92) 2.14) 8 07) 8.00} 10.21} 9.00}} 7.18! 7.00 |
0.45] 0.80] 1.25) 1.03]| 5.53! 2.31) 2.73) 7 84} 8.00) 10.57) 10.00/) 2.14) 2.00
1
U.76| 1.34] 2.10) 2.06)| 5.69} 4.27) 2.70} 9.96) 8.00) 12.66) 10.00]| 3.15) 3.00 |
0.31} 2.10) 2.41} 2.47|| 5.64] 8.22} 3.46) 8.86] 9.00) 12.32]...... 1.91} 2.00 |
0.26} 1.42! 1.68) 1.25)| 4.65) 2.55) 2.15) 7.20) 6.00) 9.35)...... 3.59) 3.00 |
1.38 1.16) 2.54) 2.47 5.58] 0.47) 2.06) 6.05) 6.00) 8.11'...... 10.99) 10.00
1.75) 1.56! 3.31) 3.29}| 5.85) 2.41) 2.55) 8.26} 8.00) 10.81)...... 7 53) 7.00
0.96} 1.10} 2.06) 2.06)) 4.85) 3.16) 1.85) 8.01) 8.00) %&,S86)..... 6.54) 6.00
0.25) 0.96} 1.21) 0.82!) 6.05) 8.22) 1.46) 9.27) 8.00) 10.73]...... 5.04! 4.00
soaadallodoodollocoosallooaocollllopdocc|lagaoe. 1.20} 10.92) 11.00) 12.12)...... 2.39] 2.00
sooodolledasdolléoganellooopec 10.21} 3.91) 1.30) 14.12] 14.00) 15.42] 15.00)!......)......
\
0.39} 1.06) 1.45) 1.03]) 5.10) 8.54) 1.63) 8.64) 8 00; 10.27/ 10.00/} 2.91} 2.00
0.67) 1.38] 2.05} 2.06]} 6.69) 2.63) 2.41) 9.32] &.00) 11.73} 10.00 1.95) 1.50
2.19) 1.08} 3.58! 3.30)| 4.23) 4.67] 1.47) &.90} 8.00) 10.37) 9.00} 7.37] 7.00
{
0.03) 0.83] 0.86 .82|| 2.60) 4.87] 3.86) 7.47) 7.00} 11.33] §&.00}} 1.58] 1.00 .
1.03} 1.50) 2 58) 2.50]) 2.55) 4.03) 3.06) 6.58] 6.00} 9.64) S.O00}| 5.15} 5.00
0.74) 1.30; 2.04| 2.96/| 5.61) 4.71) 2.36} 10.32) 8.00] 12.68) 10.00|| $3.34] 3.00
1.57| 0.62} %.19} 2.06}) 5.84) 2.08) 2.59) 7.92) 8.00) 10.51) 10.00}} 3.11] 3.00
2.23) 1.48] 8.71) 3.30]| 3.96) 2.13} 2-08) 6.09} 6.00} 8.17) 7.00]} 9.59; 10.00
0.42) 2.28) 2.70} 2.40}| 4.59) 1.89) 1.25! 6.48] 6.00) 7.73) 7.00}| 10.94} 10.00
0.42) 0.74) 1.16 2 1.64; 2.56) 1.99] 4.20} 4.00 6.19} 5.00}| 8.03) 8.00
0.30} 0.94) 1.04 d2 5.87; 2.89} 2 23) 8.76} 8.00) 10.99) 10.00 4.81} 4.00
sucsso||coaseolloocecsllaco00e 5.42) 3.90) 3.09} 9.32) 10.00) 12.41) 1].00)| 2.59) 2.00
|
0.32) 1.80} 2.12] 2.06]| 5.94) 2.25) 1.38] 8.29] 8.00] 9.67] 10.00]| 6.35] 6.00
1.58} 0.80) 2.38) 2.06]| 5.18) 2.8i] 3.01} 8.09} 8.00} 11.10) 10.00 1.89) 1.50
0.31) 0.90) 1.21 .82 3.64) 4.10) 2.08} 7.74) 7.00! 9 82| $.00 1.56} 1.00
|
> soogllassebellapododtieeooes 7.66} 2.60} 1.96) 10.26) 10.00} 12.22) 11.00 2.08} 2.00
2.40} 0.90) 3.30) 3.30)| 7.02) 1.99} 1.04) §.81] §S.00 9.85) 9.00}; 7.56} 7.00
1.60) 0.78) 2.38} 2.06]| 5.14) 2.41) 3.36] 7.55} §&.0U 10:24 10.00 1.70} 1.50
0.37) 0.70) 1.07} 1.03}/ 5.31) 3.03] 1.44) §.34] 8.00 9.74] 10.00); 2.10) 2.00
1.68) 0.62} 2.30} 2.06 5.82] 2.22) 9.45 8.04) 8.00 10.49] 10.00 3.17) 3.00
1.40) 1.35) 2.75) 2.50]| 5.52) 2.65) 3.44) 8.17] 9.00 11.6!) 11.00)} 2.78} 2.00
1.35) 0.76) 2.11] 2.06]| 5.58) 2.78] 3.04] 8.36) 8.00] 11.40] 10.00]} 1.99] 1.50
2.36) 1.33) 3.69) 3.30]| 5-57) 2.56), 2.48) §.13) 8.00) 10.61) 9.00] 6.54! 7.00
1.68} 0.60) 2.28) 2.06]| 6.17} 2.02] 2.48) 8.19] 8.00] 10.67) 10.00|} 3.28] 3.00
|

76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

ry

3)

2

=| Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

8

pean]

3

~~

mM
1809 | William’s & Clark Royal Bone Phosphate for all Crops---_-----.-..-__--.

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE, MD.
1810°|All “Soluble. -2--2 2-2 a eee ee eee =
1811, ||, Armour’s Complete: Potato._.-2-2.22 2-2 eee eee
1812' | Bone} Blood: &: Potash=s--2-- 2-222. 2 ee ee ee
1813) | -Kruit and Root Crop) Specia eee eee
1814) '|)Grain: Grower. <2222222 223. a oe ee eel EE eee
18165 |: High’ Grade. Potatoss---.2. 25 eee
1816 | Wheat Corn and Oats Special_--------_- oS ee eee
BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., “BOSTON, “MASS.
1817 | Bowker’s Bone and Potash Square Brand. sent ceu eee eee
1818) Bowker’s) Bone; Blood and Pots eae EEE
1819 | Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables ee ee Sas
1820'|, BowkKer’s' (Corn Phosphate::2— 22 = eee
1821 | Bowker’s; Karly Potato Manure. EEE EEE
1822 | Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate-_--_-_-------------------------—--.
18230 Bowkers' -Hiresh Ground (BON Cee ee
1824 | Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate_----—_----_____--__-_-.—--—----—-.-..
1825 | Bowker’s Market Garden Phosphate_—--_--__.---.--__--------- <= ---2---- 22.
1826.) Bowker’s -Potash? Bone.22.-2-222- 2-2 eee
1827 | Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate_—--------.----------_--—-------------..
1828 | Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer_-_-..--.-_-.-.---.---__--------..-._
1829 | Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate
1830 | Bowker’s 6 per cent Potato Fertilizer___-___-_-_-----__----_---
1831 | Bowker’s Superphosphate with Potash for Grass & Grain
1832) | "Bow kKer’s) SureCrop, Phosphate. ee
1833" Bowker?s) Ten Per Cent, Manures se eee eau
1834" || "Monticello: Grange Chemical SS eee
1835 | Special Potato Manure for the Grange_-_--__----_-—-~_-_--—.-_--=----
1886 | Stockbridge’s Manure “A” for Potatoes, ete_-------_----_------—---—_--—_---_-.
1837 | Stockbridge’s Special Complete Manure for Corn and all Grain Crops---
1838 | Stockbridge’s Special Complete Manure for Grass and Top Dressing, ete.
1839 | Stockbridge’s Special Complete Manure for Permanent Dressing, Seed-
ing ‘Down, @t@.2.22-21 ibe ee ee Eee
1840 | Stockbridge’s Special Complete Manure for Potatoes co Vegetables ea
COE-MORTIMER CO., NEW YORK,
1841 | H. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fortiliger. en ac eee
1842 | H. Frank. Coe’s Columbian Corn Fertilizer_..—-.-.---_--_---------—-.—---..
1843)0|/)H) Mrank Coes!) Columbian Potato) Lertilizen SS eee
1844 | H. Frank Coe’s Double Strength Potato Manure-----—-.—------.----_.. a
1845 | EH. Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer_-.-.-.-...---.—--------.-----—.-
1846 | H. Frank Coe’s Famous Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer___--...-.
1847 | H. Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate__.-..-—...
1848 | EH. Frank Coe’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer_.__.--_--__--_-------.------.
1849 | E. Frank Coe’s New Englander Corn and Potato Fertilizer___-_-------_---.
1850 | EK. Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guano--------.--—---..--.---_.-----—.
1851 | H. Frank Coe’s Special Grass and Grain Fertilizer_-__.-.-....----__---_..-.
HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORH, MD.

1856q eeubbard?s) Bone Bloodland Potash eee ==
1857 | Hubbard’s Farmer’s I. X. L. Superphosphate--_----.----._----------------_
1858)|sELubbard’s’ Royal nslonoss. es ee eee

77

FERTILIZER INSPECTION.

Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

8 88 888 ss sss sss iss sss sss SSB Bss 8 8S BBs SSE BES sR Ses
q pose} uBIBNny R WO MOR SH AKS RKNQ® IRS AHH ROG ASH AO~M GC SS HAR SCHON ROS SH Kad
a re re re 1 re re re ae re
ee ae 2 98 $89 84 S58 8SR (84 85S 899 FSH SHA q Sa RAZ eR Sgn RH SRE
a 8 §§ 888 88 888 SSS 288 888 SSS §SS SSS FS SS SRR ASS SSE SS SEE
= P92] UBIBNAY SSH SSS SA FGr GARB ROM HAS Sr HOG Hor GO Gr SSS WAG FOG SO GA
— —- - = —— —
= = SS ASR GR BAG BRA IES SRY BQG BRH HER F& SR ASH SRE RIG BH REG
punog | aa Saa ea dae cay ade S65 Fe Sho aod = So pad Sse cit aa cee
|| @ le S 8S $88 88 88S SSS 188 SSS SSS S85 SSS SF SS SBE SER SEQ ES SES
3 a poo UBIBNH 0 OO HOO Or OTs WWD [Os SOHO HSS GHW SES HH CO HHH EES GHr GH Haw
3 2
218 @ 88 $88 88 REX 52R (85 B&B Sas Sat SSS & BA BSS BSR SBE LR SER
8 a “punoy 0 OF WOM AX WES WHO Or THR GBH wn FS GH HH WAS FHS ANS Go aaa
| '
fo) — — — --
b 3 Mm SUR SS 458 ASS (RR S4Q RSE WAS RFR R AR RBI SRS RES ER REG
jal i)
4 85 §R8 SX B58 298 IBA BSR FRR BRR REQ S BA AES RRR RBI SHH VIS
‘pov 19A0y SO ad AON FAR SOHn We 118 Ge HOR Std MORN ONM NR AH BARN Aria AN RN Sriei
§ 88 Sle SS S88 ARR Ih SBR RAS BRA RRB S HR SRR BSS RAS BE ARE
‘oIqnjos it} mo Oro fe pte) ron NOC Heals) CO rt ri Hrii iD Ht isn) Ae Reo HOD Of FO OQ & oo
S$ 28 888 SB SAR SRS FES BBG SB; SRS SAR F FR SRR RG! OBVK RB RSE
| ‘peeyuBIENnyD BAO Wie AH” FeO HoH are “TR FH! 8 lR FSS + AO HA coee | HAS HO SHA
8 1
ale 4d 68 888 88 S58 28S S4R SAS SS! SSX AX S SR BBX EX) BER HS RSE
a A “‘punoy HM OO SHH HO HM FOR RRR COR FH | HOM RWS 6 AO Bei eset | ARH CO GHA
1
ro) Z
s ‘yum | 8 SS RSE SS BSS JGH IRR IE AS; ESS SSS B BR SRR AS: SSE SE ARH
7 Ul e[qnfosuTy So Fn AAS S ot da iris iSri nwo | S6n Ge Horin SSS Hot HOS HS Kon
aqea | @ 82 S88 28 G82 988 ca G4s Ha) G54 qe A kf fee eH; Gee aS EER
Sa 942 25 580 soa ase gi @8n 28 Se 599 a £5
voquna unas | 2 Be Bay Be Bee BS 888 Bae Bee 8a Bae @ #28 223 388 SE See

78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Saya re ; ; ets
Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

i

o

2

q

q Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

q

g

ID)

s

2

1859

1860
1861
1862

1863
1864
1865

1866
1867
1868

1869
1870
1871
1872

1881
1873
1874

1875
1876
1877

1879
1878
1880

1882
1883
1884

1885

1886

1889

1890
1891

1892
1893

1894

1895
1896
1897
1898

1899
1900
1901

1902
1903

1904 |

1905

| New England Corn Phosphate

JOHN WATSON CO., HOULTON, ME.
Watson’s Improved High Grade Manure... 02) 0
LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, NEWARK, N. J.
Lister’s Bone and Potash
listers (Bone: Meaqlat) 12 eu Se eee
Lister’s High Grade Special for Spring Crops

listers: (Oneida (Specials) 22-222 a ee
histersvPotatow Manure les ee ee ee ee he
hister’s) (‘Special Cornss.222 See ee eee ee eee eee
Lister’s Special Potato
istersh(Success=228.5 See Ne ee ee ee eee eee
Mister;s10 per Ccentel otaton Gr Owie rss eee eee
NATIONAL FERTILIZER CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN.
Chittenden’s' Complete Root Hertilizer EEE
Chittenden’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer
Chittenden’s Eureka Potato Fertilizer

NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO. BOSTON, MASS.
Newnlineland Complete Manure sa eee
New England Corn & Grain Fertilizer

New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer_-_-___-___-__--___-__---_-------- ps

New Hneland shich’GradelSpecia a Ee

New England Market Garden Manure__—-_-_-______-__-------- =~ -.--.-—3 ees

N@yy Iopakdeynel Ia) Nemes

New, England? Rotate Grower ea EES

News Hinglanda Superphosp late
PARMENTER & POLSEY FERTILIZER CO., PEABODY, MASS.

_-—--— --~---—- ~~ ~~ ee ee ee ee ee

| Aroostook Specia aaa aaa
| Maine Potato Fertilizer

Ply OWE ROC Ki ee a Sa Se
Special Potateshertilizen ee
PORTLAND RENDERING CO. PORTLAND ME.
Bone/Dust-'Tankages-.2 2 ee Se See ee eee =

: R. T. PRENTISS CO., PRESQUE ISLE, ME.

Prentiss’) Aroostook, Complete: ee ee
Prentiss sATOOStOO] SS team G alr Cee
PROVINCIAL CHEMICAL CO., ST. JOHN, N. B.

Specials Potaton-Phosphaten sills ee ee ee eee
10 perkcent (Complete -Aroostook2. Rotator a.
P. H. REED, FT. FAIRFIELD, MH.

Reed’s Potato snGroweres 222021222 ee ee es
TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
Tuiscaroray AroostookiSpecial ee ee eee
Dusearora,\CompletesPotatole tts ee ee eee
Tuscarora hruirtand 2 otaton ss ee ee
AMUSCAP OFA CITT Cr ee EN ID NE SD ee
USSIA CEMENT CO., GLOUCESTER, MASS.

WHssex Ad Superphosphate. 2 2s a Ce ee
Hssex Aroostook County Special Potato Manure_----—-----_--_--------_--~_
Essex Complete Manure for Aroostook County Crops------------------------
Hssex Complete Manure for Corn, Grain and Grass._----------------------—
| Hssex Complete Manure for Potatoes, Roots and Vegetables_-----------—-
Hssex Market Garden and Potato Mamnure_2-—_--_---22----- =
AW SSexaxXoxoxs ish and Potash! Ses Se ee ee eee

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 79

Analysis of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

Nitrogen. Phosphorie Acid. | Potash.
FA Total. Available.| Total.
2 Saal eR ;
| a is! 3 | 3 =
-_ | [=
a |= |» Biba S g | 3 2
GS) 2 y o co) 2 5 o i> Te! : A
elem Ss [oe ira be | Bs ais | 3 isl ss
& |) BO ec {ia 3 ® ° a B A & a | EB
3 at ne = ios] = ima n =) = t=) = - |
Pa] os | gs ° 5 } CY) dq iS 2 S ie LOR ee
mn | AE | Ee & | oO RR [a= = & o Ey ey iN EF; o
1859) 2.30) 1.30) 3.60} 3.00}| 4.69) 1.37: 1.62] 6.06] 6.00} 7.69) 7.00 5.25) 5.00
ESCO eeeprerellisteterer< loll ee cieveiltovecste/esa 6.44] 3 84) 2.19) 10.28] 11.00) 12.47} 13.00}} 2.26) 2.00
TROIS Saatalhageos Sai Vatslsoaessllansasellosbecaltucocsnllbodse PH 8%3)| PRUs cones, so4cen
1862} 0.45) 1.50) 1.95} 1.65|) 3.75) 4.34) 3.07) 8.09} 8.00) 11.16) 10.00|| 11.16) 10.00
1863) 0.34) 0.83) 1.17 -85|| 4.42) 3.71) 2.48) 8.13) 7.00) 10.61] 8.00 1.16} 1.00
1864) 1.92) 1.25) 3.17) 3.30|/ 5.50) 2.46! 3.09] 7.96] 8.00) 11.05) 9.00 7.22) 7.00
1865; 0.70} 1.12) 1.82] 1.65]| 5.63) 8.72) 2.39] 9.35] 8.00] 11.74) 9.00 3.66) 3.00
1866) 0.64) 1.22; 1.86) 1.65;| 5.66) 3.94; 2.19] 9.G0/ 8.00} 11.79) 9.00}| 3.52) 3.00
1867; 0.31) 0.99} 1.30) 1.24)} 6.16] 3.02} 2.58) 9.18] 9 00} 11.76} 11.00 2.37; 2.00
1868) 1.36) 1.64) 3.00] 3.29] 4.39) 2.17] 2.58! 6.56] 6.00; 9.14] 7.00 9.57) 10.00
1869) 1.71) 1.73) 3.44) 38.30]) 6.51) 1.49) 1.78! §.00] 8.00} 9.78] 10.00|| 6.01) 6.00
1870) 1.80} 1.76) 3.56} 3.30|]| 4.08) 1.88] 1.85 5 96] 6.00) 7.81] 8.00 10.56) 10.00
1871} 0.85} 1.78) 2.63) 2.40]} 4.19} 1.46] 1.75) 5.65] 6.00) 7.40) 8.00}| 10.48) 10.09
1872) 1.16) 1.26) 2.42| 2.40]! 3.70: 2.49} 2.17| 6.19] 6.00} 8.36] S.0C|| - 5.63) 5.00
| |
1881} 1.91 1.48 3.39, 3.28)| 3.45) 3.14) 3.57) 6.59) 6.00] 10.16) 7.00|| 10.04) 10.00
1873; 0.44 0.76} 1.20; 1.23 5.66) 1.40} 0.55) 7.06) 7.00} 7.61) 8.00)| 2.05) 2.00
4874) 0.76 1.02) 1.78) 1.64 3.85) 4.93] 1.33] 8.78) 8.00] 10.11) 9.00 38.23) 3.00
| |
1875) 1.28 1.20} 2.48] 2.46 5.63) 2.38) 2.16} 8.03) 8.00) 10.19} 9.00|| 6.18) 6.00
1876} 2.32 1.40) 3.72) 3.69 5.38) 3.53) 1.17) 8.91] 7.00} 9.08}. 8.00}} 10.54! 10.00
1877 ae 2.22) 4.29) 4.10 6.95} 1.16) 1.91) 7.11] 7.00] 9.02} 8.00 7.91) 7.00
1879} 0.88 0.88} 1.76} 1.64 3.46) 4.89] 0.98] 8.35} 7.00} 9.33) 8.00|| 4.28) 4.00
1878} 1.38 1.16) 2.54] 2.46 3.45) 2.59) 2.40) 6.04] 6.00] 8.44] 7.00]| 10.33] 10.00
1880 -88 1.60! 2.45) 2.46 5.66] 1.93] 3.77) 7.591 8.00] 11.36] 10.001] 4.34! 4.00
1882} 2.11) 2.44) 4.55} 4.10 5.93} 1.86] 1.67] 7.79| 7.00) 9.46) 8.00}| 7.64} 8.00
1883} 2.70} 1.26) 3.96] 3.69 5.33] 1.95) 2.64) 7.28) 7.00] 9.92} 8 00}| 10.18) 10.00
1884) -2.38] 1.26] 3.64] 3.29]| 5.10} 0.93} 3.85] 6.09] 6.00} 7.94| 7 00} 10.90) 10.00
1885 96] 1.62] 2.58] 2.47|| 4.86] 2.7 3.67) 7.61} 8.00} 11.28) 9 00) 4.11 4.00
1886} 2.00) 1.36) 3.36] 3.29 | 6.09} 1.04] 1.53) 7.13} 8.00} 8.66} $.00)| 7.06) 7.00
SSS Mel O0 eres 14)|) 474! 55 O0||Ijeriee | eeteretere thas cere > WScooodl|z00005 17.86) 16.00);...... Rees
1890) 3.07 46] 3.53] 3.29]| 3.35) 2.99] 0.84) 6.34] 6.00) 7.18] S.00/| 12.89) 10.00
1891 92 -70| 1.62) 1.62}; 5.02) 1.55) 2.07) 6.57) 8.00) 8.64) 10.00|) 10.61) 10.00
| |
1892} 1.06) 1.08) 2.14] 2.08 | 7.73) 1.13} 4.30} 8.86] 8.00] 13.16] 12.00 6.15, 6.00
1893) 3.39) 0.76! 4.15] 3.29]| 6.83) 1.11] 0.87] 8.00) 8.00} 8.87} §.87|| 11.15) 10.00
1894) 2.02). 1.88) 3.90} 3.29]| 7.15) 0.83} 1.03) 7.98] 7.00) 9.01) 8.00 9.07| 8.00
|
1895} 1.45) 1.16} 2.61) 2.47 6.94] 1.18] 0.89} 8.12] 7.00} 9.01] 8.00|| 9.23) 8.00
1896) 1.66) 1.96) 3.62| 3.29]) 5.73} 1.04! 1.06} 6.77| 6.00] 7.83} 7.00}| 10.78) 10.00
1897 -74| 1.02) 1.76) 1.65)| 7.89} 0.98} 1.08) 8.87} 8.00) 9.95} 9.00/} 11.40) 10.00
1898) 2.64) 2.12) 4.76) 4.12 7.93} 0.93} 0.63} 8.86] 8.00) 9.49) 9.00/| 7.35) 7.00
| |
1899} 0.18} 1.34) 1.52} 1.00]| 1.96] 5.82) 4.93) 7.29} 7.00} 12.22) 9.00) 2.11} 2.00
1900} 1.03} 1.64) 2.67) 2.40|| 1.7 4.14) 4.48) 5.85/ 7.00) 10.33) 8.00); 4.65) 5.00
1901 -99| 2.30) 3.29) 3.30]) 5.26) 1.81] 5.29] 7.07} 7.00 12.36) 9.50}| 8.82) 9.50
1902} 0.97) 2.91] 3.88] 3.30 5.90) 3.75) 1.50) 9.65} 7.00] 11.15) 9.50 9.36 9.50
1903] 0.96} 3.22} 4.18] 3.70]| 6.33} 2.62) 3.14] 8.95] 7.00] 12.09) 9.00}; 8.39) 8.50
1904) 0.79) 1.55) 2.34) 2.00}| 5.25) 5.17] 2.65) 10.42) 8.00) 13.07) 10.00 5.06 5.00
1905} 0.56) 1.82} 2.38] 2.10 6.14) 2.70) 3.28} 8.84) 9.00) 12 12, 12.00 4.11) 2.25

80

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

1906
1907
1908

1909
1910
1911

1912
1913
1914

1926
1927
1915

1916
1917
1918

1919
1920
1921

1922
1923
1924

SAGADAHOC FERTILIZER CO., BOWDOINHAM, ME.
Acid Phosphate®=.2 3. = ee eee
Aroostook Potato Manure_-
Dirigo’ Pertilizers.: 2.0.2.2 23- 2 a Ee eee

Muriate.-of Potash:...:-:-2i51.3 2st a Eee
Nitrate ‘of: Sodas.- 20-20. ee et eee
Sagadahoc High Grade Superphosphate_-__-_-__--.._-_____-_-_-___________

Sagadahoe Special Potato Fertilizer_.-_.---_---.----—__-___--______..----_-_-
xX (Chemical) Mertiligzers= 222 Se ee eee eee
Yankee WMertilizer:-2. 2.00 2 ee ee eee
SWIFT’S LOWELL FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.
3-6-And 10 (Wertilizer--- SS See eee EE EE
4-6-And..10: Pertilizer!.-2 22 1 ee ee ee
Swift's’ Lowell). Animal’ Brand==-=222.2.2.22— = eee

Swifts) owelll Bones Mertili ze rasa a ee
Swift’s Lowell Cereal Fertilizer_---------_---
Swift’s Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash

Swifts) Lowell impress) Bran des aa ee ee ee
Swifts: Lowell Potato” Mantre eee
Swifts) Howell) Potato. Phosphate

Switt's: Potato: Growers:.-- 2-3-2 25 tos Se eee
Swift’s Special- Vegetable: Manure-----2- Eee
Switt’s Superior FPertilizer:.2:: 2-2 so. 25 eee

Analysis of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1907.

Station number.

a)
© co
—i=}
=~10

1908

1909
1910
1911

1912
1913
1914

1926
1927
1915

1916
1917
1918

1919
J920
1921

1922
1923
1924

Nitrogen. Phosphorie Acid. Potash.
Total Available. Total.
| = z z 3 3
re 2 | S 3 | 2 & 2 g
Heel eee dP eS I Sy s = | I <= I 2 a
eae ees eee ce | a | &
| 22)/o2) s a =} 5 9 3 a 3 a 5 3
\— mM = nD
|o8| a8 } 5 © 2 i S 5 S 5 S =}
One|) ae) & o 7) & to) & Oo & o
| |
Sono |adoodalloanaoc | 16.56} 0.95} 0.80) 17.81) 16.00) 18.61) 17.00}|......)......
0.92; 0.08) 1.00) 1.05 7.11; 1.44) 0.45) 8.55} 6.00) 9.00) 7.00|} 4.97) 4.00
0.13) 0.44) 0.57) -85) 6.62) 0 89) 5.46| 7.51} 6.00) 12.97) 9.00); 3.32) 3.00
Raa aeee Pasar fetes | een Gel see OMe een MLN a Ih GO) RDA
T5258 |Eeeeee ) Tiss} | TCO Goon colloogesallacosoc ees eee ete ale aCe Alllloncc dalloo soos
1.54) 0.38) 1.92} 1.85|| 6.86! 1.14) 38.50) 8.00) 7.00) 11.50} 8.00}| 4.37) 3.00
| |
1.33 0.58| 1.91} 2.00}| 4.63) 1.66) 4.54) 6.29) 7.00) 10.53) 8.00]|} 9.83} 8.60
Tats] TAO BS) WOM lecoaoclleeaace 3.76; 4.29) 3.00) 8.05) 7.00})} 10.05} 8.00
0.35) 0.41) 0.76) 0.40)| 7.30) 2.73) 1.04) 10 03) -7.00) 11.07} 8.00); 3.05) 2.00
1.73] 80) 2.53| 3.25) 3.11! 1.56) 1.98| 4.67| 5.00| 6.65] 7.00|| 10.18] 10.00
2.65 -80} 3.45) 2.3 3.19) 3.75) 1.70) 6.94) 5.00) 8.64) 7.00}) 10.57) 10.00
1.04) 1.54) 2.58! 2.46]! 4.66) 4.69) 8.97] 9.35] 8.00] 13.32) 10.00]| 4.19] 4.00
|
0.73) 0.94) 1.67) 1.64)| 5.26) 2.76) 1.79) 8.02} 8.00} 9.81) 9.00})} 3.20) 3.00
0.34) 0.50! 0.84! -82 5.22) 1.76) 1.32|) 6.98) 7.00) 8.30} 8.00 1.18} 1.00
-72| 1.04) 1.76) 1.64 8.21} 1.80) 1.15) 10.01; 9.00) 11.16] 10.00}) 2.35) 2.00
| |
87 -54) 1.41) 1.23|| 4.85) 2.50) 2.32) 7.35) 7.00) 9.67) 8.00)} 2.15) 2.00
.69 94) 1.63) 1.64!| 4.55} 2.10) 2.17) 6.65} 7.00) 8.82] 8.00}) 4.07) 4.00
1.31} 1.16) 2.47) 2.42|) 5.66) 2.49) 1.71) 8.15) 8.00) 9.86] 9.00)} 6.35) 6.00
2.14 1.42| 3 56! 3.28 4.99} 1.51) 1.35) 6.50) 6.00) 7.85) 7.00}| 10.53) 10.00
1.88] 1.48) 3.36) 3.28 5.95) 1.38] 1.68) 7.33) 8.00) 9.01) 9.00)) 7.10) 7.00
2.52; 1.28] 3 st 3.69|| 5.60) 1.98) 1.30) 7.58) 7.00) 8.88} 8.00)} 10.238) 10.00

BULLETIN No. 141.

Pt Ne Vi N TION Or POTATO SCAB:
W. J. Morse.

From the evidence at hand it appears that the amount of
potato scab in certain portions of Maine is rapidly increasing.
Many bushels of otherwise excellent potatoes are now annu-
ally sent to the starch factory, thus materially reducing the profit
of the grower. This rapid increase of scab is very evident in
Aroostook county. Never has the Station received so many
complaints from growers with regard to losses from this cause
as was the case last season. An explanation of this condition of
affairs is not hard to find. Two years ago on account of the
scarcity and consequent high price of seed many farmers planted
the scabby tubers which were unfit for market. Very frequently
experienced growers are met who advocate this practice, claim-
ing from mistaken observation that there is no danger from the
use Of scabby seed, thus assisting indirectly in the propagation
and spread of the disease. This indicates that the nature of the
disease and the importance of planting clean, disinfected seed to
insure a clean crop and to guard against infection of the soil is
not realized by many growers.

In view of the fact there are still large areas which are free
from scab or which are but slightly infected, and each year a
considerable amount of previously uncultivated soil is added to
the potato growing acreage of the state, it is highly important
that ample precautions be taken to prevent the introduction of
scab germs into this clean soil.

PURPOSE OF THIS BULLETIN.
The object of this bulletin is to warn growers of the gravity
of the situation, to point out the material and lasting injury
which will surely result to the potato industry unless proper

82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

attention is given to the control of this disease, and to describe
the methods by which it may be held in check.

The writer has drawn largely upon the publications of other
stations and upon the results of his own experience and inves-
tigations most of which have already been published.*

In-this connection it should be stated that this is by no means
the first time that this Station has called the attention of the
Maine growers to this disease. An exarhination of the files
shows that 19 years ago the botanist made quite an extended
study of the subject in an effort to determine the cause of the
malady and two years later he reported that its parasitic nature
had been demonstrated elsewhere. Additional reports were
made in 1893 and 1894. In the spring of 1905 a circular letter
was sent to the newspapers circulating in Aroostook county and
in 1906 a special bulletin was sent to all of the newspapers of
the State briefly stating the essential facts as to the nature and
cause of the disease, the ways in which the soil becomes infected,
the conditions favoring development and spread, and a summary
ot the best methods of its control. Especial attention was called
to the danger of using infected seed and to the lack of apprecia-
tion on the part of the growers of the importance of the disease.

PLANTS AFFECTED BY SCAB.

The roughened, scabby, pitted surface of potato tubers
affected with scab is too well known to require description. It
is probable that no other potato disease has a wider distribution.
In addition to being disseminated throughout this country it
occurs in various parts of Europe and different writers have
reported it in South Africa and New Zealand as well. It prob-
ably occurs wherever the potato is grown.

In addition to the potato, beets, mangels, turnips and ruta-
bagas are quite susceptible to the disease. It has also been found
on cabbage and carrot roots and possibly may develop in a slight
degree on radish, salsify and parsnips. It is possible that the
fungus has still other hosts, for as shown later it is able to per-
sist in the soil for some years without the presence of any of the
above mentioned crops.

* Vt. Exp. Sta. Reps. 15, p. 225, (1902); 16, p. 165, (1903); 17. p. 397, (1904); 18, p. 287,
(1905).

THE PREVENTION OF POTATO SCAB. 83

CAUSE OF SCAB.

Contrary to the opinion frequently expressed by practical
growers, the cause of the potato scab is a specific organism, and
is not due as a first cause to any character or condition of the
soil. The amount of moisture, nature of the fertilizer used, the
alkalinity or acidity of the soil may and do mfluence to a large
degree the amount of scab present on a given crop, but if the
germs of the disease are not in the soil or introduced into it by
means of infected seed tubers or from some other outside source
these factors alone are unable to produce the disease. Ashes,
lime, stable manure and chip dirt are of themselves incapable of
producing scab, but if the land or the seed is already infected
their action upon the soil is such that favorable conditions are
produced for the development of the scab fungus which mani-
fests itself upon the crop. For this reason a belief that these
materials themselves produce the disease is more or less held by
practical growers.

The real cause of potato scab was unknown up to 1890 when
Dr. Roland Thaxter of the Connecticut experiment station dis-
covered the fungus, to which he afterwards gave the name
Oospora scabies, and demonstrated the true _ relationship
between the fungus and the disease. Since that date his con-
clusions have been accepted quite generally by American plant
pathologists.

Experiments have shown repeatedly that scab does not develop
on new land unless it is infected from some outside agency. If
clean seed is used and other precautions are taken a clean crop
will result. If scabby seed is used a more or less scabby crop
is almost sure to be produced. Because of the readiness with
which the disease may thus be spread it follows that most of the
infection of new areas comes from scab infested seed. It is
probable that scab germs are sometimes introduced into the soil
by means of tools or manure and one case is recorded where soil
plainly became infected by the water draining off from a potato
field on higher ground.*

* Minn. Exp. Sta. Bul. 32, p. 223, (1893),

84 MAINE -AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Once the soil is contaminated there are two possible sources
of infection of the growing crop; first from the seed, and sec-
ondly from the soil itself. The amount of scab which may
develop on the crop is influenced by a variety of conditions, as
well as by the number of scab germs already present in the soil
or introduced with the seed. For example scabby seed planted
on soil where conditions are unfavorable for the development
of scab may give a comparatively clean crop, while on the other
hand relatively clean seed may produce an exceedingly scabby
crop, especially the second year, if the soil conditions are favor-
able to the scab fungus. This, of course, is due to the fact that
the soil is already contaminated, Infested soil may be expected
to produce a more or less scabby crop even though clean seed
is planted.

CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO SCAB,

Scab thrives best on an alkaline soil or in the presence of cer-
tain fertilizers or chemical substances which tend to promote
alkalinity, while acid soils and the presence of certain other
chemical salts are unfavorable to its development. Dr. Wheeler
of the Rhode Island station has made an extensive study of this
subject, and summarizes his conclusions as follows :*

“The materials which favor the scab and which are at times
applied to land are: stable manure of all kinds, wood ashes, air-
slacked or caustic lime and carbonates of soda (soda-ash), pot-
ash, lime and magnesia.”

“The materials which do not tend to make the scab worse
and which may decrease it are: most commercial fertilizers,
seaweed, potash salts (excepting potassium carbonate), land
plaster, common salt and ammonium sulphate. Sodium nitrate
(Chili salt-peter) if used in large quantities may favor scab
eventually, but from the amount usually applied no serious.
results would be expected to follow. In case a soil were badly
contaminated and favorable to the disease, superphosphate,
ammonium sulphate, kainite, sulphate and muriate of potash are
materials which, applied as fertilizers, would tend gradually to
alleviate the conditions.”

Heavy moist soils appear to be more favorable to scab than
those which are light and dry. It is maintained by some that in

*R. I. Exp. Sta. Bul 40, p. 95, (1896).

THE PREVENTION OF POTATO SCAB. 85

like manner a given soil is more likely to produce a badly
scabbed crop in a wet season than in a dry season.

The treatment or control of the disease naturally divides itself
into two main problems, namely: What measures can be taken
to decrease or eradicate the germs from soil already infected
and how can the infection of clean soil be prevented?

\
MANAGEMENT OF INFECTED SOILS.

Various methods of soil disinfection have been attempted,
usually by rolling the seed in some chemical disinfectant, mixing
the chemical with the soil or scattering it along the row, but this
is expensive and has usually resulted in partial or entire failure.
At one time it was thought that a practical treatment had been
discovered by Halsted of the New. Jersey station in using sul-
phur applied to the soil at the rate of 300 pounds per acre. The
results obtained on the station grounds were very satisfactory.
Favorable results from the use of sulphur were also obtained
by the Delaware station.*

Many others have reported failure with this treatment, so
that the general consensus of opinion is that it cannot be relied
upon for constant results on all soils. Wheeler suggests that
the beneficial results obtained from the use of sulphur is due to
its gradual oxidation in the soil and consequent production of
acid.; If such is the case it would seem that the sulphur treat-
ment is most likely to prove beneficial on a-neutral or slightly
alkaline soil. Many Aroostook soils are slightly acid already so
that the use of sulphur there might prove positively harmful to
succeeding crops like oats.

It has been found that most field crops do better on a neutral
or slightly alkaline soil and that a large amount of soil acidity
may be exceedingly detrimental. In fact the potato itself does
better in a slightly alkaline soil, such as is most favorable to the
development of the scab. Fortunately it is not so sensitive as the
scab fungus, and the amount of acidity developed by green man-
uring is often sufficient to be very detrimental to the fungus and
not materially affect the growth or yield of the potato.

* De). Exp. Sta. Bul. 34, p. 19, (1896); Rep. 10, p. 45, (1898).
t R. 1. Exp. Sta. Rep. 12, p. 164, (1899).
~R. 1. Exp. Sta. Rep. 12, p. 165, (1899).

86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

It is not known how long the fungus will remain active in the
soil without the presence of a susceptible crop. Various writers
have reported a large amount of infection on land where no
root crop has been grown for from 5 to 7 years and Jones and
Fdson* cite a case of probable slight soil infection after a lapse
of presumably 25 or more years.

However, by rotation of crops, and proper attention to soil
management and fertilization it is possible to materially decrease
the amount of scab in an infected soil. Land which has pro-
duced a crop of badly scabbed potatoes should at once be given
over to other crops as corn, grains, grasses and clovers, for as
long a time as possible. Wood ashes or lime should not be
applied and such commercial fertilizers as are used should be
selected, as far as possible, from the materials mentioned on page
84 as not tending to increase scab. ‘“Souring” the soil by
green manuring or plowing under of a green crop such as clover
should be resorted to, especially just before a crop of potatoes
is again to be grown upon the soil. This has been practiced
successfully by Alva Agee of Ohio, using rye as the green crop.f
He reports growing 7 successful crops of potatoes on land
which in the beginning was so badly infected with scab that the
crop was unmarketable. Winter rye was sown in the fall and
turned under the first warm. days in the spring when about a
foot high. Each year the conditions of the crop improved till
the third year the appearance of the tubers was excellent and on
the seventh year 285 bushels per acre were raised and those
nearly free from scab. Aside from the cover crop no fertilizer
was used except phosphoric acid in the form of acid phosphate.
This system would produce best results on a neutral or slightly
alkaline soil and probably would not be’entirely successful on a
soil which is strongly alkaline, as the decaying crop would very
likely not produce acid enough to leave an excess in the soil.
Failures in the use of rye in this manner for one season have
been reported,t but it may be that the soil was too alkaline to
produce the required effect.

There it not sufficient experimental evidence to say how nearly
an infected soil can be cleared of scab germs or how soon pota-

* Vt. Exp. Sta. Rep. 14, p. 232, (1901),

+ Penn Dept of Agr. Bul. 105, p. 84, (1902).

+ Mass. Exp. Sta. Rep. 8, p. 217, (1890); N. Y. (Geneva) Exp. Sta. Bul. 138, p. 629,
(1897).

THE PREVENTION OF POTATO SCAB. 87

toes may be included in the rotation without the danger of a
large amount of infection. ‘There is reason to believe that possi-
bly the latter can be done in from 3 to 5 years on many soils
which are not too strongly alkaline. It is a question which must
be settled by the individual grower on his own land. However,
if one has a piece of badly infested soil the chances of success
are sufficient so that it is well worth while to select fertilizers
which do not tend to increase scab, to practice rotation with
cats, grass, clover, etc., and to frequently plow under a green
crop such as clover, rye or buckwheat.

MANAGEMENT OF CLEAN SOILS.

On clean soils we are not so restricted with regard to the
nature of the fertilizers, except that the manure of animals
which have been fed on uncooked scabby potatoes or in which
the uncooked refuse or skins have been thrown, should not be
applied.

There is some difference of opinion on the question of the
ability of the scab fungus to pass through the digestive tract
of animals without being destroyed. Be this as it may there is
practically a certainty that the litter from the mangers and some
pieces of unconsumed tubers bearing the spores of the fungus
will find their way into the manure, and thus make it a con-
stant source of danger. j

For seed select tubers which are free from scab and disin-
fect by one of the methods described below. While very
satisfactory results have been obtained in the disinfection of
badly scabbed potatoes no method has been devised which will
guarantee an absolutely clean crop from scabby seed. Un-
treated, healthy tubers having been in contact with diseased
tubers are almost sure to carry sufficient scab germs to infect the
soil.

Bags, baskets, barrels, etc., which have been used for scabby
potatoes should not be used for clean or disinfected seed tubers
without first being disinfected with formaldehyde gas or solu-
tion.

Plows, harrows, planters, cultivators and other implements
should be thoroughly cleaned of all particles of dirt, etc., prefer-
ably with a stream of water from a garden hose, when changing
to clean from infected tubers or land.

88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

DISINFECTING AGENTS.

Corrosive sublimate and formaldehyde (usually sold under
the name of formalin) are so far the only agents found to be
satisfactory for tuber disinfection. These chemicals as well as
the potassium permanganate which is used with formalin to
generate formaldehyde gas can be supplied by any druggist.

Corrosive sublimate is a white crystalline powder. It is a
deadly poison if taken internally, but is safe to handle provided
care is taken to keep the treated tubers and solution away from
stock and children. It is a good disinfectant, but on account of
its poisonous nature it is doubtful if it would have come into
so general use if the value of formaldehyde had been demon-
strated earlier. Corrosive sublimate costs about 15 cents per
ounce and should be purchased for $1.50 or less per pound.

Formalin is a liquid having a sharp, pungent odor. It is a
solution of formaldehyde gas, the best grades containing about
40 per cent. The ordinary commercial goods should show at
least 35 per cent, and should not be accepted unless the dealer
will guarantee that percentage of formaldehyde, subject to
analysis. Compared with corrosive sublimate formalin is
equally effective as a disinfectant for scab and possesses the
advantage of being absolutely safe to handle. Good formalin
should be obtained at from 40 to 50 cents per pint, or even less
if bought in any quantity.

Commercial potassium permanganate comes in the form of
sinall, glistening, purple-brown crystals. It is sold for about 30
cents per pound.

METHODS OF DISINFECTION OF SEED POTATOES.

I. Soaking seed in a disinfecting solution. Applicable where
the acreage is small but impracticable for the large
grower or dealer.

(a) Formalin solution. Add one-half pint of com-
mercial formalin to 15 gallons of water, stir thoroughly,
and soak uncut tubers 2 hours in this solution.

(b) Corrosive sublimate ‘solution. In a wooden or
earthern vessel (metal vessels cannot be used on
account of the corrosive action of the chemical) dis-
solve 2 ounces of corrosive sublimate in 2 gallons of
hot water, and then dilute to 15 gallons with cold water.
Place uncut tubers in a sack and soak 1% hours in this
solution.

THE PREVENTION OF POTATO SCAB. 89

Either solution can be used repeatedly, fresh being added as
fast as it is used up. Mr. Agee recommends, as a time saver,
the use of barrels with a spigot at the bottom and placed on
boxes. The barrels are filled with potatoes and the solution
poured over. When the time of disinfection is passed the solu-
tion is drawn off and poured into other barrels, already filled,
and the treated potatoes dumped out on the ground to dry. This
should be done on a clean grass sod and not on plowed land or in
any other place where the treated seed will be exposed to rein-
fection.

Il. Exposure of dry seed to formaldehyde gas. Applicable
where large quantities, up to car load lots are to be
treated at one time.

Place seed tubers in bushel crates or shallow slat-work
bins in a tight room. For each 1000 cubic feet of
space spread 23 ounces of potassium permanganate
evenly over the bottom of a large, flaring pan or pail
placed in the middle of the room. Pour over this 3
pints of formalin. Close room at once and do not
open for 24 to 48 hours. (See details of method
described below. )

During the last decade formalehyde gas has, on account of
its merits, become the leading disinfectant for use in rooms fol-
lowing contagious diseases. The most common way of gener-
ating the gas has been to place the liquid in a dish over an oil
stove or other fire lasting sufficient time to vaporize the entire
amount of liquid formalin used, then close the room tightly and
leave till the period of disinfection was over. ‘The Vermont
experiment station has been trying this method with consider-
able success in the disinfection of scabby potatoes. The writer
has had the immediate oversight of the details of. these trials
for the past 5 years and is satisfied that the results from this
‘process are fully equal to those obtained by soaking, either in
corrosive sublimate or formalin solutions. Certain difficulties
were experienced with the process, the chief of which was the
element of danger from leaving the fire in the disinfecting room
for some hours without attention and the comparatively slow
evolution of the formaldehyde gas. In 1905 our attention was
called to the potassium permanganate method of generating the

go MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

gas as described by Messrs. Evans and Russell of the ike tos
Laboratory of Hygeine.*

By this method all danger from fire is eliminated as the heat
required for the liberation of the gas is generated by the chemi-
_ cal action of the potassium permanganate upon the formaldehyde
in the solution. It is true that some of the formaldehyde is
used up in the reaction but this is more than offset by the fact
that within 5 minutes 80 to 85 per cent of the available gas is.
liberated, and in this manner the maximum strength of for-
maldehyde is acting upon the fungus almost at once. Where
the gas is liberated by boiling it comes off more slowly, there is
constant loss by leakage from the room and at no time is the
maximum amount of available gas present in the disinfecting
chamber. The results of hundreds of tests with various patho-
genic bacteria by Evans and Russell and of one test with potato
scab by the writer indicate that gas generated by the perman-
ganate method is equally if not more effective than that gener-
ated in other ways.

The disinfection of seed potatoes with formaldehyde gas has
not been tried on a commercial basis but the results of repeated
trials on a small experimental scale with the gas generated by
various means are such that it is believed worthy of recom-
mendation, especially where a convenient and rapid method of
treating large quantities of seed at one time is desired.

The room in which the work is to be done should be made as
tight as possible and be provided with a tightly fitting door.
The conditions which obtain in a good potato house intended
for winter storage would doubtless meet the requirements. On
account of the large amount of space in the open house it woula
probably be more economical to partition off an end or a corner
for the disinfecting room. This partition need not be of expen-
sive material provided care is taken to make it tight by the use
of weather strips and pasting builders’ or other heavy paper
over the cracks and openings.

While it is known that formaldehyde gas has considerable
penetrating powery there is no experimental evidence as to how

* Me. State Bd. Health Rep. 13;p. 234, (1904).

+ Me. State Bd. Health Rep. 14, (1906). (Evans’ experiments nere recorded
indicate that the gas can penetrate from one to four thicknesses of silk, cotton
flannel and ticking and still|be perfectly effective upon pathogenic bacteria.)

THE PREVENTION OF POTATO SCAB. gi

deep the tubers may be piled and still have the gas effective on
all. Until this is determined it would be best to pile not over
one foot deep. Bushel crates made on the open slat-work plan
make admirable containers, provided they are stacked up loosely
in the disinfecting room after being filled with potatoes. Shal-
low, slat-work bins could also be built one above the other. If
one has only a few bushels of seed to disinfect, a large box
tightly covered and provided with slat shelves might serve the
purpose. It would be better if the box had a small door at the
bottom which can be opened to introduce the disinfecting mate-
rials and then quickly and tightly closed.

The process of generating the gas is very simple. For each
1000 cubic feet of space use 23 ounces of potassium perman-
ganate crystals and 3 pints of formalin. Place a large flaring
pan or pail in the center of the disinfecting chamber and spread
the permanganate evenly over the bottom. Pour the formalin
quickly over the permanganate, give the dish one rapid tilt to
make sure of thorough mixing, then leave and close the room
as quickly as possible. When first mixed no change is apparent
but soon a vigorous foaming and boiling is set up, hence it is
important that the dish used be of sufficient size to prevent run-
ning over. » A broad, shallow dish like a dishpan has been found
to be more satisfactory than a deep one. “The dishes used need
not have sides more than 8 inches in height, but must have wide
bottoms. A good rule to follow in deciding on the size of the
dish to be used is to choose one whose bottom is such that it will
just be hidden from sight when the requisite amount of per-
manganate is poured in and evenly distributed.” Tin or galvan-
ized iron dishes are better than earthern jars. The disinfect-
ing chamber should remain closed for 24 to 48 hours. The
amount of formalin recommended is three times as much and the
time of exposure several times longer than that recommended
for killing bacteria, but it will not injure the potato tubers in
the least. How much the amount of formalin used and the time
of exposure can be cut down and still be sure of destroying the
scab germs must be determined by future experimentation.

The seed potatoes can be disinfected some little time before
planting provided they are not allowed to come in contact with
undisinfected bags, barrels, bins, tools, etc., which have been
used for untreated potatoes.

Q2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

SUMMARY,

The use of untreated seed and the too common practice of
reserving unsalable, scabby tubers for planting has resulted
recently in a rapid increase of potato scab in Maine. Page 81.

Scab is caused by a minute parasitic fungus. Soil conditions,
the application of lime, ashes, chip dirt, etc., may favor the
development of scab but are incapable of causing it. Page 83.

Crop infection on old land may come from the soil, from the
seed, or from both. On new land the source is largely from
undisinfected seed. Page 84.

Alkaline soils, the use of stable manure, lime, ashes, and cer-
tain chemicals of an alkaline nature favor the fungus. Acid
soils and certain other chemicals are unfavorable to it. Page 84.

Beets and the roots of a few other vegetables are attacked by
the disease but the fungus may persist in infected soil for seyv-
eral years without the presence of known host plants. Pages
32 and 86.

Badly infested soils should be devoted to such crops as grains,
grasses and clovers, for as long a time as possible. Fertilizers
favorable to scab should be avoided and “souring”’ the soil by
green manuring is recommended. Page 86. i

On clean soils, only healthy, disinfected seed tubers should
be used. Manure containing uncooked scabby potatoes or
refuse should be avoided but no other precautions as to fertili-
zers are necessary. Clean soil may be infected by means of
tools, bags, baskets, etc., which have been in contact with
infected land or tubers. Page 87.

Small amounts of seed are best disinfected by soaking: (a)
2 hours in solution of one-half pint formalin to 15 gallons water,
or (b) one and one-haif hours in 2 ounces of corrosive subli-
mate dissolved in 15 gallons of water. Page 88.

For large quantities of seed, formaldehyde gas, generated by
the use of potassium permanganate, is the most practical disin-
fecting agent. Place seed tubers in bushel crates or shallow,
slat-work bins in a tight room. For each 1,000 cubic feet of
space spread 23 ounces of potassium permanganate evenly over
the bottom of a large pan or pail in center of room. Pour over
this 3 pints of formalin, leave room at once and allow to remain
tightly closed for 24 to 48 hours. Page 89-91.

BULLETIN No. 142.

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION.
Cuas. D. Woops, Director.
J. M. Bartietr, Chemist in_charge of inspection analyses.

CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE Law.

The points of the law of most interest both to the dealer and
consumer concisely stated, follow.

Kinds of Feed Exempt Under the Law. The law applies to
all feeding stuffs except the following: hays and straws; whole
seeds, meals, brans and middlings of wheat, rye, barley, oats,
Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn, sold separately ; wheat
bran and middlings mixed together and pure grains ground
together.

Kinds of Feed Coming within the Law. ‘The principal feeds
coming under the provisions of the law are linseed meals, cotton-
seed meals, cottonseed feeds, pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten
meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried
brewer's grains, dried distillers grains, malt sprouts, hominy
feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops,
corn and oat feeds, corn bran, ground beef or fish scraps,
foods, poultry foods, stock foods, patented, proprietary and
trade-mark stock and poultry foods, mixed feeds other than
those composed solely of wheat bran and middlings mixed
- together or pure grains ground together, and all other materials
of similar nature.

The Brand. Fach package of feeding stuffs coming within
the law shall bear, conspicuously printed, the following state-
ments: !

The number of net pounds contained in the package.

The name or trade mark under which it is sold.

94 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

The name of the manufacturer or shipper..

The place of manufacture.

The place of business of manufacturer or shipper.

The percentage of crude protein.

The percentage of crude fat.

The Adulteration of Feeding Stuffs. If any foreign sub-
stances are added to whole or ground grain or wheat offals, the
true mixture must be plainly marked upon the packages.

Duties of the Director. The Director shall in person or by

deputy analyze at least one sample of each feeding stuff coming

within the requirements of the law, and publish the results with
such additional information as circumstances advise. He shall
diligently enforce the provisions of the law and, in his dis-
cretion, prosecute offenses against the law.

Penalties. The sale or offering for sale of feeding stuffs not
properly branded, or containing a smaller percentage of protein
and fat than are guaranteed, or of adulterated feeding stuffs, is
punishable by a fine not exceeding $100 for the first, and $200
for each subsequent offense.

RESULTS OF THE INSPECTIONS FOR 1906-7.

The last bulletin on feeding stuff inspection was published in
April, 1906. Prior to 1904 it had been the custom of the Station
to collect a large number of samples of the feeding stuffs offered
in the State for the purpose of analyses. With few exceptions
the feeding stuffs are running fairly constant in composition,
and for the past two years, greater attention has been paid to
proper inspection than to the analyses. At least one sample has
been drawn of each of the commercial feeding stuffs offered in
the State, so far as they have been found by the inspector.
There is an evident desire on the part of nearlv all of the deal-
ers, large and small, to conform to the requirements of the law,
and with the exception of cotton seed meal (see discussion
page 104), there is every reason to feel satisfied with the quality
of the concentrated commercial feeding stuffs upon the market.

The table on pages 95 to 103 gives the results of the analyses.
These results are discussed on pages 104 and beyond. Protein
was determined in each sample. Fat was determined in a
composite sample of the samples taken by the inspector.

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 95

Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.

Protein. Fat.
® é
ra Hi
La! vo
= | | 2
ands s ue} re |
Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. 2 ® cs) 5
S| »2] 28]-14] 23] #
S| S 8|a5|7e| 85 5
Z| ES ms) =i) aS) 3
A SE OSR | Ba SE) eS
a) awa | Om ma) Oa} w
COTTON SEED MEAL. | |
Extra Prime Cotton Seed Meal_---------------- C | 40.81 | 38.65 A || PRES
FF. W. Brodie & Co., Memphis, Tenn. |
Coctionmseed Mien e222 ose set ee eto e O | 37.00 | 41.00 | 10.15 9.00 | 2311
H. E. Bridges & Co. |
Extra Prime Cotton Seed Meal_---------------- O | 37.88 | 38.65 & =! 2440
104, Wa IBROGe 5 (COsss53 5555s ee O | 87.25 | 38.65 2 ue 2446
O | 43.06 | 38.65 = = 2486
AVetrage: seat see O | 39.39 | 38.65 | 10.09 2 =
Cotton seedy Mea leas: 222 eb 2s5 soe D | 45.638 | 38.50 2 9.00 | 2560
Chapin & Co., Boston.
(Chontic@nn . Syeveyol ep eS D | 40.25 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2276
Gass Mie Cox Com Bostone 22-22-22 se O | 39.56 | 38.00 | 8.18 | 9.00 | 2424
Dixie Brand Cotton Seed Meal-_---------------- C | 34.14 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2277
Humphreys-Godwin Co. ----------..-------- C | 33.31 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2337
C | 35.19 | 41.00 = 9.00 2338
C | 37.63 | 41.00 i 9.00 | 2356 -
D | 35.19 | 41.00} - | 9.00} 2302
D | 38.50 | 41.00 s 9.00 | 2406
O | 41.19 | 41.00 2 9.00 | 2269
O | 37.06 | 41.00 _ | 9.00} 2439
O | 36.88 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2443
O | 88.75 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2550
O | 36.88 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2552 k
PAY CAG Cree te rae nes O | 38.14 | 41.00 | 8.71] 9.00; -
Green Diamond Cotton Seed Meal__------------ O | 40.50 | 41.00 ES 9.00 | 2288
(Haine een Cont etal is UE SSS Le O | 37.75 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2419
O | 37.138 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2421 :
O | 43.00 | 41.00 - | 9.00} 2427
O | 39.94 | 41.00 a 9.00 2449
O | 39.75 | 41.00 = 9.00 2470 ;
AVELA Pe! 2A cose Scscen sels O | 39.66 | 41.00 | 9.89 | 9.00; —
igeaUmmSecdeVicn ee fy et ea C | 38.88 | 41.00] - | 7.00! 2505
Hunter Bros. Milling Co., St. Louis.
| ;
BrimexCotion Seed. Meal. 2-825. 122 e e O | 41.63 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2546
Hunter Bros. Milling Co., St. Louis_------- O | 38.75 | 41.00 2 9.00 | 2547
PAV Cra Pets. Sasa se eae O | 40.19 | 41.00 | 10.98 9.00 a !
K. & B. Prime Cotton Seed Meal | 20.75 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2403
Kaiser & Brown, Memphis=---------__------ | 22.25 | 41.00 re 9.00 | 2312
19.38 | 41.00 2 9.00 | 2417
21.00 | 41.00 = 9.00 2467
20.68 | 41.00 eS 9.00 | 2472
AV CLAS Ciena ase aeee smears | 20.82 | 41.00 | 5.41 | 9.00 = |
Magnolia Cotton Seed Meal-_-----_-----__--__--. O | 36.38 | 41.00 3 7.00 | 2465
Chase Mls (Cox, Cosa een ees O | 32.50 | 41.00 = 7.00 | 2479
O | 39.69 | 41.00 - | 7.00 | 2488
IAN GTS Odes Gre ale eae ee O | 35.19 | 41.00 7.94 7.00 =

|
|
|

C, from the feeder; D, from the dealer; M, from the manufacturer; and
O, the inspector’s sample.

96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.
{
Protein. | Fat.
a
& 3
2 Ay
=I ] | 2
oS re
Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. 2 5 ® =
c) le | ee] eee
o lel =
2] 29 | 23 eSuietonlme
aloaas | es | aa) =
o|sa|/062| sa] on] &
Old Gold Cotton Seed Meal--_------.----------- C | 40.44 | 41.00 3 9.00 | 23857
TT. Bunche ee eee eee ane O | 42.25 | 41.90 y 9.00 | 2270
O | 40.19 | 41.00 = 9.00 2399
O | 39.50 | 41.00 = 9.00 2457
O | 36.75 | 41.00 - | 9.00 2536
O | 46.50 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2557
AV CLAS Crna ee eae ae O | 41.04 41.00 | 9.19 | 9.00 S
Owl Brand Cotton Seed Meal_-_----_-----_----- C | 42.75 | 41.00 as 9.00 | 2239
HW BroGe Gok Coe re Se a C | 36.25 | 41.00 is 7.00 2300
D | 39.50 | 41.00 = | Wo Piet
O | 41.88 | 41.00 - | 7.00 | 2280
O | 37.19 | 41.00 aeA00 2293
O | 36.06 41.00 = 7.00 2375
O | 42.63 | 41.00 = 700 2390
O | 37.94 | 41.00 < 7.00 2430
O | 36.44 41.00 a. | 7.00 2512
O | 38.06 | 41.00 = 7.00 2553
O | 41.00 | 41.00 = |. VOY 2537
AV OLA Gu eat eater Re O | 38.60 | 41.00 | 8.74 | 7.60 =
|
Phoenix Brand Cotton Seed Meal__---------:-_ C | 36.38 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2304
ID, i, WMienaSMeNl CW), 1BOSioO C | 32.50 | 41.00 - | 7.00 | 2494
D | 84.94 | 41.00 = 7.00 | 2335
D | 19.81 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2366
D | 81.38 | 41.00 Ele 9°00: | 2384
D | 33.94 | 41.00 = | BHO |) Piesal
D | 37.88 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2405
D | 39.13 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2447
D | 382.75 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2503
D | 31.75 | 41.00 - | 9.00 |} 2542
D | 34.94 | 41.00 =) 9000 2543
M | 40.88 | 41.00 ut - | 2423
O | 36.90 | 41.00 z 9.00 | 2314
O | 30.13 | 41.00 5 9.00 | 2344
O | 81.75 | 41.00 = 92008 2374
O | 39.13 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2413
O | 33.81 | 41.00 - | 9.00 2455
O | 33.00 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2475
O | 35.44 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2485
O | 37.81 | 41.00 2 9.00 | 2511
O | 39.94 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2558
AV CT AS Clee oak ee © | 35.32 | 41.00 | 9.02 | 9:00) —
| |
Cottons Seed Mea esas seen se sess aaa nenenee C | 36.56 | 38.60 = = 2301
Piedmont Oil & Refining Co._-_-_-_-________ C | 38.94 | 38.60 x = 2305
. D | 38.13 | 38.60 a = 2256
D | 39.94 | 38.60 = a 2261
O | 39.00 | 38.63 = 2 2294
O | 39.69 | 38.63 ui = | 2391
©) || 38!50))| (28163 || a eee
O | 40.25 | 38.63 | = | 2445
PAV OPES GLa ene Ae O | 39.86 | 38.63 | 8.98 | heal eae
Star Brand Cotton Seed Meal___-_---.-_-_--____ C | 37.00 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2803
J. Lindsay Wells Co., Memphis_-__-_______ C | 37.88 | 41.00 2 9.00 | 2306
C | 38.88 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2334
D | 34.75 |. 41.00 ! 9.00 | 2246
D | 40.88 41.00 = 9.00 2249
LI }
C, from the feeder; D, from the dealer; M, from the manufacturer: and

O, the inspector’s sample.

"*

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 97

Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.

Protein. Fat. |
g ae
2 | &
E | | 4
Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. @ ® > | a
6] ;2] 26] ;8|] 28] &
e158 | S3| a] 88)| &
i S| §9 BO | go | Bo | s
6] 63 | 53 | 53 | 55 | &
. On) 4a) Of} a} Sa] w
Star Brand Cotton Seed Meal_---------.------- D | 38.56 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2250
J. Tindsay Wells Co., Mempis___-----_-_- D | 38.81 | 41.00 2 9.00 | 2251
D | 37.75 | 41.00 - | 9.00} 2252
D | 38.25 | 41.00 | = | @xoy 2253
D | 37.81 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2254
D | 37.44 | 41.00 | El 9:00 2255
D | 37.63 | 41.00 bs 9.00 2257
D | 39.75 | 41.00 = 9.00 2258
D | 38.63 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2299
D | 35.44 | 41.00 = 9.00 2336
~ D | 43.50 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2382
D = 35.50 | 41.00 es 9.00 | 2383
D | 20.63 | 41.00 se 9.00 2496
O | 40.31 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2286
D O | 35.25 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2292
O | 38.88 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2319
O , 34.38 | 41.00 he 9.00 2433
O 38.25 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2444
O | 38.88 | 41.00 = | 9.00 | 2452
O | 38.38 | 41.00 2 9.00 | 2473
O 40.13 | 41.00 a 9.00 | 2481
O 34.50 | 41.00 a 9.00 | 2517
O | 35.50 | 41.00 | = | 9:00 | 2522
O | 39.88 | 41.00 - | 9.00 | 2528
PAV GRAS On sande ee) ees © | 37.72 | 41:00 | 9.35 | 9.00\; —
Sun Brand Extra Prime Cotton Seed Meal_--- D 35.00 | 38.00 | - | 9.00 | 2386
dis Ioningisany \hVQIIIS) (CO ees 5 ee O | 36.56 | 38.00} 8.61 | 9.00 | 2466
COMMOMMSceds Mien sos 2). S.A k Le ee C3250 41-20 = 3 2274

L. Lindsay Wells Co.
COT'RON SEED FEED.

| |
Glenwood Cotton Seed MPeed___------------___-- D | 23.13 | 22.00 | 5.18 | 5.00 | 2243
D. L. Marshall Co., Boston. |
Seoco Cotton Seed Feed_______----_----_-------- D 21.56 23.00 581) 4.00 2259
Southern Cotton Oil Co., Memphis, Tenn. | | |
LINSEED OIL MEAL. |
AaECO MIT Clim OD 10am Gx ees oe te Re O 31.69 | 30.00 10.93 7.00 | 2295
Red Wing Linseed Mills. |
MiaecumOnlg Men}. <. 0 Uh O | 35.88 | 38.00 _ | 1.00) 227
AMenicanwomseeds Oily Cons. ss eee O | 35.19 | 36.00 = | 2:00} 2297
O | 35.19 | 36.00 3 1.00 2296
O | 36.06 | 36.00| _ | 1.00} 2343
O | 34.19 | 36.00 | = ji. Ut) 2345
O | 34.75 | 36.00 | - | 1.00 | 2410
O | 36.31 | 36.00 | = |) ay) pe Bis
O | 35.63 | 36.00| - | 1.00} 2459
O | 35.13 | 36.00 es 1.00 2478
O | 36.13 | 36.00} _ | 1.00| 2514
“AV OTA ZEN S25 so eso O | 35.45 | 36.00 3.43 | 1.00) -
Old Process Linseed Meal_____--_------_---_-__ O | 35.75 | 32.00 | 8.27 | 5.00 | 2549
American Linseed Oil Co. | |
i l

C, from the feeder; D, from the dealer; M, from the manufacturer; and
O, the inspector’s sample.

98 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.

Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper.

Old Process Linseed Meal_----------------------
Henenstein & Co.

GLUTEN FEED AND MEAL.

Bay StatesG lutens heeds == eee O

J. BH. Soper & Co., Boston=-----.-------.-------
AV CTA CH fee awe ie

leoreyky’ hha Weslo
Glucose Sugar Refining Co._----------------

Avera g@ iin. toca es

Continental) Gluten) heed! ss
Continental Cereal Co.

Jenks Gluten Feed Pee aes Ss Oe a «ae er Laer
Jefuinonn IOUS CO.

AVCTE PO! 2228 2S eee

Jenks Gluten Meal ise 22 ae ae
Huron Milling Co.

TigercaGuuten\y Weed aes eee ees elle ees es
St. Louis Syrup & Preserving Co.

Warner’s Glutens Meed=i2 2) see eens ece
Warner Sugar Refining Co., Waukegan, Ill.

PAV CTA GOCE at Me ee
DISTILLERS’ GRAINS.

Anchor Distillers’ Grains_-__--_---__-_-__-____-
COPARS Krause dGirainn Cosa ae ee

AVOLA POLS e kts eat

Protein. Fat.
2
2.
= | l
3 Les] c
nr eo 2
ee . P a 2
SMe ters i | ee
g) 28 | £3 | ea ee
2 Sin Sx, Sa Sx
eit Se) 50 oo a)
© BQ} On) ma) oa
{
O | 36.13 | 35.95 | 8.30 | 6.51
20.44 | 24.00 2 8.00
O | 20.88 | 24.00 = 3.00
O | 23.13 | 24.00 = 3.00
O | 21.82 | 24.00 | 2.83 | 3.00
D | 25.25 | 25.00 - | 2.50
O | 22.69 | 25.00 Si Bea)
O } 24.13 | 24.00 oF =
O | 23.69 | 24.00 5 2.50
- O | 25.63 | 25.00 = 2.50
O | 25.00 | 25.00 = 2.50
O | 23.56 | 24.00 = 2.50
O | 26.69 | 25.00 = 2.50
O | 24.38 | 25.00 es 2.50
O | 25.63 | 25.00 2 2.50
O | 24.38 | 24.00 zs 2.50
O | 25.00 | 25.00 a 2.50
O | 24.62 | Bs 5.10 | 2.50
O | 31.00 | 35.00 2 12.00
O | 21.94 | 27.00 | = 7.50
O | 26.00 | 27.00 3 7.50
O | 28.06 | 27.00 = 7.50
© | 25.33 | 27.00 | 11.95 | 7.50
‘ 8

O | 38.88 | 36.00 00 | 5.00
O | 24.94 | 25.00 | 5.15 | 2.75
D | 27.06 | 25.00 i 3.00
O | 25.50 | 25.00 a 3.00
O | 24.88 25.00 a 2.50
O | 23.44 | 24.00 a 2.50
O | 25.50 | 24.00 i 2.50
O | 24.50 | 24.00 i 2.50
O | 24.76 | 24.00 | 4.98 | 2.50
O | 15.88 | 15.00 Z 8.00
O | 15.75 | 15.00 i 8.00
O | 15.75 | 15.00 z 8.00
O | 15.80 | 15.00 | 3.95 | 8.00
O | 34.25 | 33.00 - | 12.00
O | 30.53 | 33.00 _ | 12.00
O | 32.00 | 33.00 2) 2200
O | 29.50 | 33.00 _ | 12.00
O | 31.56 | 33.00 . | 12.00
O | 35.00 | 33.00 _ | 12.00
O | 32.14 | 33.00 | 14.68 | 12.00

C, from the feeder; D, from the dealer:
O, the inspector’s sample.

