‘ ei ay Sf ta Se one ay hy PENA e Bedaaanias ‘ Ss F Foe 4, Van ma hah or LIBRARY OF THE ON My, BS FORTHE “> ay Z S$” PEOPLE ot FOR eo | S EDVCATION © © oan oA FOR : O, SCIENCE << Sey ya ee Om UES Te ee ee en Pane teenie SAP or Eokegy VIDE ciccererere . eee: Toe LIGRANLY | OF THE | 63.06 G4:/) : : AMERTCAN MUSEUM ¢ Mr } OF NATURAL HISTORY - TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE § 1 ; ORONO, MAINE ioe STATE OF MAINE. 1913 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. Organization January to June, 1912. yo? OL 0. ag, ced THE STATION COUNCHE: PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, President DIRECTOR CHARLES D. WOODS, Secretary SAMUEL W. GOULD, Skowhegan, Committee of CHARLES L. JONES, Corinna, CC Board of Trustees JOHN P. BUCKLEY, Stroudwater, Commissioner of Agriculture BUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, State Grange ROBERT H. GARDINER, Canttines State Pomological Society RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop, State Dairymen’s Association AND THE Heaps AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS. THE STATION STAFE. CHARICE S DEN OODS oc, Ds Director eee are \ BUANCEE Fo POORER: Clerk and Stenographer | GEM M. COOMBS, Slenoorapien (RAYMOND PEARLY Pre 1}! Biologist MAYNIF R. CURTIS, A. M., Assistant BIOLOGY 4 CLARENCE W. BARBER, é Assistant WALTER ANDERSON, Poultryman (ees IL, Ly IRUS SILL, Computer “JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S Chemist HERMAN H. HANSON, M. S., Associate (CIBUEIMUIES TE 1K 7 4 ALBERT (G) DURIGEN. Moss Assistant ALFRED Kk. BURKE, B. S., . Assistant | HARRY C. ALEXANDER, Laboratory Assistant ENTOMOL- { OSKAR A. JOHANNSEN, Pu. D., Entomologist OGY IDIMMEL IW, IPAINCIEL, IPist. 1D)... Associate | ANIEJIOIE, Wo a WERUUL IL, Laboratory Assistant PLANT WARNER J. MORSE, M. S., Pathologist Be CIRUAIRIV ISS) 15), ILS WIS) ese, 1B c= Associate PATHOLOGY Sate . VERNON FOLSOM, Laboratory Assistant HIGHMOOR (GEORGE A. YEATON, Orchardist FARM WELLINGTON SINCLATR, Superintendent ROYDEN L. HAMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer ELMER R. TOBRY, B. S., . Inspector ALBERT VERRIBE Ba S-. Inspector EDGAR WHITE, Inspector CHARLES S. INMAN, Assistant MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. Organization July to December, 1912. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, ~ President Die CLOR CHAREES) D! WOODS, Secretary JOHN M. OAK, B. S., Bangor, ai) Oe TIGRIS GHARLES L. JONES, Corinna, Bowman Pracices FREELAND JONES, LL. B., Bangor, OOBHINE ay JOHN P. BUCKLEY, Stroudwater, Cemmussioner of Agriculture BUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, - State Grange ROBERT H. GARDINER, Gardiner, Siate Pomological Society RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop, State Dairyinens Association WILLIAM H. DAVIS, Augusta, Maine Livestock Breeders’ Association WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Readfield, Maine Seed Improvement Association Anp THE HEADS AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS. AMRUE, GIA ION SS) IVANIENE. : ( (CIRDAIRIDIES) IDE WWOXOUBIS), iSics 1D): Director NEES = , ey | BLANCHE F. POOLER, Clerk and Stenographer | GEM M. COOMBS, Siranoonmmicr “RAYMOND PEARL, Pu. D. Biologist IMUANCININE, IR. (CIUIRAVINSS YAKS INI, Assistant BIOLOGY + CLARENCE W. BARBER, B. S., Assistant | WALTER ANDERSON, Poultryman ESTELLA MORRISON, Computer (JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S, Chemie HERMAN H. HANSON, M. 5&S., Associate | ALBERT VERRILL, B. S., Assistant Gee RY )V PPWARD EB. SAWYER, B. S., Assistant HELEN W. AVERILL, B. S., Assistant | HARRY C. ALEXANDER, Laboratory Assistant ENTOMOL- ( EDITH M. PATCH, Pu. D., Entomologist OGY ) ALICE W. AVERILL, Laboratory Assistant - WARNER J. MORSE, Pu. D., Pathologist Mie oc: CHARLES E, LE Wis; Pr, DD. Associate di VERNON FOLSOM, Laboratory Assistant HIGHMOOR ( WELLINGTON SINCLAIR, Superintendent FARM | GEORGE A. YEATON, Orchardist ROYDEN L. HAMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer BLUMER R. TOBEY, B. S., Inspector EDGAR WHITE, Inspector CHARLES S. INMAN, Assistant = Zz Maine, ae een All requests should be sent to are ve) ie { heen: CONTENTS. PAGE YUN veins WMS RAMMEMEG, SNCS Nay il Stic 9 8.0 0-6 oI Ua ee ae PEA eee EMR PRA Re ee Vil Orchard Spraying Experiments (Bulletin ro8)................ I iwrchancdsNotes: (Bulletim 199)... ......2.25..%. setae Peete 33 ‘The Mycetophilidae of North America (Bulletin 200).......... 5 Spirit Gime Nirowsy Dtrery@Bulletin 201) aime... sss.) eo eee eu te 147 Aphid Pests of Maine (@Brullehine292)) sneer nga Scan sean 159 Food Plants of the Aphid (Bulletin 202).............. hack ata AD LETS iorecmom Psyilidae GBulletin 202). obit fee o ce cues ee ce eens 205 Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphid (Bulletin 203)........ 235 Siniolemeaives (Bulletin, 204) oo e..k i eee bs 259 Mode of Inheritance of Fecundity in Fowls (Bulletin 205)..... 283 Histology of the Oviduct of the Hen (Bulletin 206)............ 305 enemy \(Billetity 208). is ws cre cymeteere eel doe, coe t wrepeia (At ee 467 Report of Treasurer (Bulletin 208) ..... saleeaee Fe Rapa Sine EROS 469 S Index Gi IReposre iia (CBee Ze) po oasmoo de oosdooouoendeour 470 i ANNOUNCEMENTS: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATION. The Maine Fertilizer Control and Agricultural Experiment Station, established by Act of the Legislature approved March 3, 1885, began its work in April of that year in quarters fur- nished by the College. After the Station had existed for two years, Congress passed what is known as the Hatch Act, estab- lishing agricultural experiment stations in every state. ‘This grant was accepted by the Maine Legislature by an Act ap- proved March 16, 1887, which established the Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station as a department of the University. The reorganization was effected in June, 1887, but work was not begun until February 16, 1888. In 1906 Congress passed the Adams Act for the further endowment of the stations estab- lished under the Hatch Act. The purpose of the experiment stations is defined in the Act of Congress establishing them as follows: “Tt shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physi- ology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are sev- erally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advantage of rotative cropping as pursued un- der a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natural and artificial, with experi- ments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic ques- tions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agri- 4 A 4 a ANOUNCEMENTS. vil cultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective states or territories.” The work that the Experiment Station can undertake from the Aidams Act fund is more restricted and can “be applied only to paying the necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States, having due regard to the vary- ing conditions and needs of the respective states and territories.” INVESTIGATIONS. The Station continues to restrict its work to a few important lines, believing that it is ‘better for the agriculture of the State to study thoroughly a few problems than-to spread over the whole field of agricultural science. It has continued to improve its facilities and segregate its work in such a way as to make it an effective agency for research in agriculture. Prominent among the lines of investigation are studies upon the food of man and animals, the diseases of plants and animals,. breeding of plants and animals, orchard and field experiments, poultry investigations, and entomological research. INSPECTIONS. The inspection of food and drugs, the inspection of fertilizers, the inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, the inspection of agricultural seeds, the inspection of fungicides and insécticides and the testing of the graduated glassware used in creameries, are entrusted to the Station through its director, who is responsible for the execution of the public laws relat- ing to these matters. The cost of the inspections is borne by fees and by a state appropriation, and the examination of chemical glassware by a charge for calibration. OFFICES AND LABORATORIES. The officers, laboratories and poultry plant of the Maine Agri- cultural Experiment Station are at the University of Maine, Orono. Orono is the freight, express, post, telegraph and tele- phone address for the offices and laboratories. vill MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Visitors to the Station will find it convenient to leave the steam cars at Bangor or Old Town, as the railway station at Orono is a mile from the University. Bangor and Old Town trolley cars pass-through the campus. They pass the railway station in Bangor 5 minutes after the hour and half hour, and the railway station in Old Town, 20 minutes after and 10 min- utes before the hour. HicHMoor Farm. Highmoor Farm, purchased by the State for the use of the Station, is located in the town of Monmouth, 24 miles from the Monmouth station and the same distance from the Leeds Junct:on station. It is on the Farmington branch of the Maine Central Railroad. A flag station, called Highmoor, is on the farm. Monmouth is the post, telegraph and telephone address for Highmoor Farm. Both Leeds Junction and Monmouth are freight and express addresses. Visitors are always welcome. Granges, Farmers’ Clubs and others desiring to visit Highmoor Farm are requested to ar- range dates in advance. ; THe AIM OF THE STATION. Every citizen of Maine concerned in agriculture has the right to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Council that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit. In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is pre- pared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and creamery glassware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi and insects, etc.; and to give information on agricultural matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State. All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station. The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accommo- dation. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses, the results of which cannot be published, if they prove of gen- eral interest. PUBLICATIONS. iX CORRESPONDENCE. As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com- munications, should, therefore, be addressed to the Director or to the: Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. PUBLICATIONS. The Station is organized so that the work of investigat'on is distinct from the work of inspection. ‘The results of investi- gation are published in the bulletins of the Station. These make up the annual report for the year. ‘whe results of the work of inspection are printed in publications known as Official Inspections. These are paged independently of the bulletins and are bound in with the annual report as an appendix thereto. Miscellaneous publications consisting of newspaper notices of bulletins, newspaper bulletins and circulars which are not paged consecutively and for the most part are mot included in the annual report are issued during the year. All the bulletins issued by the Station are sent to the names upon the official mailing list prepared by the Office of Experi- ment Stations, to all newspapers in Maine and to libraries and to agricultural exchanges. Bulletins which have to do with general agriculture and the Official Inspections which bear upon the feeding stuffs, fertilizer and seed inspections are sent to a general mailing list composed chiefly of farmers within the State. The publications having to do with the food and drug inspection are sent to a special list including all dealers in Maine and other citizens who request them. The annual report is sent to directors of experiment stations and to libraries. Copies of all publications are sent to the newspapers within the State and to the press on the exchange list outside of the State. BULLETINS ISSUED IN totz2. No. 168. Orchard Spraying Experiments. 32 pages, Ir illustrations. No. 199. Orchard Notes. 24 pages, 23 illustrations. No. 200. Fungus Cnats of North America, Part IV. 90 pages, 244 illustrations, No. 201. Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 12 pages, 1 illustration. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . Notes. 06 pages, 179 illustrations. . 203. Elm .Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphis. 24 pages, illustrations. . 204. Triplet Calves. 24 pages, 2 illustrations. . 205. Mode of Inheritance of Fecundity in the Domestic Fowl. 112 pages, 2 illustrations. . 206. Histology of Oviduct of Hen. 36 pages, 19 illustrations. . 207. Insect Notes for 1912. 36 pages, 16 illustrations. . 208. Finances, Meteorology, Index. 24 pages. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS ISSUED IN Tor. . 36. Seed Inspection. 12 pages. . 37. Carbonated Beverages, Ice Cream, Prosecutions. 12 pages. ., 38. Feeding Stuffs Inspection. 48 pages. . 39. Miscellaneous Foods, Prosecutions. 16 pages. . 40. Drug Inspection. 12 pages. . 41. Miscellaneous Foods. 16 pages. 2. Fertilizer Inspection. 40 pages. . 43. Clams, Oysters, Prosecutions. 8 pages. . 44. Creamery Sanitation, Creamery Inspection, Prosecutions. pages. . 45. Carbonated Beverages and Ice Cream. 12 pages. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN Tor: . 444. Notice of hearing. 1 page. . 445. List of Publications I91I. ‘1 page. . 446. Map of Highmoor Farm. . 447. Methods of Feeding Poultry. 4 pages. | . 448. Ege Records. I page. . 449. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs. 8 pages. . 450. Requirements under the law regulating the sale of apples. pages. . 451. Experiments at Highmoor Farm. 8 pages. . 452. Orchard Spraying Experiments notice. I page. . 453. Station Publications. 1 page. . 454. List of Publications. 1 page. 455. Oxchand Notes. 1 page: . 456. Orchard Spraying Experiments. I page. . 457. Orchard Notes. I page. 458. Notice of hearing. I page. : . 459. Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphis. 1 page. . 460. Requirements under feeding stuffs law. 8 pages. . 461. Available Bulletins. 4 pages. . 462. Station Publications. I page. . 463. Paints. 4 pages. . 202. Aphid Pests of Maine. Food Plants of the Aphids. Psyllid- 25 16 BIOLOGY PUBLICATIONS. xi BIOLOGY PUBLICATIONS 1o12. In the numbered series ot “Papers from the Biological Laboratory”: No. No. 33. Studies on the Physiology of Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl. V. Data Regarding the Physiology of the Oviduct. By Raymond Pearl and Maynie R. Curtis. Jour. Exper. Loo. Vol. 12; No. 1, pp. 99-132. . 34. A Case of Hypospadias in a Ram. By Raymond Pearl. Amer. Veterinary Review, Vol. XL., pp. 794-706. . 35. Further Notes Regarding Selection Index Numbers. By Raymond Pearl. Amer Nat. Vol. XLVL., pp. 302-307. . 36. Notes on the History of Barred Breeds of Poultry. By Ray- mond Pearl. Biological Bulletin, Vol. 22, pp. 297-308. . 37. The Mode of Inheritance of Fecundity in the Domestic Fowl. Bykaymond. Pearly “Jour Exper. Zool, Vel 13%) pp: 153-268. . 38. The Interstitial Cells and the Supposed Internal Secretion of the Chicken Testis. By Alice M: Boring. Biol. Bulli., Vol. XXIII, pp. 141-153. . 39. A Case of Triplet Calves, with some General Conadertivons Regarding Multiple Gestation in Normally Uniparous Animals. By Raymond Pearl. Me. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. for 1912, pp. 259-282. 40. The Histology of the Oviduct of the Domestic Hen. By Frank M. Surface. Me. Agr. Expt. Stat. Ann. Rpt. for 1912, pp. 265-430, 5 plates. . 41. Fat Deposition in the Testis of the Domestic Fow\. By Ray- mond Pearl and Alice M. Boring, Science, N. §., Vol. XXXVI. pp. 833-835. Papers published but not in the numbered series. Methods of Feeding Poultry, Me. Agr. Expt. Stat Circular No. 447, pp. 1-4. The Inheritance of Fecundity. By Raymond Pearl. In “Problems in Problems in Tugenics. Papers Hee to First Interna- tional Eugenics Congress 1912,” pp. 47-57. (Also reprinted in Popular Science ‘Monthly, Vol. LXXXI, pp. 364-373). Genetics and Eugenics. A Consideration of the Relation of Animal Experimentation to Human Inheritance and Infant Conserva- tion. By Raymond Pearl. Eugenics Review, Vol. 3, pp. 335- 339. (Also printed in American Assoc. for Study and Preven- tion of Infant Mortality. Proceedings of the Second Meeting, pp. 129-132). The Secretory Activity of the Oviduct of the Domestic Fowl. By Raymond Pearl. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. IO1TI, pp. 29-34. The Mendelian Inheritance of Fecundity in the Domestic Fowl. By Raymond Pearl. Amer. Nat. Vol. XLVL., pp. 607-711. ENTOMOLOCICAL PAPERS FROM THE MAINE AGRICUL- No. TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 51. Notes on Psyllidae: Livia. By Edith M. Patch. Psyche, . Vol. 10, pp. 5-8. X1i MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The Fungus Gnats of North America. Part IV. (Conclu- sion). By O. A. Johannsen. Bulletin No. 200. Me. dNege. Wise), Sie No. 53.. Aphid Pests of Maine Part I. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin No. 202. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 150-178. No. oat iS) No. 54. Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphidae of the World. Part I. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin No. 202. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 170-214. No. 55. Notes on Psyllidae. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin No. 202. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 215-234. No. 56. Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Aphid of the Apple. By Edith M. Patch. Science Vol. 36, pp. 30-31. No. 57. A Tertiary Fungus Gnat. By O. A. Johannsen. The American Journal of Science. Vol. 34. p. 140. No. 58. Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphid. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin 203. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. No. 59. Woolly Aphid Migration from Elm to Mountain Ash.- By Edith M. Patch. Journal Economie Ent., Vol. 5, p. 305. CHANGES IN STATION STAFF IN IQ12. April 1, Mr. Walter W. Bonns, ‘horticulturist to the Station, resigned to accept a position with the California Experiment Station. April 1, Alfred K. Burke, assistant chemist, resigned to accept a position in commercial work. July 1, Albert G. Durgin, assistant chemist to the Station, resigned to accept a position on the instruction force of the chemical department of the University of Maine. September 1, Dr. O. A. Johannsen, entomologist to the Sta- tion, resigned to accept a professorship at Cornell University. December 1, Mr. Albert Verrill, assistant chemist, resigned to accept a position in commercial work. January 1, Miss Sybil Russell was appointed as computer in the biological department for the first half of the year. July 1, Miss Estella Morrison was appointed computer in her place. April 1, Mr. George A. Yeaton was appointed orchardist. He served in that capacity until November 15, 1912. : June 1, Mr. Clarence W. Barber was appointed as assistant biologist. July 1, Mr. Edward FE. Sawyer and Miss Helen W. Averill were appointed as assistant chemists. December 1, Mr. Elmer R. Tobey was transferred from the position of inspector to assistant chemist. BULLETIN No. 198. ORCHARD SPRAIN Ga xP iE RM Nr Ss W. W. Bonns. INTRODUCTION. In 1909 the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station came into possession of Highmoor Farm at Monmouth, Maine, the purchase of which had been authorized by the State legislature for experimental work in orcharding and other crops. Such work was inaugurated in the spring of 1910.- Several experiments aiming at the solution of orchard problems were begun at this time. It is the purpose of this bulletin to record only the work and results so far obtained in the plots devoted to spraying experiments with fungicides and insecticides. It is not the purpose of the Station to plead for the estab- lishment and furtherance of spraying as a common orchard practice in Maine. ‘This must be emphasized by the State agents for agricultural education and extension. Spraying has long ago proved to be a profitable operation when intelligently and thoroughly conducted.* It remains for the experimenter in orchard work to concern himself, so far as spraying is con- cerned, solely with experiments that attack the problems aris- ing from and proceeding with the extension of the practice. Nevertheless the data resulting from a continued series of experiments along this line not only throw light upon the ques- fions asked therein, but incidently furnish to the observant orchardist comparative figures whereby he may determine for himself whether the spraying of apple orchards is a profitable operation. * For a concise account of an experiment dealing with this question see Farmers’ Bulletin 479, U. S. D. A., pp. 8-10. 2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. The results of the spraying experiments of the season of 1910 have already been published * and will be but briefly reviewed here. EXPERIMENTS (Al AiGHMOOK (FARM one “The experiment aimed at determining the following points: 1. The comparative efficiency of the lime-sulphur sprays and bordeaux mixture as fungicides, especially for apple scab. 2. A comparison of these sprays in regard to possible in- jury to foliage and fruit on a variety especially susceptible to spray injury—the Ben Davis. 3. The effectiveness of arsenate of lead in combination with lime-sulphur solutions. 4. ‘The relation of possible leaf and fruit injury to the com- bination of sulphur sprays with lead arsenate. .... 22). .\eeee An orchard of 140 Ben Davis trees from 20 to 25 years old, of fairly uniform size and condition, and promising a moderate yield per tree, was divided into 12 plots. Plot 1 contained 9 trees. ‘The remainder consisted of 12 each, excepting Plot 9, which contained 11.** The table on page 3 gives data of treatment: In making the self-boiled lime-sulphur, hot water was used and an attempt made to secure a large amount of sulphur in solution by making it in a small 10-gallon cask, conserving the heat by a covering during the process, and allowing it to stand for about 45 minutes before using. ‘The lime was high grade and quick acting. Sulphur flour was used. 7 The lime of the boiled concentrated spray was slaked with a thin paste made of the sulphur in hot water, more water being added up to a total volume of Io gallons. This volume was kept constant while the solution boiled for one hour. After cooling * Bonns, W. W., “Orchard Spraying Experiments,’ Bul. 189, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 33-80, Pl. XII. Inasmuch as the size of the edition proved somewhat inadequate it has been considered desirable to brief- ly review the account of the work and the results contained therein. ** Two trees in Plot 12 were accidently sprayed on one side in the second application and were omitted from the final count. + It should be noted that the above method of making this mixture is in reality not the “self-boiled” preparation of Scott’s recommenda- tion, but an intensified modification, whereby more sulphur than Scott advises goes into solution. Concerning the self-hboiled mixture see Ap- pendix B of this bulletin, p. 32. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 3 and straining it showed a density indicated in the table and was used at the same dilution as the commercial solutions. Arsenate of lead was not added in any case until the time of application. ABE) Ip = Sad aw Amount Lrap B15) ese ARSENATE IN 50 ae be GaLLons WATER. o TREATMENT. | MANUFACTURED a e a “BY oS EE Second and 43 ae os First third ap- ©) i ES applica- |plications. a <3 <5 tion i Umermarredl 65. 6 olleeges ce Connon Oc eee eee ra eiepede Srelll cers Set caste alle crane ehereerete 2)Lime-sulphur...|/Niagara Sprayer Company...... 34 dies alse seteeuste alien Sian 3 lbs. 3) Lime-sulphur...)/B o wk er Insecti- ; cide Company..| 34 De corallst-usesteare | 2llbsis 22h 3 Ibs. 4)/Lime-sulphur.. .|Sterling Chemical Company...... Bail Lecallstysranmicciers PWNS ao05 3 lbs. 5|Lime-sulphur.. .|Grasselli Chemical : Company...... 33 Decals i cise seers QNDSissisie.s 3 lbs. 6) Lime-sulphur.. .|Jas. A. mlenehard i Company...-:.. 32 Ile tea GH eteAn hd tic BMWS goo 4 3 lbs. 7\\‘Sulfocide’’....|B. G. Pratt Co....| 40 Nery ae ae 2 Wess b a6 -|3 lbs. 8|Intensified Self ? Boiled Lime- : ; SKU SIoqUEPS G elee dene Inloranls) GK). 5 oH ollesooos 10 lbs. lime, : 10 lbs. sulphur..| 21bs..... 3 Ibs. 9/Boiled lime- ; Souja oqonD, Se ee Home made..... Bil 24 lbs. lime } i 5 lbs.sulphur f +) 2 lbs..... 3 lbs 10/Bordeaux mix- : GUI eerie ey 7 o. 3 Elomemmadieles sci al cn cdl. 4 lbs. copper ; sulphate..... Wold oval \3 lbs 4 lbs. lime | 11)Bordeaux mix- | USED clo cae Eomenmnadiennrn. allen) 3 lbs. copper ) SUL p hale emer men OS arenes |3 Ibs. 3 lbs. lime J SUM TTT OC) OMeen (re tester enees eek ons pills enter Plz setae, a AAunavereele ta] figredsl see e009 | Seta ereteyeve * The third application of ‘‘Sulfocide’’ was 3-16 gallon to 50 gallons water. { Boiled with a constant volume of 10 gallons water and used at same dilution as com- mercial concentrates. TIME OF APPLICATION. Owing to the nature of the experiment, a hand pump ee was used. ‘The applications, made with Mistry Jr. nozzle were exceedingly careful and thorough, and occurred on ie following dates: Ist. When fruit buds began to show pink, May 13 to 16. Pideeeweter the petals fell, June 7 to 9. Bode july 15 to 18.” * * Bonns, W. W. loc. cit. pp. 53-55. 4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. Weather conditions at the time of the first and last applica- tions were favorable and remained so for some time thereafter. The second application was made during a period of extremely unsettled weather, with conditions most favorable for the pro- duction of spray injury, according to previous experiences with bordeaux. Showers were frequent and changes in temperature, humidity and sunshine intensity were great and sudden. RESULTS. In the course of the season, observations showed that injury to fruit and foliage occurred in varying degrees on all sprayed plots. On all the lime sulphur plots such injuries were negli- gible for practical purposes, compared with the markedly thrifty condition of the leaves and the fine appearance of the fruit. An unusual form of injury at the calyx or “bloom” end of the fruit was also noted and was ascribed to the lead arsenate in combination with the lime-sulphur solution. This, with the one exception to be noted, was also small enough in amount to be an unimportant factor. Only one of the proprietary sprays (advertised as a soluble sulphur and not a lime-sulphur solution), did very severe dam- age to leaves and fruit, and proved to be the one instance where injury was caused by each application. No differences great enough to indicate superiority were found among the several commercial lime-sulphur preparations, nor between them and the boiled home made solution. The in- tensified self-boiled mixture proved less effective as a fungicide. The concentrated lime-sulphur sprays in general showed su- periority over bordeaux mixture in regard to the absence of fruit and foliage injury and effectiveness in fungus control. The sole exception in the latter respect was the home boiled solution, and the slight difference here can be accounted for on other grounds. The conclusions drawn from this year’s results were pro- foundly affected by some unknown factor, generally ascribed to the weather, which produced severe russeting and malforma- tion of fruit on the unsprayed trees. Nevertheless, after taking this into account, the results tended to show the advantages of lime-sulphur sprays, commercial or home made, over bordeaux in a season which put all spray materials to a severe test. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 5 The insecticidal value of lead arsenate was found to be un- diminished when combined with lime-sulphur sprays. The following table gives the results of inspecting all the fruit. Each plot was examined for the scab fungus, (Venturia Pomi (Fr.) Wint.), which was the only one seen on the trees in this experiment; for insect injury indicated by curculio stings or wormy fruit; for calyx injury and for fruit deformity ‘caused either by natural agencies, spraying, or these factors combined. TABLE 2. > iol x ‘4 » ~ » ~ » TREATMENT. 2S S ga 52 5 > 8 3 ae SS 5 3 jo, | 2 es ° Oo =) og e phe) Be lees) sa | es | sa) 58 Ay ATA) 26 |aFa) aa] ao | BO ae ee | i i : ii@heckeaWmsprayed rss dss os. ||) 3,102) 58.34) 465) 196 ian oe. 13.79 2|Niagara Lime-sulphur.......... 34 | 7,736) 92.70) 7.29) 2.22) 1.75) 0.63 3|/Bowker Lime-sulphur.......... 34 5 ,040) 98.33) 6.66) 3.57) 1.07) 1.54 4\Sterling Lime-sulphur.......... 31 | 7,765) 89.96) 10.03) 1.37) 0.06) 0.81 5|Grasselli Lime-sulphur..........| 33 | 9,563) 88.53) 11.46) 1.81) 3.21) 0.53 6|Blanchard Lime-sulphur........ 32 7,699) 91.08} 8.91); 1.64) 0.61) 1.02 MErabtee SUItOCIMer it. sera ccs - | 40 3 660) 94.42) 5.57 44.397 0.16 8|Intensified Self Boiled Lime- | | STAM POLNUT MR eae ieirs Se ee Betieliatey sock PES sol see | 3,181} 84.59) 15.40) 2.13) 1.03) 1.03 9|Boiled Lime-sulohur............| 31 | 6 ,551| Sone Delany ele oil OO 9 melee: TOWBordeams4—4—50% 05 ck. e sess | een. ee He GIS) BCPA KG}, 710) Bo ooo a = Valk foil MUNBOLGealtxG—S—O0), oo. c ce ca ee |e ne on Sy PANS) | ts1a ROH! WZERORI| | tag 7AS)/ 55 oo 1.97 PA Check wUmMsSprayed! 5 fh... ce eee ele 6,092) 59.24) 40.75) 2.47)...... FBS) ~ * On sprayed plots 50 per cent. of respective amounts so slightly scabbed as to have fair market value. =- + Deformity and calyx injury sufficiently coincident to combine in one count. ' On sprayed plots practically all fruit under this heading (except Plots 1 and 12), was aajtited by the curculio and not by the codling moth. The latter was thoroughly con- trolled. In planning the experiment for 1911, consideration was given not only to the problems arising from the preceding results at Highmoor, but also to the facts elicited and the ques- tions arising from the recent work of other experiments in this field. In the course of a number of spraying exper:ments con- ducted in several sections of the country, the use of arsenate of lead alone as a spray material gave results worthy of note. It appeared from the work of Taylor * and Waite ** that * Taylor, E. P. “Spraying Peaches for Brown Rot.” Western Fruit Grower, Oct. 1909, pp. 20-21 and Feb. 1910, pp. 16-18. ; ** Waite, M. B., “Experiments on the Apple with Some New and Little-Known Fungicides.” U. S. D. A., Bur. Plant Industry. Circular £8 (1910). 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SATION. -IQ12. lead arsenate had some fungicidal properties, or at least was capable of inhibiting fungus attack. Taylor came to this con- clusion from work done in Missouri peach orchards where the curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst) and the brown rot. (Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) Schroet.) were very pernicious. In this instance the control of the rot is largely creJited as indirectly due to the insecticidal action of the spray in warding off the insect whose fruit punctures form sources of infection by the fungus. In another instance, however, reference is made to the absence of peach scab following the use of lead arsenate, and this is ascribed to its probable fungicidal prop- erties. 5 In Waite’s experiments in Virginia with apples, however, the action of lead arsenate is specifically recognized as fungicidal. Discussing the results obtained on the lead arsenate plot, the author states: “This spray gave excellent results, not only in its absence of injurious effects on the foliage and fruit but in DUCVEM EMO TTTAOLS PCUSeASeS is. aeeeet ar ere encom Further- more, the spraying seemed to protect the fruits from the fly- speck, the smut fungus, and the fruit spots, just:as in the case of the other mixtures.” * He concluded that “this insecticide seemed to possess con- siderable fungicidal value, though probably not enough to be depended upon for general use.” Wallace et al.** have also made extensive field and laboratory stud-es of the fungicidal value of spray mixtures, and :ncluded therein a test of the efficiency of lead arsenate diluted to spray- ing density, uncombined with other solutions. When so used it was found to reduce apple scab considerably. and in mild cases to control it fairly well. Better percentages of control were obta:ned under field conditions than in the laboratory studies, and in both kinds of tests the addition of lead arsenate to lime-sulphur solutions increased the fungicidal value of the latter. Such increase is regarded by Wallace as due more to * Waite, IM. BiMGe:ccity py 12: ** Wallace, E., Blodgett, F. M., and Hessler, L. R. “Studies: of the Fungicidal Value of Lime-Sulfur Preparations,” N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 290 (1911). (Note—The author does not indicate in his report the specific organ- isms thus controlled. The lead arsenate in question was used at the dilution of 2 lbs. to 50 gallons.) ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 7 the changes resulting from the chemical combination of the two substances than to the simple addition of the arsemate. In connection with the above experiment Wallace advances a theory accounting for the fungicidal action of the arsenate.. He suggests that such action may be due largely to physical rather than chemical causes. Assuming that the leaf has been well sprayed and is thoroughly coated with a thin layer of in- soluble arsenate, it would be possible for fungus spores to germinate in water on the leaf above this layer and still pre- vent the peretration of the germ tubes. This protective action might be reduced with the growth of the leaf, when the newer surfaces would be unprotected and the chances of infection greater. On this hypothesis reliance must be placed on a spray mate- rial actually preventing spore germination, rather than on one merely presenting obstacles to germ tube penetration. Other facts elicited by the work in question were the changes wrought in lime-sulphur used alone or with lead arsenate, in the presence of carbonic acid. This chemical compound is injected into the problem when the carbonic acid gas sprayer is used. It was found that under such conditions the soluble sul- phur was precipitated before its application, but the resulting products were no less effective than the solutions applied by means. other than the gas sprayer, after changes produced in them by exposure to the air had occurred. This appeared to. be true irrespective of the use of the gas sprayer with lime- sulphur alone, or combined with lead arsenate. It was ob- served, however, that with the use of the gas sprayer in apply- ing the two materials combined, arose the tendency to produce foliage injury, especially to the susceptible leaves of the peach. For the past two years the work at Highmoor in spraying experiments has of necessity been confined to trees of fairly uniform condition, bearing a reasonable crop. These condi- tions have limited the work to the Ben Davis variety. Although other standard kinds are growing in the Highmoor orchards they were either scattered in a way poorly adapted to experi- mental work, or their poor condition rendered them unsuitable material. It was therefore considered very desirable that trials along lines similar to those being conducted in the Station erchard should also be made on other varieties in other or- 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. chards. Cooperative work under the supervision of the Station horticulturist was therefore begun in three orchards in the near- by town of Greene, owned by Messrs. H. Philbrook, J. Coburn and H. Keyser respectively. The writer wishes at this time to express his appreciation of the interest shown and the aid fur- nished by these gentlemen. A discussion of the work and results obtained in the Greene orchards will be made separate ~ from the work at Highmoor. It is a well recognized fact that in using the lime-sulphur preparations instead of bordeaux mixture in orchard spraying we are substituting for a spray that at the time of application is insoluble, one that is soluble and more or less caustic in nature, according to the strength of the solution. The basis, therefore, for the proper use of lime-sulphur sprays has been the determination of the strength of the stock solution, and its dilution for use according to its density. Simple instruments | for this purpose and dilution tables graded for a scale of den- sities have been, and still are the only safe means of using lime-sulphur as a summer spray which, so far as known, wiil insure both fungicidal effectiveness and freedom from spray injury. Nevertheless it is a matter of practical interest and impor- tance to determine what may be the limits of dilution for a specific density, in regard to injury and to efficiency; in other words, can a solution of a known density be safely used at a reasonably greater strength than that indicated by its place in the dilution table, or can it be diluted beyond the amount indi- cated in the table, and still be an effective fungicide? EXPERIMENTS AT HIGHMOOR FARM, tort. The experiment for this year, therefore, in addition to se- curing further comparative notes on the effectiveness of lime- sulphur and bordeaux mixture, aimed at the accumulation of data bearing on the points discussed above. Both the lime-sulphur and the bordeaux preparations were home made. ‘The latter was of 3-3-50 strength and the lime- sulphur was made according to the boiled stock solution for- mula.* A reliable commercial brand of lead arsenate was used throughout. _* Explanation of bordeaux 3-3-50 and directions for making and diluting concentrated lime-sulphur solutions are given in the Appendix. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS ILI. Yy The home made lime sulphur concentrate registered 27 de- grees Beaume density. This, according to Van Slyke et al.* should be used at a summer strength of 1 gallon to 29.5 gal- lons of water, or 1.69 gallons of concentrate for 50 gallons of spray. In the Highmoor experiment, therefore, 1 2-2 gallons was used upon the block to be sprayed with the recommended “standard” dilution. Two other blocks of equal size were sprayed with the same concentrate at dilutions of 2 gallons to 50 and 1 1-4 gallons to 50 respectively, or 20 percent stronger and 25 percent weaker,-respectively, than the standard given accorcing to the dilution tabie.** The remaining portions of the experimental plot were di- vided into three parts. Two of these were treated simply with arsenate of lead, at 2 and 4 pounds to 50 gallons of water, respectively; the other was sprayed with the 3-3-50 bordeaux mixture plus 2 lbs. of lead arsenate. The lime-sulphur solu- tions also included 2 lbs. of arsenate to 50 gallons of spray. All applications on all divisions of the plot were made with the Niagara carbonic acid gas sprayer. The same block of Ben Davis trees used in 1910 served for the work under discussion. It was divided and treated as indi- cated in the following figure. PLAN OF EXPERIMENT. | | oo OY O @ © OO} © Oxo O Oo | OO © 0 O ©) O O} @ o 02); 0 © OO C200 OO OO OO O O © MO OPO OO Ww O!/O O@ @ O © OO OO OO O20 OO @ m w | 0 0;0 O OOO) 0). 0 QY O)|@ OG © © OO} © @ ORONO On ONO ® O}]O © O @ OFM} OW Oo) Oa) Oy) MOO Ko or Ov) 0) 0) ORO Om Om On TONs O20 0). 020). 0) <0) 10) 0) 1/105 10) (OF OF 0) 0) 0) 10)7 0570 A | B C D Res SE asl A. Arsenate of Lead, 4 Ibs. to 50 gallons. B. Lime-sulphur, 2 to 50 gallons, +2 lbs. lead arsenate. C. Lime-sulphur, 13 to 50 gallons, +2 Ibs. lead arsenate. D. Lime-sulphur, 1} to 50 gallons, +2 lbs. lead arsenate. E. Lead Arsenate, 2 lbs. to 50 gallons. F. Bordeaux mixture, 3-3-50 +2 lbs. lead arsenate. * Van Slyke, L. L., Bosworth, A. \W., and Hedges, C. C. “Chemical Investigation of Best Cenditions for Making the T.ime-Sulphur Wash.” N. Y. (Cereva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Brl. 320, p. 438, Tab. XI. ** The third application was made from a fresh stock solution regis- tering 24 degrees Beaumé density, and was diluted on the above plan for the three blocks. IO MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. Time oF APPLICATION. The applications were made as aforesaid with the gas spray- er dt 100) 10) L2 seins e Mnesstmesmmk Weymaaclnie was thoroughly washed out between use on each plot. Friend, Mistry Jr. and Scientific nozzles were used during the several sprayings, which vccurred on the following dates: ist. May 12 and 13. Flower buds half grown and showing pink at tips. Leaves fairly well developed. 2nd. May 30. After petals had fallen. evcl, [rulhy GF eiacl ‘2, WEATHER CONDITIONS. In regard to absence of rain or excessive humidity, the con- ditions for spraying were excellent. The season was one of exceptional drought. “No rain fell from about April 1 until May 24. On May 29, one day preceding the second applica- tion, there was a precipitation of .2 inches. On July 6, again one day preceding the last application, .24 inches of rain fell. The first rain following the first application occurred 11 days afterward; following the second, 2 days thereafter, and 7 days after the final spraying. The small amount of rain preceding the last application occurred during periods of high tempera- ture. The third application was made during two days of a week of exceptional heat; the relation of such extreme temperatures to spraying and its effect on fruit will be discussed later. The following table gives the rainfall from the beginning of the record in April to the middle of the harvest. TABLE 3. Precipitation at Highmoor Farm. April 1-October I, 1912. Date. Inches. Date. Inches. Date. Inches. Maye 2a Me. oe 7 ul yes bee oo 05 j!Aug. 28,.29)...... 65 Miao? OE recttewa tats cee 2 Wulivem Speer 26 PAT OUI wee ese seee 17 Vunierel see wepanie soe Ais Wino? 2X0) nso ole oc AS ral Se pity si Ok. cece 1.26 TMC WHD Pee See era 1 oR liye Neen min eee 05 Sepiyt Ohne 14 Tune MUS ere te 1S) Nally PE Ag oan oaks 62) N|Septey 2) .4 serene 02 DUE WAL seers (XG idialhy, Bo oan doe oc 22D Septe22. 5h eee 47 JUIMe MD ne ema 07 deh: Bll Soon aeapor 40 Septs2o)--.. 2 seins 52 dheiovey IG. 5 Ma clalnto ax stil) Alber: Oy Ag oe elec | O4R Septe2vige nee 22 VU 8 a ae 03 /0|/Anie, 100 2 Es AG el Sepia 20meennem 65 OMe 2S eevee re cree OB WANES UWOoegenen ues | 36 Siti aen Gere serene SPAR IWAN bea ilfe ye Os Crean 99 TROUD race neuen 15.14 ANOUK? BS 0 oclmoa buts il Aug se SE Te Kk ee 30 | ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS, IT. Il The maximum and minimum shade temperatures of the weeks in which the spraying was done are here given in degrees Fahrenheit, the days of application being considered as the mid- dle of the week. This will indicate the conditions immediately before and after the operations. TABLE 4. First Application, May 12, 13, 1912. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperatures May 10-16, Inclusive. May 10 Ii 12 13 14 15 16 Max. 7505) Ts 89 76 69 65 73 Min. 46 AO: nS 125 Sau es ae 51 TABLE 5. Second Application, May 30, 1912. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperaturcs May 27-June 2, Inclusive. May 27: 229 Bor sary Pumice mame Max. Sy, 83 78 Gar aa ao eV iitsiten SOAS, Wihes 2 50 - 58 Ae 50 52 TABLE 6. Third Application July 7, 8, 1912. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperatures July 4-10, Inclusive. July 4 5 G) . if 8 9 us) Max. HOR 93 99 86.5 SI 94.5 99 Min. 79 7 66 63 55 59 69 It is also desirable here to note the temperatures for the fol- lowing week of July 11-18 inclusive, given below, in the light of observations and deductions made from the experiment. TABLE 7. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperatures, July II-17, 1912, Inclusive. July iit | WZ 12) 14 15 16 Vee. o7 Gasol we oz e8 79 56 Min. Fe 70 Olese mace 58 o7 62 {2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. The humidity records, owing to inaccuracies in ‘the self- recording hygrograph, are omitted. The precipitation and term- perature tables given above, when considered in relation to the dates of spray application, will show that atmospheric humid- ity may be considered a negligible factor. No dew formed in the night following the extremely hot days above recorded, so no consideration of lens action of in- tense light through drops of water need be included in a later discussion of fruit injury. RESULTS. Effect on Foliage. No injury whatever was noted on any of the trees in plots A to E, inclusive. The foliage, despite the unusually hot sum- mer, coupled with insufficient rain, was most thrifty in all respects. Especially noticeable was the growth not onlv of the foliage as a mass, but of the size of the individual leaves. Evidently neither the strength of spray applied nor the existing conditions at time of application affected the foliage of these plots in any perceptible way. In this connection it may be said that three or four trees in a row of about 20 Baldwins on the farm showed a moderate amount of leaf scorch. ‘These trees were sprayed with the same solution and at the same strength as block C in the ex- periment,—i. e. in dilution table proportions. The injury was mostly marginal, scattered and in no way serious. The re- mainder of this variety in this row showed no evidence of hay- ing been affected. Considering that the Baldwin is regarded as less susceptible to foliage spray injury than the Ben Davis of the experimental plot, and that stronger applications did not affect the foliage of the latter variety in any way, the injury to the few Baldwins in question may be accounted for on the ground of individual susceptibility. In plot F distinctly different results appeared. No spots that could be reasonably ascribed to bordeaux injury were in evidence up to the end of the second week in June. At that time the characteristic circular dead areas began to become noticeable * and increased very gradually throughout the sea- * See Fig. 47, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 180. ‘i ‘ ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 13. son up to the middle of July. By August 11 the leaf injury on this plot, although by no means comparable with that of the preceding year, was still considerable in amount, and some yel- ‘lowing and leaf fall had already occurred. The occurrence and development of this leaf injury when viewed in relation to Table 3 clearly shows the well estab- lished connection between bordeaux injury and rainy weather. Effect on Fruit. On June 1, about.two weeks after the second application,. several of the small fruits on trees in plot B appeared distinctly russeted. None were found at that time in plots A, C, D, and EK. In plot F very early stages of bordeaux injury flecks were beginning. to show. Following the rains of the first two weeks in June there appeared to be evidence of a slight increase in russeting in all plots. Here again none of this was sufficient in amount to be a serious matter from the commercial standpoint, even in a large orchard, as the data will show. A few rare instances occurred in all the plots where the apples were not only rus- seted, but the russeted surfaces were grotesquely distorted with irregular, corrugated and warty projections. So far as such malformations are concerned, it may be said that in no con- ceivable way can they be reasonably made to appear related to spray injury. Such malformation was entirely different in appearance from that accompanying the russeted fruit on the trees sprayed with lime-sulphur' in the preceding year’s work. As might be expected, the injury to fruit of plot F increased with the rainfall of the two months preceding harvest. The injury this year, however, was characterized less by the well known bordeaux russeting than by an increased amount of the earlier stages of injury, so that at picking time the fruit ap- peared to be either well. mottled with dull brown flecks a few millimeters in diameter, or speckled with minute dots. This gave to the fruit a general soiled, dull brown hue. The coloring of the fruit from this plot, aside from the effect just noted, was far below that of the apples on any of the others. This is noteworthy in view of the fact that the seasonal conditions were such that apples everywhere in this State, regardless of treatment or lack thereof, were of especi2'- ty fine color. 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. The fruit of the other experimental plots, benefited by the rains of later summer and the prolonged periods of sunshine, grew to unusual size for the variety and was of exceptionally high quality and color. The harvest occurred the third week in September. In examining the fruits of all these plots it was found im- practicable, on account of the presence of a crop far beyond the anticipated yield, together with lack of storage facilities, to set aside and examine individually each fruit from the entire experiment. The three smaller plots were examined in full. Of the three large plots B, C and D, one-half the number of barrels from each was selected at random, and thoroughly examined for the points indicated in the following table. it will be seen that the number counted in these three plots is roughly 50 percent of the totals and is a reliable index of the general run in each plot. Insect Injury. Under the column “stung” are included apples stung by the curculio and fruits affected by some factor which caused isolated wart-like developments, sometimes rus- seted and sometimes entirely smooth. ‘The cause of this de- formity is not known,—at least it has not yet been proved to be of insect origin. ‘There also exists the possibility that some of the stings and “dimples” produced are the work of the tar- nished plant bug (Lygus pratensis), or some insects similarly affecting the fruit; but as no definite data regarding the pres- ence of these insects in the orchards is available, all such de- formed fruits. have been included in the column for wormy apples. In connection with this it may be stated that at High- moor the curculio-injured apples constituted not more than half of the respective percents in the column. ‘Thorough cultivation is proving highly effective in reducing the injury from these beetles. Gee Leaf and bud eating insects were not numerous after the first application in any of the orchards, being well controlled by the arsenate of lead. The browntail moth (Huproctis chrysorrhea), became much in evidence during the summer, but so far has done no damage in the orchard worthy of note. The tent-caterpillar (Clislocampa americana) was very preva- lent in the vicinity of Highmoor and did great damage to ad- jacent property, but none to the Station orchards. Fig. 4 Calyx injury on Ben Davis ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 15 Of the small number of fruits classed as “wormy” practi- cally none from the experimental plots were affected by the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). The fruit so recorded had the appearance of having been attacked from the outside by some insect, but the injury itself was not sufficiently charac- teristic to enable the Station entomologists to determine thie cause, sitice no insect was caught at work. These “worm holes” were in the nature of feeding punctures,—small, round perforations of the skin about the size of a pin head. The in- jury was little more than skin deep; no great cavity had been eaten beneath the skin. There was no trace of insect life in such apples when examined, and little that is definite can be stated regarding the cause of this trouble. ‘Thus far it is, as indicated in the table, of very slight importance. In regard to codling moth in all the orchards at Highmoor it may be stated that of the large crop of 2450 barrels not enough fruit attacked by this insect was found to fill 2 barrels. Fungus Control. It will also be noted that apple scab was found on but one of all the fruits examined. A conservative estimate places the amount of scabby fruit in the Highmoor crop of 1911 at less than 500 fruits out of the crop previously mentioned. The chief cause for the absence of fungi will be discussed later. Sunscaid.* An unusual factor in the growing season of IQII was the intense heat wave lasting from July 4 to 13 (sée tables 6 and 7), coupled with clear skies and intense sunlight. As a result of these almost phenomenal conditions, fruit was sun- burned or scalded on the trees. ‘The surfaces affected, in tine case of small green Baldwin apples at Highmoor, turned a light tan brown; the epidermis became wilted and wrinkled (Figs. 1 and 2), and the tissues below discolored and shriveled (Fig. 3). On Ben Davis and Greening fruit less wilting or shrinking of skin and softening of tissues was observed in early stages. The first indication of injury was a yellowish brown wash sometimes tinged with’ red, of fairly well defined area, although the margin was not in every case definite (Fig. 7). Later in the season the color of such areas took on a darker, blackened hue with more definite outline, and as the expansion due to * This term is not to be confused with a winter injury of the same name affecting trunk and limbs. 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q1[2. growth of the adjacent healthy tissue continued, it ultimately tore apart the dead areas and prominent splits or clefts ap- peared (Figs. 5 and 6). The discussion of sunscald and spraying is considered later. The table on page 17 gives the data according to the respect- ive observations. DISCUSSION. Calyx Injury. Only one instance of the calyx injury ob- served quite generally in last year’s plots was found the past summer. This was seen in a few fruits of one or two Ben Davis trees belonging to another experiment, and which are and have been in sod for an unknown period. In this soil en- vironment they have been naturally quite unthrifty, with poor and small amount of foliage. Their fruits in I9Q1I were re- markable for small size. Fully fifty percent were no larger than the larger crab varieties. (Fig. 4). The fact that such injury was confined to these few unthrifty trees, whereas none whatever was to be seen during the season on several thousand trees of the same variety in vigorous con- dition; and the further fact that the trees showing such injury last year were in that year experiencing their first season of renovation, and were to a large degree bearing good fruit in 1910 more in spite of preceding neglect than as the result of any direct response to that year’s treatment, raises the question whether or not such calyx injury was not indirectly due as much to the lack of vigor as indicated by the tissues of the fruit, as to the caustic action of the spray. In a discussion of this calyx injury in an earlier publication * the writer attributed it largely to chemical reaction between the lead arsenate and lime-sulphur when combined. It has been found that such combination tends to release arsenic in soluble form, and this would in itself furnish the grounds for an ex- planation of such injury. The fact, however, that the same spray materials were used this year, would present the same conditions, so far as forma- tion of soluble arsenic is concerned. Furthermore, on the basis of Wallace’s results, previously mentioned, we might expect a more serious injury when lime-sulphur and lead arsenate were *Buk 1890, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. (1911). Fig. 5 Sunscald on Greening. Sprayed once, before buds opened. Fig. 6 Sunscald on unsprayed Ben Davis. U7) ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 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IQ12. applied with the carbonic acid gas sprayer, as in the work of the past season. On the contrary, no such effect was noted at Highmoor or in one of the cooperative experiments where a like sprayer and the same ingredients were used. In the present state of knowl- edge we may therefore admit the possible presence of soluble arsenic in the lme-sulphur-lead arsenate combination and still suggest as a plausible explanation of calyx or similar injuries the strength of such soluble arsenic in relation to the health of the tree, as indicated by its physiological resistance expressed in the apple tissues at time of spraying. ° Effectiveness in Fungus Control. No conclusions can prop- erly be made from this season’s work, either in regard to the relative effectiveness of the several lime-sulphur sprays in various dilutions or the comparative efficiency of them and bordeaux mixture. The cause of this is the unusually hot, dry summer, preceded by a very warm dry spring. Under condi- tions such as these the spores of fungi parasitic to the apple could neither germinate to any degree nor make much growth after germination. This is shown by the presence of only one scabby apple in the entire experiment. For the fruit grower such a season adverse to the dissemina- tion and propagation of fungi is a great boon. To the worker in experiments with fungicides the contrary is true, for with- out the presence of parasites in considerable amount the experi- ment fails utterly in this respect. Fungicidal Efficiency of Lead Arsenate. ‘The explanation just given holds here for lack of data on this point. Work of this nature must be repeated until a sufficient number of sea- sons with conditions favorable for the accumulation of experi- mental data have passed. In this respect the work of 1911 well demonstrates the futility of making well defined deductions from the results of one or a few years’ work. Relation of Russeting to Lime-Sulphur. Nothing in the results of this year indicates any relation between the small amount of russeting found on the several plots and the nature of the spray applied. The table of results shows that the plot sprayed with lime-sulphur at dilution-table strength yielded practically the same percent of russeted apples as the plot sprayed with a strength 20 percent stronger than the table Fig. 7 Sunscald on Ben Davis, showing relation of sunscald to exposure. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. Igy recommends. Again, arsenate of lead used at the rate of 2 Ibs. to 50 gals. yielded double the percentage of russeted apples when compared with the plot sprayed with 4 lbs. to 50 gals. A fair percent of the russeted apples in the several plots, with the exception of plot F, were affected to a degree no greater than is frequently found on unsprayed trees. We are here again confronted with the question of physical and natural causes vs. chemical ones in attempting a solution of this ques- tion of russeting. This point will again be referred to. Lime-Sulphur Plus Lead Arsenate Applied with the Gas Sprayer. If any conclusions might legitimately be drawn from the results obtained this year it would appear that the effect of carbonic acid gas upon the spray was, when the latter was applied in fair weather, entirely negligible. Fortunately this is not a critical question, as it seems that the gas sprayer for sev- eral reasons is being increasingly supplanted by other power machines. Sunscald. ‘That the injury so designated was in reality a scald produced by sunlight, there is no room for doubt. In the first place, it was, with practically no exceptions, found only on fruit upon the south and southern sides of the trees, and in general only where such fruit because of its relation to adja- cent foliage was directly exposed to the sun. (Fig 7). Second- ly, the injury on such apples was always confined to the sur- faces exposed to light at the hottest periods of the day. As previously stated, no lens action of intense sunlight through drops of dew can here account for any such injury, owing as aforesaid to the absence of dew formation at this period and to the great areas of the injured surfaces. Relation of Spraying to Heat. Did spraying during this season bear any relation to the primary nature of the injury? This question is readily ‘disposed of. Fruit on trees that have never been sprayed exhibited the characteristic burned surfaces. Trees on Highmoor Farm that received only the first applica- tion showed no injury to fruit until after the hot weather, when typical sunscald was found. Did spraying affect the extent or degree of injury? This seems to be a debatable point. In order to obtain the views of 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. other observers, the writer sent a circular letter to Station botanists, horticulturists or pathologists of the several apple growing states that had been subjected to the heat wave of July. Practically every reply confirmed the Maine experience in regard to the injury, its relation to the side of tree and fruit exposure, and all were unanimous in crediting the injury to sun and heat. Some also included drought as a factor. In regard, however, to the relation of spraying to sunscald of fruit, these observers are of divided opinion. Of 12 replies 8 state that spraying during the heated term increased the de- gree of damage. The others consider the injury due to sunburn pure and simple. The writer inclines to the belief of the majority of his cor- respondents, to the extent that spraying during the hot weather appeared to imcrease the severity where injured areas were present before this last spray was applicd. Whether or not the chemical nature of the spray has any influence in raising the degree of injury produced is still an open question. As the data for 1911 shows, the amount of scald varied directly with the strength of lime-sulphur spray used. On the other hand the injury on the lead arsenate plots, although considerably less in amount, was qualitatively equally serious, as Figs. 8 and 9 indicate. Unsprayed trees suffered no greater injury than shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The distinguishing characteristics of spray injury as separate from sunscald, given by one of the aforementioned correspond- ‘ents who attributes the injury of the past season entirely to sunscald, tends to confirm our opinion as just stated. His statement is as follows: “The sunscald with us (fruit of apple), appeared as discol- ored sunken spots or maculations with a sharply defined mar- gin. In the case of spray injury the tissues are never sunken, nor is the margin well defined, and the epidermis is scurfy, not smooth as in the case of sunscald. The epidermal tissues are brown and the discoloration more marked immediately beneath the epidermis in the case of sunscald, but in the case of spray injury they present no abnormal appearance.” An examination of Figs. 5 and 6 and Figs. 10 and 11 will lead ~ one to conclude that if such distinctions hold, we have in the il- lustrations just referred to, sunscald as evidenced by the discol- ored, more or less sunken spots with rather well defined mar- Figs. 8and 9 Ben Davis, sprayed with arsenate of lead. Injury confined to sunscalded areas. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 21 gins; in addition, the epidermis is scurfy, which, according to our correspondent, is a sure sign of spray injury. Further- more, our observations in 1910 as well as in the past season showed that the tissues beneath the epidermis became discolored and depressed as well from spray injury alone as from che sun- scald of the past summer. In comparing the amount of scald on trees sprayed with lime-sulphur and bordeaux mixture, it is seen that the percent of injury in the latter plots is very small indeed. ‘This is in accord with the consensus of observation of other men. In short, while lime-sulphur ‘inflicted a very moderate percent of damage in connection with the sunscald, bordeaux seemed to effect far less; and the same holds true for lead arsenate when used alone. The degrce of injury, however, was as severe on the two last named as on the lime-sulphur plots. The most feasible explanation of the past season’s fruit injury (except, of course, the well known bordeaux injury) 1s, in the writer’s opinion, that which regards the spray as an injury producer only on those tissues already affected by sun- scald. ‘This may be accounted for, according to the results at Highmoor Farm and at Greene, by the fact that on trees sub- jected to the first application only, (Fig. 5) and on unsprayed trees observed elsewhere, (Fig. 6) the injury, while sufficient to throw the fruit out of market class, was nevertheless much less accentuated than the scalded spots on fruit sprayed during the extreme heat. The chief point to be emphasized is, that the excessive injury upon the sprayed fruit was distinctly confined to the previously or contemporaneously sunscalded areas. Figs. 10 and 11 show two extremes of injury on sunscalded apples from the lime- sulphur plots, selected from a series of photographs showing gradations in order of severity. Figs. 8 and 9 illustrate similar injury on fruit sprayed with lead arsenate alone. COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS AT GREENE. The Philbrook Orchard. This is a Baldwin orchard pastured to sheep. The trees are fairly high headed, and give evidence of being in tolerably good condition. Judicious pruning might well be carried out here, for some of the trees had too much growth in the center of their tons. 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. The material used was supplied by the Station and consisted of the lime-sulphur concentrate and arsenate of lead used in the first two sprayings at Highmoor. It was, therefore, used at the same dilution as in plot C (p. 9). This also holds true for the other experimental plots in Greene. The first application on May 16 occurred before blossoming, although closer to that period than would generally be recom- mended. ‘Two or three days earlier would have been more seasonable, had conditions permitted. No damage, howeve1, resulted to the buds just ready to open. The second applica- tion was on May 31 and the third on June 16. The spraying in this experiment could not be carried on under circumstances approaching ideal conditions. Power was obtained from the ordinary hand-pump barrel sprayer, and the short spray rods and hose did not permit easy access to the large trees or allow such effective work as was desired. Results. No spray injury was noted in this orchard at any time during the season. ‘The same conditions that made for healthy foliage and clean fruit at Highmoor obtaineu here. Some slight insect injury was noted, and this was more severe on the unsprayed than on the sprayed trees. On the former browntails were decidedly in evidence. A very slight amount of scalded fruit was first noted on August 30. This orchard, as well as the next one to be con- sidered, was markedly free from this injury. This is doubtless due to the fact that the tops were fairly dense and the fruit well protected from the sun. The data for this orchard was taken under handicaps; no assistance was available to the writer, owing to the great scar- city of labor at this particular time. In view of this fact, and of the absence of scab and sunscald, coupled. with the limited amount of time, indicative rather than exact data had to be taken. For this over 2000 apples from the sprayed plot and an almost equal number from the unsprayed trees were selected at random from different parts of the barrels. These were examined solely for insect injury. The results as given in the combined tables for the codpera- tive work (p. 25) will show a ratio of sprayed to unsprayed fruit of 9 to 24 percent respectively. The percent of the sprayed fruit is higher than need be, even considering the pos- Fig. 10 Ben Davis ; sunscald, followed by lime-sulphur spray. Initial stage. Fig. 11 Ben Davis. Similar injury of greater degree. | ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 23 sible errors in methods of examination. It could doubtless have been reduced two-thirds with adequate equipment and more open growth of tree. The Coburn Orchard. Here were selected 12 scattered trees of four varieties,—-4 ‘McIntosh, 3 Baldwin, 3 Greening and 2 Ben Davis. With the exception of 2 McIntosh trees standing in the corner of an oat field, the trees were in sod. The applications here also were made with a hand pump, but with longer leads of hose and longer spray rods than in the case aforementioned. ‘The barrel was mounted on a stone boat, which allowed a closer approach to the trees, and the applica- tions were in consequence somewhat more satisfactory than in the Philbrook plot. The application before petal fall had to be omitted here, as the period of bloom was too near at hand to warrant risk of injury to the flowers. The first application, therefore, was after petal fall, on May 31. The second and last was on June 16. . Results. No spray injury to foliage or fruit was observed during several inspections throughout the season. A very moderate amount of sunscald was noted on Baldwin and Green-- ing apples and considerably less on McIntosh and Ben Davis. On August 30 the fruit in general was excellent in appear- ance ; foliage likewise, except that there was increasing evidence of the blister mite (Eriophyes sp.). On one or two fruits of McIntosh, an exceptionally susceptible variety, scab was noted in small amount. The Keyser Orchard. | Twenty-four vigorous bearing trees in two rows of 12 trees each were here selected, consisting of 19 Baldwins, 3 Green- ings, and 2 Ben Davis. The aisle between these rows had been used as a garden and cultivated for 7 years; the bounding aisles had been cultivated every other year during the same period -and seeded to clover. The year of the experiment the entire block was plowed about June 1 and cultivated up to July 6. The first application occurred on May 31, as here also the early spraying before buds opened had to be omitted. Both this application, as well.as the last on July 21 were made with 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. the Niagara carbonic acid gas sprayer and were very thorough in every respect. The weather during these and all other applications in the Greene orchards was favorable. As the town is only 6 miles from Highmoor, the conditions described for the latter locality will apply fairly well for the cooperative work. Results. By July 21 considerable sunscald had been pro- duced. This was common to all trees, irrespective of the nature of the spray. Aside from the 24 trees in question, the rest of Mr. Keyser’s orchards had been treated with the insoluble lead arsenate alone. Unsprayed orchards in the vicinity showed injury of similar nature and of equal amount. The foliage here, as in all other plots considered in this bulie- tin, was most excellent. Scab was practically absent and the same was true of chewing insects. No ill effect of the spray itself was found either on fruit or leaves. The adhesive power of the mixture was here, and tn all the experiments under discussion, excellent. The table on page 25 indicates the results. The same state- ment regarding the curculio-injured and the “wormy” fruits in the table of the Highmoor results (pp. 14 and 15) holds true ~ here, except that the wormy apples in the Philbrook plot con- sisted almost entirely of injury done by the codling moth and other chewing insects. In the case of both Mr. Coburn’s and Mr. Keyser’s plots the conditions allowed for a full count of all the fruit on the trees. : Discussion. The results of the three plots at Greene may be briefly considered as a whole. As at Highmoor, we have this year learned nothing regarding the efficiency of lime-sulphur as a fungicide, since the development of fungi was practically prevented by weather conditions. The use of a gas sprayer in making the applications pro- duced no injury that could in any way be ascribed to it. Where sunscald occurred, the injury was increased by later applications, irrespective of their chemical nature. No foliage injury occurred from the use of lime-sulphur and lead arsenate combined. Russeting in all these plots was so utterly insignificant :n amount as well as degree that whether the few cases were due to natural agents or to spraying is totally immaterial, so far as the production of high grade fruit is concerned. “ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. "GG osed deS pIvYIIO Sty} UIOIJ BYEp JO uoljeurldxe 10g “peyunod sejddv jo Jequinyy x AUN LEASE £5 06 cpg PoMexceuinl geo) cee ame O'S L6¥ ee eee eee er ew ewe ewe pnoovoo0 ane *peAvidg *990° é COD OOOO 67 Oo bo Moro 5 UIMp[eg ZI Pr Ono OO “yoorqyyg G0 Pol TO iz eV 6€0' T oT L6G SST |egg's F68° &G GUS e290 GG GIT T'0 9 6°€ 9LT 60 GI 9° €T |009 UL Sh terrae | alee eect einige ope WOH ON G7 TO at 60°0 Z 6°E £66 9G | 961 €°6 £69 |688" 2 ete UNM ee HOMO ID) 5] = = 60 GG VG COP 6°0 68 OTL |P66, \0€0 6 ade tee Sas rN ie UIMPl[Gd €} = = 0 v GG 8L GW | 4 9° FF |89E T |P90° & ee pec a ate SIAR Uog Z| uinqoy 10°0 9 9°0 90€ LG Oras ie | Se | 9ST T O'9T |STZ' 2 /€96' LF PG) | T8200, = = ae) 68T SG | 861 I GG GrO T 9°GI |196 ¢ TO OE a line vetmmnt enh ceehiee ceeeteaieas UIMpled 61. 10 9 GG GIL OG 18 61 $8 PSs |629'T LEENA cee ene ates needs aes SUIUIEIY) ¢) = F G0 g Zia Gé G0 Or 168 |82Z SSOmM ht ete aod sae 2) SWWAGKGT WEEE Go Toshoy - — — ! | —— - ‘quad Jag) iequinN|"}ue0 Jag| Jequinyy|"yued Jag, JequinN]|"yUe. Jaq) Jequinyy|*}ue0 Jog) Jequinyy| ‘seydde . ; jo ‘Saauy, Jo “duvHOUG, Seis nay ae i ace Sa Joquin Ny ALGIUVA GNV UoaWaAN *RAGVOG “daLassoy “KINO AA “daatvog “ONOLG ‘T161 ‘squaunsadxy aaynsadooy fo vjvq \ ‘6 WIGV I, 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. As in Table 8, the number of fruits indicated in the “Stung” column includes all apples with wart-like deformities, the cause of which is not known. The apparently numerically large number of “wormy” Bald- wins in Mr. Keyser’s plot is not so great as it appears,—being but 2 percent. Here also, as at Highmoor, very few “wormy” apples were caused by the codling moth. The same statements made regarding such fruit in the discussion of the Highmoor TEsmlts (pp. 4 ands) hold utorttaisncase- The scab on Mr. Coburn’s McIntosh apples undoubtedly de- veloped in storage during the damp weather intervening be- tween harvesting and sorting. But few infections of the fun- gus were observed on the trees and the above is the only rea- sonable explanation of its increase. CoNCLUSIONS. Regarding the several experiments as a whole, it is evident that the observations group themselves into two general divis- ions; one associated with a certain unusual, or perhaps we may say abnormal factor, distinctly associated with one seasonal period. To this factor, i. e., excessive heat, may be ascribed certain definite effects. The other observations are associated with climatic condi- tions, the effects of which can only be considered to advantage on the normal or average results of many years. One year. will vary from another in its total precipitation or in the relative times of the rainy periods, and upon such conditions the great prevalence or comparative absence of parasitic fungi may rest. Another year may be unfavorable to fungous epidemics and at the same time bring an invasion of insect pests. Again, these two groups of orchard enemies may combine forces, or on the other hand, the seasonal conditions may coincide with the presence of inhibitive factors to result in the absence of both fungus and insect injury to any practical degree. This last named condition seems to have existed during the past season. Hence there is no data of any great value for estimating the fungicidal or insecticidal value of the sprays. In the case of fruit russeting, none of the percentages from any plots are high and all are so nearly alike that no deductions are warranted. The relation of lime-sulphur injury to strength ‘ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 27 of solution is not indicated in any way. Again, if the same percent of injury can be secured from both the lime-sulphur- lead arsenate combination (plot E,), and the insoluble arsenate ised alone (plot E,); and if a double dose of arsenate (4. é., ‘4 lbs. to 50 gals.) used alone produces injury half as great as the 2 to 50 formula, it is difficult to point out any results that may well be attributed to chemical action. Furthermore, the gas sprayer cannot well be held accountable for the results on the lime-sulphur plots at Highmoor, since these are contradicted by the results in the Keyser orchard at Greene, where the nature of the application was identical. _ The following facts must also be kept in mind. The russet- ing in 1911 was in large measure no more severe than the “natural” russeting found on unsprayed trees. The weather conditions, according to past experiences, were adverse to the production of russeting; nevertheless, in a season almost ideal for the development of fine fruit, the bordeaux mixture was still able to effect a very high percent of injury (Table 8). The cause of the latter is well known to be indirectly due to meteorological factors acting upon the insoluble spray. Why may not such factors, if they are able to effect bordeaux injury in a comparatively favorable season, produce sorme damage to fruit otherwise treated? It would at least seem probable that if the sprays themselves (not including bordeaux) were pri- marily responsible, that some indication would have shown itself in the form of leaf injury on the plot treated with lime- sulphur solution 20 percent in excess of the recommended strength. In general, then, we are led to the same conclusions published in last year’s bulletin on this point,*—namely that spray iniury may be, and very likely is, due as much to a physical. factor, i. e., the application of a mist or spray to growing plant tissues under extreme, or some now undetermined, but unfavorable, meteorological conditions, as to any chemical action of the material used. Certain it is that spraying should be avoided if possible during such extreme heat as was experienced in Maine in July. 197t. Fruit growers must not be discouraged by the above state- ment into abandoning spraying operations. Granting the great- * Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 180, p. 60. 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. est amount of injury obtained under the conditions of 1911, it is seen that from the commercial standpoint the injury is alto- gether negligible in comparison with the advantages of annual crops of clean, worm-free fruit. Spray applications must, of course, be made at fairly definite, and in some instances at very definite, periods of the season. At times of unsettled weather or during very hot periods the orchardist must exer- cise his judgment with a view to applying his spray at an opportune time both in regard to making it effective and at the same time to avoid all possible ill effects that might be induced by unfavorable weather. It is unlikely that a heat wave of such severity as that of last summer will be known in Maine for many years,—perhaps decades. Hence this question of sunscald in relation to spray injury will prove to be more a matter of scientific interest than a practical obstacle to the fruit grower. It is probable that with the highest of summer temperatures common to this State experiments with the spray pump can be made which will throw some light upon the relation of physical to chemicai factors in this problem. APPENDIX. A.—EXPRESSING INGREDIENTS IN SPRAY FORMULAS. In discussing spraying experiments it is customary for au- thors to indicate the proportions of the materials used in a definite order. In general, the formulas for bordeaux mixture are given in the following order: Copper sulphate in pounds, lime in pounds, and the volume to which the ingredients are to be diluted with water, in gallons. Sometimes the amount of lead arsenate is inserted between the figure representing lime and that indicating final volume. For example: 3-3-50 bordeaux mixture means that 3 pounds copper sulphate and 3 pounds of stone lime are used 'to make a spray solution of 50 gallons. 3-3-2-50 means that 2 pounds of lead arsenate have been added to the bordeaux of the strength indicated, after said mixture has been made and is ready to be applied. A similar rule applies to the formulas for making the horne boiled concentrated stock solution of lime-sulphur. In this ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 29) case, however, authors differ in the order of stating the ingre- dient amounts. Some give sulphur in pounds, lime in pounds, and dilution volume in that order. Others reverse the order of lime and sulphur weights. In practically all cases the order of ingredients in the formula is stated by the author. Lead arsenate may be inserted in the lime-sulphur formulas as indicated in the example for bordeaux mixture. In diluting the stock solution of lime-sulphur, either for a dormant spray or for summer use, the number of gallons ees cedes the total volume of mixtures ready for use. Thus, 13-50 indicates 1# gallons of concentrate diluted with water 6 a volume of 50 gallons. . B. Directions For MAKING CONCENTRATED LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTIONS. The directions given in former publications of this Station for the preparation of the stock solution have been superseded by the more recent chemical investigations referred to in this. bulletin. The formula recommended is as follows: ‘StrOuie: Unga ae ciety oN Anas caaee oa Ne aR 40 Ibs. “SUI DIANE CAE i a GP ciate a pk a eC 80 lbs. Wiener sufficient to make...:.:.:... Bee ie 50 gals. Larger or smaller amounts can be made by multiplying or dividing respectively these quantities. The lime must be of high grade, not less than go percent pure; no lime should be used that contains more than 5 percent of magnesium oxide. The sulphur should also be high-grade, either in the form of flowers of sulphur or sulphur flour. Do not use ground brimstone. Place lime in the cooker. Make a thin paste of the sul- phur with hot water and note the amount of water so used. Slake the lime with this paste, taking care neither to drown nor burn the lime in the process. Add water sufficient to make a total of 50 gallons. Bring to the boiling point, and boil vigor- ously for 1 hour, stirring frequently. Before boiling begins the volume of liquid should be deter- mined by a measuring stick. As the mixture boils, some of the water will evaporate. It is, therefore, necessary to determine the loss at short intervals by means of the stick and to add 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. water up to the original volume. If this is attended to fre- quently the water can be added without stopping the boiling of the liquid to any extent. At the end of the hour the solution should be allowed to set- tle and should then be dipped out and strained through a fine | sieve into a barrel or other container. Its density should not be determined while hot. The surface of the liquid should be protected from the air by a layer of heavy mineral oil. By putting a spigot in the lower end of one of the staves the liquid can be drawn off from time to time, its surface will remain protected and no oil wiil go into the diluted spray. Stock solutions made and protected in this way can be put up in considerable amount in the months preceding the spraying season. } The most convenient vessel in which to make the concentrate is some form of iron stock feed cooker. Such vessels are made in various capacities. "The size of cooker to be used should have a volume somewhat greater than the amount of concentrate to be made at one boiling; that is, a 50 gallon vessel will prob- ably not hold 50 gallons of spray mixture, owing to the lime and sulphur present in addition to the volume of water. A cooker of about 35 or 60 gallons capacity should be large enough to make a stock of 25 or 50 gallons respectively. Tis process is simple and “requires but’ littl jexpementce: After one or two batches have been made, it will be found that if directions have been followed, the density of the several batches will not vary beyond a degree Beaumé, and frequentiy less. There should be the very slightest amount of sediment in the cooker after the liquid has been removed. For very extensive spray operations in large orchards the concentrate can be made in larger amounts than 50 gallons at a time. This is not recommended, however, for the average Maine fruit grower. Directions for making the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture are not given. This preparation has in practically all cases been found to have much less fungicidal value and to be far less adhesive than the boiled solution. Directions for making it may be found on pp. 385-386 of Bulletin 185 of this Station. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 31 C.—DILuTion oF Lime-SULPHUR CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS. Although fairly well understood, it is advisable to emphasize the fact that concentrated lime-sulphur sprays, commercial or home made, cannot be used with success by guess-work dilt- tions. The density of the concentrate must be determined by a hydrometer and the dilutions made according to the reading of the instrument and the dilution table. Since the publication of the dilution tables in the bulletins of this Station in recent years, additional work has been done elsewhere relating to the chemistry of the lime-sulphur com- pounds and the most economical and effective dilutions to use. The table * on p. 32 is recommended. The figures in paren- theses are the number of gallons for the respective densities, determined to the hundredth part of a gallon. The numbers in heavier type are the practical amounts to use. . In practice, then, the first step is to determine the density with the hydrometer. Knowing the density, the table shows the amount necessary per 50 gallons of spray. ‘Next, find the weight of a gallon of concentrate; then figure out the weight of the respective fraction shown in the table. The height of this latter amount of liquid can then be marked on a measuring stick. ‘This, of course, need be done only once for each stock of concentrate. For example, with a stock solution reading 31° Beaumeé, having made a measuring stick showing the height in the meas- ure of 2-5 of a gallon, it is only necessary for summer spraying to pour I 2-5 gallons of the concentrate into a mixing barrel or barrel pump of 50 gallons capacity, fill with water and stir. Greater amounts are of course made in proportion. Do not add arsenate of lead in any case until ready to apply the spray. It should be thoroughly stirred into the solution. 2 or 3 pounds to 50 gallons is considered sufficient. It should be thoroughly mixed with a few gallons of the water that go to make the total volumé of spray so that it may be in a finely divided state and pass readily through the sieve. * Based on Table XI, Bul: 329, N. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. 32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. ‘TABLE IO. Stock Solutions. Gallons of solution in 50 gallons 1A Hydrometer reading. of spray. (To be used when Gallons of solution in 50 gallons. Density of solutions | trees are not in leaf; for aphid | of spray. (Summer spray; for in degrees Beaumé. eggs and scale insects.) - | seab and other fungi.) 36 5.6 (5.55) il Gel) 35 37) (Bo 7A) 1.2 (5) 34 6.1 (6.06) Wee (1.20) 33 6.3 (6.25) 1.3 (1.25) 32 6.7 (6.66) (3) isos 31 6.9 (6.89) t4) ese) 30 7.4 (7.40) 1.5 (1.46) 29 Aad (69) 15> (552). 28 8.3 (8.33) 1.7 (1.61) 27 8.7 (8.69) 1.8 (1.79) 26 9.5 (9.52) 1.8 (1.80) 25 10.0 (10.00) 12 O59?) 24 11.1 (Lit ia) 2.1 (2.06) 23 11.8 (11.76) 2.2 (2.19) 22 (16358) (11335583) 2.4 (2.35) 21 ; 14.3 (14.28) P44h5) (2.58) 20 15.4 (15.38) 47, (Bat) 19 16.7 (16.66) 2.9 (2.94) 18 18.2 (18.18) ayl (G2) 17 20.0 (20.00) Bee) (@}58'3)) 16 2222222) 3.6 (3.57) 15 25.0 (25.00) 3.9 (8.92) BULLETIN No, 199. ORCHARD) NODES: W. W. Bonns. INTRODUCTION. From 1891 to 1907 the results of the experimental work in pomology obtained by the late Dr. W. M. Munson were for the most part published by the Station from time to time under the title “Orchard Notes.” From 1907 to 1909 the Station carried on no investigations upon orchard problems. The present accumulation of data on orchard management, together with notes of pomological inter- est, is the first publication under the old title since the re-es- tablishment of work in orcharding in 1909. The change in personnel that becomes effective April I, 1912, makes it ad- visable to publish at this time the observations of the past two years on orcharding.* Previous to 1909 the experimental work in pomology was carried on under considerable handicap. On account of soil and climatic conditions, the location of the Station at Orono is not favorable for experimental studies with the varieties of fruit grown in the apple sections of the State. Hence such work was of necessity much restricted and dependent upon the gencrosity of individuals sufficiently interested in the pomologi- cal development of the State to place part of their orchards at the disposal of the Station. *The accounts of the spraying experiments in 1910 and 1g11 have been published separately (Bulletins 189 and 108 of this Station) and no discussion thereof will herein be given. 34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQIi2. Under such conditions valuable and interesting data was obtained. At the same time it was clearly recognized that the prime requisite for the accumulation of data on orchard man- agement and for the proper attack of scientific orchard prob- lems, upon the solution of which depend the fundamental practices of pomology, was the use of land for orchards for a continuous, indefinite period. Such work could only be suc- cessfully prosecuted by this Station in the Maine apple region in orchards under State ownership. The legislative appropriation and subsequent purchase of Highmoor Farm, Monmouth, in 1909 met the necessary condi- tions in regard to ownership. The condition of the trees, how- ever, at the time the Station assumed control in the summer of that year was such that only a small part of the orchards was suitable for any real work of investigation. It was there- fore imperative that the orchards as a whole be brought into vigorous: condition before they could be regarded as proper media for experimental work. The need for restoration as a prerequisite for experimentation is obvious from a considera- tion of the orchard conditions in the fall of 19009. CoNDITION OF HIGHMOOR ORCHARDS, 1909. The orchards at Highmoor Farm, consisting originally of 5000 trees, were set out about 25 years previous to the above date. No records are available giving data upon the exact _year of planting, the number of each variety set, the replacing of the original trees or the subsequent treatment of the or- chards. The trees received indifferent, if any, treatment at times, according to the ideas of the several owners who pre- ceded the Station. Some plots were evidently fertilized oc- casionally with barnyard manure, but there is no evidence that any system of intelligent orchard management had been fol- lowed and no attempt had been made to handle the trees by up to date horticultural practices up to the time the Station came into possession. On the contrary, persistent neglect seems to have been the case for many years. The number of trees in the orchards proper in the fall of 1909 was a little over 3100, set 25 by 25 feet apart. With the exception of a small block of about two score trees near the farm buildings, which will not be considered, and a scattering ‘puey Aq poayeo -Ipur jurod 9A0qe spuayxo YJMOI [BUOSeIG “TIO ‘Ge A[n{ ‘prieyoIQ UIMpleg Ul so1y, sunoX “C1 “SI ORCHARD NOTES. 35 of odd varieties along the roads and in pasture fields, these trees were grouped in five large blocks; one consisted chiefly of Baldwin trees, another of Baldwin and Ben Davis with the admixture of a few Russet, Greening, Mann and Tolman Sweet. The remaining three divisions were practically solid blocks of Ben Davis. According to their composition these orchards are known as the Baldwin, Mixed and Ben Davis Number 1, 2, and 2 respectively. All of the orchards were at the time of purchase covered with a thick sod of witch grass. The Baldwin orchard was in the very poorest condition of all. ‘The trees averaged about 10 feet in height and 4 inches in diameter. The heads were high and scant, had very little and poor foliage, bore practically no fruit and appeared to be very badly starved. (Fig. 12) In addition to injury by borers, mice and fungi, the trees had several tires in the past been severely damaged by fires in the orchard grass. The Mixed orchard ranked nearly with the Baldwin in its unsatisfactory condition. ‘The trees were somewhat lower, with an average diameter a little greater than the Baldwin plot. The foliage was also somewhat more abundant, but the trees as a whole indicated great lack of vigor and many were beyond profitable renovation. Ben Davis No. 1 comprised the greatest number of trees in any one plot, and although in quite unsatisfactory state when the farm was purchased, was in a general condition that prom- ised response to good handling. ‘The trees were mostly well formed, quite uniform, about 15 feet high and 6 inches in diameter, excepting those of more recent planting. The foliage in 1¢09 was moderate, but not normal in amount or color and suffered a severe attack of fungus leaf spot. Ben Davis No. 2 was in by far the thriftiest stete of all the orchards. ‘The trees were well headed, averaged about 20 feet in height and about 7 inches in diameter. The foliage in 1909 was fair in amount, although not normal in appearance. ‘This orchard had in the past received more attention in the way of plowing and manuring than the others, and at one time had been used as a sheep pasture. ‘These facts account in a large measure for its superior condition. This was the plot reserved for experimental work. 36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. —IQI2. Ben Davis No. 3 gave little promise. This orchard was younger than any of the others, as the trees replaced those originally set which were destroyed by mice, fires in the orchard grass and by lack of drainage, as this was one of the few blocks where water had a tendency to stand. Nearly all the trees were small, lacked vigor, and in many cases were not well rooted. Little was to be expected from this block. The age and size of the trees varied in nearly all blocks, according as new trees supplanted those destroyed by various agencies. ‘This fact, together with the years of neglect and lack of plant food, made it difficult to more than guess at the age of the trees on the basis of size. With the exception of Ben Davis No. 2, already noted, the general condition of the trees was extremely bad. ‘The vast majority had never known a pruning knife; fully 75 percent on a general average, had been and were being injured to varying degrees by apple tree borers and girdled by field mice. ‘The damage inflicted by the latter and by insects such as the codling moth, leaf curler, case bearers, tent caterpillars and curculio was very great, and fungus parasites such as leaf spots and scab reduced the vitality of the foliage and damaged the fruit. In addition, the bark of a great number of trees was badly encrusted with growths of lichen. Aside from the injuries due to living organisms, nearly all the trees showed marked symptoms of lack of plant food. The foliage was notably scant and deficient in healthy green color. Some trees of about two inches in diameter and not over five feet high bore small unmarketable apples,—an indication that injury to the food supply channels had shortened life and abnormally hastened maturity. The continued existence of a thick grass sod had checked the tendency to deep root growth and had reduced the moisture of the soil. The trees were in consequence shallcw rooted and not equipped to withstand a season of drought to best advantage. Only one plot, Ben Davis No. 2, bore fruit to any extent in 1909, although the trees bloomed more or less abundantly in nearly all parts of the orchards. The harvest yielded but 200 barrels, of which only 90 could be packed for market. In general, then, it may be said that the orchards at the time they came under Station control were in notably bad condition. ORCHARD NOTES. ey Some trees were damaged beyond hope of repair. Others were in doubtful shape, indicating but a chance of response to good treatment. The rest, so far as surface indications war- ranted, were capable of being brought into thrifty profitable condition by proper methods of orchard renovation. Table 11 indicates the condition in the several plots. i MATRILIS. Et, Survey of Orchards, September 19090. Toran NUMBER IN Number To BE REMOVED. Poor ConpDITION. Puor. Acres.* of \ trees. z Number. | Per cent. | Number. | Per cent. IBalciwarivi cc. 2. 6.4 447 149 BS} 083 276 Gla PMc ites trata os Tene 514 105 20.4 304 59.1 Ben Davis, No. 1 | 17.8 Zoo 152 12.3 230 18.6 Ben Davis, No. 2.| 7.6 529 By 7.9 71 13.4 Ben Davis, No. 3.| 6.0 418 156 37.5 244 58.3 Mota sw 45.2 3,141 | 599 19.0 iL aS 35.8 * Acreage estimated’on basis of trees existing and not on actual area covered by orchard. The survey on which the above table is based was made in the fall of the year. Little could be done in the months that preceded in the way of renovation work, as the farm did not come into Station control until midsummer. Nevertheless an attempt was made to check the ravages of insects and fungi by Spraying with bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate. About the last of June the trees received a moderate application of chemical fertilizer containing the three necessary elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre. Apparently the witch grass received all the benefit from this, judging by its thrifty condition in September of that year. The trees had to all appearances profited nothing. In the fall of this year (1909) the orchards received their first pruning. The immense amount of intertwined growth that formed the tops of the trees made necessary a plan of pruning somewhat different than is uusually conducted annually in an orchard in thrifty condition. Had all the wood been removed that season that was necessary for the proper shaping and thinning out of each tree, the result would have been a stimulus 38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. to wood growth that would doubtless have delayed the produc- tion of fruit for several years. It was, therefore, decided to extend over a period of at least three seasons pruning that might properly have been done at that time, thus gradually shaping the trees to the desired form and at the same time allowing greater opportunity for the formation of fruit buds by avoiding undue vegetative stimulus. RENOVATION WoRK IQIO-I1. It was not until the spring of 1910 that general renovation work was started. This included thorough cultivation from early spring until the end of July, the application at plowing time of lime at the rate of 1ooo lbs. per acre, followed shortly thereafter by 1500 lbs. per acre of high grade complete chemical fertilizer of 3.3-10-7 formula.* Applications of insecticides and fungicides in the form of lead arsenate and bordeaux mixture were made at the proper times. At the close of culti- vation cover crops of vetch or rye were sown, except in one orchard where weeds were allowed to form the winter cover. Twice during this season each tree was carefully examined for borers. Notable improvement was shown as the result of the first year’s work. The large Ben Davis No. 1 showed marked response to treatment and gave promise of good fruit produc- tion the next season. Ben Davis No. 2 was as a whole in good condition and superior to all other blocks. Ben Davis No. 3 showed a scattering of thrifty trees; the remainder were removed, as their size, condition and lack of response to treat- ment rendered them useless for any future experimental work. For the same reasons it was necessary to remove the orchard of mixed varieties almost in its entirety. So shallow rooted were the trees in this block that practically all were pulled up with their roots with one pair of horses. In many cases the roots ran for 15 to 20 feet from the trunk within 8 inches of the soil surface. The Baldwin orchard had been reserved in the spring of 1910 for a purely practical renovation experiment, and in the fall of that year this block was squared up into definite shape * A fertilizer containing 3.3 percent of nitrogen, 10 percent of avail- able phosphorie acid and 7 percent of potash. os lie oe ORCHARD NOTES. 39 for that purpose. On account of its extremely poor condition in 1909 this block showed less marked improvement at the end of one year’s treatment than did the others. The season of 1911 repeated the general operations of 1910 in the several non-experimental blocks, with one or two excep- tions; no lime was applied and the amount of fertilizer used per acre was 1000 lbs. of 4-8-7 composition. Lime-sulphur was used as the fungicidal spray in all the orchards in place of bordeaux mixture. Lead arsenate was added as usual to the former to control leaf and fruit destroying insects. The close of the growing season and the subsequent harvest of the past fall gave results that not only were satisfactory to the Station but should be of interest to fruit growers in the state who are confronted with the problem of orchard renova- tion. The Baldwin orchard, apparently in hopeless condition two years previous, has made remarkable progress. (Fig. 13). The trees are fast becoming firmly rooted; the wood growth aver- aged about 12 inches, the foliage was especially noteworthy for its dark healthy color, great mass and size of leaves and the persistence with which it adhered. Although killed by frost, the foliage in this orchard was still on the trees, not in isolated patches, but as a mass, up to the first of December. No great amount of fruit was borne here; this was to be expected in view of its former condition. Nevertheless, the larger trees averaged in a number of cases 2 or 3 barrels of large, well colored fruit per tree. Ben Davis No. 1 has in two seasons been transformed from an unprofitable unthrifty block into a vigorous, bearing orchard, -and is now in condition to be used for experimental purposes. The foliage, wood growth, yield and character of fruit left nothing to be desired. Ben Davis No. 2 (omitting certain experimental plots to be considered later) increased in general thrift, and more than doubled its fruit production over the preceding year. Similar improvement occurred in Ben Davis No. 3 and the trees not in orchard blocks. The necessary removal in 1910 of the greater part of the block of mixed varieties, the shaping up of the Baldwin orchard and the weeding out of the hopeless trees in Ben Davis No. 3 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. reduced the total orchard area given in Table 11 to 33 acres,— making, with the addition of the eee trees, a total of about 2300 in the fall of 1911. A comparison of the yields (Tables 12 and 13) from 1909 to 1911 inclusive emphasizes the progress more concretely. TABLE 12. Annual Yields, 1909-19TT. Number of trees Total yield in Year (approximate). barrels. Marketable. 1909 3,100 200 ; 90 1910 2 ,300 350 275 1911 2,300 2 ,450 2 ,336* * Consisting of 2,006 barrels of Fancy and No. 1 grades and 330 barrels No. 2 grade. TABLE 13. Annual Yields by Orchards. 1910. 1911 Baldwin Baldwins. ("100 Wayans 154 Ben Davis, No. 1 | Ben Davis, NO PL 2-59. ieee coe 1 ,600 Ben Davis, No. 3 | a NER 3 oa Bea Davisy None sae aH Scattering Scattering Ben Davis, No. 2. 204) BenDavis NOs 22 se oe ee 465 OLA eke okse ea rey ocr ane ena as 350) AD Ottallie's mse aoe ere ee ee 2 ,450 The foregoing account of the conditions existing at Highmoor three years ago and of the results since obtained has been made with recognition of the fact that the work so far described has had in itself nothing of experimental nature. Such work was simply a matter of necessity, being incidental to the establish- ment of the necessary conditions requisite for experimental plots. On the other hand, while the function of the Station lies in general outside the sphere of purely demonstration work, these results, secondary as they are from the experimental point of view, have value in indicating the possibilities of this kind of ORCHARD NOTES. 41 work in the neglected orchards throughout the state. What has been done in the Station orchards can be accomplished elsewhere with equal success by the use of a proportionate amount of intelligently applied effort and judicious expenditure. The latest available census statistics (1900) on apple pro- duction show that of the nine states (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and: Pennsylvania) comprising the North Atlantic Division of the United States, Maine ranks third in the total number of apple trees and seventh in the yield of fruit. In the average number of trees per farm Maine ranks first (104.7), while on the score of yield in bushels per farm this State comes last with a record of 35.6 bushels. While it may be reasonably expected that the census figures of 1910 may show an increase of yield per tree for this State, it must be recogniged that the two fundamental problems of the Maine orchardist needing immediate attack are economic. ‘They are (I) increase in. the production per unit, and (2) improvement in quality of product. These are problems in orchard management,. involving the factors of soil manipulation, fertilizers and insect and fungus control. As previously stated, the experiments dealing with control of parasites have recently been published by this Station, and the present discussion is confined to the experimental results obtained to date along the other lines. Of the several million apple trees in this state not over 5 percent, as a conservative estimate, are subject to any regular system of cultivation. Perhaps 25 percent are standing in land pastured to animals,—generally sheep or hogs. The remainder stand in grass, with occasional or no applications of either organic or inorganic fertilizers. Since these are without doubt the chief conditions relating to the low unit production in this State, they were utilized as the basis for the experimental work begun in 1910. EXPERIMENTAL WORK, IQIO-IQII. As stated above, the experimental work up to the present has of necessity been confined to the one block of trees whose average condition and comparative uniformity, together with the prospect of moderate fruit yield, warranted its use for such 42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19gi2. purpeses. Ben Davis orchard No. 2 was divided in the spring of 1910 as follows: Spraying experiments with fungi- Cidessand! msechicidesier arms e412 OOnackes.: (I4@Orttees) ms Sheep pasturage experiment ...... et@. nets: BCH Oe nee PloshPAsiuraser experiment ane ae TRO VBE (MTG) Ahan Sodplopnn( Checks) ean meran ene O.7 1) GMO «ees Oreaniemertlizersexperimenvyaenn: Eu GS pees Mose 9). ihorganmie ferbillizer rexperinneiitys se inl O74) Bevan (7 oneetan) Ao all ate Apa aca eed time eh anane het te 7.12 ‘acres, \( AQ, trees) eas The arrangement of the plots is indicated in the following diagram. 00 looo0000 QODDIOQOOOOO OQOOCOO | OOOQOOCOO0O QO0O 9900000 OOCOOO00000! OOO HOOOO 5 0200000 OOd| OO OOO VS!VOOSS p/ 02900000000) O OO0|OOCOOCIOO OO000DOO00000 OQOOOOCA OO _O OOOOOCD|IO00000 OOOOOQOO|OO OO elerolerelexolexolererere) 00000000; exe) 299009001I009000000 OO00ClI0000! COOO OOODDDOQOOOOOTDOO0O0000G|IO000 looo0d OOCOOOODOCODOAOOODOODOOOOE|O OOO 299090900009000900/0900900990000000000 09900000009 0000090000900000000000 OXOKeLOLOlOlOlelelererelelelelelelelelelelele.elereele.elerele) SLOLOLOLOLOLSLOLOlelOlOlolololololerelelerele elelelele) elelelele ODCDDOOODDOOOOOO0O DOOOODIOO0O jOO00O 000000000000000000000 0000000000000 OODDDDDDDOOOOOODDDODOD OOD 0000000000 Diagram of Experiments, Ben Davis Orchard No. 2, 1910-1g11. Diagram. A.—Spraying experiments. B.—Sheep pasturage experiments. C.—Hog pasturage experiments. D.—Sod plot (check). E.—Organic fertilizer experiment. F.—Inorganic fertilizer experiment. * The number of trees in this plot was later reduced to 37 by omitting - 32 trees adjoining the organic fertilizer plot. **Tree acreage here given is less than that given in Table 11, p. 37, owing to removal of 34 trees. ‘OI6I “© 390 ‘q Jo[q Ul seeiy, “SI ‘“SIy Conlon 45 NEYO) “Gl Moar Wis Seep ole Ssicgp — a ee eS eo Re ee Trees in) Plot A; Oct. 3; 1910: Eien 07, ECs 1 ORCHARD NOTES. 43 Treatment 1910. All six plots were pruned according to the need of each tree and all except A were thoroughly sprayed three times during the season with bordeaux mixture and !ead arsenate. Plot A was treated with lime-sulphur and bordeaux according to the experiments described in the publications referred to. Plots A and F received an application of chemical fertilizer of 3.3-10-7 formula at the rate of 1500 lbs. per acre. Plot E received 6 cords of barnyard manure. No fertilizer was applied to Plots B, C and D during this season. B and C were fenced and 5 sheep and 5 brood sows were turned into the respective plots about the first of May. Sod was broken in A, E and F about the last week in April, and cultivation was continued throughout the season up to August 1. Then winter vetch was sown in these three plots as a cover crop. The animals in the two plots were removed at the close of harvest. Treatment r9r1r. ‘Treatment was identical with that of the preceding year, except that all plots, with the omission of E, received 1000 lbs. of chemical fertilizer of 4-8-7 composition. Lime-sulphur and lead arsenate were the spray materials used. General Notes. Comparative and specific data are given in tables to follow. In general the results so far obtained seem to indicate most strikingly that the chief factor accountable for low production per tree is the lack of cultivation. It must be remembered that in 1909 the condition of all the trees in this entire experimental orchard, even making due al- lowance for the few cases of difference in size and age, was not uniform. However, the trees showed no greater differences in vigor or lack thereof than would be observed in any block of trees planted presumably at one time, and having experienced the same treatment or neglect for an indefinite period; and this, of course, holds true for their condition in the spring of 1910. By the close of the season, however, the difference in amount and color of foliage between the cultivated and the uncultivated divisions was significant. The yield of fruit, although com- paratively small for the entire orchard, showed notable plot differences, wherevew, the size of trees allowed a fair basis of comparison. The foliage in Plots B, C and D withstood the dry summer of 1910 poorly. Disregarding the early leaf yellowing, for which bordeaux spray injury may have been accountable, the leaves 44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. - IQi2. were light in color and small. Lack of vigor and vastly insuf- ficient growth were everywhere evident in the sheep, hog and sod plots. Defoliation began early and before harvest the appearance of the trees was that indicated in Figs. 15 and 16. In Plots A, EF and F the reverse of the above conditions obtained. Foliage was dark green, abundant (Fig. 17) and adhered until frost killed it. No noteworthy differences in this respect were seen between the three plots under ‘cultivation nor between the two pastured to animals. Plot D was in poorer condition, however, than either B or C. The fruit yield, as will be seen later, showed equally strikingly differences. In 1911, as already noted, it was decided to topdress the uncultivated plots to see if the plant food so applied would show any effect. No decided improvement resulted. The foli- age in plots B, C and D was again far inferior in amount, color and size of leaves to that of A, E or F. A few isolated instances occurred in plot C where a tree was prominent among its neighbors for increased vigor. Such were trees around which the hogs had done enough rooting to destroy the sod entirely, and in a way had performed the work of cultivation. It is worthy of note that practically all of the trees in all the non-cultivated divisions that showed any noticeable improve- ment were on the boundary row of their respective plots,—i. e. one-fourth of their root systems, theoretically, had felt the stimulus of cultivation. Much of the inhibition to growth of trees in sod is of course accounted for by lack of needed water. The grass roots absorb the greater part of the available surface soil moisture before the latter has time to reach the lower soil. This moisture is lost through the processes of growth, and the soil water from the greater depths is drawn up by physical forces and likewise dissipated through the grass growth. To a small extent this competition for water between grass and tree roots was reduced in the uncultivated plots in these experiments. The sheep kept the grass well cropped, and the hogs, although they rooted very unevenly, did in a measure check the growth of grass. On the sod plot an attempt was made to conserve soil moisture and check the sod growth by cutting the grass at intervals and leaving it to form a mulch. In none of these divisions, however, was there any observable benefit. th ORCHARD NOTES. 