M, from the manufacturer;

Station number.

cs)
on
pay
for}

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION.

Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.

Protein. Fat.
2 ;
ze
5 | | a
Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. o@ Z z E
= : D. é Oe S
| re) a) | - a
o| «A ete) ie ee AS r=
P| S| 28/38) £8| 3
Bl22| 55 | Be] 3e| 3
o| &a|oa|aa| Oa] &
LOS ET xe ee ee ce ed ewenctens O | 32.50 | 33.00 - | 11.00] 2310
Uo Vag, LERINEES Q'S O20 ea ey ee ea O | 30.38 | 33.00 - | 11.00| 2817
O | 29.44 | 33.00 - | 11.00} 2394
O | 31.06 | 33.00 ds 11.00 2454
O | 83.56 | 33.00 s 11.00 2464
O | 33.13 | 33.00 oS |) ee 2489
O | 31.13 | 33.00 = 11.00 2527
Averages sis seca kei O | 81.60 | 33.00 | 18.63 | 11.00 =
BREWERS’ GRAINS. |
site’ (ining) Ea ee eee O | 30.56 | 24.00 = 7.50 | 2342
Anheuser-Bush Brewery Assn._------------ O | 23.63 | 24.00 - | 7.50} 2381
AV era g ewes aL sake Stee es O | 27.10 | 24.00 | 8.00; 7.50 ers
IBYREN ACIS? «(CHEE TASS le es ee ee C | 20.38 | 25.00 = 7.00 | 2544
oaks LEG REIDIREY ( Ctrepa itr alli Of0 yee yee ee D | 24.44 | 25.00 - | 7.00} 2498
O | 25.88 | 25.00 | 7.08 | 7.00} 2483
MISCELLANEOUS NITROGENOUS FEEDS. |
Anienjia, INitait = ae ees ee ee O | 21.31 | 20.00 4.48} 4.00 2416
Flint Mill Co.
TREO) | SUH REND 1 OEY |e pe are O | 19.94 | 18.00} 5.08 4.50) 2285
H-O Company, Buffalo, N. Y.
Brotena Dany. Meedso20.. 2222S O'| 19.75 | 20.00 - | 8.50| 2425
TEARITETE TY 34 OO KS) a eee ee O | 20.13 | 20.00 s 3.50 | 2529
AV ELA GOMe ip waee eee O | 19.94 | 20.00 | 5.05) 3.50) —
Purina Mill Feed Alfalfa Meal___-__-----..---- O | 15.38 | 16.00 | 2.07 2540
Ralston Purina Mills, St. Louis. |
TRegmp TE Taceyeyea 9 ie a M | 21.69 | 22.00 | 6.33 | 10.00| 2247
AUD OMG ETN Sige a= ae ne 8 C | 24.55 | 24.00 Zz | 7.00 | 2448
Yo, Wo TENGE (Ot) ee eens O | 23.81 | 24.00 = 7.00 2267
O | 28.31 | 24.00 a 7.00 2341
O | 23.63 | 24.00 - | 7.00| 2453
O | 23.25 | 24.00 =e \enecOO meeols
O | 23.44 | 24.00 - | 7.00] 2545
‘Average elaene. O8= -2t a O | 23.41 | 24.00 7.63 7.00 z
WVOlderrE Oullitry: Weed ss--) 2-62 oe O | 19.69 | 22.00 | 6.73 | 4.00] 2316
Flint Milling Co.
MOLASSES AND SUGAR FEEDS. |
Green Diamond Sugar Feed-_____-_--____________ O | 15.50 | 16.50 | 2.86 | 3.50 | 2323
Chapin & Co.
Hammond Dairy HWeedi2i2 22-2 O | 14.81 | 17.00 | 6.63 | 3.00 | 2349
Western Grain Products Co. |
iva Theses) (Gave ea C | 18.44 |428.00} 4.68! _ | 2960
. P. Mueller, Milwaukee, Wis. |
C, from the feeder; D, from the dealer; M, from the manufacturer; and

O. the inspector’s sample.
+ Protein and fat.

Ico MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.
Protein. Fat.
o = e
2 5
S| | | 2
Name of Feed and Manufacturer orShipper. ¢ i z S |
oe SH S Opie
eo) ie) oe eae
O| o& a
=| 3 | £8) 28] €8| 2
6| 55| 25 | 68| 53]
4 #\a%|Os,| sa| 6a! w
Molac Molasses! Dairy Meed_-2-__------__ 22 O | 14.13 16.00 | -~| 3.00 |~ 2272
AnmeriGnin Cewenil COs. O | 14.63 | 15.50 } _ 3.00 | 2415
O | 16.81 | 16.00 o 3.00 2520
AVOTAS CSc tse hoe ae O | 15.19 = 6.18 3.00 =
| |
Sh bKeueteyauey IO ylnpygilseNeveyole his Se ys es O | 16.50 | 16.50 = || Bysft) |) Peep)
ANeiora IMENTS Cf O | 17.63 | 16.50 3.50 | 2532
IA VOT AS C= ie eee sees O | 17.07 | 16.50 | 6.6 3.50 =
CORN AND OAT FEEDS.
IOS Coro eingl Og UNC a eee O} 7.94 | 8.50) 6.75 | 3.50)! 2278
Great Western Cereal Co. |
| |
IDI T (Coma gual Oeye Weyl ee O | 8.88 | 8.27) 5i88) i) Si64e 2377,
Great Western Cereal Co. | |
Jopanjoilee: MeNeeol rior Siitoxelkes C | 8.00 | 7.63 | 2 3.97 || 2358
Bajos WINS, Olea, IN, Wek O| 8.25 | 7.63 = | 3.97 | 2265
QO} 8.63 | 7.63 ah exe lis 2468
O 8.50 7.63 | See BOE 2519
O 8.50 7.63, | ue 3.97 2521
O 8.75 7.63 | Se Bory 2559
ALY OLAS Ques aa8 eke i oe O | 8.52 | 7.68) 5.483 | 3:97 eS
ISEISKOUPS Sooke NSEC es oa D | 8.75 | 10.00 A 6.25 | 2504
We ME ela sie. sees nu Nhe ae sp O |} 8.88 | 10.00 i 6.25 | 2264
O| 8.04 / 10.00! _ | 6.25| 2320
O 9.00 | 10.00 2 6.25 2510
O| 8.75 |10.00! _ | 6.25 | 2524
AV CL alo Cue saan eee nana QO} 8.67 | 10.00 7.58 | 6.25 |
ligkeenl Comm gungl Omir Weol Cc 8.19 | 9.00 Bs 3.28
HK. T. & H. K. Ide, St. Johnsbury, Vt._____ O| 7.94 | 9.00 e 3.28
VEL Ag Cea or eee ane = = 5.23 | 3.28
INEIDESH oe es Noel (He Ue O | 10.00 9.00 5.83 | 4.00
H O Company Mills, Buffalo.
OO FEVEllO Wath Ce CS ek eae aes ae ha ce O | 10.25 | 10.51 7.38 S05)
Diamond Hlevator & Milling Co.
Pearl Cooked Horse and Cow Feed-_----------- O | 8.25 | 10.00 = 6.00
Minit Mains Con eee O | 8.81 | 10.00 | Si) CHD)
AVerage thts: ieee O | 8.53 | 10.00) 5.75 6.00
Pioneer Corn, Oats and Barley Weed-_---------- O | 11.44 | 13.00 os 3.50
Piomeer Cereal CoO, isa aS O | 11.13 | 13.00 _ | 8.50
AV CLO cere = ease ee O | 11.28 | 13.00 4.55 3.50
Schumacher’s Stock Weed_-----.----------------- C | 10.00 | 11.00! _ | 4.00| 2385
American) Cereals Con menssne-ee anne eee Ose 9.008 iL COt ame 4.00 | 2360
O | 10.19 | 11.00 | S 4.00 2376
O | 9.25 | 11.00 | x 4.00 | 2392
O | 10.19 11.00 | iS 4.00 2414
( } i
C. from the feeder; D, from the dealer; M, from the manufacturer; and

O, the inspector’s sample.

"a

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. IOL

Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.

i}
| Wy
|

Protein. Fat.
2
B :
s | | | 4
Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. a Z Z 5
3) pe] 25] ;e] 2a] §
a! Se | Be] el ee c
o| To ao a) So °
re ao ae) 2£oO mS) 4
Bl Ba) Sal Bai sail 2
no) s#a| 5a) sa!) Sa] wm
SOMONE) TSiwoyelte AV Neye olsen eee O | 10.13 | 11.00 4.00 | 2428
ANimagrenemin (Cail Cosas eco e ees ooe seen e cele O | 9.25 | 11.00 4.00 | 2518
O | 10.25 | 11.00 | 4.00 | 2530
O 8.94 11.00 = 4.00 2556
JAVORAS Ons cce Leesan een O | 9.65 | 11.00 | 4.85 | AT00 Naar
Swings UNS eCl A ee D | 15.88 | 15.00 _ | 4.00 |. 2506
Hunter Bros. Milling Co., St. Louis. f
Wiccan @anneand Ont Heeduas 2 2) O | 881] 9.00| - | 4.00) 2318 |
a\ungimnieeim (Cease Coe ets 0) | ee |) SHOE iz 4.00 | 2339 \
O | 8.00 | 9.00 - | 4.00) 2429 .
QO | 8.13 | 7.50 = 3.00 | 2515
O| 7.25 9.00 ~ | 4.00 | 2555 |
JAS YCTR Eo a Oy :2289| 92 4.22 | 4.00 s
| | fi
Wti@inoneitcaly : (OY) a) yh Eee Naa es Pe ee ae eee O | 7.56 |) 8.11 = 3.05 | 2534
Royce & Coon Grain Co.. Bowling Green, O. O | 7.63) 8.11 | 3.05 | 25388
AAV CL Agere. atts: ee O | 7.60 | 8.11 | 4.48) 3.05 sg i
OAT FEEDS. | | |
O. M. Feed Regular-Oat Feed 6.38 | 6.00 . | 2.00 | 2418
OSH OsKees © Ose a ee ee ee ee 6.75 | 6.00 - | 2.00 | 2420
| 6.75 | 6.00 _ | 2.00 | 2474
AWeLa Gensi ssa ki eee O | 6.63 | 6.00 |} 38.84) 2.00 ere |
HOMINY FEEDS. | | i
Keystone Hominy Meed_..-.....-.-__------------ O | 10.25 | 10.50 | 8.63 |. 7.90 | 2351
M. FI. Baringer. i
| i}
Wirthmore Hominy Feed_-_-__.---------------- QO} 969 9.50) - | 7.50) 2850
CMS, Mil, COX CO ssa secession eeS O | 11.88 | 9.50 - | 7.50 | 2388 i
O | 12.88 | 9.50 _ | 7.50 | 2436 i
IANVeragensarun te eae O | 11.82 | 9.50 | 10.55 | 7.50 = 4
i
MISCELLANEOUS STARCHY FEEDS. i
| i
Hlnkeden wheat )Meed_... 5-22. 8 sot Lee O | 13.68 | 12.00 | - | 1.75 | 23846 i
Quaker Oats Co. | | It
fgepnlecse Mixed: Heed... 2.01.2. 2 C | 14.38 | 15.82 | _ | 5.47) 2354 i
CINE. GL ACRE. [OO OlEKeR)- = @ |) TABS | WHR | os 5.47 | 2380 i
O | 14.19 | 15.22 | = 5.47 2525 ii
AVCRAGCY Lee NS cae O | 14.22 | 15.22 | 4.65) 5.47| _ i
Wreedmstoclemceda i su Nh eh O 288 9.20) 4.78) 4.10 | 2480 i
Brown Milling Co. | | i
SOS Sue COLIN eG iesean a sol el ee ie @ | 14.88 i | be - | 2492 i
WHEAT OFFALS. | | |
PTT MEDC C Cline ee rE OS etek ah O | 16.69 FS x - | 2490 |!
Acme Milling Co., Indianapolis. | | i
Acme Mixed Weed_____-._--______ aaah Lene Ole TOISG \y _ | esr Ii
eee EL Ale Tae S Oris See Rea ees SNe O | 1444) = 2 I | 92476 i
Badger Flour Middlings___________...-_-_______- O | 16.33 | TOD | 4,00 | 2396 if
Berger Crittenden Milling Co. iF if
a

eI AE a a ee RS Se ae
C, from the feeder; D, from the dealer: M, from the manufacturer; and
O, the inspector’s sample.

102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
<Inalyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.
Protein. Fat.
g
E l |
Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. S s 3g
S C o ie oO.
le} ae] Je! sa
| 28 | 28 | 38 | 83
5| Ba Su Sa Bp,
o| Oo So oo Fo
. mn) ea! Oa) §a} oa
Blish White Middlings_-------------------------- Disses 4 i
Blish Milling Co. | |
[Stotts brane es eee eet eee soe eee Of 15:335 a 2 =
David Stotts Flouring Mills, Detroit. | |
el
Adrian Pure Winter Wheat Bran-_------------- QO) TASC Saree ia 2
Detroit Milling Co. | |
SHO PES eka Oe Alon icrlh atau er abe RU as sei © | 15.38 | 12.00] —_ | 3.00
Dwight Flour Mills, Minn. | |
ancy seid din gages se eo ee ee O 18.19 15.00 - | 3.00
Geo. Tileston Milling Co. |
Haney Wows Grader ey OUrss==ss === a= =n 1D) )) GE |) | 3 =
Geo. Tileston Milling Co.
Hubbard’s Fancy Flaked Bran_---------------- © | 14.63 | 14.50 | —_ 4.80
Hubbard Milling Co. |
Standard Fine Middlings___-.-..-------------—-- © | 18.56 | 14.00| - | 5.10
Hubbard Milling Co. |
Diab Wiabaee Wyloveniy sere O | 15.38 | 14.00 Westie 3.50
Jehonantere Iss, WON uae (CO, eee O | 16.00 | 14.00 = 3.50
O | 14.38 | 14.00 EL 3.50
SecurityssMixediheed = eee O | 15.88 15.00 £ 4.00
Hunter Bros. |
Sunshine Mixed ‘Need! 222) 3-22 O | 16.50 | 15.00} - | 4.00
IEPUNTCE. BLOS ay sacee aaneawcet eset be Ce Op 563" | a15100 8 eee 4.00
Boston) Mixedish eed a ememacsslneana ue © | 16.31 | 16.00 | — | 4.50
Imperial Milling Co. | |
leven Wiesel Ieee Ba Oo 15:56 2
exins tony Mirxe deshee deca ase ane Ou t5s19 5 ee i 2
Lexington (Ky.) Roller Mills Co. |
JB TET Deke Sele oe ee i ae eee ES aa So O | 15.25 | 14.25 s 4.00
Northwestern Con. Milling Co. |
VEnEe Ts VGN Zl] EN cy 2) 0 be ese nl pe rere TS aa ENS ee ere io C | 17.38 | rs 3
Oakes Milling Co., Oakes, N. D. |
Esmeralda Mixed Weed_____---_-- Gabe PI a vd: O | 17.00 s = Z
Ohio Cereal Co., Cincinnati.
HSineradl date Bra ne ses. eeas kee eee mmu iene a etd O°) 15.63 | 15.10] —_ | 3.45
Champion Mixed hee dieses se sane O | 15.63 s E 2
Portland Milling Co. }
Monarch Ground Wheat Feed_-_-------_---_-__ Oy esp | m i
EF. W. Stock & Sons.

C, from the feeder; D, from the
G, the inspector’s sample.

Station number.

2395

dealer; M, from the manufacturer; ‘and

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 103
Analyses of Samples of Feeding Stuffs.
Protein. Fat.
C) | ve
2 o
5 | leat 2
Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. & i | = A
Sl ig] so] 16] 261 2
SHS SE ee |B) Me
Bailiresecel| esl ez: |store lane
o| oo 5 oo ao 2
mn) e&a!| O22); &a) Sa n
Farmers’ Favorite Mixed Winter Wheat |
Wowace de. fos 2 on 8 ee See eee O | 5.19 = = s 2352
Valley City Milling Co.
Michigan Winter Wheat Bran-_-_-_---------_-_-.. O | 15.25 A; = Ht 2450
Valley City Milling Co.
IMixedimHiecd (2225 ooh a8 22 2 a eaoesessescse D | 15.25 FS z = 2262
Voight Milling Co., Grand Rapids. |
Voight’s Winter Mixed Feed-_------------_--___- O | 15.13 = = = 2396
Voight Milling Co., Grand Rapids.
Wiotsnitase Middlings 2 222 voi Ao O | 15.38 = a B23,
Voight Milling Co., Grand Rapids. |
Billsbumyaswe a Mad dling sss ee ee O | 17.00 14.00 - | 4.50 2324
Washburn-Pillsbury Co.
ADULTERATED WHEAT OFFALS.t+ |
ome neeN Te seduWeed. 225022 C | 11.38] 1205] — | 320| 20
nici ae Malinois Coes. a een O | 10.88 | 12.05 = | 38.20 | 2279
O | 11.00 | 12.05 - | 3.20) 2462
O | 18.50 12.05 Z 3.20 2533
O | 18.25 12.05 -_ | 2 2541
Average == 12516 1512105 4.15 3.20 =
WemseyaeNeixed Need: — 9-202 -- O | 12.56 | 12.05| - | 3.20| 2266
Indiana Milling Co._______ =. © | 11.25 | 12.05 S 3.20 | 2461
ASV OLE o Olan tn ee eas O | 11.91 | 12.05 | 4.08 | 3.20 =
BEEF SCRAPS. _ |
Beef Scraps ee a See ren O | 51.94 | 30.00 | 17.40 | 20.00 | 2411
American Agricultural Chemical Co.
WirstyGrade Beef Seraps_..2./--2.-_.. os M | 64.56 | 60.00 | 29.30 | 22.00 | 2365
Carrol S. Page, Hyde Park, Vt. | | |
IBPCHE SCRA D Sweeter ts nee She eas ee ee O | 42.00 40.00 | 18.30 | 15.00 | 2284

Portland Rendering Co.

| |
{

C, from the feeder; D, from the dealer; M, from the manufacturer; and

O, the inspector’s sample.

+The sale of adulterated wheat offals is lawful when the “adulteration
thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the packages.”

104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

COTTONSEED MEAL.
Analyses pages 95-97.

Cottonseed meal is a by-product from the manufacture of
cottonseed oil. After the cotton has been taken from the seed
in the cotton gin, the remaining down or “ linters”’ and the hard
black seed coats or hulls are removed by machinery. The
remainder of the seed fs cooked and the oil expressed by high
pressure. The resulting cottonseed cake is ground into the
bright, yellow cottonseed meal of commerce. Such a meal made
from good seed would carry from 40 to 50 per cent of protein.
With improvements in the process of manufacture, it is now
possible to extract the oil without making all the separations
tormerly needed. Hence it has come about that the cottonseed
meal now offered in the market is as a rule of lower protein con-
tent than was the case 10 years ago.

The shippers’ of cottonseed meal up to about two years ago
guaranteed 43 per cent protein and g per cent fat. A large part
of the cottonseed meal is used for fertilizing purposes and its
nitrogen is guaranteed in the form of ammonia. ‘The Interstate
Cotton Seed Crushers Association in May, 1906, established
the following grades for cottonseed meal.

Choice cottonseed meal must be finely ground, perfectly sound
and sweet in odor, free from excess of lint and hulls and by
analysis must show at least 8 per cent ammonia, equivalent to
41.15 per cent protein. :

Extra prime cottonseed meal must be finely ground, of sweet
odor, reasonably bright in color, yellow not brown or reddish,
and by analysis must contain at least 7.5 per cent of ammonia,
equivalent to 38.50 per cent protein.

Prime cottonseed meal must be finely ground of sweet odor,
reasonably bright in color and by analysis must contain at least
7 per cent ammonia, equivalent to 36 per cent protein.

“Off” meal is any cottonseed meal which is distinctly deficient
in any of the requirements of prime quality, either in color, odor,
texture or analysis, or all. “Off” meal should only be sold by
sample.

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 105

As is shown in the table on page 112, there is about 2 dollars
a ton difference in value between each of these grades of cotton-
seed meal as a source of protein. Choice cottonseed meal at
$32 a ton is as economical a source of protein as prime meal at
28 dollars per ton. The cost of protein in each case would be
3.9 cents a pound.

The hulls and cotton which should be removed from the seed
before it is crushed and pressed, have but little feeding value.
A little of these materials has always been present in the meal;
with the present processes of manufacture, there is probably
more of these materials present than formerly. The demand
from feeders for cottonseed meal has so increased the value of
this by-product, that the temptation to include as much of the
hulls and cotton as practicable is great. The processes of
manufacture in different mills also vary so that the meal from
some mills will contain more of the dark hulls which gives the
dark colored meal of inferior-feeding value.

Strictly first-class cottonseed meal is always bright and yellow
and should have a pleasant nutty flavor. Not all dark colored
cottonseed meal is necessarily adulterated. The spontaneous
heating of the seed in the field, or over cooking of the “ meats ”
may render the meal dark in color without changing its compo-
sition. Such meal is not first quality, however, and should be
sold at a lower price.

Because of the differences in the behavior of hulls, the finely
ground cottonseed meal, and the cotton when wet up with water,
the presence of undue amounts of hull and cotton can be readily
detected by stirring a little of the meal in a tumbler of water.
The hulls, unless they are very finely ground, settle out first and
on top of these will come the finer portions of the meal, and
finally the cotton by itself. By testing a meal of high grade in
comparison with a poor quality meal, one can so familiarize
himself with this test as to quite readily and accurately dis-
tinguish the quality of cottonseed meal.

The cottonseed meal situation has been a very unfortunate
one in Maine the present year. In the late fall the cotton crop
was very seriously damaged by a storm which resulted in a
smaller yield of cottonseed than was anticipated, and also made
considerable dark colored meal. This shortage materially
advanced the price of choice cottonseed meal and increased the

4

106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

quantity of meal that was below prime in quality. Apparently
the orders for meal were solicited by out of state dealers, in
Maine during the summer of 1906. The offers were made and
the orders placed at a low price so that when it caine time to
deliver the goods, choice cottonseed meal had advanced mate-
rially beyond this price. Apparently these Maine orders, in
many instances, were filled from inferior goods. Evidently the
dealers in Maine were imposed upon,, and the jobbing houses
claim that they were also imposed upon and that they were not
aware that the meal which they were giving to their Maine
customers was of such bad quality. Many of the dealers, as
soon as they received the meal, submitted samples to the Station
for analysis and wherever the analysis has shown the material
to be inferior the dealers have promptly changed the guarantees
upon the goods which they had in stock, to correspond with fact.
As there was no evidence that there was any intentional fraud
on the part of Maine dealers, no prosecutions have been made;
the trouble apparently lying entirely outside of the State. As
the market is becoming exhausted of these summer bought
goods, cottonseed meal of much better quality is now appearing,
samples having been submitted which carry as high as 46 per
cent protein.

The meal bearing the tags of Kaiser & Brown, Memphis, and
one lot of Phtenix brand and one dealers sample of Star brand
cottonseed meal were particularly bad goods, having about the
composition of so-called Sea Island cottonseed meal, and closely
resembling cottonseed feed in appearance. ‘The great majority
of the cottonseed meals sold in the State during the late fall and
early winter seem to run about as prime tse instead of choice
as the dealers were expecting.

COTTONSEED FEED.
Analyses page 97.

Two samples of cottonseed feed were sent to the Station by
dealers. ‘These were approximately correctly guaranteed as to
their percentages of protein and fat. They are, however, not
economical feeds unless they can be bought for half the price
of choice cottonseed meal. A ton of choice cottonseed meal
carries 820 pounds of total and 680 pounds of digestible protein
and while a ton of cottonseed feed carries 440 pounds of total,
it has only 340 pounds digestible protein.

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 107

LINSEED MEAL.
Analyses pages 97 and 98.

Linseed meal is made by grinding flax seed from which, the
oil has been more or less completely removed. Most of the oil
meal now on the market is new process meal in which the fat
is removed by the use of naphtha. New process linseed meal
is generally somewhat lower in fat and higher in protein than
old process. The amount of linseed oil meal found in the
market in Maine has considerably increased. This is probably
due to the poor quality of the cottonseed meal. Linseed oil
meal is a safer and in some respects a better feed than cotton-
seed meal. The small amount available and its formerly higher
price, led to its lessened use. It will be noted that the goods
run quite nearly in accordance with the guarantees.

GLUTEN, MEALS AND FEEDS.
Analyses page 98.

Gluten meals and feeds are the by-products left in the manu-
facture of starch and glucose from Indian corn. Corn consists
largely of starch. The waste: product in the manufacture of
.starch and sugar is relatively richer in oil and protein than is
corn. Most factories remove part of the corn oil from the waste
so that nearly all the gluten meals carry less oil than they did
a few years ago. .

Gluten feeds differ from gluten meals in that they contain
considerably more of the corn bran and hence relatively less
protein, fat and digestible carbohydrates, and more of the indi-
gestible woody fiber. Gluten products which were formerly
quite extensively used in Maine, came to be regarded as rather
unsatisfactory forms of concentrated feeds, chiefly because of
their uneven composition.

The gluten products are desirable sources of protein and now
that the manufacturers are placing guarantees upon their goods,
much more nearly corresponding to fact, this class of feeding
stuffs may become again as popular as they were a few years
ago. ‘There is apparently much more of the Buffalo gluten feed
used in Maine than other makes and it will be noted that this
runs pretty even in composition and for the most part well up

108 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

to guarantee. The Bay State gluten feed did not come up to its
guarantee. The Jenks gluten feed is guaranteed higher than
the other gluten feeds but the 3 samples examined varied greatly
in composition,—one falling markedly below, while the two
other samples were practically in accord with the guarantee.
A good gluten feed can be expected to carry about 24 per cent
protein. Only two lots of gluten meal were found in the State.

DISTILLERS GRAINS.
Analyses pages 98 and 99.

In composition, dried distillers grains resemble the gluten
feeds. They are derived from corn from which the starch is
removed by fermentation. They are more bulky than the glu-
ten feeds and for the most part run higher in protein. A feed-
ing test with distillers grains was reported in Bulletin 92 of this
Station. The Anchor Distillers Grains are low grade goods and
it is hoped that they will not be offered further in the State.
Ajax Flakes and Fourex are running a little below their guar-
antees in protein, but are well up in fat.

BREWERS GRAINS.
Analyses page 90.

Brewers Grains are not largely used or sold in Maine. The
two brands that were offered in the State were of good quality,
free from acidity and were up to their guarantees in protein and
in fat.

MISCELLANEOUS NITROGENOUS FEEDS.
Analyses page 99.

The Union Grains are quite largely used in the State. It is
probable that the other nitrogenous feeds here classed are not
so extensively used. It is interesting to note, however, that
practically all of these feeding stuffs come up to their guaran-
tees. A feeding test with Union Grains was reported in bulle-
tin 106 of this Station,

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 109

MOLASSES AND SUGAR FEEDS.
Analyses pages 99 and 100.

Feeding experiments with molasses feeds have shown them to
be fairly economical. They, however, are not used very much
in this State and should not be purchased by the ordinary farmer
since they are low in protein and high in carbohydrates.
Feeders who find it necessary to purchase nearly all of their
food may find these molasses feeds economical.

The molasses and sugar feeds carry on the average about 15
to 16 per cent of protein. It is to be remembered, however,
that this class of feeds are sold not as a source of protein but
for the soluble carbohydrates which they carry, and the lower
protein means more of the carbohydrates. The Molac Molasses
Dairy feed in two instances fell below the guarantee. Sucrene
Dairy feed was up to the guarantee.

REFUSES FROM MILLING OATS, CORN, ETC.
Analyses pages 100 and IOI.

The market still carries a large number of oat feeds, corn
chops, corn and oat feeds and similar offals by themselves and
blended with concentrated feeds. They vary in composition
from the straight oat hull refuse with perhaps 6 per cent protein,
to the blends that carry from 15 to 18 percent of protein.
For the most part these goods are fairly well up to their guar-
antee and no fault can be found with the manufacturer for
desiring to sell these waste products. Few or no claims are
made for nutrients which the goods do not actually carry. The
feeder has himself to blame if, with barns filled with hay, corn
stalks and silage, he buys feeds low in protein instead of those
high in protein. An oat feed with 6 per cent protein is no better

feed nor is it any better digested ‘than a coarse fodder with the.

same protein content. This class of foods can probably be
economically used only by feeders who find it necessary to buy
“roughage” as well as concentrates.

Many of these corn and oat feeds run up to the guarantee,
but others of them, such as Haskell’s Stock feed, Shumachers
Stock feed, and Victor Corn and Oat feed run constantly below
their guarantee in protein. Why anyone should care to buy a

I10 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

feeding stuff like the O. M. Feed Regular (Oat feed) with
about the same protein content as oat straw, is difficult to under-
stand.

WHEAT BRAN AND MIDDLINGS.

Anlyses pages IOI-103

The refuses from the milling of wheat vary, as is to be
expected, quite largely in composition. A good quality mixed
feed or wheat bran should carry 15 per cent protein and
as noted in the table some of them ran considerably above that.
While the feeding stuffs law of this State does not require
straight wheat refuses to be guaranteed many of the manufac-
turers ‘are now placing guarantees for both protein and fat upon
the various wheat offals.

There is no class of feeding stuffs in which the consumer
needs to use greater care at present than in the purchase of
mixed feeds. While the regular brands are all right, as they
have been in the past, there are some spurious articles in the
market.

There is so much profit in selling ground corn cobs and broom
corn ‘at the price of wheat bran that the consumer must ever be
on the watch against this fraud. The safest thing is to buy only
well known, reliable brands of this class of goods. The bulletin
gives the names and analyses of many manufacturers of high
class brans and other wheat offals. If consumers will see to it
that all of this class of feeds which they buy carries the name
of the miller there will be little likelihood of their being
defrauded. In case of any doubt, mail a sample to the Station
and an analyses will be made and the results reported promptly
and without charge.

ADULTERATED WHEAT OFFALS.
Analyses page 103.

With the exception of the mixed feeds from Kentucky, sold
chiefly under the names of Jersey mixed feed and Indiana
mixed feed, no adulterated wheat offals have been found upon
the market. Most of these goods offered in the State are
properly tagged, carrying not only the percentage of protein
and fat, but the statement of their composition showing the

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. III

materials that have been added to the wheat bran. In only one
instance, and that is now being investigated, has there appar-
ently been fraud in the offering of these adulterated feeds.
Their sale is perfectly proper under the law when they are
correctly labeled. There is, however, practically no feeding
value in corn cobs and as these adulterated wheat offals are
sold for only one dollar or so per ton below the price of a
straight wheat bran, they are expensive feeds.

BEEF SCRAPS.
Analyses page 103.

Ground beef scraps are used chiefly for feeding poultry and
while they are more or less generally distributed, the sales are
small as compared with other materials coming under the feed-
ing stuffs law. In some instances, at any rate, the guarantee as

placed upon the goods is only a very general guide to the actual
composition.

Tur KIND OF CONCENTRATED FEEDING STUFFS TO PURCHASE.

The crops grown upon the farm are rich in carbohydrates and
poor in protein. Clover will help supply the needed protein, and
home grown grains will help out toward a balanced ration. But
after growing all the food that can be produced economically on
the farm, the dairyman will usually find that he needs to supple-
ment the home grown food by the purchase of concentrated
commercial feeding stuffs.

As the farm produces or can be made to produce all the starch,
sugar and fiber that are needed, it is not necessary to take these
constituents into account in the purchase of supplementary food
materials. While they have a part, and a necessary part, in the
ration, it is protein that is needed to supplement the home grown
foods, hence the cost per pound of the protein in a given feeding
stuff is of more importance than the ton price. A ton of cotton-
seed meal costs more than a ton of oat feed, but the protein in the
former costs less than 4 cents a pound and Io or more in the
other. The table on the following page shows the number of
pounds of protein that a ton of a few average feeding stuffs
carries, and tthe cost of a pound of protein at the usual range
in selling price.

Tf2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1907.

Cost of one pound protein in different feeding stuffs at different
prices per ton.

x 5
Kind of feeding stuff. | 2§ Bs
as | 438
Pounds.| Cents
Choice cottonseed meal.... PN) Ncecocace
Extra prime cottonseed
ENGL Bo ccodoscastonodgdaaDONe TOD) |lecdsooae
Prime cottonseed meal .... BAD: Ikoodo sees
Cottonseed feed............. 440 4.1
New process linseed meal . TED Nasedueos
Old process linseed meal .. (1) “He cececce
Gluten meal................. (IS) Boe secds
Gluten feed...............2.. 520 | Gdbooace
Distillers grains.....-...... 660K | ete
Winionie rains cesar 480
Wheat middlings........... 360 | 5.0
Wiheatibranwermcnesseeeeccer 300 | 6.0
Jersey mixed feed.......... 240 | 7.5
Oat feed 7.5 per cent protein 150 12.0*

|
|

as | <8,
Cents.| Cents.
Hemp Gags 3.6
4.6 6.0
nyeteeterters 3.4
BOSD OO 4.1
BO aOOE 3.8
Feepvone 5.0
ago0nudoD 3.9
adbooooe 5.4
Gia SNP Si4ss aoe
lio lockaceoe
Soma |eeereecre

Cents.

on wo wo
o

te TS oh

tees

ereeaiaeee
Be eee
“8 / 42
Cents.|} Cents.
3.6 3.9
3.9 4.2
4.2 4.5
4.0 4.3
4.7 5.0
4.4 407
BYeSl—-lsoocaces
4.5 4.8
Go? Hesetocce

* At $12 per ton, a pound of protein will cost 8 cents.

‘Of asvd 99S

‘OFfOY,. «DANSE

PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE SEEDLING APPLES
OF MAINE.

W. M. MuwNson.

In 1845 Charles Downing wrote: “ New varieties of apples
are constantly springing up in this country from seed, in favor-
able soils; and, when of superior quality may, as a general rule,
be considered much more valuable for orchard culture than for-
eign sorts, on account of their greater productiveness and lon-
gevity. Indeed every state has some fine apples peculiar to it,
and it is therefore impossible, in the present state of pomology in
this country, to give a complete list of the finest apples of the
United States.”

Among the earliest Maine apples to attract attention were
several varieties originating in the town of Winthrop, on the
farm at present owned by John Stanley and Wyman Hanson.
These apples sprang from seed brought to Winthrop before 1800
by Ichabod Howe, to whom is due the credit of planting the first
orchard in the town of Winthrop. The seeds were brought from
Ipswich, Massachusetts, and from the miscellaneous collection of
seedlings produced, several valuable sorts were selected; among
them being Winthrop Greening, which was first brought to
notice by Jacob Nelson of Winthrop, who owned the Howe farm
in the year 1808. Nelson, Lambert and many other varieties of
local importance were also included.

In 1850, 10 of the 167 varieties deemed worthy of special men-
tion for New England, by the author of Cole’s American Fruit
Book, were natives of Maine. The names and descriptions of
7 of these were furnished to the author by Dr. Ezekiel Holmes,
at that time Secretary of the Maine Pomological and Horticul-
tural Society, and were as follows: Bailey Golden, Briggs
Auburn, Fairbanks, Moses Wood, Stevens Gilliflower, Winn
Russett, and Winthrop Pearmain. The other three sorts named
were Cole Quince, Table Greening, and Winthrop Greening.

—

* Fruits and Fruit Trees of America (1872), bp. 70.

116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Every year there are shown at the various state and local fairs
and grange exhibitions of Maine certain apples of considerable
merit but only of local repute. Some few of these have reached
the officers of the State Pomological Society, or the Experiment
Station, and have thus been brought to public notice, others have
never been distributed beyond the limits of the town where they
were first produced. The purpose of the present notes is to call
general attention to those varieties of Maine origin which are
worthy of wider dissemination and to record, as accurately as
possible, the history of such varietes. In securing data for the
subsequent notes of this bulletin, the officers and members of the
Maine Pomological Society, as well as other well posted fruit
growers, have been freely consulted, and their aid is hereby
gratefully acknowledged. ; :

While Baldwin, Greening and other standard varieties, mostly
of New England origin, will doubtless remain for many years
the leading market sorts, new and valuable types are continually
appearing, and these will be most likely to excel near their native
home, or in their native state. In order to test such of the
Maine seedlings as may be of merit, the Station has established
a “ Maine Orchard ” where such new native sorts as come under
observation are, if considered worthy, top-grafted into bearing
trees for immediate and careful inspection. Many of the sorts
named below are now included in the Station collection, and
others are being added from year to year. Fruit growers in the
State who have seedlings of special merit are urged to forward
specimens of the fruit to the Experiment Station for inspection.

From the earliest times apples have been raised in Maine, and
the quality of the fruit produced has always been recognized as
of the best, but the farmers of the State have been slow to take
advantage of the natural conditions offered. The various
county and local agricultural and horticultural societies offered
premiums before 1850. The Maine Pomological and Horticul-
tural Society was organized in 1847, though it lived but a few
years. In 1873 the State Pomological Society was incorporated.
From the first, this society has encouraged the development and
dissemination of meritorious seedlings.

Nurseries have at various times been established in the State,
notably those of Colby, in Limerick, Bowman, in Sidney and
Meritt, in Houlton. The deep snows, however, which in set-

SEEDLING APPLES OF MAINE. 117

tling strip the limbs from the young trees, and the mice, which
also work havoc in young orchards, have combined to render the
nursery business risky and unprofitable.

The catalog of Maine seedlings, though necessarily incomplete,
includes all of the best known sorts, and some which, though
listed by Downing, Cole and others, have been discarded. The
fact that a variety has been called to public attention in fruit
lists and pomological manuals, is deemed sufficient reason for
consideration at this time. Doubtless many sorts have been
omitted, and it is hoped that these, with other corrections, may
be included in a subsequent and more complete list.

Besides the varieties above mentioned, are several more or less
obscure ones, listed at different times by Downing, Thomas, Cole,
and others, and mentioned in reports of the Maine Pomological
Society. Many of these were simply of local importance and
were never generally propagated. Others were more or less
widely distributed about 50 years ago, but have been superseded
by the sorts more commonly grown in the New York nurseries.
Among these varieties may be named: Blake, Chase Seedling,
Childs, Dayton, Kennebec Russet, Lambert, Peachblow, Rock-

wood, Smith Favorite, Table Greening. As these are now

wholly, or practically extinct, descriptions are omitted.

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING APPLES.

In describing the apples named below, the usual technical terms are
employed:

.The base is the “stem end’; the apex, the end opposite the stem or
stalk, in other words the “blossom end”; the cavity, the hollow in
which the stem or stalk is inserted; the basin, the depression at the
apex, in which is the calyx.

A fruit is round when nearly spherical, as in Fameuse or McIntosh;
oblate or flat when the breadth is greater than the length, as in Maiden’s
Blush; conical, when tapering from base to apex, as in Bullock, and in
a common type of Baldwin or Ben Davis; round-conical, as in Red
Canada; oblong-conical, as in Yellow Bellflower; oblate-conical, as in
Rhode Island Greening. Various other combinations of forms are men-
tioned, but the terms used are perhaps sufficiently obvious.

The terms used in describing color, texture, and flavor, are self explan-
atory. Quality is designated as “ good,” “‘ very good,” and “ best,” in
accordance with the usual custom. A fruit rated only as “ good,’ must
have some other very desirable qualities, as earliness, hardiness, produc-
tiveness or beauty, to warrant its continuance in cultivation; such for
example as Ben Davis, Red Astrachan, Pewaukee, etc. “ Very good”

118 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

includes most of the commercial varieties, like Rhode Island, Baldwin,
Roxbury, Hubbardston, etc. ‘“‘ Best” includes the choicest dessert
apples, like Dyer, Grimes, Jonathan, and Mother. Fruits in this class
may not be valuable commercially, and still may be well worthy of a
place in the home fruit garden.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MAINE SEEDLING APPLES.

AroostooK.—Origin, farm of Silas S. Stiles, Mapleton, Aroostook
county, Me., about 1870, from seeds of a “ Greening” apple brought
from Cumberland county, Me.

Tree vigorous, hardy, productive, even in Northern Aroostook.

Fruit small, roundish conical, light golden russet; fine grained, sweet.
Good. _“ Keeps till July 1 in Aroostook county.”

First brought to public notice by the Maine Experiment Station in
1902.*

Aucust GREENING.—Originated in the garden of General Nowell, near
Kenduskeag bridge, Bangor, Me., about 1850.

Tree hardy, spreading, productive.

Fruit large, roundish conical, dark green with reddish blotches; flesh
rich, tender, juicy, sprightly acid. Good. August to September.

Said to be specially valuable for pies, being ready for this purpose, as
early as July 20. The apple has been exhibited at State and local fairs
by F. E. Nowell of Fairfield for more than 30 years. Mr. Nowell claims
to have sold $25 to $30 worth of fruit from a single tree in one year.

BAILEY GOLDEN. (Bailey’s Golden Sweet, Bailey’s Golden Winter).—
Origin, orchard of Paul Bailey, Sidney, Maine, before 1850.

As described by Cole, the fruit is very large, oblate, yellow with, russet
spots; cavity medium, broad; basin broad and shallow; flesh white,
rather coarse but of excellent sweet flavor. Season “November and
nearly through winter.”

Bailey Golden as described by Downing, is said to be of oblong form,
though flattened at the base and crown, and to be sub-acid in flavor; in
season January to March; and in the Transactions of the Maine Pomo-
logical Society,t Cole is said to be in error, as to flavor.

The writer has never seen this variety on exhibition in Maine.

BLack OxForp.—Originated in Paris, Oxford county, Maine, about
120 years ago. The tree is hardy, an abundant annual bearer, and is
specially adapted to rather moist locations.

Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, or slightly conical, yellow, nearly cov-
ered with shades of deepest crimson, and numerous small light colored
dots. Flesh whitish, compact, rather dry, mild sub-acid. Good. Feb-
ruary to May. :

This variety was found as a seedling by Nathaniel Haskell, on the
Valentine farm, now owned by John Swett.t A portion of the original

* An. Rept. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. 1902, p. 91.
+ Trans. Me. Pom. Soc’y, in Agr. of Maine, 1853, p. 404.
{| Personal letter, J. G. Swett, March 4, 1907.

Figure 4. Black Oxford.
See page 118.

Figure 5. Cherryfield.
See page 121.

SEEDLING APPLES OF MAINE, 12]

tree is still standing. It is a beautiful apple, of good quality, when in
season, and highly prized by many as a late winter variety. It is not
considered a good cooking apple, however, and is not being widely
planted at the present time. For Maine conditions this apple may prove
more valuable than those of the Ben Davis type. It sells well in local
markets but is not yet popular in Boston.

Brices, (Briggs Auburn).—Originated in Auburn, Maine, and was
introduced by Mr. John C. Briggs before 1850.*

Tree vigorous, hardy and productive.

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow, with slight blush in the sun; stem
long, in a broad, deep, flaring cavity; basin broad, shallow; flesh white,
fine in texture, pleasant sub-acid. Very good. September and October.

A good variety for the season. According to Mr. J. T. Waterman of
East Auburn, this variety is a chance seedling originating on the farm
of ‘thomas Record of the town of Minot, then part of Auburn. The
apple had a good local reputation and was freely grafted by neighboring
farmers. Specimens were taken from Mr. Waterman’s orchard to Dr.
Ezekiel Holmes, secretary of the Maine Pomological Society, by Mr.
John C. Briggs of Auburn,—hence the name. Well known throughout
western Maine.

CHERRYFIELD, (Collins).—A chance seedling on the farm of the late
Wyman B. Collins, Cherryfield, Me., about 50 years ago. Original tree
still standing.

Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading and productive.

Fruit large, roundish conical, yellowish green, washed and splashed
On sunny side with crimson. Stem medium, stout, inserted in a moder-
ately deep, flaring, regular cavity; basin small, irregular; calyx closed;
flesh greenish white, crisp, tender, fine grained, mild actd. Good.
Season November to February.

Mr. David W. Campbell of Cherryfield, Me., who sends this apple,
writes that it has been extensively grafted into all kinds of apple trees
in the vicinity of Cherryfield, and that it proves hardy, a good bearer,
and of excellent quality. It is a favorite variety in that locality. Under
ordinary conditions it keeps through January, and has been kept in good
condition until April. The variety is known locally as Collins, because
of its original home. ‘This name, however, is already in use for a
variety originating in Arkansas, hence the change indicated. Promising.

DEANE, (Nine Ounce).—Originated in the town of Temple, Me., on
the tarm of Cyrus Deane, before 1874. (See Transactions of Maine
Pomological Society, 1874-5, p. 125).

Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; bearing on alternate
years.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish conical, sometimes a little angular,
and flattened at the base; skin whitish, shaded and obscurely splashed
and mottled with red, with numerous yellowish dots; stem short, small,
inserted in a rather large, greenish cavity; calyx closed; basin medium,

*Trans. Me. Pom. Soc’y, in Agr. of Me., 1853, p. 402.

122 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine grained, tender, juicy, with a
sprightly vinous or sub-acid flavor. September and October.

One of the best of its season, and highly prized where known. In
1889 the Deane was listed by Shurtleff * in the transactions of the Maine
Pomological Society as ‘““One of the most profitable, and one of the best
autumn apples.” Like other varieties of this season, however, it is
subject to the ravages of the trypeta.

Dupiéy (Dudley’s Winter, North Star).—A seedling of Oldenburg,
grown by John W. Dudley, Mapleton, Aroostook county, Me., in 1875.
“The original tree bore its first apples in 1880, and has borne a full
crop every year since.” f

Tree very vigorous, spreading, hardy and productive, with large, luxu-
riant foliage.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, greenish yellow, washed and splashed
with crimson; stem medium, inserted in a deep cavity; calyx partly
open, basin large; flesh yellowish, crisp, breaking, rather coarse, brisk
sub-acid. Good to very good. September to January—later in Aroos-
took county.

This variety is, perhaps more widely grown than any other of the
newer sorts originating in northern New England. It is being dissem-
inated by a New York nursery firm under the name North Star—an
unfortunate circumstance, as there is another and very different variety
bearing that name by right of priority. It is a valuable acquisition as a
winter fruit for the northern parts of the State, where it is extensively
planted, but as grown at Orono it is decidedly a fall variety.

Emery (Emery Sweet).—Described by Maine Pomological Society,
1849, as follows: “Fruit medium, globular, russet, washed and streaked
with red; Stalk slender, set in a narrow, moderately deep cavity; calyx
small; flesh white, fine-grained, rich, sweet. Keeps till May.

“This apple was brought to notice by Judge Emery of Paris, Me., who
obtained the cions from Stephen Chase of Fryeburg. It seems never to
have been widely disseminated, however.” =

FAIRBANKS.—Origin, farm of Elijah Fairbanks, Winthrop, Me., during
the revolution.

Tree vigorous, hardy, upright, productive.

Fruit medium, light yellow, obscurely striped, with patches of russet;
stem medium; cavity broad, moderately deep; flesh yellowish, fine
grained, juicy, sub-acid. Good. September to December. The original
tree was planted the day that Castine was captured by the British.

Not generally planted at present.

FRANKLIN SWEET.—Origin, Franklin county, Maine. (?)
‘Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

* Maine Pomological Society, 1889, p. 135.
7 Personal letter from the originator, Jan. 25, 1907.
{ Trans. Me. Pom. Soc’y, in Agr. of Maine, 1853, p. 403.

Figure 6. Dudley.
See page 122.

Figure 7. Franklin.
See page 122.

te, fa W ,
n fies eee ae er aga, Wee Oo ;
Riad ie) bcos Cis diate dN ape tall SA hie Se
ayy ‘ } * :

SEEDLING APPLES OF MAINE. 125

Fruit large, roundish conical, regular, whitish yellow overlaid with
crimson, with stripes and splashes of deeper crimson. Stem medium,
%, inch, inserted in a medium, slightly russeted cavity; basin medium,
regular; calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, sweet, rather dry; core
small. Good. Season September.

A favorite with many for baking and dessert. Largely planted 50
years ago, but seldom found at the present time.

Harmon.—Originated with J. H. Harmon, Buxton, Me., about 20 years
ago. Tree “hardy as a maple and very productive.”

Fruit medium, oblate, washed and overlaid with red, with splashes of
deep crimson, and numerous large, greyish dots; cavity medium,
wide; stem medium, % inch long; basin wide, shallow, slightly irreg-
ular; calyx small, closed; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, rather rich, but
sharp acid. Good. December to February.

From appearance, the fruit may be a possible seedling of St. Lawrence,
but it lacks the fine white flesh of that variety. An attractive appearing
apple, now being studied at the Station.

The originator says: “The original tree came up in my garden about
20 years ago. When old enough to transplant it was removed to where
it now stands. Though not of first quality it is much better than many
other varieties which are largely planted;—notably Ben Davis, Mann,
Pewaukee, and American Blush, which last it so much resembles in color
and shape as to be hardly distinguishable from it.”* (Just which of
several forms designated as “American Blush” the originator has in
mind is uncertain. It certainly is quite different from the American
Blush of Western New York, which is a synonym of Hubbardston.—
W. M. M.)

HAYForD SWEET.—A popular sweet apple in northern Aroostook county,
where it originated on the farm of C. Hayford of Maysville, about 35
years ago.

Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading.

Fruit small to medium, oblate-conical, washed, splashed, and, on sunny
side, deeply overlaid with crimson. Stem medium, short, inserted in a
rather deep, narrow cavity; calyx small, open, in a deep, abrupt, slightly
plaited basin; core small; flesh fine grained, rich, sweet but rather
dry. Good. October to January, and in Aroostook county until March.

Although small and not very juicy, this variety is prized in northern
Maine where there are very few winter apples which will withstand
the climate. It is not of value where Tolman, and Munson Sweet thrive.

This variety first bore fruit in 1870, and the original tree is still stand-
ing in the garden of Mr. Hayford. It was first brought to public notice
in the report of the Maine Experiment Station for 1893.7

Haynes Sweet.—Origin, Swanville, Waldo county, Maine, on the farm
of a Mr. Haynes, adjoining the Searsport line, about 70 years ago.

* Personal letter, December 22, 1905.
j An. Rept. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta., 1893, pp. 129 and 1382.

126 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy.

Fruit large, oblong, yellow, washed and splashed with scarlet; stem
short, stout, inserted in a broad, shallow, slightly russet cavity; calyx
open, basin shallow, slightly irregular; core large; flesh yellowish,
coarse grained, sweet. Good. September to January.

This variety, brought to the writer’s attention by John Nickels,. Sears-
port, is perfectly hardy and vigorous as far north as Caribou. Its color
is not bright enough to make it a valuable market sort, however.

KiInc Sweet (King Sweeting; Summer Sweet; Sidney Sweet; (incor-
rectly) Hightop Sweet).—Origin, farm of Ichabod Thomas, Sidney, Me.,
about one hundred years ago.

‘Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, compact, very productive on alternate
years.

Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical, or frequently oblong-conical
and nearly truncate; apple yellow, with a delicate blush on sunny side;
stem short, small, inserted in a medium cavity; calyx closed, basin rather
“deep; flesh white, fine grained, tender, juicy, rich, very sweet; core
small. Very good. September and October.

‘his variety is often confused with Hightop, which is a native of
Massachusetts, and an entirely different apple. The true Hightop is
roundish, or roundish conical, greenish yellow with numerous green dots,
and is without the blush cheek. It also has a medium stalk, inserted in
a narrow russeted cavity; while the basin is shallow dnd slightly fur-
rowed. It likewise matures 2 or 3 weeks earlier than the King Sweet.
Wherever known this variety is highly prized, but like all early sweet
apples it is subject to trypeta attack.

LEGACE.—Seedling raised by Jules Legacé, Van Buren, Aroostook
county, Me. Parentage uncertain, apparently Oldenburg.

Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, washed with red, and with splashes of
deeper crimson. Stem 1 inch, inserted in a rather deep, somewhat
russeted cavity; basin wide, rather shallow, slightly corrugated; calyx
closed; flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. Good, September
and October; later at the north.

For southern Maine possesses no superior merit; apparently good for
northern localities.

LITCHFIELD Pripprn.—A seedling raised by William Hutchings, Litch-
field, Me., introduced to public notice by Dr. Ford. (See Transactions
of Maine Pomological Society, Agriculture of Maine, 1853, page 406).

The fruit is described as large, oval, somewhat irregular, yellow, with
a deep blush on the sunny side; stem short; cavity narrow, shallow;
basin broad, rather deep, somewhat corrugated; flesh white, sub-acid.

This variety seems to have disappeared from public notice.

Marvzoro.—Origin, farm of S. H. Remick, Marlboro, Me.
Fruit medium, oblate-spherical, yellowish green overlaid with rich
crimson on the sunny side, with numerous small dark dots; cavity

Figure 8. Hayford.
See page 125.

Figure 9. Haynes.

See page 125.

SEEDLING APPLES OF MAINE. 129

medium, flaring, regular, slightly russeted; stem slender, % to % inch;
basin very wide, shallow, plaited; calyx partly closed; flesh white,
crisp, juicy, fine grained, very firm, pleasant acid; core small. Good.
January to May.

In March specimens of this variety were received from Mr. Remick,
and they were in prime condition, with a rich aroma.

Monrog Sweet.—Origin, Aroostook county, Me.*

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, washed and splashed
with crimson; stem long, slender, inserted in a deep, narrow, slightly
russeted cavity; calyx large, partly closed, in a shallow, slightly irregu-
lar basin; flesh greenish white, rather dry, sweet. Season, in northern
Maine, October to December. Good.

Frequently met in Aroostook ccunty. It possesses no special merit,
however.

Mosres Woop.—Originated on the farm of Moses Wood (now owned
by M. M. Bailey) of Winthrop, Me., before 1850.

Tree vigorous, hardy, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, light yellow, striped with red; cavity and
basin shallow; flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. Good.
September to October.

Still found in old orchards in central Maine, but not now planted.
Like most apples of its class and season, it is badly attacked by the
apple maggot.

NARRAGANSET?T.— Originated on the farm of Jacob H. Harmon, Buxton,
Me., in 1873.

The tree is reported as a free grower and very hardy; but rather a
shy bearer.

Fruit medium to large, conical, pale-yellow, washed and splashed with
crimson, and heavily overlaid with a deeper shade of crimson on the
sunny side, with numerous small white dots; cavity deep, flaring; stem
short, stout; basin medium, slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed;
flesh white, tender, rather dry, mild sub-acid; core small. Good.
November and December.

This apple has a strong resemblance to Mother in size, form and gen-
eral color, but is a darker crimson—almost as dark as Black Oxford in
some cases—and the flavor is not as good as that of Mother.

NELSon.—Seedling from the farm of Mr. Elihu Wood, Winthrop, Me.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, pale yellow with numerous small grey
dots; stem short, inserted in a moderately deep, narrow cavity; basin
medium, regular; calyx small, open; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid.
Good. September.

Little known outside of its original immediate locality. Subject to
trypeta attack.

* An. Rept. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. 1893, p. 133; also 1902, p. 93.

130 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Nuttinc (Bumpus).—Seedling of Oldenburg, originated by the late
James Nutting, Perham, Aroostook county, Me.

Tree hardy, vigorous, very productive, highly prized by the originator.

Fruit large, smooth, regular, uniform, roundish-conical, yellowish
green with faint washing or penciling of dull red on sunny side; stem
long, slender, inserted in a deep, regular cavity; basin medium, rather
large, closed; flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, mild acid. Good.
september to December.

In general appearance and quality this apple somewhat resembles
Northwestern Greening, except for the blush. It is a much earlier apple,
however. Its principal value is that it is “ironclad.”

QuiINcE, (Cole’s Quince).—Origin, Cornish, Maine, on farm of Captain
Henry Cole, about 60 years ago.

‘ree vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive and comes into bearing
early.

Fruit large, oblate conical, ribbed, bright yellow or occasionally
brownish in the sun; stem short, in a narrow, deep basin; flesh white,
tender, juicy, aromatic, pleasant sub-acid. Very good. August 2nd
September.

A very good variety for home use. Not extensively grown for com-
mercial purposes, because of its season of maturity.

First described in a meeting of Oxford county (Me.) Agricultural
Society in 1849.*

Ro.Fe, (Macomber).—Originated in the town of Guilford about 1820.
Fruit medium to large, oblate, often angular, yellowish, shaded and

str ped with red; stalk short, inserted in a large cavity; calyx large,

closed, in a rather large, regular basin; flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, sub-acid; core small. Good to very good. November to January.

Though comparatively an old variety, the Rolfe is not as widely
known as it should be. The variety originated on high land in the town
of Guilford, about a mile from the Piscataquis river. The seed from
which it sprang was brought from Western Maine to that place by a
Mr. Rolfe.t About 1820 the original tree, together with several other
young seedlings, was given to Rey. Thomas Macomber—hence the
name, Macomber, applied to this variety by Downing. A sprout from
the original tree is still standing on the Macomber farm, and produces.
annual crops of fruit. The late H. L. Leland of East Sangerville had
more than a hundred trees of this variety in his orchard, and in a per-
sonal letter to the writer said: ‘The Rolfe, in our local markets, sells
better and at bigger prices than any other variety that we grow. It
sells well as a shipping apple, though not much known.” The variety
is hardy in sheltered localities as far north as Presque Isle, and it is

* Agriculture of Maine, 1850, p. 319.
+ Some claim that seeds of Blue Pearmain were planted on the farm afterwards
purchased by Mr. Rolfe. See Trans. Me. Pom. Soc’y 1888, p. 120.

Figure 10. Legace.

See page 120.

Figure 11. Nutting.

See page 130.

,
]

SEEDLING APPLES OF MAINE, 133

regarded highly wherever known. It is now being somewhat exten-
sively top-grafted in the orchards of western Maine.

RUNNELS.—Origin, farm of John Runnels, Clinton, Me.

Tree hardy, very productive.

“Fruit medium, roundish, deep green, mostly covered with purplish
brown; flesh firm. Good. April to June.”—Downing.

Profitable as a market fruit from its great productiveness and long
keeping qualitiés—Downing; Thomas.

This variety has never come under the observation of the writer and
is apparently abandoned. Its color is objectionable for market purposes.

RussELL.—Originated on the farm formerly owned by Captain William
Russell of Farmington, more than 70 years ago.

Tree spreading, vigorous, hardy, productive.

Fruit large, roundish ovate, often flattened at the base; bright yellow,
washed and obscurely striped with red on the sunny side; surface
waxy; stem short, in a small, narrow cavity; basin small; calyx closed;
core small; flesh yellow, fine grained, juicy, crisp, mild sub-acid. Best.
September.

It is said that Captain Russell, one of the early settlers of Farming-
ton, brought from Massachusetts, in his pocket, the seed from which
this, and other seedlings, originated. The first cions were taken from
the tree by Elias Eaton, and later by James Scales, and from these cions
the variety was mainly disseminated—(Report Maine Pomological
Society, 1889, 136).

The apple is well known and highly prized in Franklin county, where
it is regarded as one of the best early autumn varieties.

SARAH.—Origin, farm of John Tufts, East Wilton, Me.

Tree very vigorous, spreading, productive, an annual bearer and comes
into bearing early.

Fruit large, oblate-conic, yellow, shaded and mottled with light red,
with stripes and splashes of darker red and a few light dots; stalk short,
small, inserted in a broad, deep cavity; calyx nearly closed, basin
medium, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk,
sub-acid; core medium. October.—(Downing).

Though still grown locally, this variety has been superseded by
Gravenstein. It is apparently distinct from another local variety found
in the same vicinity under the name of “Sally.”

STANLEY, (Stanley’s Winter Sweeting).—Origin, the orchard of J. L.
stanley, Winthrop, Me.

This variety is described as large, oblate, red, streaked and splashed
with purple, with a bluish bloom; flesh white, juicy, sweet. Keeps till
March. Described by Maine Pomological Society, 1850,—(Transactions
of Maine Pomological Society, in Agriculture of Maine, 1853, page
407).

Listed by Downing,* but apparently unknown at the present time.

* Downing, Fruits and Fruit Trees of America (1872), p. 360.

134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

STARKEY.—Originated in the town of Vassalboro, on the -farm of
Moses Starkey, before 1800. Apparently a Seedling of Ribstone.

Tree is hardy, vigorous, spreading; a regular and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, regular; skin pale yellow, shaded,
striped and splashed with light and dark red, with numerous greyish
dots; the %4-inch stalk is small, inserted in a medium cavity, which is
sometimes slightly russeted; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid.
Very good. October to January.

Where known the variety is highly esteemed, both for home and for
market, because of its beautiful color and excellent quality.

Mr. E. H. Cook of Vassalboro, who raises large quantities of these
apples, shipped two car-loads to Liverpool the past season. ‘The net
returns were $2.40 per barrel, which was more than was received from
anything else on the market except Kings.

Concerning the origin and merits of this variety, Mr. Cook writes as
follows: ‘The original tree is not now living, but there is a tree near
at hand that never was grafted, since its sprouts bear Starkey apples.
The apple originated not less than 125 years ago. There are Starkey
trees on my farm which are known to have been set 97 years ago and
they are grafted to Starkey in the trunk. * * * Nothing is known
of its origin, but I have no doubt it is a seedling of the Ribstone Pip-
pin. * * * The Starkey is a remarkably good bearer, and will bear
every year if well fertilized, but the trees will not stand neglect as well
as Baldwins. From 50 Starkey trees, in the last two years, I have
received 300 barrels of apples averaging 3 barrels per tree per year, and
the average price was $2.00 per barrel.”

The variety is entirely distinct from Stark, with which it is often con-
fused, and is deserving of more attention on the part of Maine fruit
growers.

STEVENS GILLIFLOWER.—Origin, orchard of Mrs. Olive Stevens,
Sweden, Oxford county, Maine.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, somewhat irregular, whitish, striped
with red, the stripes radiating from the stem, covered with a fine bloom;
cavity and basin shallow; flesh white, tender, fine grained, juicy, pleas-
ant sub-acid. November to February.

This variety is a seedling of the Red Gilliflower, the seed having been
brought from Massachusetts by Mrs. Olive Stevens about 1785 or 6 and
planted by her in the town of Sweden, Oxford county, Me. (See Trans-
actions of Maine Pomological Society, in Agriculture of Maine, 1853,
page 403).

The variety seems to have disappeared, and has never been seen by
the writer.

STOWE, (Stowe’s Winter).—Originated in Perham, Aroostook county,
Me., about 1875.
Tree vigorous, spreading, very hardy; an annual bearer.

Figure 12. Starkey.
See page 134.

Figure 13. Stowe.

See page 134.

SEEDLING APPLES OF MAINE. 137

Fruit medium to large, roundish-conical, greenish yellow with blush
cheek, and with many small whitish dots. Stem short, slender, inserted
in a medium cavity. .Calyx partly open; basin rather shallow. Flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy, sub-acid, almost sweet. Core small. Good.
October to February or even later in Aroostook county; much earlier
at Orono.

This variety has never attracted the attention of nurserymen, but has
had a good local reputation for several years. It is well worthy of gen-
eral dissemination as a valuable “ironclad” variety. Its history, as given
in the report of the Maine Pomological Society for 1895, is essentially
as follows: Seed was brought to Perham from Massachusetts by Francis
Stowe about 1862, and the variety in question was one of the resulting
seedlings. The tree was isolated in 1875 and has been known locally
for several years as Stowe’s Winter. Mr. Rufus L. Stowe, son of the
originator, writes that it “will keep longer than anything except Ben
Davis and is nearly equal to that.” *

SOMERSET, (Downs Somerset).—Origin, orchard of Albert J. Downs,
Mercer, Somerset county, Me.

Fruit large, roundish ovate, yellow, washed and striped with red;
stem long; basin broad and shallow; calyx shallow; sprightly sub-acid.
Very good. September, October.

This variety was described by the Maine Pomological Society in 1849.
It is an excellent apple and, when known, is highly prized as an early
market’ variety. It is showy and sells well but drops badly from the
tree, and is subject to attacks by the trypeta.

This variety is entirely distinct from the Somerset of New York,
described by Downing in 1869.

Tasor.—Originated with S. W. Tabor, Washburn, Me.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish green, washed and splashed with
crimson; stem slender, inserted in a medium, widely flaring cavity, from
which radiate 5 or 6 distinct furrows, making well marked segments;
calyx small, closed, in a medium, abrupt, slightly plaited basin; core
tather large; flesh greenish white, fine grained, tender, rather dry,
sweet. Good. October to January.

If it does not occupy the same place as Hayford Sweet, it may prove
an acquisition for northern Aroostook where winter sweet apples are
scarce.

Winn RusseEt.—Origin, Sweden, Oxford county, Me., from seeds
brought by John Winn, one of the early settlers of the town, from
Woburn, Mass.

“Tree hardy, productive, but rather a slow grower.”

“Fruit large, dark russet, distinctly striped with red with occasional
greyish spots; cavity broad, deep; calyx medium; basin broad, shallow;

* Personal letter. See An. Rept. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta., 1902, p. 92.
} Trans. of Maine Pom. Soc’y, in Agr. of Maine, 1853, p. 408.

138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

flesh fine grained, sub-acid. Good to very good. Keeps till May.”—
‘Transactions of Maine Pomological Society, in Agriculture of Maine,
1853, p. 412.

This variety is thought to be a seedling of Roxbury Russett. Seeds
were brought to the town of Sweden very early, though the original tree
was still standing in 1846. Its identity is lost at the present time.

WINTHROP GREENING.—Origin, the farm of Ichabod Howe, Winthrop,
Me., who brought the seeds from Ipswich, Mass., before 1800. Intro-
duced by Jacob Nelson, about 1808.

‘Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive.

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish yellow, shaded with red on the
sunny side, with small greyish dots; stem medium, set in a broad, deep
cavity; calyx short, large, in a wide basin; flesh fine grained, crisp,
juicy, pleasant sub-acid. Very good. October to December.

This apple has been widely planted through central and western Maine.
Its good quality, both for dessert and for cooking is generally recog-
nized, but it is badly attacked by the trypeta, and it drops somewhat
badly early in the autumn. The apple has been called by some “Lincoln
Pippin,” it having been grafted by R. G. Lincoln of Hallowell and sub-
sequently distributed by him. There is no doubt, however, as to the
origin of the apple. It has been dropped from the list of the American
Pomological Society, where it was first entered in 1854. In the absence
of trypeta, it is still a valuable late fall and early winter apple.

WINTHROP PEARMAIN.—Origin, farm of Col. John Fairbanks, Win-
throp, Me. Described by the Maine Pomological Society, as follows:

“ Fruit large, ovate, yellow, indistinctly striped with red, especially
about the base. Stalk medium, set in a narrow, moderately deep cavity;
basin. narrow, shallow; flesh white, fine grained, juicy, pleasant sub-
acid; skin tough. Good. October to February.’”—Agriculture of Maine,
1853, p. 401.

Cole’s American Fruit Book in 1850, gives the season as September to
November, and characterizes the tree as a constant bearer.

As far as the writer is aware, this variety has dropped from notice.

ZACHARY PIPpPIN.—Origin, according to Downing,* farm of John Bur-
bank, Belgrade, Me. Discovered and introduced by the. late Joseph
Taylor of Belgrade, in 1852. Named in honor of President Zachary
‘Taylor.

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive, but not an early bearer.

Fruit large, oblate, angular; skin greenish yellow, striped, splashed
and mottled with light and dark red; stalk short, rather small; cavity
large, deep, slightly russet; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly cor-
rugated; flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid.
November, December.

* Downing, Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, 2d appendix 1876), page 72.

SEEDLING APPLES OF MAINE. 139

Very similar in general characteristics to Sarah. Not planted at the
present time; though several trees are still standing in the orchard of
the introducer.

OBSCURE OR OBSOLETE VARIETIES.

Of the varieties described in the foregoing pages the following are
either wholly or practically extinct; though at one time of considerable
importance: Bailey Golden, Fairbanks, Nelson, Runnels, Stevens Gilli-
flower, Winn Russet, Winthrop Pearmain, Zachary Pippin.

Figure 14. Winthrop (Greening).
See page 138.

Figure 15. Marlboro:
See page 126.

Figure 16. Tabor.

See page 137.
II

‘IST ased s9QG ‘asueyY oY}. UO sUDyoIyD “ZI INS

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS, 1906-7.
G. M. GowELL.

| The poultry work of the Experiment Station was undertaken primarily
to study breeding for egg production and has been in progress for several
years. Three years ago the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture desired to cooperate in the work and is now
contributing $1,000 per year to assist in the carrying forward of the
breeding and housing experiments. Considerable unpublished data from
these experiments have accumulated, but it has been decided to hold this
matter until the experiments shall be so far advanced that the results
shall be conclusive.

The following papers on poultry experiments have been published.
These are no longer available for distribution. A summary bulletin
bringing the work up to 1900 has been issued by the Bureau of Animal
Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. This can be obtained
by addressing the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Number of Laying Hens that can be profitably kept in one Pen,
Annual Report for 1808.

Feeding Chickens for Growth, Bulletin 64.

Breeding for Egg Production, Bulletin 64.

Feeding Chickens for Growth, Bulletin 7o.

Experiments in Incubation, Bulletin 7o.

Breeding for Ege Production, Bulletin 7o.

Breeding for Egg Production, Bulletin 93.

Floor Space, etc., in relation to Egg Production, Bulletin 93.

Poultry Management as practiced at the Maine Station, Bulle-
tin 100.

Poultry Experiments, 1903-5, Builetin 117.

Poultry Experiments, 1905-6, Bulletin 130.

This bulletin (144) in addition to containing accounts of experimental
work, supplements bulletins 100, 117 and 130 by outlining the methods
of housing and handling the stock that have been adopted since those
bulletins were issued.—C. D. W.]

POULTRY HUSBANDRY.

Poultry husbandry is a legitimate agricultural industry. It
is as well grounded as dairying, animal raising, fruit or crop
growing. It occupies a special place in agriculture, and it will
never displace other work except on limited areas. It requires
large quantities of grains and concentrated feeding material and
but small quantities of bulky foods. Larger animals must

140 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

always occupy the farms and prepare the coarser crops of the
land for market, and upon their number and quality depends the
prosperity of agriculture.

Poultry is kept in small numbers on almost every farm as
gleaners or scavengers. Hatched and brooded by natural
means, practically unrestrained, they find the exercise necessary
for their existence, and such varieties of food as are common
about the farm are condusive to their welfare. If the food sup-
plies are generous and shelter and shade sufficient, life with
them is at its best and it is doubtful if returns from any other
source come to the farmer with so little expenditure of material,
work and thought.

With this common knowledge of the earnings of birds, has
come the desire to increase their numbers and make their keep-
ing a department of the farm or a special extensive industry.
That this is practicable is demonstrated by the many plants in
successful operation. The factor that has brought success to
these plants is the skill of the operators.

The skill required in successfully rearing and keeping birds
in large numbers, by artificial means, for continuous years, is
not beyond what may be acquired by the common person, pro-
vided he will train himself to see and do what should be done.
Great skill is not secured in a single year but it comes to those
who try. The purpose of this, and other bulletins issued by this
Station on poultry matters is to make known our methods of
work and the results of the investigations conducted.

It is not claimed that our systems are perfect, or better than
all others, but they are the best, for us, of any that we know.
We are constantly trying to learn more about every phase of the
industry and the information gained is given to the public in
these bulletins, as it is secured. Some of the matter in this issue
has been given in a previous bulletin, but as the supplies of that
issue are exhausted and the calls for the matter so great, it is
rewritten and printed again.

BROODER HOUSES.

Portable brooder houses of several different sizes and styles
of construction are in use, sufficient to accommodate 2,000
chickens to maturity. The style of house that has proved most
satisfactory, with us, is here described.

on

3 Figure 18. Movable brooder house. See page 146.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 149

Each of the houses accommodate 125 or 150 chicks from the
time brooding commences until they are moved into winter
quarters. They are large enough so the necessary work can be
done comfortably in them. During rainy days, when the birds
must be kept indoors, there is room for them, and they will not
suffer seriously if the floors are generously covered with cut
clover or chaff. The birds in them are safe at night from
storms, and all thieves that walk on four feet, crawl, or fly.
They are built on shoes so that they can be drawn near together
for convenience in the brooding season, during April, May and
June, and then to the grass fields for the range season.

Such houses are almost indespensable to the person who raises
few or many chickens. Their use removes many of the obstacles
that tend to annoy and defeat chicken raisers.

Each house is 12 feet long and 7 feet wide. The front wall
is 6 feet 2 inches high, and the back 4 feet 2 inches high from
floor to roof, inside. This allows a full grown person to stand
erect in the front part of the house. ‘The two shoes on which
it is built are 4 by 6 inches in size and lie flat. Their ends are
chamfered on the under side so as to give them a sled runner
turn. They are 14 feet long, and extend a foot outside of each
end of the building. An inch auger hole slanting backward, and
outward, is bored through each end of the shoes. For conven-
ience in moving the houses, a short chain with an eye bolt in
each end, which can be slipped through the auger holes and
keyed, is used.

The floors are of two thicknesses of boards, breaking joints
so as to preent the air from drawing through. The walls and
roof are boarded and covered with one of the better qualities of
sheet roofing materials. A door 2 feet wide and 6 feet high is
placed in the center of the front wall with a window on each
side of it. Each window contains 6 lights of 10 by 12 glass in
one sash. It is hinged at the top and turns out, like an ordinary
storm window. It is either closely buttoned down, or held open
at different spaces, by hooks of various lengths. The longest
opening is a foot, which leaves the window slanting out at an
angle sufficient to give plenty of fresh air in warm weather when
both windows are open, and the house full of birds. The advan-
tages of hinged, over sliding windows, are that in stormy
weather, rains and winds do not beat in to wet or annoy the

150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

birds, and free ventilation is not interfered with. The window
openings are covered with wire netting on the inside. A slide
door, a foot square, is made down at the floor, near each end of
the front of the building, for the chicks to pass through. A
temporary board partition about 15 inches high divides the
building crosswise into halves. Two No. 4 Peep-O’-Day
brooders * are used in each of these houses. They are put
about 2 inches away from the back wall so as to allow the free
passage of air to the intake openings in the sides of the brooders.
They set about a foot away from each end of the building, and
this space is filled in with an elevated platform and incline,
which allows the chicks to go out through the brooder door and
down a broad easy grade to the floor. The Peep-O’-Day
brooders * are all made alike, with the lamp door at one side
and the chick door at the other. They are located so that the
lamp doors are towards the middle of the building and about
4 feet from each other, which gives about 2 feet between the
lamp door and the temporary partition, sufficient room in which
to attend to the lamps. The hinges to the brooder cover are put
at the back, which allows the cover to turn up against the back
wall out of the way.

These portable brooder houses are well made, of good mate-
rial, and if the shoes are kept blocked up from the ground, they
should last as long as other farm buildings. When they are
drawn to the range for the warm season, they are turned back
to the south, so that the sun may not shine in the windows to
heat the house and make it uncomfortable for the birds. Facing
the north, the houses furnish good cool shelter during the heat
of the day.

The houses which the pullets occupy are blocked up about a
foot and a half and the open space between the house and the
ground gives cool shelter which the birds enjoy. The pullets
do not trouble about going under the house to spend the night,
but the cockerels do, and we find it necessary to board around
the cockerel houses and deny them the cool retreat. As the
cockerels develop in September and October, they become quar-

* No extended tests of incubators, brooders, and other appliances have
been made at the Maine Station. In this bulletin the makes that are in
use at this Station are named. These may not be the best of their classes
but have worked satisfactory here.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. I51

relsome and there are bullies among them, at every house, that
domineer over their mates during the day, and stand guard at
the doors at dark. With such fellows in the way it is difficult
getting the underling into the house at shutting up time at night,
if they have a chance to skulk under the building.

When the houses are drawn to the fields, they each contain
from 50 to 75 pullets, as they are relieved of their brothers who
are taken out and put into the fattening pens a few days previ-
ously. If the houses are located near to each other the chickens
are liable to collect in some of them at nightfall and neglect -
others as the season advances, but if the houses are separated
from each other by a distance of 100 feet, or thereabouts, the
birds keep, for the most part, to their own homes.

When the houses are drawn to the fields, small yards about
12 feet square are made in front of them, in which the birds are
confined for a few days, so as to get them acquainted with the
new location of their homes, rather than let them go out into the
new neighborhood at once, with the liability of their getting
confused and lost.

A wagon load of fine sand is deposited at one end of each
house on the ground, and 2 or 3 shovelfuls of it are spread on
the floor each day as soon as the houses are cleaned out.

There is nothing in the houses on which the young things can
roost and they all have to sit on the floor until their breast bones
are hard enough so that they will not become crooked by press-
ing on the roosts while the birds are young and soft. Some-
times sitting on the floor will cause the breast bones of fast
growing, fleshy chickens to crook. This condition may be pre-
vented by bedding the houses with a little straw or chaff.

The daily cleanings from the floor are put into barrels which
stand at the ends of the buildings, out of door, and as often as
necessary the barrels are drawn to the fields, emptied of their
contents, and returned for use again. Care is exercised that none
of the floor cleanings are spilled near the houses to contaminate
the ground and make it unsanitary. A rain storm or consider-
able shower will cause the partially filled barrels of manure to
ferment and the odor from it is very strong and disagreeable.
Whenever this occurs the barrels should be emptied without
delay. We know that mites breed and multiply in fermenting
poultry voidings, and we have much reason for believing that

152 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

hens and chickens are annoyed by certain rank odors, sometimes
so much so that they will abandon their homes for more decent
ones.

UTILIZING THE BROODER HOUSES DURING WINTER.

These houses are used by chickens from about the first week
in April to the last of October. The rest of the year—from
November to April—they have not been used. At Go-well
Farm, last October, when the houses were empty, a temporary
roost platform about 6 feet long and 2 feet wide was arranged
inside, along the back of each house. It was 2% feet above
the floor, and a curtain, made from bran sacks was hung in front
of the platform to shut it off from the rest of the room so it
might be warmer during the night. The curtain had a stick
nailed to its lower edge and was readily hooked up during the
day time to allow the bedroom to dry out. There were no roosts
on the platform. The birds just sat down on it, as it was

thought they would keep warmer in this way than if on elevated ©

roosts. Six darkened nests were arranged under the platform.
A feed trough was hung on the wall within easy reach of the
birds. It had separate places for bone, shell, grit, charcoal, and
the dry meal mixture. These fixtures were coarse, yet strongly
made, so that they could be removed in the spring and put in
again the following fall without much tearing apart and remak-
ing. One of the windows was opened out and hasped, leaving
a space a foot wide at the bottom, and triangular shaped at the
sides. This space, at the sides and bottom of the window, was
covered with one thickness of burlap, taken from bran sacks.
It was fastened to the sash and building by carpet tacks. The
air could pass through the burlap and ventilate the room during
nights and stormy days, and the snow or rain could not sift or
beat through it into the house. The other window was shut
during nights, but it was kept turned up—wide open—all days
when the weather was not stormy, or dark and severely cold.
Sixteen of the houses were fixed up in this way and drawn
up handy to the barn. They were put end to end about 2 feet
apart—as near as the projecting runners would permit. Seven-
teen pullets were put in each house the first of November and
kept there without going out of doors during the winter. Each
100 birds were fed 2 quarts whole corn and 2 quarts wheat
mixed together, on the floor litter early in the morning, and

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS, 153

again at 10 o'clock. ‘They were constantly supplied with the
dry mash, bone, shell, grit and charcoal with limited quantities
of mangolds. The bedding kept dry and the birds were in good
health and vigor. Eleven of the 272 birds thus housed died
during the winter. The pens were very small and the popula-
tion dense—414 feet of floor surface to each bird. ‘They did not
lay as well as their sisters in any of the pens in the large house
and there was some egg eating, which reduced their record
yields.

The houses had to be available for brooder chicks early in
April, so the hens were dressed and marketed the first of that
month and the houses were thoroughly cleaned and painted
inside, with kerosene and carbolic acid, to destroy any lice that
the hens might have left.

During the 5 months—November 1 to March 31—the bards
yielded 1057 dozen eggs, which, had we no other market for
them, would have sold in the open Boston market at 33 cents
per dozen net easily, yielding $348. The food eaten by these
birds during the period cost $175 which leaves a balance of $173
to pay for their care. While $173 is not a great amount of
money, it paid well for the labor required in caring for the birds,
which was done in connection with other work. ‘The houses
were not noticeably injured by their winter's use. The birds
when dressed and sold brought as much money as they would
have done in the previous October, including those that were
lost.

The reasons for this test were to learn if these small houses,
which are used only in summer as homes for growing chickens,
could be utilized during winter with some profit.

HOUSES FOR THE LAYING AND BREEDING HENS.

Two styles of houses are in use at the Station. One is a
thoroughly made double walled building, 16 by 150 feet in size.
It is always kept above freezing by a water heater and a flow
and return, two-inch pipe, running the length of the building.
This building was constructed with special reference to comfort,

‘health and productiveness. Small, well made houses with single
walls had formerly been in use, but they would get white with
frost in cold weather, if shut up close enough so the birds did
not suffer from cold during winter nights. When the weather

2

154 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

moderated the white frost would change to water and the straw
litter on the floor would become damp and clammy. The birds
showed their dislike for the damp straw by keeping off from it
as much as they could. Such houses were unsatisfactory, and
so the large warmed house was built. It was a decided improve-
ment over the cold ones, because it could be ventilated and the
birds not suffer with the cold. But it was not possible to secure
sufficient ventilation, even though the house was moderately
warmed, to prevent the presence of considerable moisture in the
bedding. :

Good yields of eggs were obtained from héns kept in that
house and the losses of birds were not excessive. The hens
showed, however, that they were not in the best condition, by a
little lack of color in comb, and energy in action. This house
has not been abandoned, and is highly prized for laying hens.
Since breeding cockerels cannot be carried in the other houses,
without danger of chilled combs, they are wintered in this
warmed house until danger from chilling is past.

In seeking for some better system of housing the birds one of
the small close houses, formerly used, was changed into an open
house. The building was Io feet wide and 25 feet long. An
opening 3 feet wide and 15 feet long was made close up under
the plate, and was left open every day in winter, except when the
snow or rain blew in. At night the opening was covered with
a framed curtain made of cotton cloth. An elevated roosting
closet along the entire length of the back of the building was
made warm, by packing the walls with hay. A close fitting
frame-cloth curtain shut them in at night.

It did not freeze in the closet and the birds apparently did not
suffer from lack of air. They seemed to enjoy coming out of
the warm sleeping closet, down into the cold straw, which was
never damp, as the whole house was open to the outside air and
sun every day. There were no shut off corners of the floor, or
closet that were damp. This building was used through three
winters with 50 hens in it each year and did not have a sick bird
in it. Nota case of cold or snuffles developed from sleeping in
the closet with its cloth front, and then going directly down into
the dry straw, in the cold room, and spending the day in the
open air.

The birds laid as well as did their mates in the large warmed
house. Their combs have been red and plumage bright and they

.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 155

have given every evidence of perfect health and vigor. While
they are on the roosts they are warm. They come down
to their breakfasts and spend the dayin the openair. Such
habits of life seem to work equally well with brute or man.

After having used this so-called Pioneer house one year, a
house was constructed 12 feet wide and 68 feet long. Its front
and back walls were 5 feet high and the roof was evenly divided.
It was divided into two rooms, each 34 feet long. The elevated
roosting closets extended along the entire backs of each room
and they were constructed in the same manner as the one in the
Pioneer house. The partition between the 2 rooms was made
of 2 inch mesh poultry netting. There were 4 openings in the
front of the building, 2 in each room, equal distances apart.
Each opening was 3% by 8 feet in size, fitted with frame cloth
curtains, to be used only on winter nights and stormy days, in
the same way that they were in the Pioneer house. These
Openings were put close up to the plates and came down to
within 144 feet of the floor. There were no glass windows in
the building.

This house was not satisfactory. There were currents of air
from one end of the building to the other, even when there was
little wind outside, and when the wind was high in winter the
loose snow would be sifted in and distributed over a large part
of the floor, dampening the litter and making life uncomfortable
for the birds. The wire partition between the pens was replaced
with one of close boards, and conditions were bettered ; but each
of the pens still had 2 openings, about 8 feet apart, and the same
troubles from currents of air and sifting of snow continued, al-
though somewhat lessened. One of the openings was closed by
screwing glass windows on the outside. This left each of the
rooms with one opening and one large glass window.

This change entirely corrected strong air currents through
the building and sifting snow, except in heavy storms when the
wind is strong from the south. Of course the large opening
allows the wind to blow into the room, but as there is no outlet
for it except where it came in, there are no drafts of air across
the birds to cause them to be uncomfortable and take colds.

Another difficulty remained ; the opening came down to within
1% feet of the floor, and the birds, sunning themselves on the
floor or scratching in the litter, were in the direct course of the

\

: i)

150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

outside air as it came into the room and they tried to find shelter-
ed corners where they might be more comfortable. On this ac-
count the width of the opening was reduced from 3% feet to 2
feet by ceiling up the lower part of it. This gave a bulk-
head 3 feet high, sufficient to protect the birds on the floor from
the direct inflow of out door air, and they were happy.

One objection to this house still remains; its front wall is too
low to allow room for a large opening, high enough so that the
sun can shine in and back across the floor to the back wall dur-
ing the short days in winter, when the sun runs low. This
feature in construction, seems to be of the utmost importance,
for dependenec is had upon the sunshine and pure outside air, to
keep the floor litter dry and the elevated roosting closet clean.
The entire front of the roosting closet being open, leaves no dark
corners where the air and light cannot do their thorough
cleansing.

Experience with the- house showed its several bad features.
On the other hand, the Pioneer house, which had been in use for
three years, gave great satisfaction, and the same general plan
was adopted in the construction of a large house.

This house designated as House No. 2, was built 4 years ago.
It is 12 feet wide and 150 feet long and is divided into 7, twenty
feet sections. In each section, with its floor surface of 240 feet,
50 pullets have been wintered each year, most suctessfully.

Three years ago another house was built on the same plan,
' except that it is 16 feet wide instead of 12. It is 120 feet long
and consists of 4 sections or houses, each 16 by 30 feet in size.
There is no separate walk through the building, but in the close
board partition separating the pens, are doors, hung with double
acting hinges, which allow them to swing both ways, and close
automatically, after the attendant passes through. Each pen has
a floor surface of 480 feet and gives ample accommodation to
100 hens. All of the hens in these 2 open front houses, in flocks
of 50 or 100, averaged laying about 144 eggs each last year, and
the birds were in excellent health. The front curtains were
open all of the time every day, except the stormiest in winter.

While the same plan is common to all of these open front
houses, the width has been increased in each succeeding one
built. The first house was Io feet wide, the second 12 feat, the
third 16 feet in width. The house which Professor Gowell

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POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 159

erected at his farm is 20 feet wide and is the best one with which
we are acquainted as it is typical of those already described, and
in addition embodies other features which make it more com-
fortable for the birds and lessens the labor required in their
care.

During the summer of 1905 a laying house was built to ac-
comodate 2,000 hens. It is 20 feet wide and 400 feet long. It is
on the same general plan as House No. 2 and 3 at the Experi-
ment Station. House No. 2 is 12 feet wide; House No. 3 is 16
feet wide, and this one at Go-well farm is 20 feet wide. The
widths have been increased in the last 2 houses, as experience has
shown the advisability of it. At first it was thought that the
houses should be narrow so they might dry out readily, but the
widest house dries out satisfactorily as the opening in the front
is placed high up, so that in the shortest winter days the sun
shines in on the floor to the back.

Nearly 2 years use of this wide house shows its advantage
over the narrow ones to be greater than was anticipated when
it was planned. Its great width and the low down door in the
back wall make it much cooler in hot weather.

During July and August the birds go into the yards early in
the morning but they nearly all come back into the house as the
day gets warm, and remain on the floor in the back part of the
room, apparently enjoying the shade and the cool air which
draws across the floor, even when the air seems very still outside.

The differences in the temperature of the wide and narrow
houses is very great, and the birds show what they think about it
by staying in the yards in preference to the narrow houses. Of
course, the comfort of the birds is not greater than when they
have good shade out of door but the runs have not trees or
shrubs sufficient to furnish shelter.

The economy in the cost of the wide house over the narrow
ones, when space is considered, is evident. The front and back
walls in the narrow house cost about as much per lineal foot as
those in the wide house, and the greatly increased floor space is
secured by building in a strip of floor and roof, running length-
wise of the building. The carrying capacity of a house 20 feet
wide is 66 per cent greater than that of a house 12 feet wide,
and is secured by building additional floor and roof space only.
The walls, doors and windows remain the same as in the narrow

Figure 20. Interior of one section of curtain front house. See page 162.

162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

house, except that the front wall is made a little higher. Three
sills which are 6 inches square run lengthwise of the house, the
central one supporting the floor timbers in the middle. They
rest on a rough stone wall, high enough from the ground so
that dogs can go under the building to look after rats and skunks
that might incline to make their homes there. The stone wall
rests on the surface of the ground. ‘The floor timbers are 2 by
8 inches in size and rest wholly on top of the sills. All wall
studs rest on the sills; the front ones are 8 feet long and the
back ones 6 feet 6 inches long. The roof is unequal in width,
the ridge being in 8 feet from the front wall. The height of
the ridge from the sill to the extreme top is 12 feet 6 inches.
All studding is 2 by 4 in size and the rafters are 2 by 5. The
building is boarded with inch boards and papered and shingled
with good cedar shingles on walls and roof. The floor is of 2
thicknesses of hemlock boards, which break joints well in the
laying.

The building is divided by tight board partitions into 20 sec-
tions, each section being 20 feet long. All of the sections are
alike in construction and arrangement. The front side of each
section has two windows of 12 lights of 10 by 12 glass, screwed
on, upright, 2 feet 8 inches from each end of the room. They
are 3 feet above the floor. The space between the windows is
8 feet 10 inches long, and the top part of it down from the plate,
31% feet, is not boarded, but left open to be covered by the cloth
curtain when necessary. ‘This leaves a tight wall, 3 feet 10
inches high, extending from the bottom of the opening down to
the floor, which prevents the wind from blowing directly on to
the birds when they are on the floor. A door is made in this
part of the front wall for the attendant to pass through when
the curtain is open. A door 16 inches high and 18 inches wide
is arranged under one of the windows for the birds to pass
through to the yards in front. It is placed close down to the
floor. A similar door is in the center of the back wall to admit
them to the rear yard when that is used.

A light frame, made of 1 by 3 inch pine strips and 1 by 6
inch cross ties, is covered with 10 ounce white duck, and hinged
at the top of the front opening, which it covers when closed
down. This curtain is easily turned up into the room where it
is caught and held by swinging hooks until it is released.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 163

The roost platform is made tight and extends along the whole
length of the room against the back wall. It is 4 feet 10 inches
wide and 3 feet above the floor, high enough so that a person
can get under it comfortably when necessary to catch or handle
the birds. There are three roosts framed together in two 10
feet sections. They are one foot above the platform and hinged
to the back wall so they may be turned up out of the way when
the platform is being cleaned. The back roost is 12 inches from
the wall, and the spaces between the next two are 16 inches.
They are made of 2 by 3 inch spruce stuff, placed on edge, with
the upper corners rounded off. The roosting closet is shut off
from the rest of the room by curtains, similiar to the one
described above. For convenience in handling, there are 2 of
them, each to feet long. They are 3 feet wide and are hinged
at the top so as to be turned out and hooked up. The space
above this curtain is ceiled up and in it are two openings each 3
feet long, and 6 inches wide, with slides for ventilating the closet
when necessary. There is a door in every partition, placed 5
inches out from the edge of the roost platform. They are 3
feet wide and 7 feet high; they are divided in the middle,
lengthwise, and each half is hung with double acting spring
hinges, allowing them to swing open both ways, and close.

Ten nests are placed against the partition in each end of the
room, in 2 tiers. They are of ordinary form, each nesting
space being one foot wide, one foot high and 2 feet long, with
the entrances near the partition, away from the light, and with
hinged covers in front for the removal of the eggs. Each section
of 5 nests can be taken out, without disturbing anything else,
and cleaned and returned. In constructing the house it was
designed to use these nests only one year. At the end of that
time they were removed and 400 trap nests substituted for them.

Troughs are used for feeding the mixtures of dry meals, shell,
bone, grit and charcoal.. The bottoms are made of boards 7
inches wide; the ends being of the same width and 18 inches
high. The back is of boards and the cover is of the same mate-
rial and slopes forward sufficiently.so the birds cannot stay on
it. A strip 5 inches wide is nailed along the front edge of the
bottom to make the side of the trough. Pieces of lath are
nailed upright on the front, 2 inches apart, between which the
hens reach through for the food. A thin strip 2 inches wide is

164 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

fastened to the front of the trough at an angle of about 45
degrees to catch the fine meal that the birds pull out and would
otherwise waste. They clear it up from this little catchall and
so waste is mostly prevented.

Two lines of 4 by 4 inch spruce are arranged as an elevated
track above the doors. ‘The track extends the entire length of
the building and being faced with narrow steel bands on top, a
suspended car is readily pushed along, even when heavily loaded.
The platform of the car is 2 by 8 feet in size and is elevated a
foot above the floor. All food and water are carried through
the building on this car. The 10 iron baskets, into which the
roost platforms are cleaned every morning, are put on the car
and collections made as the car passes through the pens to the
far end of the building, 400 feet away, where the roost cleanings
are dumped into the manure shed. As the car is pushed along,
the guard at the front end comes in contact with the doors and
pushes them open and they remain so until the car has passed
through, when the spring hinges force them to close again. This
car is a great labor saver as it does away with nearly all lugging
by the workmen. It has enabled one man to take good care of
the 2,000 hens throughout the year, except on Saturdays when
the litter has been removed and renewed by other men.

At one end of the building there is a temporary food and
water house for dish washing and scalding and where the car
remains when not being used.

There is a walk outside of the building extending along its
entire front. It is 4 feet wide and is made of 2 inch plank; it is
elevated 2 feet above the floor of the building, which allows the
doors, through which the birds pass to the front yards, to be
opened and closed without interferences. The door which opens
out of each room through the curtain section, is above the out-
side walk and necessitates stepping up and down when passing
through, which is not a very serious objection, as the door is
used but little in the daily work, but mostly in cleaning out and
renewing the floor litter. A guard of wire poultry netting, a
foot wide along the outside of the walk, prevents the birds from
flying from the yards up to the walk. The advantage of the
elevated walk, over one on a level with the sill of the building is
that it is unobstructed by gates, which would be necessary were
the low walk used, to prevent the birds from pace from one

' yard to another.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 165

YARDS AND GREEN FOOD.

The yards conform in width to the 20 foot sections of the house
and are 100 feet deep. ~The fence is 5 feet high and is made
from 2 strips of 2 inch mesh No. ig poultry netting. By using
2 strips of 30 inch width, instead of one strip double that width,
2 strong lines of wire are brought in the middle and the liability
of bagging is much lessened, while the cost is not increased.

To give free passage for teams near the door of the build-
ing, openings 12 feet wide are left in the yard fences. They are
15 feet away from the front of the building, so that the road may
not be obstructed with snow which is liable to accumulate near
the building. The frame fence sections, which fill in the open-
ings during the summer, are quickly taken out and replaced on
cleaning days, and the delivery of bedding and worn litter, back
and forth, from wagon to buildings is very directly made.

When these yards were constructed it was the intention to ar-
range others corresponding to them in size and shape, in the
rear of the building, but experience with the wide house, and ob-
servation of the yards as a source of green food has been such as
to cause the abandonment of the plan of double yards. It was
thought that 2 yards, to be used in alternation by the birds, fre-
quently cultivated and reseeded, would furnish sufficient green
food in summer, but Ioo birds in yards of this size soon wear out
and foul the young plants to such an extent that they eat very
sparingly of the green stuff until the storms or showers wash the
plants clean again.

Being satisfied that the birds were not getting green food
-enough in the yards last spring, young alfalfa as soon as it was
tall enough so it could be mown with a scythe, was cut and then
run through a feed-cutter. A peck measure was pressed full of
this and fed to 100 hens in the A. M. and another peck of it was
given to them in the P. M. They ate practically all of it, until
the plants commenced to get woody. When clover was large
enough to mow that was fed to them in the same way. They ev-
idently relished the clover better than the alfalfa, but the alfalfa
has the advantage of being ready to use before the clover has
made growth enough to cut.

Feeding the clover was continued until the greenest spots were
nearly all out of bloom. At that time young clover from a field

166 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

that was seeded on the frozen ground in March was tall enough
to cut, and when that was too mature to use, the second crop,
from the field of clover first used, was available. ‘This method
of supplying green food proved so satisfactory for confined hens
that the practice will be continued. Of course, considerable labor
is involved in bringing the clover from the fields and feeding it
to the hens, but it makes certain an adequate supply of fresh,
clean, appetizing green food every day, which it has never been
possible to get continuously from the yards. The labor involved
in cultivating and reseeding the yards, which must be done
frequently in order to have them at all satisfactory, is saved, as
is also the expense of maintaining fences about the extra yards.

Clover is the most satisfactory green food that the Station has
used and the expense of growing it need not be great, as small
areas will furnish enough for liberal feeding. The supplies of
it should be constant, and that there may be no shortage between
the first and second crops in the regular clover fields, small tracts
of land can be seeded on the frozen ground early in the spring
and the clover be large enough for use when needed to keep
good the supply.

Dwarf Essex rape has also been satisfactorily used for green
food for growing chickens in the open field. If the land is rich
and the weather not too dry it springs up quickly after having
been fed down, when the birds are removed for a few days, and
it is soon ready for grazing again. Its use has been abandoned
for laying hens as apparently it gives the yolks of some of the
eggs a greenish color when they are boiled. No trouble of this
kind was noted before beginning the feeding of rape, and none
after its use was discontinued.

Experience with the wide, open front house is in favor of
yards on the north rather than on the south side of the building.
With the open front houses it is net necessary to get the hens
out into the sunny south yards as soon as spring comes, as they
are really out in the open air and sunshine, when on the floor,
within the walls of the building, by means of the large open
section in the front wall. On hot days in summer the front
yards become very uncomfortable, from the sun shining on the
front of the building, and the birds retreat into the house for
shelter or go into the back yards and sprawl on the ground as
close to the building as they can. With no front yard fences

ar a t ee.'
i Raa, ; 4 iv? : i 4 Ti!
ra vr, Dis ni yee, rary a iy cy Cen oe a Sr ,
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rl The J © On vi . a ni t A
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ak
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Figure 21. Trap nest from above. See page 171.

»

Figure 22. Trap nest, door open. See page 171.

—_—

Figure 24.

Trap nest, door closed. See page 171.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 171

in the way the removal of the old litter, and the renewal of the
bedding, would be much more quickly and easily done, as the
teams could be brought close to the walk in front of the building.

THE MAINE STATION TRAP NEST.

This trap nest is original with us; it is a box-like structure
without front end, or cover. It is 28 inches long, 13 inches wide
and 16 inches deep, inside measurements. A division board
with a circular opening 6 inches in diameter is placed across the
box, 12 inches from the back end and 15 from the front end.
The lower edge of the 6 inch opening in the division board comes
down to within 4 inches of the floor of the box. The rear sec-
tion of the box is the nest proper.

The double box with nest in its rear is necessary, as when a
hen has laid and desires to leave the nest, she steps out into the
front space and there remains, generally trying to escape, until
she is released. With one section only she would be very likely
to crush her egg by stepping upon it, and learn the pernicious
habit of egg-eating.

The door is made of seven-eighths inch pine board. It does
not fill the entire front, by 2 inches at the bottom and one inch at
each side. A hole 2% inches in diameter is bored in its center,
to admit more light. For the same purpose a section is cut out
of its upper end, leaving enough of the board at each side of the
opening to extend up to the cross piece and hold the hinges,
which are made of leather, tacked on the inside of the door and
the top_cross-piece.

The trip latch is made of a piece of stiff wire, about three-
sixteenth of an inch in diameter and 23 inches long. This piece
of wire is shaped so that a section of it, 12 inches long, rests hor-
izontally across the circular opening in the division board, leav-
ing about two-thirds of the 6 inch opening below it. It is held
in place by 2 clamps, one on either side of the circular opening.
The clamps have slots large enough to allow the wire to work up
and down, about 3 inches, without friction. The next section of
the wire is 8 inches long and is bent so that it is at right angles
with the 12 inch section. It passes along the side of the box,
back towards the entrance door. It is fastened strongly to the
wall by staple and clamp, yet loosely enough so that the wire can
roll easily, when its 12 inch section is pushed up by the passing

172 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

hen. The remaining section of the wire, which is 3 inches long,
is bent towards the center of the box with an upward inclina-
tion, so that it supports the door when opened up. The end of
the wire is turned over smoothly, forming a notch into which the
door slips, and rests when it is opened. The notch prevents
this section of the wire from sagging under the weight of the
door and interfering with the free action of the latch. It is
necessary that the wire from which the latch is made be of good
stiff material, so it will not bend or spring much.

As the hen passes in under the open door, and then through
the circular opening of the nest, she raises herself so that her
keel may pass over the lower part of the division board, and her
back presses against the horizontal wire, lifting it enough as she
passes so that the notched end supporting the door, slides from
under it, and the door swings down and passes a balanced catch
which is screwed loosely to the side of the box. The catch locks
the door and prevents the hen from escaping, and others from
entering.

These nest boxes are placed in two rows, one above the other,
and slide in and out like drawers and can be carried away for
cleaning when necessary. Twenty nests in a pen accommodate
100 hens, by the attendant going through the pens once an hour,
or a little oftener, during that part of the day when the hens are
busiest. Earlier and later in the day his visits have not been so
frequent. To remove a hen, the nest is pulled part way out, and
as it has no cover she is readily lifted up, and the number on her
leg band noted on the record sheet, that is tacked up close at
hand. After having been taken off a few times they do not ob-
ject to being handled, the most of them remaining quiet, ap-
parently expecting to be picked up.

Before commencing the use of trap nests, it was thought that
some hens might be irritated by the trapping operation and ob-
ject to the noise incident to it, but not an individual has appeared
to be annoyed by it, and Leghorns, Brahmas, Wyandottes and
Plymouth Rocks have been used.

The amount of time required in caring for trap nests depends
upon how heavily the hens are laying. In one house there are
400 nests used by 2000 birds. During the busy season when 1200
to 1500 eggs are laid per day, the work of liberating the hens and
recording the laying, requires the full time of an active man, dur-

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 173

ing the busiest 4 or 5 hours of the day. During the remaining
hours he has some time for other work.

The nest is certain in its action, easy of operation and simple
in its construction. It is not patented. We do not sell it. Any
one is free to make it.

FEEDING YOUNG CHICKENS.

The chicks are allowed to remain in the incubator without
food until they are about 48 hours old. They are then strong,
steady on their legs and hungry.

The temperature under the brooder hover is kept between 95
and 100 degrees during the first week; reducing it about 5 de-
grees during each of the next 2 weeks. The chicks must not be
allowed to chill while young, day or night. After they are 3 or
4 days old, they are taught, little by little, the road down, and
out on the floor, which is covered with a little sand and a little
dry cut clover, or clover leaves and chaff.

The best method of feeding young chicks is at present a matter
of some uncertainty and it is doubtful if ever there will be gen-
eral agreement as to the one best method. One condition ap-
pears to be imperative and that is that the young things be not
allowed to over-eat. During the past years we have practiced
several different methods of feeding chicks quite extensively,
and have observed the results carefully.

Method tf.

Infertile eggs are boiled for half an hour and then ground in
an ordinary meat chopper, shells included, and mixed with about
6 times their bulk of rolled oats, by rubbing both together. This
mixture is the feed for 2 or 3 days, until the little things have
learned how to eat. It is fed with chick grit, on the brooder
floor, on the short cut clover or chaff.

About the third day they are fed a mixture of hard, fine
broken grains, as soon as they can see to eat it in the morning.
The mixture consists of equal parts of cracked corn, cracked
wheat, millet seed and pin-head oats. It is fed on the litter, care
being taken to limit the quantity, so they shall be hungry a 9
o'clock A. M. Several of the prepared, dry, commercial chick
foods may be substituted for the broken grains. They are satis-
factory when made of good, clean, broken grains and seeds, but

5)

174. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

they contain no secret properties that make them more desirable
than the home mixed broken grains mentioned above. Their use
is simply a matter of convenience. When only a few chicks are
raised it is generally more convenient and probably not more ex-
pensive to buy the prepared food, but when many are raised it is
less expensive to use the home mixed foods. Sharp grit, fine
charcoal and clean water are always before them. At g o'clock
the rolled oats and egg mixture is fed in tin plates with low rims.
After they have had the food before them 5 minutes the dishes
are removed and they have nothing to lunch on. At 12.30
o'clock the hard grain mixture is fed again, as in the morning,
and at 4.30 or 5 o'clock, they are fed the rolled oats and egg
mixture, all they will eat in half an hour.

When they are about 3 weeks old, the rolled oats and egg mix-
ture is gradually displaced by a mixture made up of 2 parts by
weight of good clean bran, 4 parts corn meal, 2 parts middlings
or red dog flour, 1 part linseed meal and 2 parts screened beef
scrap. This mixture is moistened just enough with water so
that it is not sticky, but will crumble, when a handful is squeezed
and then released. The birds are developed far enough by this
time so that the tin plates are discarded for light troughs with
low sides. Young chicks like the moist mash better than though
it was not moistened, and will eat more of it in a short time.
There is no danger from the free use of the properly made mash,
twice a day, and being already ground the young birds can eat
and digest more of it, than when the food is all coarse. ‘This is
a very important fact and should be taken advantage of, at the
time when the young things are most susceptible to rapid growth.
But the development must be moderate during the first few
weeks. The digestive organs must be kept in normal condition
by the partial use of hard foods, and the gizzard must not be
deprived of its legitimate work and allowed to become weak by
disuse.

By the time the chicks are 5 or 6 weeks old, the small broken
grains are discontinued and the 2 litter feeds are wholly of
screened cracked corn and whole wheat. Only good clean wheat
that is not sour or musty should be used.

When young chicks are fed as described the results have
always been satisfactory, if they have not been given too much
of the scratch food, and the dishes of ground material have been

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 175

removed immediately after the meal was completed. The objec-
tions to this system of feeding are the extra labor involved in
preparing the eggs, mixing the food with water and removing
the troughs at the proper time.

There is no danger of underfeeding even though the morning
and noon feeds of hard grains should be scanty for the birds
have free access to supplies of food, in the troughs, twice a day,
sufficiently long to get full meals.

Method 2.

This is like Method I, except that fine beef scrap is used
instead of boiled eggs, and the mash is not moistened.

Harly in the morning the chicks are given the hard food on
the floor litter as described in Method I. At 9 o’clock they are
fed a mixture consisting of 2 parts rolled oats, 2 parts wheat
bran, 2 parts corn meal, I part sifted beef scrap and one-half
part linseed meal. This is given in the plates or troughs and
the dishes are removed after 10 minutes use.

At 12.30 the hard grains are fed again and at 4.30 or 5 the
dry meal mixture is given to them for half an hour or left until
their bed time. The meal being dry the chicks cannot eat it as
readily as they can the egg and rolled oats, or the moistened
mash, and for that reason it is left for them to feed upon longer
than when moistened with the egg and water, but is never left
before them more than 10 minutes at the 9 o’clock feeding time.
The aim is to give them enough at each of the 4 meals so that
their desire for food may be satisfied at the time, but to make
sure that they have nothing left to lunch upon. It is desired to
have their crops empty of food before feeding them again.
When treated in this way they will have sharp appetites when
the feeder appears, and come racing out from the brooder to
meet him. If they have been over-fed at the previous meal, and
have lunched along, when they saw fit, they do not care for the
feeder’s coming. If over-fed a few times the creatures become
debilitated and worthless.

What has been said so far is with reference to chicks that are
hatched out in early spring before the young things can get out
of doors for work.

¥76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Method 3.

When warm weather comes and the later hatched chicks are
able to get out on the ground they find much to amuse them,
and they work hard and are able to eat and digest more food.
Under these conditions the dry meal mixture described in
Method II is kept constantly before them in troughs with good
results. With 2 feeds a day of the broken grains in the litter
they have hard food enough to insure health and they can safely
peck away at the dry meal mixture—a mouthful or two at a time
—when they seem to happen to think of it, and thrive. This
method has been considerably used in feeding April and May
hatched chicks. Many times the results from it have been good.
At other times, when the weather was dark and raw out of doors
and the little things were held inside, they would hang around
the troughs and over eat. They would grow rapidly for a few
days, then commence to cripple, eat little, and seek the warm
hover never to recover.

Method 4.

This consists in feeding the cracked corn, cracked wheat, pin
head oats and millet seed in the litter, 4 times a day and keeping
a trough of fine beef scrap within their reach all of the time.
Sometimes commercial chick foods have been used instead of
the cracked corn, wheat, oats and millet. By this system the
losses of birds have been small when the feeding has not been
so liberal as to clog the appetite. Much care is necessary in
adjusting the quantity of food to the needs of the birds.

Other methods of feeding young chicks have been tried and
the results watched. Method I has been used for several years”
_and no other has been found that gives better growth or less
losses of birds. The only objection to it is the labor required in
preparing the food and cleaning the dishes after each meal.

In the work at this Station, Method II is preferred and used.
Many weighings of the birds in comparative pens, lead to the
belief that the growths are as great under this dry mash system
as from the moist mash used in Method I. The losses of chicks
are small by either method. The labor in Method II is consid-
erably less than is required in Method I. Where either Methods
I or II are used the liability of injury to the chicks is much less
than when Methods III or IV are followed.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 177

There are no mysteries connected with the raising of the
young chickens. Every chick that is well hatched out by the
21st day of incubation, has the right to live, and it will do so if
it is kept dry, at reasonable temperatures, and is not allowed
to over-eat.

The most careful work of the poultryman during the whole
year is required in getting the chicks through the first 3 weeks
of their lives successfully. If they are vigorous up to the fourth
week there is little liability of injuring them thereafter by any
system of feeding, if it is only generous enough, and they have
their liberty.

FEEDING THE COCKERELS FOR MARKET.

When the chickens are about 9 or 10 weeks old, and the
cockerels weigh a pound and a quarter to a pound and a half,
the cockerels are put by themselves into vacated brooder houses,
100 to a house. Each house has a yard in front, about 12 feet
square. They are fed on porridge, 3 times a day, in V-shaped
troughs, with 4-inch sides. The porridge is made of 6 parts
corn meal, 2 parts middlings, one-half part linseed meal and 2
parts beef scrap. Not having milk, it is mixed with tepid water.
It is made thick enough so that it will drop and not run, from
the end of a wooden spoon. ‘They are given all they will eat in
half an hour, when the troughs are’ removed and cleaned.
When the yards get dirty, they are bedded down with sand,
straw or hay. The birds will stand this feeding for 2 or 3 weeks
with good appetites. When they commence taking less food
they are dressed for market and usually weigh about 2% pounds
dressed weight.

GROWING AND DEVELOPING THE PULLETS.

When the cockerels are taken out for finishing, the pullets of
the same age, are moved to the grassy range, still occupying the
same portable houses in which they were raised. At this time
the method of feeding is changed, and dry food is kept by them
constantly, in troughs with slatted sides and broad detachable
roofs, so it may not be soiled or wasted. The troughs are from
6 to 10 feet long, with the sides 5 inches high. The lath slates
are 2 inches apart and the troughs are 16 inches high from floor
to roof. The roofs project about 2 inches at the sides and
effectually keep out the rain except when high winds prevail.

-&

178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

The roof is easily removed by lifting one end and sliding it
endwise on the opposite gable end, on which it rests. The
trough can then be filled and the roof drawn back into place
without lifting it. This arrangement is the best thus far found,
for saving food from waste and keeping it in good condition.
When dry mash is used in it there may be considerable waste by
the finer parts being blown away. When used for that purpose
it is necessary to put it in a sheltered place out of the high winds.

In separate compartments of the troughs, they are given
cracked corn, whole wheat, oats, dry meal mixture, grit, dry
cracked bone, oyster shell and charcoal. The dry meal mixture
is of the same composition as that fed to the laying hens,
described on page 167. The troughs are located about the field
in sufficient numbers to fully accommodate all of the birds.

The results of this method of feeding are satisfactory. The
labor of feeding is far less than that required by any other
method. The birds do not hang around the troughs and over-
eat, but help themselves, a little at a time, and range off, hunt-
ing, or playing and come back again, when so inclined, to the
food supply at the troughs. There is no rushing or crowding
about the attendant, as is usual at feeding time, where large
numbers are kept together.

For the last 8 years the first eggs have been lain when the
pullets were from 4 months and 10 days, to 4 months and 20
days old. There is some danger of the pullets getting devel-
oped and commencing laying too early for best results, under
this system of feeding. In order to prevent such conditions, the
houses should not be located too close to each other, or to the
feed troughs, and a large range should be given them so they
may be induced to work, which they will do if given the oppor-
tunity, early after their removal to the fields. Should the birds
show too great precocity, and that they are liable to commence
laying in August, the supply of cracked corn and wheat in the
feeding trough is reduced, or taken away altogether, which
causes them to eat the oats and dry meal instead, and they con-
tinue to grow and develop without getting ripe too soon.

During the last days of October the pullets are moved into
the laying house. This would be done earlier but the houses
are in use by the laying hens to near the end of that month.

a

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 179

FEEDING THE HENS.

Early in the morning for each 100 hens, 4 quarts of screened
cracked corn* are scattered on the litter, which is 6 or 8 inches
deep on the floor. This is not mixed into the litter, for the
straw is dry and light and enough of the grain is hidden so
the birds comménce scratching for it almost immediately. At
10 o’clock they are fed in the same way, 2 quarts of wheat and
2 quarts of oats. This is all of the regular feeding that is done.

Along one side of the room is the fed trough, with its slatted
front. In it is kept a supply of dry meals mixed together. This
dry meal mixture is composed of the following materials: 200
pounds good wheat bran, 100 pounds corn meal, 100 pounds
middlings, roo pounds gluten meal or brewers’ grain, 100
pounds linseed meal, and 100 pounds beef scrap.

These materials are spread on the floor in layers one above
another and shoveled together until thoroughly mixed, then
kept in stock, for supplying the trough. The trough is never
allowed to remain empty. The dry meal mixture is constantly
within reach of all of the birds and they help themselves at will.

Oyster shell, dry cracked bone, grit and charcoal are kept in
slatted troughs and are accessible at all times. A moderate
supply of mangolds and plenty of clean water is furnished.
About 5 pounds of clover hay cut into 14-inch lengths is fed dry,
daily to each 100 birds, in winter. When the wheat, oats and
cracked corn are given, the birds are always ready and anxious
for them and they scratch in the litter for the very last kernel,
before going to the trough where an abundance of food is in
store.

It is very evident that they like the broken and whole grains
better than the mixture of the fine, dry materials; yet they by
no means dislike the latter, for they help themselves to it, a.
mouthful or two at a time, whenever they seem to need it, and
never go to bed with empty crops, so far as noted. They appar-
ently do not like it well enough to gorge themselves with it, and
sit down, loaf, get over-fat and lay soft-shelled eggs, as is so
commonly the case with Plymouth Rocks when they are given
warm morning mashes in troughs.

Some of the advantages of this method of feeding are that

* Whole corn will be used hereafter at the Station. See comparison of whole

corn and cracked corn on pages 180 and following.

180 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

the mash is put in the troughs at any convenient time, only
guarding against an exhaustion of the supply, and the entire
avoidance of the mobbing, that always occurs at trough feeding,
when that is made a meal of the day, whether it be at morning
or evening. There are no tailings to be gathered up or wasted,
as is common, when a full meal of mash is given at night. The
labor is very much less, enabling a person to care for more
birds than when the regular evening meal is given.

For green food during winter and spring, mangolds are used.
‘They are liked by the birds and when properly harvested and
cared for remain crisp and sound until late spring. They are
fed whole, by sticking them on to projecting nails, about a foot
and a half above the floor. Care must be exercised in feeding
them, as they are a laxative when used too freely. On the aver-
age about a peck per day to 100 hens, can be safely used. They
would eat a much greater quantity if they could get it.

The average amounts of the materials eaten by each hen
during the last year are about as follows:

Grain and the meal mixture......-.- go.0 pounds.
@ysterwshellaeee eee ee oee aeee 4.0 pounds.
Diyecrackedehonear ete aeeee 2.4 pounds.
GriE eae et ee ree ee eae nee 2.0 pounds.
Charcoal wes tks Melee hen tote aes 2.4 pounds.
Clovenmwr ee ce ee eee ents ee 10.0 pounds.

These materials cost about $1.45.
The hens averaged laying 144 eggs each.

COMPARISONS OF WHOLE CORN AND CRACKED CORN AS PARTS
OF THE RATIONS FOR LAYING HENS.

The use of corn and corn meal as major parts of the food
of hens kept for egg production has been very generally con-
demned by poultrymen and farmers, until it is now used only
as a very minor part of the ration, for the fear that its use will
cause over-fatness and interfere with egg making. When
used more freely and made a prominent factor in the ration it
has been thought best to have the kernels broken, so that in
hunting and scratching for the small pieces the birds might
get the exercise needed to keep themselves in health and vigor.
It was reasoned that even a small quantity of whole corn could
be readily seen and picked up from the straw litter, with little
exertion, and that the vices of luxury and idleness would follow.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 181

As told on page 179, in describing the Feeding of the Laying
Hens in the Station Flocks; for each 100 hens, 4 quarts of
screened cracked corn are scattered on the deep litter early in
the morning and at 10 o'clock 2 quarts of wheat and 2 quarts of
oats are mixed together and fed in the same way, the mixture of
dry meals being in the slatted troughs within their reach all of
the time.

At Go-well Farm, last October, 1000 April hatched pullets
‘were put into Io pens in the laying and breeding house and
ali of them received the same treatment for 6 months. The
selections were made with great care so as to have the 100
birds in each pen comparable with those in every other pen.
The 10 pens in which they were confined are 20x20 feet in size
and exactly alike in construction and arrangement. In every
pen the dry meal mixture, bone, shell, grit and charcoal, were
constantly in the slatted troughs, and mangels and short cut
clover were fed every day, to all alike. They had plenty of
clean water, and the floors were well littered with straw, over
3 or 4 inches of fine sawdust.

As soon as the birds could see to eat in the mornings, they
were fed. Those in the first 5 pens were given, in each pen,
2 quarts of wheat and 2 quarts of whole corn scattered evenly
over the whole floor. At 10 o’clock they were fed again the
same quantity and kind of food. Those in the second 5 pens
received 2 quarts of wheat and a little more than 2 quarts of
cracked corn in the morning and the same at 10 o’clock. As
_ cracked corn is bulkier than whole corn, a measure was made,
that holds a quantity that weighs the same as 2 quarts of corn
while whole. The tables show the production of each of the
IO pens, each month, from November to April—one half the
year.

182 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Feed—Dry mash, wheat and whole corn.

1907.

EGG YIELDS IN FIVE ROOMS, IN EACH OF WHICH 100 PULLETS WERE PUT NOV. 1.

Month.

INO eM beIP GosaouLadonescuodsucooududod
DECEMPER cccnisesisreee selon. Bongotas
AUNT DTV gereretertolateraicterdetsisieteiototcieletsterieheetet

IMCD) ocddcosconnoucanGonaKauoKObOD

Approximate average number of
CASAS) TOKE LOWED! GooconoanSso50aK00 ooodoD

Bind siGiedieeneccevectrrcre Sa5000EdoO06

414
1283
1404
1379
2014
1914

8408

S4
3

Room 1.| Room 2.| Room 3.| Room 4.
299 429 | 354

1095 940 942

1234 1024 | 1152

1315 1223 | 1369

1984 1959 | 2004

1926 1790 | 1862

7853 7365 | 7683

78 73 | 71

6 a B}

Whole number of eggs laid by 500 birds
Average number of eggs laid by each bird............. 0.00 see eee eee

i i i i i ie i i

Feed—Dry mash, wheat and cracked corn.

]
| Room 5.

389
932
1149
1314
1945.

EGG YIELDS IN FIVE ROOMS, IN EACH OF WHICH _ 00 PULLETS WERE PUT NOV. 1]-

Month. Room ].) Room 2.! Rooiu 3.) Room 4.) Room 5.
WITK/@WUNINER Ganososodocodsesoauonae0006 389 210 324 331 157
DE CEM bere js. oeetoeinisiers he ans weenie 1191 883 1038 995 847
TEOMEN Aveo goa dosooase cc RR iL dee 1135 1179 1109 1145 1219:
JOG AVEN AY nyopoonboopoHoesuosaboupebone 1260 1272 1285 1167 1316
IIE NRO teudoooneaonocadHconenadendunacnoc 1993 1921 1994 1973 1920
7M Del semoogoooshecodonsasadoducuspdooad 1906 1989 1997 1892 1921
DO tabs aciacic cette reiterate wee wists 7874 7464 7747 7503 738)
Approximate average number of
CEA ofse lob Ri aaansooSsoDodusHoObOnS 79 ) au 79 it
BITGS (die Mies aycomnistececeiee ete 4 fi 7 5 €
Whole number of eggs laid by 500 Dit ........... 02 ccc ceceeesecccreees 37969

Average mumberoterss laid byeachv binders eicieiedaceriacicere eerste

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS, 183

There were no interruptions or irregularities during the test.
The weather was very severe during much of the winter, but
the birds laid well in the open air houses and the losses were
not heavier than usual with us.

There is nothing in the results that leads to the conclusion
that it is necessary or advisable, to crack the corn fed to hens
kept for laying eggs. ‘The slight differences in the average
yields of the birds in the two classes should not be inter-
preted as meaning that cracked corn is inferior to whole corn.
Neither do the somewhat greater losses of birds on the cracked
corn ration indicate that the cracked corn was injurious. There
is nothing in the appearance of the birds in either of the ten
flocks, to indicate lack of vigor or health, in any flock. An
examination of the yields of the birds in the different rooms
during the same, and succeeding months shows much regularity.
The greatest variation in the average pen yields per bird was
in Room 1 where it was 84 eggs, and in Room 3 where it was
73. The causes of this variation are not known.

In conducting feeding tests with any animals it is practically
impossible to get individuals or groups that are exactly alike,
or that will remain in exactly the same condition during con-
secutive weeks or months. ‘The variations in animals are such,
that reliable answers to delicate questions can probably only be
secured by taking the average results from large numbers, that
ate apparently uniform in form, function and condition. In this
test, 1000 individuals were employed, and the conduct of the
work was such as to establish confidence in the results. —

With corn costing from 55 to 65 cents per bushel of 56
pounds, the mill cost for cracking is usually from one to 2
cents per bushel. During much of the year cracked corn is
liable to heat and sour if kept long, which necessitates buying
in small quantities. This danger is less with whole corn, and
it can usually be bought in large quantities to advantage. When
cracked corn is not thoroughly screened the meal sifts out and
is largely lost in the litter. Whole corn will take the place of
cracked corn in feeding the mature birds of the Station flocks,
except when experiments may require the use of other materials.

184 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

THE TOO FREE USE OF DRIED SUCCULENT FOOD.

The Station usually uses oat straw for bedding for lay-
ing hens. In April the supply of straw was short, and
oat hay was substituted for it. The oat hay was made the
previous summer, by cutting the oats when they were headed
out, but before they commenced filling. It was nicely cured,
and green in color. When first bedded with it the hens ate
freely of the finer parts, and the morning following, the plat-
forms under the roosts were flooded with their thin, liquid-like
voidings. This continued, somewhat lessened, during the next
2 days, although the bedding was removed as soon as that was
thought to be the cause of the trouble. They ate little food for
3 or 4 days and it was 8 or 9 days before they were consuming
their usual amounts. The egg yields were about 60 per cent
of the number of birds, just before the trouble began, but they
were reduced to less than 10 per cent, and it was about 20 days
before the birds regained their former productions.

In 2 pens the bedding was oat straw as usual, and there was
no disturbance in those pens. It is not thought that the oat
hay would have caused irregularities had it been fed sparingly.
Long ago we learned that we must not feed mangels too freely,
because of their laxative tendencies, but there was no thought
that the dry hay, although made from young plants, was com-
parable with the crisp, juicy mangels.

ATTEMPT AT LICE EXTERMINATION,

There are no lice at all on the chickens, and they are not
wanted on the fowls, but so far, it has been impracticable
to keep clear entirely of them. The roost platforms are well
cleaned every morning of the year, and the straw bedding is
cleaned out and renewed every 2 weeks, except in summer when
the birds are much in the yards, and then it remains 3 weeks
before renewal. Kerosene and crude petroleum are used freely
and frequently, on the roosts and adjacent ‘woodwork, dust
baths are provided, and the birds are occasionally dusted with
a commercial lice killing powder, evidently composed chiefly
of tobacco snuff. This powder is very destructive to lice life,
but it is a good deal of a task to treat, individually, several
thousand hens.

POULTRY EXPERIMENTS, 185

The University has 60 beautiful Horned Dorset sheep, and
for 3 years there has not been a tick or nit found on them.
They are perfectly clean and they have not been dipped for 3
years. Why can’t lice be exterminated as completely on
the hens as in the case of the ticks on the sheep? Last Decem-
ber the roosts and walls of the roosting closets in all of the
rooms, but one, were sprayed with 2 different brands of liquid
lice killers, which were warranted, by their makers, to destroy
all of the lice on fowl, by the fumes penetrating among the
feathers to the skins of the birds. The preparations were used
according to directions. The roosts and woodwork near them
were sprayed in the morning and left to dry, until the birds went
to roost. But the sprayed paint was not fully dry at that time,
although it was thinned by heating before applying it. The
curtains of the roosting closets were shut down at bed time as
usual and both ventilators, each of which are 3 feet long and
6 inches wide, were left wide open. Next morning it was very
evident, from the appearance of the birds, that they had not
enjoyed the night. They ate but little food during that, and
the succeeding 3 or 4 days and did not have their, usual appe-
tites for 9 or 10 days. The 7oo birds were laying over 300
eggs per day before the trouble, but they laid less than Ioo per
day during the following week, and did not lay as many as
before, until 24 days had elapsed. Many of them moulted par-
tially, or quite fully, and these did not lay much for 6 or 7 weeks.
It was not thought that any birds died from the accident.
Probably we were at fault in using the stuff in winter when
it did not thoroughly dry out, as it might have done in a long,
warm summer day. One pen at the end of the building was
not sprayed, but the air in that room was loaded with the odor
from the rest of the building, which easily found its way in,
around the loosely fitting door. The birds in that room fell off
in their egg yields for several days, but none of them moulted.
Many of the birds in the sprayed rooms refused to go to roost
in the closets again for several nights, until the odor had largely
disappeared, while those in the unsprayed room went into their
bedroom as usual. The reason for calling attention to this
experience is, that others may guard against using such prepa-
rations too freely in cold weather.

186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

The most unsatisfactory feature of this experience was, that
the treatment did not kill the lice or materially lessen their
numbers. It was only, when later, the birds were individually
treated with the tobacco dust and insect powder, worked in
among the feathers, that the lice were nearly exterminated.

The insides of the buildings are treated with these liquid
preparations in warm weather, so that the woodwork may be
obnoxious to the lice and prevent their lodging there. For this
purpose they are satisfactory, but our experience with them
shows plainly that any material, with odors sufficiently strong
to penetrate the feathers and kill the lice on the bodies of live
hens, will prove destructive to the hens themselves.

BULLETIN No. 145.

IOOID) AN SIC UMMOIN |,
CuHaAs. D. Woops, Director.
J. M. Bartierr, Chemist in charge of inspection analysis.

The law regulating the sale and analysis of food enacted by
the legislature of Maine in 1905 contemplated two things; the
proper and truthful branding of all articles of food, and the
exclusion from the market of deleterious food materials. The
law did not seek to prevent the sale of any article of wholesome
food but in case a food material was other than it appeared to
‘be, it was required “to be plainly labeled, branded or tagged so
as to show the exact character thereof.”

The National pure food law entitled “An Act for preventing
the manufacture, sale or transportation of adulterated or mis-
branded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and
liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other pur-
poses,” was approved June 30, 1906 and became effective Jan-
uary I, 1907. The law, so far as it relates to foods has prac-
tically the same requirements as the Maine pure food law of
1905. The Maine legislature of 1907 believing it desirable not
only to regulate the sale of food but the sale of drugs as well,
enacted a law entitled “An Act to regulate the sale and analysis
of food and drugs.” This law very closely follows the National
Food and Drug Law. The parts of the law concerning foods
went into effect in the spring of 1907, immediately upon
approval by the Governor. The part of the law relating to
drugs goes into effect January 1, 1908. ‘The full text of the law
and the standards adopted will be sent ou application to the
Director of this Station,

The U. S. Secretary of Agriculture is the executive officer
of the National law known as the Foods and Drugs Act June
30, 1906. The Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station is the executive officer of the Maine Food and Drug
‘Law. The food standards for the Maine law are the same as

188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

those for the National law. While the National law only regu-
lates interstate commerce and hence does not apply to materials
produced within the State, the rules and regulations prescribed
by the U. 5. Secretary of Agriculture will be recognized in all
respects in the execution of the Maine Food and Drug Law.
There will therefore be only one set of standards and rules regu-
lating the sale of foods and drugs in Maine. An article of food
or drugs sold in conformity with the National law will be held
to be in conformity with the Maine law.

MapLE Goons.

In the spring of 1907 samples of maple goods on sale in Maine
were collected in several of the larger cities and the results of
the analyses together with related matter are here reported. It
will be noted that not all the goods were pure and not all were
sold in conformity with the law. No case of deliberate fraud
on the part of Maine dealers was found and all dealers expressed
themselves ready and anxious to conform to the requirements
of the law. They either withdrew unlawfully branded goods.
from sale or made the necessary changes in the brands. It is
confidently hoped that the spring of 1908 will find the Maine
markets practically free from maple goods unlawfully offered
for sale.

THE MANUFACTURE OF MAPLE GOODS.

Vermont is the largest maple sugar producing state in the
Union and its Experiment Station has given considerable atten-
tion to subjects which have to do with the preparation of maple
goods. The results are published chiefly in bulletins 26 and 103
and the reports of the Vermont Station for the years 1904 and
1905, aggregating about 260 pages. As these publications are
not available for general distribution, and there are a number
of sugar orchards in Maine, it may be helpful to give, greatly
abridged, some of tlie conclusions relative to flow of sap made
by the Vermont Station.

Maple trees well exposed to sunlight give more and richer sap
than those farther back in the sugar bush where they are
crowded and shaded.

The location of the branches upon the tree has very little to
do with the distribution of the sugar in the trunk.

FOOD INSPECTION. 189

Without exception the largest yields of sap and sugar are
derived from the tissues nearest the bark. The yields from the
deeper tissues gradually decreases as the depth increases. This
is also true of the percentage composition of the sap. Four-
fifths of the sugar can be obtained from a boring 3 inches deep.

Taps on the south side of the tree give slightly more sap and
sugar than those on the north side. With the yield of an entire
season, there seems to be practically little differences in the yield
from diiferent sides of the tree.

The larger the hole, the more sap and sugar. It is unwise
to so wound the tree that the hole will not heal over in two or
three seasons. It is recommended that the hole be made with
from a 3% to a 5@ inch sharp bit and not more than 3 inches in
depth.

The sap from the customary tap height of 4 feet is greater in
quantity and better in quality than that from the ground level
or at 14 feet above the ground.

Holes in the same vertical line of tissues effect each other,
even at distances of several feet. Hence taps should be made
around the tree rather than up and down the trunk.

STANDARDS FOR MAPLE SUGAR AND SIRUP.

The standards adopted and fixed for sugar and sugar products
are given on page 230, Bulletin 135 of this Station and as
amended in Miscellaneous Publication 259 (M. F. D. R. 10).

‘The standards or sugar and sugar products as fixed were
adopted from those made by the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture.
In fixing the standards for sirups they were made as concen-
trated as possible without crystallation of sucrose. The higher
the percentages of reducing sugars, gums, ash, etc., the farther
such concentration can be carried. With pure cane sugar, about

35 per cent water is required to prevent crystallization. With

cane and sorghum sirups, the evaporation may be carried to 30
per cent water without danger of crystallization. With maple
sirup the danger of crystallization comes between these and the
moisture content was fixed at 32 per cent. Under the defini-
tions and standards adopted by the U. S. Secretary of Agricul-
ture, if an article were branded maple sugar sirup it.would need
to carry only 65 per cent of solids, while if branded maple sirup
it would need to carry 68 per cent solids. While it is desirable

14

Igo MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

to have the standards as high as practicable, in order to avoid
evasion and quibbling it was deemed wiser to change the Maine
standards for sirup to a uniform water content of 35 per cent.
Maine producers of maple and allied goods must bear in mind
that the standards for interstate trade remain unchanged and as
fixed by the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture. The corrected
definitions and standards for maple and allied products are as
tollows:

Sugar is the product chemically known as sucrose (saccha-
tose) chiefly obtained from sugar cane, sugar beets, surgum,
maple, and palm.

Maple sugar is the solid product resulting from the evapora-
tion of maple sap, and contains, in the water-free substance, not
less than sixty-five one-hundredths (0.65) per cent of maple
sugar ash.

Massecuite, melada, mush sugar, and concrete are products
made by evaporating the purified juice of a sugar-producing
plant, or a solution of sugar, to a-solid or semisolid consistence,
and in which the sugar chiefly exists in a crystalline state.

Sirup is the sound product made by purifying and evaporating
the juice of a sugar-producing plant without removing any of
the sugar.

Maple sirup is sirup made by the evaporation of maple sap or
by the solution of maple concrete, and contains not more than
thirty-five (35) per cent of water and not less than forty-five
hundredths (0.45) per cent of maple sirup ash.

Sugar sirup is the product made by dissolving sugar to the
consistence of a sirup and contains not more than thirty-five
(35) per cent of water.

BRANDING MAPLE PRODUCTS.

Every statement, printed or otherwise, on food and drugs
must be in strict accord with fact. The chief rulings bearing
upon the correct branding of maple goods are as follows:
Regulations 17 to 24 inclusive, Circular 21, Office of the
Secretary, United States Department of Agriculture, and Food
Inspection Decisions 46, 52, 68, 70, 72, and 75 of the United
States Department of Agriculture.*

* These will be sent free on application to the Secretary of Agriculture,
Washington, D: C., or to Director Chas. D. Woods, Orono, Maine.

FOOD INSPECTION. 191

Strictly pure maple sugar and strictly pure maple sirup carry-
ing not less than 65 per cent solids may be lawfully sold
unbranded. All other maple products must be labeled.

A mixture of maple and cane sugar or sirup may be branded
“maple and cane sugar” or “maple and cane sirup’ when the
maple product makes up half or more of the whole. It may be
branded “cane and maple sugar” or “cane and maple sirup”
when the maple constitutes from 10 per cent to 50 per cent of
the whole. If the maple constitutes less than 10 per cent of the
‘whole it cannot be branded as a “mixture,” “compound” or
“blend” but must be labeled “cane sirup, maple flavor’ or “cane
sirup, flavored with maple,” or some similar name.

In the case of all these compound maple goods the word
“maple” must be no more prominent than the others words in the
name. Misleading pictures or misleading descriptive matter are
unlawful.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS USED.

Total Solids—2 grams were put upon 2 to 3 grams shredded
asbeston (previously ignited) in a round, flat bottomed dish
three inches in diameter and dried in a steam oven at about the
temperature of boiling water until nearly constant weight was
obtained.