45 RESULTS. Notes on the several points presented in the following tables have been made for each tree during the past two seasons. The data is of necessity governed by a personal factor, as must be the case when classifications are made, as they had to be in this work, by general observations. For example, a “showy” bloom in the eyes of one man would appear to be only “full” to another. Nevertheless the data are fairly comparable, since results for both seasons are from the notes of one observer. Plot A is used as the cultivated plot in these tables as a basis for comparison with B, C and D because of the more uniform size of the trees and the relation of the plots in the orchard (see Fig. 14). The rows in B, C and D are simply the exten- sions of the respective rows in A. TABLE 14. Size of Trees. 1910. 1911. { : = 25 eS é aE) eS) 3 ae) BAe TS ee a BONE | Sey We ars 34 Or) i= os ze og OF o= iS ee ie oD HS BS = E Fy 20 HS 5 Se Az a2 ae | oe Sie Pe) ey eae | rome TEOMA SBS) Mls oaT GPs o130e io SSeeiil i sie 9.3 ise tete 76 51.3 42.1 6.5 | 74 Boe 41.8 5.4 (Cee 76 | 36.8 | 55.2 ites, MP Way IE SOL A aa ae iD ies Pa enas- 6g eee) eso. 37 Yas. 64] 18-0) lyaD.4 | | | One tree, it will be noted, was removed at the close of I9I0. The great percentage of the trees in all plots are medium or large and of commercial bearing age. In plot D the percent of small trees exceeds that of medium ones. 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. TABLE 15. Degree of Bloom. TOTO 1911. | me) we) ae me) 43 ae) wey 15 2 3 aE) are B SOE alate ees Be Wa | Set Waa [os : oF S) O.n oe o¢ @ iS) Se .oO.5 or O46 2 Bo] so | eS | be | BS |bSi5g | 5S | be | Bs ct Aare ae fat fe) Nau SAN fateh [Nitocris |) fon fe| |] ou || et, gi ie eaieersal Ba oom Rone | Ao) ONT | 1.4| 25.1] 30.9] 35.9| 6.4 Beek anak - OP. | GH | 1.8 |= |= 1.3) 10.8} 68.8] 18.9 Cig ea = 90.7 | 2 Bo Was | = 5:2| 15.7 70) eames Die ee =| 754.0" |13.5)21.6 |10.8 | = 2 | 5.4, 62.1] 32.4 It will be noted here that the bloom was excellent in 1910, much better, indeed, than in 1911. The flower buds of the former year had of course been formed before the Station acquired the orchards. It is not given for comparison with the bloom of 1911; the noteworthy comparison is that between the above table and those following, showing the percent of fruit actually set, and the yields of the plots. TABLE 16. Fruit Set. 1910. 1911. = i | 5 3 | ase < ; ‘ pda Pa » »~ ~a Pa » ~ Be BE lg fk ee eee : : oF 3.5 ons og | og O.m oO. © 3 S HS aig) HO wo | Hs ae 21) P| aS o5 oe oS as) 05 oe oO o6 Ay Ais Os Ay a Ais | As | As Aa Ag WAGs Eat PAs A A7.1 27.8 Prats) | 23} 0) 53.9 a2 DG Biome 43.4 ol od) Dao eG) = 6.7 54.0 39.1 Coes | a ete | peieo Sree) HIE fone 18:4 | 71,0 || oee | Dates 16.2 32.4 | 35.1 16.2 | = 10.8 59.4 29.7 | ORCHARD NOTES. 47 TABLE 17. Vield in Barrels and Relative Gain or Loss. 1910. 1911. Number | Number | Per cent. || Number | Number | Per cent. Plot. of of of of of fo) Per cent. gain trees. barrels. total. trees. barrels. total. jor loss in 1911. A 140 121.25 (oron 139 254.50 81.66 (Gain, 109.89 Been 76 25.00 Lele 74 13.40 4.30 |Loss, 46.40 C al 76 9.00 5.44 76 32.18 10.32 |Gain, 257.55 D | 37 10.00 6.05 37 iLL ates 3.70 |Gain, 15.40 Motel. «s+. 165.25 Total... 311.62 * Of this yield 7.54 barrels were picked from 11 trees bordering on Plot E, and there- fore partially subjected to influence of cultivation. TABLE 18. Vield per Tree. 1910. 1911. Plot Barrels. Barrels. Gain or loss. EAs ool nO DEES eee 0.86 | 1.838 Gain, 0.97 barrels. 13... ee 0.32 | 0.18 Ios}, Ooi °e CO... 4b SAR 0.11 | 0.42 Gain, O91 1D). 6 Oe eee 0.27 0.31 Gain, 0.04 be TABLE 19. Yield per Tree, Discarding all Non-Bearing Trees. 1910. | 1911. Plot ‘ Barrels. Barrels. Gain or loss. J 2h Sis pC 0.89 1.94 Gain, 1.05 barrels. 1B. cc citer aie ene 0.33 0.29 Loss, 0.04 eae (Ga ghee OE V2 0.50 Gain, 0.38 sigs 1D oa ae 0.32 0.44 | Gain, 0.12 cn 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. A comparison of Tables 15 and 16 indicates a very good bloom in 1910 for all trees except the sod plot. Of this bloom, con- sidering the relatively small percent of fruits that are formed in proportion to the number of blossoms on any tree, it may be said that the fruit set (Table 16) for that year was fairly good in the first three plots. In fact plot B promised at fruit setting time to equal, if not exceed, A in proportionate yield. Table 17, however, shows the contrary to be true. Of all four plots, the one that received cultivation and available plant food early in the season was the only one in which the trees could not only set fruit, but could to a reasonable degree carry, develop and mature it. In the uncultivated plots the dropping of the fruits at an early date after setting accounts largely for the discrepancy between set and yield. The food reserve was not sufficient to carry the fruit through the season. The trees under cultivation were sufficiently stimulated to action to perform the necessary functions for fruit. development. The bloom of 1911 was far below that of the preceding year in abundance (Table 15). Likewise the fruit set was greatly reduced in all plots, except the cultivated one, where it was slightly better. Bearing in mind, however, that plot A yielded in 1910 almost three-fourths of the entire crop from this orchard, it might reasonably have been expected that B, C and D would increase their proportional yields and that A’s yield might prove proportionally smaller than in 1910. Nevertheless, Table 17 shows a total yield almost double that of the preceding year, for four-fifths of which A is again responsible. Of the three uncultivated plots, D made a fair percentage gain in yield over the preceding year and B suffered loss, but C was the only uncultivated plot to show a high percentage increase in its contribution to the total yield of 1911, compared with the proportion it formed of the 1910 crop. The percentage gain, moreover, must be considered in relation to the size of the crops in the two years. Table 18 shows the relative yield per tree with respective gain or loss in barrels. This is based on the total number of trees per plot. Table 19 shows similar data, omitting in every case the trees that failed to bear fruit; i. e., the data in this table show the comparative yield per bearing tree. Both of these tables show that the normal yield of fruit, even from the culti- q f Fi) - ORCHARD NOTES. 49 vated plot, is much below the normal for trees of the size and > age under consideration. The significance of the results lies in the differences so far obtained, and the fact that but one year of cultivation has in the main, been responsible therefor. Whether the fertilizer applied in the uncultivated plots in 1911 will affect the fruit yield of the coming season remains to be determined. Certainly no obvious results were obtained in the way of wood growth or improved foliage, except in the isolated instances in plot C, already noted. The past season, although characterized by great drought during the greater part of the growing period, resulted never- theless in the production of large, well colored fruit. In this respect, relation of size to culture is indicated by Fig. 18 which shows the average size of apples from A, and Fig. 19, showing a similar average for D. ‘The fruits of B and C were on the average equal in size to the largest specimen shown in Fig. 19. Contrary to general rule, the cultivated plots produced fruit of higher color and finer finish than that from the other divisions. The observations and results of the last two years, therefore, point most decidedly to the conclusion that orchards in Maine with conditions similar or worse than those existing at High- moor in 1909 cannot be successfully rejuvenated by any system that does not involve the factor of cultivation. This is exposi- tion of no new doctrine. but the numerical data given above may serve to emphasize the fact that increased apple production in the immediate future depends on the rejuvenation of the existing trees of bearing age, and that no single factor of the several involved in.orchard management is so potent in bringing about the desired results as proper tillage. RESULTS FROM FERTILIZER PLO's. In view of the short existence of this experiment nothing can be said regarding the effect of the two forms of fertilizer in question. ‘The trees of both plots average closely in. point of vigor. The foliage of plot E was perhaps slightly darker and the annual growth somewhat greater the past season than in Plot F. The fruit yields from plots E and F have been meager com- pared with plot A. The results are also somewhat difficult to compare justly, owing to the considerable differences in the size of trees in the two plots. ‘1912. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 50 TABLE 20. Size of Trees. 1911. 1910. *yyeus “quad 10g 13.4 “uM peut “quod 19g “OSIV] “quod 19g 8.5 *s9014 JO a quin NI 82 70 “yeurs ‘qued 19g 13.4 30.5 “uIMTpeut “quod 19g 61.6 “OS18] ‘qued Jog 8.3 “se0r} JO raquinN HONG 72 Plot E contains on the percentage basis more than 5 times as many large trees as F, almost one-fourth less of medium size, and less than half as many classed as small. TABLE 21. Degree of Bloom. 1911. “ou0u "9U99 10 4.2 “quGos “que. 18g “un Tpeur “quad Jog 35.3 20.0 TINS *yuod 10g *£MOUS ‘quad 10g 1910. ‘9u0u *qued Jag “yueos “quad 19g “WINTpoeut quod 10g TIS *queo 10g *£MOYS “quod 10g Oleh TABLE 22. Fruit Set. TOT 1910. “9u0u “que0 Jag “100d jued 19g = UINTpeutL quod 10g ‘quepunqe “quod og ‘auo0u “quad Jog 3.6 “100d “quod 10g “UINTpeut quod Jaq yuepunqe ‘qued log “401d ‘II6I ‘V 10O[q ‘WNIY stAeq Uog JO aZIg I9seIDAY ‘QI “SI ate Re NG at a es) Pid rae nt, ‘t161 ‘q io[q ‘WIG stAeq vag Jo dzIg aSvisAy “61 “BI | hy ane ire ORCHARD NOTES. 51 Table 22 shows that here, as in the other plots already con- ‘sidered, the bloom was excellent in 1910. Fairly good percents of abundant and full sets were partially offset by the trees of medium or no set. Nevertheless the 1910 yield, indicated in the next table, is far below the amount reasonably anticipated from the respective set of fruit. On the other hand, the 1911 data of tables 21, 22, 23 and 24 ‘show a degree of bloom greatly reduced from that of the pre- ‘ceding year, a strikingly greater proportional set of fruit and an equally notable increase in the crop. It is well to here reiterate the point that however small the actual crop of fruit from these plots may be, it is the increased yield per tree and the percent of increase indicated in the fol- lowing tables that are full of meaning. The fact that these results have been obtained within the second season of the experiment gives the data an added significance. TABLE 23. Yield in Barrels, and Relative Gain. 1910. 1911. Plot Number of barrels. Number of barrels. |Per cent. gain in 1911. 1015 td Avot aR Rea 30 92.9 209.66 fo 1B Sea ee 9 59.7 563 .33 TABLE 24. Vield per Tree. 19106. | 1911. Number | Number || Number | Number Gain Plot of of , of of in Per cent. gain in 1911. trees. barrels. trees. barrels. barrels. 15) eam 82 0.36 82 cab ails? 0.77 113.88 Hoye aes 72 0.12 70 | 0.82 0.70 583 .33 52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. POMOLOGICAL NOTES. A SvuccessFuL METHOD FoR EMASCULATING BLossom Bubs. Experiments in the artificial fecundation of pome fruits has. in all known instances been characterized by a surprisingly small percent of successes in proportion to the number of blos- soms pollinated. Allowing for poor technique in pollination or improper preservation of pollen, the success of such work has. seemed to the writer to depend to a large degree upon the manipulation of the blossom bud in castration. In the breeding work inaugurated last spring this question was considered as. one of the important points to be determined in developing a successful technique. The methods generally recommended by hontieulisteel experi- menters is to entirely remove the petals before castration, either by grasping them at the apex of the bud and pulling them off, or by cutting them away. In this manner greater freedom is obtained in removing the stamens. Such procedure would appear to be undesirable and not conducive to successful results. The method most likely to insure a fair degree of success would be, theoretically, one which combines the necessary emasculation with the minimum: disturbance to the organism. Removal of floral parts may be followed by results analagous to surgical shock in animals. In. addition, the removal of petals and stamens is doubtless fol- lowed by drying out processes at the points of severance. — The emasculation at this Station was therefore made without removal of either petals or filaments. The buds were carefully opened by prying apart and laying back the enfolded petals. The anthers were then removed with the minimum portion of filament by means of a small thin bladed scalpel with straight cutting edge tapering to an acute V. In this way buds measuring 7 mm. axially were castrated, and developed into full bloom in bags without suffering appar- ent disturbance from the emasculation process. Buds of more advanced stages were operated upon with greater rapidity and ease, with similar results. The fruits obtained in the crossing work of the past season, although comparatively few in number, all resulted from buds emasculated by the above method. No- fruits were set on blossoms whose petals were removed before castration. ORCHARD NOTES. 53 It is hoped that a repetition of the method, coupled with the scheme of pollen preservation suggested by Simon * will result in a larger percent of successful crosses than has heretofore been made. TERATOLOGY. The season of 1911 was most favorable to the production of apples of great size; hence it may be properly assumed that the climatic factors affecting rapidity of growth may have had some relation to the comparatively large number of abnormal fruits reported in various apple growing sections of the country. Figs. 20 and 21 show a double Baldwin apple found at High- moor during the past season. The two distinct calices (Fig. 20) would indicate a duplication of floral parts in the blossom. Fig. 21 illustrates the attachment to a common stem, and the normally developed seeds within the carpels of the two inde- pendent cores. The only tissues common to both individuals of this fruit pair are those of the stem, flesh and skin. Less common than double fruits is the abnormal development shown in Figs. 22 and 23. Apples exhibiting this unusual growth were found in surprisingly large numbers in orchards in Greene during the summer of 1911. They were about equally frequent on Baldwin and Greening; the illustrations are from one of the latter variety. Examinations of this outgrowth showed a striking resem- blance to a calyx.lobe. It was pubescent, of grayish brown color, triangular in form, the base developing from the skin, and the apex recurved. In most cases it was nearer the basin than the cavity, and the base of this so-called lobe was connected with the calyx cluster by a slight lineal depression or a light line of color in the skin. In the majority of such apples ex- amined there appeared to be but four normally developed calyx lobes in the basin of the fruit (Fig. 23),—a fact which inclines one to the belief that such growth is an abnormally located calyx lobe. The actual cause of this phenomenon rests on a morphological examination and the determination of the point of growth in the apple. *Simon, J.. Gartenwelt, 15 (1911), No. 7, “A New Method of Pre- serving Flower Pollen in a Viable Condition,” Abst., E. S. R. 24: 6, p. 543. 54 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQi2. WINTER INJURY. Following the winter of 1910-1911 a considerable amount of winter injury to the trunks of trees was noted in a number of localities in the several orchard divisions. This injury took the form of a severe loosening and splitting of the bark of the trunk; in the less serious cases longitudinal splits occurred, ex- tending through the living tissues to the wood. The bark im- mediately about these splits either stood free from the wood or else was very loosely attached thereto. These less severe cases healed to some degree during the past season, to the extent that loosely adhering bark became more firmly attached. In the great majority of cases the injury had been severe enough to cause complete sloughing of the injure tissues with the advent of warm weather, leaving the wood exposed. All gradations of the latter type of damage were found, from cases where a small area the size of a hand had been affected to a few extreme instances where the tree had been practically girdled for several feet from the ground. Treatment has been the same as that for removal of a dis- eased area,—namely, cutting away of all dead tissues, disinfect- ing the exposed surfaces and protecting them with a coat of paint. In this way, the greater part of the trees affected will doubtless heal over; those most severely damaged, however, give little hope of recovery. The cause of this kind of injury is not known with any cer- tainty, and the question calls for extended study. The com- mon assumption that the growth of the season preceding the winter in which the injury occurred had not sufficiently ripened before the advent of cold weather, does not apply here. The trees incurring the greatest damage made, on the whole, less wood growth than the vast majority that came through the win- ter unharmed. Neither can sunscald be held directly responsi- ble for the trouble, in view of the fact that the injury occurred as frequently upon the northern as upon the southern sides of the trees. In the absence of specific experiments bearing on this ques- tion, two factors would seem to have a relation to this type of winter injury. They are insufficient soil drainage and a sudden Fig. 21. Section Through Double Apple. i ae een ing Calyx Lobe. Skin Resembl fox c—) in Show , Greenin Fig. 22 and Fig. 23. ORCHARD NOTES. 55 temperature drop below the freezing point, following a period of warm weather. A significant fact is that the trees most severely affected were confined to a small group standing in a slight depression that serves as a drain for the slightly higher ground surrounding. The cases of lesser injury also indicate the probable relation of topography and consequent drainage to the injury. Land which collects a greater amount of soil moisture than neighbor- ing areas will, if said moisture is not excessive and other con- ditions are equal, tend to produce in trees growing therein a greater response to temperatures inducing plant activity. The records for the winter of 1910-1911 show that from January to the end of March several periods of temperatures high for those months were followed by sudden and rather great drops below the freezing point. The hypothesis is that the warm periods referred to induced considerable activity in some trees, so that when the temperature fell suddenly close to 30 degrees Fahr. cleavage of bark from wood occurred by the freezing of the water-containing tissues of the former. The trees responding most actively were those in locations of highest soil moisture content. Those in dryer soil responded slowly enough to suffer no damage. 56 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION: IQI2. ANNOUNCEMENT. There are three lines of apple studies that from the begin- ning have stood out as the important ones to be undertaken at Highmoor Farm. These are orchard management, investiga- tions upon apple enemies, and investigations in apple propaga- tion and growth. Orchard management covers such questions as cultivation, fertilization, pruning, cover crops, thinning of fruit and provectiony trom insects” and siumner.» “hese more practical questions call for the work of an experienced orchard- ist and one familiar with the grosser field experiments. The apple diseases require the expert scientist skilled in plant pa- thology. ‘To be of real permanent value these call for more than superficial investigation. Their study demands the expert. botanist to discover, classify, and learn the life habits of the low forms of plant life that cause the injuries. He must have knowledge and ability to study the differences between fungi that are accidentally present because of the damaged and dis- eased tissue and those that are the cause of the injury. He must have that intimate knowledge with plant physiology that makes it possible for him readily and surely to distinguish between normal and abnormal growth, between healthy and pathological tissues. ‘The work in propagation and growth de- mands the trained biologist. On the one hand the skill and knowledge requisite to the breeder of plants and on the other that of the biometrician who is trained to measure growth ac- curately. Orchard management demands the skilled operative, the other questions demand the highly trained scientific special- ists. During the past three years the work in orchard management has been under the control of the horticulturist and the studies upon apple enemies have been made in cooperation with the plant pathologist and those in breeding with the biologist. With the resignation of Mr. Bonns as horticulturist all of the apple work will be planned by a committee consisting of the director, the biologist and the plant pathologist. The details of the work will be carried out by and under the personal supervision of Mr. Yeaton who has been appointed orchardist. CHAS! DY WOODS: Director. BULLETIN No. 200. ite MYCE TOPHILIDAK OF NORTH AMERICA. Part IV (ConcLusIon )*. O. A. JOHANNSEN. The species of the genera belonging to Series I as well as the first 6 genera of Series II of the subfamily Mycetophilinae were described in Part III. In this paper the species of the remaining genera are characterized, as well as those of the sub- family Sciarinae. ‘The members of the former so far as known injure mushrooms only; the latter constitute the most important group so far as the agriculturist is concerned. Though occasionally reported as injuring mushrooms the members of the Sciarinae are not as a rule regarded as serious pests of the fleshy fungi, differing in this respect from the species of the other subfamilies. After partial decay of fun- gous growths, however, larve of Sciara are found in abund- ance, and it is this fact, which in some cases at least, has led observers and growers to attribute the destruction to these gnats when in all probability the injury was caused by species of Mycetophila, Exechia or Phorids. On the other hand there is no lack of evidence of the harm- ful character of some species of Sciarinae to seed corn, to pota- toes, to wheat, and to the roots of other plants. Professor Forbes in his 7th report refers to the injury which the larve do to seed corn, and in his 15th (pp. 95-98) notes the destruc- tion of cucumber plants by these pests. In an earlier report he mentions the occurrence of larve infesting the roots of grass. * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Entomol- ogy No. 52. Parts I, II and III were published in Bulletins 172, 180 and 196 respectively. 58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. | 1912: Florists look upon these little gnats with a suspicion which is more than justified, as the fact that the larve feed upon the tender roots of potted plants is well established. Sciara tritict is identified with an injury to the roots and stems of wheat, and it is probable that the damage caused by it or by some other member of this genus is far more widespread than is generally known owing to the insidiousness of its attack. In Bulletin 27, n. s. (U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology) Mr. Chittenden cites several instances of damage occasione? by S. inconstans to peas growing in flower pots, and to lettuce, cucumbers, and carnations. The injury caued by S. mali is according to Fitch’s own account, secondary in its nature, the larve feeding on apples already affected by the Codling moth. It may be moreover only an accidental occurrence, as there is no record in entomological literature, as far as I know, of a similar attack. Benj. Walsh’s Grape Midge (First Ann. Rept. Ill. 21, 1867) belongs in the same category, it being a guest of more injurious species. Walsh and others have long ago suggested the possibility that the larvee of some species of Sciara are associated in some way with a sort of potato scab. The fact that the larve of these gnats are so abundant in barnyard manure and that scab is most prevalent on potatoes from fields which have been well fertilized has suggested the possibility of this relationship. Most significant in this connection is the account given by Dr. A. D. Hopkins of Puyxia (Epidapus) scabiei. Concerning this species he says: «l have observed-the larve.of a) Scar) andman Epidapus feeding on the living, healthy tissue of potato tubers, and have obtained conclusive evidence that they are capable of causing, and actually do cause, conditions which in one stage would be recognized as potato-scab and in a more advanced stage would be recognized as a form of potato-rot.” From the context of Mr. Hopkin’s article it is not necessarily inferred that he associates that form of potato scab caused by Oospora scabiei with the injury (or infection) produced by the insect. My own observations of the larve of Sciara confirm the statements made by some of the earlier writers. I have found larve in potatoes feeding on the sound tissue, on the roots-of various grasses and in tulip bulbs. In some preliminary experi- ments I failed to induce larve to attack a tuber with unbroken FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 skin, but more extensive trials may give different results. The cut surfaces of seed potatoes are readily attacked and the seed at times seriously damaged especially where the soil has been fertilized by barnyard manure. Other data along these lines are on hand and more experi- ments are contemplated, the results of which are to be pub- lished at a later date. Besides the acknowledgments already made in Part I, I wish to add that through the kindness of Mr. Fredr. Knab I have had the privilege of again examining the types in the U. S. National Museum. To Dr. EK. P. Felt J desire to express by obligations for the loan of type material of Felt’s and Lintner’s species. THE MYCETOPHILINAE (Concluded. ) 24. Genus Phronia Winnerts. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. 857,. 1863. Lateral ocelli contiguous to the eye margin, the middle on: small, placed in a groove near the base of the frontal triangle; antenne in the male frequently, in the female, usually cylindri- cal. Legs slender, tibial sete delicate, fore tarsi of female sometimes incrassate. Costa produced, sometimes but very slightly, beyond tip of Rs; subcosta short, rarely half as long as the basal cell R, usually ending free, media forks distad of the base of Rs, rarely directly under it, cubitus forks distad of the fork of the media, its branches usually widely divergent; anal vein incomplete. _ The forking of the media distad of the base Rs and the slightly produced costa will distinguish this genus from Exechia. Table of Species. a. Costa produced about 1-3 of distance from Rs to Mi; Mass. 1. producta n. sp. aa. Costa produced less than 1-5 of distance from Rs to Mi. b. Fore tarsal joints 2-4 not distinctly swollen beneath. c. Hind coxz, and usually middle coxe also, fuscous, hypopygium black (Fig. 25). 2. imsulsa n. sp. ec. All coxz yellowish. d. Western or middle western species, 60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. e. Males; hypopygium with globose terminal appendages. f. Brown species (Fig. 26). 3. venusta n. Sp. ff. Thorax yellow with brown vitte. 7. incerta. ee. Females. f. Third antennal joints nearly three times as long as broad; abdomen uniformly fuscous. i 3. venusta, var. a. ff. Third antennal joint less than twice as long as broad, or otherwise distinct. @ Pleura iiscods,.o) Ds 3. venusta. _ gg. Pleura largely yellow; hind margin of abdominal tergites, yellow; Wyo. and B. C. 7. imeerta? dd. Eastern species; males. — e. Terminal lobes of hypopygium longer than basal seg- ment. 4. difficilis n. sp. ee. Terminal lobes of hypopygium shorter than basal segment. f. Hind femora tipped with brown; base of abdomen largely yellow; hypopygium with short broad forceps (Fig. 28). 5 similis n. sp. ff. Hind femora without conspicuous brown apices; hypopygium with more elongate forceps (Fig. 29). 6. yuSiica var. ae bb. Fore tarsal joints, 2-4, distinctly swollen beneath and broader than the metatarsus, apex of the latter enlarged; females. c. Western species; base of abdomen fuscous; Stanford Univ., (Cail. Fhronia sp. cc. Eastern species. d. Hind coxe yellow. 4, 5. difficilis, similis. dd. Hind coxe fuscous. 2. msulsa n. sp. - 1. Phroma producta n. sp. Male. Length 2mm. Head with antenna, fuscous, the face, palpi and scape reddish yellow; intermediate antennal joint. about 1.5 times as long as wide. Thorax reddish yellow witk three subconfluent- brown stripes; hairs pale, sete black; 4 scutellar sete. Abdomen yellow anteriorly with dorsal stripe and posterior segments blackish; hypopygium (Fig. 24) dark. Coxe and legs yellow, tips of hind femora and of tibize black- ish; tibial spurs and tarsi brown; fore metatarsus about 7-8 as long as tibia. Wings (Fig. 152) hyaline, tinged with yellow; halteres yellow. Brookline, Mass. (C.W.J.). Aug. 2. Phronia insulsa n. sp. Male. Length 2mm. Head and antenne fuscous, palpi and scape yellow. Thorax brown, the humeri and pleura yellowish brown; hairs yellow; sete brown to black, those of the scutel- - FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 6I lum 4 in number. Abdomen brown, apical segments, and hypopygium (Fig. 25) blackish. Legs and fore coxe yellow, the middle and hind coxz, tips of middle and hind femora and of tibie, dark brown; tibial spurs and tarsi brown. Wing (Fig. 153) hyaline, with a brownish tinge; halteres yellow. Female. Similar to the male in coloring. Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal; fore tarsal joints, 2-4 swollen beneath, tio of the 1st enlarged. R. I..and Ithaca, N. Y. March and Aug. Var. a. Female. Similar to the foregoing but only the 4th and tip of the third joint of fore tarsus distinctly swollen. ithaca N.Y’ 3. Phronia venusta n. sp. Male and female. Length 2.5 mm. Head and antenne brown; palpi and scape dusky yellow; intermediate antennat joints about twice as long as wide. Thorax brown, including hairs and sete; scutellum with 6 or more marginal sete. Abdomen brown, hairs pale; hypopygium (Fig. 26) yellow with blackish claspers. Coxe and legs yellow, tips of -middle and hind femora and tibiz slightly brownish, tibial spurs and tarsi brown; fore metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than the tibia. Wings (Fig. 154) yellowish hyaline; halteres yellow. Male, Vollmer, Ida! (J.M.A.) Sept.; female, Brookings, S. D. Var. a. Female. Similar to foregoing but thorax more yel- lowish with 3 subconfluent brown stripes. Antenne more elongate, third joint nearly 3 times as long as wide. Moscow Ida. (J.M.A.). 4. Phronia difficilis n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head brownish; face, palpi and 3 to 4 basal joints of antennz yellow, remainder of antenne brown: intermediate segments about 1.5 times as long as wide. Thorax yellow, the center of the mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum from pale to dark brown; hairs yellow, setee brown; 4 marginal sete on scutellum. : Abdomen yellow, the dorsum of each sclerite with a brown triangle the base upon the posterior mar- gin, the fifth and sixth segments wholly blackish, hypopygium (Fig. 27) yellow, its hairs darker especially at the apex. Coxz and legs yellow, the tips of the hind femora and of hind tibize, and all the tibial spurs and tarsi, brown; fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings (Fig. 155) yellowish hyaline; halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y. 2 specimens. 62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Female. Similar to the male in coloring but the abdomen is largely brown, the anterior margin of each sclerite and the anterior portion of the venter yellow. The tip of the metatar- sus and joints 2-4 of the fore tarsi swollen beneath. Ithaca, NEY. 5. Phronia similis n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Coloring as in the preceding species (Ee difficilis ) excepting that the pleura are brown, light brown in one specimen, darker in another, and that the dark triangles of the abdomen are larger. Hypopygium (Fig. 28, black, the appendages shorter than the basal sclerite. Wing, Fig. 156. Ithaca, N. Y. Sept. 2 specimens. The hypopygium resembles that of P. Taczanowsky Dad. It is barely possible that the females described under P. difficilis belong here. 6. Phronia rustica Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. 875. 1863. Male and female. Length 3-3.3 mm. Head brown, 3 or 4 basal joints of antertne, and palpi yellow; antennze of male about 1.5 times, of female about as long as head and thorax united. ‘Thorax brown, with ashy reflection, in teneral speci- mens the pleura are yellow; sete brownish. Abdomen brown with appressed pale hairs; hypopygium large, yellow, some- times darker apically. Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi brown; fore metatarsus at least as long as the tibia. . Wing brownish hya- line; halteres yellow. “Greenland.” Var. a. Differs in structure of the hypopygium (Fig. 29). ithaca, NY o5 Aue. 7. Phronia incerta Adams. Wash. Carnegie Inst. 67. 37. 1907. (Mycetophila). Male. Length 4 mm. Head dark brown, mouth parts and basal joints of antennz yellow. Thorax obscure yellow; mes- onotum with 2 V-shaped figures, one set within the other, resulting in fusion of the two lateral stripes posteriorly and with the median one between them being divided anteriorly. Scutellum and metanotum brown, former with an apical pair of bristles, mesonotum with short yellow pile laterally and FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. (oe black bristles. Abdomen obscure yellow, base of each seg- ment dark brown dorsally, on the posterior segment the color comes to encircle the segment; the short pile is black. Legs light yellow, tarsi becoming tinged with brown; beside the long apical bristles the middle and hind tibie have each a row of shorter bristles; anterior tarsi twice as long as their tibiz, middle tarsi 1.5 times as long and hind tarsi as long as their respective tibiz. Wuings hyaline; Rs and anterior branch of media divergent, furcation of media beyond base of Rs. Hal- teres light yellow. “Mayfield Cave, Ind.” An examination of the type specimen, which was sent to me by Dr. Adams, proves it to be a true Phronia, ‘The costa is but slightly produced beyond the tip of Rs. The hypopygium which is pale yellow, resembles that of P. venusta in the form of the terminal lobes but differs in having upon the inner side of each lobe near the tip a patch of short stout setee projecting dorsad. Female. A specimen from Selkirk Mts. B. C. and one from Wyoming may belong here. ‘They differ in not having the lateral stripes of the mesonotum fused posteriorly. 25. Genus Telmaphilus Becker. Mili, Zoolly Whos, Berd, IWS O77 Cos. With the characters of Phronia, differing only in having an elongate attenuated subcosta which ends free beyond the middle of the basal cell R and in having one or two dusky clouds upon the wing. Besides the two species assigned to this genus by Mr. Becker it is probable that the European species Phronic forcipula (var. hwmeralis) basalis and nitidiventris also belong Here: Table of species. a. Apical wing cloud wide, arising proximad of apex of Ri; Rs strongly bowed. Cal. I. tenebrosa. aa. Apical wing cloud narrow, arising at apex of Ri; Rs not strongly bowed (Fig. 158). N. H., N. Y. 2. nebulosa n. sp. 1. Telmaphilus tenebrosa Coquillett. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. VI. 170. 1904 (Phronia). Female. Length 2.5 mm. Black, the halteres and legs yel- low, the last 2 pairs of coxe, the hind edge of the front ones, a streak on under side of eacli femur near the base, the apices 64 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012. of the hind femora, and the tarsi except their bases, brown. Third joint of antennz nearly twice as long as wide, the follow- ing joints becoming successively shorter to the fourteenth which is as wide as long; first joint slightly longer than wide, the second as wide as long. Body grayish pruinose, the hairs and bristles yellowish. Wings hyaline, the apex from a short dis- tance before the apex of R: to tip of Cue and a cloud below the latter, dark gray; Sc attenuated toward its apex, becoming obsolete slightly beyond middle of basal cell R, Rs strongly bowed toward R:; media forks at 1-3 of distance from the crossvein to the forking of the cubitus. “San M’ateo Co., Cal.” 2. Telmaphilus nebulosa ile, SPD. Male and female. Length 2.5. Similar to the lomeoiee but differing as follows: Underside of each femur without dark streak; apical wing cloud begins at the apex of R:; Rs not strongly bowed toward R: (Fig. 158); fore metatarsus and tibia subequal; hypopygium (Fig. 30) black. Hampton, N. H. (Qe Xo Sider), Ayomils Wemeresiy IN, WZ! vaAgoietill 26, Genus Erechia Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. 879. 1863. Lateral ocelli closely contiguous to the eye margin; middle ocellus, when present, placed in a groove on the front (Fig. 67 in Part I). Legs long and slender, fore metatarsus subequal or slightly longer than the tibia, rarely much shorter; tibial setae, delicate (Hig: 62, Part) 1); posterior basal seta orld coxe present. Subcostal vein very short, incomplete or ending in R:; costal vein does not extend beyond the tip of the radial sector; media fork proximad of the basal section of the radiai sector, or rarely directly under it; cubitus forks distad of the fork of the media; its branches widely divergent. The larve, which are frequently found in fungi, do not have transverse rows of ambulacral setule. Owing to the great similarity of the members of this genus, and the frequent though slight variation of the wing venatior and coloration in individuals of the same species as demon- strated in breeding experiments, | am only able to give a table to the males based largely upon the form of the hypopygie. For brevity the first segment of R: measured from the humera? crossvein is designated as a, the second segment, b. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 6 Sal Table of species. Males. a. Curvature of Rs conspicuous, the ratio of the maximum normal of the chord to the chord itself 4.5% or more, and the ratio of 2) it) Dy (5) Ow less, b. Fore metatarsus 1.15 or more longer than the tibia. c. Curvature of Rs moderate (4.5%), fork of cubitus noticeably distad of base of Rs (Fig. 159); hypopygium with two of the 3 pairs of appendages each tipped with a black spine. ; I. perspicua n. sp. ec. Curvature of Rs 7.5% or over; fork of cubitus but slightly distad of base of Rs. d. Hind margins of abdominal segments yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 32). 2. umbratica. dd. Yellow marking of abdominal segments, when present, con- fined to the anterior margin; hypopygium (Fig. 33). 3. nugax Nn. Sp. bb. Fore metatarsus shorter than the tibia; hypopygium (Fig. 34). 4. nexa Nn. Sp. aa. Curvature of Rs not conspicuous, ratio of maximum normal of the chord to the chord 4% or less, and the ratio of a to b, .70 or more. b. Hind margins of abdominal segments yellow and the two larger pairs of appendages of hypopygium broad, lobular. c. Fore metatarsus over 1.25 tibia in length; curvature of Rs moderate (Fig. 163); hypopygium (Fig. 35). 5. abrupta n. sp. ec. Fore metatarsus less than 1.12 tibia in length, curvature of Rs slight (Fig. 164); hypopygium (Fig. 36). ; 6. canalicula n. sp. bb. Abdomen unicolored, black or yellow or hind margins of ab- dominal segments dark, or hypopygium of different structure. c. Yellow species, darker markings on thorax and abdomen pale brown. d. Each branch of longer forceps with curved branch on inner side (Fig. 39). 9. satiata n. sp. dd. Ventral sclerite of hypopygium, large, quadrangular (Fig. 38a). 8. quadrata n. sp. ec. Thoracic and abdominal markings dark brown. d. Fore metatarsus about 1-8 longer than the tibia; each limb of the longer forceps either with distinct branch near apex or wide lobe at base. e. Thorax and abdomen with considerable yellow. f. Smaller species, 3 mm in length; each limb of longer forceps with curved branch. on inner _ side; (Fig 30). 9. satiata n. sp. ff. Larger species, over 4 mm in length. g. Limbs of both forceps forked (Fig. 41). 10. nugatoria n. sp. 66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. ge, Longer forceps not forked at apex. h. Hypopygium as shown in figure. (Fig. 42). Il. nativa n. sp. hh. Hypopygium as shown in figure. (Fig. 43). 12. imterrupta. ee. Thorax, and abdomen largely, dark. f. Apex of limbs of one pair of forceps palmate with - sete, the other pair lobular (Fig. 44). 13. palmata n. sp. ff. Longer forceps with attenuated apices (Fig. 45). 14. fungorum. dd. Fore metatarsus not more than 1.1 longer and sometimes shorter than tibia; hypopygium various. e. Lateral sclerite of hypopygium with bent or curved sete, appendages short (Fig. 37). 7. cincimnata n. sp. ee. Without bent sete. f. Limbs of one pair of forceps at least, over I-3 as broad as long. eg. Both pairs of forceps with oval limbs; (Fig. 46) ; fore metatarsus about .9 as long as the tibia; cubitus forks very slightly distad of the base of Rs. 15. assidua n. sp. ge. One of the forceps with tapering apices; cubitus forks: noticeably distad of the base of Rs. h. Thorax yellow with brown dorsum; one pair of forceps oval but apex tapering (Fig. 47). 16. auxiliaria n. sp. hh. Thorax dark; broader forceps with spatulate limbs each with 2 stout mesad projecting sete (Fig. 48). 17. bellula n. sp. ff. Both forceps rather slender, at least apically. g. Postero-ventral angles of hypopygial sclerite with 1 to 3 strong sete, or a blunt process. h. A single blunt spine or process on each posterior ventral angle. i. A single long blunt spine on each postero- ventral angle (Fig. 49s) ; thorax and abdomen with yellow markings. 18. bella n. sp. ii. Postero-ventral angle produced into a slender . blunt process; thorax and abdomen dark. 27. analis. hh. One or more sete on the angles. i. Postero-lateral margins of hypopygial segment ciliate (Fig. 50); pleura in part yellow. 19. captiva n. sp. ii. Margin not distinctly ciliate; pleura brown. j. Postero-ventral angle each with a single seta; the broader forceps without tuft of sete on the preapical angle; (Fig. 51b). 20. absoluta n. sp. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 jj. Postero-ventral angles each with several sete; the broader forceps with blunt apex and a tuft of setae on the preapical angle (ini, 52). 21. capillata n. sp. ee, Postero-ventral angles of hypopygial sclerite with- out several conspicuously strong setz or spines. h. One pair of the hypopygial appendages curved on apical third and conspicuously longer than the others. (Fig. 53); dark brown species. ; 22. obediens n. sp. hh.. Two pairs of appendages subequal in length. i. Appendages unusually slender; one pair blunt, each limb of the other pair with a long sub- basal branch (Fig. 54b); thorax brown: abdomen with yellow. 23. atinita i. Sp. ii. Appendages otherwise. j. The more slender forceps with several apical sete (Fig. 55); pleura in part yellow. 24. repanda n. sp. jj. Slender forceps without apical sete. k, Abdomen with yellow markings at base of venter; hypopygium (Fig. 56). 25. absurda n. sp. kk. Abdomen brown; hypopygium (Fig. 57). 26. casta n. sp. E. analis Coq. belongs to Mycothera. General description of Species of Exechia. The species described below, unless specifically stated to the contrary, possess the following characters in common: Head and antenne fuscous, the scape and base of the first flagellar joint and the palpi yellow. Dorsum of the thorax fuscous apparently consisting of 3 confluent stripes, leaving the humeri yellow; scutellum and metanotum fuscous; hairs pale, sete blackish; scutellum with 2 black sete. Dorsum of abdomen fuscous, hypopygium yellow. Coxe -and legs yellow, the tibia dusky yellow, spurs and tarsi infuscated. Subcosta short, ends free; venation as figured. MHalteres yellow. Although the ovipositor of the female offers good specific characters, descriptions are only given of those females which are definitely asso ciated with males. 1. ‘Exvechia perspicua n. sp. Male. Length 3.25 mm.’ Pleura brown. Abdomen brown, the posterior segments darker brown; appendages of the hy- popygium (Fig. 31) slender; terminal ventral sternites, paired, rectangular. Fore metatarsus over 1.15 the tibia in length. WVineedusky hyaline (Fig. 150). Sage. Creek, Wyo., (W.M.W.) Sept.; Orono, Me.! Oct. 68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL IWXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. 2. E.xechia umbratica Aldrich. Annual Rept. Dept. Geol. Ind. XXI. 186. 1896. (Mycetophila). Pemale. Weneth 5.2 mm ;.wine 4.5 mam: 92 22 =) seal horas clay vellow, somewhat pruinose with white, dorsum somewhat infuscated and provided with numerous stout black hairs along the sides; scutellum and metanotum also brownish. Abdomen brown, compressed, the distal part of each segment with a lightem ning, which, is) broaden) anderniedia a. 3...) 5) lneme front leg the entire tarsus is about 4 times the length of the tibia, in the middle leg 2.5 and in the hind leg 1.5 times. Wing tinged with yellow along the costa and to a less degree all over ine Byorczllolaglis —““Siniloy Carpe, alah: jfalhy.. Male and female. Like the female as described above, but dorsum with 3 subconfluent brownish stripes. Foremetatarsus nearly 1.5 the tibia in length. The longer appendages of tl: hypopygium broad, with a preapical angle (Fig. 32). Wing (CEG WEO). lisenrea IN, MW 3. Exechia nugax n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Pleura light brown, mesonotum a little darker, thoracic setee dark brown, humeri yellow. Abdo- men brown, on each side of segments 2 and 3 each with narrow yellow trianglé whose base rests upon the posterior margin of the segment; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 33). Wings hyaline, tinged with brown in the costal cell and in the forks of media and cubitus (Fig. 161). Fore metatarsus about 1.25 longer than the tibia. Rouville Co. Que.! Oct., Ithaca, N. Y. April. 4. Exechia nexra. n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Thorax reddish brown; abdomen brown, darker brown posteriorly, hind margins of segments 2-5 faintly dusky yellow; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 34). Fore- metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings hyaline, tingea with brown (Fig. 162). Ithaca, N. Y. 5. Exechia abrupta n. sp. Male. Length 4 mm. Thoracic sete black; abdomen yellow, each segment with large, brown, dorsal triangle widest part on the anterior margin, on all segments, except I and 2, the ante. rior angles meeting on the venter, apex not reaching the pos- terior margin except on 5, 6 wholly brown; hypopygium yellow FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 69 (Fig. 35). Fore metatarsus about 1.3 tibia in length. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 163). Ithaca, N. Y. | 6. Exechia canalicula n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Mesonotum with 3 wide brown stripes. humeri and space between the stripes yellow; scutellum, metanotum and pleura paler brown; sete black. Abdomen as in E. abrupta; hypopygium (Fig. 36) black. Fore metatarsus about 1.06 the tibia in length. Wings hyaline, yellow tinged Gaiewroa) N.C. N: J. July. Female. ‘The brown of the abdomen a little more extended, sixth segment also with yellow margin. N. C. 7. Exechia cincinnata n. sp. Male. Length 3-4 mm. Thorax brown, humeri yellow, sete blackish. Abdomen dark brown, each side of segments 2, 3 and 4 each with a yellow triangle one side of which rests on the anterior margin of the segment, the other meeting the side of the opposite triangle along the venter; hypopygium (Fig. 37) yellow, with strong, curved, brown hairs, hence the specific name. lore metatarsus very little longer than the tibia. Wing hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 165). . Female. Sides of segment 5 also yellow. Orono, Maine! Oct.; Burlington, Vt., (C.W.J.) June; Mass., (C.W:J.), April, | June, Sapien Wee. slinnaca Ni) Yi. | The Orono specimens reared from Boletus granulatus. 8 Exechia quadrata n. sp. _ Male and female. Length 4.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdo- men yellow, the apical half of the antennz, center of the mesonotum, metanotum, and the posterior abdominal segment, usually more dusky yellow, hypopygium with a large quad- rangular ventral plate (Fig. 38a). Fore metatarsus about 1.10 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline tinged with yellow (Fig. Mogyeeape May, N. J. (Viereck) Sept.; Price Co., Wis., (W.MIW.) Aug.; Ithaca, N. Y.! Aug. Hemlock Falls, N. J., (Weidt), Aug. 9. LExechia satiata n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Dorsum of thorax usually pale brown, pleura dusky yellow. Abdomen yellow, hind margins 70 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. of the first 4 segments narrowly brown and the whole of 5 and 6 dark brown or black; hypopygium yellow (Figs. 39, 40) Fore metatarsus about 1.10 longer than the tibia. Wings hya- -line, tinged with yellow (Fig. 167). Female. Hind margins of all abdominal segments widely brown, produced forward on the median line. Ithaca, N. Y.. July, reared from a shelving mushroom. 10. Exechia nugatoria n. sp. Male. Length 4.5 mm. Pleura dusky yellow to light brown. Abdomen dark brown, venter of first 3 segments yellow, ex- tending up on the sides of the third segment; hypopygium yel-’° low (Fig. 41). Fore metatarsus about 1.15 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 168). Kings- tomy aie Tess). Nov... Prices (Co.,) Vise <(CWeMEVY 2) Tihaca INS Yes imily Ate 11. Exvechia nativa n. sp. Male. Length 4.5 mm. Pleura brown, the abdomen as in £. nugatoria, but the anterior margin of the 4 segments on each side with oval yellow spot; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 42). Fore metatarsus about 1.15 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 169). Orono, Me.! Oct.; Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. Reared from Collybia sp.? Female. A specimen from Montpelier, Vt., (C.W.J.) June, which I believe belongs here, is similar to the male but each segment of the abdomen is widely margined with brown on sides and dorsum, produced forward on the median line. 12. Exechia interrupta Zetterstedt. Dept. Scand. XI.-4240. 1852. Male. Length 3.5-4 mm. Similar to E. nugatoria but the fourth segment is also largely yellow on the venter and sides. Hypopygium as figured (Fig. 43). Female. First and sixth abdominal segments dark brown, the intermediate segments with dark triangles, smallest on the fourth and fifth, caudal segments yellow. “Europe and Green- land.” N is FUNGUS GNATS DF NORTH AMERICA. 13. Exechia palmata n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. ‘Thorax and abdomen dark brown; hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 44). Fore metatarsus about 1.10 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 170). Female. Anterior half of the sides of the intermediate abdominal segments yellow. Torrey’s Lake, Jackson Lake and Hunter's Creek! Wyo. (W.M.W.) Sept., Selkirk Mts., B. C (J.C.B.) July; Mt. Rainier, Wash (J.M.A.) Aug. 14. Exechia fungorum Degeer. as. Wily ia. joy 2a) mes en (gow). Male. Length 4 to 4.7 mm. Coloring as with &. palmata, a yellow humeral spot present, hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 45). Fore metatarsus about 1.15 longer than the tibia. Wing: hyaline, tinged with brown. Female. Similar to &. palmata in coloring, but yellow color- ing less extended. “Europe and Greenland.” 3 15. Exechia assidua n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Thorax brown, dorsum dark brown, humeri yellow, hairs yellow, sete black. Abdomen brown, anterior part of the venter a little paler, posterior segments almost black, hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 46). Fore metatarsus about .87 of the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 171). Female. A defective specimen from the same place, which may belong here, differs only in having fore metatarsus and tibia subequal, and in having the fork of the cubitus slightly monesdistad. Mt. .Constitution, Orcas, Id. Wash. (J].M.A.), July. 16, Ea«echia auxiliaria n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Dorsum of thorax brown; abdomen brown, the anterior part of the venter and the sides of segment 3, yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 47). Fore metatarsus about 1.95 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (iie172). Price Co., Wis. (W/M.W.), Aug., Ithaca, N. Y.! 17. Excchia bellula n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Similar to &. auwriliaria but with . 7/2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. brown pleura and with brown parts darker brown, posterior end of abdomen nearly black and different hypopygium (Fig. 48). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal. Wings (Fig. 173) hyaline, tinged with brown. Female. Similar but the lower anterior part of the sides of the intermediate abdominal segments more or less yellow. Orono, Me. Nov. 18. E-xechia bella n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Thorax brown, humeri yellow, abdo- men brown, the anterior part of the venter, yellow, this color extending well up the sides on segments 3 and 4, thus resem- bling E. interrupta; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 49). Fore meta- tarsus about 1.06 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline tinged withsyellow), (Hig. 174.). Price (Co: Wis., (W-MEW: ues Ihdaeicalg INS YM 19. Exechia captiva n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Similar to &. bella in coloring bet differs in having more yellow upon the pleura and none on the sides of abdominal segment 4; hypopygium also differs (Fig. 50). Fore metatarsus and tibia about I.04 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 175). Cape May, N. Js! (Wiereck) Sept.; Burlington, Vt, (C.W_ ja) ides Boston, Mass. (C.W.J5). septa; Ni EH: Cuewy 20. Exechia absoluta n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Thorax brown, sides lighter brown, humeri yellow. Abdomen dark brown, the venter of the first 3 segments narrowly, an indistinct spot on each side of segment 2 and a larger, more distinct one on sides of 3, yellow ; hypopyg- ium yellow (Fig. 51). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 176). Rouville Co., Que.; Orono, Me.! Oct. Reared from Boletus granulatus. Female. Like the male but with broad dark brown or black- ish margins on each segment produced along the median line, thus leaving the venter and triangular spots on the sides, yellow Ihedngice INI \e3 ee S.UDY CGAL Ae) 3" New Haven ieee (Viereck), Rinction, Ne ee CCWal FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 73, 21. Ewxecha capillata n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Thorax and abdomen dark brown, humeri and small spot on venter of segments 2 and 3 faintly yellow; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 52). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown. Gite" 177 ). | Female. Like the male but venter yellow, this color extend- ing up on the sides along anterior margin of each segment. Kingston, R. I. (J.B.), May; Dinwiddie Creek and Torrey’s Wale, Wyo. (W.MiW) Sept.; Stanford Univ., Cal. (J.M.A.) Feb. ; Ithaca, N. Y.! May, Sept. Bred from Collybia dryophila. 22. Exechia obediens n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. “Thorax and abdomen brown; hy- popygium dusky yellow (Fig. 53). Fore metatarsus about 1.04 longer than the tibia. Wing hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. ieee aiond) Unive Cj IMVAy)\) eb.) Berkeley. Cal. CW.M.W.) March. 23. Eaxechia ativita n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. ‘Thorax and abdomen brown, latera! margins of the mesonotum paler, posterior end of abdomen darker brown, humeri and venter and sides of segment 2 and 3. yellow; hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 54). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 179). se Female. Like the male but venter yellow, this color extend- ing up on the sides along anterior margin of each segment. Wis., SrevEWe) Ate; kl (J-B.), Nov.; Ithaca, N.Y. Aug.: Orono, Me., Noy.; Forest Hill, N. J.; (Weidt), Apr., Nov. 24. Exechia repanda n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. The mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum brown, the humeri, pleura and lateral margins of the mesonotum yellow. Abdomen dark brown; the venter of segments I, 2 and 3, the posterior part of the sides of 2, the greater part of the sides of 3, and hypopygium (Fig. 55) yel- low. Fore metatarsus but little if any longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 180). Ithaca, N. Y.! Aug. Female. Like the male but with abdomen like that of the female of £. atirita. Boston, Mass., (C.W.J.). Sept. 2 74. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. 25. Execma absurda n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Thorax brown, pleura a little paler brown, humeri yellow. Abdomen dark brown, the venter of segment 2, venter and sides of 3, and hypopygium yellow (Fig..56). Fore metatarsus about 1.1 longer than the tibia. Wing hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 181). Ithaca, N. Y.! and Orono, Me. Nov. 26. Exvechia casta n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. ‘Thorax and abdomen brown, the latter darker brown, humeri yellow; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 57). Fore metatarsus about .95 as long as the tibia. Wings hyaline tinged with brown (Fig. 182). Female. Like the male but the anterior margin of each seg ment on the venter and sides sometimes faintly tinged with yellow. Black Rock Creek, Dubois,! Dinwiddie Creek, Hunt- rs Creek, Wyoming (W.M.W), Sept. 27. E-xechia analis Adams. Wash. Carnegie Inst. Pub. 67. 37..1907. (Mvcetophila.). Male. Length 4 mm. Head brownish black, mouth parts and basal joints of antennz yellow, remaining joints of antennz light brown. Thorax brownish black, lateral margins of mes- onotum and pleura brownish-yellow, mesonotum with short yellow pile and black bristly hairs, the latter distributed along the sides; scutellum with an apical pair of strong bristles. Abdomen brownish-black, apex yellow, with short yellow pile. Coxz yellow, femora light yellow, tibia and rarsi becoming darker distally ; the front tibiz without bristles except the apica! ones, the second are provided with a row of indistinct setulz and the hind tibia have rather strong bristles; front tarsi a little over twice as long as front tibiz; middle tarsi above twice as long as middle tibiz, hind tarsi 1.5 times as long as their tibie. Wings nearly hyaline, Rs and anterior branch of media divergent distally, furcation of media in front of base of Rs, furcation of cubitus considerably posterior to it. Halteres light yellow. “Mayfield Cave, Ind.” The type specimen, which was sent to me by Dr. Adams for examination, has an hypopygium resembling that of E&. attrita, the longer process very similar to that shown in fig. 54, but FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 75 the postero-ventral angles of the hypopygial sclerite are pro- duced almost as far as the tips of the articulated processes in the form of slender, blunt almost spine-like lobes, in &. analis. 27. Genus Dynatosoma Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII, 947, 1863. Front broad, anterior margin not produced into a triangle, vertex high; ocelli usually 2 in number, large; the middle one, when present, very minute; Thorax pubescent, margins setose. scutellum semicircular with setose margin. Legs stout, hind femora each usually with 3 ranges of stout sete on extensor surface. Costa not extended beyond tip of Rs; subcosta nearly half as long as the basal cell R and ends in R:; branches of the cubitus widely divergent; first anal long but incomplete, strong. Table of Species. a. Cubitus forks distad of the basal section of the radial sector; wing with distinct spots; 3 ranges of sete on each hind tibia. b. Thorax largely and abdomen, fuscous; hypopygium (Fig. 58). I. nigrina Nn. Sp. bb. Thorax largely and basal portion at least of abdomen, yellow, hypopygium (Fig. 59). 2. fulvida. aa. Cubitus forks proximad of the base of radial sector; wing un- spotted; 2 ranges of sete on each hind tibia. b. Thorax black. 3. thoracica. bb. Thorax fulvous. 4. placida n. sp. 1. Dynatosoma mgrina n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Head fuscous, antennze subfuscous basal 3 or 4 joints and palpi yellowish. Thorax fuscous, the narrow posterior angles of the mesonotum and the humeri, widely, reddish yellow; hairs and sete yellow. Abdomen blackish, the hind margins of the segments narrowly and indis- tinctly, yellow; hairs, appressed, yellow ; hypopygium (PI. 7, fig. 19, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 93) and (Fig. 58). Coxe yellow, middle and hind ones each with an oval black spot near the apex on the outer side; femora and tibiz, yellow, the bases of all and the apices of middle and hind femora, black, tip of hind tibia black; tarsi brownish. Wing grayish hyaline, marked with a large brown central spot, a preapical fascia and a faint grayish apical margin (Fig. 183). Halteres yellow. Mass, 76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. E912. 2. Dynatosoma fulvida Coquillett. Canad) ni OOO Vio 18057 Male. Length 4.5 mm. to 7mm. Head dusky yellowish with darker transverse fascia, or wholly brown, antennz subfuscous, 4 or 5 basal joints and palpi yellowish. ‘Thorax reddish yellow, hairs yellow, sete reddish yellow to brown. Abdomen reddish yellow, the 3 posterior segments largely subshining blackish with yellow margins; hypopygium (Fig. 59). Coxe and legs yellow, the tarsi and the tips of the hind femora brownish. Wings grayish hyaline, marked with a large brown central spot, a preapical fascia and a fainter grayish apical margin (Fig. 184). Halteres yellow. Capens, Me. (C.W.J.), July; Friday Harbor, Washington (J.M.A.), May; Ithaca, N. Y. — Female. Similar to the male, but the abdomen with less dark coloring, in 2 specimens wholly reddish yellow. Selkirk Mts. (C.B); Piday arbor, Washineton)(() eA). Mayas iit IN, Nie, ia. 3. Dynatosoma thoracica Coquillett. Proc) Urs, Nat, Mus XOX1IE 508" 1901. Male and female. Length 4 to 5 mm. Head black, upper part of face, base of antennz and the mouth parts yellow. thorax and scutellum black, subopaque; abdomen dark brown, the first 4 segments partly or wholly reddish yellow; legs: yel- low, tarsi brownish, anterior tibiz each bearing about 4 down- wardly directed spines at apex of outer side, the anterior spine the longest, nearly half as long as the tibial spur; many of the lateral bristles of middle and hind tibia much longer than greatest diameter of the tibiae, those on inner side of the middle tibize shorter than greatest-diameter of the latter; wings grayish hyaline, tinged with yellowish along the costa, cubitus forking about opposite the crossvein. Halteres yellow. “Ul., N. H.” An examination of the type shows that there are 2 ranges 9% setze on each hind tibia. 4. Dynatosoma placida n. sp. Male. Length 5.5 mm. Head fulvous, frontal groove dusky, ocelli 2, face and palpi pale yellow, antennz fuscous, 4 or 5 basal joints yellowish, seta on the upper eye margin, brown. Thorax fulvous, mesonotum with 3 indistinct pale brown vitte, setee pale brown; pleura, scutellum, and metanotum yellow: So a ie FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Vy) scutellar setee brown. Abdomen fulvous, shining, each segment with a brown triangular “saddle,” broadest posteriorly, indi;- tinctly divided along the median line; hypopygium shining fulvous, prominent, superior claspers slender, curved, each with curved black spine at the tip and a long stout subapical seta. Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi darker, hind tibie each with 2 ranges of sete. Wings yellow hyaline, veins fulvous (Fig. Baeeeccacicy, Ont, (MC, Van, Duzee), july. 28. Genus Opistholoba Mik. Wiene imi Zeit X87, 189m Ocelli three, laterals contiguous to the eye margin, middle one very minute; hypopygium very large and conspicuous, much broader than the abdominal segments, husk-like (Fig. 60). Ventral posterior margin of the sixth abdominal segment in the female provided with a row of long sete which project beyond the tip of the abdomen. In other respects like Mycetophila. Opistholoba ocellata Johannsen. Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 93, 126. 1909. Male. Length 3 mm. Head shining black, antennz fuscous, 4 or 5 basal joints and the palpi yellow. Thorax and abdomen deep brown or black; large quadrangular spot on each humerus, a minute spot on each posterior angle of the mesonotum, and the large hypopygium, yellow. Hypopygium when seen from the side, subtriangular, folded under the abdomen, nearly reaching the middle of the fourth abdominal segment (Fig. 60. See also pl. 7, fig. 18, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 93). Coxe and legs yellow, the tarsi slightly darker, tips of hind femora blackish; middle tibize each with one short and two long setee on the flexor surface. Wings grayish hyaline, with a central spot and a short preapical fascia, cubitus forks slightly proximad of the fork of the media (Fig. 185). Halteres yel- low. Ithaca, N. Y. May. Aug. 29. Genus Epicypta Winnertz. Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. go9, 1863. Head round, flattened in front, the anterior margin of the thorax produced over it; front broad, its anterior margin pro- 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. duced into a triangle which descends to the base of the antenne ; ocelli small, laterals contiguous to the eye margin, the middle one minute, placed in a groove at the base of the frontal tri- angle. Legs strong, with tibial sete which on the hind legs are noticeably longer than the diameter of the tibia at the widest part. Costa more or less produced beyond the tip of Rs: fork of the cubitus under or proximad of the fork of the media, the angle at the base very acute, the branches slightly diverging, anal strong but incomplete. Table of Species. a. Wings unspotted, hyaline. b. Cubitus forks proximad of the prominal end of the crossvein by the length of this vein. c. Humeri dusky yellow; costa produced. I. pulicaria. ec. Humeri black; middle ocellus absent; costa produced but little if at all. Mycetophila anomala n. sp. bb. Cubitus forks under the crossvein. Mycetophila vitrea. aa. Wing marked with brown. b. Mesonotum shining, unicolored, blackish; a single spot on the wing. 2. punctum. bb. Mesonotum yellowish with 3 dark subconfluent stripes, or some- times confluent, leaving only the humeri and anterior margin yellow; wing with central spot and broad preapical spot which may be rather faint, rarely wanting. 3. trinotata. 1. Epicypta pulicaria Loew. Berlin, Bit, Zentschr Xu ior Sho: Female. Length 2.5 mm. Black, moderately shining, clothed with short appressed dusky pile. Head black, palpi yellow. antennee fuscous, the scape and the immediate base of the flagellum reddish. Coxz and legs pale yellow, the tibial spurs and the fore tarsi fuscous, the other tarsi subfuscous; middle tibize each with 2 setz on flexor surface. Wings yellowish gray hyaline, the costal cell and part of cell R: yellowish. Halteres viellowiaem (eae After examining the type at Cambridge, I may add that the humeri are dusky yellow, R: and Rs curved parallel to the costa, the cell between quite narrow, cubitus forks the length of the crossvein proximad of the proximal end of the latter. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 2. Epicypta punctum Stannius. Observ, de Myc. 16. 1831 (Mycetophila). Male and female. Length 3 mm. Head black, subshining, antenna brown, scape, at least the second joint, and the palpi reddish yellow, hairs yellowish. Thorax and abdomen brown- ish black with appressed yellow hairs, hypopygium dusky yel- -lowish; longer hairs at. the bases of the wings and the 4 scutellar sete, black. Coxz and legs reddish yellow, tips of hind femora, the spurs and the tarsi brown; middle tibiz each with 1 shorter and 2 longer sete on the flexor surface; fore metatarsus very slightly shorter than the tibia, subequal in the female; the entire tarsus about 2.4 the tibia in length; soles of the 2-4 fore tarsal joints slightly swollen in the female. Wing hyaline, tinged with brownish yellow, with a brownish centra! spot; costa noticeably produced beyond the tip of Rs; the base of Rs, the forks of media and cubitus nearly equidistant froni the base of the wing, or the last very slightly proximad; second anal long, though incomplete, somewhat curved up at the end. Halteres yellow. “Europe and N. J.” Auburndale, Mass. (C.W.J.) Aug. 3. Enpicypta trinotata Staeger. < Kroyer: ‘Tidsskr. 242. 1840 (Mvycetophila): Male and female. Length 3 mm: Head and antenne brown, scape and palpi yellow, hairs yellow. Mesonotum reddish yel- low with 3 subconfluent brown stripes, or in the male, brown, with only yellow humeri, pleura and metanotum brown, scutel- lum brown in the male, yellow with brown lateral spots in the female, sete black, hairs appressed, yellow. Abdomen dark brown with appressed yellow hair, hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 61). Coxz and legs yellow, hind margins and tips of hind femora, the spurs and the tarsi brown; fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length, the entire tarsus about 2.2 ionger than the tibia, middle tibiz each with a short and 2 long sete on flexor surface. Wings yellowish hyaline, with a brown central spot, an elongate pale brownish preapical cloud, a pale brown spot behind the fork of the cubitus, and a yellow costal cell (Fig. 186). Excepting the central spot the markings are some- times quite faint. Halteres yellow. Mass., (W.M.W.); N. 80 MAINE AGRICUETURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQITZ- Adams, Mass: CCWaj.)e Janes i lthacas New: [anes area Kingsmere, Canada, (Dr. Hewitt). The Canadian specimen= were reared from Enteridium spendens. 30. Genus Mycothera Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XIII. 913,. 1863. Front broad, its anterior margin produced -into a triang's the apex of which reaches to the base of the antennz; ocelli small, the laterals contiguous to the eye margin, the minute middle one placed in a groove at the base of the frontal triangle. Anal segments and forceps small. ‘Tibial sete strong, the middle tibia frequently with one or more on the flexor surface, fore metatarsus shorter than the tibia. Costa not produced beyond the tip of Rs, cubitus forks proximad, at, or distad of the base of Rs, the branches convergent or parallel toward their apices ‘The 3 ocelli distinguish this genus from Mycetophila, the con- verging or parallel branches of the cubitus separate it from Epicvpta. “The larvee live in decaying wood and fungi. Table of Species. a. Cubitus forks as far distad of the crossvein as. the length of the cell Cun. b. Thorax black; wings hyaline, with a brown fascia which fills apex of cell R: and crosses Rs. i) analis: bb. Thorax brownish or yellowish; hypopygium (Fig. 62). 2. paula. aa. Cubitus forks proximad, under, or but slightly distad of the fork ~ of the media. b. Cubitus forks distinctly proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein; middle tibia with 2 or 3 sete on the flexor surface; apical wing cloud diffuse; abdomen reddish, indistinctly fasciate. | 25 parudoxa neesp: bb. Cubitus forks only slightly proximad, at, or distad of the proxi- mal end of the crossvein. c. Preapical wing cloud diffuse, its margin ill defined or want- ing; or if more distinct, then middle tibia each with 1 sete on flexor surface. d. Middle tibiz each with two or three sete on flexor sur- face; females. 4. Mycothera sp. dd. Middle tibiz each with o or I seta on flexor surface. e. Thorax reddish or reddish brown with sub fucous dor- sum; abdomen reddish brown indistinctly fasciate. f. No apical wing cloud; hypopygium (Fis. 64). 5. mitis n. sp. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. SI ff. With diffuse apical wing cloud; hypopygium (Fig. 65). 6. recta n. Sp. ee. Dark: brown or blackish species; hypopygium (Fig. 66). f. Wing with hyaline spot under Rs (Fig. 191). 7. fenestrata. ff. Wing not marked thus. 7a. var. praenubila n. var. ec. Preapical wine cloud sharply defined with an anterior spur which fills out the apex of cell Ri; middle tibia each with 2 or 3 sete on flexor surface. 8. impellans n. sp. 1. Mycothera analis Coquillett. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 508, 1901. (Bxechia). Male. Length 2 mm. Head black, tha face, mouth parts and base of antennze yellow; thorax black slightly polished, a small triangular yellow spot below the humeri; abdomen dark brown, the third and fourth segments, except hind margin of the latter, yellow; legs yellow, the broad apices of hind femora dark brown, tarsi brownish yellow; wings hyaline, a brown facia fills the apex of celi R: and crosses cell aS “Delaware WategiGap, No ].* 2. Mycothera paula Loew. Bering E mt Aciscim OM 1514) 1860%. trifasciata Coq. Invert. Pacifica I. 18. 1904. (Mycetophila). Male and female. Length 2.2-2.5 mm. Head fuscous, an- tenne brown, the 3 or 4 basal joints and the palpi yellow. Mesonotum reddish brown, opaque, the front and lateral mar- gins and front angles yellow; hairs yellow, sete brown; scutel- lum yellow, pleura and metanotum brown. Abdomen black, genitalia (Fig. 62) yellow. Legs yellow, tips of hind femora, of middle and hind tibiz, and the larger part of the tarsi, brown; middle tibize each with 2 sete on flexor surface. Wing grayish hyaline with 3 brown fasciz (Fig. 187). Halteres yel- low. I have seen the types of has and trifasciata, and they oo not appear to differ. “Middle States,” “Stanford Univ., Cal.; Carbondale Landing, Columbia eee Bes a CBP ye ithaca, Premeenuc:, Oct. ; Brookside . J. (Weidt) 1, fe 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9O22. 3. Mycothera paradoxa n. sp. Female. Length 3 mm. Head and antenne dark brown, the scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax reddish yellow, dorsum with faint indication of 3 dark stripes, the scutellum, center of metanotum and the lower margin of the pleura, brown; hairs yellow; setee blackish. Abdomen reddish yellow, each segment with a broad, indistinct, subfucous transverse fascia; ovipositor yellow (Fig. 63). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi brown; middle tibiae each with 2 or 3 sete on the flexor surface. Wings gray- ish hyaline, with a central spot and a diffuse preapical cloud: cubitus forks distinctly proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein (Fig. 188). Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y. 4. Mycothera sp. Female. Length 3 mm. Thorax and abdomen brown, humeri yellow. Cubitus forks about under the fork of the media. In other respects like M. paradoxa. Black Rock Creek; Wyo, Price (Cor, Wiss) (W MEW.) Ithaca, Nay Yeas: In one N. Y. specimen the thorax is yellow with 3 distinct . brown stripes, and the apical wing cloud faint, in another the apical wing cloud is entirely wanting. 5. Mycothera mutis n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Head and antenne brown, scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax reddish brown, the center of the mesono- tum, scutellum and metanotum fuscous, humeri yellowish, sete black. Abdomen dark reddish brown, hind margin of each tergite indistinctly yellow, venter and hypopygium yellow (Fig. 64). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi brown; middle tibize each with a single seta on flexor surface. Wing hyaline, central spot pale brown, no preapical cloud (Fig. 189). Halteres yel- low. Wisconsin, July. 6. Mycothera recta n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Head and thorax brown, scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax reddish brown, the center of the mesono- tum, the scutellum and metanotum brownish, humeri yellow, setee black. Abdomen dark reddish brown, darker posteriorly. hind margins of segments and venter indistinctly yellowish, hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 65). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi and tips of hind femora brown; middle tibiz each with FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 a single seta on flexor surface. Wing hyaline, central spot and diffuse preapical cloud pale brown (Fig. 190). Halteres yellow. iitaea, Ne. (Aue. )). Female. A female from the same locality with dark brown thorax, yellow humeri, brown abdomen with yellow venter and yellow margins on the tergites, may belong here. 7. Mycothera fenestrata Coquillett. Inv. Pacifica, I. 19. 1905 (Mycetophila). Male. Length 3 mm. Head, antennz, thorax and abdome: dark brown, scape, palpi, humeri and hypopygium (Fig. 66) dusky yellow. Coxz and legs yellow, the tarsi, tips of coxe, of middle and hind tibiz and of hind femora brownish, middle tibize each with one seta on the flexor surface. Wings hyalitie with a brown spot over the crosvein, apical third of wing smoky less distinct posteriorly, a clear spot behind Rs below tip of Ri (Fig. 191). Halteres yellow. Buffalo, N. Y.; Moscow, Id. GelivAs) =< Stantord: Unive, Cal.” 7a. Mvycothera fenestrata, var. praenubila n. vat. Male. Only the anterior part of the preapical wing cloud is distinct, the wing marks appearing as in M. recta. Female. ‘Thorax more reddish brown, with dark vitte feebly indicated. Friday Harbor, Wash. (J.M.A.); Price Co., Wis. GWEMEW.)); Alabama; Ithaca, N. Y., Forest Hill; N. J.! (Weidt), April. 8. Mycothera wmpellans n. sp. Male. Length 2.5-3 mm. Head and antenne dark brown, the scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax brownish; the mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum fuscous, sete brown. Abdomen brownish, each tergite darker posteriorly, but the extreme mar- gin and the venter pale; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 67). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi and tips of hind femora, brown; middle tibia with 2 or 3 sete on flexor surface. Wings hyaline, a brown central spot, and a brown sharply defined preapica, spot, a spur of which is produced into the tip of cell R:; apicai margin of wing very faintly smoky (Fig. 192). Halteres. yel- low. Female similar, but abdomen more uniformly brown. Mt. Ranier, Longmire’s Spring, Wash. (J.M.A.) July, Aug.; 84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . 1912. North Mt., Pa., North Adams, Mass., (C.W.J.) June; Laval- lette, N. J., (Vierick) May; Ithaca, N. Y.! August. Var. a. Kemale’ Wength 3.77 mm. Thorax dark brown: humeri and lateral margins of the mesonotum reddish yellow; abdomen blackish. Mt. Constitution, Orcas, Id. Wash.., (Cp Mbva jelly 31. Genus Mycetophila Meigen, Illiger’s Mag. Il. 263, 1803; Klass, I, 90, 1804. Fungiwora Meigen, Nouv. Class. 16. 1800, (without type). Head placed low on the thorax so that in profile it makes a continuous curve with the thorax, ocelli 2, placed close to the eye margin. Legs stout, tibial setae stout, those of the hind legs longer than the greatest diameter of the tibia. Costa not produced; subcosta short, incomplete; cubitus forks nearly under the fork of the media, its branches nearly parallel apical- ly; anal vein incomplete. The larve, which are commonly found in decaying wood and in fungi, possess transverse rows of microscopic ambulacral setule upon the margins of the seg- ments of the venter. The following table should be considered only as a guide; and if a specimen be found which cannot be placed, it must not be assumed undescribed without making a careful study of the hypopygium, the most reliable single character. Color anc wing markings, and possibly even the number of the sete of the ntiddle tibia are subject to occasional variation. Table of Species. a. Three ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the hind tibia, and with 2 or more sete on flexor surface of middle tibia. b. Wing without a distinct cloud, though the petiole of the media itself may be darkened. c. Thorax subopaque, humeri and posterior lateral angles yellow; female. I. exstincta. ce. Thorax shining black; hypopygium (Fig. 69). 2. jucunda Nn. sp. bb. Wing with distinct spots or cloud. c. Wing with a single spot which covers the crossvein. d. With 2 sete on flexor surface of middle tibia; hypopygium (Fig. 70). 3. perita n. Sp. dd. With 3 sete on flexor surface of middle tibie; hypopygium (Fig. 68). 1. exstincta. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 ec. Wing with preapical cloud or fascia in addition to the central spot. d. Scutellum black, humeri yellow; females. e. Preapical wing cloud does not reach vein Mu. A M. sp. ee. Preapical wing cloud crosses Mz. 5. M. sp. oy dd. Robust species with scutellum largely yellow. e. Cubital cell broad, branches of Cu slightly divergent. : 6. procera. ee. ‘Cubital cell. moderate (Fig. 196), branches of Cu sub- parallel apically. f. Wing with about 4 spots; one on each of M and Cu; hypopygium (Fig. 71). 7. fastosa n. sp. ff. No. distinct spots on media and cubitus; female. Savile spe aa. Two ranges of sets on extensor surface of each hind tibia. b. With no setz on flexor surface of middle tibie. c. Wing immaculate; last joint of palpus spatulate; hypopygium Gio 72))r 9. punctata. ec. With wing spots. d. With but a central wing spot. e. Thorax dark brown, with not more than 4 fine sete near apex of hind tibia on inner lateral side; hypopygium CES, 73). 10. falcata n. sp. ee. Reddish brown or yellow thorax; 5 or more fine sete on inner lateral side of hind tibia apically. f. Thorax yellow; apically half of inner lateral side of hind tibia ciliate; hypopygium (Fig. 74). 