Sucrose—The normal amount for the instrument was polar-
ized before and after inversion and the percentage of sucrose
calculated by Clerget’s formula.

Lead Number.—In this determination the method described
- by Winton and Kreider, Gen. Am. Chem. Soc. 1906, 28, 1204,
was employed and the percentage of maple given estimated
therefrom.

Total Ash—i1o grams were burned in a platinum dish at a
low red heat until the carbonaceous matter was destroyed.

“DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES.
Maple Sugar Not Found Adulterated.

7526. Purchased April-30, 1907 from George E. Lufkin, 92
Main St., Bangor. Selling price 30c. a pound. Sold for pure
maple sugar.

7527. Purchased April 30, 1907 from A. L. Boyd, 5 Main
St., Bangor, Me. Selling price 30c. a pound. This was said
to be Maine made maple sugar.

192 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

7528. Purchased April 30, 1907 from A. L. Boyd, 5 Main
St., Bangor. Selling price 25c. a pound. A “maple sugar
candy made by B. M. & H. A. Titcomb, manufacturers of pure
maple sugar and candy, Farmington, Me.”

7561. Purchased May 13, r907 from Charles K. D. Chase,
74 xchange St., Portland. Selling price 25c. a pound. Sold
for pure maple sugar.

7589. Purchased May 17, 1907 from Geo. C. Shaw, 467 Con-
egress St., Portland. Selling price 30c. a pound. Sold for pure
maple sugar. .

7590. Purchased May 17, 1907 from George E.. Sawyer, 465
Congress St., Portland, Maine. Selling price 24c. a pound.
Sold as pure Vermont maple sugar.

7598. Purchased May 28, 1907 from lWLewiston Candy
Kitchen, 68 Lisbon St., Lewiston. Selling price 25c. a pound.
Sold as pure maple sugar from Canada.

Branded as Compound Maple Sugars.

7529. “Purchased April 30,1907 from F. L. Prank & Corrs
State St., Bangor. Selling price 20c. a pound. Sold as a com-
pound maple sugar.

7531. Purchased April 30, 1907 from Matteo Infiorati, 46
Central St., Bangor. Selling price 20c. a pound. It was sold
as a blended sugar and branded “50% maple sugar, 50% cane
sugar.’ It will be noted from the analysis it contained less than
10% maple.

7585. Purchased May 17, 1907 from P. P. Bonfillio, 927
Congress St., Portland. Selling price 20c. a pound. This was
sold to the inspector as maple sugar but it was taken from a
package marked “compound maple sugar.”

7588. Purchased May 17, 1907 from A. Stein, 551 Congress
St., Portland. Selling price 15c. a pound. Sold as a compound
maple sugar and so branded on the package.

Maple Sugar Adulterated With Other Sugar.

7530. Purchased April 30, 1907 from A. J. Zotos, 134 Main
St., Bangor. Selling price 20c. a pound. Sold as pure maple
sugar but carried only a small fraction of maple.

7560. ~Purchased May 13, 1907 from Charles K. D. Chase,
74 Exchange St., Portland. Selling price 20c. a pound. Sold

FOOD INSPECTION. 193

as a pure maple sugar. Analysis showed it to be about one-
fourth maple.

7587. Purchased May 17, 1907 from The Vienna Bakery,
783 Congress St., Portland. Selling price 20c. a pound. ‘This
was sold as a pure maple sugar and was purchased by the Vienna
Bakery from a Maine farmer who claimed that it was pure
maple. The analysis showed it to be about one-half maple and
one-half cane sugar.

7609. Purchased June 6, 1907, from J. T. Turner, 73 Water
St., Augusta. Selling price 20c. a pound. It was sold as pure
maple sugar but was about one-half maple.

Maple Sirup Not Found Adulterated.

7510. Purchased April 18, 1907 from O. T. Goodridge,
Orono. Selling price 45c. a quart. Sold as pure maple sirup
and made at Milo, Maine.

7517. Purchased April 29, 1907 from Staples & Griffin, 55-59
Pickering Square, Bangor. Selling price 30c. a quart. Sold as
pure maple sirup made by J. F. Aiken, East Corinth, Me.

7518. Purchased April 29, 1907 from James H. Snow & Co.,
Bangor. Selling price 35c. a quart. The package was branded
“absolutely pure put up hot at the Skinner ‘Sugar Orchard,
Corinth, Maine.”

7542. Purchased May 8, 1907 from William H. Tibbetts,
501 Ohio St., Bangor. Selling price 35c. a bottle holding 25
ounces. ‘This was sold as pure maple sirup bearing the follow-
ing brand: “Puritan Brand Vermont Maple Sirup. The sirup
contained in this package is absolutely pure, Huntington Maple
Sirup and Sugar Co., Brattleboro, Vt., and Providence, R. I.”

7502. Purchased May 15, 1907 from W. L. Wilson & Co.,
mi2 Exchange St., Bangor. Selling price 2oc. a pint. The
package was labeled “Pure Vermont Maple Sirup made by
Archie F. Holden, Bloomfield, Vt.”

7505. Purchased May 13, 1907 from O. C. Elwell, 794 Con-
gress St., Portland. Selling price 40c. a quart. The package
was labeled “This can is warranted to contain pure maple sirup,
made in 1907. From Maple Grove Farm, Bert A. Taylor, pro-
prietor, Lunenburg, Vt.”

7569. Purchased May 14, 1907 from William Milliken & Co.,
584 Congress St., Portland, Me. Selling price 4oc. per bottle

194 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1G07.

holding 26 ounces. Branded “Pure maple sirup, Vermont
Sugar Orchards, bottled by S. S. Pierce Co., importers and
grocers, Boston, Mass. Guaranteed under the Food and Drug
Act, June 30, 1906, No. 3336.”

7571. Purchased May 14, 1907 from John W. Deering &
Son, 576 Congress St., Portland. Selling price 4oc. a quart.
Packed in one gallon cans branded “Warranted Pure Maple
Sirup made by Luke Colby, Lunenburg, Vermont.”

7572. Purchased May 14, 1907 from Libby & Chipman, 574
Congress St., Portland. Selling price 30c. a quart. Put up in
one gallon cans branded “Pure maple sirup manufactured by the
latest process and guaranteed strictly pure, season of 1907.
Lewis E. King, Lunenburg, Vermont.”

7575. Purchased May 15, 1907 from Charles H. Lombard,
47 and 49 Portland St., Portland. Selling price 18c. a pint.
Put up in one gallon cans branded “The contents of this package
are warranted to be fine maple product from Porter Smith,
Lunenburg, Vermont.”

7580. Sample given May 15, 1907 by W. W. Riggs and L. S.
Wilbur, Boston & Maine Wharf, Commercial St., Portland.
Selling price not stated. The package was branded, “Pure
maple sirup put up by S. T. Noyes, Hilltop Farm, Colebrook,
ING Tak

Sirup Below Standards in Solids.

(The maple sirups included in this class were sold as pure
maple sirups and did not carry any foreign sugars They were
adulterated only im the sense that they fell below the standards
in solids. Maple sirup to be up to the standard must not contain
more than 35 per cent of water or in other words must have not
less than 65 per cent of solids.)

7516. Purchased April 29, 1907 from Staples & Griffin, 55-59
Pickering Square, Bangor. Selling price 30c. a quart. Made
by F. E. McCard, East Corinth, Maine. Goods were sold as
pure maple sirup but were found to carry more water than the
standards allow and carried only 62.7 per cent solids.

7522. Purchased April 30, 1907 from F. Ll. Frank & Co., 115
State St., Bangor. Selling price 30c. per bottle holding 16
ounces. Sold for pure maple sirup. Branded as follows:
“Rival Brand Pure Maple Sap Sirup put up expressly for

FOOD INSPECTION. 195

Haskeli, Adams & Co.” This sirup carried 64.6 per cent solids,
and was only .4 per cent below the standard.

7554. Sample sent May 11, 1907 by George C. Shaw Co.,
Congress St., Portland. No selling price was given. ‘The sirup
was contained in a bottle holding 25 ounces labeled “Mt. Wash-
ington Maple Sap Sirup, choicest quality, absolutely pure, C. M.
Tice & Co., Boston, Mass.” ‘The sirup carried 63.7 per cent
solids.

7503. Purchased May 13, 1907 from City Hall Market, Con-
gress St., Portland. Selling price 35c. a quart. Package
labeled “Pure Maple Sirup made by Austin Cobin, Newport, N.
H. It carried 64.4 per cent solids, and was only .6 per cent
below standard.

7564. Purchased May 13, 1907 from O. C. Elwell, 794 Con-
gress St., Portland. Selling price 4oc. a quart. It carried 64.8
per cent solids, and was ony .2 per cent below standard.

7506. Purchased May 13, 1907 from F. H. Verrill, 952 Con-

gress St., Portland. Selling price 25c. per bottle holding 18
ounces, labeled “Pure Maple Sirup, Red Lily Brand, Martin L.
Hall & Co., Boston, Mass.” ‘The sirup was considerably below
the standard carrying only 60.7 per cent solids.
- 7578. Purchased May 15, 1907 from Sullivan & Osgood,
110-112 Portland St., Portland. Selling price 20c. a pint. In
unlabeled gallon cans. The sirup was free from adulteration
other than water. It was the lowest in solids of the samples
examined carrying only 58.8 per cent solids.

7582. Purchased May 16, 1907 from W. H. Wright, 57-59
Chestnut St., Portland. Selling.price 18c. a pint. Package
branded “Pure Vermont Maple Sirup manufactured by J. Cas-
sius Winn, Valley, Vermont. It is guaranteed strictly pure.”
The sirup carried only 61.9 per cent solids.

Sirup Branded Maple Compound. Solids above Maple Sirup
. Standard.

7513. Purchased April, 1907 from James Park, Orono.
Selling price 25c.a quart can. It was branded “Maple and Cane
Sugar Sirup.”

7515. Purchased April 29, 1907 from Fred T. Hall & Co., 76
State St., Bangor. Selling price 35c. a bottle holding 32 ounces.
It was branded “Champion Brand. 50% cane sirup, 50% maple

196 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

sirup from Waitsfield, Vermont. C. A. Reed, Medford, Mass.”
This:sirup carried 66.9 per cent solids and was about one-eighth
maple.

7519. Purchased April 30, 1907 from) J. Py @O:€ennellenz1
Exchange St., Bangor. Selling price 25c. a bottle holding 26
ounces. Labeled “High Grade Pure Sirup, blended cane and
maple sirups put up by Bay State Maple Sirup Co., Boston,
Mass.” ‘This company is apparently controlled by C. M. Tice
& Co., 549 Albany St., Boston, Mass. The goods carried no
maple.

7520. Purchased April 30, 1907 from T. White, 1 Hammond
St., Bangor. Selling price 25c. a bottle holding 24 ounces.
Branded “Golden Tree Brand Fancy Quality Sirup made from
pure maple and white sugar, New England Maple Sirup Co.,
Boston, Mass.” ‘This sample contained no maple.

7521. Purchased April 30, 1907 from T. White, 1 Hammond
St., Bangor. Selling price 30c. a bottle holding 20 ounces. It
was branded “Griddle Cake Falcon Brand Sirup. Guaranteed
made from pure maple and refined granulated sugar put up by
Falcon Packing Co., New York.” This sirup carried 66.2 per
cent solids and was about one-sixth maple.

7523. Purchased April 30, 1907 from F. L. Frank & Co., 115
State St., Bangor. Selling price 1oc. a bottle holding 6 ounces.
Branded “Golden Tree Brand Fancy Quality Sirup made from
pure maple and white sugar, New England Maple Sirup Co.,
Boston, Mass.” ‘This sample was about one-fourth maple.

7525. Purchased April 30, 1907 from H. BK. McDonald, 261
State St., Bangor. Selling price 25c. a bottle hoiding 32 ounces.
It was branded “Shaker Brand Sirup; a mixture of pure maple
sugar sirup and cane sugar sirup, bottled by E. D. Pettingill Sons
Co., Portland, Maine.” The goods contained 66.1 per cent
solids and were, about half maple.

7532. Purchased May 1, 1907 from A. J. McNaughton, Fox-
croft. Selling price ioc. a bottle holding 6 ounces. It was
branded “Barker’s Brand Sirup; a mixture of maple sirup 50
per cent, and rock candy sirup 50 per cent put up by J. H.
Barker & Co., 447 West 31st St., New York.’ The goods car-
ried 67% per cent solids and were about one-third maple.

7567. Purchased May 13, 1907 from F. H. Verrill, 952 Con-
gress St., Portland. Selling price 15c. a bottle holding 11

FOOD INSPECTION. 197

ounces. This was labeled “Lamb’s Celebrated Sirup, made
from maple sugar and refined cane sugar, W. J. Lamb Co., 167
Main St., West Somerville, Mass.” ‘The sirup was about half
maple.

7568. Purchased May 14, 1907 from M. B. Lougee, 198
Grant St., Portland. Selling price 25c. per bottle holding 24
ounces. It was branded “Vermont Maple Sirup scientifically
blended, of maple and cane sugars. Put up by Vermont Maple
Sugar Co., Stratton, Vermont.” It carried 66.1 per cent solids
and was about one-third maple.

7574. Purchased May 15, 1907 from A. R. Verrill, 27 Port-
land St., Portland. Selling price 1oc. a bottle holding 6 ounces.
It was branded “Mt. Mansfield Brand Fancy Quality Sirup com-
pound of 50 per cent maple and 50 per cent cane sugar sirup.
C. M. Tice & Co., Orleans County, Vermont, and Boston, Mass.”
The sirup carried 67.4 solids and was about one-third maple.

7570. Purchased May 15, 1907 from R. R. Reed, 57 Portland
St., Portland. Selling price 1oc. a bottle holding 8 ounces. It
was branded “A mixture of pure maple sugar sirup and cane
sugar sirup, Green Leaf Brand Choicest Food Froducts, J. B.
Donnell Co., Portland.”’ The sirup carried 67.4 per cent solids
and was about half maple.

7577. Purchased May 15, 1907 from Sullivan & Osgood,
110-112 Portland St., Portland. — Selling price 30c. a bottle hold-
ing 25 ounces. It was branded “Maple Sirup. This sirup con-
tains maple sugar, cane sugar and grape sugar with 1-2000 part
of salicylic acid, manufactured by the Twitchell-Champlin Co.,
Portland, Maine, and Boston, Mass.” The sirup carries 65.2
per cent solids and was about one-third maple.

7583. Purchased May 16, 1907 from W. H. Wright, 57-50
Chestnut St., Portland. Selling price toc. a bottle holding 8
ounces. It was branded “Fancy Sirup 50 per cent pure maple;
50 per cent cane sugar. Bottled by E. D. Pettingill Sons Co.,
Portland, Maine.” The sirup carried 66.7 per cent solids and
was about one-sixth maple.

7584. Purchased May 16, 1907 from A. D. Lovell, Cor. Wil-
mot & Oxford Sts., Portland. Selling price toc. a bottle hold-
ing 7 ounces. It was branded “Green Leaf Sirup, a mixture of
pure maple sugar sirup and cane sugar sirup. Put up for J. B.
Donnell Co., Portland, Me.” It carried 66.4 per cent solids and
was about one-half maple.

198 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

7580. Purchased May 17, 1907 from P. P. Bonfillio, 927
Congress St., Portland. Selling price 20c. a bottle holding 12
ounces. It was branded “Gold Brand Sirup; a mixture made
from maple sugar and refined cane sugar, W. J. Lamb Co., 157
Elm St., West Somerville, Mass.” The sirup carried 65.8 per
cent solids and was about one-half maple.

7593. Purchased May 23, 1907 from W. J. Clark, Ellsworth,
Me. Selling price 25c. a bottle holding 25 ounces. It was.
branded “Glenwood Brand Orchard Sap Sirup. A mixture of
pure maple sirup 40 per cent, refined sugar sirup 60 per cent.
Put up expressly for The Charles Lawrence Co., Boston, Mass.”
The sirup carried 65.1 per cent solids and was about 40 per cent
maple.

7507. Purchased “May -28, 1907, from J. EH) Pelletiesse2s5
Lisbon St., Lewiston. Selling price 25c. a bottle holding 25
ounces. It was branded “Maple Sirup. This sirup contains
maple sugar, cane. sugar and grape sugar with 1-2000 part of
salicylic acid, manufactured by the Twitchell-Champlin Co., Bos-
ton, Mass.” ‘The sirup carried 65.6 per cent solids and was
about one-third maple.

7613. Sent June, 1907 by G. F. Simmons, Hallowell. Sell-
ing price not given. Put up in a bottle holding 26 ounces.
Branded “A mixture of pure maple sugar sirup and cane sugar
sirup. Put up for C. A. Weston Co., Portland, Maine.” The

‘sirup carried 67.3 per cent solids and was about one-fourth

maple.

Sirup Branded as Maple Compounds but Below the Maple
Sirup Standards,

7537. Purchased May 6, 1907 from F. S. Jones & Co., 210
Hammond St., Bangor. Selling price 1oc. a bottle holding 6
ounces. It was branded “Houghton Farm Brand Fancy Sirup.
Made from Vermont maple and white sugar, New England
Maple sirup Co., Vermont Houghton Farm, Fairfax, Vermont.”
It carried 61.3 per cent solids and was about one-fourth maple.

7541. Purchased May 8, 1907 from William H. Tibbetts, 501
Ohio St., Bangor. Selling price 35c. per bottle holding 24
ounces. It was branded “Purity Fancy Quality Vermont Maple
Sap Sirup. Made from pure maple and white sugars, Thurston

FOOD INSPECTION. - 199;

& Kingsbury, Bangor, Maine.” It contained 64.1 per cent solids
and was about one-eighth maple.

7573. Purchased May 14, 1907 from Libby & Chipman, 574
Congress St., Portland. Selling price 25c. a bottle holding 24
ounces. It was branded “Champion Brand Maple Sirup. 50
per cent cane sirup, 50 per cent maple sirup from Waitsfield,
Vermont. C. A. Reed, Medford, Mass.” ‘The sirup: carried
62.9 per cent solids and was about one-third maple.

Sirup Adulterated With Other Sugars.

7524. Purchased April 30, 1907 from Gallager Brothers, 271
State St., Bangor. Selling price 25c. a quart in a five gallon
can. Purported to be pure Vermont maple sugar. It had 69.8
per cent solids and was about one-sixth maple.

7581. Purchased May 16, 1907 from E. M. Leighton, 243
Oxford St., Portland. Selling price toc. a bottle holding 8
ounces. It was branded “Merrimac Brand Pure Vermont Sirup
packed only by Riverside Preserving Co., Lowell, Mass.” The
sirup carried 67.3 solids and was about one-half maple.

7600. Purchased May 29, 1907 from C. M. Penley, 62 Spring
st., Auburn. Selling price 20c. a bottle holding 17 ounces. It
was branded “This bottle is guaranteed to contain pure maple
sirup put up by W. A. Little & Co., Andrew Square, Boston,
Mass.” The sirup carried 65.2 per cent solids and was about
one-eighth maple.

RESULTS OF THE ANALYSES.

The tables which follow give the results of the chemical
‘examination of the samples of maple goods collected by the
inspector. On page 199 are given the results of the analyses
of maple sugars not found adulterated and the compound sugars
so branded. Tables on page 200 give the results of the exam-
ination of maple sugars adulterated with other sugars and all
sirups not found adulterated with other sugar including those
up to and those below the standards in solids. The table on
page 201 gives the results of the analyses of the maple com-
pound sirups both above and below the standard for solids and
also the analyses of the samples adulterated with other sugars.

In the case of the maple sugars, the water varies from 4 to
nearly 14 per cent or in other words the dry matter runs from

200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

nearly 96 per cent to as low as 86 per cent. ‘There is a corres-
ponding range in sucrose, the sugar of maple,—ranging from
nearly 91 per cent to less than 80 per cent. There is fully as
great range in the amount of water and solids carried by the
sirups. In the case of the sirups there is frequently little dif-
ference in the price asked for pure goods and for compounded
or blended sirups. If one prefers to use a mixture of maple
sirup and cane sirup, it would be much more economical to buy
the pure goods and dilute them for one’s self.

The last column gives the estimated amount of maple con-
tained in the different classes of goods. This estimate is based
upon the lead number which is an arbitrary but reliable measure-
ment * for determining the quality of maple goods.

* Cf. Report Vermont Experiment Station 1905, pp. 315-339.

Table giving results of analysis of maple goods.

SUGAR NOT FOUND ADULTERATED.

g g
H . S
8 Br le ithe. as
| Brand. Fics 2 s i s 5 ie!
ns oS om S) oS a a)
Ss CO oO | 5 ® D n&
D Oa 5 ae) 5] < ical
pro) 1
Cts |Per ct.|Per et.|Per ct. Per ct.|Per ct.
7526 IPRA ohne SoouecosDoDacuSOU 30 13.6 36.4 79.6 2.56 Pal 100
7527 IBXONMGl- SonacovonouaooocouGD | 30 9.5 90.5 87.1 16715 0.98 100
7528 UM (onraley -acueuoos6s5n 0000 | 35 4.3 95.7 90.7 2.52 1.65 100
7561 CHAS Hoke cserremrecieeerel | 25 eo) 92.7 86.8 | 27 Oe alee 100
7589 Shaw sec eee ee en ae | 30 4.1 95.9 $4.2 | DEn2 1.18 100
7590 VieTIMOMtinernetrmeet eer 24 5.2 94.8 85.0 | 2.24 | 0.81 100
7598 Canada na ciicasacses aoe | 25 Beil 94.9 86.1 | eth) 2.13 100
J |
SUGAR BRANDED MAPLE COMPOUND.
7522 | BL AIK: fe averevelsvovetereter reverererers 20 Te 92.5 86.9 0.19 0.17 10
7531 | RENVEVE@ oon poanocadeed 000% 20 8.2 91.8 88.6 0.15 0.08 8
Tasehy || IsxoyonatlhiO) Gossaaocccgccoac 20 5.2 94.8 85.9 0.37 0.10 17
|
7588 | 5

SKEW ssocncccdgesoscocdoc 15 6.5 93.5

| oe 0.34 | 0.08 15

* Stick maple candy.

FOOD INSPECTION.

201

Table giving results of analysis of maple goods—Continued.

SUGAR ADULTERATED WITH OTHER SUGAR.

3 Brand. ae 2 g es : | a EB
a S3| & B B a 4 | ae
|

Cts. |Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.

7530 FAOITNS) ‘o awoobonoopacHnadas 20 (iors 92.8 86.8 0.00 0.08 | -
7560 (CHAINS Doonadandaoedenoaas 20 6.7 93.3 87.8 0.60 0.24 | 25
7587 IGDVETTAGIP opooo00sGso0ko0000 20 6.7 93.3 86.4 1.19 0.53 50
7609 VPN TENP 5 onoooonoueuNodad 20 4.1 95.9 8257, 1.03 0.4C 50

SIRUP NOT FOUND ADULTERATED.
7510 IIMs cocancoomusanoen saoe 45 30.9 69.1 64.4 1.64 0.80 } 100
7517 ANNE 6 ooaandupougedoden 30 31.4 68.4 62.1 eae) || Onn) 100
7518 SOVNMEE os opndocodsoquchs 35 33.2 66.8 57.8 Pao I Mots) | 100
7542 JEUE TASTE ONE Soocoasonoude 43 31.1 68.9 63.6 Woe 0.53 | 100
756 IBIGMUIEIN .cedebeocs sacodudS 40 31.4 68.6 62.4 2.03 | 0.81 | 100
7565 Maple Grove Farm ....| 40 82.8 67.2 63.3 2.00 | 0.76 100
7569 Ss So IANO) (OOnonoo anne 50 34.8 65.2 60.7 1.41 | 0.60 100
7571 Luke Colby............- 40 31.1 68.9 61.4 1.56 HslG) 24 100
7572 | Lewis E. King.......... 30 | 33.7 | 66.3 | 63.3 | 1.65 | 0.8f | ~ 100
7575 Porter Smith’... ...2- 2%). 36 27.5 72.5 63.2 1.86 | 0.60 | 100
7580 SED BNOWiE Siyecis crete - 33.7 66.3 61.8 1.73 0.83 | 100
SIRUP BELOW STANDARD IN SOLIDS.
7516 IMC Calera cietessfars oi sisivisysieler> 30 37.3 62.7 61.2 1.82 1.07 100
75 MADRE Hes gousnosones .| 60 35.4 64.6 A6.7 1.06 | 0.6 100
7554 Mt. Washington........ - 36.3 63.7 | 60.7 1.14 | 0.47 100
7563 Astin Corbin i .-6) «1 35 35.6 64.4 | 59.3 2.30 0.93 100
7564 |EXea oan bbadaasonsaoabooul 40 35.2 64.8 57.2 2.30 | 0.61 100
7566 IBEGl IDUKY pSeoonbosconodes 45 39.3 60.7 49.7 1.84 | 0.58 100
7578 Sweat Sosocoolsoodae cone 40 41.2 58.8 54.0 1.52 | 0.63 100
7582 ds Ge MWA Gacanedocuoouo 36 38.1 61.9 | 50.0 1.89 | 0.7 100
|

202

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1907.

Table giving results of analysis of maple goods—Concluded.

SYRUP BRANDED MAPLE COMPOUND.
SOLIDS ABOVE MAPLE SIRUP STANDARD.

s

2 f 3 =
g Brand. ok 2 ic g : z
iS os S CS 5 o B
D Sim) = Q D SI <

Cts. |Per ct.| Per ct.|Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct.
7513 Piel Ko sagoccoddosconeanous 25 30.2 69.8 64.4 0.48 -51
7515 “(Ojo hony apoyo Soousqn00ds500 35 33.1 66.9 62.3 0.19 0.22
7519 laimy SWS gcobdcocesdoone 32 | 33.2 | 66.8 | 63.1 0.00 | 0.15
7520 Golden Pree... ..---- 32 31.8 68.2 64.3 0.60 0.11
7521 Griddle Cake........... 438 33-8 66.2 61.5 0.25 0.15
7523 |. Golden Tree).:..20s-5-.- 53 | 30.9 | 69.1 | 64.9.| 0.33 | 0.18
7525 Shaker Table........... 25 33.9 | 66.1 62.1 0.88 0 38
7532 [SNe noudoosoodacaeds | 53 32.5 67.5 61.6 0.45 0.24
7567 MAINS Hacc iesata | 44 31.8 68.2 61.4 0.79 0.28
7568 We EMO tmeceica-erielmect 32 33.9 66.1 61.6 0.49 0.22
7574 Mt. Mansfield .......... 53 32.6 67.4 64.4 0.96 0.16
7516 GCHreein IWGENE Goocoode.c60e 40 32.6 67.4 64.4 0.56 0.24
7577 T.C CO .... 1. eee sees eee 38 34.8 65.2 41.6* 1.48 0.33
7583 Pettengillcicameccnicc | 40 33.3 66.7 61.6 0.28 4.29
7584 Greenwlieatacncsaseeieiee | 46 | 33.6 66.4 63.3 0.83 0.39
“7586 Gol Gieceanae scum noose | 53 34.2 65.8 59.9 0.83 0.26
7593 GleniwOodtenn-peee et 32 34.9 65.1 59.7 0.97 0.33
7597 iM (Os. Oho noses csdanasooc 32 34.4 65.6 38.77 1.70 0.44
7613 C. A. Weston Co........ - Belen Ores 65.8 0.54 | 0-11
* 25 per cent glucose. } 24.5 per cent glucose.
SIRUP BRANDED MAPLE COMPOUNDS.
BELOW MAPLE SIRUP STANDARD IN SOLIDS.
7537 Houghton Farm....... | 53 38.7 61.3 58.2 | 0.26 0.11
‘7541 PriGyerrer cities eee | 48 35.9 64.1 61.2 0.17 0.08
7513. | “Champion .....¢.ss2--:- | 32 | 37.1 | 62.9 | 59.6 | 1.02 | 0.14
i X

SIRUP ADULTERATED WITH OTHER SUGAR.
Vovdin| + Gallagzenes: s.qcesceer 25 1130.2 .|. 69:8 ||| 64591-0235 | One
7581 | (GIB UNTO caocoonooocetKs 40 32.7 67.3 64.2 | 0.82 0.58
7600 | Little & Co....... sbosd0e 38 34.8 65.2 §2.8 0.68 0.06

Estimated —

17
12

17

13

PEREZ E RIN SPEC TION:
Cuas. D. Woops, Director.
J. M. BartLett, Chemist in charge of Inspection Analyses.

The law regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers in this
State calls for two bulletins each year. The first of these con-
tains the analyses of the samples received from the manufacturer
guaranteed to represent, within reasonable limits, the goods to
be placed upon the market later. .The second bulletin contains
the analyses of the samples collected in the open market by a
representative of the Station.

The analyses of the manufacturers’ samples for this year
were published in March. A number of samples were received
so late that the analyses could not be included in the bulletin
then issued. The results of these analyses are given in the
tables on page 221.

In the tables (pages 206 to 220) the analyses of the sam-
ples of commercial fertilizers collected in the open market in
the spring of 1907 by the Station representative are given. As
far as possible two samples of each brand were taken, an effort
- being made to get the duplicate from a distinct lot of the same
brand in a different part of the State. For the most part the
samples were taken in the large warehouses where a large
amount of the goods were stored as received from the factory.
They were taken in almost every instance from a large number
of packages and in the presence of a representative of the manu-
facturers.

So far as different lots were found by the inspector two
analyses of the same brand are given in the tables. A few
brands that were licensed were not actually shipped into the
State and in two or three instances the inspector failed to find
the brands in the hands of the dealers or agents.

During the years immediately following 1895 there was a
tendency to the multiplication of brands. At present it is only

204 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

rarely that a company that has been doing business in the State
for yéars offers a new brand. With the growth of the sale of
fertilizers in the State, companies that formerly did no business
in Maine are now sending their goods to the State. This of
course results in an increase in the number of brands. While
iv is unfortunate that so many farmers buy fertilizers from a
name rather than from the amount of plant food contained in
the fertilizer, it is gratifying that brands are not being unneces-
sarily multiplied. There has been a constant increase from the
20 brands licensed in 1885 to 200 or more brands of complete
manures and single ingredient chemicals licensed in 1907.

When the manufacturers first put their goods upon the mar-
ket, recognizing the difficulty of accurate mixing, they placed
a somewhat elastic guarantee upon them. For instance, potash
might be guaranteed 4 to 5 per cent and for the most part the
goods would carry 4.5 per cent of potash. As competition
became closer and the process of manufacture became some-
what more trustworthy, the manufacturers worked closer and
closer to the minimum guarantee so that at present it rarely
happens that high grade fertilizers carry much above the mini-
mum percentages of nitrogen and potash, the more costly con-
stituents of a fertilizer. If this were the whole story there
would be nothing to complain of, but up to the present year
there has been an increasing tendency to fail to maintain the
goods up to their minimum guarantee.

For the most part these are slight and generally in only one
constituent. It also usually happens that the other constituents.
are in sufficient excess to preclude any idea of intention on
the part of the manufacturer not to live up to the guarantee.
Usually the trouble is due to incomplete mixing. For instance,
in some formulas not more than 100 pounds of nitrate of soda
are used per ton. Nitrate of soda is a crystalline material and
it is difficult to so completely powder it and thoroughly incor-
porate it in the goods that the sample drawn in the inspector’s
tube shall have its just amount—neither too much nor yet too
little. To try to meet this difficulty, the samples are taken:
from a large number of packages and the final sub-sample is
taken with the greatest care. It is because of the difficulty of
accurate sampling of fertilizers that the Station only undertakes
the analysis of samples taken by its inspector, and employs an

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 205

experienced chemist who from his laboratory experience fully
recognizes the importance and difficulties of correct sampling.
It is only fair to the manufacturers to say that probably no
class of goods are more nearly sold on their merits than are
commercial fertilizers. So far as the writer knows, there has
not been a case in 10 years that could be called a wilful attempt
on the part of a maker of fertilizers sold in Maine to defraud.

THE COMPARISON OF STATION ANALYSES FOR THREE YEARS.

It is important that the purchaser of fertilizers should know
the analyses not merely for. the current year but as a guide for
future purchase to know how they have run for several years.
The tables on pages 206 and following of this bulletin, show how
the samples collected by the Station inspector in 1907 compare
with the guarantees. The tables beginning on page 222 give
the analyses, so far as total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid
and-potash are concerned, for the years 1905, 1906, and 1907.
When the guarantees have been changed from that of paeraus
years, the fact is indicated by a foot note.

In studying the table of comparisons of the analyses of Station
samples for three years, it will be found that many goods run
quite uniform year after year. This is particularly true as
regards phosphoric acid, and this is readily understood when it
is remembered that the superphosphate is the starting point and
that the materials furnishing nitrogen and potash are usually
added to this. The potash and nitrogen are the more expensive
substances in fertilizers and the more difficult to mix and hence.
greater variation is found in these contituents.

206 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I0907.
Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1907.

u

o

Re}

&

5 if :

Ss Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

3

=

[as]

~~

mn

AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO., NEW YORK, N. Y.

1092;A. A. C. Co.’s Aroostook Complete Manure......................6.
1232}A. A. C. Co.’s Aroostook Complete Manure....................+.0.8
LOO AVAL Ce Cons Aroostook Bish Grad eer cncietelerscieieleNeiel-iemenenerens Sa aston
1054|Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash..... edayarbie suche, agavonetetemeree tenet: He a ae
1253)/Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash................-..ss+ss-ssreee
1056|Bradley’s Complete Manure with 10% Potash........... aecvautieneesaonene ’
1168|Bradley’s Complete Manure with 10% Potash......................
1049)Bradley’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables....... cvalsnehe
10d 5 |(Bradleyasi Connie hosphayteerre sists cucrepverenenaiel Neier sisi heel ienemen cise siete need tate ae
LG MiBradleyzsCorneeenOSpPMacencereycereewedsieicicnelclen ieemeichensnciotensitenanat siemens alee
1215) BradleyZsh Corny ce nOS pater icwecsisicrneneesusee del eieielic icles aneloici-teeetemeaene ne mane atarehe
1045|Bradley’s Eureka Fertilizer.............. gale tetbt Suetanste Seaconometrane BO Soo oom
1155|Bradley’s Hureka Fertilizer.......... TORRID OD O00 0000 Fea
M756 Bradley7s shurelkay dHentilize rev cictscucie chahensiclsnedcions eleien schon steer mensch enemem ate
1046|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate of Lime................2ec-seeeeee é
1154|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate of Lime....................... soo0c
1242|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate of Lime....................... oo aa0
1047|Bradley’s Niagara Phosphate.......... NRC OS os eC co G0 0 ogo ood 3
ESO) Bradley7si Nia sarayeehosphavemerrcrewesieuclcicterensied-teneloieveletelneienentetemenemeta soo
AOS Bradley See OcatorMertilaizerk cerca cnetnsierecienclelersuskciohe cena tek tener ele menans
IG 9 | Bradileyasi Potatoweertiliize rch cis siecnceeieie stoners elon telerik che nenc neni manana Roe
IZA HIBradley7s = eotakou Mentill Zeer sess crcsemsicicroioncnenetsteneteneneciaienen men onerene seenetetens
1043 Bradleyesmmeovalcon I Vlalmiy Chversesueleps enonch ctiohencticiatiedevelolencieiken eile a ameme el meni 308
5 IBTnAadleyase we Oat Omran Chusmcaieueicieleielcnsieneucn acters iene eiae te eaene er neta wuedevonehehe
110/50) Clarkes Cowie) Bayz wtavemHenti lize capes ciepeesicleve)clencicnetenel kenen net nenemonen 500
2162) ClarkdsnCoviers ava Stace sMentilizeismrerverene ci ieeneneneieneelets BIB Croco oto SO
11039) | Clarkis Cove Bay StatenbertilizersGanG-. oscar cieiele teeter eee renee rete A
L165 Clarkis Covel Bay, State MertilizeniGiG asec cieccnieletele reieeneienenen: eae
1029/Clark’s Cove Defiance Complete Manure.................-.++--e:s >
1267|\Clark’s Cove Defiance Complete Manure.....................---- Rie
AVPADKCHENASS Cone Crecele Ilene Wilkehabiee, JAS UNS 65 o¢nas505000000005nb0G00 3
L268! ClarkisiCoverG reat elanet eMiamumes eA Ace <a eicie lessen slsiaren acne nenetanemenene Apes
LO(4)| Clarkis Cove dane Philip yAlkaline= Guano. cies oleic enelsheneneneenenenen arsine .
ALS KClle balers (Conicey 1<ihale=? IPanbijoy NIle thay, (GRvenNO, Goccodacoucsoocdasoo5 90008
1261/Clark’s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano..................... Binhet
110/40 | Clarks (Cove se OtatomMerntillzerzemicicnisicusycieyereisichsicieinel trois eke iene neneneieiel=
laid Clarkis= Covermeotatoy smertiliZeriencirnalicrcme ite creek tannin ae Rene meen non
acl Cilia (COnre IPO yeO) MIEMPSOS, bog aobcooeoe OU OoOOdUDO acoso Sooo OOOD 0
At 2) Clarkis sCove sPotatos Manure eretalcrs clatsrecc sie eneiavesie lie se ise we Ueereteteneamenerenane
UDAS Cileyeikenacl latescnuliv~ese stoye INL OirxhoSonascocsconSucdaousoD oD ou ONO IOOS
1052/Cleveland High Grade Complete Manure....................-- meres
110169 Cleveland? otatormeLhospnacercrciem ccircccrionciencteieisie elena nen neneneens BOBO D aS 5
oy Cleveland Orato EMO Splraeeyyererayetecclcielensicicicrel ces) eine iets ene tea mene a6
1035 | Cleveland ‘Superphosphnatey we citer os cle ols ciicvensnstelcneicicts/ sen athe teieiene ienemancnele te

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 207

Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid. Potash.
e Total. Avallable.| Total. nail
5 Rep ea T A
2 : : 3 ;
Seller | z eb 5 5
A fa | 4 2 a PRESS a= s £ 2
eB 3 2, : = o g 2 : Ss : 2 : e
ea SoS esr ee eee en lire ype
ee) 5S 95 =| cs 5 > i} 5 (os) 5 a 5 | 8s
s os 4 oS So) 3 oS oS) Zi i) s io) =| Gt aleews
mn |neE | ae] & iG) n em = cs Oo = Oo el
|
% 0 H | Go| Ye % % % %
1.54 28) 2.82 ae 3.43 Ae 2.04) 6.20 00) Se 25 eee 9.71] 10.00
1.38} 1.34! 2.72) 2.47)) 3.19) 3.55) 2.03) 6.74) 6.00) 8.77)..... 10.09) 10.00
1.50) 2.86) 4.36) 4.12)) 3.91] 3.14) 2.35) 7.05) 7.00} 9.40)...... 6.63) 7.00
codcsolloocdsullaadoodlloouuce 3.35) 6.79} 4.17) 10.14) 11.00] 14.31} 12.00)| 2.12) 2.00
ssnacclloncosdlleocnaollaso0ce 4.02} 6.02) 3.89} 10.04) 11.00) 13.%3) 12.00)| 2.06) 2.00
1.66) 1.60) 3.26) -3.30|| 4.38] 2.82) 1.28} 7.20) 6.00} 8.45) 7.00/| 9.98] 10.00
2.14) 1.20) 3.84) 3.30\| 2.41] 38.18) 3.24) 5.59, 6.00] 8.83] 7.00/| 9.55| 10.00
1.88) 1.44) 3.32) 3.30|| 5.01) 3.05) 1.98 a 8.00) 10.04) 9.00}| 6.68) 7.00
0.7 1.40) 2.18; 2.06]) 6.30) 1.72) 2.52 8.02; 8.00) 10.54) 10.00); 1.61) 1.50
1.33} 1.05) 2.38) 2.06/| 4.35) 2.90) 2.87) 7.25: 6.00} 10.12! 10.00|} 1.77) 1.50
1.16) 0.70; 1.86) 2.06]| 4.29) 8.50) 2.41) 7.79) 8.00} 10.20) 10.00}; 1.52) 1.50
0.66] 0.64) 1.80} 1.03]/ 6.03} $.55] 2.55) 9.58} 8.00) 12.13] 10.00|| 2.33] 2.00
0.64) 0.54) 1.18) 1.03}| 6.66) 3.15) 2.59] 9.51) 8.00} 12.40} 10.00]; 2.45) 2.00
0.69) 0.54) 1.23) 1.03f) 5.26) 2.63) 2.11) 7.89] 8.00) 10.00) 10.05') 1.81} 2.00
|
1.42} 1.36: 2.78) 2.50]| 2.31] 7.24) 2.04) 9.55) 9.00] 11.59] 11.00;} 2.55! 2.00
1.61} 1.18) 2.79) 2.50), 6.12} 3 21) 2.10) 9.83) 9.00) 11.43) 11.00!) 2.01{ 2.00
1.42) 1.16) 2.58) 2.50}| 5.71] 2.55) 2.40) &.26) 9.00} 10.86) 11.00|| 2.23) 2.00
0.68} 0.70) 1.38) 0.82]/ 6.06) 3.90) 2.38) 9.96) 7.00) 12.34) §.00)| 2.39! 1.00
0.66) ©.54, 1.20) 0.82) 4.27) 3.59) 2.58] 7.86] 7.00) 10.44) 8.00)|/ 2.13) 1.00
0.84) 1.34) 2.18) 2.06/| 3.35) 4.09) 2.68) 7.44) 8.00) 10.12) 10.00)| 3.14] 3.00
0.74| 1.58). 2.32) 2.06]| 4.42) 3.52) 2.58) 7.94) §.00 10.52) 10.00|| 3.31] 3.00
0.88) 1.32) 2.20) 2.06]/| 3.54) 3.66) 2.52) 7.20) 8.00} 9.72) 10.00)| 3.20) 3.00
1.08} 1.54) 2.62) 2.50]} 5.26) 2.16) 1.89) 7.42] 6.00} 9.31) §.00)| 6.73] 5.00
1.62} 1.18] 2.80} 2.50)] 3.86) 3.12) 2.60) 6.98! 6.00) 9.58) S.00)| 5:13) 5.00
1.36) 1.40) 2.76) 2.50)| 6.30) 2.57) 2.29) 8.87) 9.00) 11.16) 11.00]; 2.46] 2.00
1 56} 1.00) 2.56) 2.50)| 4.72) 4.55) 2.83] 9.27) 9.00} 12.10] 11.00)} 2.21] 2.00
0.71} 1.36} 2.07) 2.06)), 5.56) 2.11) 2.58) 7.67] 8.00] 10.25) 30.00)| 1.58} 1.50
4.15! 1.07) 2.221 2.06] 3.52! 4.57) 2.47! 8.09) 8.00! 10.56] 10.001) 1.59] 1.50
0.58] 0.70) 1.38) 0.82)| 3.63] 3.73} 2.68, 7.36) 7.00] 10.04/ 8.00|} 2.CO 00
H
0.45) 0.62) 1.07) 0.52/| 3.84) 3.31) 2.44! 7.15) 7.00) 9.59) 8.00)! 1.24) 1.00
1.86) 1.60} 3.46) 3.30|) 5.93) 2.76) 1.94] 8.69) 8.00) 10.63 9.00)| 7.04) 7.00
1.86} 1.48) 3.34) 3.30)/ 5.63) 2.60} 1.54) 8.23) & 00; 9.77; 9.00)) 7.01} 7.00
0.64) 0.75) 1.42) 1.03)/ 3.92} 3.50} 2.49) 7.42) 8.00) 9.91; 10.00)| 2.16} 2.00
0.60} 0.56) 1.16) 1.03)] 4.08) 3.49] 2.92] 7.57) 8.00) 10.49] 10.90|} 2.04) 2.00
0.50} 0.56) 1.06) 1.03)| 4.96) 2.37) 2.46) 7.33! 8.00! 9.79) 10 00| 1.77) 2.00
0.64) 1.38) 2.02) 2.06|| 4.61) 3.13] 2.80) 7.7 &.00 10.54} 10.00); 3.38] 3.00
0.73) 1.62} 2.35) 2.06]) 4.93) 2.68) 2.54) 7.61) 8.00} 10.15! 10.00)| 3.33) 3.00
7.10) 1-52} 2.62) 2.50)) 5.10) 2.52) 2.11) 7.42) 6:00 9.53) 8.00)| 5.83} 5.00
1.45| 1.22} 2.67| 2.50|| 4.06] 2.95) 2.69] 7.01] 6.00] 9.70) 8.00)| 5.06) 5.00
0.56} 0.85) 1.44) 1.03}| /4.62} 3.05) 2.42) 7.67) 8.00) 10.19! 10.00); 2.09} 2.00
1.62; 1.78) 3.40) 3.30/| 4.86) 3.02] 2.35) 7.83} 8.00) 10.23) 9.00}! 6.75] 7.00
0.78) 1.46) 2.24) 2.06]| 4.70) 3.11) 2.77) 7.81} 8.00) 10.58) 10 00) | 3.45) 3.00
1.40} 0.86) 2.26) 2.06)| 4.75) 2.7 2.69} 7.53) 8.00} 10.22) 10.00;| 3.48} 3.00
0.80} 1.30} 2.10| 2.06/|- 5.69] 2.24) 2.61) 7.93) S.00} 10.54) 10 00) 1.74] 1.50

208 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1907.

ui

®

Ho)

E

is Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

5

=

®

»~

mM
1513/6 | Cleveland Superphospliate: ws evens cic stescletals «clare sualerctslovepeianelenstelatenaienerenemeta z
1094|Crocker’s Ammoniated Corn Phosphate........ Hapab0oCUOnOU OC ODO ON
1095|Crocker’s Aroostook Potato Special................. pieieuedelleh ee rcnetetens :
1142|Crocker’s Aroostook Potato Special......... GoGo OD OO DGUGHaDA Odo Nt
1098|/Crocker’s Grass and Oats Fertilizer..........ceseesees Go oO noO n6
1243/Crocker’s Grass and Oats Fertilizer.........csseccee SOI OOD NOG
1144/Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate..... Biteter ao0c
1238|/Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate...........++ece-
1105|Crocker’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate........-+cccescser®
1145|/Crocker’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate...........:- 4 aol
1093|/Crocker’s Special Potato Manure........... abo00d0 MOO OOD A oo.
1143|Crocker’s Special Potato Manure..... COb1o 6.00 AIO OOU OOD OOGCAGUCO0S
1032/Cumberland Potato Fertilizer ....... Biduesovelete: evelovepelehs (okeealenohenone roneRonenetete
1125|Cumberland Potato Mertilizer |. o.)5.ic0% < «ccc cress eee ce veel ele conor oS
1163/Cumberland Seeding Down Manure.........c.cccceees teOO B ULaO
1027|\Cumberland Superphosphate ....... Soo 0000000 HdanocoOnoooDCOCUOOS
1124/Cumberland Superphosphate .......... Stolle levaieneverel exeietekovetenolaeheneneRenelatate
1288|Darling’s Blood, Bone and Potash.......-..ccceccoe A a nalietlehionel okebacenene mere
UPA rrisavey Cheonsincl IOs) Goonacacocnonoond0000G0 06000 Bod/aiooo O60 bod oovOOnUS
1084|Great Eastern General Fertilizer.............s0e.% BOG 00-66 Goo0uoCnOG
1127\Great Eastern General Fertilizer..... GeooobOno0 BuOboUCOdnoOoCHOOOnS
1102|Great Eastern Grass and Oats Fertilizer............++... so0¢ ‘
1126|Great Hastern Grass and Oats Fertilizer.............00. 6.6% 600
1100\Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure............ BoOo0dDDD000c
1166/Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure....... cLoneneuayareaen tals wettchewerenens
1236|Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure............ bob dC uO oie
1081|Great Eastern Northern Corn Special........... Oto: opoooadoo00E
1085|Great Eastern Potato Manure............0..- BOS GOOn MoOotogDoOOodOUCO
1082|/High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash. PEAR Ee SA Bt a Old Og Ge
1117/High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash............ BOC OOUOeGO HOO

1252|\High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash.......cccccccccoecscscsecs
Lazaretto Corn

1271
1270

1334
1269
1277

1329
1076
1251

1072
1121
1077

1030
1131
1070

Guano

Lazaretto High Grade Potato Guano............ a

Lazaretto High Grade Potato Guano..... La ccraeuor erates
Lazaretto Propellor Potato Guano..........cccesces

Nitrate of Soda

eee oe

Northern Maine Potato Special......0....... moO OO
Dissolved Bone and Potash............c.<-~
Dissolved Bone and Potash...............->

Pacific
Pacific

Pacific
Pacific
Pacific

Pacific
Pacific
Pacific

Grass and Grain Fertilizer...... SCHEIN OO Oo meeiete

Grass and Grain Fertilizer............cs00-

High Grade General Fertilizer

INODESCUeH GWaMnlo me teeraiarcecicieyelciey ch ovetonclcnetetelsiel ene
Nobesque Guano .......ccccccccsscceve apenas

Potato Special

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 209

Analysis of

$$$ $ $$$______—— — a -_

Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash.

2 Total. Available. Total.
5 LSS IRRREAES aust :
2 j
I & ro rc ro rc
gels | 8 2 s/s S 3 | 3

® 2 : =) 5 v Zz) 4 ; = Sal co
eas |e ele | Be ee he | el)
Sigelee|2 |e /e))2)2 121/218 | 2 |
Sele eee |) Ol a de (Se teo le | o Woe los

|

a Ga YG Yo oN oy MY ON We | % %_| %
1186) 1.30) 0.72; %.02) 2.06)! 4.06) 3.83) 2.52) 7.59) 6.00] 10.41) 10.00}) 1.75) 1.50
1094) 1.74) 1.46} 2.30) 2.06)) 6.33! 1.74) 2.72] 8.12) 8.00: 10.¢4). .... 1.55} 1.50
1095) 1.06) 1.08) 2.14) 2.06)) 6.03) 1.43) 1.90) 7.87) 8.00] 9.77)...... 6.53) 6.00
1142) 1.24) 1.02) 2.26) 2.06)) 5.15) 2.96) 2.11) 8.11) 8.00) 10.23)...... 7.61) 6.00
BOGE | Rerorerevorellierevevershel|lercicis’s)si|fsfelsrerer: 5.29] 4.92) 3.34] 10.21) 11.00) 13.55)...... 2.00) 2.00
BEDS Feveteretatestetcne/aheted|inievcvetexe |isfnis’ tai 3.68) 6.34) 4.55) 10.02} 11.00) 14.57]...... 2.12) 2.00
1144) 0.54) 0.72) 1.46) 1.03)} 4.89) 2.92) 2.01) 7.81} 8.00) 9.82)...... 2.86) 2.00
1235} 0.54 0.54) 1.08) 1.93)| 5.52) 2.59) 1.96) 8.11) 8.00) 10.07)...... 2.02) 2.00
2105) 1.10) 1.32) 2.42) 2.06)| 6.46) 1.78) 2.31) 8.24) 8.00) 10.55)...... 3.34) 3.00
1145) 1.33) 0.82) 2.15) 2.06)| 3.86) 4.07) 2.49) 7.93) 8.00] 10.42).....: 3.45) 3.00
1093) 1.76) 1.58) 3.34) 3.29)| 3.71) 2.37) 2.89] 6.08) 6.00! S.97)...... 9.52) 10.00
1143} 1.73) 1.60) 3.33) 3.29]| 4.37) 2.85) 2.26) 7.22) 6.00) 9.48|...... 10.01) 10.00
1032) 1.00; 1.28) 2.28) 2.06)| 4.37) 3.67) 2.24) 8.04) 8.00) 10.28) 10.00/) 3.20) 3.00
1125) 1.55) O.d1) 2.36) 2.06} 4.89) 8.02] 2.61) 7.91} 8.00) 10.52) 10.00/} 3.33) 3.00
1163; 0.62) 0.60) 1.22) 1.03}| 5.16) 2.72) 2.19] 7.88) 8.00) 10.07! 10.0C 1.88} 2.00
1027} 0.76) 1.36) 2.12) 2.08)) 5.93) 2.47] 2.31) 8.40} S§.00) 10.71] 10.00)| 1.74) 1.50
1124) 0.54) 0.88) 1.72) 2.06)| 4.05) 2.85) 2.54) 6.90) 8.00] 9.44) 10.00!) 1.86) 1.50
1288) 2.12! 2.08) 4.20) 4.10)) 4.37 -85 1.71) 7.22) 7.00) 8.93) 8.00] 8.76) 7.00
IMO] oda dasideooue VA! Pack illoooooallaoonpelloouce -|lssdaoallogceae Pe SPA PS aSoonallscou0e
1084) 0.66) 0.56) 1.22) 0.82|} 2.55) 4.68) 2.83] 7.2 &.00] 10.06) ..... 4.30) 4.00
1127) 0.37; 0.54) 0.91] 0.82!| 3.57) 4.71| 2.21) 8.28} 8.0u) 10.49)...... 4.12} 4.00
TLD ieee opel (eitreter sleet raysillerecel vie k 3.84) 6.06) 4.13] 9.90) 11.00) 14.03)...... 00} 2.00
WPS 665 aaccilueoo4) see aaeleaeeed 4.81} 6.15) 2.78] 10.96) 11.06} 13.74)...... 2.76; 2.00
1100! 1.80) 1.66] 3.46) 3.29)|, 4.141 1,55) 2.41! 5.69) 6.0U!..8.10)...... 79) 10.00
ATCC Ze lee Se OOle to 2Oit eSetit| aac lle eiete eoVSii 6. 00| Se lO] =m rece 9.65) 10.00
1236; 2.61] 0.85) 3.46) 3.29]! 2.98} 2.15] 3.49) 5.13] 6.00) 8.62)...... 9.45} 10-00
1081} 6.80) 1.36) 2.16) 2.06)) 5.90) 2.10) 2.39) 8.0u] 8.00) 10.39] ..... 1.92) 1.50
1085) 0.82} 1.22) 2.04) 2.06)! 6.77] 1.57] ¥.31] 8.34} &.00| 10.65]...... 3.24) 3.00
1082) 3.48) 1.2C) 2.68) 2.40)) 4.38) 1.95) 3.63] 6.33) 6.00) 9.96] 7.00} 9.61) 10.00
V7) 1.96) 1.35)’ 5.31! .2.40)) 2.23) 3.22) 3.09) 5.45) 6.00} 8.53) 7.00) 9.08) 10.00
1252} 1.38) 1.11) °2.49} 2.40)| 3.47] 2.53) 2.31] 6.00) 6.00 31] 7.00) 9.88) 10.00
A271) 1.10) 0-78) 1.88) 1.64)) 6.17) 2.07) 2 18) 8.24) 8.00) 10.42]...... || 2.26) 2.00
1270)" 2710) 1619) 3.30) 3.29) ~ 2.79) 3.56)) 2.35) 6235] 6.00) S.70l...... 9.96) 10.00
1334) 2.03) 1.51) 8.54) 3.29]| 4.98] 1.82) 0.92) 6.75] 6.00) 7.47] ..... 9.73) 10.00
1269) 0.93) 1.37) 2.30) 2.06]) 4.10) 8.20) 2.42) 7.30) 8.00) 9 72]...... 6.40) 6.00
W274) W492 50... NASER TUM soooodlloqgassellssocositoococellooose. |-dapaclsocaus-||sa0" callscocce
1329, 1.98] 1.84] 3.82] 3.70|| 3.91] 3.14) 1.59] 7.05] 7.00 8.64] 8.60 12} 10.00
BL AG Wares al lEoters oie ssl elnisie’ auss|isisisiaie ¢ 3.83' 6.50) 3.76) 10.33] 10.00) 14.09} 11.00} 2.18) 2.00
1251 scooduloOhonelidacooplednoos 6.85} 3.87) 1.82) 10.72) 10.00) 12.54) 11.00) 2.06) 2.00
1072} 0.72) 0.78] 1.50| 0.82)| 4.14] 3.46| 3.00) 7.6u| 7.00] 10.60] 8.60] 2.11] 1.00
1121) 0.66) 0.58) 1.24; O.82!| 4.22) 1.68} 2 96] 5.90} 7.00; 8.86] 8.00j} 1.538} 1.00
1077! 1.46) 2.04) 8.50) 3.280)] 4.67) 3.64) 2.40) 8.31] §.00| 1U.71) 9.00) 6.78) 7.00
1030) 0.56) 0.90) 1.46) 1.03]| 4.32} 2.83) 2.73) 7.15) 8.00} 9.88 10.00 2 38) 2.00
1131) 0.55) 0.60} 1.15} 1.03}) 4.18) 3.52) 2.49) 7.65) 8.00) 10.14) 10.00] 1.88} 2.00
1070) 0.98) 1.22) 2.20) 2.06)| 4.30) 3.20) 2.78) 7.50) 8.00] 10 28] 10.00] 3.27) 3.00

210 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1907.
S
Ss
E
Ss Manufacturer, place of business and brand.
6
p
3
~
mM
UP CU Netavorbg© EX eNH0) (SoxxOleNl ShogugooddgconsnocccnncuK0DKddodUdDOOS aie c.ote
1103|Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer OIE O OLS OC. D n'0'0'60 C Rroene:
1153/Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer............+2.+++eseeees teas
1229|Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer...............-.+seseees ate
1260|Packer’s Union Economical Vegetable Guano.........-...++c0¢- Dot
1091|Packer’s Union Gardener’s Complete Manure..............+-. Baketete
1089|Packer’s Union Potato Manure....... ARR ORTON NEL Ge ee temeasiswe S500
50) Packerss Union 20 atom WVlamuInemrereieie: ciel sieia lech etersia) chateleilenen amet OniGn.o' 6 36
(230 (Packer:S JUmilOne Ova tO mV MUN sre enereretaiaieleteleanetc renee Neneienomens i aienuenen emer s
1096|Packer’s’ Union Universal Mertilizer. 0... << 0% «0 ce oe oe ols seo) elecieisie 3
1106|Packer’s Union Universal Fertilizer....... Riera DE oN AicO.0 0.8 Ula O/D c
1263)/Packer’s Union Universal Fertilizer.........c.ecceecevcecrssetvnes 5
1083|/Packer’s Union Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer............. Bp ooe
1152|Packer’s Union Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer............+00. of
1208/Quinnipiae Climax Phosphate for All Crops........... eu ha bedanahraneiatterte te
ELS @wuinmipilae horn WWia mErecceereteiercmerelici alcitaife toll eltenieieke)/cr eitell<traeltes -PeireneuaneM si itsiteie= 500
IPs | Qunormijolee Corral’ IWirvehbine Soooaadboonsdcgannmo0Gsoo do ooUo ooo OnDaoOCdS
1215|Quinnipiaec Market Garden Maniacs Shatee G tavtel Je bdalaente de, ites ay saaNeTe cette Meee iete eae
22) Quinn pre sMoh awl Merci Zeer wes cnene crete cc) cliel/a)isieliey ol elicl/el en elich sete iairaone ste ateta ie
1132|/Quinnipiac Potato Manure ........ pooaeODDDO CUO su sitetietel eRemelie eieievenel=
1210/Quinnipiac Potato Manure ......... omoanooGOnO ODO O00 sdeponeore Goo ae
7.0 Ouinmipiae rw LotacomehOSp Hate mrcermieh)cicrcre lice) ster ciellsteiteleloneneiet sneer Nel melean Nelle
1211|Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate ........... HOLE Donahoo 6 ton eicooe 0.0.0 3
1133|/Read’s Farmers’ Friend Superphosphate................---s+eee oe ae
1626|/Read’s High Grade Farmers’ Friend Superphosphate...............
1302|Read’s High Grade Farmers’ Friend Superphosphate..............-
IKE Meyer okies Horta Webbe ny Gm agodadoguueOmd OD nD aGoO OOOO boon oan OOUOS
UpAlssaverevolisy: Jetoneshio)- Min) Gao oagogoDdddOobnU doo OmUddddobO DoT ODOC OS
UZO SPREADS MRO CAE Om IVIaIMUT Charen eicearet crs ieyede (oles lev ew sal = vel reece io monotone Ret MRe io Mete ne
1068|)Read’s Practical Potato Special Fertilizer............. Seecuawieaene Eaten Te
1149|)Read’s Practical Potato Special Fertilizer...................:..-+0-
1259|/Read’s Practical Potato Special Fertilizer................ Ee ereae Greer
1129|\Read’s Standard Superphosphate ..:......2.2..-0:-+seenasaneces oon
1254|\Read’s Standard Superphosphate 12.2... 0.2 <n e ee eee c= co
LOSS Readise-Sures Catch Mertilizerercirepeiscisvecsiereiac one rartnee nee een n ste nenem a a meaen Nene
14s iReadess Sunes Catche Mentiliz reps tevclsvclsvescheielctaietcnetenchenehen snot tee ite ee Menap <iatetiels
1043|/Read’s Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer..............ccecceseereesver
IL) 783 SKoulisd GY IRE KETO CHENNIO= soo co gcoocDoooDoODd do ocCoUCoUDC KE OOD oNoEOOUS
IlALHZh Soule ole) Tee Keabae (Cable, GoscoooobodcougoodudocoboCoO OC UOC SOON aeons
HOST StanGdardssAc eer aw de cuss hea ces aqeusicweneranctel cuetonsiel sisi ake ence) eked eaten aa iene
(13 5 SCAN GT CAS FB ATT Grit enemcuecen sikelele Fete raite Vella tele lenerictiote seh lictaltele pee MaMaie=el nati.
1036 Standard bone wand PEO bas liereneecuseeiedeneleienchsiie insect ielei setae die Mel a asta :
1151|Standard Bone and Potash........ SE EM SHG ORT OO OO OU oa ge
LOA StandardaC€ omiple vem Wilamiuine yrs cireienene tatielonele elle tanelloueitcliciess eliaie)-ierleteiten=ielanaiel one é
UP diSreeinckiacl (Cloyomolee IMEbbIRS SAGsbogcandoacosogmoodoDG OOD Oe NOOO O Oe

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 211
Analysis of Station Samples, 1907
= SS: — ies eas aoe 1] ow
Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. | Potash.
|
“3 Total. Available. Total.
o
aS s 3 2 4
q 5 S rS fo) mS
3 q o s . o o | o
eee ys isl oll oe 2 eel g
o a : o aQ : (=| : ieee ete SC
elerleres |e ls |b 8 | Sloe \ ee |e | 8
ae) BS) | Oe 5 3 =} 5 (S) 5 3 =} Sion eears eI
S |oe|28 |] 6 5 iC) 2 a } 5 ° Se iiiP 5 =
mn |ne | oe] & ids} hi a=) 4 fy 5 & By Mh es ids}
Yo | Ya) YoY Yo) Yo Yo |W We Ya. ay | % | %
1245) 1.69) 0.52) 2.21] 2.06)) 4.08) 3.64) 2.86) 7.72) 8.00} 10.58) 10.00|| 3.28) 3.00
1103) 1.37) 1.40) 2.77) 2.47/| 6.01) 2.68) 2.79] 8.69) 9.00) 11.48)...... | 2.76) 2.00
1153} 2.30) 1.20) 2.50) 2.47)) 6.07) 2.38) 2.82) 8.45) 9.00) 11.27)...... 2.06) 2.00
1229) 1.54) 0.99)_ 2.53) 2.47|) 5.39) 3.57) '3.20) 8.96) 9.00) 12.16)...... 2.28] 2.00
1260} 0.53) 0.99) 1.52) 1.25)| 4.03] 4.06) 2.37) 8.09; 6.00) 10.46)......|/ 3.90) 3.00
1091) 1.42) 1.22 2.64) 2.47)| 3.91) 2.30) 2.35) 6.21) 6.00; 8.56)...... 9.53) 10.00
1089} 1.20/ 1.26] 2.46) 2.06] 5.42] 1.85) 3.28] 7.27] 8.00] 10.55]...... 5.54) 6.00
1150) 1-14) 1.14) 2.28) 2.06)) 5.07) 2.79) 2:29] 8.04) 8.00) 10.33)...... 6.82} 6.00
123]) 1.20) 0.94) 2.14) 2.06/} 4.65) 38.10) 3.12) 7.75} 8.0U| 10.87]...... || 7.04) 6.00
1096) 0.62) 0.62) 1.24) 0.82/| 2.39] 5.93] 2.60) 8.32) 8.00) 10.92]...... | 3.80} 4.00
1106; 0.51) 0.54) 1.05) 0.82/) 2.53] 5.05) 3.16) 7.58) 8.00) 10.74)...... || 4.52) 4.00
1263| 0.52) 0.50) 1.02} 0.82)) 3.87) 4.38) 2.27) 8.25) 8.00) 10.52) .....) 4.00) 4.00
|
YORE ooceacllaosoocoanc0dlloaoo0es 5.18) 6.03) 2.77) 11.21) 11.00) J3.98)...... || 2.21) 2.00
INP so oadallesooacllaooucclloggoos 5.40} 5.22) 2.98) 10.62) 11.00) 13.60)...... || 2.00} 2.00
1208] 0.66) 0.50) 1.16) 1.03)) 5.36} 2.69) 2.04) 8.05} 8.00) 10.09 10.00) 1.82) 2.00
1119} 1.17) 1.07) 2.24) 2.06)| 4.70) 2.94! 2.72) 7.641 8.00) 10.36 10.00) | 1.96) 1.50
1212} 1.22) 0.96) 2.18) 2.06); 3.52) 4.54/ 3.11) 8.06] §-00) 11.17] 10.00,| 1.77) 1.50
1215) 1.82} 1.40} 38.22) 3.30)| 5.50) 2.50) 1.77] 8.00) 8.00) 9.77) 9.00}} 6.62) 7.00
1122; 0.62) 0.60} 1.22) 0.82|| 4.13! 2.97) 3.10) 7.10} 7.00) 10.20) &.00!} 1.57) 1.00
1132) 1.50) 1.28] 2.78 2.50/) 3.55) 3.10} 2.64) 6.65] 6.00) 9.29) 8.00)| 6.40) 5.00
1210} 1.40) 1.24) 2.64) 2.50)| 3.87) 3.42) 2.15) 7.29) 6.00; 9.44} 8.00]} 5.98) 5.00
1170) 0.72) 1.56) 2.28) 2.06}| 4.85} 2.93) 2.45) 7.78) 8.00} 10.23) 10.00 3.24) 3.00
1211} 1.31) 0.98) 2.29) 2.06)| 3.87} 3.68} 3.03) 7.55} 8.00) 10.58} 10.00}; 3.10) 3.00
1133) 1.46) 0.82) 2.28! 2.06); 4.56) 3.24, 2.72) 7.80) 8.00) 10.52) 10.00}; 3.40) 3.00
1026, 1.70) 1.66) 3.86) 3.30)| 2.81) 4.01) 2.55) 6.82) 6.00) 9.37) 7.00) 10.06) 10.00
1302} 1.84) 1.32) 3.16) 3.30)| 4.14) 1.81) 1.54) 5.95) 6.00) 7.49) 7.90|| 10.02) 10.00:
1034) 1.34) 1.36] 2.70) 2.40|| 3.43) 2.88) 2.09) 6.31) 6.00} 8.40) 7.00); 9.42) 10.00:
1213) 1.25! 1.20) 2.45) 2.40!| 3.27! 2.68) 2.07! 5.90} 6.00! 7.97] 7.00}! 10.00) 1U.00:
1803) 1.46) 0.95) 2.41) 2.40|| 5.67} 1.85) 2.12/ 7.52) 6.00) 9.64) 7.00|) 9.59) 10.00:
1068} 0.44) 0.84) 1.28) 0.82)| 8.12] 3.57) 2.87) 6.69) 4.00) 9.56) 5.00)| 7.39) 8.00:
1149} 0.42) 0.57; 0.99} 0.82|} 3.97) 3.60) 2.12) 7.67| 4.00) 9.69) 5.00 | 7.67 8.00
1259) 0.27) 0.77| 1.04] 0.82|) 2.89) 3.84] 2.63) 6.73) 4.00) 9.36) 5.00)) 8.52) &.00
1129} 0.51! 0.51) 1.02) 0.82}| 4.05) 4.46] 1.87} 8.51) &.00) 10.3=| 10.00}| 3.95) 4.00
1254) 0.56) 0.48) C.84} 0.82); 3.06) 4.46) 3.00) 7.52) 8.00) 10.52) 10.00]; 3.80) 4.00
MOSS Hepersteteral | eteicreteral| (otsvavetelsy|(ateace ists 3.87) 6.28) 3.53) 10.12) 10.00) 13.69] 11.60]; 2.21) 2.00
SUAS eeeteteraiel|stevsversc-1||sicisie eve |e siate wi 5.13] 5.61! 2.97) 10.74] 10.00) 13.71) 11.00) 22M) 2.00
|
1043) .0.84) 1.34) 2.18) 2.06]| 2.89) 5.82) 2.26) 8.71) 8.06) 10.97] 10.00); 5.51) 6.00
1073) 0.96; 1.16) 2.12) 2.06]| 5.69) 2.64) 2.51} 8.33) 8.00) 10.84) 10.00!) 1.62) 1.50
1164) 0.89) 0.77) 1.66) 2.06}| 3.94) 3.98} 2.65} 7.92] 8.00) 10.57) 10.00)} 1.58) 1.50
1037; 0.62) 0.66} 1.28] 0.82|| 3.83} 3.16] 3.90] 6.99/ 7.00| 9.99, 8.00), 1.99) 1.00
113d] ~0.55} 0.52) 1.10) 0.82)| 5.02) 2.76) 2.18) 7.7!) 7.00) 9.96} &.00}} 2.03) 1.00:
1036]...... [esses |eeeees|oeeeee 3.68] 6.46! 3.95) 10.14] 10.00) 14.09) 11.00)| 2.08) 2.00
GN eisse ce \sopousllsagansllesbor 5.61] 5.05) 2.98) 10.66) 10.00) ¢ 64) 11.00) 2.02; 2.00
1071} 1.40) 2.08) 3.48, 3.30}| 4.73) 3.32] 2.50} 8.05} 8.00] 10.55) 9.00}; 7.22: 7.60
1237; 1.76) 1.40) 3.16) 3.30)| 4.99) 3.01) 1.53; 8.00} 8.00) 9.53! 9.00)) 6 85! 7.00

Lis)
4
iS)

MAINE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Descriptwe List of Station Samples, 1907.

||

Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

Station number.

|
LOWS Standanrdigher tildz ery sla csstercns crs che let eelere elneiene eaicheheiee ieee such stovehehekeneiere
DIAG StandardhoMer tilizere ers ciao ein wwcuaepegsepecermmon one eon teen aeae renee NO OLO.AG
LA Standards GuanostoreAdll GroOpsemenniierie cients eievel chaletevedatenevers!
UDsstiSiehawle Rol Cnbkenavo) atone JNNE Onesie sooauconcdaoosccccoocucc. PPA DIO 0-0 OND
1250 Standards Guano-tor eA Cropsten ee cee Riehe yes
1053|)Standard Special for Potatoes............. eee cece eee ee See aera
4 Standards Special etornaeOLaLOCS ac cireiercbeieveneneieielennienelaeie teenie einen sG0
74th Standarduspecial = torneeotacOeSewacieiesicaiele cioieieieloineie eee eee :
1160)/Williams & Clark’s Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. . E
1161|Williams & Clark’s Americus Corn Phosphate............:..... gone
1159/Williams & Clark’s Americus High Grade Special................. “
1162|Williams & Clark’s Americus Potato Manure.............. nOooOD DS
1153|Williams & Clark’s Royal Bone Phosphate for All Graeen actone gece ais sveNe
ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE, MD.
LESS VAVL YS OlUple he taketacu sss naenc cac eso uote ae ow ieee ee ee eee cet Mlenerelens
L293 Armoires eelood bones andmeO Lasts etmareiesieieicnctee sienna enone cuemene ens
IZ94Armours; Complete yRotato sereilizenrnn cies <1: eicico es eieteeienerenerenets Ago SO
123 (ATMOUrsS Complete sPoracOmMe~rLilaZetyaccu-te ctaceeonate nena ten renee aetetee ehetege
1133.7 (Armowss IGraimy iG TOWER scey cis leks eccwece sere ane eee ee I nee ERO Meio
1321|Armour’s High Grade Potato....... Soaoos VEER RE Has AS HA oc See ics Bone
slays lMewhnPachael Jaxovoye Creo qsjxroiehliogyoouooeobpodocooddnasuooocadadsocouodG
UAH AMavstne, (Crore have CORNE Shoeciels sano de oooonopoean eon aposocgusonKO
BOWKER FERTILIZER COMPANY, BOSTON, MASS.
LO6t|BowKern/s= sone. Bloodsand eOtasilierei ns ante ieee ee OW
DELS Bowkers= Bone LOodmande Ota biegeeesters steionsaeierele rick ten nenenenenemaioee Soc
1286|Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables..... Bite aveua o
UGA Eon Adee (Corday Igoe socuaqoooncucsobboogooenocuads.d00008 OBC
LOAAIB OwicerisesWarsliye ol OFAE On Via Cretan) sien nsieieteistene etsi-ueiienei pect elteaaeuismons on
1066)/Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate.....................cseces >
1180\iBowkers Harm and: Garden Phosphate. sss... ma. cee eee eee aes
SG SOwACerIS! Ee ShicG FOUN Gis Ol Chr ermerstecere enclosed ote ionohetc holon omen elt nomeniaue niclerd
IMHO Aes IERUIL Enovsl IDAUhl APiaojaeenws GaooooasosgcuouesceboocccoS Oe
LASSI BOwKerS sealland 2D rile hospha terre ssi chester ioe eatenenene ieeehaiee
LOGS ibOwkerns Market. GardenieMererlize tiem cnctecrscciercleteiskels cite aomeien neneie none tenetens C
1176|Bowker’s Market Garden Pertilizer....................c.s:0es eleyetereve,.2”
INOS Ieee SiON Goa gaucousoodoobenoeooduau sou obodooodooKS :
WES IBOW KELSO tashpB ON Cit aancsteiesescier om epee el saoieonsicl<yoreie hated ele t mee nemotete Bocas
13:27] |(Bowker:s Potash: on Staple se hospnatere ine oe) ieneieneie cheteieneietanelsnetemens sc
1044|Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer..................+s.ee0. C
1114|Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer.................c.+ce--> oc
1064|Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate......................- ene
1033|/Bowker’s 6% Potato Fertilizer.................. Meo Oa OO aeatere
1065|Bowker’s Square Brand Bone and Potash............. Bra eotete SROOI GG
1177|Bowker’s Square Brand Bone and Potash................++-0. 40000
1310|Bowker’s Superphosphate with Potash for Grass and Grain....... 6
1061|Bowker’s Sure Crop Bone Phosphate...................0.. nooo Gds
1179|Bowker’s Sure Crop Bone Phosphate..................... sees eeeee

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 213
Analysis of Station Samples, 1907
Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash.
Total. Available.| Total. | |
3 |
=| oc co | ss
eee z alia 5 5 z
Sma. | 2 Bee Pe Z 2 2
te) a 2 4 rs] 4 4 oq
ees ls is |e | ee |e |e | a |e | 8
ol a) S| ee a 3 2 i) 5 eI 5 B Beat is
3 =as3 ne f=} = D 5 =] 2) 5 =
urs (S qd ic) 5 fo} o q [o) =) fo) =) (-} =
nD |QHE lee | & S n oa = = o oy ic) ey | oO
|
| % | % Zi % | | % | & | % % | %
1075| 0.68| 1.38} 2.06] %.06)| 5.74/ 2.93) 2.36] 8.57] 8.00] 10.93] 10.00|| 1.57| 1.50
1146] 1.37| 0.81] 2.18] 2.06|| 4.16) 3.77| 2.54) 7.93] 8.00] 10.47| 10.00|| 1.30] 1.50
1134] 0.54] 0.68} 1.22] 1.03|| 5.18| 2.64) 2.94) 7.82) 8.00] 10.06; 10.00|| 2.11] 2.00
1031] 0.44/ 0.84] 1.28} 1.03|| 3.76] 3.51] 2.58! 7.27| 8.00] 9.85] 10.00|| 2.04] 2.00
1250/ 0.56] 0.48) 1.04] 1.03); 5.64] 2.32] 2.05] 7.96] 8.00) 10.01] 10.00)| 2.08] 2.00
1053} 0.74| 1.60} 2.34| 2.06)| 4.86| 2.70| 2.69) 7.56] 8.00] 10.25] 10.00|| 3.47) 3.00
1147| 1.50) 0.78| 2.28] 2.06|| 4.10) 3.68} 2.36] 7.78| 8.00] 10.14] 10.00|| 3.17| 3.00
1241] 1.10} 0.99) 2.09] 2.06|| 3.68] 4.59] 2.54) $.27/ 8.00) 10.81| 10.00); 3.01] 3.00
1160} 1.32] 1.20] 2.52] 2.50| 6.12) 2.77] 2.22] 8.89] 9.00] 11.11] 11.00|| 2.10] 2.00
|
1161| 1.39}. 0.77) 2.16] 2.06]| 3.98] 3.78| 2.52) 7.76] 8.00) 10.28] 10.00)| 1.56) 1.50
1159] 1.88] 1.59) 3.38] 3.30|| 6.03| 1.82) 1.98] 7.85] 8.00) 9.53) 9.00|| 6.91) 7.00
1162| 3.40} 0.84/ 2.24) 2.06|| 4.72] 3.19] 2.63) 7.91] 8.00f 10.54] 10.00|| 3.05] 3.00
1158| 0.58! 0.56] 1.14] 1.03|| 5.21] 2.56| 2.13 7.77| 8.00] 9.90] 10.0u/| 1.91] 2.00
1336] 2.57| 1.04| 3.61] 2.88|/ 7.08} 1.29| 0.51) 8.37] 8.00| 8.88] 10.00|) 3.65) 4.00
1293] 2.39] 1.88] 4.27/ 4.11|| 6.61| 1.86] 0.77| 8.47| 8.00] 9.24) 10.00|| 7.99 7.00
1294! 1.74] 1.58] 3.32| 3.98|| 4.30] 2-05} 1.13] 6.38] 6.00} 7.51] 8.60||.10.89| 10.00
1323! 1.50) 1.70) 3.20) 3.28|/ 4.19) 2.15) 1.20] 6.34] 6.00, 7.54] 8.00|| 10.49) 10,00
1337| 0.90} 0.84] 1.74] 1.65/| 6.22| 1.93]. 0.68) 8.15) 8.00/ 8.83] 10.00|| 3.83] 2:00
1321} 0.46) 1.12) 1.58) 1.65|| 6.82] 2.04) 1.25 8.86) 8.00] 10.11] 10.u0|| 10.s9| 10.00
1328] 0.72} 1.24] 1.96] 1.65|| 7.12] 1.88) 1.33} 9.00} §.00| 10.33] 10.00|| 4.31] 5.00
1336 lew ce 0.65! 0.65) 0.82|! 6.42] 2.60) 1.40) 9.02| 7.00] 10.42) 9.00|| 1.07} 1.00
1067) 2.14, 2.44] 4.58] 4.11]| 4.89) 1.93/ 2.04) €.87| 7-00| 8.91} 9.00|/ 7.55] 7.00
118i| 1.74] 2.86] 4.60) 4.11/| 5.021° 1.79) 1.49 6.811 7.00) 8.30] 9.00!) 7.13] 7.00
1286) 2.15) 1.80) 3.45) 3.29]/ 3.55) 3.06) 1.89) 6.61] 6.00, 8.50, 7.00)) 10.32] 10.00
1062} 0.60| 1.32} 1.92| 1.65|| 5.96] 2.60) 2.55) 8.56] $.00! 11.11| 9.00) 2.05) 2.00
1042| 1.52) 1.80] 3.32) 3.29|| 5.02| 3.24) 2.42) 8.26) 8.00| 10.6s| 9.00) 6.47) 7.00
1066] 1.26} 0.88} %.14| 1.65/| 4.10] 2.97| 2.96] 7.07| 8.CO, 10.03) 9.00|| 2.36) 2.00
|
1180| 1.22] 0.76} 1.98] 1.65|| 4.59| 2.86] 2.35/ 7.45] 8.00} 9.80] 9.00|| 2.13] 2.00
ERG aes Alc CEES AOR ll ee Rce eee ea ee nee eee a eee 93.40| 22.80||....-.|--.---
1025] 1.34] 1.24) 2.58 2.47|| 6.76] 2.05] 2.01) 8.81] 9.00] 10.52) 10.00|| 2.34) 2.00
1183] 1.49] 1.28] 2.77| 2.47|| 5.61| 2.97} 2.50} $.58| 9.00) 11.08] 10.00|| 2.29) 2.00
1063] 1.28) 1.30| 2.58] 2.47|| 3.75] 2.69] 2.14] 6.44) 6.00| 8.58) 7.00|| 3.82] 10.00
1176] 1.52| 1.02] 2.54] 2.47|| 4.02] 2.65] 1.70) 6.67| 6.00] 8.37| 7.00|| 9.01) 10.00
1059) 0.72} 0.78} 1.50| 0.82|/ 4.38] 2.83] 2.83} 7.21) 6.00, 10.04/ 8.00| 2.03, 2.00
1178| 0.81) 0.43) 1.29] 0.82l] 5.58] 2.33] 1.86] 7.91/ 6.00] 9.79} 8.00|| 2.02} 2.00
1327/ 0.44| 0.64) 1.05] 0.82)/| 3.44] 3.93] 2.80] 7.37| 8.00, 10.17} 9.00|| 3.03] 3 00
1044] 1.26] 1.30| 2.56] 2.47/| 6.53) 2.26) 1.76) 8.79] §.00| 10.55] 10.00|| 4.81| 4.00
1114] 1.16] 1.34) 2.50) 2.47/|| 6.53] 1.68| 2.15] 8.21] 8.00) 10.36) 10.00)| 4.34] 4.00
1064] 0.76} 1.28} 2.04) 1.65|| 5.74] 2.60| 2.42] 8.34) 8.00| 10.76] 9.00|/ 2.0u, 2.00
1033] 0.38} 0.80) 1.18) 0.82|| 2.90| 3.51) 2.68) 6.41) 6.00/ 9.09) 7.00|, 6.66 6.00
1065| 0.92) 0.80) 1.72] 1.65)/ 1.20] 4.86| 4-51| 6.03] 6.00] 10.54) 7.00) 1.83} 2.00
1177] 1.06] 0.60} 1.66] 1.65|| 3.21] 3.15 3.34] 6.36) 6.00| 9.70] 7.00|| 1.93) 2.00
TRU es coe) eee eae Geer 6.85] 4.46] 1.73] 11.31] 10.00) 13.94) 11.00) 2.02) 2.00
1061] 0.60) 0.86|- 1.46] 0.82|| 3.83) 2.98] 2.77| 6.81] 8.00) 9.58} 9.00|| 2.13) 2.00
W178] 0.52] 0.46) 0.98| (0.82|| 5.53| 2-20] 1.86) 8.83] 8.00) 10.19 9-00}/ 1.77] 2.00

eas

214 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1907.
s
oO
72
5
~
Ss Manufacturer, place of business and brand.
5
=
e
~~
mm
L787 | MonticellomGrange Chemicalsm steno Geto ee neers ot
1324 Special eotato Manure fore thesGransen cer sec aie eters nansneieiensl-
LOa7|StOCKbrid Ses COM iain? s eae se ee eee eae caer eee Need Ov Ree ReR eRe wet aeionets >
IND SOS Roo Sc openckeqevsy Sieyerobhayer Dongs Gowooocsouaccoocncndadudoannodoaccds =
1024|)Stockbridge’s Special Complete Potato and Vegetable Manure.......
1182/Stockbridge’s Special Manure for Cabbage................-see-eee
1285|Stockbridge’s Special Manure A for Potatoes..................++++%
LOSS | Stockpridsese Ope LESSim ower we wencneiellsietieieiel eile teen ene eaenemen Soe Ae
COEH-MORTIMER COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y.
1101|)E. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer............... 2
1190)/E. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer................
1272|K. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer............... S
1079) HS Krank Coe7s Columbian Corn Mertilizernss) .. << teeters) sel seseists) oe =
1191 rank Coes) Columbian Corn) Metilizer: os... se cieteieeieeeneietetelalcne
1280|/—H. Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn Fertilizer.................cseceeee
1080|H. Frank Coe’s Columbian Potato Fertilizer......................-
1189|K. Frank Coe’s Columbian Potato Wertilizer.....................+6
1278|E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Potato Fertilizer....................-.-
1116/K. Frank Coe’s Double Strength Potato Manure...............+.:0.2
1196/EK. Frank Coe’s Double Strength Potato Manure...)................
1283|H. Frank Coe’s Double Strength Potato Manure...................
104 prank (Coeis mxcelsionr Potator MertvliZer. cco. ite ic) lee cieele) cle suenelenelans
Tae Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer............. Oreo ichekene &
1194|—. Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer................... eS :
1108/K. Frank Coe’s Famous Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer.
1282|E. Frank Coe’s Famous Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer...
1087|/K. Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Superphosphate.........-
1192|E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate....-.
1281|H. Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.....
1086/K. Frank Coe’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer.....................-
1279|K. Frank Coe’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer..:..................-
1097|/E. Frank Coe’s New Englander Corn and Potato Fertilizer........ =
1195|H. Frank Coe’s New Englander Corn and Potato Fertilizer.........
1107|E. Erank Coes Red Brand Hxcelsior Guano... ...2...-s-455s sees
1193|—H. Frank Coe’s-Red Brand Excelsior Guano......................-
1275|—H. Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guano....................-- =
1099|K. Frank Coe’s Special Grass and Grain Fertilizer.................
1187|E. Frank Coe’s Special Grass and Grain Fertilizer........... a0c8
HUBBARD FERTILIZER COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MD.
to HiEbUbbard7s Bone, esbloodmandae Ovals cmcy deucicicnclatenscisicte tenet anes
1S AG LEU b DaALd7Sieb OnerblOOdman Gwe ROLASerarevcienenstcbetel fel eae heen ane
IEPALGH abo oloenrokeheaarseID-Abi ogg ouaonoovue oun odbOb Onde oO Oo nD UOe ooo 2DS
1311/Hubbard’s Farmers’ IXIl, Superphosphate................--+++2+ee-
USPS hol ol onrcesy IR On eul ID sooo gee ooobKooooeescHobocos oon unos D UU oSU dbo
1314\Hubbard’s, Soluble Bone, and Potash... 542-054 - :
Uses hoy oor pros Aaa ems: NY Bosoggccsaconbmoooopubocond ooo UaCUN Tot oa ONG

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 215,
Analysis of Station Samples, 1907
Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. | Potash.
— |
a Total. Available. Total. |
fo)
q A r=) s s 2
2S ee 2 cae 2 2 2
(0) fe} : ) fe) 3 Fi 3 =
Sse os | a a ke | Bole 1} eg le | 2 ig)
Samat mcecln el) iF lol) eipsel elec), sehal 5 | &
8 os qe o) 5 S ) 4 S =} iS) =} C) =}
mn |ne | oe | fy oO n pe S = Oo fa cS; fy O
Co Sa Yh GG To | Sora oul Son |e % | %
1287} 1.70) 0.98) 2.68] 2.50|| 5.50) 2.55] 1.58] 8.05} 8.00] 9.63] 12.00]| 4.40| 4.00:
1324] 1.08] 0.64) 1.72] 1.65|| 6.74] 2.33] 0.89] 9.12) 9.00] 10.01] 12.00;) 12.15] 12.00
1057| 1.76] 1.62) 3.48] 3.29]| 7.17) 2.82] 0.61] 9.99] 10.00] 10.60) 11.00|] 7.28) 7.00:
1060} 1.40) 1.30) 2.70) 2.47;| 3.87] 2.71} 1.95] 6.58) 6.00} §.53) 9.00|| 9.62) 10.00
1024) 1.56] 1.72] 3.34] 3.29!| 4.30] 5.24] 1.86] 9.54| 6.00] 11.40) 7.00|) 9.73) 10.00
1182} 3.92) 1.72] 5.64) 4.93/] 2.25| 3.08] 2.45] 5.33] 4.00] 7.78] 6.00|| 6.03) 6.00
1285] 1.99) 2.04) 4.03] 4.11|] 5.04) 2.24] 1-36] 7.28] 7.00] 8.64) 8.00]] 10.38] 10.00
1058} 3.54) 1.50} 5.04) 4.93]| 1.99] 3.62] 2.44] 5.61| 4.00] 8.05) 6.00|| 6.37) 6.00
1101] 0.76) 0.82| 1.58) 1.65|] 6.14] 1.84] 1.72] 7.98} 8.00] 9.70] 10.00]|- 3.71) 4.00
1190} 1.07] 0.76] 1.83] 1.65]) 5.85} 3.01] 1.10) 8.56] 8.00] 9.96] 10.00!| 3.92! 4.00
1272} 0.86] 0.80} 1.66] 1.65|| 5.16] 2.31| 2.36] 7.47| 8.00] 9.83] 30.00]| 3.53) 4.00
1079| 0.46] 0.84) 1.30] 1.23]| 4.32] 5.44/ 2.75] 9.76] §.50/ 12.51] 10.50|| 2.31) 2.50
1191} 0.95} 0.52) 1.50) 1.23]) 6.50) 2.96] 1.71| 9.46] 8.50] 11.17) 10.50|} 2.37) 2.50:
1250] 0.70) 0.58} 1.28] 1.23]) 4.30) 5.09} 3 26] 8.70) S.5C] 11.96) 10.50|| 2.24) 2.50
1080} 0.60) 0.72} 1.32) 1.93/| 4.85] 4.19] 2.80] 9.04] 8.50] 11.84/ 10.50)| 2.31) 2.50
1189} 0.88} 0.49} 1.37] 1.23]; 5.79) 3.66] 1.33| 9.45) 8 50/ 10.78) 10.50|/ 2.38) 2.50
1278] 0.85} 0.51} 1.36| 1.23|| 6.38] 2.18] 2.31] 8.56] 8.50] 10.87} 10.50)| 2.34) 2.50
1116] 2.45] 1.17) 3.62) 3.70|| 4.30] 2.63| 2.28] 6.93] 7.06] 9.21] $.50|| 8.06) 10.00
1196} 2.88} 0.64) 3.52] 3.70|| 6.0)| 2.02] 0.58] 7.03] 7.00} 8.91]. 8.50|| 8.97] 10.00-
1283] 2.82} 0.84) 3.66) 3 70|| 5.88} 2.01} 1.25) 7.89} 7.00} 9.17] §8.50|/ 8.74] 10.00:
1104} 1.66] 0.78; 2.44; 2.47|| 5.58] 1.67| 1.36] 7.25] 7.00} 8.61! 9.00)! 7.24) 8.00
1273} 1.65) 0.80) 2.45] 2.47|) 3.88] 4.45) 1.48] 7.83! 7.00] 9.31) 9.00|| 6.81} §.00
1194 2.16} 0.36] 2.52} 2.47)| 4.56] 2.59] 1.761 7.15] 7.00] 9.93] 9.00]/ 6.77] 8.0
THANGTSH| 3 8 | cere fae 4.94] 5.06) 4.35] 10.00] 10.50) 14.35] 12.00|! 1.51] 2.00
TPE Se Sa Sallnn nea panes eee 4.96] 4.97) 4.62! 9.93] 10.50) 14.55] 12.00)| 1.81] 2.00
1087] 0.95) 0.75] 1.70) 1.85|| 5.74) 2.95] 2.42] 8.69] 9.60] 31.11] 11.00|) 2.47] 2.95
1192} 1.18]. 0.68} 1.86] 1.85|| 6.09] 3.69] 1.86) 9.7x, 9.00] 11.64) 11.00|/ 2.02] 2.25
1281) 0.99) 0.76] 1.66] 1.85|| 5.82) 3.30) 2.42] 9.12] 9.00] 11.54] 11.00)/ 2.17) 2.25
1086) 1.46) 0.92] 2.38] 2.40]| 4.38] 3.32| 2.58] 7.70) 8.00] 10.28) 10.00), 5.39] 6.00
1279) 1.42) 1.06] 2.48) 2.40/) 4.89] 3.02] 2.31/ 7.91] 8.00] 10.22) 10.00|| 4.95] 6.00
1097| 0.69} 0.43] 1.12) 0.80]]- 5.98] 3.75} 2.03] 9.73] 7.50 11.76] 9.00|| 2.86] 3.00-
1195} 0.63} 0.56] 1.19] 0.80|| 4.42] 3.93] 1.53] 8.35! 7.50| 9.88] 9.00)) 2.&5] 3.00
1107} 2.22} 0.70) 2.92} 3.30]| 6.93] 2.07) 1.79] 9.00] 9.00) 10.79] 10.00|| 5.0s| 6.00
1193) 2.36] 0.76] 3.12} 3 30|| 6.76] 1.57] 2.11] 8.33] 9.00] 10.44] 10.00|| 5.10) 6.00
1275| 2.08} 0.98) 3.06] 3.30|| 6.09) 2.95) 1.80| 9.04! 9.00] 10.84] 10.00)| 5.41] 6.00
1099] 0.44) 0.60] 1.04) 0.80]] 5.°3) 5.50} 3 00) 10.63] 8.50] 13.63] 10.00)} 1.62) 1.50:
1187} 0.66) 0.48] 1.14) 0.80)| 5.26! 3.27] 1.96] 8.53) 8.50) 10.49] 10.00|| 2.12] 1.50
1315] 2.82) 0.56) 3.38) 3.29|| 5.23) 2.20] 0.89} 7 43] 8.00] 8.32] 9.00|| 7.91] 7.00:
1326} 2.23) 0.84) 3.07) 3.29) 5.90| 2.14] 0.85, 8.04) 8.00] 8.89) 9.00) 7.01) 7.00
1316] 0.97) 0.75} 1.72] 1.65||. 7.49] 1.51] 2.03] 9.60] 8.00] 11.03) 9.00|] 2.49] 2.00
1311] 0.96] 1.06} 2.02) 1 65|! 2.82) 5.01] 1.76] 7.83] 8.00! 9.59] 9.60|| 2.50) 2.00
1312) 1.59] 0.71} 2.30] 2.47|| 6.25] 2.34] 0.73] 8.59) §.00] 9 32] 9.00/| 4.57| 4.00
1B CUson obese eaeneal eae acs 2.96) 7.22) 1.96] 9.48] 10.00] 11.44/...... || 1.84] 2.00
1313) 2.73] 0.88} 3.61) 4.10]} 5.56] 2.27] O.91| 7.83] 6.00} 8.74/...... || 4.97] 5.00
i] ‘ 1]

216 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Descriptive Last of Station Samples, 1907.

Hi
o
pio)
:
S| Manufacturer, place of business and brand.
5
=
«
~_
DN
JOHN WATSON COMPANY, HOULTON, MAINE.

1291|/Watson’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure.......... averarsusaete asta
1292)Watson’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure........... Hoo OGoOD

- |LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, NEWARK, N. J.
1023|High Grade Special for Spring Crops............c.sceree Beeceter micierete
1078|High Grade Special for Spring Crops................. sieieieieiselelerais ae
IAA oIStens Animal bs Onerand-eLOtas he icieieiennteiieereleieneiateds Bs ad's

1123|Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash
1110)Lister’s Oneida Special Fertilizer

1139/Lister’s Oneida Special Fertilizer
1021/Lister’s Potato Manure
1109|Lister’s Potato Manure

1156|Lister’s Pure Raw Bone Meal
1113/Lister’s Special Corn Fertilizer
1187|Lister’s Special Corn Fertilizer

1115|Lister’s Special Potato Fertilizer
1140|Lister’s Special Potato Fertilizer
IDEA ens eres Suess ideale) ooodoooobouooubUDadGs

1138|Lister’s Success Fertilizer
1022|\Lister’s 10% Potato Grower
LOSS Eister:s 10%. Potato Grower pssers a cvolels elccslole airtel eee oe eer
NATIONAL FERTILIZER COMPANY, BRIDGEPORT, CONN.

1297|Chittenden’s Complete Root Fertilizer
1296|Chittenden’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer

1298/Chittenden’s Market Garden Fertilizer

1'322|\Chittendenis= Market (Garden: Mertilizer.. o.oo. lle eee
NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER COMPANY, BOSTON, MASS.
1016/|New England Complete Manure
1217/New England Complete Manure

1017|New England Corn and Grain Fertilizer
1222|\New England Corn and Grain Fertilizer
1012;\New England Corn Phosphate

1230|New England Corn Phosphate
1018|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer
1225|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer

1014|New England High Grade Special
1219|New England High Grade Special with 10% Potash. doco oe :
1305|New England Market Garden Manure..............

1015|New England Potato Fertilizer
1224|New England Potato Fertilizer
L009 New-bneland= Potato Growers. conten nee
1019|New England Superphosphate
1223 News HnelandassSuperphosphiate sn ame et eee ceeio nn Pines :
PARMENTER & POLSEY HRT LER COz PEABODY, MASS.

1299|A. A. Brand Fertilizer
1010|Aroostook Special

see ee eo ore eee ee eee eet ee oo eoceeoreecee sec ec es ogg

"

FERTILIZER JNSPECTION. 217

Analysis of Station Samples, 1907

1

Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. || Potash.
Rs Total. oe x Available. | Total. [
i PET SI
2 ; é A ,
a A 3 3 3 3
ei} |e aE iecseainre 2 2 3
q o,|;e, : S & 2 2 Ss ia | a me |
CU poorer Spatial s i) eB = Ss S e S = s
eetectomiiow. | S Ss > g 5 3 Ss 3 5s | 8
S |S$2/ 3s 5 3 9S ® a } 5 ° Se eno) n aan
mn |ne|ae}] oO Nn oe = by oS ey O a | ©
1 | | [
Ya | YON Vo Ny Yo | Uo | Yo Geol GN Be Ge Ge NX
1291] 2.09] 1.09] 3.18] 3.00|| 4.16) 1.78] 1.39] 5.94) 6.00) 7.33) 7.00)| 5.03] 5.00
1292] 1.95} 1.08] 3.03) 3.00/| 4.51) 1.64] 1.25) 6.15] 6.00) 7.40) 7.00)! 5.00) 5.00
1023} 0.78| 0.94| 1.72] 1.65|| 4.78] 3.98] 2.68} 8.76] 8.00) 11.44/ 10.00|| 9.93] 10.00
1078] 0.85} 0.89} 1.74) 1.65|/ 4.70) 3.31] 3.51] 8.01] 8.00) 11.52) 10.00), 9.54] 10.00
TUUIll|bosadol enseallsseses Rognee 2.71} 7.27] 4.30| 9.98] 11.00) 14.28) 13.00)! 2.02! 2.00
THER okgscnl sBetenl leeeea qarmee 3.30] 6 81] 4.12] 10.11] 11.00) 14.23) 13.00)! 2.17) 2.00
1110] 0.60) 0.54) 1.14] 0.83/| 3.95] 3.46] 1.99) 7.41| 7.00) 9.40) §.00|| 1.00] 1.09
1139] 0.85) 0.50} 1.35) 0.83/| 5.69] 2.77) 1.98] 8.46] 7.00] 10.44) 8.00)| 2.0]| 1.00
1021} 2.02] 1.32) 3.34] 3.20]| 4.91) 2.76] 2.64) 7.67] 8.00) 10:31] 9.00|| 7.30) 7.00
1109! 2.04) 1.38) 3.42) 3.20)| 6.09] 1.81] 2.38) 7.90} 8.00] 10.28] 9.00)| 7.03| 7.00
TABS eadee DABS Res Gs | Nene alleys cea ltaceoee tiger aa DGRealo3200) lie lia cee
1113) 0.85] 1.13) 1.98] 1.65|) 2.65] 4.35) 4.8x) 7.00) 8.00] 11.88] 9.00|| 3 04] 3.00
1137| 0.87} 1.26] 2.13} 1.65|) 4.10} 3.14] 2.64) 7.42} 8.00) 10.06] 9.00} 3.18) 3.00
1115] 0.78] 1.10] 1.88} 1.65|| 2.33| 3.77| 4.90] 6.10] 8.00] 11.00] 9.00), 2.58] 3.00
1140} 1.05) 1.30) 2.35] 1.65]| 3.19] 4.23) 2.45} 7.42] 8.00] 9.87] 9.00/| 3.74] 3.00
1112| 0.64) 0.86) 1.50) 1.30) 5.77) 3.44) 2.82) 9.21) 9.00) 12.03] 11.00} 2.06) 2.00
1138] 0.68; 0.60! 1.28} 1.24/| 4.93/ 4.39] 3.24) 9.32) 9.00] 12.56] 11.0U|| 2.18] 2.00
1022/ 1.83) 1.40/ 3.23) 3.29]| 1.75) 3.73] 3.24) 5.48) 6.00) 8.72| 7.00|| 10.59| 10.00
1088| 2.06] 1.38] 3.44] 3.29|| 2.79] 2.94] 2.08] 5.73) 6.00) 7.81] 7.00|| 9.66! 10.00
1297| 1.62] 1.76] 3.38] 3.30|| 4.94} 2.85] 1.91] 7.79] 8.00/ 9.70] 10.00|| 7.77| 6.00
1296} 2.08) 1.28] 3.36] 3.30|| 4.54) 2.12) 2.15] 6.66] 6.00) 8.81] 8.00/) 10.29) 10.00
| |
1298} 1.47] 1.02} 2.49] 2.40|| 2.65] 3.40] 2.49} 6.05] 6.00! 8.54) 8.00|| 5.61) 5.00
1822} 1.15) 1.34] 2.49) 2.40)! 265) 4.65 0.91) 7.30) 6.00) 8.21) 8.00|) 6.13) 5.00
1016} 1.92] 1.38] 3.30| 3.28|| 4.56] 2.74) 1.16] 7.30] 6.00} 8.46] 7.00!| 9.77) 10.00
1217 1.81} 1.28) 3.09] 3.28), 4.65) 1.38| 1.19} 6.03) 6.00) 7.22) 7.00]! 9.43) 10.00
1017| 0.82} 0.42} 1.24|- 1.23] 5.01] 2.11| 2.36| 7.12] 7.00) 9.48] 8.00|/ 2.00| 2.00
1222} 0.70) 0.47} 1.17] 1.23]| 4.18] 2.70] 2.49) 6.88] 7.00] 9.37] 8.00|| 1.89] 2.00
1012) 0.94) 0.78| 1.72] 1.64|| 5.66| 1.85) 1.39} 7.65] 8.00) 9.04] 9.00/| 3.09) 3.00
1230} 0.98) 0.74) 1.72] 1.64]; 6.44) 2.10| 2.12} 8.54) 8.00) 10.66] 9.00|| 2.94) 3.00
1018} 1.09] 1.18] 2.27| 2.46|| 4.72) 3.31) 3.30] 8.03] 8.00] 11.33] 9.00)/ 6.24! 6.00
1225) 0.94) 1.24) 2.18] 2.46)| 4.37/ 3.60) 3.23) 7.97) &.00) 11.20] 9.00/| 5.67| 6.00
1014] 1.86] 2.02} 3.88] 3.69)| 3.55) 2.82) 3.02} 6.37| 7.00) 9.39] 8.00]| 10.05) 10.00
1219} 1.95] 1.98} 3.93] 3.69|| 3.36] 3.43) 2.41] 6.79} 7.00) 9.20) 8.00|| 9.76) 10.00
1305} 1.78] 2.26| 4.04! 4.10!) 3.00! 3.21/ 4.09! 6.21] 7.00‘ 10.30] 8.00|! 5.93) 7.00
1015} 0.84] 0.86] 1.70] 1.64]! 3.78] 2.99] 2.17] 6.77] 7.00] 8.94) 8.00|| 4.03) 4.00
1224) 0.70} 0.78] 1.48] 1.64]; 3.89] 3.09] 1.50] 6.98] 7.00] 8.48] 8.00]) 4.08) 4.00
1009} 1.36} 1.00) 2.36] 2.46]' 3.52) 2.19} 1.59] 5.71] 6.00/ 7.30! 7.00!| 9.89) 10.00
1019} 1.24) 1.18] 2.42] 2.46|} 6.53/ 4.35} 1.30] 10.88! 8.00) 12.18) 10.00), 4.27) 4.00
1223) 1.06] 1.22) 2.28] 2.46]! 6.09] 3.01} 3.51) 9.10] §.U0| 12.61] 10.00) 4.18) 4.00.
\|
1299} 2.27) 1.66] 3.93] 4.10]| 5.28| 1.86] 1.53] 7.14] 7.00] 8.67; &.00)| 8.43) §.00-
1010} 1.96} 1.68| 3.64) 3.69|) 3.57| 3.15) 2.60] 6.72) 7.00! 9.32] §.00)| 10.07| 10.00
‘ 1

Station number.

218

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1907.

Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

1308
10138
1300
1011

1184
1309

1290
1306
1307
1289

1304
1317

1325
1295
1301

1201
1197
1198

1200
1199
1204

1205
1206
1207

1203
1339
1202
1340

1007
1227
1008

1216
1002
1228

1003
1218
1214

1006
1226
1001

1004
1220

Maine Potato Fertilizer ........

Plymouth Rock Brand Fertilizer
Plymouth Rock Brand Fertilizer

Special

Potato Fertilizer .......

a

eee eee oe oe ee ee ee oo ee oe eH TH Oe

PORTLAND RENDERING COMPANY, PORTLAND, MAINE.
Bone Dust Tankage ...........
Bone Dust Rankaeemereciceisoniene
ik, Ab. PRENTISS COMPANY, HOULTON, MAINE.
Prentiss Aroostook Complete ...
Prentiss Aroostook Complete ...
Prentiss Aroostook Standard ...
Prentiss Aroostook Standard ...

PROVINCIAL CHEMICAL FERTILIZER CoO., ST. JOHN, ab Be
10% Complete Potato ..........

P. H. REED, FORT

Reed’s Potato Grower ..........
RUSSIA CEMENT COMPANY, GLOUCESTER, MASS.
Essex Complete Manure for Aroostook County CropsSteeieee rire So
Hssex Market Garden and Potato Manure................. Jbso0O COG
Hssex XXX Fish and Potash....
SAGADAHOC FERTILIZER COMPANY, BOW ON a MAINE.
ANGIE! IPOS OINENLS Gooconeodoacoad
Aroostook Potato Manure ......

Dirigo

Grass and Grain........

Miuriaitemo rene otalsleeisseyeeacierene one
Nitrate of Soda. veil sie:

eeeccoeee cece ec cer certo ese e eee tee

ec ee ee ee ee ew ee o eo ew ee ee ee ee

eecee eee ce ee ee oe eee ew wo eo ee ° co

FAIRFIELD, MAINE.

ee

Sacadahoe Special Potato gMertiliZerks. ci cues sieeve! = ciencieieheeenaleiete Spo OOOO
XX Chemical Fertilizer Brand Clark’s Mixture...............-ss0-

Yankee Fertilizer

3-6 and 10 Fertilizer
3-6 and 10 Fertilizer

AGI): INSP BUNIASP Sok ooonoe coda be
4=6 =) S MereiuliZeueae sewer eee iar
SWIFT’S LOWELL FERTILIZER COMPANY, BOSTON, MASS.

Swift’s
Swift’s
Swift’s

Swift’s
Swift’s
Swift’s

Swift’s
Swift's
Swift’s
Swift's
Swift’s
Swift’s
Swift’s
Swift’s

Lowell Animal Brand...

eee ee eee eee coe

ececcee eee eco eo oe eee ee ee ee oe eo 8

CCC Ce ee TT CS Tr Ye YC

Lowell Bone Fertilizer for Corn and Grain................ :

Lowell Cereal Brand....
Lowell Cereal Brand....

Ce rT

Mowell Dissolved “Bone and 2otalshir---1-1e cri ice neneier nen tetenens ci
Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash..................ceeens 6

Lowell Empress Brand..
Lowell Potato Grower...
Lowell Potato Grower...

Lowell Potato Phosphate
Lowell Potato Phosphate

CC

SC eC Cr}

CC

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 219

Analysis of Station Samples, 190

Station number.

Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash.
Total. Available | Total.
& cs} S 3 a
= |g eet ie ale : See 2
@ > ee : a a | & 2 : | : apis Se =
yey eh ko) 3 a hm 5 us) os s Ss || co a
26 | Ae | sg BH 2 ® a | B q x i 9 pa
5.5 os 3 Cs} 5 > o 5 S 1B oS | S coo)
os | Ze o 3 oS o a iS) 5 o) Eh rs r=}
AF | aE | & io) m | 5 cs 5 = o) = ic)
% % | SF | % %o % % /) 9%
1.79) V.12) 2.91) 3.29)) 4:49) 1-7 0.89) 6.25) 6.00) 7.14) 7.00)| 9.58) 10.00
1.18} 1.42) 2.60) 2.47)) 5.10) 2.71) 3.51) 7.81) 8.00) 11.32] 9.00)} 3.72) 4.00
1.23] 1.27) 2.50) 2.47]| 4.02) 3.80) 4.17) 7.82) 8.00) 11.99] 9.00)} 4.18] 4.00
1.70) 1.26) 2.96} 38.29]| 4.18) 3.71) 1.56) 7.89) 8.00) 9.45) 9.00)| 7.18) 7.00
ceedoollouc000 GC BOO|\sseccollsacesollodcoasllocacdollocaacol| WCE) WOW lass col\dooce
pnbdod}loocode De}. BVH |lsooo6 loa so00lloodascllocgocellaooe T5385 UGE OO |i iteretetetel|talsterevers
2.22} 0.14] 2.36] 3.29]} 1.63) 2.85) 1.93) 4.48] 6.00} 6.41) 8.00)} 8.18] 10.00
1.80) 0.62} 2.42) 3.29)! 1.67) 3.85) 1.73) 5.52) 6.00) 7.25} 8.00)} 9.42%) 10.00
0.70} 0.61) 1.31} 1.62]| 4.57) 2.42) 1.84) 6.99) 8.00} 8.83] 10.00); 8.66) 10.00
0.82} 0.80) 1.62) 1.62}) 3.19) 4.54) 1.02) 7.73) 8.00) 8.75) 10.00/| 10.09) 10.00
1.87) 1.53; 3.40) 38.29]! 6.22) 1.19) 0.77) 7.41) 8.00) 8.1&| 8.87]| 9.51) 10.00
1.61) 1.46) 3.07) 3.29]| 5.91) 2.0)) 1.11] 7.92! 7.00} 9.03} 8.00)/ 8.13) 8.00
2.14] 1.30) 3.44) 3.30}/ 5.80) 2.26) 3.03) 8.05) 7.00) 11.08) 9.50}} 9.17) 9.50
0.70} 1.38} 2.05; 2.00]; 2.65) 4.44, 5.79] 7.09] 8.C0| 12.88} 10.00|) 5.47; 5.00
0.78} 1.66) 2.44) 2.10}| 1.24) 5.73) 6.53} 6.97) 9.00} 18.50) 12.00)| 2.64; 2.25
sdocaullaoeccelladocsullonedas 11.06] 5.89] 0.28] 16.95] 16.00] 17.23] 17.00]|......|.. ode
0.64) 0.86) 1.50) 1.05}| 2.52) 3.56) 1.17) 6.08} 6.00; 7.25) 7.00)} 4.01) 4.00
0.36} 0.84) 1.20} 0.35)| 3.48) 3.43) 2.38) 6.86] 6.00) 9.24) 9.00 33) 3.00
erates | Perse csegell c ceeee oa | coeva all fcvctata cual sthscere [evo eos le etek blaoara || 49.20} 50.00
14.32]..... M8]! NON |lloooacallocaccullocoobsllobaoe |loocsen|loacnaallococse Hoococs|fosecae
0.52} 0.92) 1.44) 1.85]) 3.28) 3.90) 1.48) 7.18] 7.00! 8.66) 8.00/| 3.25) 3.00
1.38} 0.66) 2.04) 2.00}) 3.25) 3.48) 0.89] 6.73} 7.00) 7.62) 8.00)| 7.77) S.00
6.32} 0.86) 7.18) 7.00}| 0.00) 4.42} 3.73) 4.42) 3.00) 8.15} 7-.00)| 8.52) 8.00
0.51) 0.21) 0.72) 0.40}| 4.02) 3.48} 0.82) 7.45} 7.00) 8.27) 8.00|| 2.41) 2.00
1.52} 0.58) 2.10) 2.35/| 3.52) 2.63) 0.80) 6.15} 5.00} 6.95) 7.00}! 8.90} 10.00
1.00) 1.88] 2.38] 2.35)) 4.21) 3.63} 1.39} 7.84) 5.00) 9.83) 7.90 | 9.34) 10.00
2.40) 0.70) 3.10} 3.25]| 2.63) 3.78} 1.07] 6.41) 5.00! 7.48) 7.00)! 10.27) 10.00
1.16; 1.98) 3.14] 3.251) 4.14) 2.46) 1.98; 6.60} 5.00/ 8.58) 7.00}; 9.77) 10.00
1.10) 1.36) 2.46) 2.46]; 6.38) 4.62) 1.78} 11.00} 8.00} 12.78) 10.90 | 3.63) 4.00
1.15; 1.22) 2.37) 2.46)) 6.38) 2.15) 3.65) 8.53) 8.00} 12.21) 10.00}| 4.21) 4.00
0.98) 0.72) 1.7 1.64]} 5.63) 2.07) 1.35) 7.7 8.00) 9.05) 9.00}| 2.86) 3.00
0.87} 0.78] 1.65} 1.64]| 5.90| 1.67] 1.66] -7.57| 8.00| 9.23] 9.00 | 2.80) 3.00
0.38) 0.38} 0.76) 0.82)| 4.35) 2.44) 1.59) 6.79) 7.00) &.388) §.00)| 1.06) 1.00
0.50; 0.50) 1.00) 0.S2/) 4.85} 2.05) 1.58) 6.90) 7.00} 8.48) 8.00)) 1.53) 1.00
0.58) 0.54) 1.12) 1.64)| 6.14) 1.79] 1.38) 7.93) 9.00) 9.31) 10.00 | 5.61) 2.00
0.98) 0.76) 1.74) 1.64)! 5.98} 2.15) 2.01} 8.13} 9.00] 10.14) 10.00]; 2.66) 2.00
0.70) 0.62) 1.32) 1.23]/ 5.66) 2.15) 1.36) 7.81] 7.00} 9.17) §.00)} 2 03} 2.00
2.04) 1.36] 3.40) 3.28|| 4.32] 1.59] 0.85] 5.91] 6.00] 6.76 7.00 9.87) 10.00
1.88! 1.10) 2.98} 3.28)| 4.57) 1.53) 0.95] 6.10} 6.00) 7.08) 7.00)| 10.74) 10.00
_ 0.82; 0.86) 1.68) 1.64]| 3.97) 2.73) 1.81) 6.70) 7.00) 8.51) 8.00); 4.13) 4.00
1.14) 1.12] 2.26} 2.49]} 4.75) 2.82} 3.91] 7.57] 8.00] 11.48! 9.00|| 5.93! 6.00
1.03) 1.15) 2.18) 2.42)| 4.69] 3.57) 3.45] 8.26) 8.00} 11.71) 9.00)/ 6.21] 6.00
} 1 i

220 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.
Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1907.
u
oO
FE
5 Manufacturer, place of business and brand.
q
°o
5
®
~
n
1005|Swift’s Lowell Superior Fertilizer with 10% Potash..........cccsce
1221|Swift’s Lowell Superior Fertilizer with 10% Potash......... yo od
TUSCARORA FERTILIZER COMPANY, ee MD.
ASS MUSCATOLA eA LOOSCO OL MS DC CLAM ger ctenetepeleitepeicteiel «cohol ojelehelcisieienaieme nels temenmetcme tes :
1319|Tuscarora Complete Potato ....<............-. « la}lallelfojistsh settee lelepeliege cee
L320 Ruscarorawerucker7SuSpeciall werrsercust-pelesel eleueietornonenekelol nel tele en ie re Rene yiemenenea
WHITMAN & PRATT RENDERING COMPANY, LOWELL, MASS.
ZS OMPOtASH MIS Pe Ciesla cicrseceslenstel el Wonsicneieren tonetenercuekensmoneleltat oncaeMenereneits AES ATR CAEN ORE
1331|Potato Manure ....... SERS IEE NOR ene eng raBioib binia. O-O.cco Odd 2
132i Mese table LG NOWe es eeve sreneneretoved ieuelen ele waele: eieveuel use! acta Nelehe toe nen aeeNS een aatte a
AZ33|Wihitmant’ &) -Prattis) Corny SUCCESS layer tele chal ei-icuobe ells iets eer neten enone SRownues
2 Analysis of Station Samples, 1907
Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash.
‘s Total. Available.| Total.
2 :
E 5 e oS ¥ E
BO ise tlee Sesh s 2 s 2
So So Ze : S 2 2 2 : : 3 : ct
eee ese 2 1S) ese | ee eee
B)/52/92/5 | 24 Se SS eC cian cheer Ss 5 | @
S |s2/ ee! o 3 rc) ® a } 5 } 3 } 3
i) ne | oe & ie} (?7) oe =| & jo) cy io) S (o)
% % % % % % % % % %
1005] 1-84) 2.24) 4.03] 3.69/| 3-14) 2.81] 3.12) 6.95) 7.00] 9.07| 8.00|| 9.75] 10.00
1221) 1.7 2.24 4,00) 3.69)| 3.17) 3.46) 2.55) 6.63) 7.00} 9.18] 8.C0]| 9.60) 10.00:
1318) 1.24) 1.28) 2.52) 2.47), 5.01) 2.01) 1.44) 7.02} 7.00] 8.46) §.00]} 8.79} 8.00:
1319] 1.73) 1.52) 3.25) 8.29]| 4.94] 1.42) 1.47} 6.36} 6.00} 7.83] 7.00]} 9.25) 10.00:
1320} 2.19) 1.66] 38.85) 4.12]| 7.25) 1.17) 0.89) 8.42} 8.00] 9.31] 9.00|| 6.93] 7.00
1330} 1.03) 1.82) 9.85) 2.88]| $.0S| 2.49] 4.14) 5.57| 6.00] 10.73; §.00}| 9.25) 10.00
1831) 0.44) 1.54) 1.98) 2.45]) 4.43) 3.16) 4.97) 7.59) 7.00] 12.56} 9.00]} 4.18} 5.00
1332] 1.16) 1.36) 2.52) 3.29|| 4.85) 3.01] 3.66) 7.86) 8.00) 11.52] 10.00|) 7.26) 7.00
1333) 0.41) 1.41] 1.82} 1.64]| 5.99} 2.39] 3.67} 8.29] 8.00] 11.96] 10.00); 3.10} 3.00

De

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 221

scriptive List of Manufacturers Samples Licensed After
March 1, 1907.

Station number.

1838

1938
1937

1928

1939
1942
1940
1941

Manufacturer, place of business and brand.

BOWKER FERTILIZER COMPANY, BOSTON, MASS.
Stockbridge Special Manure for Cabbage.......... ccc cccee cece cece eccescceceseescs
HUBBARD FERTILIZER COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MD.
AHubbarad’s Soluble Bone and Potash .........c0--eeeeeeceecerreccccrtevesce Gusaohae
EMD ALAS WC KER Ip ie lore cle accvate eres oie eel ein) sis wit a aie aru eis nial everepelese eve deem wreeiwie/eiare crete sig shale le
NATIONAL FERTILEZER COMPANY, BRIDGEPORT, CONN.
Chittenden’s Aroostook Special Fertilizer. ...........-.eseceeeeee Spee ley lineasevavei herons c
WHITMAN & PRATT RENDERING COMPANY, LOWELL, MASS.
RROGASINES DO CTA ccc rtcceisicalsrelslersininie saistaocccieeslicalecerevs nvsteielansisistons lover cretesehateterstrievelefateuere niaiweeieeie
BotstoeMianune ss s:c.scccasssesscccner estes csc ARSE SEEMS SAAS SRO aah Up RSI BN gues SE
WG P.O CANTO RG OW ee ata isicss etsieps are cvele: seats sieve: oisvelcte’ Solely yess slavarcioms als nlsteraretabeieroty a visions ets aoe
Whitman & Pratt’s Corn Sueccess............. SHS HTH AROS RUGGED OIL OR VEOO ESL OGOSD

Analyses of Manufacturers Samples Licensed After March 1,

I907.
Nitrogen. Phosphorie Acid. Potash.

of Total. Available. Total.
o So ESS
2 : 5 s :
5 5 5 3 3 3
a |e | 2 I eelees 8 s 2 3
¢ o,| 2 ° =| C) = 2 . rs] 6 re] o S
© |eH|] su] 3 s 3 & 5 cS 3 Tc 3 S 3
S | Se | Se) 2 ee 3 S | So |e S 5 S = S
a =. nes = nN
= >) = ° S fc) ) <. ce} =} ° 5 ° =}
mn |ne | oe] & o} H eS = & o & =) cs oO

% | %-| % % || % % | % | & | % |'% Jo | Te
1838] 3.18 88} 5.06) 4.93]| 3.01) 2.69] 2.26) 5.70) 4.00) 7.96] 6.00]| 6.11 6.00
USBtSla coo calloasegallooncng|/pusonn 10.34) 1.58} 0.13} 11.92} 10.00) 12.05)..... 2.30} 2.00
1937) 3.60) 1.00) 4.60} 4.10)) 6.55) 0.87} 0.26} 7.42) 6.00) 7.68)...... 6.47| 5.00
1928} 2.46) 1.72} 4.18] 4.11|| 5.77} 2.60) 1.39} 8.37} 7.00} 9.76] 8.00]| 7.89} 7.00
1989) 1.47) 1.26) 2.73) 2.8x]| 3.32] 8.02] 2.89] 6.34] 6.00} 9.23] §8.00)/ 10.85] 10.00
1942) 1.34) 1.01) 2.35) 2.45]| 2.44) 4.81) 1.28] 7.25) 7.00) 8.53) 9.90)| 5.41] 5.00
1940} 1.57) 1.15) £2.72) 3.29|| 3.52) 3.33) 2.56) 6.85} 8.00} 10.41] 10.00|| &.90| 7.00
1941); 0 90) 0.87) 1.77) 1.64)| 4.61) 3.26) 2.54) 7.87) 8.60) 10.41] 10.00]| 3.30} 3.00

16

222 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
IQ05, 1906 and 1907.

1S)

F o's
x : a | 2s :
Name of Fertilizer. m™ | Se =
a = © Cli pee 2
a - wes oo]
we om eS S) [o)
al As SES Oy

Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.

A. A. C. Co. Aroostook Complete Manure...... UO Booo) 2%. i'y 10. al
1907) 2.77) 6.47) 9.90
A. A: C. Co. Aroostook High Grade............ DOG 5 <4 e315) moire) | Peete:
1907) 4.36), 17 05| 26.163
: LOOM ocssoe 10.69) 1.95,
Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash.......... UDOGlocscoc INE Sale Baa) 2
SUSAN Gro a b.0 10.09) 2.09
Bradley’s Comp. Manure for potatoes and veg-| 1905) 3.05! 7.79) 6.92
ElLADIES Sos arensraere tus ceyebevaneiaueere eeuw iene ate eatepee telte 1906) 3.27) 8.69] 6.79
1907) 3.32) 8.06) 6.68
IDORP BsSr)) HoH) awe
Bradley’s Complete Manure with 10% Potash..| 1906} 3.36) 7.03) 9.79
LOOM) — SsBO GBs Oot
UO = Beall) oO alee
Bradley7s= Corn yehosphatcernrcrer) eciess toners Fooooo oS SO Beate) Soil) 2006
ie ae 2.04) T6991 63
he 1905) fl ese42eeoese
Bradley2s) Hunekal eMertilizeryers cictescicleiciereleliete eter =| eL00.0)|purmmleeplt0) | Mimmrey pense) | eee rpep le
USO 106 2753, OOS) Asaly
UDA joo) GoHo} owe
Bradley’s Niagara Phosphate... ci2:.......+.... 1906) (1.19) (9.14) 1.917.
UO sao) SoS) AsAe
ACK) ALS OR — 9 7144) 33. eal
BradileyvZ7seeLOtacrOmMencili7e reyncstereieleonelencrenele see LEQOG) y s2iel 0) OPT 6) or 04:
| UNO 2525) C52) Bo. 42
1905| 2.56] 6.84| 5.26
Bradley’s Potato Manure...........es.e- sodsoool| 2Q0G) A580 GoWG) HsWal
UO Baal) 7A) B83
1905) 2.33) 8.69) 2.22
Bradley’s X. L. Superphosphate of Lime......| 1906] 2.55) 9.26) 2.40
1907| 2.72). 9.04])- 2.26
1905) 2.32) 5 939 22233
Glark’s| Cove Bay. State Mertilizer.:...0.......-| L90G) 258)) 28.95) e250 =
1907) 2.66) 9.07) 2.34
UO abe S44) alo ab Wy
Clark’s Cove Bay State Fertilizer G. G........| 1906] 2.09] 7.94) 1.95 F
: UO Bo esie SSR ILS Sy) F
Clark’s Cove Bay State Fertilizer for Seeding| 1905) 1.06; 8.14) 1.80 4
IDONNAN: “Sbo5b0000060 atetenendeneene becele eoelelleveeseverercic oi) ll QOGbisolsewitS| tm cre4s> Mme2ie OA:
LIOD| 1.06) Ge29) ee 43
Clark’s Cove Defiance Complete Manure.......| 1906] 1.39) 8.04) 2.29
UO aA 7 2B Wey
: 1905} 3.24) 7.05) 6.64
Clark’s Cove Great Planet Manure A. A.......|{ 1906] 3.39| 8.01; 7.60
1907] 340) 8.46)" 7-02
UXO ALEOO 7 Sy) aL
Clark’s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano.....| 1906] 1.10} 8.48) 2.09
XDA abe 7Gechl al eG)

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 223

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
1905, 1906 and 1907.

ie |
Ee Ta

. Pea 3 ae ‘

Name of Fertilizer. ~& | 2a. 4

a SE | a3 Ss

7) os PAS °

val =| tac Ay
Per ct./Per ct.|Per ct.
1905) 2.03] 8. 2.99
Clankise Cove eotato: Mertilizer. .. sls +. 6s. ccle's 1906} 2.05) 8.26) 3.36
1907) 2.18) 7.67) 3.35
1905) 2.58) 6.27)" 5.62
Clark’s Cove Potato Manure.........ce.cseoes 1906] 2.61] 7.07) 5.48
1907) 2.64) 7.21) 5.44
LOS 1L200|" 9)..76) 2-18
Cleveland Fertilizer for all Crops...........:0. 1906| 1.38) 8.21] 2.43
1907] 1.44] 7.67] 2.09
1905] 30%) 6.341) 6.62
Cleveland High Grade Complete Manure...... UXO) Bots} Goll z7obrt
LIONS 540|— 7288) Cet
¢ UO PR oWall! ara Bic)
Cleveland otatomehosphater «cs cie e's cleie) «el sle s) 1906; 2.14) 8.08) 3.13
UDO Boel WoBe) Beer
Cleveland Seeding Down Fertilizer............ USK ALG ala Soe) oR TG)
Ua al a/all Sysaleiy al He
Cleveland Superphosphate .......cccccccsccvoes UNOS)! 24514) void) lek
SLX PAS eye bes BEY 455
Complete Manure with 10% Potash........... 1905| 3.26] 5.70| 10.79
1906} 3.17) 6.42] 9.85
1905) 1.85] 7.40) 1.75
Crocker’s Ammoniated Corn Phosphate........ UDG AoW oO aber
1907 230) (8.12) 1.55
WOO) Bso@ill Yow Boobs
Crocker’s Aroostook Potato Special........... 1906; 2.00} 8.69] 5.90
1907} 2.20) 7.99} 7.09
: IOOBloooco¢ 9.89} 2.10
Crocker’s Grass and Oats Fertilizer........... AQOG ee 10.58] 2.14
LOO Tee eres 10.10} 2.06
Crocker’s High Grade...........0- sieterateve elotetors 1906} 3.23] 8.15] 6:58
Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphos-| 1905| 1.13] 7.97/ 1.98
LUCE Meee tS tre, ie eis Gio aveceioneie: si sreceseleleleeters el ersie e 1906) 1.31) 8.28] 2.30
1907| 1.27) 7.96) 2.44
1905) 2.04) 8.07} 2.97
Crocker’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco........... 1906] 2.04) 7.99] 3.10
1907) 2.28) 8.08] 3.39
1905) 3.32] 7.03] 8.44
Crocker’s Special Potato Manure.............. 1906} 3.83) 6.73] 10.91
1907) 3.34] 6.65] 9.76
Cumberland Guano for all Crops.............. 1905) 1.40] 7.90) 2.05
1906; 1.04) 8.79] 2.29

ne aw a ee

224 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
I905, 1906 and 1907.

2)
: oz
| a :
Name of Fertilizer. % | SS 3
it eS IOS)
3 Ze Sez Ss
o oe PHS) iS)
a es <n Ay

Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
-0 8. 3.11

1905) 2.05 01
Cumberland Potato Fertilizer.............0..- 1906} 2.21) 8.51) 3.34
; UNO eer OT). Bow
E UNO SG SOR) Bold
Cumberland Seeding Down Manure........... 1906; 1.14) 9.09} 2.24
1907) L222) 7288)" L588
UME al Sill) 7 oajall al bse}
Cumberland Superphosphate ........csssseoes 1906) 2.12] 7.87) 2.43
1907) 1.92) 7.65) 1.80
1905), (Sit) “S95 G0
Darling’s Blood, Bone and Potash............. 1906} 4.32) 6.69] @.09
1907) 4.20) 7.22) 8.76
MiTrvemGromn dues ON ek rrcseteicrectsisionelorersrenel crctorsieraccncns UN N Aa BAe oo oes 22.92
Grass and Lawn Top Dressing..............-.- 1905} 4.80] 4.86) 3.32
1906] 4.93] 5.84) 2.62
Xie) Wotalll GoeG) i598
Great Eastern General Fertilizer...... 5H OCOO0S 1906] 0:99) 7.55) S287
; 1907) 1.06) 7.75) 4.21
LOOM S Josas 10.06} 2.19
Great Eastern Grass and Oats Fertilizer....... UDQM 5/5 066¢ 10.61] 2.06
UDO is oc. 6 10.43] 2.38
: UO Borah = Oe Oo wy
Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure..... 1906) 3.48) 7.38] 10.13
1907} 3.44] 5.60) 9.63
= 1905] s2e 05 NerraGTimestno 1
Great Hastern Northern Corn Special......... 1906] 2.39] 8.80} 2.06
1907) 2-16) 8-00} 1.92
1905) 2.10] 7.60] 3.18
Great Eastern Potato Manure................ 1906; 2.10) 8.30] 3.32
1907) 2.04] 8.34] 3.24
Great Hastern Potato Special..........0.-.6. 1906] 3.35] 8.45) 7.32
1905] 2.48! 5.63] 9.68
High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash........ 1906| 2.61] 6.48] 10.26
: UDO BoB) B03 Doey
Lazaretto Aroostook Potato Guano........... 1905] 0.84) 7.03] 4.11
1906} 0.98) 8.30] 4.06
9 O)5 ie 20721) eae) cree,
WAZALCCCOMC OLN GIANT Okveieoneteleieteretelstokelorere sa0060 UO ASW) 74!) oR
1907} 1.88) 8.24] 2.26
1905} 3.02] 5.00] 10.13
Lazaretto High Grade Potato Manure......... 1906] 3.38) 6.10] 10.58
1907} 3.42) 6.65] 9.84

FERTILIZER INSPECTION,

225

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years

1905, 1906 and 1907.

Ss
. Ox

e |5°0

Name of Fertilizer. : % Be 4

alee isos tes

v ox Ae=NS) iS

val es “23 Oy
Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
US| ALS) eek Goppal
Lazaretto Propeller Potato Guano........... 1906; 2.05; 8.16; 5.62
LIO7|> 230) 4.30) 6.40
SNM GAC MOM SOC Berc ies oie. s cee cis sess cies Neactoh even ceeusuctel’s UDO | UW Ore onoscllbaanos
‘Northern Maine Potato Special.............. BLY st] [ee Gab) fet ee &
OCIS POCA OM MICTIELITZ ET. alae isiclelsvee)eieielsieisve.e:s «6 1905) 2-00) 7.20) 3205
1906; 2.03] 8.46) 3.11
‘Otis’ Seeding Down Fertilizer........ moo ono Ob UM! abe al eoetoy ~woale!
1906) 1.17) 8.54) 2.22
ROMS OUP CLO MO SMM AVUC) caren sini uclieyereje/elelelel oles s)eler ee 1905). 2.06] 7.42) 1.78
USOG oR BealO) Saba bK3
UDOH so doo 8.93] 2.00
Pacific Dissolved Bone and Potash........... UNCSlooocec 10.29] 2.08
} UMOM>aq0o0 TODA re ki2
1905) 0.82) 7.94] 1.22
Pacific Grass and Grain Fertilizer........... UO ALGO sVGl alo bpal
UDOT Used Gsral]) aloe)
IOS |S rOO le deco wn acioe
Pacific High Grade General Fertilizer........ 1906] 3.17) 8.34| 7.07
UNO BoBO) — asia Hots
1905) 1.10) 7.49) 1.96
SEACH MNODSGUWEs GUANO eis < smche ste. o cree seers ee 1906] 1.12) 8.50) 2.29
IO) LsO0l 240) S2e as
TION ASS 5 a2) saL9
EAC CMmEOLALO SPECIE pees +c) elebsteie si'ei sce) svi + «1 6) 1906] 2.07; 7.55) 3.42
190%) 2.21) T7262) 3.28
1905] 2.36| $8.94} 2.35
Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer....... 1906) 2.50) 9.26] 2.38
1907) 2.60} 8.70) 2.37
1905] 1.26] 6.09] 3.80
Packer’s Union Economical Vegetable Guano..} 1906} 1.37) 6.66| 4.49
ADO le 2a S09 ta 90
TOO EPR Socks oes (55
Packer’s Union Gardeners’ Complete Manure..| 1906] 2.47! 6.67; 10.26
NO Bowes) weealll bats
mackerns Union Mich Grad@sn...scare ces sacle 1906] 38.25) 8.48) 7.27
1905| 1.92] 8.21] 5.44
IPACKeEHSUNiON EoOtatol MaANUTE ssc steciclcicielsl +) cle 1906] 2.21) 9.12] 6.40
1907; 2.29] 7.68] 6.47
1905] 0.69] 6.68] 4.07
Packer’s Union Universal Fertilizer.......... 1906} 1.24) 8.25] 4.18
UEDA! walsh &3 5M ey) clo wah

bo
bo

6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
I905, 1906 and 1907.

| 5
| : es
Name of Fertilizer. | Bee ies |) es s
[Neel ee | Ses =
~ os 7-20 >)
a Ba <a3n a4

Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
11.16 45

Packer’s Union Wheat, Oats and Clover Fer-| 1906]...... Die
GTDET OT eee iavetomrcrenone te eliece lolol ovetehouclersteusielonctoterclavekere UNV le dono 8 10.91) 2.10
GY fe alerts] rf sal) al G4!
Quinnipiac Climax Phosphate for all Crops....| 1906, 1.18} 8.60; 2.05
1907) 1.16) 8.05) 1.82
UK| aso. S6OE)| ile zal
Quinnipiac Corn Manure.......... aleifelsisextetensiore 1906; 2.13] 8.63] 2.23
LOOT 22 io elo:
1905) 3.17) 9.18] 6.48
Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure........... 1906| 3.33] 8.16) 7.28
1907) 3.22) 8.00) 6.62
1905) 0.88] 6.80) 1.29
Quinnipiac Mohawk Fertilizer..... Goodong6ncS 1906, 1.22) 8.39) 2.29
UO ASA 7 aly) al eiy/
UE) Bans) Ooils}| 25
Quinnipiac Potato Manure.......... Aectetonoione Boolh LEX) Aebwl Wobel) B.(Das
KA oral) © 874) Geils)
1905) 209i S| peers Or
Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate..........seecees 1906} 2.08] 8.84) 3.35
1907) 12529) eteG.6eeeaterlaa
1905| 2.10] 8.05) 3.03
Read’s Farmers’ Friend Superphosphate....... 1'906))> 203s meoreut oF
1907) 2.28) 7.80) 3.40
1905) 3.32) 5.08) 11.68
Read’s High Grade Farmers’ Friend.......... 1190.6) 2 3 Sil |i Gre niet se
1907} 3.26] 6.38] 10.04
1905) 2.42) 5.38] 9.48
1aXeeVOlKs) Jetoyeywoy, Webbe 6oggucoodc0Ggs0 000000000 1906} (2:559)|| “6SLOI 92.76
19 07|) 922153 Ged S| moon
1905) 1.52) 4.21) 8-02
Read’s Practical Potato Special............... 1906} 1.05; 5.87] 6.65
LOOT) 0) ie OS ates o
1:910)5) el 0.6) | eel | eee
Read’s Standard Superphosphate............. UMS) SlGOO! 7 Ol Bo Ve
1907; 0.93] 8.01) 3.87
LD OS ecrererene 10.46] 2.08
Reaa@’s Sure Catch Fertilizer ...........ce20-- UNDG 5 od000 9.69] 2.06
UMMM Soo od 10.44] 2.19
UDG = lS EXB Wo Ssill Os0G
Read’s Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.......... 1906] ) 25125 SSeS 4ieebrelG:
UDO) Aol OGa7al| Bei
Ua) AeraG Soil) i sal
SOLUDIEMRACii GG WATT Oya percaiereteiesnerenoterenercneteccletene 1906) 2.10) 8.25) 2-99
1907) 289) Sta eG 0:
1905) 1.40] 6.34] 2.20
Standard ACs Tai ererareistepetetedsrkeicmetenereletelenetetorsyerete UX abel 0s) ll wy
UO) oI AoE) Boul

FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 227

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
I905, 1906 and 1907.

}
|
|
|

2)
; oZ
me We
Name of Fertilizer. » | Se mA
e | 2 |zes| 3
o = Pas ro)
a c= <fa x

ULV So aass 2.07

MHHoOarae bone: and Potash’. <i... «ccc clei 6015 190.6 | eres 10.79) 2.08
90)7|eretcr eters 10.40) 2.05

- 1905) 3.20) 7.90] 6.45

Standard Complete Manure..............s-00. 1906} 3.38] 8.19) 7.38
1907) 3.32) 8.03) 7.03

L905) AS Siiey 80M) Legs

Stems UNS eae ShococuonncccsooKOoKG Scand) OUG Beret = yosal abcess
L9OT) 212) 825) 268

é Uo bah ye) al oeyy

Standard Guano for all Crops...... po0dc0000C 1906} 1.22) 8.18] 2.14
UGK alsa iat a e(UE

1905) 1.99) 7.84) 2.94

._ Standard Special for Potatoes........... aooodl HOWE aid Sel Sol thy
LOOT 224) eS sores

Williams & Clark’s Americus Ammoniated] 1905} 2.37) 8.86] 1.97
BON we OUPEEDNOSDMATC* cc cic ccc ores ce eisic ccs 1906) 2.43) 9.29} 2.25
1907] 2.52) 8.89] 2.10

1905) 1.89] 8.67) 1.60

Williams & Clark’s Americus Corn Phosphate..| 1906] 2.18] 8.14; 1.97
: 1907| 2.16] 7.76) 1.56
Williams & Clark’s Americus High Grade Spe-| 1905} 3.06] 6.80] 6.87
GIA 33 co CADIS REE DEO RO ODO aoe TOO! Boo! oy) oils

: 1907| 3.38 Te85|>-6-91

- . HOO ale Qee Fi siall| < Rick:

Williams & Clark’s Americus Potato Manure..| 1906| 2.05; 8.11} 3.24
1907} 2.24) 7.91) - 3.05 -

Williams & Clark’s Royal Bone Phosphate for] 1905} 1.16] 7.88) 2.34
DIMER GOR OD Siurcucrcysicis corso chaceve Wades eve joceiaueinl ee SPevsuolate UG KOG|) ALG UG WSS ao Tks
SLO A PS ahead oi srr) Stata

PAMEMLUO USHA 3 OL WD LC sa: sis) were) acele eisnauels/svsverene efehe 1906) 2.71) 9.44] 4.02
LOOT) 3-61)" Se 3st|. 3.65

Armour’s Bone, Blood and Potash............ 1906} 3.90} 7.94) 8.39
1907] 4.27] 8.47] 7.90
Armour’s Complete Potato Fertilizer......... 1907] 3.26] 6.36] 10.69
Armour’s Fruit and Root Crop Special........ 1906| 1.86] 8.34] 5.77
J 1907) 1.96) 9.00) 4.31

Armour’s Grain Grower.....-. ati aine a teen 1906] 1.67] 8.46] 2.05
TESA aU | Se aIGS > SSE:

Armour’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer....... 1906) 1562). 8. 42 9.86
1907} 1.58] 8.86} 10.89

Armour’s Wheat, Corn and Oats Special Fer-| 1906| 0.92} 8.10} 1.03
EHP ZCI o feveeiesecate ves. My elevcrereiorsteds! elsverehevelstoreterstertcerecs LOOT O65 |e 19 O02} OT.
1905} 3.88! 6.10] 6.387

Bowker’s Bone, Blood and Potash.......... srl GOO s4 502172601 = tor
1907] 4.59) 6.84) 7.384

228 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
I905, 1906 and 1907.

os
o ct ,
| ne) 5
Name of Fertilizer. Sa EV) |
- Ll 2
ee |-323 Ss
=| paris)
+ | Ba | ee &
Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
1905] 1.78) 7.26) 2.01
Bowker’s Bone and Potash Square Brand.....}| 1906) 2.04) 7.85; 2.29
1907| 1.69] 6.19) 1.88
Bowker’s Complete Manure for Botatoes and
Wieretables ieee ire sociac mnie tienes sieltleletercle store e197 |) Sere 5 men OFiGt mel Ortenas
1905] 1.86) 7.66] 2.37
Bowker’s Corn Phosphate........ oteNeusnonsustelaiere 1906} 2.01| 7.78) 2.45.
1907] 1.92) 8.56) 2.065.
1905} 3.01] 7.85) 6.65.
Bowker’s Early Potato Manure..........--+.. -1906| 3.36] 7.66] 7.56
1907) 3.32] 8.26] 6.47
1905) 1.85] 7.61] 2.26
Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate........ 1906} 1.88] 8.04) 2.27
1907) 2.06) 7.27) 2.24
- Bowker’s Fresh Ground Bone........2..¢.% a8 SO MEO PIS AiG cao walloooss d
1905] 2.43) 8.86) 2.23
Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate...........-. 1906} 2.44, 9.28) 2.33
1907] 2.67) 8.69) 2.31
1905] 2.27; 5.71) 9.32
Bowker’s Market Garden Fertilizer...........| 1906} 2.77| 6.61} 9.90
1907) 2.56) 6.55] 9.41
1905] 1.02) 8.17] 1.72
Bowker’s Potash Bone........cccce oo0c G00 ee-| 1906] 1.16) 8.81] 2.11
1907) 1.39] 7.56] 2.03
1905, 1.04] 8.21) 2.88
Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate.........| 1906/ -1.19] 8.28; 3.34
1907} 1.08) 7.37) 3.03
1905; 2.17) 8.14) 4.60
Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer.....| 1906} 2.58) 8.76] 4.36.
1907) 2.53] 8.50] 4.57
1905] 1.89} 7.96] 2.14
Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate..... 1906; 1.71; 8.77) 2.16
1907; 2.04) 8.34]. 2.00
1905] 0.82) 6.27) 5.67
Bowker’s Six Per Cent Potato Fertilizer....... 1906} 1.29| 7.62] 6.34
1907) 1.18] 6. re 6.66.
Bowker’s Superphosphate of Potash for Grass} 1905|...... 10.35) 1.80
ANG Gainer rereckene oereucke cemetonsrenerenene soondoded| 2wwGloosods 10.40] 1.89
USO 665.650 11.31) 2.02
1905] 1.17] 7.80] 1.86
Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate........-.-c.--| 1906] 1.34) 8.57) 2.15
1907] 1.22) 7.57) 1.95
Bowker’s Ten Per Cent Manure....:2.cccceoe 1905) 0.82} 5.53] 10.75
1906; 1.03] 6.95) 7.80

FERTILIZER INSPECTION,

229

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years

1905, 1906 and 1907.

iS
. vx

et |S ‘g

Name of Fe: tilizer. : a oe D

Siler 6 eae +

a | es. |e25) 6

- | G2 | ses =
Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
1905) 2.34] 8.16) 4.32
Monticello Grange Chemicals ..........++++:. 1906} 2.52) 8.22) 4.01
1907| 2.68} 8.05) 4.40
1905) 1.44] 9.08] 11.02
Special Potato Manure for the Grange........ 1906; 1.79} 9.06) 12.06
1907| 1.72] 9.12) 12.15
Stockbridge’s Special Manure for Cabbage.. 1907) 5.64 5.33] 6.03
Stockbridge’s Special Manure A for Potatoes..| 1907) 4.03] 7.28) 10.38
piockprldee = Special Manure for Corn (Class| 1905| 2.96] 10.54] 6.36
HD) eNO) Bega et erere cera Slokera laltes Leave. chacecelreta ol eisbevecevecens 1906] 3.55) 9.02] 76.12
1907) 3.48] 9.99] 7.28
Stockbridge’s Special Manure for the Grass] 1906] 4.91] 6.02] 6.20
GOTASS Pie DiGi ins cieceactlsverctorscstelte sels sisioce cero eneielerovsuaiens 1907) 5.04) 5.61) 6.37
Stockbridge’s Special Manure for Potatoes] 1905] 3.20; 5.03] 10.10
COTES SHAD) GO) ei across sscncrt tanec atmrtorsceimiessuews wuevctatere 1906} 3.11) 6.15) 9.74
1907) 3.34) 9.54) 9.73
Stockbridge’s Special Manure for Seeding} 1905! 3.10! 7.76) 10.11
DMownes(Class (CH GLO) ea cverae eveleie) creel atevereciens 1906) 2.45! 7.01) 10.40
i 1907) 2.70) 6.58) 9.62
E. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Ferti-| 1905} 2.04) 7.32) 4.11
TRIAS a tetera as MP ETO IER CeEIDIC EES ORCL C ERC RCH OSS 1906} 1.72) 8.22| 3.92
1907} 1.69} 8.10) 3.72
1905] 1.64] 7.30) 2.93
BH. Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn Fertilizer..... 1906; 1.57) 8.16] 2.78
1907) 1.36) 9.31) 2.32
1905] 1.80) 8.62) 2.70
EK. Frank Coe’s Columbian Potato Fertilizer...| 1906) 1.42] 8.68] 2.73
1907) 1.35) 9.02) 2.34
BH. Frank Coe’s Double Strength Potato Manure| 1907] 3.60) 7.28] 8.59
1905] 2.68] 6.84] 8.53
E Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer....| 1906] 2.59) 7.30) 8.38
1907| 2.47) 7.41) 6.94
E. Frank Coe’s Grass and Grain Special Ferti-] 1905) 1.08] 8.99] 1.80
LAC Trae wonerevonens ia olelenece cece te VooCO OOO OOOO DU OOORO OU 1906} 1.09} 9.01] 1.66
1907| 1.09) 9.58) 1.87
BH. Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Bone] 1905] 2.42] 8.52|) 2.59
Superphosphate cscs. c.cce sieve viele cle ec svelorecore's 1906; 2.18] 9.11) 2.77
1907| 1.74) 9.20} 2.22
1905) 2.70) *8.05) 6.02
E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer..| 1906; 2.61; 8.34] 5.68
1907) 2.43) 7.80} 5.17
E. Frank Coe’s New Englander Corn Fertilizer| 1905; 1.48] 8.07| 3.1:
1906] 1.49} 8.27) 4.02

} Guarantee changed in 1906.

17

230 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1907.

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
I905, 1906 and 1907.

(>)
Yale Dae,

= Bo :

Name of Fertilizer. | Se S

: = ro) D

5 ae cez Ss

L Se | eas) °

val ea Lan Ay
Per stipe: et.|Per et

EK. Frank Coe’s New Englander Corn and Po-

CATO ME CREMIZS Ty ieee oe eile sere eds seonevnis tarbisio eisseont 907) 1.15) 9.04) 2.86
E. Frank Coe’s New Englander Potato Ferti-| 1905] 1.52) 6.96) 3.24
VEZ Or earners ss ager ain oe a eune re areas re pane erase ea Toyah eee ters 906] 1.30) 7.39) 3.27
UO I6.5'6 6 Pop yt
E. Frank Coe’s Prize Brand Grain and Grass..| 1906|...... 11.05] 1.87
UDO S 6 oo. 9.96] 1.66
1905} 3.13) 8.40} 5.94
EH. Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guano...| 1906} 3.24, 8.80| 6.45
1907] 3.038] 8.79) 5.20
E. Frank Coe’s Standard Grade Ammoniated| 1905) 1.82] 8.39) 2.22
Bone Superphosphate ........-.ceccsccecece 906} 1.49] 9.26] 2.37
Dexter Special Potato Manure.............+.-. 1906] 3.47) 7.35) 9.87
1905) 2.91) G97) 7.521
Hubbard’s Bone, Blood and Potash............ 1906] 3.41] 7.89) 7.34
1907) 3. 22)|) “Vato «44
1905| 1.76] 7.52) 2.26
Hubbard’s Farmers’ I. X. L. Superphosphate..| 1906/ 2.17/ 8.07) 2.18
1907} 1.87) 8.41] 2.50
1905) 2.10) 7.72| 4.81
Eb bardiss Royale HinST Smee oie cietciekereteneherciene sre 1906) 2.41) 7.04) 4.02
1907} 2.30) 8.59) 4.57
Hubbard’s Soluble Bone and Potash.......... U9 OW |erervene 9.48] 1.84
Fb DaArdese iru CReETASs 5 omic choi icionsie eicteioreieleveleners 1907) 3.61) 7.83) 4.97
1905) 2.84 5.83) 5.11
Watson’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure] 1906) 3.17) 7.24) 5.24
1907} 3.10) 6.04] 5.02
UMMA 66 o065 10.42] 1.96
Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash............-. 19.06 | sere | 10.50| 2.06
9 OT|.% cucs 10.04] 2.09
1905] 1.59) 7.88) 9.45
Lister’s High Grade Special for Spring Crops..| 1906; 1.81) 8.20) 8.81
1907} 1.73] 8.38] 9.73
1905| 0.98| 5.84] 2.44
Lister’s Oneida Special..........sececcccceres 1906) ase ete Olen
1907] 1.24] 7.93] 1.50
1905] 3.11) 7.21]; 8.11
BISECTS SP Oba COM Mae eee reerepeneien-ien olevehelicicl slewoiens 1906; 3.21) 8.388) 6.47
1907} 3.38) 7.78) 7.16
Lister’s Pure Raw Bone Meal.............06.8 MEXNTAL ASEaS oo sc olloocsec 5
1905] 1.64) 7.50} 3.03
Lister’s Special Corn Fertilizer............... 1966} 1.99] 7.91} 3.20
1907| 2.05) 7.241) 38.12

FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 231

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
1905, 1906 and 1907.

| | :
° Om

me |e ;

Name of Fertilizer. a | oo a

a | SO |\aa5]

See helne Seal uaes

Ps Be |<4e¢ oy

} | |

Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
: LIOS| edo iol 294
Lister’s Special Potato FWertilizer............. 1906) = L290) 7285) 2595
TOTO eoreel ll iGo Gleam oted oO
; 1905) 1.28] 8.63] 1.94
Lister’s Success Fertilizer........cccccsevcees 1906] 1.39] 9.42] 2.47
1907| 1.39} 9.26) 2.12
Lister’s 10% Potato Grower........ Bexersverarolotiie 1906] 3.18) 6.62] 10.38
1907} 3.33] 5.60) 10.12
. 1905} 3.14) 7.86] 6.79
Chittenden’s Complete Root Fertilizer........ 1906} 3.14] 8.12} 7.67
TOOT ee Se SS] alent Ol eeedee der
Chittenden’s Eureka Potato Fertilizer......... TEKH P Syst = Sra eal eay/
Chittenden’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer...... 1906} 3.48} 5.25] 10.44
1907] 3.36) 6.66] 10.29
1905] 2.48) 6.72) 5.50
Chittenden’s Market Garden Fertilizer........ 1906| 2-30) 6.62| 5.11
1907) 2.49) 6.67) 5.87
1905] 3.04) 8.11] 9.40
New England Complete Manure.............. 1906| 3.31{| 7.16] 8.30
1907} 3.19) 6.66] 9.60
1905] 1.34] 7.32] 2.34
New England Corn and Grain Fertilizer...... 1°9.06)| 222529) eto ekg,
1907] 1.20] 7°00] 1.94
1905) 1.50) 8.37] 3.00
New England Corn Phosphate........c.csesee. 1906| 1.75] 8.35) 3.10
TOOTS D2 S09 eas 0t
1905] 2.38) 7.60} 6.12
New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer...| 1906] 72.41| 8.41} 6.44
1907| 2.22) 8.00) 5.95
New England High Grade Special with ae 1905) 3.72| 7.31) 10.63
HO PAST apeper eres ehoucl ci sreceto tele ieiole siete erent Re essere 1906] 3.38} 8.19] 9.78
1907] 3.90] 6.58] 9.90
New England Market Garden Manure......... 1906] 4.16) 9.16} 5.39
1907} 4.04) 6.21] 5.93
905) = 15 i) 718) 4.27
New England Potato Fertilizer...... Sog00Sb0¢ 1906} 1.92) §.06) 4.23
1907) 1.59} 6.87) 4.05
New England Potato Grower..... Srisrstere Pee os 1906| 2.28] 7.18] 9.74
LIOR S22 36|> De ht ero coo
1905] 2.06} 8.59} 4.15
New England Superphosphate........ Cietercienerl OU Gl eaele SOLE Oeae
1907} 2.35) 9.99) 4.22
Excelsior Potato Fertilizer............c.c.e.. LV0S Slot: oO odie 1. OF
1906} 3.41} 6.37} 9.73

j Guarantee changed in 1906.

232 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1907.

iS) ummary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years

I905, 1906 and 1907.

eececeeeloee eee

(S)

g | 25

Name of Fertilizer. i % a2
a | $£ | 8é¢

o rt fa
al = S < Ass
Per ct.|Per ct.
1905) 4.14) 7.26
Pe Pavan An Brander -erercccleiele . Sa000000 1906) 3.98| 8.23
1907) 38.93] 7.14
1905] 3.44] 6.82
P. & P. Aroostook Special......... DOOD RO OOS 1906) 738.53] 8.27
1907) 3.64) 6.72
lepata es. (Caeebhn Chron eos 6 oo pu Oo GOUdOS OO OOGUOON 1906] 1.01] 7.48
Maine Potato Fertilizer..........cecscece ; 1907] 2.91) 6.25
Pees OtacOmMmenrbviliZ etre epotsescioveiatteteiercketoneners 1906] 1.66] 6.83
1905] 2.34] 8.05
Plymouth Rock Brand Fertilizer.........cccce- 1906] 2.37| 8.69
1907) 2.55) 7.82
1905) 3.00] 8.06
P. & P. Special Potato Fertilizer.............. 1906} 3.07} 9.03
1907} 2.96) 7.89
Star Brand Superphosphate........cee. etoneriens 1905] 1.66| 6.63
1906) 1.52) 7.53

Bones DUS te Manage ga crncisvelovel siete ele lsjclencierelclerede laps 1907) 6.07

Prentiss Aroostook Complete Fertilizer...... .| 1906] -3.20] 6.78
1907) 2.39) 5.00
Prentiss Aroostook Special........e++ccsccces 1906) 2.67| 8.79
Prentiss Aroostook Standard..........s.sceees 1906) 2.19/ 9.12
£1907) 1.46) 7.36
Tuscarora Fruit and Potato Fertilizer........ 1906} 1.59) 8.46
Tuscarora Aroostook Special .........cesceees 1907) 2.52) 7.02
Tuscarora Complete Potato .........cceeeeeee 1907] 3.25) 6.36
Tuscarora Trucker’s Special...........eeeeee- 1907) 3.85) 8.42
Provincial Ten Per Cent Aroostook Complete] 1905| 2.73| 8.63
d EXON MOE a NCE SOY CE SOE HOMO OOO OO 4906] 3.10) 7.27
: 1907} 3.40] 7.41
Provincial Special Potato Phosphate.......... 1905| 2.08] 8.04
1906| 72.39] 7.28
Read’s Potato Grower ........-sccesssesceces 1906] 3.35] 5.88
1907} 3.07] 7.92
Essex A. 1 Superphosphate........ceee coapooS 1905; 1.06} 5.06
1906] 1.16) 6.06
Essex Gosaplete Manure for Aroostook County] 1906} 3.37] 9.34
(Cit0) ofa Sn OE O Do DOB DOOUOUDO CoGdGo OD OUODD 1907} 3.44) 8.05

+ Guarantee changed in 1907.

FERTILIZER INSPECTION.

233

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years

1905, 1906 and 1907.

|

Pees
abe [Niesactetad ;
Name of Fertilizer. ll SF al pce eames
Ua aeer Cera csina = Fa
See eel oes | =
Be | via |e eae
a
Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
1905) 2.00) 7.11) 5.56
Wssex Market Garden and Potato Manure..... LOG) L589] see) 5.95
: ASMA CPA TUS UT aE e7/
1905] 2.10) 6.94) -2.28
Essex XXX Fish and Potash..... jobloooooe ob 6 1906 2.28 (HereAl PA aby
1907| 2.44] 6.97] 2.64
PNGCUG EAN OS Ol AUC ape enehc etel a) enehauehereielinnesete OOLRCrOS IDO aaoos 16.95d)< «
1905] 1.08] 5.24) 5.56
Sagadahoe Aroostook Potato Manure.........| 1906] 1.29| 6.96 3.39
1907} 1.50] 6.08] 4.01
1905] 0.57! 7.09) 2.41
Dirigo Grass and Grain Fertilizer............ 1906| 0.87 Hallo =< Boalts
LOOT E VAS 20 | e686) esis
Viel ait CuO dee OLAS Ea cole gh siacaleve twos iene evens OENEEO TUSKO MIS Se Bec ally cro og | 49.20
NMR ALE Obes OG eaiaisicclsi a cielt sie le.e ar ececen Sgoesmeroie UDO earls Ses Gulls ios aie
1905] 1.68} 8.51) 4.71
Sagadahoc High Grade Superphosphate....... 1906; 1.62} 8.94! 38.52
1907) 1.44) 7.18] 3.25
1905) 2.06) 6.68) 8.22
sagadanvue Special Potato Fertilizer........... 1906} 1.83 mo cults ’(aby4
LOM ede OF Mea Oterkis |pmmadacnead
: 1905| 7.44) 4.54) 8.26
Sagadahoc XX Chemical Fertilizer....... ee 1906| 78.02] 7.79] 8.07
4 1907| 7.18) 4.42] 8.52
1905} 0.60} 8.25) 2.01
BYEnikee-WMenrtilizer oo.) dues a uw ces ters re eae é 1906} 0.74) 9.37] 2.38
UOTE @Oe tA a( e5 Seas
SOOM MCT EVINIZEOT oa eked cee steele Liss pol eretetelauetere ee 1906} 2.11) 8.38]. 9.34
1907} 2.24) 6.99) 9.12
BG OMMET CTI T HET | ssn clieveneiers eels. cveve) carer eveveleover os ole LOOMS 32 | TG eb Olel O02
| |
Sanborn’s Special Potato Fertilizer............ 1906] 3.19] 9.19] 10.51
Scientific Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer..... IDE) Baw Sal) 6.45
UDO SoS WeBA yee
1905] 2.18] 9.37) 4.03
Swift’s Lowell Animal Brand............. : 1906] 2:37) 10:66) 4.22
UOT Bech 7H] Sisk
UO USSG) Sees sre
Switt’s Lowell Bone Fertilizer............... UDOG Tabor OS 3ed | Si ser
1907 a Ga 2.83
1905] 0.82] 6.44] 0.95
Swift’s Lowell Cereal Fertilizer.............. LOOGI OLS) s2T| 1 S19
1907) SOZSSlin Gas4 iets 2g

7 Guarantee changed in 1906.

234 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Summary of results of analyses of Station samples for the years
: 1905, 1906 and 1907.

=
: Da
ee a | oe .
Name of Fertilizer. a | Sa z=
ial S) San 2
as | 8 |eo0 =
o Om aS) °
va Ha faA8 Oy

Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.
59 10] 2.24

1905] 1
Swift’s Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash....| 1906} 1.61] 10.42) 2.10
1907; 1.43) 8.03] 4.23
1905) 1.24] 7.37) 2.16
Swift’s Lowell Empress Brand......---..c-..| 1906] 1.32) 7.50) 2.16
1907) 1.32) 7.81) 2.03
Swift’s Lowell Potato Grower.....cecesccccce| 1906] 3.11} 7.29] 10.56
1907] 3.19} 6.00) 10.30
1905] 1.64) 7.31] 3.90
Swift’s Lowell Potato Manure......0.+-.-.0-c++| 1906) 1.72) 8.61) 4.65
5 1907; 1.68) 6.70) 4.13:
1905] 2.30] 7.55] 6.00
Swift’s Lowell Potato Phosphate..........+.-| 1906) 2.40) 8.19) 6.13:
1907) 2.22) 7.91) 6.06
Swift’s Lowell Superior Fertilizer with 10%] 1905) 3.69] 7.14) 11.99
IP OCAST eet isre cerate ove tekoncaehovers dogo 0000 eocccccecs| 1906] 3.30{ 8.85) 10.04
1907) 4.04) 6.29] 9.67
Whitman and Pratt’s Vegetable Grower...... 1906} 3.53) 9.21) 6.56.
1907| 2.52) 7.86) 7.26
Whitman and Pratt’s Potash Special.... coo -| 1906] 2.38] 9.23) 10.49
1907| 2.85) 5.57} 9.25
Whitman and Pratt’s Potato Manure..........| 1907| 1.98) 7.59} 4.1%
1.82) 8.29} 3.10

Whitman and Pratt’s Corn Success...........| 1907

BULLETIN No. 147.

TUBE JOM IO) IPL AINE ION SIs,
Nectarophora solamfoliu Ashmead.
EpitH M. Patcu.

On account of their extremely small size, aphids or plant lice
are to a great extent unnoticed, but when conditions are favor-
able to their increase there are many species of these minute
creatures that are capable of bringing devastation to the vege-
tation which they frequent and staple crops often suffer severe
attacks. The hop plant louse, the several aphids of the apple,
the spring grain aphis, the corn aphids, the melon aphis, are,
for instance, pests of tremendous importance; and the destruct-
ive green pea louse alone is estimated to have caused a loss of
$7,000,000. during the two seasons of 1899 and 1900 just along
the Atlantic Coast States. During the past 4 years many spe-
cies of aphids representing 14 genera and living upon about 90
species of plants and trees have been collected for the Maine
Agricultural Experiment Station and some few of these have
been given special study. Of these the potato plant louse,
attacking as it does one of our chief crops in Maine, and pre-
senting in its life history certain points which may be of signifi-
cance in connection with closely related species, has seemed of
sufficient importance to record somewhat fully.

Economic SIGNIFICANCE.

During the summers of 1904, 1905 and 1906, enormous num-
bers of the plant louse, N. solanifolii, appeared over wide areas
in Aroostook County, the potato vines being attacked to an
injurious extent in the vicinity of Houlton and elsewhere. The
colonies cluster thick on stem, leaf and blossom stalk, blighting

236 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

the stems and drying the terminal leaves. See Fig. 25. The
time of severest attack apparently varies somewhat, but the
infestation for the past 3 years in Maine has not been excessive
before early August and is entirely over with before the middle
of September. Under conditions favorable to Aphid growth, an
attack of less than 2 weeks’ duration suffices to kill the potato
stalk for a distance from 4 to 6 inches from the tip, and the
growth of the tubers on plants thus weakened must necessarily
be affected. Aside from the direct weakening of the plant due
to the loss of sap and the withering of the tissue, the danger to
the health of a plant thus attacked by plant lice is considerable.
Although exceedingly minute, the beak of the plant louse makes
a wound which becomes in a short time surrounded by a dis-
colored area, readily detected by the unaided eye. -As these
wounds extend for some little distance into the plant, a favor-
able location for the entrance of bacterial or fungus disease is
thus secured even where the infestation of plant lice is not
excessive enough to wither the tips of the stalk. Moreover
it is perfectly possible for insects to carry fungus spores from
diseased to healthy plants. Where the plant lice are abundant
the leaves are covered with honey dew which is soon attacked
by a dark fungus, and which together with the molted skins
adhering to the sticky substance, gives the leaves an unhealthy
appearance and must interfere with their natural function.

The same species has at times been extremely abundant upon
the potato in Canada and the following quotation from Doctor
Fletcher’s report for 1904 is of interest in this connection both
because of the seriousness of the infestation and the fact that
the time of appearance at Mahone Bay where the observations
were made was earlier than it has been in Maine.

“Potato Aphis (Nectarophora solamfolu, Ashm.).—Potatoes are not
often troubled with plant lice in Canada; but at long intervals outbreaks
have been observed on this crop, and such a one occurred last summer
at Mahone Bay, which was closely watched by Doctor Hamilton.

‘Mahone Bay, June 28.—I send you some aphides from potatoes which
are abundant enough to have appreciably blighted my potato plants.’

‘July 10.—The aphis on my potatoes has overrun the whole patch, with
the result that the potatoes have stopped growing and look very
unhealthy. The blossoms have withered up and fallen, the lower leaves

have turned yellow, and many others have turned black, just as if smitten
with the blight, and are falling. They occur in immense numbers. Their

POTATO PLANT LOUSE, 237

favorite position is upon the peduncles of the flowers, which they cover
completely. They are also found in large clusters on the stems and upon
the under surface of the leaves. In many colonies there are a few flesh-
colored individuals.’

‘July 16.—The plant lice on the potatoes are fast diminishing in num-
bers; but they have left the crop in a sorry condition.’

‘August 1.—I send you today a last specimen from my potato plot.
They have evidently been killed by a fungus. I first noticed its effects
about a week ago on one corner, and it has since spread over the whole
piece. Very few aphides are left alive. Since I last wrote, I noticed
larvee of lady bird beetles and of Syrphus flies; but neither of these or
anything else had much effect in reducing the numbers of the plant lice
until this disease appeared. A month ago my potatoes could not have
looked more promising. Today I tried them, and cut of 6 average
hills I got 17 tubers, of which 2 only were large enough to be marketed.’
—C, A, HAmiLTon.”

In view of so extended and injurious an infestation of one of
the chief crops of Maine for 3 consecutive years, it seemed
desirable to ascertain whether there might not be some prac-
tical method of treatment or prevention. The standard remedy
for plant lice—kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap spray—did
not seem advisable for several reasons. By the time the plant
lice have colonized the vines to an extent great enough to be
particularly noticeable, the damage is already half done and
the winged generations which develop at the time the potato
tops grow sickly, leave the plants they are on for fresh vege-
tation. The proposition of spraying 40 acres of potato vines
with kerosene emulsion late in August for instance when the
wing pads which bespeak the migrating generation are already
in evidence would not appeal to the large potato grower. To
apply such a spray before the infestation became excessive,
while it would kill many of the scattered plant lice, might on
the other hand be a sheer waste of energy, for the amount of
injury which plant lice are going to inflict is a matter not fairly
open to prophecy, so many elements of uncertainty enter in.
The weather, for instance, plays an important part in the wel-
fare of plant lice, heavy rains washing the tender forms from
the plants, and cold days retarding the rate of increase. A
long stretch of damp weather is favorable to fungus parasitism
which may sweep out the plant lice from a large area. Then,
too, in certain seasons, predaceous and parasitic insects appear
in numbers sufficient to render any artificial remedial measures

238 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

superfluous. The efficiency of emulsion sprays for plant lice
has too long been known to make plausible any attempt for any
other direct treatment in this case. But to be successful an
emulsion spray since it kills by contact would need to be forced
under the infested leaves as well as along the tip of the stem
and between the buds and flowers where the plant lice are
particularly crowded. Just what the results of such a treat-
ment upon the potato might be is a problem which concerns the -
plant pathologist, and while the fate of the insects subjected to
such a treatment would be satisfactory to the potato grower,
whether the fate of the vine would be equally so is a matter
which would require careful tests to decide.

The standard remedy for plant lice, in short, seemed not
available for the situation in question.

The alternative was the study of the life history of this
species with a view of ascertaining the alternate host plant and
if practicable eradicating it or controlling its growth within the
vicinity of potato fields.

A GENERALIZED LIFE CYCLE FOR NECTAROPHORA.

In order to outline the need of such a study with a given
species of plant louse whose life history is not known, the life
cycle of plant lice in general is here briefly sketched. Although
the life cycle varies greatly within the range of Aphidide, the
family of plant lice, the following are the points drawn from
related forms which seemed of significance with the life cycle.
of N. solanifolii in view.

In the north such a plant louse may be expected to winter
in the egg stage. From the egg emerges in the spring a wing-
less form which is commonly spoken of as the stem mother.
The stem mother does not deposit eggs but produces living
young, and is the first of a long series of forms designated on
this account as viviparous females. The young plant lice begin
at once to feed upon the sap of the plant and in 8 or 10 days
produce offspring. The first few spring generations may be
wingless or at any time winged individuals or an entire winged
generation may appear and fly away to fresh plants and there
start new colonies where a succession of generations are pro-
duced as before. Such a winged generation is called the

POTATO PLANT?’ LOUSE. 239

migrant generation and with many species the migrants desert
the host plant upon which they have been feeding and seek a
plant of an entirely different species. Thus the plant louse
destructive to hops passes part of its life cycle upon plum trees.
This alternation of hosts is a point in the life history of Aphi-
dide of great economic significance, for it sometimes happens
that a species can be controlled on one plant and thus its attack
upon the alternate host be prevented.

After spending a few weeks or a few months upon the second
host plant, winged individuals called fall migrants appear and
return to the same kind of plant, the winter host, upon which
the stem mother and the spring generations had lived, and
there continue the series of generations. Up to this time no
niales have appeared and all of the forms, whether winged or
wingless, have been females giving birth to living young as
was the case with the “stem mother.” But after the fall migra-
tion they are likely to develop the true sexes, males and egg-
laying females. These oviparous females deposit a few com-
paratively large eggs, in which stage the insect winters and
from which the stem mothers hatch in the spring.

It is some such outline as the foregoing to which a species
whose life history is unknown must be referred as a working
basis. Any variation of the general life cycle of the plant lice,
however, is never a fair cause for surprise. One is quite likely
to find, for instance, that a certain species does not pass the
winter in the egg stage but as a subterranean form at the roots
of some plant.

The difficulties as to life history studies presented by the
alternation of host plants common among the Aphididz are
augmented by the fact that certain differences in structure,
great enough to count as specific if occurring in other families
of insects, are common in different generations of a single
species of plant louse. It not infrequently happens, therefore,
that the same species may, when found upon different host
plants, be recorded as two or more distinct species and their
identity not suspected for years. Also, 2 actually distinct spe-
cies may resemble each other so closely in certain forms that
they are easily mistaken for one species. Moreover the specific
characters of the genus Nectarophora have not been system-
atically determined. |

240 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Any work, therefore, either systematic or ecological, under-
taken with this genus should be pursued with the idea that it
shall in some way lessen instead of augment the confusion
which already exists with this group of plant lice. The. obser-
vations recorded for N. solanifoli in the present bulletin are
meagre but they all unquestionably refer to the single species
under consideration. It seems advisable to tabulate such facts
as have been ascertained now rather than to wait for the accu-
mulated observations of a longer period for 2 reasons. ‘The
economic point involved—that is, whether N. solanifolu might
practically be combated upon its winter host-—seems to be
answered by the evidence now at hand. Then, too, over those
parts of the State which were under observation this season,
N. solamfolu upon the potato was apparently so nearly exter-
minated by fungus parasitism that it is probable that some time
will elapse before this species again appears in the State to an
extent great enough to make further work with it practical.

NECTAROPHORA SOLANIFOLII FROM FIELD OBSERVATIONS.

The points which were evident for this species in Maine from
field observations upon the potato for the 3 seasons 1904-1906
were that about the middle of July a very few scattered indi-
viduals may be seen upon the potato; that before the last of
August the infestation may become excessive, the tips of the
stalks, flower stems and terminal leaves being packed with
plant lice; that by the middle of September the fall migration
is over; and that the migration takes place before the true sexes
appear, neither the oviparous female nor the male occurring
upon the potato in the field. The points in the life history
which were not known and concerning which it was desirable
to obtain data were upon what plant the spring generations
lived; whether this Nectarophora would accept more than one
host beside the potato (that is, whether it was a “general” or
a “specific” feeder) ; whether the true sexes appeared in the
fall, and if so where the eggs were deposited.

A few dates may be quoted here for instance.

August 11, 1904, Houlton.—A correspondent who had been much wor-
ried by a bad infestation sent in a box of N. solanifolii mostly winged
or within one molt of being winged with the comment: “I do not find

POTATO PLANT LOUSE, 241

nearly so many on my vines as I did a week ago. The blossoms are
about all gone from my potatoes and the small stalk on which the blos-
soms grew is a dirty brown color and seems to be withering up.”

August 17, 1905, Houlton.—The writer found N. solanifolii excessively
abundant over about 20 acres. The stalk tips were crowded with
viviparous forms both winged and wingless, and in many cases the flower
stalks were dead.

August 25, 1906, Houlton—Potato stem tips and leaves literally packed
with NV. solanifolu. Much injury to the potato tops evident.

July 18-19, 1905, Houlton—A 2 days’ careful search in-4 large potato
fields (one of which is the field for which the forego‘ng record of August
17, 1905, is made) resulted in the finding of but one specimen of N.
solanifolu. That single specimen was a wingless form and there were
3 lady-beetles after it.

July 18, 1907, Houlton—A large field that had been heavily infested
the previous August was examined. A very few scattered individuals
were found on the blossom stalks of potato. A most thorough search
for some distance over many rows revealed not more than an average of
a single specimen to 3 rods. These were wingless viviparous forms
sometimes apparently still too young to start a colony and sometimes
mature and accompanied by a very few progeny. No winged form was
seen on this date.

July 24, 1907, Kennebunkport.—N. solanifolii present upon potato but
very scattering and chiefly wingless. A single winged specimen taken.

July 25, 1907, Farmington.—N. solanifolii present upon potatoes but
very much scattered.

July 31, 1907, Houlton —(Same field as foregoing record for July 18,
1907). WN. solanifolii nowhere-numerous, yet presert all over the field.
A single wingless, viviparous form with progeny ¢ 1 every third and
fourth hill and winged viviparous forms with proge y found here and
there, but less common than the wingless forms. A few individuals
whose wing pads indicated they were but one molt from maturity taken
on this date would indicate that these winged forms present did not
come as migrants but had developed as progeny of the wingless forms
noticed earlier in the month.

September, 1906, Houlton—Early in the month the fall migrants
acquired wings and deserted the potato. On September 14 only 4 or 5
belated specimens were found in a day’s search in several fields where
the infestation had been excessive in August. No males or oviparous
females were seen upon the potato in the field during the 3 years though
frequent searches were made. Although the infested fields were visited
once or twice weekly for nearly the entire season, further quotations from
the field notes for 1907 are omitted here because on account of continu-
ous and heavy rains the species were held much in check and also because _
later practically the whole infestation was killed out by a fungus parasite,
the natural increase of the species being prevented by either cause enough
to make the field notes for the present year exceptional rather than the
rule.

242 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

INSECTARY OBSERVATIONS.

During the summer of 1906 this species was bred in the
insectary upon potato, but as various other species were under
observation in the same house and as two species of the genus
Aphis colonized the potato there to an extent which inter-
fered with the work with N. solanifolu, little reliable data was
obtained. For the season 1907 particular precautions were
taken. During the entire summer no plants were grown in
the insectary except such as were started there from seed—
that is, no risks were taken as to the introduction of any other
species of plant louse upon plants. A single exception was
made when the house was stocked with shepherd’s purse, but
for this purpose very young plants were used and these care-
fully examined. It should be stated that during the entire time
of the observations upon these plant lice the insectary was not
heated in any way, so that the temperature conditions were not
so widely different from those out of doors, that this element
need come in for consideration. It was, however, possible for
the insectary colonies to breed unchecked by rains, predaceous
or parasitic insects, though a fungus parasite was introduced in
August which seriously interfered with the uncaged material.

The few specimens obtainable (see field notes for Houlton,
July 18, 1907) were placed upon potato plants in cloth cages
in the insectary July 19; July 22 they were increasing rapidly,
many had molted and all seemed healthy. Some such interest-
ing data were obtained from the material started at this time
that quotations from notes made upon them are here included.
These specimens and their descendants, caged in cloth cages
from July 19 to September 20, were protected during the entire
time from the fungus which was introduced in August with
uncaged material and which spread through the insectary.

August 3, 1907. Insectary.—The progeny of the wingless viviparous lot
taken at Houlton July 18 are winged viviparous forms. The stalks this
lot have been colonizing since July 18 are speckled with beak wounds.
The plants have a general unhealthy appearance and the leaves are sticky
with honey dew and somewhat attacked by honey dew fungus.

These winged individuals left the sickly potato stalks upon which they
had fed during the earlier stages of their lives and rested upon the cloth
sides of the cage which confined the potato. These winged forms were
removed from the cloth and placed in lots of 20 each under cages upon

fresh potato previously uninfested. They settled at once, remaining-upon
the fresh stalks.

POTATO PLANT LOUSE. 243

August 5. None of the transferred specimens have left the new plants.
‘They are féeding and producing young actively and not a single indi-
vidual is to be seen upon the cloth of these new cages, all signs of the
restlessness evinced in the old cage having left them. It seems reason-
able to suppose that their desertion of the plants upon which they had
been reared was caused by the unhealthy condition of these plants due to
the two weeks presence of the plant lice. Provided with fresh plants
they were content. It:is probably due to this migrating instinct that
makes possible the even infestation of a whole potato field,—the first
winged forms developing upon stalks over crowded and consequently
sickly, seeking uninfested tips for their own feeding places and for their
progeny.

August 13. The progeny of the foregoing winged viviparous forms are
partly wingless viviparous forms and partly, as indicated by wing pads,
to be winged viviparous forms. The colonies do not seem particularly
vigorous. The plant tips are badly speckled with beak wounds and the
leaves a little discolored with honey dew fungus.

September 20.—The material recorded August 3 and August 13 was in
the case of 2 cages left unmolested until today when both the true sexes
are found to be present. .-The males are winged. The females are wing-
less. Further description of these forms is reserved for another place.

September 21.—About 8 males and some 20 oviparous females were
removed from the potato and placed upon a young shepherd’s purse
plant in a cloth cage. Females were added from time to time and a
very few males. From September 21 to October 11 from one to 3 pairs
of these were noticed in copulation each day. On October 11 examination
of the sheperd’s purse showed Nectarophora eggs variously placed on the
upper and under sides of the leaves and along the stem. One was depos-
ited on a cheesé cloth thread in the cage.

It should be emphasized here that although the true sexes
developed upon the potato in the insectary and thereby showed
that another plant was not a necessity for these forms, the
situation was practically forced. A single caged potato plant
had been stocked August 3 with 20 winged viviparous forms
reared on potato from the wingless viviparous forms collected
July 18 and left to them and to their progeny until September
20, there being no choice for the prisoners except the potato
or death, for a period of 2 months. This period extended con-
siderably past the season of migration for N. solanifolu in the
field which had been observed to have occurred for 3 years
early in September or late in August. The fact that the
imprisoned insects then developed the true sexes upon potato
is no indication that such would be the case in the open field.
Indeed the fact that the true sexes did not appear until long
after the season of out-of-door migration would rather indicate

244 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

that normally the winter host plant would be sought previous
to the appearance of the males and oviparous females.

The objection that such forced conditions might have no
bearing upon the normal development in the field might be a
legitimate one except for the observations taken as a check
upon material during this same time that had the liberty of the
whole insectary and a choice of host plants: ‘These observations
are as follows:

August 16 about 80 perfectly healthy potato plants in the insectary were
stocked with N. solanifoli collected at Orono and were left uncaged.
By August 30 they were fairly represented by the photograph (Fig. 26)
taken at that time. Later the stalks in most cases died to the ground
and new shoots started up from the base. By planting potatoes in the
insectary often the plant lice were kept supplied with fresh plants which
were colonized by the individuals which deserted the plants they had
rendered sickly.

August 31, 1907, Houlton, Maine.—In a buckwheat field adjacent to a
potato field several colonies of Nectarophora sp. were to be found upon
buckwheat tips. They were in all respects discernable by a hand lens the
same as N. solanifolii. Both green and pink color forms were present
but they were so seriously fungus attacked that by the time even the
healthiest of the specimens could be brought to Orono, microscopic
examination for comparison with N. solanifolii was unsatisfactory and
breeding for winged forms was impossible.

August 31, 1907, Houlton, Maine—From shepherd’s’ purse Capsella
Bursa-pastoris Moench. several colonies of Nectarophora sp. were taken.
They were not to be distinguished from JN. solanifolu by hand lens exam-
ination and both green and pink color forms were taken. They were
badly attacked by fungus and by the time they reached Orono they were
in no condition for further observations. :

The suggestions given by these two collections was acted upon con-
versely, however, by sowing buckwheat among the potato plants in the
insectary and transplanting about 200 young and clean plants of shep-
herd’s purse into trays. Peas were also sown at the same time. By
the time the buckwheat and peas were well up about 100 fresh potato
plants were available, and the N. solanifolii, deserting the older potato
stalks, colonized thoroughly the fresh potato vines, pea vines, and the
shepherd’s purse apparently with no preference. Both winged and wing-
less forms were found for the rest of the season rearing contented
progeny upon potato, and shepherd’s purse, and also upon the young pea
vines until they killed them. Except for stray individuals which, of
course, would be found upon everything in the crowded insectary, the
buckwheat remained apparently untouched. Whether WN. solanifolii
would have accepted the blossom tips of the older buckwheat or not was
not demonstrated as the buckwheat, although it lived, did not make much
growth.

POTATO PLANT ‘LOUSE. 245

From the last of July, 1907, to October 11 (possibly later) both winged
and wingless viviparous forms were present in the insectary. With the
Orono material of August 16, individuals attacked by a fungus were
inadvertably introduced, and the fungus spread among all the uncaged
material keeping it so reduced in numbers there seemed danger of the
insectary observations meeting the same fate as those of the field. How-
ever, every opportunity by way of freshly planted material was given
them and the insectary was kept as dry as possible and enough of the
plant lice escaped the fungus to keep the situation interesting.

September 23. After finding the true sexes upon the caged material, .
careful canvass was made of the uncaged plants in the insectary and
numerous oviparous females (mostly still young) were found both upon
the potato and shepherd’s purse, although more numerously upon shep-
herd’s purse. No males were found at this time and later but two were
seen in copulation on the uncaged material,—one pair being upon shep-
herd’s purse and one upon potato. The prevalence of the fungus
undoubtedly prevented the development of a greater number of the true
sexes.

October 11. Insectary search showed the Nectarophora eggs near
some of the oviparous forms both upon potato and shepherd’s purse.
Many of the eggs were the glistening brownish black of well hardened
eggs but some were pelucid green showing that they had very recently
been deposited. They were upon the plants indiscriminately on leaves
and stalks.

The appearance of the oviparous females and’ the deposition
of eggs with the uncaged material at practically the same time
as that of the forms that had been prisoners for 2 months
would indicate that these dates are about normal. In the
insectary the migration from overcrowded potato stalks to
fresh plants ‘seemed to take place irregularly and not at any
stated times, the condition of the infested plant apparently
influencing these movements. The fact that they seemed to
seek the fresh potato plants almost as readily as the peas or
the shepherd’s purse might seem to indicate that if a similar
succession of new potatoes were supplied them in the field they
might not seek another host even there. As it is a wholesale
migration has taken place each of the 3 seasons these plant lice
have been under observation.

It seemed reasonable to expect that such an enormous num-
ber of healthy plant lice as had migrated from the Houlton
potato vines late in the summer of 1906 might with careful
search be located on the alternate host. After several long and
tedious attempts during September, 1906, the writer, somewhat

chagrined, postponed the search until the following spring in
18

246 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

hopes of finding them before the spring migration. During
June and July, 1907, (until N. solanifolii appeared upon the
potato) the search was continued until it seemed as though
every species of vegetation within aphid flight of potato fields
had been examined, but no N. solanifolu were chanced upon.

Two conditions noted July 18, 1907, were of considerable
consolation in this connection. The first specimens observed
on the potato at the date were very few—one to about 3 rods—
a circumstance that might seem to indicate that the species was
not numerous enough upon anything to make a wholesale
migration necessary. A more puzzling fact was that the first
forms seen were wingless and solitary except for their own
progeny, and many of them had not yet begun to produce.
There was in this no basis for suspecting that any migration
in the usual sense, that is of a horde of winged forms, had
taken place, but rather that restless individuals had crept over
on to the potatoes from neighboring vegetation. No conclu-
sive statement, of course, would be justifiable upon observations
sc limited, and these suggestions relative to the manner of
migration are merely tentative. Insectary observations showed
this species to be active and restless at times both in the winged
and young apterous forms.

THE PRACTICABILITY OF .COMBATING N. SOLANIFOLII UPON
Its WINTER Host.

Since for several consecutive seasons of excessive infestation
of the potato, N. solanifolu has while upon its winter (and
consequently late fall and early spring) host lived in such
restricted numbers that it was, to say the least, nowhere con-
spicuous, it is evident that any measure directed against this
species while upon its winter host is for Maine quite futile.
The readiness with which the insectary material accepted pea
vines and shepherd’s purse lays this species open to the sus-
picion of not being confined to 2 hosts for Maine. Further
tests as to the wider range of food plants would be of much
interest and there is a possibility that a complete food list would
contain some helpful suggestions. Insectary tests as to a wide
range of food plants are contemplated as a part of the further
study of this species. As an example of the possible signifi-
cance of fuller host plant data may be cited the following

POTATO PLANT LOUSE. 247

observation. After the insectary material was found to accept
pea vines for colonization, the fact that it is the custom in
Aroostook County to plant peas with oats as a part of the crop
rotation including the potato was remembered. These pea vines
are, of course, sheltered by the oats and as they are cut merely
for fodder a summer infestation of aphids would, unless espe-
cial search was made, pass undetected.

In the vicinity of Houlton, September 11-September 16, 1907,
search on the peas growing with oats was made and both
winged and wingless forms of Nectarophora sp. apparently like
N. solanifolu were found. Like the Nectarophora upon potato,
shepherd’s purse, and buckwheat, the species upon peas was
too badly attacked by fungus to render much work with it
possible.

In view of the fact, however, that the species upon the potato
will feed and multiply readily upon pea vines (see insectary
notes) it might be advisable, if the trouble continues to be
seriously prevalent, to omit the peas from the rotation scheme.
For potatoes upon numerous 20 to 6o-acre fields one year and
peas over the same area the next would seem to offer an
unbroken opportunity for the growth of the summer genera-
tions of this destructive plant louse. This suggestion does not
touch the question of the winter host, because it would be
upon these vines as upon the potato that the summer genera-
tions would occur, and even if eggs were deposited upon the
pea, as it is harvested with the oat crop it could not serve as a
dangerous winter host.

SUMMARY AS TO REMEDIAL MEASURES.

1. The standard remedies for plant lice, emulsion sprays,
do not seem practicable for the large potato crop of Maine.

2. No other direct remedy seems to be more available.

3. It is apparently futile to attempt to combat this species in
Maine through the medium of the winter host.

4. Clean culture may legitimately be classed among the
available preventive measures with this pest as with most crop
pests. Since it has been ascertained that N: solanifolit passes
-the winter in the egg stage and that the eggs are attached to the
leaves of its host, shepherd’s purse and possibly various other

248 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

weeds, the practice of fall plowing commends itself in this con-
nection and also the burning over of grassy and weedy spaces
in the vicinity of potato fields. As it seems not impossible,
although it has not been observed, that belated specimens might
under certain conditions remain upon potato vines slightly
infested and the oviparous females develop there, the custom
common through Aroostook County of burning the old potato
stalks to get them out of the way is commendable as a pre-
caution.

5. li N. solanifoli continues to be a serious pest upon the
potato it may be advisable to drop the peas from the rotation.

6. While under favorable conditions N. solanifolii is a seri-
ous pest upon the potato, there seems to be nothing better to
advise by way of direct remedy than to leave it to its natural
enemies, which sometimes, as the fungus of this present season,
serve practically to exterminate it over wide areas.

7. The countless beak wounds inflicted upon the stalk and
leaves must render the potato more susceptible to fungus and
bacterial disease. Its presence, therefore, should emphasize
the need of careful Bordeaux sprays.

NATURAL ENEMIES.

1. Weather conditions stand high among the controlling
influences of aphid growth, heavy or continuous rains serving
as a check.

2. Predaceous insects. Among these found feeding upon
N. solanifolii in Maine may be mentioned 2 lady beetles, Adaha
bipunctata and Hippodamia 13-punctata, and larve of syrphus
flies.

3. Parasitic insects. Braconid parasites of the subfamily
Aphidiine have been bred from N. solanifolu taken in this
State. 5

4. Fungus parasites. Frequent mention has already been
made in this bulletin of the work of fungus upon N. solamifolu
at Houlton and also at Orono whence it was introduced into
the insectary. Dead specimens from both localities were sub-
mitted to Doctor Roland Thaxter, who kindly identified the
Orono species as E. planchomana Cornu, and that from Houl-
ton as the more common E. aphidis.

POTATO PLANT LOUSE. 249

Fig. 25. N. solanifolii on potato stalk. ~ Leaves covered with honey
dew, honey dew fungus, and cast skins.

250 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

f

Fig. 26. Potato plant showing the result of 14 days infestation of plant
lice on perfectly healthy stalks.

POTATO PLANT LOUSE. 251

DESCRIPTION OF NECTAROPHORA SOLANIFOLIZ ASHMEAD.

It will be evident to anyone interested in Aphidide that
Solamifolit is quite possibly open to the synonomic honors so
common to the genus Nectarophora. As the question cannot
be satisfactorily settled for this species without straightening
out N. pisi (!) and perhaps all the other nondescript green
and pink Nectarophora, the writer modestly though regretfully:
refrains from offering any elucidating suggestions, at present.
Utmost care has been taken and will be taken in the future
work proposed for. this species, to be positive that the data
recorded for N. solanifolu refers to one species only so that
at least it may be certain that the observations add nothing to
synonymic confusion.

A considerable mass of mounted material of this species
collected during 1904-1905 was kindly determined through the
courtesy of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology by Mr. Pergande
as Macrosiphum (Nectarophora) solanifolii Ashmead. Doctor
Fletcher acknowledges the same authority for the name of the
species abundant upon potato in Canada mentioned in his report
for 1904.

The original description made for specimens found on Sola-
num jasminoides for this species appeared in the Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. 14, 1882, pages 92-93, and may be quoted
for the apterous viviparous form:

“Siphonophora solanifolit n. sp.

“Wingless female.—Length .12 inch. Elongate ovate and of
a pale yellowish green color; beak short, not reaching middle
coxe, pale, tip black; antennz 7-jointed, slightly reaching
beyond abdomen, situated on large tubercles, pale greenish,
joints infuscated, 6th joint shortest, dark, 7th longest, brown;
eyes red; honey tubes very long, reaching considerably beyond
abdomen, slightly thickened at base, infuscated at tip; style
short, conical, greenish, coxee shining and yellowish, feet black.”

Mistake as to the identity of the so-called male is evident
from the original description of this form and is therefore
omitted. “Antenne hardly reaching to middle of abdomen”
and. “honey tubes rather short” could not, in light of further
acquaintance with this form, be expected to apply to a male of
the genus under consideration.

252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

In general N. solanifolu is a large, active species, usually
green. but very often pink, and sometimes yellowish, especially
the young of the pink individuals.

Decidedly pink individuals occur both with the winged and
apterous viviparous females. At Houlton, August 17, 1905,
a pink-winged viviparous female was taken with 12 young,
7 of which were decidedly green and 5 decidedly pink. About
20 pink viviparous specimens collected at Maple Grove, August
18, 1906, were placed upon potato in the insectary. Some were
winged and some were apterous. On August 29 the young of
these -were all found to be pink, though many were toning into
pale yellow.

The insectary specimens of oviparous females were largely
pink, though many were yellow, and a few distinctly green.

NECTAROPHORA SOLANIFOLII. Winged viviparous female.—
Head yellowish green. Antennz, proximal segments pale grees.
distal segments dark; length of segments: III, .88 to .96 mm.;
lV, :76 to 9. mm::,V, 64 to..72 mm. ; V1, -16 to 2am eva
.g6 to 1.12 mm.; total length I to VII, 3.6 to 4.05 mm. Pro-
thorax and thorax light yellowish green. Wings hyaline, veins
dark brown, very slender, stigma pale brown. Total wing
expansion 8.1 mm. Legs with proximal part of femora and
tibiz pale, tarsi and distal part of femora and tibize dark. Tarsi
.16 to .2 mm. Abdomen light green unmarked dorsally or
ventrally. Cornicles, with proximal portion green, and distal
portion dark brown, inbricated, cylindrical, length .95 mm. or
about 5 times length of tarsus. Style light green, ensiform,
length .48 mm. or about one-half length of cornicles.

Total length of body to distal tip of style and exclusive of
antenne, 2.9 to 3.37 mm.

Winged viviparous female, pink individual.—Head light yel-
lowish. Antennz with I and II light yellowish, rest dark.
Prothorax and thorax light yellowish pink. Abdomen pale
pink. Cornicles light yellow with tips dusky. Style pink.

Apterous viviparous female.—Color as with the winged vivi-
parous form. Antenne, length of segments: III, .8 to .96 mm.,
IV, -72 to..68 mm.,.V,. Soto: .72 mm. Wik 16 tom 2am aoe
.96 to 1.2 mm.; total length of segments I to VII average about
4.05 mm. Cornicles .96 to 1.04 mm. in length. Style .56 mm.

POTATO PLANT “LOUSE. 253

Total length of body to distal tip of style and exclusive of
antenne, 4.05 mm.

Apterous oviparous female-——Head pale, nearly white. An-
tennz with proximal joints pale, distal half dark. Length of
segments: III, .68 to .88 mm.; IV, .56 to .68 mm.; V, .52 to
.64 mm.; VI, .16 mm.; VII, .96 to 1.04 mm.; total antenne
length I to VII average about 3.6 mm. Prothorax and thorax
pale like head. Legs with femora and tibiz, proximal portion
pale, distal portion dusky. Tarsi dark, .16 mm. long. Hind
tibiz conspicuously darker and much swollen and thickly set
with senoria. Abdomen light salmon pink. Cornicles pale at
base, distal half dark; length .6 to .& mm. Style salmon pink,
ensiform, length .32 to .4 mm. ‘Total body length to tip of
style, antenne excluded, 2.13 to 2.15 mm. ‘The size of the hind
tibize of this form makes it readily distinguished from the apter-
ous viviparous form and young, even to the unaided eye.

The pink variety has been described because these predomi-
nate. The color scheme of the green and yellow forms can be
determined merely by substituting these colors for the salmon
pink of the individual described, the dark coloration being the
same for all 3.

Winged male.—Head and antenne dark brown. Length of
antennal segments: III, .72 to .8 mm.; IV, .48 to .64 mm.; V,
.48 to .6 mm.; VI, .16 mm.; VII, 1.04 to 1.28 mm.; total anten-
nal length I to VII, 2.93 to 3.60 mm. Prothorax and thorax
dark brown. Wings deflexed, hyaline, veins dark and very
slender, stigma pale brown. Legs brown, darker at tips. Abdo-
men brown. Cornicles pale brown, dark distally, cylindrical;
.48 to .56 mm. long. Total body length exclusive of antenne
and cornicles, 1.12 to 1.57 mm. ‘The thorax is large and strong
to support the wing muscles, the abdomen much shrunken and
is rendered conspicuous only by the comparatively (for the size
of the body) long cornicles. The male is described from speci-
mens observed in copulation, in order that no mistake as to
the identity of the species might occur.

19

254 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

It will be seen from the accompanying camera lucida draw-
ings that N. solanifolu is a fairly typical Nectarophora as
regards antenne. Although the number of sensoria varies
somewhat within the limits of each of the four forms, the seg-
ments figured are representative. The antenne of the apterous
viviparous and oviparous females most closely resemble each
other, segment II] sometimes having 4 sensoria for each form,
though the number is more commonly as figured. The number
of sensoria is not constant for the winged viviparous form,
there frequently being a few more than occurred in the speci-
men drawn, but they are in all cases arranged in a somewhat
irregular row. As is usual for Aphidide the antennz of the
males are conspicuous for the great number of sensoria present,
giving a very uneven outline. Segment V_ characteristically
bears sensoria not found in the other sex. Although the anten-
nz of the malesare not actually so long as those of the females,
they are, relative to the total length of the body, much longer,
being in this sex more than twice the length of the body.

Fig. 27, winged viviparous form, Antennal Segment III.

Fig. 28, apterous a . Sask i INUE

Fig. 29, apterous oviparous “ E IGE

Figs. 30 and 31, winged male, Antennal Segments ITI, IV, V.

Fig. 32, viviparous form, Basal 24 of hind tibia.

Fig. 33, oviparous ©“ een arcana

POTATO PLANT

‘LOUSE,

255

"hot ite
eae ie
Sco) ule aaa

EAS iy ty “

een

St;

heyeg?
SL Aaiee

257

POTATO PLANT ‘LOUSE.

Fig. 34. The Carolina locust, killed by fungus, Entomophthora grylli.
The specimen figured was collected at Orono, September 5, 1907. See
page 270. °

NOSM Chk

INSECT NOTES FOR 1907
EpitH M. Patcs.

The annual bulletin published under the title of Insect Notes
is a record of such insects of Maine as come particularly to
the notice of the Station during the season. It is not designed
primarily as a remedial measure bulletin, as advice of this char-
acter is sent largely to suit the individual needs either by per-
sonal correspondence or wherever possible by popular economic
circulars which are kept constantly in print for this purpose.
For notice of the species recorded in Insect Notes we are in
a great measure indebted to people all over the State who send
specimens for identification which are frequently of much inter-
est. Although the Station would be glad to keep in touch with
the insect life in every part of the State, its entomological work
is often concentrated for an entire season in a few places and
thus for information concerning local outbreaks we are depend-
ent many times upon data volunteered by correspondents. To
those people who have thus aided the Station for the current
year, the present bulletin is in itself an acknowledgment.

Where definite lines of work are in progress, notes upon
insects outside these definite lines must be more or less inci-
dental and the most significant of these are brought together
annually in a bulletin of miscellaneous Insect Notes.

THE GIPSY AND Brown-Tait MotTHs.

The two insects most to be dreaded in the State, the brown-
tail and the gipsy moths, are discussed so fully in so much
easily available and widely distributed literature* that they are
merely mentioned here by way of constantly keeping the danger
from them in mind. The success with which they have been
so far combated in places in which they have been most numer-
ous in this State should in no wise serve as an excuse for less
vigilance, but rather as a stimulus to the continuation of the
most rigid measures. Any temporary negligence with either

* Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Cireulars and Bulletins; Maine Dept. of Agri-
culture, Augusta, Circulars and Bulletins; U. S. Bureau of Entomology,
Washington, D. C., Circulars and Bulletins.

262 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

of these insects will inevitably bring disaster with the necessity
of combating them over ever increasing areas at enormous
- expense.

Forests ATTACKED BY ONE OF “THE PROMINENTS.”
Heterocampa guttivitta Walk.

For a distance of more than 40 miles across Southern Oxford,
Cumberland and Androscoggin Counties, a caterpillar invasion
swept clear of foliage much of the forest growth over large
areas. ‘The complaints were numerous about the middle of
August. A correspondent from Wayne wrote: ‘These cater-
pillars are on all the maples in this section and stripping the
foliage.” From West Bridgton another said: “They are ruin-
ing the hard wood growth in the forests of Fryeburg, Sweden,
and of a part of Bridgton.” A resident of Bridgton reported
them as “very plentiful here and devastating certain sections
of the forests. They seem to prefer the beech trees, though
they also are found on maple and apple trees.’ Specimens
accompanying all these and various other reports all proved
to be the same species, Heterocampa guttivitta.

August 15 and 16, South Leeds and Upper Gloucester were
visited by the writer. At Upper Gloucester a beech forest was
stripped as bare of foliage as winter trees. The insects for the
most part were full grown and buried for pupation. By lifting
back the top of the leafy soil from 1 to 3 inches the freshly
formed pupz and newly buried larvee were found to be thick.
The cocoon was very slight and was torn in disturbing the soil.

Numbers of Carabid beetles were searching about the bases of
trees, most conspicuous among which, probably, because of its
size, was the Fiery Hunter, Colosoma calidwm. ‘The predaceous
bug, Podisus modestus (shown in Fig. 44) was particularly
‘active. This species in both larval and adult stages was found in
considerable numbers on the trunks of the trees sucking the
blood of wilted looking caterpillars which they had stabbed. At
the bases of many of the trees were little heaps of dead and half
sucked caterpillars, while the group of Podisus modestus just
above and still at work on other victims showed the cause of
their condition. At South Leeds these caterpillars had entirely
stripped a beautiful hard maple grove and were at work rid-

is

INSECT NOTES. 263

dling adjacent beeches. The larve here were not quite full
fed and the sound of their jaws together with that of falling
bits of leaves and castings was like the sound of a rain storm.
They were also at work on oak and apple at South Leeds but
not to such an extent as on the maple and beech.

The larva resembles closely H. mantco and H. bilineata and
the species was not definitely determined from this form. By
keeping the pupz moist and warm in the laboratory, however,
adults began to emerge Dec. 3, 1907, and these were kindly
determined by Doctor H. G. Dyar as H. guttivitta Walk.

The specimens taken in Maine this season presented the
greatest variety of dorsal color patterns in white, green, and
brownish purple. All the color variations faded in the full
fed larve, however, and before pupating the body of the cater-
pillar was dull green with almost all trace of other color oblit-
erated except the dark side lines of the head. Three specimens
are shown in Figs. 39, 40, 41.

The weather in the southern part of the State, unlike the rest
of Maine was very dry this season and seemed to be particularly
favorable for caterpillar growth. Numerous other species were
at work during August and the “green striped maple cater-
pillar,” Dryocampa rubicunda, defoliated maples in certain local-
les, SSS leitees Bier

Forest TENT CATERPILLAR,

The Forest Tent Caterpillar, Clisiocampa disstria, has been
in the increase in the State for 2 seasons, especially in the
vicinity of Blaine and Mapleton, and though it is not yet very
generally troublesome, it seems to be getting ready for one of
its periodical outbreaks. A circular of information is in prepa-
ration for this species in order that the danger may be appre-
ciated in localities where this caterpillar is gaining ground. The
devastations of the forest tent caterpillar of 1889 and 1890 * are
plainly remembered by people living along the Penobscot and
in the vicinity of Seboeis, who still refer to “the caterpillar
year.”

* Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Report 1889, p. 188; 1800, p. 138.

264 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

OrcHArRD TENT CATERPILLAR.

The large percentage of dead eggs of the common orchard
tent caterpillar, C. americana, was noticed this season by even
casual observers. This species was exceedingly numerous dur-
ing 1906 and in certain Orono orchards as many as 5 to 20
ege clusters to a tree were found in the spring.

Following is the hatching record of 24 egg masses collected
in April before any eggs had hatched:

Egg mass No.| _ Eggs Egg mass No. Fggs Egg mass No. Eggs

- Hatching. Hatching. Hatching.
1 0 9 0 17 41

2 0 10 0 18 138

3 0 11 92 19 4

4 0 12 93 20 96

5 0 13 0 21 108

6 0 14 64 22

7 0 15 123 23 5

38 0 16 26 24 134

This gives a total of 927 caterpillars to 24 egg masses, a
number which would ordinarily be equaled by 4 or 5 egg
masses.

The peculiar weather of the past winter may perhaps be
held accountable for a share in this condition, not so much
because of the excessive cold but because of the sudden changes
occurring. On Jan. 16 the temperature swung from a maxi-
mum of 21 degrees above zero to a minimum of 4o degrees
below zero the following night, making a range of 61 degrees
in less than 24 hours. Jan. 21 the temperature ranged from
47 degrees above zero to 13 degrees below. It seems probable
that a winter unusually long and severe with sudden fluctuations
- in temperature would be perilous for insect eggs exposed upon
the twigs of trees as are those of the tent caterpillar.

CuHeERRY-TREE Tortrix, Archips (Cacecia) cerasivorana.

The “ugly nests” filled with little yellowish, black-headed
caterpillars have been very numerous for several seasons, on
wild cherry for the most part, though sometimes on apple and
raspberry. One colony just hatching from the eggs was col-
lected at Portland June 20 on chokecherry. These were reared
in the insectary on apple leaves. The moths which developed
from this colony had mostly emerged by August 6. A colony

l

INSECT NOTES. 265

just hatched on wild cherry at Orono June 12 was likewise bred
on apple leaves and the moths emerged August 5-12. As is
often the case with an insect which has for several seasons been
particularly numerous, the cherry-tree tortrix has been this sea-
son attacked by various insect parasites.

Of the hymenopterous parasites, Pimpla conquisitor was
taken at the ugly nest of this tortrix at Portland, July 23.
Exochus albifrons Cr. were reared from ugly nests receivea
from Otisfield, Maine. Labronchus* sp. were reared from ugly
nests from Otisfield, Waldoboro and Orono. Macrocentrus*
sp. were reared from nests from Waldoboro and Orono. A
dipterous parasite, Dichetoneura leucoptera Johnson, emerged
in great numbers from ugly nests from various localities.

One of the solitary wasps, Odynerus sp., was observed on
the nest of this tortrix at Kennebunkport July 24. It had cap-
tured a full grown larva and with its Jaws grasping the cater-
pillar just back of the head, was preparing to take flight. The
larva was limp and helpless.

Archips fervidana Clem., the oak ugly nest, was reported this
year as last from Mt. Desert Island. September 8 a corre-
spondent from Southwest Harbor stated that from one to
several of these nests were in every oak and that the caterpillars
were denuding the oak groves rapidly. Some of the same
species of hymenopterous parasites which were present with
A. cerasivorana emerged from Mt. Desert nests of fervidana.
Dichetoneura leucoptera Johnson and one other dipterous para-
site were also bred from fervidana.

ORCHARD INSECTS IN MAINE.

There is probably no reason so far as insects are concerned
why apple raising should not be as profitably carried on in
Maine as in other parts of the country. The conditions are,
however, in many places far more promising at present for
the production of insects than apples. Almost unbroken lines
of neglected and therefore dangerous apple trees stretch for
miles along the roadsides, scattering ungathered windfalls as

*For the determination of these two hymenopters as well as about
20 other insects appearing in this bulletin, which were not named in the
Station collection we are indebted to specialists in the United States
Bureau of Entomology, through the courtesy of Doctor Howard.

266 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

iood for apple maggots, curculio grubs, and larve of codling
moths. There is rarely a farmyard in which a few apple trees
haye not been planted and then in many cases left undisturbed
as food for whatever insects chance that way. Wild cherries
and hawthorn as well as native apples are permitted to grow
within insect flight of cultivated apples and form entirely satis-
factory breeding places from the standpoint of orchard pests.
Paramount inducements are thus offered for every apple pest
that can endure the climate. In the face of this cordial stand-
ing invitation to apple insects, there is many an orchard owner
in the State who is grumbling because the invitation is annually
accepted, and who has about decided that there is not much use
trying to get perfect apples enough for his own family use.

There is a panacea for most of this trouble to be found in
clean culture, by which is understood in part the clearing out
of worthless trees, both cultivated and native, that serve as
breeding places for orchard pests; the proper pruning and
spraying of all apple trees not cut down; the tilling of orchard
soil to disturb insects hibernating or transforming there; and
the persistent destruction of windfalls.

The difficulties in the way of securing clean culture are not
so serious for the man who depends upon his orchard for his
income, for he would, of course, expect to supply himself with
the necessary help and equipment. But the people who are
engaged in other occupations and have only a small orchard,
or a few favorite trees, cannot always conveniently give their
trees the necessary attention. There is probably no neighbor-
hood nor any grange in the State, however, which could not
find one capable man who could be induced to care for the trees
in a certain locality. The utterly hopeless conditions which
small orchards present all through the southern part of the
State would seem to offer a perfectly practical proposition for
cooperation. Any grange or neighborhood could easily afford
the spraying equipment.

The great economy of time and energy made possible by
some such arrangement is apparent, for it would necessitate
but one person making an effort to become acquainted with the
dangerous insects, their vulnerable points and. remedial meas-
ures instead of 20 or 30 to do so. -

The number of insects which occur upon any one species of
tree is likely to be excessive. The number of determined spe-

INSECT NOTES: 267

cies of oak insects, for instance, recorded by Packard * is over
400 for the United States, and he estimates that “it is not
improbable that ultimately the number of species of oak insects
for the United States will be between 600 and 800 or even
1000,” when they are all determined. Yet oaks still grow!
And even if there should prove to be 1000 species of insects
which occur upon the apple, apples could probably still be
grown and with care still be grown for profit as well as pleas-
ure. But as a matter of fact the insects which are doing real
damage to apple orchards in Maine -at present are very well
known so far as their life histories and remedial measures are
concerned and there is not one among them that is not practi-
cally combatable if fought consistently over a considerable area.
This could be done by each man taking care of his own trees,
or much simpler by some system of cooperation by which one
man could direct the care of trees on a given locality. It does
not come within the intention of this bulletin to recommend
the manner of such cooperation. It might be accomplished in
various ways—through the grange, by a neighborhood club,
or if the sentiment of the town supported such a movement,
local measures could be secured against any neglected apple
tree as a public nuisance and a danger to the orchards in the
vicinity.

In view of the fact that the apple crop is one of the chief
interests of the State, the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion has constantly had the orchard in mind with reference to
insects of economic importance. The majority of inquiries
which are received accompany insects found upon apple trees.
In order that fuller information may be sent in reply to such
inquiries than could be possible through a personal letter, illus-
trated circulars upon about 30 orchard insects most common
in the State are kept in print for use in correspondence, and
are sent as replies to persons submitting these insects for iden-
tification.

With this economic literature available for distribution to
anyone in the State at any time, it hardly seems necessary to
repeat annually extended bulletin notes upon such standard
orchard pests as the red humped caterpillar, the yellow-necked
caterpillar, the tiger caterpillars (Halisidota carye and H, macu-

* Forest Insects, page 48.

268 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

lata), the fall web worm, the tussock caterpillar, the tent cater-
pillar, the bud moth, the codling moth, the apple maggot, and
others, unless some such unusual condition arises as a peculiar
parasite invasion or an unwonted increase which should, of
course, be noted.

While the available circulars include only a small number
of the multitude of apple insects, yet if the orchards are so
treated as to combat the serious pests, the multitude of lesser
evils need not be feared, for they will for the most part suc-
cumb incidentally to the treatment given to the really dangerous
insects and thus many species may be killed with one treatment.
Moreover the remedial measures against the standard pests
overlap. For instance, the destruction of windfalls by pastur-
ing an orchard with hogs is a measure directed at once against
3 of the worst apple insects in the State—the apple maggot,
the curculio and the codling moth. Or removing colonies while
young and still gregarious includes the red humped caterpillar,
the yellow-necked caterpillar, the tiger caterpillar and others,
all of which occur upon the trees during the same time. Ina
similar way, because arsenical sprays are recommended for a
multitude of orchard pests, it does not mean that the sprays
need be applied a multitude of times each season.

Much study has been put upon these orchard pests by econ-
omic entomologists all over the country, but that avails the
orchards nothing unless the orchardists make practical use of
the resulting suggestions. Experiment Stations have repeat-
edly demonstrated the value of spraying for the codling moth,
yet it is optional with the owner of the trees whether he shall
profit by those demonstrations or not. It has been known for
18 years that a consistent and persistent destruction of infested
fruit would practically exterminate the apple maggot, and the
apple maggot is working in many parts of Maine as much
havoc now as it did 20 years ago.

It is due orchardists of the State that the insect pests upon
so important a crop should be studied for the purpose of find-
ing what can be done by way of combating them. It is no
“less due orchardists of the State that careless owners of neg-
lected trees should somehow be induced to contribute to the
health of orchards in general by either caring for their own
trees or cutting them down.

9

INSECT NOTES. 26¢

If the well known and constantly recommended remedial
measures against orchard insects of Maine were to be applied
in good earnest, the standard apple insect pests of Maine would
diminish in a wholesale and satisfactory degree. And this is
a matter that rests with the owners of trees. Merely by way
of comment it might be stated that in certain localities where
it has been known for 15 years or more that the apple maggot
(or “railroad worm’) must be fought by the destruction of
infested fruit, it is not unusual to hear some such remark as
“Now, there’s that high top sweeting. I haven’t had an apple
to eat from that tree for five years. The railroad worm gets
them all.” And while season after season thé infested fruit is
permitted to lie and rot undisturbed upon untilled sod beneath
the tree, the railroad worm is actually blamed for continuing to
breed in conditions rendered ideal for that very purpose. The
full humor of the situation is forthcoming when the owner of
the high top sweeting complains of his neighbor for rearing
curculios in his apples “to infest all the apples in the vicinity,”
though just what difference it makes whether the railroad worm
or the curculio gets the fruit is not apparent. However, merely
by way of interesting information the neighbor’s attention is
called to Fig. 35, which presents a curculioed apple. If raisers
of such deformed fruit would pasture their orchards with hogs
they would destroy the curculios which are a menace to the
neighborhood and incidentally some of the descendants of the
railroad worms which have migrated from the high top sweet-
ing across the way. =

(GRASSHOPPERS,

The summer of. 1907 has been conspicuously a grasshopper
season. Many species were more abundant than usual, but the
red-legged locust, Melanoplus femur-rubrum, was, so far as
observed, guilty of most of the serious trouble. They were
present over a large part of the State all summer in trouble-
some numbers, but most of the complaints were made in August
after the grass was harvested, when they were to be started up
in clouds. Potato fields, large orchards, raspberry and blue-

berry bushes, as well as a great variety of other vegetation

suffered. The “Carolina locust,’ Dissosteira carolina, was very
common, but this species together with many other of the grass-
20

270 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

hoppers fell vicitims to the fungus Entomophthora grylli,* dur-
ing late August and September.

Figure 34 shows one of these grasshoppers in the position
characteristic of victims of the grasshopper fungus. In low
meadows the work of this same fungus was particularly to be
observed with certain of the 7ryraline, as many as 4 or 5 dead
grasshoppers being found clinging to a single grass stem. One
of the invariable symptoms of this disease is evinced in a tend-
ency to climb and to cling, and the dead grasshoppers remain
clinging to the tops of grass heads or weeds until beaten off by
storms. The sick grasshoppers when disturbed do not jump
but instead climb a little higher and clasp their legs a little
tighter about the plant they are on.

Except in the southern part of the State, the season was very
wet, a condition which favored fungus parasitism among much
of the insect life, hairy caterpillars and plant lice as well as
grasshoppers being especially susceptible.

BEETLES.

Buprestids.—Chief among the Buprestids of the season is
Brachys erosa Melsh. June 15, 1907, everywhere in the vicin-
ity of Portland the adults of this species were common, feeding
greedily upon the leaves of various trees. Collections were
made from Alnus incana, oak, hazelnut, wild rose, elm, haw-
thorn, birch, cherry, Amelanchier, hazelnut and willow, the
leaves of all of which they were skeletonizing, though they
were most abundant upon the first four mentioned. As many
as 12 to 20 of these bettles were common upon a single leaf
of alder or oak. Their bright metallic colors made them con-
spicuous in the sun. At the slightest jar they relaxed their
hold and slipped to the ground. They were not taken in large
numbers in other parts of the State, though a few were found
at Orono and elsewhere during June. ‘This species in the larval
stage is a leaf miner.

The strawberry weevil, Anthonomus signatus, is apparently
widely distributed throughout the State, although strawberry
erowers have not complained of their presence to any great
extent on cultivated. plants. One large strawberry crop a few
miles out from Farmington was practically destroyed by this

* Kindly determined by Doctor Roland Thaxter.

INSECT’ NOTES. 27a

weevil this season, however. The weevils were collected in
considerable numbers also near Houlton, June 28, 1907, about
the blossom buds of wild red raspberry. Some of the weevils
were inside the buds depositing eggs and others were observed
to be nibbling at the bud stem, causing the buds to wither, as
is their custom.

The Rose Chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus, continued to
be as troublesome this year as last. From Clinton it was
reported as destroying hens. Another correspondent sent speci-
ments of this beetle with the statement that out of a flock of
about 2000 chickens on free range nearly 400 had killed them-
selves in 5 days by stuffing themselves with these chafers. The
birds averaged from 12 to 13 weeks, and in some cases part of
the chafers with which their crops were packed were still alive
after the death of the greedy chicken.

The Striped Cucumber Bettles, Diabrotica vittate, were so
numerous this season at Orono that cucumber and squash vines
suffered severe attacks. Lime, bug death, sulphur. red lead,
or ashes heaped thick upon the plants kept the bettles from the
upper surface of the leaves, but as they congregated cheerfully
underneath and ate through the leaves to the application on
the upper side, these remedies did not avail much. Turpentine
or kerosene and land plaster when applied about the plants in
sufficient amount to keep away the bettles, killed the plants.
This may have been partly due to the fact that a heavy rain
followed the treatment and beat the young plants down against
the application. One man practically rid his field by going
over his vines when they were very small and gathering and
killing the beetles by hand. The beetles were so thick that
thousands were readily killed in this way. After gathering the
beetles for 3 consecutive mornings, the infestation was reduced
to such an encouraging extent that the process was repeated
3 or 4 mornings more, when no further treatment was necessary.
This was, of course, a tedious method, but it disposed of the
beetles inside of a week, while a field a few miles distant where
nearly all the remedies which have ever been recommended
against this pest were tried on different plats, the beetles
remained in extremely troublesome numbers for between 3
and 4 weeks, during which time the adults had deposited so
many eggs that some of the vines wilted later in the season

272 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

from the larval attacks in the stalks. In these treated plats
the fall generation appeared in October as numerously as in
“June and the Hubbard squashes were pitted thickly with holes
in which the beetles feasted until the squashes, which were
undersized anyway, were unpresentable for market purposes.

Macrops vitticollis—Besides the flea beetles, Dibolia borealis
Chevr., which riddled the plaintain leaves, Plantago major, all
over the State, plaintain crowns were found to be excavated
by numerous small beetle larvae. Some of these were collected
July 23 at Portland in order to secure the adult beetles. On
August 26, 2 beetles developed which proved to be Macrops
vitticollis Kirby.

SAWELIES.

The birch sawfly, Nematus erichsonu, is again at work in
Maine upon the larch or tamarack, or as it is more popularly
known here, the “juniper.’ By August 8 the work was mostiy
in the vicinity of Houlton, but clusters of larvee still remained
here and there and it was gratifying to note that a fair per-
centage of these had attached to them the small white eggs of
a Tachina parasite. The larve of Cresus latitarsus, a sawfly
common in the State, were received from Bar Harbor Septem-
ber 17, where they were attacking birch. ‘The fir tree sawfly,
Lophyrus abietis Harris, was present at Seeket, where it com-
pletely stripped some fir trees and spruce. Cocoons were received
from this locality August 29 and September 10, and on the
latter date cocoons of the same species were received from
MacMahan, Sagadahoc County. The adults emerged from the
middle to the last of September. This species also attacks the
pitch pine, and seems to have a deplorable start in the localities
mentioned.

An Ant ATTACK ON PLANT LICE.

June 12, a birch growth was visited where great numbers of
a large and sprightly aphid, Callipterus betulecolens, were to
be found both in late pupal and freshly winged condition. This
species is very active, running lightly and dropping from the
branch at the slightest jar, and were thus seen everywhere on
the ground as well as on the trunks of evergreens and other
trees where they do not feed.

Ants were observed to be traveling to their nests with these
aphids in their jaws, both in the late pupal and the winged

INSECT NOTES. 273

stage. As numerous ants were doing this and from ‘many
nests, the incident was of particular interest. As the aphids
appeared to be squeezed and helpless, all the ants which could
be caught in about 20 minutes were made to drop their aphids
for examination. The aphid in each case was either dead or
roughly injured and there seemed to be but one explanation—
that the ants were appropriating these juicy insects for food.
In view of the peaceful and often interbeneficial relations of
ants and aphids in general this occurrence seems worth noting.

Aroostook Potato INSECTS.

The nearly continuous rains of the season made field obser-
vations unprofitable in this part of the State. A considerable
mass of miscellanous data for various potato-feeding insects
has accumulated, but the notes for the most part should be
supplemented by observations over a longer period of years,
before being recorded. A single species of plant louse, Nectar-
ophora solanifolii, was followed closely throughout the season
and the results given in a separate bulletin. A spring search
for the tarnished plant-bug, Lygus pratensis, present in enor-
mous numbers last fall,* was made May 6-8, with the surpris-
ing outcome that in a particularly favorable hibernating place
only one tarnished plant-bug was uncovered in several hours’
careful hunting. Meanwhile 200 or 300 ground-beetles and
rove-beetles were observed skirmishing the same haunts, and
the following laboratory feeding experiments confirmed the
suspicion that the tarnished plant-bugs seeking this shelter the
previous fall, crept literally into the jaws of their natural
enemies.

Predaceous Beetles and Hibernating Insects—Feeding notes
for ground-beetles and rove-beetles. A potato field near Houl-
ton, the vines of which were in the fall of 1906 overrun with
tarnished plant-bugs, 2 species of flea beetles (E. cucumeris and
S. hudsonias) as well as other plant feeding insects, is bordered
by tempting shelter for hibernating insects. At the left of this
field separating it from the next is a lane with a line of logs”
laid in lieu of a fence. Grass and weeds grow the whole dis-
tance and more or less rubbish (piles of old potato vines, etc.)

*Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 134, p. 214-215.

274. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

have been tossed up along the ridge. At the right of the field _
is an uncultivated piece of land, part swamp and part wooded
knolls, along the slopes of which the fallen leaves are caught
in drifts. Search was made in the spring, May 6-8, before their
hibernating pests were on the wing in this locality, and though
tarnished plant-bugs were found in considerable numbers under
the leaves at the right of the field where predaceous beetles
were not present to any great extent, at the left, equally favor-
able hibernating ground to all appearances, these insects were
found in the proportion of I to several hundred ground-beetles
and rove-beetles. ‘The inference was acted upon by collecting
the beetles for laboratory observations as to their diet. The
eround-beetles were the common Carabid species, Pterostrichus
lucublandus Say.

Test with a lot of 22 ground-beetles.

May 11. They were given one Cosmopepla carmfex which
they did not eat until May 18.

May 13. They were given 2 negro bugs (Corimelena puli-
caria). ‘These they devoured May 15.

May 14. They were given 6 sowbugs. May 18 only one
live sowbug was left and a beetle was carrying off bits of a

sowbug.

They showed no eagerness in regard to any of the foregoing
insects. May 18, however, they became much excited upon
being given an inch-long moth pupa. They tried patiently to
bite it, but the pupal skin was particularly hard and it slipped
about so that it had to be finally cut for them. In less than a
minute 20 of the 22 beetles were either feeding upon the pupa
or fighting violently for a chance. They hauled one another
off by the legs and were very much excited and vicious, the
taste of this food seeming to make them tigerish. They had
been stupid for a week previous. While they were still excited
over the one-inch pupa they were offered a cecropia pupa taken
uninjured from the cocoon. This they attacked at the abdom-
inal creases and succeeded in biting through. After gorging
at this feast the beetle abdomens protruded beyond the wing
covers for more than one-sixteenth of an inch, giving them a
peculiar appearance.

INSECT NOTES. 275

Test with Lot of 8 ground-beetles.

May 13. ‘They were given 8 negro bugs (Corimelena puli-
caria) and one Cosmopepla carnifer. May 18, 3 negro bugs
and the C. carnifex had been eaten. A crushed live negro bug
offered them was devoured at once. They showed hesitation
in attacking live ones. Their jaws seemed to find little pur-
chase when they tried. Four beetles were observed to bite at
the same negro bug, but their jaws slipped off every time with-
out harm to the bug.

May 18. A sowbug which had been with them for 5 days
was still alive and unharmed.

May 18. ‘They were given an unbroken cecropia pupa, which
they soon punctured at the abdominal rings and gorged as
much as their bodies would hold.

Test with lot 23 ground-beetles.

May 10. ‘They ate on this date 3 cut worms (a little less
than 1 inch long), 2 tarnished plant-bugs and 1 wounded sow-
bug.

May 11-12. They devoured 5 unwounded sowbugs and 1
Cosmopepla carnifex.

May 13. ‘They disposed of the half of a beetle Serica ves-
pertina that was cut for them.

May 15. They were offered small eggs but remained indif-
ferent to those that were broken for them as well as the whole
ones.

These ground-beetles seém a little shy about attacking their
prey, but when the first pair of jaws have pierced the chitinous’
skin the other beetles gather about and there is soon nothing
left of the soft parts of the victim. Ifa morsel is small enough
a beetle grabs it and runs, often with several beetles after him.
At the body of an insect too large to be dragged much they pile
up one above another devouring the prey, or if others crowd
them away they bite viciously at one another for a place. They
nip at one another between the thorax and abdomen or pinch
each others’ legs. One beetle had one of his legs bitten off
between the femur and tibia by another who was trying to drag
him away from a cutworm. ,

Test with the rove-beetles or Staphylinids.

These beetles ate tarnished plant-bugs, negro bugs (C. puli-

caria), Cosmopepla carnifex and cutworms. ‘Three Staphy-

276 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

linids ate a fourth of the same species which was enclosed in
the same vial with them. They had no other food at the time.
Two individuals were observed pulling at 1 small cutworm like
2 chickens over an earthworm, each bracing its legs and tug-
ging while they curved up the tips of their abdomens high in
the air with a threatening jerk. A small cutworm was given
to a pair of hungry rove-beetles. The female dragged the
partly devoured caterpillar beneath her and bit the male so
viciously when he attempted to share it that he died about an
hour later.

All the insects fed to the Staphylinids as well as the Carabids
were alive and uninjured except when otherwise stated.

The fate of countless hordes of hibernating insects must be
settled by such predaceous beetles during the fall and spring,
and thus such lively and difficult insects to combat as the tar-
nished plant-bug find a natural check in the voracious appetites
of these beetles everywhere to be seen skirmishing over the
ground and under rubbish. The common ground-beetles would
seem effective particularly with such soft-bodied insects as the
tarnished plant-bug which proved attractive morsels during
the feeding observations. - This pest is particularly active only
in the warmth and sunny weather, and seeks shelter during
weather which the ground-beetles accept for hunting days. Its
dormant days particularly during the fall and spring are a
vulnerable season in the life history of the tarnished plant-bug
at a time when the ground-beetles are still active. Such natural
aids as these are, it is to be regretted, often entirely unappre-
ciated, yet they accomplish more in a case like the tarnished
plant-bug which is often not practically combatable by arti-
ficial means than man could possibly hope to do.

Cosmopepla carnifex.—July 19 about 20 of these little black
and red bugs which are numerous upon potato, mullein, mint,
thistle, buttercups and many other plants near Houlton were
caged upon a potato plant in the insectary. August 13, one
bug and several young ones were still feeding upon the plant,
the stalks and leaf stems of which showed numerous black beak
wounds.

Euchistus tristigma.—From June 13 to July 4, 10 of these
large bugs were caged on a potato plant in the insectary. Dur-
ing this time several egg clusters were deposited upon the leaves

INSECT NOTES. 277

of the plant and upon the cage. The young, hatching, took at
once to the potato and fed there and the old bugs spent much
time with their beaks deep in the stalks drinking sap. The
beak punctures caused little swollen lumps to appear about the
biack wound on the stalk and along the midvein of the leaves.
See Figs. 36 and 37.

Podisus modestus.—A second and larger insectary colony of
the foregoing bugs, E. tristigma, was observed to be rapidly
diminishing in numbers. Examination showed that a speci-
men of the predaceous bug P. modestus had been inadvertently
caged with them. This bug was placed in a glass with 8 young
E. tristigma and was observed to stab and suck them dry. P.
modestus is an old and well-known enemy to dangerous insects.
It was observed this summer feeding upon larve of the potato
beetle, currant worms, tent caterpillars, cabbage worms and
other caterpillar pests. See Fig. 44.

Milo, July 5, the writer found a female of this species depos-
iting eggs on balsam fir. ‘Two neat rows of eggs were started
on the underside of a needle when the bug was found, 6 eggs
having been deposited, the first at the tip of the needle. The
bug was suspended dorsum down with all 6 legs clasped about
a single needle, the abdomen tip pointed toward the tip of the
needle. The next 5 eggs were laid regularly and alternately
left and right and one egg was deposited after every 2 minutes’
meidie a OOs" 2.11. 2.03. 2.15.°2.17. lb . Mi exactly. = the:-bug:
then left the needle and the 11 eggs.

Grasshoppers were at Foxcroft and other localities thick
enough to injure potato vines, particularly along the edges of
the fields, the common red-legged locust, Melanoplus femur-
rubrum, doing most of the damage.

Bhister Beetles—From Columbia Falls, August 11 a box of
beetles came with the complaint that they were “very destruct-
ive on the potatoes, many times as bad as potato bugs.” These
were the gray blister beetles, Macrobasis unicolor, Kirby, which
are now and then numerous enough to be very troublesome
locally. A black blister beetle, Epicauta pennsylvanica, also
fond of potatoes, is on the increase in the southern part of the
State. As the larvz of blister beetles feed largely upon grass-
hopper eggs, their appearance in large numbers is almost certain
to follow a grasshopper increase, and in reckoning their depre-

278 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

dations on potato and certain garden vegetables their benefits
as a destroyer of grasshoppers must be taken into account. An
oil beetle, Meloe angusticollis, closely related to the blister
beetles, was found here and there eating potato leaves, but these
are not numerous enough to do any damage.

Trichocera regelationis Linné.—Maggots breeding in pota-
toes. May 17, in response to complaints of maggoty potatoes,
a visit to Patten was made in order to examine the infested
potatoes. Great numbers of slender maggots were found in a
lot of potatoes that froze last fall and were soft and rotting in
May. Some of these potatoes were placed in the insectary and
the adults which emerged about June 1 proved to be the species
recorded. A second generation developed in the insectary, 16
adults appearing about October 26. Whether this species would
develop in healthy potatoes was not ascertained.

GALL INSECTS.

No attempt has been made to list the insect galls of Maine.
The following few species taken in this State are in the Station
collection, together with the insects emerging from them. Such
of these as had not previously been determined were submitted
to Mr. William Beutenmuller, American Museum of Natural
History, who kindly determined them:

Aphid galls—Pemphigus rhois, Fitch, on sumach; Pemphigus
populimonilis, on Populus balsamifera ; Hormaphis hamamelidis,
Fitch, on Hamamelis virginiana ; Hamamelistes spinosus, Shiner,
on Hamamelis virginiana; Colopha ulmicola, Fitch, on elm;
Chermes abietis, Linn, on spruce.

Mite galls—Acarus serotine, on -wild cherry; Acarid, on
Amelanchier; Phytoptus (Eriophyes) quadripes, Shimer, on
Norway maple.

Dipterous galls —Cecidomyia niveipila, O. S., on oak; Ceci-
domyia sp., on hazel nut; Cecidomyia sp., on Cratzegus; Ceci-
domyia batatas, O. S., on willow; Cecidomyia strobiloides, O.
S., on willow; Cecidomyia rigid, O. S., on willow ; Cecidomyia
solidaginis, Loew., on golden rod.

Hymenopterous galls——Andricus palustris, ©. S.; Andricus
punctatus, Bass., on oak; Andricus (Callirhytis) scitula, Bass.,
on oak twigs; Andricus sp., on red oak; Andricus ventricosus,

INSECT NOTES. 279

Bass., on oak; Diastrophus turgidus, Bass., on red raspberry ;
Diastrophus cuscuteformis, O. S., on blackberry ; Biorhiza forti-
cornis, Walsh., on Quercus alba; Eurostra solidaginis, Fitch.,
on golden rod; Holcaspis globulus, Fitch., on oak; Rhodites
globulus, Beuten., on rose; Rhodites bicolor, Harr., on rose;
Rhodites rose, Linn, on rose; Rhodites radicum, Bass., on sweet
briar ; Solenozopheria vaccinii, Ashm., on Vaccinium canadense ;
Andricus lanata, Gill., on red oak.

TABLE RECORDING SOMES OF THE INSECT COLLECTIONS
OF 1907.

A considerable number of insects interesting either in them-
selves or deriving a significance due to the circumstances in
which they are found, come to the attention of the Station each
season. <A few of these which it seems desirable to record with-
out extended notice are listed in the table on the 3 succeeding
pages.

1907.

EXPERIMENT STATION.

AGRICULTURAL

MAINE

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MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA’LION.

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4 Fig. 35. Apple deformed by Plum curculio. The apple figured was
4 taken from an orchard near Portland about the middle of July, 1907.
See page 260.

Z Fig. 36. Eggs and recently hatched young of plant feeding bug.
Euchistus tristigma, on potato leaf. Notice wound on stem which is
caused by the full grown bug of same species shown in Fig. 37.
Insectary material, Orono, 1907. See page 277.

.

“ae

Fig. 38. Green striped maple caterpillar, Dryocampa rubicunda. Taken
near Greene, Me., August 14, 1907: See page 263.

Fig. 30. Fig. 41. Fig. 42. Fig. 43.
Figs. 39, 40, 41, three color varieties of ‘“The Prominent” caterpillar
which ravaged hardwood growths in Maine this season. Specimens
collected at South Leeds August 15, 1907.
Figs. 42, 43. Pupe of “The Prominent” taken at Upper Gloucester,
August 17, 1907. See page 263.

ad oh

Fig. 44. Predaceous bug, Podisus modestus (slightly enlarged), which
feeds upon destructive caterpillars and other insects. See pages 262
and 277.

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ROLALO DESH ASH Sa UN 19077
W. J. Morse.

In comparison with the conditions prevailing for several
years, particularly with those of 1906, the season of 1907
presents a decided contrast with regard to the development of
the various Maine potato diseases. All through the eastern
part of the State, low temperatures prevailed during the entire
growing season. Planting and hoeing were delayed from 2
to 3 weeks and spraying largely interfered with. The wet
weather at digging time and immediately preceding, greatly
increased the amount of loss from rot on unsprayed or improp-
erly sprayed fields.

Early Blight.—Alternaria solani, which was very prevalent
and destructive during the dryer season of 1906, was seen only
on a few fields, late in the season—little or no damage resulting
from this cause.

Late Blight—Phytophthora infestans. For several seasons
preceding 1907 this fungus has been responsible for very little
damage in Aroostook County. This has been due partly to the
almost universal practice of spraying and partly to the prevail-
ing weather conditions. A careful search over several hundred
acres the last of August, 1906, failed to show a single leaf of
well defined late blight. In 1907 it was first seen by the writer
August 8 at Ft. Fairfield, where the disease was well distributed
and had already destroyed the entire foliage on one field. Very
soon all but the most thoroughly sprayed fields were severely
attacked. Several days of bright, dry weather beginning the
third week in August decidedly checked the epidemic in most
localities. Wet weather about September 1 started the blight
again with renewed vigor, this time lasting until frost came.
Continued wet weather through September resulted in a large
amount of rot following blight except on the most thoroughly
sprayed fields.

288 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

A somewhat peculiar form of the dry rot caused by this
fungus on potatoes from the stored crop of 1906 is elsewhere
described.

The complaints from scab were much less numerous than in
1906, and so far as could be ascertained from observation and
correspondence the percentage of loss from this cause was
actually much less. This is in direct contradiction of the state-
ment frequently made that scab is more prevalent in wet sea-
sons than in dry.

Internal Brown Spot of the Tuber. This is a non-parasitic
disease, common in some parts of Europe although but little
known in America. Specimens of this disease have, as yet, been
received from only one locality in Maine.

Black Leg is another disease or possibly a type of disease
which is recorded for the first time from Maine. Since 1903
somewhat similar diseased conditions of potatoes have been
reported from Ohio, Colorado, Florida, Vermont and Canada,
under various names such as “potato rosette,’ “collar rot,’ “lit-
tle potato disease,” “black leg,” etc. The reader is referred to
the more detailed description for the characters, epee and
distribution of this disease.

A discussion of the following topics with reference to potato
diseases and their treatment, based largely upon the studies of
the past season, will be found in the succeeding pages.

Dust sprays vs. wet bordeaux for potato blight, page 289
Relative efficiency of light and heavy spraying;

frequency of spraying, | page 207.
Can our spraying methods be improved? page 301
Treating seed potatoes with formaldehyde gas to

prevent scab, page 304
Will formaldehyde gas injure the seed, page 314
Additional directions for formaldehyde gas dis-

infection, page 315
Can potato soil be limed with safety? page 316
Internal brown spot of the tuber, page 318
Surface Sons of tubers by Phytophthora infes- :

tans, page 321
Black-leg of potatoes, page 323

Red lead as an insecticide, page 329

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 289

Dust SprAys vs. WET BorDEAUX FoR PoTrato BLIGHT.

The use of dry or dust sprays is by no means a new idea,
but their extended use for potato blights is a matter of quite
recent development in Maine. A few dust machines, used in
1906, almost without exception as far as the writer can ascer-
tain, upon fields where no unsprayed or wet bordeaux checks
were saved, and in a season very free from late blight, led many
to believe that dusting is an ample protection against potato
blights. As a result certain limited sections used dry sprays
almost entirely during 1907.

If equal protection can be secured, dusting has many advan-
tages over wet bordeaux, even though the first cost of the
necessary materials for the former are much more than for the
latter. The advantages lie chiefly in the ease, rapidity and
cheapness of application. Very frequently it may be necessary
to cart the water for wet bordeaux half a mile or more. This
hauling of 1000 or 2000 gallons of water every time a 20-acre
field is sprayed is no small item of expense. Furthermore the
hauling of a 100-gallon spray tank requires two horses and the
services of a second man are necessary for a large part of his
time to prepare the spray while the other man is applying it.
The dust machines are light, even when loaded to their full
capacity. One man with a light, fast-walking horse, can cover
as much ground with a dust machine in 1 day as can be done
in 2 or 3 days with a pair of workhorses attached to a heavy
sprayer. On account of the present scarcity and high price of
labor these points in favor of dusting have appealed quite
strongly to potato growers.

For several years the Station has been carrying on experi-
ments to test the relative merits of dust and wet sprays. Only
part of this data has been published.*

In all trials previous to 1907 the weather conditions were
such that little or no late blight occurred and as a consequence
no well marked results were secured. ‘The trials of the past
season were conducted upon the farm of and in cooperation
with the Commissioner of Agriculture, Hon. A. W. Gilman,
of Foxcroft. All of the ingredients of each kind of spray were

* Woods, C. D. and Bartlett, J. M., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 112, p. 6
(1905) and Bul. 126, p. 34 (1906).

P)

290 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

carefully measured and weighed at each application and the
yield of the resulting crop determined by weight.

The experimental field was well drained, sloping slightly to
the east, the rows running north and south. The soil was well
adapted to potato growing and uniform throughout. The land
had been in sod for several years. In September, 1906, a light
coat of stable manure was applied with a manure spreader.
The field was plowed in May and thoroughly harrowed before
planting, which was begun on June 8. On account of a storm,
that portion including Plots 8 to 13 was delayed in planting a
few days, but the work was all completed within a week from
the beginning. One thousand pounds per acre of a commercial
fertilizer carrying 3 per cent nitrogen, 6 per cent phosphoric acid,
and 10 per cent potash was applied at the time of planting. The
plants were very strong and vigorous, and after the first few
weeks of growth absolutely no difference could be detected in
the appearance of the different plots till the foliage began to
show the effects of blight.

For experimental spraying 13 plots about 39 rods long and
containing approximately one-third acre each were laid off on
this field beginning on the east side. These plots were all
sprayed 6 times, on the following dates, July 17,and 27, August
220; To -and 272

Plots 1, 3, 5, 9, 11 and 13 were sprayed with standard wet
bordeaux. For the first 3 applications single nozzles were used
to each row, applying not over 45 gallons per acre. The last
3 times 2 nozzles per row were used, applying 70-75 gallons
per acre.

Plot 2 was dusted with 6 pounds of sal bordeaux per acre, and
Plot 4 with 10 pounds of sal bordeaux per acre.

Plot 6 was an unsprayed check. It was sprayed with paris
green only for Colorado beetles.

Plot 7 was sprayed with sodium benzoate bordeaux,* applied
at same rate and the same amount as standard wet bordeaux.

* This spray was tried at the request of a firm which manufactures
sodium benzoate and according to the formula which they furnished as
follows: Copper sulphate 1 pound, lime 1 pound, sodium benzoate 1%
pound, water 50 gallons. ‘Dissolve the different ingrecients separately
in about the whole quantity of water required, then combine and add
sufficient water to make up to 50 gallons.” The manufacturers state

POTATO DISEASES “IN 1907. 2g1

Plot 8 was dusted with 6 pounds Leggett’s Blight Dust No.
2 per acre.

Plot 10 was dusted with 6 pounds Bowker’s Dry Boxal per
acre.

Plot 12 was sprayed with 10 pounds Bowker’s Boxal Paste
per acre.

To apply the dust sprays a horse power cart of the type known
as the “Beetle” was used. To secure uniform applications and
to avoid changing the regulator on the machine for each plot,
more or less prepared or ground lime was thoroughly mixed
with the dust used on each plot and applied with it, 1. e., the
dust application was made up to equal volume on each plot with
lime. The lime simply acted as a dilutant and in no way inter-
fered with the action of the dust spray. The Boxal paste was
mixed thoroughly in the keg at each application and then the
required quantity weighed out. With a small quantity of water
this was stirred in a pail till all lumps had disappeared and then
thoroughly mixed and agitated with the necessary amount of
water in the spray tank.

The Boxal preparations claim to serve as insecticides as well
as fungicides, therefore no paris green was used with these and
none was necessary. On the other plots from one to one and
one-half pounds per acre of paris green was used at each appli-
cation as long as necessary, mixing it with the dust or wet bor-
deaux as the case might be.

The field was visited nearly every week during the season,
and at no time did over 10 days pass without observations as
to the condition of the foliage. Early blight (Alternaria solant)
was practically absent except for a small amount late in the
season, and practically all of the damage to the foliage resulted
from attacks of the late blight (Phytophthora infestans).' The
record for the condition of the foliage after blight was first
observed is as follows:

further: * * * “The sulphate and benzoate exchange places forming 2
other materials viz. sodium sulphate and copper benzoate. Now it is
the copper benzoate that combines all the virtue of the spray, it being
infinitely less soluble than the original chemicals while combining the
germicidal and fungicidal value. Copper benzoate is very slow to wash
off with the rain and practically the only successive sprayings necessary
are those required to protect new growth.”

292 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

August 9. Considerable blight on Plot 6, just beyond the
center of the rows. Some less on Plots 7 and 8 in about the
same locality. Remainder of the plots healthy. This had all
developed since the last observation on August 2.

August 16. Plots sprayed with wet bordeaux free from
blight, except a little on Plot 5, adjoining the bad outbreak on
the unsprayed check, Piot 6. Plot 2 showed some late blight
near the south end, Plot 4 an occasional blighted leaf, Plot 6
blight generally distributed over entire plot except on north
end. Several rods in center badly damaged. Plots 7 and 8
diseased almost as much as 6. Plot 10 some blight on south
end. Plot 12, a few blighted leaves.

August 27. Following the last record several days of bright
- clear weather held the progress of the disease largely in check.
The wet bordeaux plots were clean except as noted on August
16 and here there was no increase. All other plots showed some
increase of blighted leaves. Following this came another period
of rainy weather so that two weeks later the disease had devel-
oped to such an extent that the plots could be distinguished as
alternate green and brown strips as far as the field could be
seen.

September 11. Plot 1, free from late blight, a little early
blight. Plot 2, 50 per cent of leaves dead. Plot 3, free from
blight except for an occasional leaf. Plot 4, a little healthier
than Plot 2. Plot 5, the slight outbreak noted in one portion of
this plot appears to have been entirely checked at the fifth spray-
ing on August 16. Plot 6, foliage all dead. Plot 7, 50 per cent
of leaves killed. Plot 8, 75 per cent of foliage killed. Plot 9
shows an occasional blighted leaf. Plot 10, 75 per cent of leaves
killed. Plot 11, about like Plot 9. Plot 12, 10 to 15 per cent of
leaves killed by blight. Plot 13, very little blight, better than
Plots 9 and It.

September 25. Wet sprayed plots showed 80 per cent to 90
per cent of foliage still green on this date. On all others the
plants were practically dead except on Plots 7 and 12, where the
stalks were alive but the foliage dead.

October 5. Plants on Plots 7 and 12 entirely dead, while
those sprayed with standard bordeaux were fully as healthy as
at last record. The living plants were all killed by frost during
the following week.

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 203

The crop was harvested during the week beginning October
14. A summary of the yields and losses resulting from the use
of dust sprays, etc., as compared with the use of standard wet
bordeaux, are given in the following table. However, it should
be mentioned that this table, a record taken at digging time,
by no means represents the entire loss on the dusted plots. The
crop from these plots contained more undersized, immature
tubers and was in general of an inferior quality. Moreover,
Mr. Gilman informed the writer a month after the potatoes had
been placed in storage that those from the dust plots were show-
ing more or less decay while there was practically none in those
harvested from the plots sprayed with wet bordeaux. ‘The rela-
tive net yields are shown graphically on page 294.

Table showing total and net yields of potatoes per acre from the
use of different fungicides,

a n =
a | 2 23

E Bee fee eve ae

BI Treatment. ca | ae | oa & = ae

5 do | 50 | be S re | me

q aS | Ss |S) S|) ef | of

S © D ao $ 348 = 0

rs) Pe 25 en Pn =a)

= eS) C5 | O69 i?) Do | Oo

Ay Ze|/RoU) Ae o FA te) ahs Paarey
AMVETS ONGC AUK cicye oiss. cS levsialalals crarsssislesesidielecalecstele 288 18 | 306 5.9

2 SABO Bux GMOS ccs ossicles ele olemieiie leinle eielstere 173 68 241 | 28.2 107 $53 50
SI WWiSt UR OLGE MUR iis ates iaicies e scelates sieleleceieiele soni | we 1s) 330] 5.5

4|Sal Bordeaux, 101bs ................. Soll Pale! 57 | 271 | 21.0 66 33 00
DD WVAC DES OTC MURS ai) sharon cfaysie eoreiove [acevsieise slersieeiecsuesere's 293 2333 I Seal 8.7

6|Check unsprayed...........2 ceceeeceeeee eee 112 95 | 207 | 45.9 | 168 &4 00
7|\Sodium Benzoate Bordeaux................- 189 59 | 248 | 23.8 91 45 50
8| Leggett’s Blight Dust No. 2.................. 130 62 192 | 32.3 150 75 00
GIWie TEBOW EAU soe Hie cc cls sels eyesisiewiaesae nese ee « 257 18 275 6.5

LOVBOMUSEES EO Ys ORAM G aie ele Weleisie co aiel=\< ele siecle 132 74 | 206 | 36.0] 148 74 00
MWe GAB ONGC MUN fe cio cierecsarsizicie: sieie sieie'e avele eiere svviaier= 245 13 258 5.0

12} Bowkers Boxal Paste ............cccceeeeeeess 191 48 239 | 20.1 89 44 50:
Ae | AWWA Cee Bs OU C AUK (5 oe cveicicinieiete are aroceus‘elcisieis sisters ale lereve(s 284 25 | 309) 8.1

* As compared with average net yield (280 bushels) of wet sprayed
plots I, 3, 5, 9, I1 and 13.

204 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

DUST vs WET BORDEAUX

Ner YrEtos Per AGRE.

280 bu. Average of Wet Sprayed Plots.

214 bv. Sal Bordeaux, 1O1bs.

Gi bu Bowker’s Boxal Paste

(G9 bu Sodium Benzoate Dordesue

[73 bv Sal Bordeaux, Glbs

132 bv. Bowkerss Dry Boxal.

130 bv. Leqgett’s Blight Dust No.2.

1/2 bu. Unsprayed Che ck.

POTATO DISEASES “IN 1907. 295

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

So far as the results of the foregoing experiments show, none
of the substitutes for wet bordeaux in any way approached it
in efficiency as a preventive for late blight. While none of the
dust sprays in any way produced the results claimed for them
by the manufacturers and others, they all showed more or less
fungicidal value. This was least with Leggett’s Blight Dust
No. 2 and Bowker’s Dry Boxal, which only showed a gain of
18 or 20 bushels per acre resulting from 6 applications of 6
pounds each, when compared with the unsprayed check. The
same amount of Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Co’s. Sal Bor-
deaux increased the yield 60 bushels per acre, while 10 pounds
of the same material to an application gave an increase of 102
bushels per acre. The fact should not be overlooked that wet
bordeaux under the same conditions gave an increase of 168
bushels per acre. The value of the wet bordeaux as compared
with the dust sprays is more apparent from the last column of
the table. Estimating the value of potatoes at 50 cents per
bushel, which was about the price being paid when the crop
was dug, it will be seen that the loss from dusting as compared
with the average yield of the wet sprayed plots varied from
$33.00 per acre from using 10 pounds to an application of Sal
Bordeaux to $75.00 per acre where 6 pounds of Leggett’s Blight
Dust No. 2 was used per application. Sodium Benzoate Bor-
deaux and Bowker’s Boxal Paste, the former containing only
one pound of copper sulphate and one-half pound of sodium
benzoate to 50 gallons of spray, gave better results than each
of the dust sprays except the 10-pound application of Sal Bor-
deaux. However, there does not appear to be any particular
merit in them as substitutes for standard bordeaux. Boxal
paste costs in 100-pound lots about 3 times as much as the
materials to prepare an equal amount of home-made bordeaux,
and the writer found it nearly as much work to get the paste
im proper condition for spraying as it was to make the same
quantity of bordeaux. Unfortunately no check plot treated
with a bordeaux mixture containing one pound of copper sul-
phate to 50 gallons of water was provided, so it is impossible
to say whether the partial protection on Plot 7 was due entirely
to the small amount of copper sulphate which it contained or in

296 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

part to the addition of the sodium benzoate. It seems reason-
able to assume that the latter was of some value, for as is shown
elsewhere sodium benzoate apparently reduced the amount of
scab where seed tubers were treated with a solution of it, and
its value as a preservative in preventing the growth of the ordi-
nary saprophytic fungi is well known.

The foregoing account and discussion is based wholly on
the Station experiments at Foxcroft, where every endeavor was
made to give the dust sprays a fair and impartial trial. Before
leaving the subject it should be mentioned that a large number
of dust machines were used the past season around Maple Grove
and Ft. Fairfield. While there was considerable difference of
opinion, a number of growers there expressed themselves as
well satisfied with the results obtained from dusting. The
writer on August 22 spent nearly the entire day driving from
one field to another in this locality and was convinced that at
this time the dust was of considerable value in keeping the
blight in check. However, there was very little opportunity
for accurate comparisons. With one or two possible exceptions.
there were no fields or parts of fields lying side by side where
both had otherwise been treated alike and one sprayed with
dust and the other with wet bordeaux the same number of
times on approximately the same dates. No unsprayed checks
were left in any case. Many cases were found also both with
the dusting and wet spraying where it seemed evident that the
applications were not begun till after the blight had become well
established on the plants.

Attempts were made in the spring to arrange for cooperative
dusting experiments in this locality but without much success.
Most of the owners of the dust machines were so thoroughly
convinced of the value of the method from the -experience of
the previous year that they did not wish to bother with the wet
bordeaux sufficiently to spray a part of their fields in this way
and keep the necessary records. One gentleman did attempt
this but unfortunately waited too long before beginning spray-
ing, and neglected to keep a record of the dates when he did
spray. On August 22 both parts of this field showed more or
iess blight, but one was about as bad as the other. A later visit,
September 19, the day following a severe frost, indicated that
the wet sprayed tops remained green somewhat longer than

aiicl

POTATO DISEASES “IN 1907. 207

those which were dusted. As near as could be judged 30 per
cent to 50 per cent of the foliage on the wet sprayed portion was
alive and practically none on the dusted portion when the freeze
‘came,

RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF LIGHT AND HEAvy SPRAYING:
FREQUENCY OF SPRAYING.

While the losses from early blight are not so marked as from
late blight, and often pass unnoticed, careful observations show
that, especially in dry years, this fungus does much damage
even on what are generally considered well-sprayed fields. The
examination of a large number of fields in Aroostook County
in the late summer of 1906 indicated that early blight was not
controlled to any great extent by the methods of spraying com-
monly practiced there. Since in the experience of the writer a
moderate number of thorough, heavy sprayings gave ample pro-
tection against this fungus,* it seemed best to test the matter
on a large scale in two different parts of the State. The places
selected were Houlton, Aroostook County, near the eastern bor-
der, and Foxcroft, Piscataquis County, near the center of the
State. The former on the John Watson farm and the latter
on Commissioner Gilman’s farm, being a continuation on the
south of the field described under the dusting experiment.

On account of the nature of the season very little early blight
developed, but the results secured furnish some interesting data
with reference to how often and how thoroughly we should
spray for late blight.

Plots. were selected on each field as nearly as possible to an
acre in size. Plot 1 to be double sprayed 6 times (twice on the
same date going in opposite directions on the row). Plot 2
to be double sprayed 3 times and Plot.3 to be single sprayed
6 times.. In practice this going over the ground twice for the
double spraying would be avoided by doubling the number of
nozzles to the row, so arranged that half pointed slightly to
the front and half to the rear, taking care that the cones of the
spray are so adjusted and directed as to cover the entire width
of the foliage on the row. Thus the labor for the 6 double
applications would be no more than for 6 single. If the extra

* Vt. Sta. Rep. 18, p. 275 (1905).

298 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

time required to prepare the mixture is disregarded, the 3
double. sprayings would only take half the time of the 6 single
applications.

At Foxcroft Plots 1 and 3 were sprayed July 18 and 27,
August 2, 9, 16 and 27. Plot 2 on July 18, August 2 and 16.
At Houlton Plots 1 and 3 were sprayed July 15 and 22, August
2, 10, 15.and 22. Plot 2 on July 15, August 3 and 15st
Foxcroft single nozzles applying about 45 gallons to a single
and go gallons to a double application were used for the first
3 sprayings, while for the last 3 sprayings double nozzles were
used, giving 70-75 gallons for single and 140-150 gallons for
double applications. At Houlton double nozzles applying about
80 gallons for a single application and 160 gallons for a double
application were used for all 6 sprayings.

On account of the construction of the sprayers it was impos-
sible to adjust the nozzles to a sufficient height so that the
entire outer margins of the rows were protected after the tops
fully covered the ground. This difficulty was partly overcome
at Foxcroft and it doubtless explains, in part, the lower per-
centage of rot obtained there. At Foxcroft no blight was seen
until August 27 when a little early blight was seen on Plot 2,
the others being entirely healthy. All of the plots were quite
well protected through the season. From September 11
until shortly after October 5 when the plants were killed by
frost, Plot 2 showed a small amount of late blight and some
early blight, though not enough of the latter to do any damage.
Occasional leaves affected with late blight could also be found
on Plot 3, but none on Plot 1. On Plot 1 the early blight was
almost entirely confined to marginal leaves where they were
imperfectly protected by the spray. There was about the same

* On account of severe rains and the exceeding prevalence and destruc-
tiveness of the late blight during the first week in August it was thought
best to make an extra single application to Plot 2 which was originally

planned to be double sprayed as near July 15, August I and I5 as possi-_

ble. Accordingly Plot 2 at Foxcroft was gone over with a single appli-
cation on August 9. On account of not understanding the directions the
man in charge at Houlton made this application on August 8 not to Plot
2, but to Plot 3 which was to receive 6 single applications and came in
for its regular spraying on August 10. This probably explains why as
later noted there is considerable disagreemant with regard to the relative
results from these plots in the two localities.

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 299

amount of early blight on Plot 3 as on Plot 2, but in both cases
it was much more destructive on the outer, unprotected leaves.
In fact on all the plots at Foxcroft after the middle of Septem-
ber a distinct black line could be observed midway between the
rows. This was made by the browning of the unprotected
leaves as a result of the combined injuries of early blight, flea
beetles and grasshoppers. The repellent qualities of bordeaux
upon the insects mentioned was very marked.

At Houlton late blight could be found after August 20 on
all the plots where the leaves were imperfectly protected at the
margins, Plot 1 looking a little the healthiest, with not much
choice between the other two. These plants were killed by
frost on September 8. There was practically no early blight
or the Houlton field. The crop at both places was harvested
during the week beginning October 14. The yields and amount
of rot are given below in tabular form.

YIELDS OF POTATOES FROM SINGLE AND DOUBLE SPRAYING IN
BUSHELS PER ACRE.

Total yield Net yield ~ Rot per Per cent

per acre. per acre. acre. of rot.
Foxcroft.
Plot 1, Double Sprayed
6 times, 345 343 2 0.6
Plot 2, Double Sprayed
3 times,* 303 298 5 a7.
Plot 3, Single Sprayed
6 times, 300 280 20 6.6
Houlton.
Plot 1, Double Sprayed
6 times, 462 420 42 Q.I
Plot 2, Double Sprayed
3 times, 362 277, 85 2255
Plot 3, Single Sprayed
6 times,* 392 343 49 12.5

* See note on p. 208.

300 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

The profits from 6 heavy applications in a season like that
of 1907 are very apparent. ‘These plots gave an increase of
45 bushels per acre at Foxcroft and 77 bushels per acre at
Houlton over the yields of the better of the other 2 plots, while
at the prevailing prices of copper sulphate and lime the cost of
the extra materials used would not be over $3.00 per acre.

The results from the 6 single vs. the 3 double applications
are somewhat contradictory. At Houlton the former gave 66
more bushels per acre while at Foxcroft the latter was the
better by 18 bushels per acre. This may be partly accounted
for because, as has already been stated, the modified Houlton
experiment was really 7 single sprayings compared with 3
double, while at Foxcroft there were 6 single sprayings com-
pared with 3 double sprayings with a single one added to make
up for excessive washing by rain. That a moderate number
of thorough sprayings applied at the right time are quite effect-
ive against late blight is well shown by the Foxcroft experiment
in comparing the results obtained from Plots 2 and 3. How-
ever, it should not be overlooked that additional thorough appli-
cations produced still better results, as is seen in the largely
increased yields from Plot 1 at both places.

The per cent of rot in both fields is instructive in that it
corresponds quite closely with the ability of the machines used
to cover the entire foliage of a row. When compared with the
loss of 45.6 per cent from rot on the unsprayed check of the
adjoining dust experiment the amount of loss from rot in the
part of the experiment at Foxcroft is quite satisfactory. The
loss from rot of from 9.5 per cent to 23.5 per cent at Houlton
is entirely too high and might have been materially lessened if
the adjustments on the machine had admitted the raising of the
nozzles to sufficient height to cover the entire row with the
spray cone. However, it should be said that the work of
spraying this field was as carefully and thoroughly done as
could be under the circumstances. This is very evident when
we consider that on Plot I, a measured acre, produced 420
bushels of sound potatoes and only about 5 bushels of these
were sorted out as below merchantable size. Moreover, out
of a large number of fields examined only one other was seen in
Aroostook County which was so well sprayed as this one.

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 301

CAN Our SprAyInG Metuops Be IMPROVED?

After going over hundreds of acres of potatoes this past
summer and talking with the growers as to the methods used
in spraying, the writer would answer this question with a
decided affirmative. A most encouraging fact is that many of
the growers themselves agree with this conclusion and state
their determination to return to the more thorough practice
formerly in vogue. It is probably not excessive to state that
in most districts at least 30 per cent of the crop in 1907 was lost
from rot, to say nothing of the reduction in yield from the early
killing of the tops. In many cases 50 per cent or 60 per cent
and even 75 per cent of the crop went to the starch factory.
The station experiments and the results obtained by growers
who followed similar methods indicate that a large proportion of
this loss could have been prevented by proper spraying. |

Spraying must always be looked upon as a form of insurance,
and for potato blights is a preventive and not a cure, hence it
must be begun before the blight appears. Various causes are
responsible for the losses during 1907. The almost entire
absence of late blight for a few seasons led some to question
the value of spraying and many of these individuals announced
their intention of not spraying at all this season. These, and
many others from one cause and another, waited till their plants
were well infested and then began to spray—a proceeding about
as effective as turning a hose on the outside walls of a house
to stop a fire in the interior partitions. Here, frequently, enough
bordeaux was used during the season but not at the proper ume.
Others were provided with sprayers having single nozzles so
placed as to be only a few inches above the full grown tops.
They drove over the fields with these carts leaving a deep blue
line about 6 inches wide on the center of the foliage of each
row and went their way apparently satisfied, for had they not
applied 50 gallons per acre? WHere again, it is possible that
enough bordeaux was used, but it was not properly distributed
to protect the entire foliage. In cases where the entire foliage
was not covered with bordeaux the unprotected leaves blighted
and the spores from their surfaces were washed down into the
soil and thus infected the tubers with rot.

302 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

In making bordeaux mixture, too frequently guess work is
substituted for weights and measures. There is also a tendency
to vary the proportions of the ingredients to a marked degree.
As low as 3 pounds of copper sulphate to 100 gallons of spray
and as high as 24 pounds to the too gallons were found to be
used, although these were exceptional cases.

In view of these facts it seems well to supplement the direc-
tions for spraying which have been sent out by the Station
during the last dozen years, giving special emphasis to the
lessons which the experience of the last season has furnished.

All power machines so far as observed met the requirements
with regard to the construction of pumps and nozzles, namely,
providing a constant high pressure and a fine, mist-like spray.
Nevertheless every type of sprayer so far seen in Maine potato
fields is inefficient as it comes from the manufacturers. Most
of them are only provided with a single nozzle to a row and,
when the foliage is full grown, can be raised but a few
inches above the top of the row. This arrangement is sufficient _
for the first and possibly the second spraying but should never
be used thereafter. Every spraying should mean the deposition
of a thin film of bordeaux on the surface of each leaf. Two
nozzles per row are necessary to accomplish this and 3 would
be better. ‘These should be so arranged that they will evenly
cover the entire foliage of a full grown row. Where double
nozzles are used they should be farther apart than is commonly
the case, and if possible admit of some adjustment as to direc-
tion. It should be possible to raise the line of nozzles, as the
plants grow, to such an extent that each time the bordeaux is
applied the outer margins of the spray cones extend just beyond
the margins of the foliage of the row, thus giving uniform
protection to all leaves. It is with respect to the extent of this
adjustment that most machines are deficient. If a machine
does not meet these requirements it should be remodeled till it
does. Each leaf should be covered at each spraying regardless
of whether tt takes 50, 100 or 150 gallons of bordeaux per acre.

For late blight, spraying should ordinarily be begun from
roth to the 2oth of July. If the weather is dry and sunny one
can wait until the latter date or even later, but if very moist,
cloudy weather prevails the former date is none too early. In
average seasons 4 and sometimes 3 thorough sprayings will be

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 303

sufficient. In a season like the past, 5 or even 6 are necessary.
More frequent and thorough spraying is necessary for early
blight, and it must as a rule be begun quite early in the season.

Therefore, unless one has made a careful study of the differ-
ent blights, and the relation of their development to weather
conditions, the following rule is probably the only safe one to
follow: Begin when the tops are 6 or 8 inches gh and spray
every 10 days (every week if the weather 1s very cloudy and
rainy ) until the last of August or the first of September. In
any event spraying must be begun some days before the average
observer will detect blight on the leaves. Do not stop for rainy
weather, this is just the time when spraying is most needed.
Each application should be made as often as it is necessary
regardless of the weather. If the mixture is properly prepared
and it once dries on the leaves, which usually takes place in an
hour’s time, it will withstand much more washing than is com-
monly supposed.*

In the sense of the term used, properly prepared bordeaux
consists of 50 gallons of water, 5. pounds of copper sulphate,
and 5 pounds of fresh stone lime (some are using ground or
hydrated lime with apparent success). The copper sulphate
should be dissolved and the lime slaked in different vessels.
Each solution should then be diluted with half of the water
and then the cold, dilute sulphate and milk of lime solutions
quickly united and thoroughly mixed. Never pour the con-
centrated solutions together as an inferior mixture is sure to
result. If it is desired to increase the amount of copper sul-
phate used per acre, do not make a stronger mixture but increase
the number of nozzles per row or go twice over the piece in
opposite directions on the rows, provided in the latter case that
the nozzles are so arranged as to cover the entire width of the
row at each application.

Most large growers use stock solutions of lime and copper
sulphate. The most convenient plan for this is to slake 160

*The writer has specimens of leaves taken at Foxcroft, October 5,
1907, which are well coated with bordeaux mixture, yet they were col-
lected 38 days after the last spray was applied. At Orono during this
period rain fell on 21 different days making a total of 6.66 inches. 2.18
inches of this fell in 24 hours. The two places are not over 40 miles
apart by air line and it is believed that the rainfall did not vary materially.

304 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

pounds of lime in a 50-gallon cask and then fill up with water.
(This milk of lime solution should be strained before using.)
Fill another cask of equal capacity with water and suspend in
this near the top a sack containing 100 pounds of copper sulphate,
which will usually dissolve in 24 hours. If thoroughly stirred
just before using, each gallon of this stock solution will contain
2 pounds of copper sulphate or lime as the case may be. The
most convenient method of preparation is to have an elevated
platform above the top of the spray cart. Where running water
is not available this platform can be built over a small stream
or well and a pump connected to the water supply, so placed
that it will deliver over the top of a barrel placed on the plat-
form. ‘Two other casks in addition to those for the stock
solutions are now necessary, each with a piece of hose 3 or 4
feet long connected to the bottom. When not in use the outer
end of the hose is elevated above and fastened to the top of the
cask. When ready to prepare a tank full of mixture, the stock
solutions are well stirred and 2% gallons of concentrated copper
sulphate solution is measured into one cask and 2% gallons of
lime solution into the other and each filled half full for a 50-
gallon tank. For a 100-gallon tank 5 gallons each of the stock
solutions are used and the casks filled full of water. These
casks for the dilute solutions should be at the edge of the plat-
form. Now back the spray cart underneath and quickly lower
the hose attached to each barrel and insert it in the opening of
the tank on the spray cart. The cart is thus quickly loaded
and the dilute, cold solutions quickly and thoroughly mixed.
By following these directions in preparing and applying
bordeaux mixture the losses from late blight and the rot asso-
ciated with it can be entirely prevented in any ordinary season,
while in a season like the one just passed the loss can be reduced
to a minimum if the work is thoroughly and carefully done.

TREATING SEED POTATOES WITH FORMALDEHYDE GAS TO
PREVENT SCAB.

In Bulletin No. 141 of this Station attention was called to a
rapid increase of potato scab in Maine during recent years.
In discussing preventive measures especial stress was laid upon
the importance of using seed tubers as free from scab spots as

POTATO DISEASES EN 1907. 305

possible, and as a farther precaution it was stated that the seed
should be treated with a disinfectant to destroy any germs of
the scab fungus which might be present. For small lots soak-
ing in formalin or corrosive sublimate solutions is the usual
method, but for the large grower or seed dealer formaldehyde
gas, generated by the use of potassium permanganate, was
recommended. This is a much more convenient and rapid
method of treating the seed, but up to the present season it
had not been tried on a commercial scale.

Through the courtesy of Mr. John Watson of Houlton a
2o-acre field in that town was placed at the disposal of the
Station to test the matter on a large scale. About one-half of
this land had never been planted to potatoes before, while the
remainder had been in cultivation for many years. A house
formerly stood on this part of the field and presumably some
of the land near the house was devoted to garden purposes.
One portion of the old land also had been used in an alfalfa
expeliment in 1904. Of the part planted to alfalfa one-third
was limed, one-third treated with a heavy application of wood
ashes, while commercial fertilizer alone was used on the remain-
der. Hence, it was not expected that scab could be cut down
materially on the old ground, but it was hoped that its intro-
duction into the new soil could largely be prevented.

For a disinfecting chamber a room was partitioned off in the
basement of the barn. This chamber was 15 feet 3 inches by
11 feet 8 inches and 7 feet 7 inches high and was large enough
to treat 75 barrels of seed at one time. ‘There was already a
plank floor and the side of the barn formed the back wall of
the chamber. The floor was first covered with builders’ paper
and then with rough boards. ‘To build the walls the studding
was set and first covered with paper and then unplaned boards
nailed over this on the inside. The top was first boarded over
and then this and the back wal] were covered with paper held
down by strips of lath nailed over the joints. Care was taken
te cover with paper all joints at the corners and at the junction
of the side walls and floor. The door was carefully fitted and
shut into a joint covered with paper. When the door was
closed 3 wooden cleats or bars were placed across it passing
under other slightly slanting cleats nailed to the studding, thus
drawing the door tight against the casing.

306 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

Thirty slat-work crates or drawers each containing about 21%4
barrels were made to hold the potatoes while being treated.
These were 4 feet 4 inches by 3 feet 7 inches, and g inches deep.
The sides were made of solid inch board while the ends and
bottom was constructed of slats of the same material 14% inches
wide and placed an inch apart. The interior angles were rein-
forced by a triangular strip made by splitting a piece of 2x2
from corner to corner. These crates were arranged in vertical
tiers of 5 each on opposite sides of the room. To support them
while in use 2x4 scantlings were placed upright between the
tiers, one near each corner, and securely fastened to the floor
and ceiling. Pieces of 2x2 were then spiked crosswise on these
uprights in such a way as to support the crates one above the
other and to allow their being pulled out when empty like
drawers in a cabinet. When in place there was a space of 4
inches between the top of the one crate and the bottom of tke
next above, and a 10-inch open space in the rear of all, thus
providing for free circulation of the gas on all sides. In the
center of the room between the 2 rows of tiers was an aisle
somewhat wider than the length of the boxes. This was pro-.
vided to facilitate the filling of the crates and to leave an open
central space in which to generate the gas. As will be shown
later there should be no potatoes directly above the generator,
in order that the gas may mix with the air somewhat before it
comes in contact with the surface of the tubers. If this is not
done there is danger of injuring the germinating qmalities of
those tubers directly above the generator and in contact with
the strong, hot gas as it is given off. Figure 45 shows the
appearance of these crates when in position.

For a generator a small galvanized washtub about 15 inches
im diameter at the bottom was placed in the center of the room
about a foot from the floor, midway between the 2 lines of
crates filled with potatoes. When ready to use 31% ounces
of potassium permanganate was spread evenly over the bottom
of the tub, then 4 pints and I ounce of 40 per cent formaldehyde
poured over this.

* Approximately 23 ounces of potassium permanganate and 3 pints of
formalin to the 1000 cubic feet. See Bulletin No. 141, p. 80.

POTATO DISEASES-,IN 1907. 307

fig. 45. Interior of disinfecting chamber, showing slat-work bins
and position of tub used for a gas generator.

POTATO DISEASHKS,IN 1907. 309

The tub was given one rapid tilt to entirely wet the potassium
permanganate with the formalin and then the door was quickly
and tightly closed from without. The almost entire absence
of the odor of escaping gas while the treatment was in progress
indicated that the room was practically air tight. The door
remained closed for 24 hours and when opened the gas was
still so strong that it was impossible to work in the room for
from 20 to 30 minutes. In fact 3 weeks after the disinfection
was finished a distinct odor of formaldehyde could be detected
in the room.

The seed for the entire 20 acres was treated in this way,
care being taken to place the treated seed in barrels which had
never been used for potatoes before. This to avoid contami-
nation in taking to the field after treatment.

To secure more accurate data than could be obtained from
the general results from the large field, 2 barrels of potatoes
were obtained which were said to be sorted from the same lot.
The tubers of one barrel, which are referred to as “scabby”’ seed,
were so scabby that they were absolutely unfit for market. Fig-
ure 46 is a fair example of these. Those of the other barrel,
represented by Figure 47, are referred to as “smooth” seed in the
fellowing account. They were quite free from scab, although
frequently, as in the illustration, 1 or 2 scab spots could be
found on a tuber. Each barrel of seed was divided into 4
different lots according to treatment; care being taken not to
mix the smooth and scabby seed of each treatment.

The treatment of the different lots was as follows: No. f.
Soaked 2 hours in a solution containing one-half pint of for-
malin in 15 gallons of water. No. 2. Treated with formal-
dehyde gas as described above. No. 3. Soaked 2 hours in a
solution containing 20 ounces of sodium benzoate in 15 gallons
ef water. No. 4. Untreated. Since soaking in formalin solu-
tion is one of the 2 standard remedies for scab, Nos. 1 and 4
were inserted as checks for comparison. The writer is not
aware that sodium benzoate used in No. 3 has been tried for
this purpose before, but the well-known qualities of this chem-
ical as an antiseptic suggested its possible value as a method
of treatment for potato scab.

The crop was planted May 23, each treatment and each kind
of seed in each treatment being kept separate. The treated

310 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

seed was perhaps slightly slower to germinate, due to killing
back of the tender sprouts which had started, but soon after
the young plants appeared above the surface no difference could
be detected in the treated and untreated. The crop was har-
vested October 8 and the potatoes grown from the several kinds
of treated seed were then carefully sorted. Any tubers which
had one or more scab spots were placed with the scabby crop.
The results obtained are as follows:

Yields of smooth and scabby potatoes from seed differently

treated.
Lbs. Lbs. Total lbs. per cent
smooth. scabby. per plot. scabby .
Formalin solution:
Seed scabby, 776 5 781 0.6
“smooth, 820.5 6.8 827 0.8
Formalin gas:
Seed scabby, 822.5 Ons 832 hod
“smooth, 834 BOG, S377, 0.4
Sodium benzoate :
Seed scabby, 849.5 10.6 860.1 12
“smooth, 855-5 15 870.5 7:
Untreated : .
Seed scabby, 792 Boer 847.1 Ges
io stooths 819 DOLGA SIs 0 7/ Ae

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

The trials of the present year confirm what has already been
shown on a smaller scale * that exposure to formaldehyde gas
is fully as effecttve a treatment for potato scab as soaking in
formalin solution. Moreover this treatment is much more
economical in time and labor when large quantities of seed
are to be treated. For example the seed for 25 acres of pota-
toes could be treated in the room described by using only 4
pounds of potassium permanganate and a little over a gallon

of formalin with less than 3 days’ delay for the entire amount
of seed.

* Vt. Sta. Rept. 18, p. 287.

Samples of “scabby” seed. The tuber at the left shows also

Fig. 46.
sclerotia of Rhizoctonia.

Fig. 47. Samples of “smooth’’ seed. Note the occasional scab spots.

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. Zi

In commenting upon the fact that none of the treatments

entirely eliminated scab from the crop it should be remembered
that even the smooth seed had some scab spots, and no treat-
ment has yet been devised which will penetrate the tissues of
the potatoes in these spots, kill all the scab germs, and not
endanger the germinating qualities of the seed. However, if
by treating very scabby seed, the amount of scab in the result-
ing crop is reduced to I per cent or less, it seems reasonable
to assume that by using only smooth seed and treating it to
kill any germs which may be on the surface the infection of
clean ground may be avoided, and probably the danger of
increasing the disease on ground already infected will be less-
ened.
The fact that so little scab developed from the untreated seed
detracts somewhat from the value of the results, although a
glance at the table shows that in every case the treatment
materially reduced the per cent of scab in the resulting crop.
However, only 6.5 per cent of scab in a crop from very scabby
seed is unusual. For 4 consecutive years the writer found the
per cent of scab in a crop from very scabby seed like that in
question varied from 19.8 per cent to 63 per cent.* Moreover
smooth seed invariably produced less scab than scabby seed
and treated seed less than untreated seed. It is of interest in
this connection to call attention to the fact already stated that
scab in general was very much less prevalent than in the pre-
ceding season, although that of 1906 was much the dryer of
the two.

It is also of interest to note that sodium benzoate materially
reduced the amount of scab in the resulting crop. However,
with the present prices quoted for this chemical its use cannot
be recommended as a substitute for formalin or corrosive sub-
limate, the materials commonly used in treating the seed by
soaking.

The results from gas disinfection were perfectly satisfactory
on the portion of the field where comparatively clean, treated
seed was used on clean land. A crop free from scab resulted
and it is believed the introduction of scab germs into this soil

* Vt. Sta. Repts. 15, p. 229 (1902) ; 16, p. 167 (1003); 17, p. 400 (1904) ;
and 18, p. 289 (1905).

314 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

was entirely prevented.* On the portion of the field which
had been under cultivation for many years, the amount of scab
varied in different parts as might be expected. While no
attempt was made to secure exact data on that part of the field
planted to alfalfa in 1904, there was a marked difference where
the fertilizer, lime, and ashes plots were located. Where com-
mercial fetrilizer was used very little scab resulted, somewhat
more was observed on the lime plots, while the potato crop
was badly scabbed where a heavy dressing of wood ashes were
applied when the alfalfa was planted 3 years ago.

WILL FORMALDEHYDE GAS INJURE THE SEED.

In treating a disease like potato scab the following rule must
be taken into consideration. “The poison employed must be
sufficiently strong or concentrated to kill the parasite, but not
sufficiently powerful to injure the host.” Five years of expe-
rience in treating potatoes with formaldehyde gas generated in
various ways indicate that, if properly handled, the gas from
3 pints of 40 per cent formaldehyde may be safely used to the
1000 cubic feet of space. In fact over 3 quarts to the 1000
cubic feet have been used repeatedly without injuring the ger-
minating qualities of the tubers in the least.

However, the experience of one correspondent indicates that
the directions for gas disinfection as given in Bulletin No. 141
are deficient in that special attention was not called to the fact
that no potatoes should be placed directly over the generator.
The action of the potassium permanganate upon a part of the
formaldehyde generates considerable heat and makes the liquid
boil vigorously. It is this heat which vaporizes the liquid and
in a very short time sets free a large per cent of the available
gas in the solution. Hence, potatoes directly above the gen-
erator are exposed not only to considerable heat but to a gas
many times stronger and more active than they would be after
the gas became diffused and diluted with the air of the room.
The gentleman referred to placed his generator directly under-
neath and only a few inches below a large slat work bin in

* Mr. Joel Remington of Monticello who treated his seed this season
with formaldehyde gas feels sure that by this means he prevented the
introduction of scab into his new ground.

-

POTATO DISEASES IN I9O7. 315

which he had placed his potatoes to be treated. Asa result, sev-
eral barrels of tubers were severely injured, the eyes of those
nearest the generator being entirely killed. |

To test the matter in our own disinfecting chamber a few
tubers were placed in a basket and suspended 6 inches above
and directly over the generator just before it was charged and
were thus exposed during the period of disinfection. All the
eyes in these tubers were killed. After a few days the injury
was very apparent. The tissues around the eyes were browned
and depressed, forming well-marked pits. Cutting into the
tubers showed that the injury extended down into the flesh
one-fourth of an inch or more. See Figure 49 p. 326. -

Samples of tubers exposed during the same period were
removed from bins in various parts of the room and taken to
the laboratory for examination. None of the eyes were affected
and germination was normal.

With the exception of the first 2 or 3 acres planted, the stand

on the 20 acres where the seed was treated with gas was exceed-
ingly even and showed very few missing hills.. The somewhat
uneven stand on the part of the field mentioned was, in the
writer's opinion, due to the poorer grade of seed used and to
‘the cold, wet weather which prevailed when the planting was
begun, rather than to any effect of seed treatment. The fact
that a measured acre of this portion of the field produced a
total yield of 168 barrels (462 bushels) indicates that whatever
was the cause of the slight uneven germination, the resulting
yield was unusually satisfactory on this area. Careful records
on acre plots in various parts of the 20-acre field, covering over
a third of its area, showed yields varying from 125 to 168 bar-
rels, one other acre in addition to the one already mentioned
reaching the latter figure.

ADDITIONAL DIRECTIONS FOR FORMALDEHYDE GAS DISINFECTION.

Recent experience suggests the folldwing modifications and
additions to the directions for formaldehyde gas disinfection
as given in Bulletin No. 141.

The generator should be placed in an open space in the ©
center of the disinfecting chamber, the bins or crates so
arranged that the gas can circulate on all sides of them and

316 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

mix with the air of the room. ‘To avoid injury from the strong
gas as it is liberated no potatoes should be placed directly above
the generator.

There is less danger of retarding germination if the disin-
fection is performed before the sprouts begin to appear.

The gas is more effective if the temperature of the room is
6c degrees to 65 degrees F. at the beginning of the disinfection
period than will be the case with a lower temperature.

The gas also appears to be more effective in a moist atmos-
phere than in a dry one, therefore it is recommended that part
of a pailful of boiling water be sprinkled over the floor of the
room just before the generator is started. Do not wet the
surfaces of the potatoes, for experiments have shown that the
gas is more effective on dry potatoes than those which are
moistened just before being treated.*

Can Porato SoiL BE LIMED WITH SAFETY?

With potato growers clover is usually an important factor
in the rotation. Unfortunately clover, like potato scab, thrives
best under alkaline soil conditions. ‘To bring about the required
alkalinity the practice of liming is resorted to with increasing
frequency. ‘The Station has recently secured some remarkably
good stands of clover by liming Aroostook potato soils. The
question naturally arises, can the amount of lime be so gauged
as to produce the required stand of clover and not materially
iricrease the amount of scab when potatoes are again planted
on the land? Fortunately one of these trials which was located
on the Watson farm at Houlton was made up of a series of
alternate acre plots treated with 1000 pounds, 500 pounds and
no lime per acre. The lime was applied when stocked with
clover in oats in 1905. With a 3-year rotation potatoes would
be the crop for 1907, so permission was secured to plow a strip
directly across the middle of these plots and at right angles
with them. Five long rows of potatoes were planted on this
strip. It was intended to use treated seed, but through a mis-
understanding on the part of the man in charge of the planting,
clean, untreated seed was used instead. ‘The treatment of the

* Vt. Sta. Rpt. 17, p. 401 (1904).

POTATO DISEASES’ IN 1907. 317

plots with regard to liming was as follows, given in the order
that the potato rows intersected the lime plots from north to
south: No. 1, 1000 pounds of lime; No. 2, no lime; No. 3,
500 pounds of lime; No. 4, no lime; No. 5, 1000 pounds of
lime; No. 6, no lime; No. 7, 500 pounds of lime. At digging
time the crop on the rows for about 12 feet either side of a
junction of 2 plots was discarded and the per cent of scab in
the remaining portion of the rows carefully determined. The
results obtained on similar plots were very uniform indeed.
The following gives the average per cent of scab on potatoes
from each set of plots receiving the different applications of
lime:

Treatment, 1000 lbs. lime. 500 lbs. lime. No lime.
Per cent of scab on
potato crop, 49 27 ert

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

It would seem from this experiment that the application of
1000 pounds of lime per acre is likely to lead to a dangerous
increase in scab unless a longer period than 3 years is allowed
before potatoes are again used in the rotation, for there was
more than 4 times as much scab on these plots as on those
which received no lime. Five hundred pounds of lime per
acre increased the amount of scab nearly 3 fold. The only
conclusion that can. be drawn from this single experiment is
that sufficient lime to produce marked increase in the clover
and grass yields is likely to also produce a marked increase
in scab on potatoes used in a 3-year rotation on infected soil.
However, it is possible that the amount of scab might be largely
decreased by the following procedure: First, the use of clean,
treated seed. Second, the season before the potato crop is to
be planted the clover crop could be cut early in july. The
second crop of clover would be allowed to grow well into Sep-
tember and then plowed under before being killed with frost.
This would rot only supply considerable fertilizing material
for the following potato crop but the production of more or
less acid resulting from the decay of the relatively large quan-
tity of organic matter would tend to neutralize the lime and
make conditions less favorable to scab.

318 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

INTERNAL Brown Sport OF THE TUBER.

A peculiar spotting of the interior of potato tubers has been
observed for some time by Mr. Charles Fish of Brunswick.
Samples were sent to the Station and examination showed that
the appearance of the diseased potatoes agreed in every respect
with the published description of the “internal brown spot”
which is quite common in some parts of Europe. So far as the
writer can learn the occurrence of the disease in America has
been recorded in the publications of but 2 of the Stations.* In
Scotland and England this disease is more commonly known
as “sprain.”

The surface of the tuber looks perfectly healthy and normal.
On cutting open the affected ones the flesh is found to be dotted
with rusty-brown spots as is illustrated in Fig. 48, which repre-
sents a series of consecutive slices through the same tuber.
These spots vary in size from minute dots to one-eighth of an
inch or even one-fourth of an inch in diameter. The diseased
areas are of various shapes but more often approach the spher-
ical in general outline. ‘The affected portions are not confined
to any particular portion of the tuber, and where they are few
enough to be isolated from one another the spots are entirely
imbedded in what appeared to be healthy tissue.

A larger supply of the affected tubers was secured to deter-
mine whether or not the disease was of parasitic origin. Care-
ful examination with the microscope failed to show the presence
of either fungi or bacteria. Neither could any such organisms
be isolated from the spots—the diseased areas appeared to be
sterile when cut out with a flamed knife and transferred with
proper precautions to tubes or plates of nutrient media.

“®& The variety examined was Burpee’s Extra Early, grown on
rather dry, sandy loam. A special brand of commercial fer-
tilizer for potatoes was used but no stable dressing was applied.
Mr. Fish states that he finds considerable difference in the
resistance of various varieties to this disease. Green Mountain
is not very susceptible, while Early Prolific was badly affected
one season. The amount of spotting present varies also with
the season. |

* Minn. Exp. Sta. Bul. 39, pp. 212-213 (1894); Bul. 45, p. 310 (1895).
N. Y. (Geneva) Bul. 101, pp. 78-83 (1806).

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 319

Fig. 48. Internal Brown Spot showing a series of slices through the
; same tuber.

:

Sodas
lz Sot ae

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 321

Dr. Jones,* who has made a careful study of this disease as it
occurs in Europe, makes the following statement with regard
to the causes and treatment:

“Tt is not propagated in seed or soil and is non-parasitic.
It is considered to be the direct result of malnutrition associated
with unfavorable soil conditions, resulting either from too dry
conditions or from the lack of potash and lime. It is irequent in
light, dry soils, during dry seasons, and is never seen on heavy,
strong, moist soils. The remedy, in the judgment of the special-
ists cited, lies wholly in attention to cultural conditions and the
choice of varieties.

“Some varieties are more liable than others to internal brown
spot and should not be used on soil that favors the disease; e. g.
Mr. Scarlett stated that the British Queen variety is especially
predisposed to ‘sprain.’ The primary remedy, however, lies in
the selection and treatment of the soil—i. e., avoiding dry soil—
and in so cultivating as to conserve moisture, while using lime
and potash liberally.”

From our present knowledge it would seem then that this is
not a disease to be feared on soils which are particularly
adapted to potato culture and that there is no danger of its
spreading like a parasitic disease. It is, therefore, cne of the
so-called physiological diseases and due to purely local soil
conditions. ‘There is some lack of balance in the nutrition of
the plant when grown on certain soils which is indicated by
the spotting of the tubers. What this is and how to remedy
the condition we do not know except as indicated above.

At our request Mr. Fish planted some of the diseased tubers
last spring. Writing on October 29 he states that the plants
from these tubers grew as vigorously as any others in the field
and produced a good crop of sound potatoes. No brown spots
could be found in any of them. eae

SURFACE SPOTTING OF TuBEers By Phytophthora infestans.

In the early spring of 1907 several growers and shippers
called the writer’s attention to what they felt sure to be a new
potato disease, characterized by a spotting of the surface or

* Jones, L. R., Bureau of Plant Industry, Bul. 87, p. 13 (1905).

322 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

skin of the tuber. It was seen only on the Irish Cobbler variety
and was wholly confined to the early dug portion of the crop.

The spots, which were black, varied from the size of a small
pea to one-half an inch or more in diameter, and showed up
in marked contrast to the clean, white surface of the potato.
Little or no shrinking of the tissues below the blackened area
was apparent. On cutting into a spot it was seen to extend
only through the skin and practically none down into the tissues
below. The appearance as a whole suggested the late blight
fungus, Phytophthora infestans, (also the cause of the common
dry rot), as a possible explanation of the cause. However, it
differed from the appearance of the ordinary dry rot enough
so that none of the shippers would agree that it was the same
thing. Furthermore, a careful search late in the preceding
August over some of the fields on which affected potatoes were
grown failed to produce a single characteristic specimen of late
blight on the foliage. Samples of the diseased tubers were
taken to the laboratory and placed in a moist chamber. Before
doing so, the whole tubers were carefully washed and dried,
and then cut across through one or more diseased areas, using
a flamed knife. After 2 or 3 days the cut pieces were exam-
ined and in every case the characteristic spore clusters of Phy-
tephthora infestans could be found along the cut margin of the
diseased areas. No other fungus was found associated with
the spotting.

The potatoes on which the spotting occurred were dug early
in September. The tubers were not mature and were easily
skinned and bruised by the digger and in handling. Without
doubt the fungus was at that time present on the leaves in a
very slight degree. The spores falling on the bruised tubers
germinated, but on account of adverse temperature and moisture
conditions the mycelium passed at once into a resting state,
instead of penetrating farther into the tissues and producing
the usual characteristic dry rot of the tuber.

Potatoes showing these spots as well as those showing the -

ordinary dry rot should be rejected for seed. The use of
unsound tubers for seed is one of the sources, and possibly the
only source from which late blight is conveyed to the foliage
of the growing crop.

POTATO DISEASES IN 1907. 323

Brack LEG or POTATOES.

Late in July the Station Entomologist noticed that many of
the potato stems on one field at Sherman were blackened and
decayed at the base. Examination of the specimens which she
collected showed that they were affected with what is known
in England as “black leg.” This is a disease, or more likely
in the present case, one of a class of similar potato stem diseases
which has begun to attract considerable attention in America
within the past few years. It has not been previously reported
from Maine, and so far as the writer can learn was first credited
to New England by Jones in 1906.* It is interesting to note
that he makes the following statement with regard to the seed
used on the field where the outbreak occurred: “The field was
planted with Green Mountain potatoes, the seed being from
Houlton, Maine.”

The field in Sherman where the diseased stems were first
found was visited with Miss Patch on July 30. This was on
rather low land which had recently been cleared, having never
been under cultivation before. The field where the seed was
grown was some miles away and planted to another crop, there-
fore no attempt was made to discover if the disease occurred
on the original field. However, as will be seen later, there is
some reason to think that the disease is carried with the seed.
Affected plants were scattered all over the field, but probably
less than one per cent of them were involved. When the field
was examined, and in fact the same is true of all the fields seen
later, the disease had apparently passed its greatest period of
activity and was now on the decline. Affected plants could
usually be detected some distance away. ‘Their leaves were,
as a rule, of a lighter green or yellowish color, especially in
the later stages of the disease. ‘The diseased plants were almost
invariably more compact than the healthy ones, due to the
upward trend of the lateral branches and petioles. The leaves
also tend to curve upward, the younger ones folded upward
along the midrib. Occasionally small green tubers could be
found on diseased plants growing in the axils of the leaves
‘above ground. Careful observation showed that any one of

* Jones, L. R., Vt. Sta. Rept. 10, p. 257 (1906).

324 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

these external symptoms mentioned might result from any other
cause which injured the stem near or just below the surface of
the ground and thus interfered with the free transference of
nutrient substances.

Examination of the diseased plants showed that in every
instance the stem was more or less blackened or browned
usually at or just below the surface of the soil and downward.
At Sherman, however, a few specimens showed the blackening
following up the main stalk and branches for several inches.
Frequently the diseased portions of the stem were very soft,
resembling the decay caused by soft rot bacteria, while other
cases, possibly in the later stages, showed more of a dry rot.
In every case where the seed tuber could be found it was soft
and mushy as though attacked by a soft rot. The seed tubers
of healthy potatoes were, as a rule, sound and remarkably well
preserved.

Another field at Sherman, about a mile from the first, con-
tained from 5 per cent to 15 per cent diseased plants, the higher
percentage being on the more poorly drained portions of the
field. A few fields were found at Houlton where diseased
plants were quite frequent, but here as in some other places a
careful search over any large field would occasionally produce
isolated plants which were affected. Late in the season out-
breaks were discovered at Dover and at Orono. At the former
place was secured the only evidence of possible spreading of
the disease in the field. Here the portion involved was situ-
ated in a somewhat depressed area in an otherwise well-drained
field. The owner, a professional man, had had the matter
under observation for some days before the .field was seen by
the writer. He was well satisfied that the diseased area was
gradually enlarging. In fact when the field was visited the
plants on the margin of the somewhat circular, diseased area
showed earlier stages of the disease than those in the center.
In all other cases examined there did not appear to be any
evidence of spreading from plant to plant or from hill to hill.
If 2 diseased stalks were close together it was invariably founa
that they arose from the same seed piece.

The case at Orono would indicate that the disease is trans-
mitted with the seed. Here all the seed on a 4-acre field was
obtained from away, and from 3 or 4 different sources. Two

POTATO DISHASHS IN 1907. 225

of these lots of seed, consisting of a single barrel each, were
planted on one side of the field under exactly the same condi-
tions. ‘The plants from one of these barrels of seed were found
to be quite generally attacked by “black leg” late in August,
while not a single diseased stem could be found on the remain-
der of the field. A barrel of seed from this portion of the field
was saved for future planting.

For a similar diseased condition Selby * has given the name
“potato rosette,’ while Rolfs has used the terms “little potato
disease,” “‘collar-rot,” etc.| Jones apparently prefers the name
“black leg” which is commonly used in England. The evidence
seems to be pretty conclusive that the disease as it occurred in
Ohio and Colorado is due to the fungus Corticiwm vagum var.
Solau, Burt., or as it is more commonly known, the potato

Rhizoctonia, while the similar trouble known as Schwarzbeinig-

keit in Germany has been ascribed to certain bacteria. Harrison
has more recently described a new bacterial rot of the stem and
tuber due to Bacillus solanisaprus. This organism was most
carefully studied by him and its ability to produce the disease
fully demonstrated.t The article in question was not available
to the writer till after the observations herein recorded were
made, but the evidence strongly suggests that the Maine potato
stem trouble is identical with Harrison’s bacterial disease which
he states is widely distributed over various Canadian Provinces.

Microscopic examination of a large number of diseased stems

‘both before and after being placed in a moist chamber almost

invariably failed to show Rhizoctonia hyphe. One case was
noted where spores resembling those of the Corticiwm stage were
observed, although they were somewhat larger than those de-
scribed by Rolfs. Very frequently indeed spores were found
which in shape and size agreed perfectly with the description
of macroconidia of Fusarium oxysporium, as published by Smith .
and Swingle.§ Preparations from stem where the diseased

* Selby, A. D., Ohio Exp. Sta. Bulletins No. 139 and 145 (1903).

+ Rolfs, F. M., Colo. Exp. Sta. Buls. 70 (1902); gf (1904).

# Harrison, F. C., A Bacterial Rot of the Potato, caused by Bacillus
solanisaprus. Centralblatt f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkunde, Bd. XVII, II Abt.
1909.

§ Smith, Erwin, F. and Swingle, Deane B., Bureau of Plant Industry,
Bulletin 55, p. 30 (1904).

326 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

portions had not become dry invariably showed myriads of
motile bacteria. As farther evidence that Rhizoctonia is prob-
ably not primarily the cause of the disease as it occurs in Maine
it should be noted that the occurrence and distribution of the
fungus is far out of proportion to the amount of “black-leg.”
Rhizoctonia sclerotia are of almost universal occurrence on the
tubers everywhere in the State. Examination of the old potato
tops which had lain out all winter, in widely separated localities,
showed that the old, dried stems were invariably studded with
- these same black sclerotia. Figure 50 is a fair representation
of the appearance of*these stems from one field. However,
repeated searching during the summer over an 8-acre field
planted with seed from the same source failed to reveal but one
stem affected with “black-leg.”

Attempts to produce the disease in the field by inoculation .

with pieces of diseased tissues and from cultures were without
success and greenhouse facilities with which to follow up the
matter with younger plants with control conditions were not
available. ‘Therefore, little was accomplished other than de-
scribed above in determining the cause of the disease as it
occurs in Maine.

The writer is fully aware that the foregoing adds little to
what is already known with regard to this class of potato stem
diseases, other than enlarging the range of distribution. How-
ever, this somewhat extended account is given with the hope
it will cause Maine growers to be on the lookout for potato
stem diseases and to report them at once to the Station with
samples for examination. In this way they will materially assist
in the studies which are now planned for the coming season.

In conclusion it should be stated that so far as the present
knowledge of the disease as it occurs in this State goes there
-need be no cause for serious alarm. The severe outbreaks
observed were largely on low, poorly drained soil, not well
adapted to potato culture. It is not believed that “black leg”’
will ever become in Maine so serious a pest to handle as scab.
There is considerable reason to believe that it may be transferred
from one field to another with the seed, therefore seed from
infected fields should not be used. ‘The suggestions with refer-
ence to the use of clean, smooth seed, disinfected with formalin
or formaldehyde, apply equally well here as in the case of scab.

AD SO NAME Et 5 Renae

IBA POT I E

Fig. 40. Tuber injured by improper use of formaldehyde gas. See p.

Fig. 50. Dry potato stems studded with Rhizoctonia sclerotia. Col-
lected in May.

POTATO DISEASES-.IN 1907. 329

As a general precautionary measure against all potato diseases
the collection and burning of all weeds, litter and tops as soon
as the crop is harvested cannot be too strongly recommended.

i

Rep LEAD AS AN INSECTICIDE.

Last spring a correspondent at Gray wrote the Station that
Mr. J. E. Leighton of that place was successfully using red
lead as a substitute for Paris green to destroy the larve of |
Colorado beetles on potatoes. Investigation showed that Mr. |
Leighton had been using this material for 3 years, applying dry
about ro pounds per acre, diluted with wood ashes. He stated .
that the red lead was very adhesive and remained on during |
the entire season. That, whereas he was obliged to go over
his field repeatedly with Paris green, it was unnecessary where |
red lead was used, except to protect new growth. Mr. Leigh- |
ton stated that in his experience, not only did the red lead keep |
the foliage clean from the Colorado beetles but the leaves on
the plants where it was used remained green for 2 or 3 weeks
longer than was the case where Paris green alone was used.

To test the matter one-half of a small field of potatoes was
sprayed on July 9 and again on July 20 with bordeaux mixture
containing 10 pounds of red lead to 50 gallons of mixture.
The other half was sprayed with bordeaux mixture containing
I pound of Paris green to 50 gallons. The spraying was quite |
thoroughly done so about 75 or 80 gallons of mixture per acre |
was applied, thus using about 15 pounds of red lead and 1%
pounds of Paris green per acre. The red lead proved to be
very hard to use with bordeaux mixture. On account of its
relatively high specific gravity it all settled to the bottom of
the spray tank, forming a thick, pasty mass by the time the
field was reached. In order to spray it on at all it was neces- |
sary to remove the hose from the nozzles and pump the mixture |
back through the hose into the tank for several minutes, till
it became thoroughly mixed. Then the mixture had to be kept |
constantly agitated and applied at once.

Both the Paris green and the red lead cleared the foliage of |
insects, but while the former killed them, as was evidenced by
the dead on the ground, the latter simply acted as a repellent.
No dead insects could be found under the plants sprayed with

330 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

red lead, but the largely increased numbers on nearby, unsprayed
plants showed that they had migrated to these. The length
of time that a spraying with red lead would protect the foliage
did not appear to exceed that of Paris green. The only con-
clusion that could be drawn from the field trials was that while
red lead used in sufficient quantities will keep the larve away
from potato foliage there is nothing to recommend it as a sub-
stitute for Paris green as an insecticide.

In order to determine just what the action of red lead is
upon the young larve the Station Entomologist tested the matter
in the insect house. The results of her experiments and her
conclusions are as follows:

“Twelve insectary tests were made to determine the value of
dry red lead as an insecticide, about 50 potato beetle larve
being involved in each test. It was found that leaves heavily
coated with red lead were to a very considerable extent avoided
by even the large larve and this substance has some value as
a repellent. Some of the very young larve that trailed through
the red lead which adhered to them died, and this powder served
to a slight degree, therefore, as a contact insecticide. Without
going into the details of any of the tests it is perhaps sufficient
to state that of the 2 lots of larve caged July 27 at 4 P. M. ©
upon potato plants, one of which was treated with red lead and
one with Paris green in exactly similar ways, an examination
July 28 at 9 A. M. showed 50 live and apparently healthy larve
in the red lead cage and 43 dead and 7 alive (part of which
subsequently died) in the Paris green cage.”

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

aman 4 2) Non. 66: Ao 11 Wi) Elevation 150) teet-

The instruments used at this Station are the same as those
used in preceding years, and include: Wet and dry bulb ther-
mometers; maximum and minimum thermometers; rain-gauge ;
self-recording anemometer, vane, and barometer. The observa-
tions at Orono now form an almost unbroken record of thirty-
nine years,

January was 3 degrees and February 5 degrees below the
average, while March, April and May fell from 1 to 3 degrees
below the average. On the other hand, December was over 7
degrees above the average for that month. Other minor com-
pensations brought the mean temperature of the year within
0.29 degrees of the average. The precipitation was very
unevenly distributed, with a total 1.32 inches below the average.

1907.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

MAINE

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REPORT OF Lah REA SURES

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with the United

States appropriation, 1905-7, Hatch Fund:

Dr.
To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States as per
appropriation for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, as
per act of Congress approved March 2, 1887........ ar etna

Cr,
By salaries:
(a) Director and administration officers...... $3.975 97

(1b) A SCHIST ETS: GUIRE: “ats dos wie a a Goo bee pe amend Sra kiccole 1,664 88
Ge ASSistanisntomsclentince stain sama yee 1.823 O1
(d) Special and temporary services........... 125 57
ATR hal epee Oa ale alse tiirdes OS Epon ReR ARE ats ho Ce

Labor:
bh) Daily semployees: ween ae ee $637 89
(Gal aid BSN caiSieis ere a sre hobo TNA Unt TU Rares eI tien ci 147 95
AS OGL Soise fa eee Ee SR a NSP ae eR er
Publicatromsy os seers hein enlisiaia als ee eG) i neh key Ce
Postage waichicstatvome yar ose ere ek tev ae a eae
IDetehted dhe ehaKals: oq Sa yuna Nn eemeunrer a Riana vind mimi ddd ot od
lateeye, inedakc, Svein, BinGl NOWEsdoooscusccsouccuusonguodpoueDs
Chemicalesnppliesmy aac ee ee chee Cee

Seeds, plants and sundry supplies:

(2) Acameullqunreil 555. Bee ap ye yest aes Ma COSY $13 75
Gs Entomolocicalsss Serene nore oe 218 29
Cede Miscellaneous cyanea ee enna eal a rea 50 30
(Gideon ex oVo\woyepateh oll onizaes ee tices Cho aulad es Gaeke aceon 28 51

ADCO) dc Let eee re SLAIN Mb Matic ase herman Bum Aa, ¢

$15,000 00

$7,589 43

785 84
332 83
433 44
283 66
175 95
251 79

310 OL

REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 335

Seattle MMM ERE arte sack oc ratay aloe’ ohatat eaduaiecaheveadaal ate Gi ay Sle aahetg ieveneue: GigBors 85
GES CUMOMS UTILS My e Aeiclaystisreieals, y+ eleieisue re aleidioraials eee ahecausilerale ella lovalhes 1,296 83
Ni sire gy MMM eres ce isess:Ledesaicocer ae ava Giidie eveukice ate coobite le oiaiw ates bielelaeeel 965 71
Tools, implements and machinery................00e000eeeee 73, 00
AINE emertn UaehCtULES).a.c2c ccaeiole ries leks Ssiieleveisiareva elise elleyy ders erele - 850 45
Sen MMUr Mil CHMENTD [EDI AEUL SI cya ceils ative syesPera in) alsvaier As ahal wjeravare, Payaiasleledejenel ers 310 67
ILANVS SUOSEE sia oes HOO ORE IES SIG EE iy re ee ea Pei a tee 173 40
MC OAbIT eM EP EMSES i syecsieie, Salk, « chelolel alehalelaslacicres cide sree cle aaversielene 15 00
Sibel MePETISES va scpilesds Gockel sd ilacecabeasalscevenesan 400 18
NGM oMeclT ETE PAIL Shciae se vrais carate haat eicue clove s/n nee seein a 750 00
“UNOS Lame ities erate ibam cle Seana AAA LIST ra ia tae Ae pe $15,000 00

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with the United
States appropriation, 1906-7, Adams Fund:

Dr.
To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States as per
appropriation for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, as per

act of Congress approved March 16, 1900.................. $7,000 00
Cr.
By salaries:
(lb). SiGHSieisnoe) SiN ae ee aA ann eer mete can $5,545 47
(d) Special and temporary services........... 109 05
Labor Total ..... SO at SED A SO Peal eS LR aie aaa A Re Ee $5,654 52
(CMMs EN pies ccc sents Sag ate acovapeie aie erciaie ots sie Gisiece ess I 50
urerouatmcrin Gl mexcreSSe ns sassseen Ne tne aes Aen si Ooo Sree es sin. saeenel = 2 10
Hlcapalichnte water and pOwer. je... suns ese se. be vsuies cece 28 82
Clhecmmieall.. ceiver ee aie tee 8 ee Ses pie Nae ae aR ee ee 317
Seeds, plants and sundry supplies: :
op memomolosical soit elie snat Mole oe teeade sais sca $72 43
(©) eee itis celllaiveo uses ss act acess Se eee 12 00
(eye exetaple: Pathological: usa: stecacsa secs. wy 2s
Bio tale nine Pera mena a aby es Sts ai See ayaaie 201 74
Hemniblaes sopechodus Piya a raar ARB et pte tvs ek coe Peau a WI odd BURN a Bi By
RSeuiemeG Tit Stier nae of carne are mtaa et icra sarets ap islere Sears eneene areata 4 60
ILM DSEESSESY? — “sey BE CMe CRE EY Rep OU IR PAP UR ES EE emt ee EE 320 AI
Wools, imanpllereams araval mmACNNSAy, osc oadoo5a0a0sb00s0bbbGcaC 70
SCLMEMICEAPDATALIS 4...) ceo ainacienatia sna mince ode ee Ses: 471 36
Pie Ae IMOMEXPENISES, ©, c. ssiels he de eee Oey he Smee EI es ee ree ; 199 74

330 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

I, the undersigned, duly appointed Auditor of the Corporation, do
hereby certify that I have examined the books of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, that I have
found the same well kept and classified as above, and that the receipts
for the year from the Treasurer of the United States are shown to have
been $22,000.00, and the corresponding disbursements, $22,000.00; for
all of which proper vouchers are on file and have been examined by me
and found correct.

And I further certify that the expenditures have been solely for the
purposes set forth in the acts of Congress approved March 2, 1887, and
March 16, 1906.

GEORGE E. FELLOWS, Auditor.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with “ General
Account” for the year ending June 30, 1907.

Dr.

sHombalancestnronme 1QO4-1OO5ea tee eareaee rs eerie $3,685 84

Sales of produce, inspection fees, etc.......... 11,277 68 $14,963 52
Cr.

By Salaries ecw re aaa beer necator SIE a ee $5,176 52
ISP DOtRhal atch gta: aM Ree MCA ie hE AE SG DESO AEG at 719 85
Publicatvonsas weyseiser seule siete oe eee 3 25
Postage andastationenymem ere ence oer 128 36
Hneightaarndaexpnressmerise ccc rekon coer 80 5
Heat light) waterrandapowelnae ase oaeeecr 363 84
Chemircalisuppliesearns a mice sees erence 199 10
Seeds, plants and sundry supplies............ 393 80 -
Re rtilizensicen Hees yt eae ee ee eee 88 93
LNG eta baker Sl AbN OIC y ei alvarainamardslan seo Go Uo troc aes 1,245 87
Tib faye Saree ee ee eee eae 611 98
Tools, implements and machinery............. 42 63
MiiGnittinesancestioxttiies arias serene tree 123 65
SClenpiiCeapPALAtIS Mee eee Eee mee 208 50
TiVerStOCksitme a Saas chk te ee eee 142 16
‘bray eling expenses pcre sya ieee ears 912 38
Buildings 2o) soccer esac oat evs teeta 938 03
Balancestoy [O00 S1007MaccOUltae ys ase see ert 3.583 96 14,963 52

ISAIAH K. STETSON, Treasurer.

The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address in Maine.
All requests should be sent to
: Agricultural Experiment Station,
Orono, Maine.

NID DO

PAGS

Adalia bipunctata, feeding on potato plant louse.......... 248
PMUMU ta Non elem etl COL LLS 7s eeex che sce: wc catersonis: w/a le: gnsiein ovale ej afmuteiet ease arse 280
PMCGSCIISIENLELS oats lo oi. sees aigueieie osece Seah RS ea ee Aes cay 280
MOM SMR TAT OL LTS 7 yh of soe. seu dizt aj mec ster's « iatiabe fa rates vole!) epi ecelsue tose ieseTons 280
ANiiiaeseece GeSults, OL INSPeCLION: ce esc svt. s Sea hs. olecie 30
Alsike clover seed, results of inspection.................. 5
PN Iceatatietital ctphncs AIT Ie hee keseds eartce celta he reeaes So lahe, all stastava ue eialetoravdor gees 287
PMLA ERA Gs COMAM EL) al ELD UTM Ao 1oy7t 05 (oa hoay a: 4) <i cls c ailehalieus wie/sucieis ietale! elec. sieve. +) = 280
PMSA MOM BEMG EMT ETUES tre eo le) vc ls ise gare Sa chap dR Peatahgee oy ties le Mlsts ake iv
MIO MMelecmatadmimactilatiwts1. saa. ciss ssgsniere sors sero eee eres aroere 282
EMtatech el Cher @ men LATE LICGe a ce nintev aici artes cus caglvelererustemeorece Seis 272
ANTM ENON DSU.” DONEC he ees or ere cis ae eae ee nies inn iatr aa ahaa 280
Anthonomus signatus ..... SI eRe AGS EOLA Heep Sacer ena ce it 270
“Ac SDV sz LSS eee ee a neces 278
JE SDURAG., PB OUEST YO) ee ree et en ee 235
Np PLERINGSELS Mimi MAINE esi marwas hy aae sec ario el eereie aces oe ie 265
PPCM MSE Wel iste) Linch e Ge rte Woes chines Soe cca bg thee grades 281
AAPDIDINS - GyDLalihia bec aay lene es a eit eee ec eee Sa rep art 281 ~
Applesmseedines; descriptive: listus ccs. cesses ae de see ee mau
mpplesemseediine. of Maines. 20.2 ci tiny oa ooma nee bdidaklo. II5
JNA oHE \Greechorbales aly Aaa wee ee Geos Maoce ae 118

Baileys: Goldens actos cs ce acetone aes 118

Blake @sctor diese mien coe eee 118, II9

GUS Sie nesrer cata ea eRe Teco chee eee 121

Chemnyel dis cevae mela ctor Min mee nent TI8, 121

DeSantis toric aires ci ctols Reais eaten 121

1B) Cal CU ya eee area rete a SN seen ee en 122, 123

ESTITC Tey aah We tereeeeea ts yaa nt Re ers ee 122

Bai mb ain Guiness sree eye ns ii esa eens ace Gee 122

Brantkslinc Sweetie ec ce oa a nk See 12222

Pa niiomayseetteae sin poner yates t ken weet eete 125

Flaycordk Sweeties secures ae ne 125, 127

Ea yineSuiS weet reek cation ows 125, 127

Tine Sweeties ae cin Won fare ear ctareeectnc Bie 126

Te Sal Cera era ee pea thee te ar ee re ee ee 126, 131

eiichinehdhseip putes leo eee ee are 126

338 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

PAGE

Marl boroics ees iS DRE cea amen ae 126, 144

Monroe Sweet (0.00.0 000 0815 129

Moses» Wood 225% siuie osc ine 5 ree eee 129

Narragansett: ae 20 chi Are on an ee 129

Nelsomsen ett ae oan aco ee 129

Nittting G3 Sonat hk peccrrsts seas es cee 130, 131

Quince eee ee go at Sees ee ee 130

ROLEE Gi is are one aa acs ee 130

Runnels one Ces as Se oe er 133

Russells ccc ee Sees Bic nc cca eee 133

Sarak (oc ON eee haha is Se a 133

SOMETSEE Se acne cee on 137

Statiley ino go i ae oe 133

Starkey, (Gi ae see eee 134, 135

Stevens -Gilliflowene. 23500 so eee 134

SILON ont Satin Cea Gre PRA 134, 135

TPabOrve 2 eae ela nee 137, 14

Winn RUSSO ties cee tees ee ee 137

Winthrop Greening: osc oee a eee 138, 139

Winthrop Pearmain ....... Veh aro - 138

Zachary (Pippinwisces oc cio eee aoe eee 138

Apples; ternis used-in describing... 2.61. .s. +2 - sae anes 117
Archipsacerasivonania: pen iene ose POEMS eae mou ae rele re eae 264
fervidania ics A oie dick sae soma eee ee eee 265,
ASh-timber beetle ncccce ee ies re on oe nie eae ee ee 280
Bactlussolanisaprus: -. 3-0. ccenus ciel ce ose cures ch eee 325
Barley: seed, results of inspection.ic.-8 .9-.6n ssc ee eee 46
Bie CPS Craps cc cae ace Sue elton tele See es a ta eee III
analy SeG sh nes cola tcalas ee wikis ticles Svar ieee 103

BE CEIOS op aerere a orc ea cea tnoeata oye ENe Sue NCRE Se ON S Reps oe 8 270
Binh Saiwillyas iach cee yc aoe Os eben ale enn SON eg ea 270
Black-horned Callidiames ss: foo. sae aie ee eee oe 280
Blackdles: of: potato sc socio oe oka ie oe ee 288, 323
Blight;cearly; of: :potat@es. i502 & sioner aioe acetone 287
latessofapotatOes: Yacn58 see es era oe ease eee 287
Blind-eyed Sphinx foo ee cic eek ae eee a ees 281
Blister--beetles +2c5 Geen ar errant See orl ls bc, al Se eee 277
Bordeaux, wet, vs. dust spray for potato blight........... 289
Brewers so Tans; sacri aoe cece is ee Ree Minis cao as 108
analyses: \. ics uss eeis esi ee ee 99
Brachyacanthayursina heck oe ret ese cane, ek a 280
Brachlyserosar 28. bacco ese Se aor re lene 270
Broo der 2Ouse seco cakes Sowa esse oe eras eee Sn He 146
Mtihizatroneinwitlten ie eee ee 152
Browmn-taillsanoths cee hye aie cee eae aie aie near eee 261, 281

Buckwheat, seed, results of inspection.................++. 46

NID E See a 339

PAGE

TEN CHUTGDITNS'S; —c.6 obziheu ote cack RO ReE EERE REE RCRORERDT ICIS RCECICROUP ICICLE) cAI Vili
Bullleuing NSsti~Gl Ghiisinis Tie WEEP nooddcacodunuoonocuone 07 Vv
AMUN SMUG USM CR ees ra si ics dsc tie ja ahecetatalc ic /Ste ele acaincelreiealetey ecevalle oye 270
MBAS CMRINICUIS O.Upe ieee, sein Gece cic lsha so aiahs tm a's niet el cvare wNolsys ws aia?ain ole 282
Cabhippenusmibetilze COlensiy scree ele cele. cle alec sisversleteus/elelos «leis oh 0. ¢ 272
ROM MMCUMTMAN Ge TITUAGIIANIY cect lncrevers\clcielere eis) uiele sin'e y.¢ eeieleie wellete els 280
EANoOsontacalachammy ays keke sie arsts acele wisneie/s le le siete slate teieile se’ ore 262
BeAr AMEE SELES es esses cress ciera's aba wie wie B00 wie aie acolalc ae oyelerere's) sie 274
ROOM UMMLO CUS Eo ec se: c eles cece sib vile isl e's ara: cieteiaie 4s wolehe. dusteselere.ej ets 269
(CERAUOHAIA, aTaah AN CONE? tog wanton am acoder Coa io aobee 281
POlienspvaMleeim OC CLIC) vs esye te. c cc ciepay cts iors satseve acsioue' oioirale shale loiciel se telejoe 280
RO Tetiatay ERE C LOM ULIN: scccetsvere oie says anatsrery sl einie-e aid late are ey opel ana alerois 264
Ciickenswmmeb&hodswotmteedimen css qo sacle aes eines 173
histo camper eAnmeicatial J ns nc asics Ca eielecieccin onions 264
GSS tian uate ewes Sites aters trata cle rine eels raat 263

Clover seed, results of inspection................0....-002: 5
Gliytermilnucmettitel Col ay sts siorae anos) eke Ave sain Ae atsion see ae i eeltoneanace: aie 280
Cockerelsnstcedinos for marketed. ssc scree: iclclsieve cee sie 177
(COlS we tram eas oie ee aah aay Sa eum inci at aa a aDabG veer sR laae eae My 280
Gormmeleemera mulatta’ os aus cela lo sca oles afpsto wis cwcs Sone ce lens o,shoace 274
Commbandtoatereeds es. et ysis Lo, Shave le Mareen se 100
(CORPES DOMMES ies FA es ee a a ee eet ee AA aE A Vv
Cormeiunm waeiian sere, Sollewl f5oc60uecagccsoscucancnonns 325
Cosinopeplam caries his os ote Aiuhioech evapeleisvercrebsiel oeeee shelton 274, 276
COR@MSSCE! HOGS RSE ares ie, CRRA ocean PRR TaN econ oaeel Pane 106
EIGEN NAST Oise cay tree pel hs SUNN Pa TE Giana Ke yt aRe 07

MUNG liierrese pero recieve cartces eta lciaee erate tal dota cs tae chen caet cues aa» 104

SITY KYASY cy cteaiith ace atta UE ORNE Ne neeeserm NEN Lee PPE 05

(COUMCI, {CNET RO SI eae ca enn ernias Riciaie eed era et ane eae vii
CoOvemichoOMs not OLCHALdS. s.jemgarce cae aa carat tue eee ae 57
Crema ocdemapinelixitles weet is nrcs ee ook ee eee ee 280
Grimson clover seed, results of inspection................ 13
CGrioceplialusmaerestis "525-5. 4. iieceaeeh Stee eee ee IPR eR 280
AB os UNS MUA T SUIS) hoses inst orstare aS niete NS Pox Soaeia Seaton eat wena 272
Wcuptonvmchus: lapathti -... cst .ecwlee es cesses nesses bs Sietsyesstore 280
Sy PLOGSMMAUISie OLAS) iis../s-cuks were vcie sis Soles vcs wis kun rece i 280
(CHEMMDSr DAStISce eatin hea tae were ele res eee enon eras At cr eice 271
CEs CUNO: “oo BYR caer Aah eee RR ne eee cl 260, 283
(COUPEE _ SYA T MUR eign an even ee Arr a Se rr ie ren 281
CUED IHFOUE WNOTISES) Toye INGinNG}s 44 gocudonosoussaccdoenouene 156
Dra PoelGAe vali baba wa sein Lesucec ya aNenes aes ies wah buTe oan ciel eleesa tent Sie 271
[Dial oGiliia), aXe rarer RIG TamMen eeemeeuren oo ear Shel ne Te abet aU ciin S ACIS Ra Rei 272, 280
Wieheroneura leweoptetar ce so ckisaneersnk os chiwk wn ihslvae caw 265
Mycheloaychatelongataie.: wees on tron eo eee eae 280
LESEAC Calas ernst netitrettans se Aetencen Wa tancaey sais ee Gora 280

IDI BXE@ IEE AER Ne GRR ob Rc BHA Gs 2 oer V Bo aN ts 282

340 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

PAGE

Diptereus. weal showy. ashe vac lia are stersane eevee iC oe ee 278
Disony.cha | Sevittatan x. avcpctevalaversyetevel cvsteveeeiere elle onthene: aleaeaener ana 280
Dissosteira, carolina “{irs.00s akacs seein: goer eee oe 269
ID yichaslld Corey oa ich boc en Ona eR Hee Me Sin Seer TOA 3550 6 108
atlalySesit aivlacuic oa pee Cee Oe 98
Dryocamparaubicundaryey.-cn nae ee 263, 285
Dust spray vs. wet bordeaux for potato blight............ 289
Diwan s Pat Gvessay-lactyuahs heart ore ee Rae te obo tece ol ce Came HE “Sapna 590
Barly ‘blight of potato’. csycn eree okies oooh otee ae ee 287
Pntomophthorac eryllin inc soucta cle eee oa ee eee 270
Epicauta pennsylvanica ............. Tis aos 's atv adele, shel oaT Oe 277
Buchistas: Veristiorria year. setae eroncecteveccus tales eee Sens ee i 270f2e3
Bufitchiat ribeariay salts cn tee eo eke ee eee 281
Huproctis:.chrysorrhzea: 302 ioe See eet aoe 6 eee 281
Exochus.Valbitroms* 7, 2vo cine tio alters tan et ein ee 265
Heedine stutts wanaliyses lesa connie lesneesia er teosiecat cae 95
concentrated, kind to purchase............ III

COSEVOL PEOLELMUG Aes ya ta eee Ir

IMISP CCHON. Wetton Sekhar eee ee Ee 03.

ROGsbrremmemes Gir tne IEW. oocoscacconocsscc 93

Fertilizers, analyses, comparisons for three years......... 205
manufacturers’ samples ............ C1eh, PPR

StaltkTOnersam ples eres one 207

CONSEHTUEMES! Leia ureue nest oi ieieeloees eee 67

MINS PECHOMM Rea ey ee ee Oe ia Se 65, 203

NstioOn mlanirachunersmasatplesn ssi eee 72, 221

GiGTE Or? GiREIO NT SaMODIIESs oeccbocnbcncccuconoseass 206

nulemorm calculating, waluation-.ceseer eee CTR T

SunIMaAaLy, Of heSUlts OL ,ataliySeScpac. eee 222

Valuationncn ca sere ee Lk ete en bie nee 69
Hertilizine- ingredients, trade) valtiess semen: ae. o eee 70
RertalityarcanidsplanterOOderseamceriner rence eraeer 65
Bae tyes Teta ber eS a ee ae dake ese oeeed ca as hc aie ee ee 262
Hincbrees Sawily, Sok nein ic. Gels ean oimels wudie sic teste lee 2, eect ien ame 272
Filean beetle ree ecak eees Bao Sse ES ay eae wate a eee ene 272
Hood mnspechone secre <== Peery Ae ma GEA DO B.c.5 3 4 187
Forest tent sca ten pian scam pos cpa ee ae eee oo eee 263
Formaldehyde gas, method of gemerating...........:-.2-. 89, 306
disinfection of seed potatoes.......... 315

TOE DOUWEUHO) CHD) Gooccogdoadscccvsodcoc 304

(Galle TSE CES eke ck ae are atid ee eee ee eee Dec pee 278
Gluten emealsmand needs) ee eta eee oa Aloss. oS 98, 107
Grapevine flea-beetles <256.5.o he ee oye es Ue Oe 280
Grasshopper futieuss see a. 2 ascent cree nore een eares 270
GrassShoppersiy 2c sea opens es one ee ene oe eee 269

INDEX. 341

PAGE

Groundmbeetles, meedine) NOLES ..csce.sscslewseecs + ues eiie. 274
AGATE Cte OL U GLE Tiines lecn casos elis’g pote a eielys, overseen ie weapa tre nile ghete ¥lo) Ql 280
REV J SAMMI O OLD Prat ene soe ct acer Valarlic wire (8% Atal shaolin sige» elle oflsligueh el teeta). 201
LELalin@a, CATHIE anc each ROMMen er MeN Cin AGL aCe Oba ia Pare ae 280
PES MCMC tMMUETIES WATCH eld ce cdi ene lsya el Wile tuseltlew.eealeie.e euerece ng aie 145
GRHSMMMMALO My OLLICE suerte a ae eels seenencro vee: cote sisi sielawthe 174
NOMSeSEtOtlayinowands bree dings elaine oeienine oe 153

MIMS TO G SiGe LCC CIN a or late cay speiiiies eal ate, er oocaia oy simie ay oh actepe 179
WHAOIS ginGl Creneacl Coma sO" occcocnasooocnsuesdecc 180
enmy and spatiale Ely TOO Ma csrcie sis co assets ieiels fom atleast eis 165
ne Gamma OUMCELV EGA. a dias svaie iw dhe oleen 0.8 ie cuare sistelete evscoteyeusss 262
Hippodamia 13-punctata, feeding on potato plant louse.... 248
Helistortg Galliemeo tes tira tr secre re cece bac) nists sckycla et oh WaEAPee vce «2 moh bce Vv
elonmmunivereedse ta tales as)2.u. 3s elaraiubes ama utace: acc ouevomicta ehemivella is IOI
Omimmsinonmlidened: ssplititixa van ao dese actele sls eeisioae eis clae ave 281
IRLO Dia BRAS CIAE Eo Se eee suooeosm oe Dibeee ec Nalothaue OCR 280
pelumeanianeseed, tesults: Of inspection... ..o.0540ore8cds+ ess 45
Haleyai a rai Mm Ee Tolch men yet ye. seme SSralar sen 5 evisfars: @ Beak Olg susiatea olatetetslovels 281
inMesitniner CIE AGUS: Sac. cis dank «ie e's de vaio i uners eesti ee 280
eles tratemom reticle teresa so aercraierse oi ora aParerona Si ostate eshte er cM ae ele 282
IELVATMEIMDO MISO? EAVIIS a geoeest oan andes bobodcS darren: 278
PAnAGTE SS Hie Lestat TS ae ck eae eanam cre eu cee aeay os . 265

Hees naCM Dp se Meee) = kt aics 2p) sere cecal ciicp nesta ny SisTara lector cm cvastte Mate 281
a CtIO LES pO he LOOZ is ccd Sancgs tae bide culinueioield Qateave sand adherens 261
Mmsectcecollected ani LOO7 > eine. fscciale dis cee cee sie wens a yes 280
fe pecmonsmreedims Studs... oink ae oss hack cieee ae vals sealed eles 93
IRS LE AS pe RS Sa a DCT Sa aw NAME Oy 65, 203

LOO Cierra near aeete eee ANU UES eh a CREEL tn sLPRnee Ae ra ek 187

GAS (etc RAE roe eet ae cay ona Pe GS Eats SOR a I

lmieiring)l lira SOe Wr WOUMK>e bacceoucounoseoucudoccdese 288, 318
WG). SODGVELD 5 o'Sib yas EEO GRR Ore RG RE RRC OST Sea peo ee rg 281
ISOM, CUACIMETARNID aes cm See he COE GR Ot oa ae bee Ce one 280
Japanese millet seed results of inspection;...--.2.+...4--2s0-s 46
Kentucky blue grass seed, results of inspection.......... 30
HEAOMENNUTS 5 nae acd s an kw we.e Scie a CS une he enh eee ea 205
Warem Deli eora POtAatOrouns scene aie sane on eee aoe we ees 287
LSD MCU BESTE ye a ar cea Hl a er ae Meee eR EC 281
Wrredesols sands potato SCA. 1 acds ces + ou aye cins coors eee 316
Lime tree winter moth..... Se ese eee pinay | A Aras ae 281
iGimineriam oubenardi:, 2s CL oo sees oanlee een etaaais acme 282
TE ticiuch, UB Dy BGS ae Sms er eae er ne a Roane 280
linseed meal 5.20... . DNAS Ne Soe me pes aes Ur annie wre tne n so 107
Oulemediy analy SeSi) o. wadin (6 okie eB oe tates ade oe Q7

pero Dany sat Sera WIG LGhea ea erat cae oe ey tre ca ne Be eee tal ats eae 272

7
ECS Ep TAEeISIS) » ene yee SSIS SIS ote Gee oc RO eae 273
WideropasisestimlCOlO tee erie sci sieeve tiene ome e oad dase Wee esate 277

342 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

PAGE

IMiCROCENERUS pisciercrreteic nile cferstoieneseieieiets dp late -clereis clone tate aiken 265
Macrodactylusvstbspinosus «sare sone ool ee eee 271
Macrops vitticollis ..... SHR IAT CA Fee ERA ATR I co <0 272
Maine seedling apples, Aroostook... 4-220... coe .c. ) ee 118
descriptive list 2.2% aces eee 118

Mialachitissemeus;’ 1, 2 gaseiie, o chews cieietsiofa he Baie ee ee 280
Mammoth clover seed, results of inspection.............. 13
Maple foods, definitions ......... Sr ah ca gee i 190
eoods, imanutacture. 2 0)..: amie. ote ae ee ee 188
products, brandinew Qeeeeceeecss diovan woth Sisko Oe 190
description of Samples 4... 22 s0cne ee IQI
methodssoteanalysisse eer ee eee 191

sirup; analy SeSic 2. gn. sac weer e eek ace en ie ee 201

Sugar, satlaly:sesyc)s/c.72 aie ciacusterneve a sivehenemsletey oe meee eee 200

and) sinups, standards) 04.47.00 seecr eee 189

Melanoplus femur-rubrum ..... ere AI ee 6 b0 6 260, 277
Meloesangcusticollis. as. cccics eke eee ie ee 278
Meteorological (observations ..24- 47 eee eee eee 331
Mite malls +i vyteilsu tahoe cscs, Oe minders ot Oe cueraene ches ree 278
Molasses andisugarifeedss2 450.4. 0.0. see eae eee 109
analyses. 3.2 fies siege ae eee 09
Monohammuussmormoratusi «nie eee eee 280
INectarophoratsolanitolin.. «sass cee ee eee 235; 273
TROLEABIS) JDESTEIGINESS Gocnccogccunouec 248

deSChIpPHONiendee el oe 251

field: observations) ss. -6- eee 240

insectary observations .......... 242

methods) of combating 22. 4-2-5 246

natural enemies soc, 5. eee 248

Niematismerichsonitui 25 sare ee ee ee 272
Nitrogen -invtertilizerssa. Soe cacteciec..ritcar os eee 67
organic, im sterilizers: coset ee eee eee 67

@at feedsvanalysiss es sseee eee eee aiisteaus (nee -alehane tore eae ea IOI
@atsesced results of mmspections ee ye ae en eee 46
Odynerus: es. oe Heres Sok San ee ee eee 265
Oil DEee elena mie aco a eae te eR Ce 278
ONiON SMAG OE acct cee ese a ETC eS eee 282
Oospora* Scabies. ic nz tetiyn tances bee ate I ee 83
Orchardecover <cropsses..2 eee eer ne eee eae SF
Cnltiinematrd eherphlizationmn nee een eee : 51

INSECtSy Am Miatme ster. acta nc ere re eee 265

KG) wore Hc ICIC DC EL OOrd Seo cag OTM OMe SoD OoS 04 SI

DEUNING eR econ Oe eee 60
Sprayinounotes «arcsec ee ee ee : 58

FeNOVALION, cccer vith oe ais ate ee ee 53

INDEX. 343

PAGE
POUIPMCAL CLP LAt ns titre ah.0.e wlorevecs o/e¥elsrersthielovalels*atiel > als 264
PROM ORICM Es Bas re ¥ ees heat eefekssat ihe frie chahenels elope is a oehgic 56
Oa MEISMreMUICAaGty lS ws" aos csric’acieerd Na sl osteeeuio gs ties islalda pete 281
NPE MECRCECE CALS 40 cies sister ck Ai cot ote ners esse aoe cals mates 281
LIRVOPISWR ci eticrak crete erst el tshove!siabsiel ltiialc sare octolele sieiefothalese 281
EM eeInSMMECUNG LIS LAR Ua aye ays so Cisse tin ac Bish o'euei oyavolig via'e'atede’ ale evebois sta o.s 50
Reasmscadumresttlis: Of INSPeECtiON ss) 2 viele sci. e sepsis sles eyes e's 46
iBemomnarkaal, Gioloibnbe teas cists pease cicada aici iaia cet Grainioee ok ac 281
HOLM IAM LASSICZ antes ric cic as oreo tak eae eueserain ee viarenele a ess ae 282
CEIDENTIBITON pauses cee ibe Gln IOI R AEBS eiche Glee ciere cero 282
Bhrospmonic acid in fertilizers. .0): 32208. e ve a estves ole see ee 68
Eboxopienismnitbecilaiiar ean cmctmcs ccc cee Acton oorecis lee 281
Pima bgetloapeliai bata ccs ws sz ss heleteen eiateeepe ee eacl seumigie-= ances ; 280
AiO PACH ORars IME StATIS. Ys kya S sss Acs Saal one tala ctolS oe treeedte i 287, 321
Fairad AMICON GUISItOL ec hess mith oe kee da sO eo eee eles ele erate 265
IEWGyS [OLAS 5 RSG RR RA as Cee NCEP Hi SIR UREP DR RAED A Ere aa 280
ISSO ME SMC UDI Sper csesay eas nae ue ret scchasa cece Bic fubveray sreetere cacabi tenets 280
Plninipelucemartacked shy cantSc.ccainsc cin. ces evens eects aide viet 272
WOUSE ni. : : TESA cl age Us Maio Sears ee MEN RR 273
MIPIM TACIT Oras. 4 sus aplge Mee cas ao ae eager esd bla eae ome aaa States sus 283
IO CESMSMIMOCES EIS = vies tclas.ce ects chon f eaahs Bold eudiele Mae eee 262, 277, 285
OR YVEGRA PUTS oT ATI PET MIS ©. 5. 0. ced bs «1h sae ee weieie's Soni 6 eiedons 281
PG etshimitereREVIZELS Ves cic cos Sek oe Ps a eo gs ge ee ee sees 68
ESCHER NIS genre Sateen ee etc s TM ie oe Ee Ma. ork Siac e Rtas 235
IDI EWEN eal Orang Sete eget die te irk aera ee Bag Anos LA ieee eae 288, 323
Dliteihitswea nly, wi srscre ct eee me Ran un ee edo peli 287
VA era Ree tn Sire ao Ae cant eae can a ale IS pore eee 287
GISEASESmIMICTOOZE oh eee Ge ane ee he 287
WASECESMOL PAT OOSTOOK Wy. cee oy) coe eas os ee Sette eee 273
Minerale brOwneSPOtMas ssc08 o2c 4k seks Se eee ee 288, 318
leatiteaml USE My ae aise ose ces hee Soo heey Gaede Aras eae RP he ee 235
GeSCEI PLOT yee ee Be ee ee 251
GHEmedialemeasunesp a ee Ee 247

scab, see Scab, potato.
and limited: Soils (at ssse es She oo eee oe 316
PLE VEMPLOMe ees KA huereeee en gece tee era nn ty 81, 304
SURI COMSDOLEMIO? ane aes ote os G3 ee oe eee 321
HRORMEOeS nee Cy; OL sGpLAayINe ss... o4eces seks e cohen 207
lehteand heavyaisprayine 4 j.s46- eee ee 207
seed injured by formaldehyde gas.............. 314
EGEAUINE i miO TiS CAD ge aa asels cee Aone es Ae 304
SPLAyil Se Me tHOUS, mera as os Se ene ae a ee ee 301
HOM yameXPEGIMMIENItS 06s 2, cae ee coe eh Oe ee ae ae T45
Housessdetailsmof CcOnSEnuCHOne | ssa 4eeee ses. fee oe 153
ASD atl yes aerate ei sara es eee ch eR 145
er edaceolsepeetlese. <a sis ekew a Sheen ate Fea een 273

1D BICaE ee Ns rhnne, ote le Hoi ee ta cies On 51 ea ier 262, 277, 285

344 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907.

PAGE

Prominent caterpillar: 227.75 Ay vais «10 eae or seid eeee 263, 285
MOG is LS SS iatiss eal Sre pate dvetekers Daa es ee 262

Protein in feeding stuffs, cost per podue ssl sats pa Tecate eee 112
Pruning notes oi Skee es a Rae tet We ag ee 60
iPterostrichuswlucublandust nsec eee eee eee eee Pe 274
Publicationssotathe Stationgncme cece. ee eee Vv
Pullets crowing sand: developing:sh as. inset ei ae eee 177
Raspberry, plumeman a Pe Ne eR, NONE 281
Red clover seed; results of inspection. -...........¢+.406en 17
lead@asmanminsecticideernr saremer rere os ov garda 329
legged MOCUst i cae nn Waris Oo oe BORE eee 269
necked=aplackhbertwa DOLeta eree meee econ erone 280
tOpsecedmnesulits om ImMspectOnee een) ere See 31
IRefuses.from),milline oats, cori, ekc. ace sacs cic eee 109
Reportvofathes Treasure recs. Saou eee eee ee ee 334
Rhabdoptentis< picipes tise he eave ne aie ee eee 281
Rhagitmslineatumy yk cies aia eens eee ie eee 281
Rhavoletisipomornellar sey ws ers eee 282
tabellariay cust a nae eae ee tee 282
Rhizoctonia.-of; potatos. ck aac eee Ee 3 325
Rhopalopiusesangiuimicolliss. ser raeae nea oe eee 281
Rhynehites .cyanellusi. oxcap acura et cm nee oor ee ee 281
Ribbed pine: borer tas eee ae eee ee eee ae eee ; 281
ROSE NCH Ate hase haere ene eee ler nea Aen CIOS O 5 2 271
Rose=beetles» feeding; motes 2250-5 es tonne ee eee 273
Saperdaccalicaratacrw rey mae ever tenia s nena ae ey eee 281
ATIGES CAE meccus rece aoe RT Ree ALE TER te eae oa 281

Sawihles veo enestse eee ei ee aeolian AARP SC 272
Scab, splants: attect edict seer ties a ies ee 82
POAEORPEAUS EN a. eicvecc tele sentattene oo le ueeece Aes came tee ere 83
disinfection of seed 4. cuenicss.6 once 88

lavorable= conditionsieae ents oe ee ooo 84

management ot Soils ss.a0 seee sash ee eee 85, 87

PREVENLION Lesh ees oe ee oe ee 81, 304
Sciaphiluswaspera tus oe SS aia aes has eal ewe ae ne ee 281
Schwarzbeinigkeit vof, potato sii a ee: Serene ae 325
Seedling japplesofaMaine eee een ene hon Sener II5
Seed inspection ......... pata Greer nRaetioe sciotals cyeie tittle Giele aCe I
testine vat’ homnte \ oe eect cicieaie chores ees erences gists I
DEericaJSEri COB <..0 by ck is weseausia Orme aloes eb Gree Bees nae re ee 281
Sesia tip uliformis oa. ev acroret occ ae oeceintsve sees ee ctey esl wear 281
Silken (sericag xian hin cake vs ekere eas Se ee eee 281
Sodium sbenzoate “bordeaux. ease ia oer keene 290
S phiitise CHESS ore ayes cis sees te Roe eae at eae are gar eee 281
drupiferanim: 35s a eee ee 281

FOL GLLIS ye: ores aie ekee eke Sean ee a Cee eee ET 281

INDEX.

Sprayinewmethods), improvements .......7.++55 4. -
SMUUICCMM AL DESELES SG. cia eiolater sysiore levator cpevezeletsicad aga a piers. +
RSET LIMIT GuaR avons efo-06 oc asc leyalete cor eiouchevelevalsierers. nieve cts) eho oes
MACS PAANCHATIGES' sc /kole aoralleee ets fle sais lutle ove cai:
Sarl trina VC CVU cat. cette sisy sha evel wieieré Shel tsa svelereis grateverocs\<
Stripedmcucumber beetles. i... sce. seen eo le secs «
SMpicewspOrtinge Ol. POtAtOES). ~ selcims cjecciele ss. cs)e ee
aba TSLe Cael anit DULG ete at cre ele sisnaleisislels Gin ssseiaie so ¢
Timothy seed, results of inspection................
MINA CMAVICl Cl arya ye arses: oie Norciom, oy ifn alte ait ph upg ialloesesdlauers as
MIN ec MINE SES RUS sy ae ee AGiaecs ees aietoletiel oval apes okunave eae sieUnos Steeda
Miceastiners Kepont .2.ssacs. sess BOR COMB a (0 er ORO
MINTS IMIS Hees Sloiccetactnrcire ck aies sinea be: vce la ake ccedson Bye sce sae
MinichoceramTecelationismeye i wieieeis eis cit oeete
MinhaldamcaladensSiseesstry i soa chin eer
“UU Feiss MES es GG a PP ea ee
(Wrocentismabdominalise cys.) oe... neces clade see Mee ne
Wrelledamlappeticrcc sco siccacin cc dre ses Sale sual wnat ees aloe
Were ODSEHVATIONS 4.5% - gence ce een c ats ce eer
Weed seeds found in seeds examined..............

kinds found in grass seed

NMiteatepranrand middlings 2 c2.. 0i.0.0.00> sce see
Oral Sweaculteratedeesanwremercrt kien sie erase
atialy Se si truer ater (reves crn wie ae Mate

White clover seed, results of inspection
BUNA neva O Re Tate nn Feet ia dy, coset no Paes sie fas eve a 3

O00 0010.0 O85 6 Olo o. Srotio: oO

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