11. mutica. ff. Thorax reddish brown, brown dorsum and pleura; hypopygium (Fig. 75). Ila mutica var. a. dd. With 2 wing spots; branches of the cubitus slightly diverg- ent; hypopygium (Fig. 76). 12. lenis n. sp. bb. With one or more sete on flexor surface of middle tibia. ce. With but-one seta on flexor surface of middle tibia. d. Wing without distinct spot. 17. dolosa. dd. Wing with one or more spots. e. Wing with discal spot and a preapical cloud which does not pass the media. 13. monochaeta. ee. The apex of the wing more or less clouded, or other spots present. f. Apex of wing brown, an oval hyaline spot below Rs. Mycothera fenestrata. ff. Apex not distinctly clouded, a spot on cell Mz. dis- tinctly separated from the preapical spot. 15. quatuornotata. ec. With 2 or more sete on flexor surface of middle tibia. d. Wing without distinct spots. e. With a distinct thickening of the apical half of the basal section of the media; fore metatarsus longer than its tibia, St. Vincent Isl. 16. nodulosa. 86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. ee. Wing not so marked. f. Mesonotum opaque dark brown. St. Vincent Isl. 17. dolosa. ff. Mesonotum polished black, branches of cubitus diverg- ing. g. Cubitus forks under the crossvein. 18. wvitirea. - ge. Cubitus forks proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein. 19. anomala n. Sp. dd. Wing with one or more spots. e. Wing with only one spot which covers the crossvein. f. Fore metatarsus longer than its tibia; mesonotum yellowish red. St. Vincent Isl. 20. imsipiens. ff. Fore metatarsus not longer or shorter than the tibia. g. Thorax and abdomen blackish; length 2.3 mm; hypopygium (Fig. 78). 21. bipunctata. eg. Thorax shining brown, lateral margins and a spot on center of scutellum yellow; length 3.7 mm. 22. inculta. ee. Wing with 2 or more spots or clouds. f. Abdomen yellowish, intermediate segments each with a large blackish spot on each side leaving a median yellow stripe; sofmetimes largely black with only a narrow median vitta; thorax with 3 subconfluent stripes, scutellum yellow. eg. Superior forceps of hypopygium rather broad and short, with a blunt black spine (Fig. 80). 23. scalaris. eg. Superior forceps somewhat elongate (Fig. 82). 23a. scalaris vat. a. ff. Abdomen not marked thus. g. Tibial spurs whitish abruptly tipped with black; - thorax reddish yellow, moderately shining with 3 dark stripes; besides the central spot a series of 3 spots on the wing forming an irregular pre- apical fascia. 34. sigmoides. gg. Tibial spurs not distinctly black tipped. h. Middle tibiz each with 3 or 4 sete on flexor sur- face. i. Fore tarsi slightly swollen below, joints 2, 3 and 4 wider than tf. j. Ochraceous, shining, thorax with subconfluent dusky stripes; abdorninal segments with wide yellow posterior margins. 24. pinguis. jj. Dusky species, humeri yellow. k. Incisures of abdomen yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 81). 25. foecunda n. sp. kk. Abdomen wholly dark; hypopygium (Fig. Or). 26. imitator n. sp. we = we. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 ii. Fore tarsi robust, but not swollen below. j. Preapical wing cloud arises at the costal mar- gin proximad of the tip of R.. k. Preapical wing cloud reaches apex of Rs. 1. Length 5 mm; hypopygium (Fig. 83). 27. perlonga n. sp. 1. Length 3 mm. 26. witator n. sp. kk. Preapical wing cloud does not reach apex of Rs; length 2.5 mm. 28. polita. jj. Preapical wing cloud does not cover tip of vein Ru. k. Hind margin of abdominal segments broadly and distinctly yellow. 20. fallax. kk. Hind margins of segments not broadly and distinctly yellow. 1. The superior forceps with about 6 blunt black spines and one longer curved one on each limb (Fig. 84). 30, PCCHG TH, 0: ll. The limbs of the forceps with fewer spines. : m. Preapical wing cloud produced to unite with a gray cloud on poste- rior margin; superior forceps with 3 or 4 blunt spines and a longer curved one (Fig. 85). 31. lassata n. sp. mm. Preapical wing cloud abbreviated; su- perior forceps with one short blunt spine on each limb. 32. lenta n. sp. hh. Middle tibiz each with 1 or 2 sete on flexor surface, rarely with an additional smaller one above. i. Fork of the cubitus noticeably retracted proxi- mad of the base of the crossvein; thorax red- dish, slightly darker dorsally, margins of abdominal segments broadly yellow; length 4 mim. 33. propinqua? ii. Fork of cubitus not retracted when thorax is. reddish. j. Species 4.5 mm long; preapical fascia extends to Ctx, apical wing cloud present; coxe and femora each with brownish spot; inner lateral side of hind tibiae each ciliate to near the middle; hypopygium (Fig. 87). 35. fatua n. sp. jj. Smaller species. 88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. k. 'Cubitus forks slightly proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein; thorax and abdomen dull brown; hypopygium (Fig. 88). 36. edura n. sp. kk. ‘Cubitus forms under or distad of the fork of the media. 5 1. Preapical wing cloud diffuse, longitudinal in position, covers apices of veins Ri and Rs; hypopygium (Fis. 89). ' 37. exusta. N. Sp. 1]. Preapical wing cloud transverse in posi- tion, at least at proximal end. m. Preapical wing cloud reaches Me. n. Thorax reddish with brown vitte; preapical wing cloud reaches hind margin; hypopygium (Fig. 90). — 38. jugata n. sp. nn. Thorax dark brown, o. Wing cloud reaches hind margin ; scutellum dark brown; hypopy- gium (Fig. 91). 26. imitator ni. sp. oo. Wing cloud passes vein Me. p. Scutellum with yellow center and apex; hypopygium (Fig. 92). 20. extenta 1. sp. pp. Scutellum black. 40. M. sp. © mm. Preapical wing cloud does not reach vein Ms. ; n. Middle and hind coxe brown out- wardly; proximal end of preapi- cal cloud covers Ri, apex of wing with paler cloud; hypopygium it CE e163)) 41. edentula n. sp. nn. Middle and hind coxz yellow; pre- apical wing cloud smaller; apex of wing not clouded; posterior angles of thorax yellow. o. Scutellum yellow, sides darker. 42. trichonota. oo. Scutellum black. p. Fore tarsi swollen; preapical wing cloud oblique; hy- popygium (Fig. 94). 42a. trichonota var. a. pp. Fore tarsi not swollen; wing cloud broader; hypopygium (Fig, 05). 43. Socia n. sp. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 AUXILIARY TABLE TO SPECIES OF MyYcCEToPHILA sens. lat. The species included in this table I cannot recognize. Some of them do not appear to belorg to the genus Mycetophila as now restricted. a. Wing with one or more spots. b. With a single spot which covers the crossvein. c. Head blackish, disk of thorax with 3 confluent blackish vitte. 44. discoidea. ec. Head and thorax clay yellow. 45. ichneumonea. bb. With 2 wing spots. ce. Head and thorax black; length 5 mm. 46. bifasciata ec. Head and thorax yellowish to brown. d. Length 2.5 mm; abdomen reddish brown. 47. parva. dd. Length 3 mm or over; abdomen reddish brown, segments with yellow margins. e. Preapical wing cloud broader but little longer than the central spot; halteres yellow; length 4 mm. 33. propinqua. ee. Preapical wing cloud much larger than the other. f. Halteres white; head brown; length 3.5 mm. 48. laeta. ff. Halteres and head tawny; length 3 mm. 49. contigua. aa. Wing unspotted. b. Head black, thorax tawny with 3 broad black stripes, abdomen wanting. ' 50. plebeia. bb. Otherwise. ce. Body brown, thorax with tawny stripe “forked in front on its hinder part,’ scutellum and breast yellow, abdomina:‘ segments yellow at base. 51. obscura. ec. Abdominal segments yellow at apex. d. Head brown, thorax ferruginous, reddish brown on disk. 52. despecta dd. Head and mesonotum dusky, (Allodia?). e. Halteres whitish, knob dusky before the tip. 53. nubilu. ee. Halteres yellowish white. 54. sericea. 1. Mvycetophila exstincta Loew. Beinn eZeitschir XM 1529) 1T86o: Female. Length 2.5 mm. Head fuscous, opaque, the face and mouth parts yellowish. Scape yellow, flagellum blackish. its base sometimes yellow. Thorax fuscous, subopaque, humeri and posterior angle, luteous. Scutellum wholly fuscous black. The first 5 abdominal segments fuscous, the venter and apex of the abdomen yellow. Coxe and legs pale yellow, the tip of the hind femora fuscous, tarsi subfuscous, middle tibize with 3 setee on flexor surface, tarsi slender, the hind metatarsus sub- equal in length to the remaining joints; wing vems luteous 3 go MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. with very indistinct spot on the petiole of the media. ‘There are 3 ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the hind tibia in the type specimen at Cambridge. “Middle States;” N. Adams, Mass. (CW) site: Male. Length 2.5 mm. Thorax brown, subshining, anterior lateral margins yellow; hairs yellowish, sete brown. Abdomen brown, venter yellowish; hypopygium with short, broad appen- dages (Fig. 68). Coxz and legs yellow, hind femora tipped with brown; fore metatarsus about .8 as long as the tibia; middle tibiz each with 3 sete on flexor surface, hind tibie each with 3 ranges of sete on extensor surface; hind metatarsus about 7-8 as long'as the remaining joints. Wing yellowisa hyaline, with rather indistinct central spot (Fig. 193). Haltere, yellow, Auburndale, Mass., (C.W.J.) Aug. 2. Mvycctophila jucunda n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head shining black, scape, palpi and base of first flagellar joint yellow, flagellum fuscous. Thorax shining black, small post humeral depression yellow, hairs dusky yellow to brown, sete brown. Abdomen black; hypopygium small, globular (Fig. 69). Coxe and legs yellow, hind femora tipped: with black, fore metatarsus about .85 as long as its tibia; middle tibia with 3 sete on flexor surface; hind tibiz each with 3 ranges of sete on extensor surface, hind metatarsus about .8 as long as the remaining 4 joints. Wing yellowish hyaline, unmarked (Fig. 194). Halteres yel- lower ltlaca. Nea. Atietst= 3. Mvycetophila perita n. sp. Male. Length 3.0 mm--Head black; scape, basal joint ot flagellum and palpi yellow ; flagellum fuscous. ‘Thorax shining brownish black, the humeri widely and the posterior latera! angles narrowly yellow, hairs and sete brown; 4 scutellar sete. Abdomen brown, venter and the posterior margins of the inter- mediate segments on the sides, yellow; hypopygium with one pair of appendages elongate (Fig. 70). Cox and legs yellow; fore metatarsus about I-16 shorter than the tibia, middle tibize each with 2 setz on flexor surface, hind tibie each with 3 ranges on extensor surface. Wing yellowish hyaline, with cen- tral spot (Fig. 195). Milwaukee, Wis., (W.M.W.), June: Wild Cat Canyon, Costa Co., Cal. (J.C.B.) Nov.; Ithaca, N. Y.! July. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Ot 4. Mycetophila sp. Female. Length 3 mm. Resembles the foregoing, but th: yellow abdominal fasciz are wider, distinct also on the dorsum. The hind femora are broadly tipped with black, the fore metatarsus is about 3-4 the length of the tibia, middle tibiz each with 3 longer and one shorter sete on flexor surface; fore tarsal joints 2, 3, and 4 are much broader than 1. Wing with 2 distinct spots, the preapical spot fills apex of cell R: but does not reach vein M:. Eastport, Maine, July. 5. Mycetophila sp. Female. Length 2.5. Resembles No. 4 but the thorax 1s subopaque, abdomen is largely brown; the fore tarsi are not swollen, middle tibiz each with 3 sete on flexor surface, pre- apical wing spot is more slender and crosses Mz, and the fork of the cubitus is narrower. Price Co., Wis. (W.M.W.) August. 6. Mycetophila procera Loew. Male. Length 5 mm. Head dusky reddish yellow; antennz blackish, scape and base of flagellum luteous. Thorax luteous, with 3 dorsal stripes, the angles of the scutellum, pleural spots and the metanotum blackish; pile yellow, longer hairs and the setee black. Abdomen blackish, the posterior margin. of each segment narrowly, and the lateral margins widely yellow. Coxe and legs yellow, slender, tips of hind femora black, flexor surface of each middle tibia with 4 or 5 sete, tarsi long and slender, the metatarsus and the following joints of hind foot subequal. Besides the central spot there is a series of fuscous spots from the tip of cell R: across the wing, and the apical third of the posterior margin is gray; veins strong, the branches of the cubitus widely separated and slightly divergent. “New York.” There are three ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the hind tibiz in the type specimen. 7. Mycetophila fastosa. n. sp. Male. Length 4 mm. Head blackish, dusky yellow on the sides; scape, palpi, and base of flagellum yellowish, flagellum blackish. ‘Thorax subshining blackish, the wide humeral and posterior lateral angles, a spot in front of the scutellum, the scutellum, except the sides, yellow; hairs pale, sete black, Q2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. abdomen brownish black, anteriorly more brownish, anterior part of venter pale brown; hypopygium (Fig. 71). Coxe and legs yellow, the trochanters, a large spot on flexor surface near the base of all femora, tips of middle and hind femora and of middle and hind tibiz, blackish, tarsi brown; fore metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than the tibia, middle tibiz each with 2 setee on flexor surface; hind tibize each with 3 ranges of sete. Wing yellowish hyaline with central spot and several spots forming a broken preapical fascia (Fig. 196). Halteres yel- lows “Ithaca, SNe Ye! Female. Segments of abdomen narrowly margined with yel- low, with an indication of a median longitudinal stripe on seg- ment 2. Riverton, N. J., Delaware W. Gap, N. J. (C.W.].). 8. Mycetophila sp. Female. Length 3.5-4 mm. Similar to the foregoing but the preapical wing fascia is unbroken and does not reach Mu:. In an Ithaca, N. Y. specimen, the thorax is wholly shining black, the hind margins of the intermediate abdominal segments narrowly yellow and the fore tarsi slightly swollen. A specimen from Mt. Constitution, Washington, with wing marking as above is similar to M. fastosa but the disk of the thorax is brown. Another specimen from the same locality is similar to this but the narrow hind margins of the intermediate abdominal segments, the anterior part of the venter and narrow median dorsal stripes on segments 2 and 3 are yellow. 9. Mycetophila punctata Meigen. Syst. Besehr I, 264. 1818. Male and female. ‘Length 4 to 6 mm. Ochraceousemuse apical half of the antenne, the center of the mesonotum, the “saddles” of each abdominal tergite, and the tarsi usually dusky yellow or in occasional,. usually southern specimens, brownish; sometimes wholly yellow. Apical yoint of palpus oval (Fig. 55;) Plate 1, Part 1). Fore. metatarsus and sama subequal; no sete on flexor surface of middle tibiz, hind tibiz each with 2 ranges on extensor surface; both middle and hind tibiz each ciliate with a range of finer sete on inner lateral surface, which are uniform in size on hind tibize and extend to above the middle; hind coxz with a tuft of fine slightly FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 curved sete near the tip on the hinder wide; hypopygium (Fig. yeeeecen also) Pla 7, ne. 17, Genera Insectorum, Eases 92): Wing yellow tinged, without spots (Fig. 56, Plate I, Part I and Fig. 245, Part II1). Bred from several species of fleshy fungi. Our commonest species. Alab., Id., Mass., Maine, N. C., N. J.. ewer Penn, lex. Wis. Wyo. 10. Mycetophila falcata n. sp. Male and female. Length 2.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdo- men dark brown; scape, palpi, and hairs yellow, sete black: superior forceps of the hypopygium elongate, curved (Fig. 73) Coxze and legs yellow, tarsi brownish; fore metatarsus about 1-16 skorter than the tibia: middle tibiz without setze on flexor surface; hind tibie each with 2 ranges on extensor sur- face; hind metatarsus nearly .8 as long as all of remaining joints. Wings yellowish hyaline, with a central spot (Fig. 197). iaieres) yellow. Ithaca, N. Y=! A male specimen from Mt. Constitution, Id., differs in hav-— ing humeri and scutellum yellowish; a female from the same locality differs from the female from N. Y. only in being slightly paler brown. 11. Mvycetoplula mutica Loew. Berlin, lim, Zewselar, XML 152. 160. Female. Length 2.7 mm. Head reddish yellow, front sub- cinereous, face, mouth parts, scape and base of flagellum yellow; flagellum ‘brownish. ‘Thorax opaque reddish yellow, scutellum similarly colored. Abdomen fuscous, the sides of the last 4 segments widely yellowish. Coxe and legs pale yellow, tarsi slender, subfuscous, the fore tarsus twice as long as the tibia, the hind metatarsus a little longer than the remain- ing joints taken together; middle tibia without sete on flexor surface. Wing with a‘central spot. “Middle States.” Hind tibia each with 2 ranges of setz on extensor surface; inner lateral side ciliate to the middle. Male. Differs in having abdomen wholly brown; hypopyg- miiecnenn 74), IN. C. (W.B.); N.Y. Selkirk Mts., B. C., (ee on Wash. (joM.A.)>.Wis., and Wyo. (W.M.W.). Var. a. Differs in’ having disk of mesonotum brownish, a slight d:fference in the form of the inferior forceps (Fig. 75). a ee O4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. and in having fewer cilia on inner lateral side of hind tibia. Wash. (J.M.A.). 12. Mvycetophila lenis n. sp. ‘Male. Length 4 mm. Head brown, yellowish at the sides; scape, base of flagellum and palpi yellow, flagellum brown. Thorax yellow, a spot, 3 subconfluent vitte on dorsum, centet of the metanotum, and the pleura in part, brown; hairs pale, setae dark. Abdomen brown, the anterior margin of each seg- ment very narrowly, the posterior margin more widely and the venter, yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 76). Coxe and legs yellow, tips of middle and hind femora narrowly dark brown, tarsi brownish; fore metatarsus about 7-8 as long as the tibia; mid- dle tibize without sete on the flexor surface; hind tibie each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface; hind metatarsus about .9 as long as the remaining joints taken together. Wéing yellowish gray hyaline, with 2 large dark brown spots; branches of cubitus distinctly divergent (Fig. 198). Halteres yellow. Kastport, Maine, (C.W.J.), July. ’ 13. Mycetophila monochaeta Loew. Berl rave, Zesheselme, MOUS Wes, 1aa6), Male and female. Length 2.7-3 mm. Head fuscous black, opaque, mouth parts subfuscous, scape chiefly yellow, flagellum fuscous black, the base yellowish. ‘Thorax and abdomen fus- cous black, mesonotum opaque, sides pollinose, humeri some- times yellowish; genitalia pale. Coxe and legs pale yellow; middle tibiz each with one seta on flexor surface; hind meta- tarsus subequal in length to the remaining joints taken together. Wing cinereous with a central spot and a short preapical fascia. SDs Cx. 14. Mycetophila fenestrata Coquillett. An examination of the type in the National Museum shows that this species is a member of the genus Mycothera. See page 83 for the description. 15. Mycetophila quatuornotata Loew. Bering Eat Zettscarn ell wo77) 1 e6o) Female. Length 4.2 mm. Head dusky yellow, front largely fuscous; antennz fuscous black, scape and base of flagellum FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 95 yellow. Mesonotum yellowish with 3 broad black vitte dilated anteriorly; hairs yellowish, sete black; pleura and metanotum fuscous black; scutellum yellow, lateral angles blackish. Abdo- men fuscous black, moderately shining, the last segment except the base, the posterior margins of the remaining segments, a median stripe on segment 2 and the bases of 3 and 4 yellow: lamelle of the ovipositor ochraceous. Coxe and legs pale yel- low, tips of posterior femora black, flexor surface of each middle tibia with a single sete; hind metatarsus shorter than joints 2, 3 and 4 taken together. Central wing spot large’ preapical spot fills out the apex of cell R: from tip of vein Ru and reaches Cu interrupted over cell M:; a more or less dis- tinct gray cloud behind the cubitus opposite the central spot. “Maryland ;’ Hemlock Falls, N. J. June. 16. Mycetophila nodulosa Williston. Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 264. 1896. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Antennz brownish-yellow, the basil joints yellow; longer than the head and thorax together. Front and face light ochraceous yellow; palpi brown. Mesonotuni light ochraceous yellow, lightly white pruinose on the sides, and with blackish and yellow hair; pleura brownish-yellow. Abdomen reddish-brown; pubescence chiefly black. Legs yel- low, the coxze and femora light yellow, the broad hind femora at the tip brown. Front tibiz about 1-3 of the length of the tarsi and shorter than the metatarsi; middle tibiz with spines on the inner sidé; hind tibiz with 2 rows of spines on the outer side. Wings lightly tinged, the outer part of the first section of the media, the crossvein and the base of the second section of Rs thickened, forming a straight spindle-shaped mass. Pete viicent Isl.”’ 17. Mycetophila dolosa Williston. Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 264. 1896. Male. Length 2.5-3 mm. Antennze brown, somewhat com- pressed, the basal joints yellowish. Front and face brown, mesonotum dark brown, opaque, with a thin yellowish sheen in some reflections. Abdomen dark brown or black, the venter yellow. Pleura yellowish-brown. Coxze and legs light yellow the tarsi appearing blackish from the hair; front tibize less than 96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. half of the length of the tarsi and a little longer than the metatarsi; hind tibiz with 2 rows of spines on the outer side: middle tibize with spines on the inner side; hind nsetatarsi nearly as long as the following joints together. Wings tinged with browalislinye Sten Vincente lslee Mr. William R. Thompson who kindly examined the co-type (?) specimens in the St. Vincent collection at Cornell Univer Silty, WAGES
(Fig. 203). Halteres yellow. Selkirk Mts., B. C.!
(J.C.B.) and Friday Harbor, Wash. (J.M.A.).
31. Mycetophila lassata n. sp.
Male. Length 3.5 mm. Similar to M. pectita in coloring and
structure, but differs in having the preapical wing cloud pro-
duced covering the posterior apical margin of the wing (Fig.
204); and in the form of the hypopygium (Fig. 85). Felton,
ae). c.B:) May:
102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. UO) Ze
32. Mycetophila lenta n. sp.
Male. Length 3.5 mm. Similar to M. pectita but differs in
having the mesonotum subshining, and.in the form of the
hypopygium (Fig. 86). The thorax of the Maine specimen
is blackish with the humeri broadly yellow and with spots on -
posterior angles of mesonotum, a spot in front of the scutellum
and the center of the scutellum, yellow; wing as figured (Fig.
205). Price Co., Wis. (W.M:W:) Aug.; Orono, Maine! Oct:
(Bred from Mushrooms) ; N. C.
33. Mycetophila propinqua Walker.
List of Diptera, Brit. Mus. I. 96. 1848.
Length 4mm. Head tawny, very thickly clothed with yellow
hairs; palpi tawny; eyes black; feelers tawny, brown towards
the tips; chest reddish tawny, with a short brown stripe on
each side; hind chest pale tawny; its three reddish lobes cov-
ered with a white bloom; abdomen reddish brown, clothed with
yellow hairs; hind borders of the segments tawny; legs yellow;
tips of the thighs tawny; shanks darker than the thighs; feet
brown, tawny toward the base; wings pale tawny especially
towards the fore border, and adorned with two brown bands,
of which the one nearest the wing tip is continued along the fore
border of the wing to the tip, and is a little broader, but hardly
longer or more irregular than the other; veins tawny; poisers
yellow. “Nova Scotia.”
A temale specimen “irony N. Y: which) appears to bela
species has 2 setee on flexor surface of each middle tibia and 2
ranges on extensor surface of each hind tibia.
34. Mycetophila sigmoides Loew.
Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 156. 1869.
Male. Length 4mm. Head yellowish, front darker, antennz
fuscous black, the scape and the very base of the flagellum
yellowish. Thorax yellowish moderately shining, mesonotum
with 3 fuscous vitte; hairs yellowish, sete black; scutellum
yellow, lateral angles fuscous, sete black; pleura with fuscous,
metanotum wholly fuscous. Abdomen yellowish, the segments
with fuscous markings, hypopygium small, yellow. Coxe and
legs pale yellow; all femora with an oblong dark spot below,
FUNCUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 103
near the base, apex of each hind femur black; middle tibize each
with 2 or 3 sete on flexor surface; tibial spurs whitish dis-
tinctly tipped with black; tarsi dusky; hind metatarsus about
as long as the 3 following joints taken together. Wing with
central spot with a preapical fascia formed of 3 fuscous spots
arranged like the letter S, the first and largest extends from
the apex of cell R: to vein Mx. “Middle States.”
There are 2 ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the
hind tibiz in the type specimen.
35. Mvycetophila fatua n. sp.
Male. Length 4.5 mm. Head and antennz brown, the scape,
palpi and very base of flagellum yellow. Thorax dull yeilow-
ish, mesonotum with 3 subconfluent dull dark brown vitte,
pleura, metanotum and sides of scutellum brown, setz black
Abdomen dark brown, the intermediate segments with yellow
hind margins; hypopygium (Fig. 87). Coxe and legs yellow-
icpteiemcentral portion of the ‘coxe, flexor sutiace) of the
femora near the base, tips of hind femora and of tibize and the
apical part of the tarsi, brown, fore metatarsus about 7-8 as
long as the tibia; middle tibiz each with 2 sete on flexor sur-
face; hind tibiz each with 2 ranges on extensor surface; hind
metatarsus 7-8 as long as the 4 remaining joints. Wings gray-
ish hyaline, costal cell yellowish; with central spot, a large
brown preapical more or less interrupted fascia, a faint cloud
at apex of the wing and another behind the fork of the cubitus
(Fig. 206). Halteres yellow. Moscow, Idaho (J.M.A.).
Female. Similar, but thorax a little paler brown, and the
preapical wing fascia’ more broadly interrupted in cell Mu.
Vollmer, Idaho.
30. Mvycetophila edura n. sp.
Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head and antenne grayish brown,
the palpi, scape and base of flagellum yellow. Thorax and
abdomen dark brown, subopaque, the humeri and the narrov:
posterior angles of the mesonotum yellow, hairs yellow, seta:
black; hypopygium (Fig. 88). Coxe and legs yellow, the ex-
tensor surface of the hind femora and the tarsi brownish; fore
metatarsus about .8 of tibia in length, middle tibie each with
2 sete on flexor surface, hind tibiz each with 2 ranges of sete
on extensor surface, hind metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than
104. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12.
the 4 remaining joints. Wings grayish hyaline with central!
spot and a preapical spot which reaches from apex of Rs to
proximad of tip of R:, transversely not quite reaching M:
(Clie, 207), lalaikveres s7elllomy Indnaica, IN. WZ!
Female. A single specimen from Price Co., Wis. (W.M.W.)
differs in having the dorsum of the thorax and base of the
abdomen paler brown.
37. Mycetophila exusta n. sp.
Male. Length 2 mm. Head and antenne brown, palpi,
scape and base of flagellum yellow. horax brown, humeri
yellow. Abdomen dark brown, hypopygium (Fig. 89). Coxe
and legs yellow, tarsi darker, fore metatarsus about .8 as long
as the tibia; middle tibiz each with 2 sete on flexor surface,
hind tibiz each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface.
Wings grayish hyaline with central spot and an elongate brown
diffuse preapical spot longitudinal in posterior extending from
tip of Rs to proximad of tip of R:; apical third of wing grayish
with an oval hyaline spot below Rs (Fig. 208). Halteres yel-
lowe) Maiss.) Jimmes id. ((j-MeA.) Sept. Cal GiCasn) eine
Nov.
This species is very similar to 1/ycothera fenestrata in wing
markings.
38. Mycetophila jugata n. sp.
Male. Length 3 mm. Head and antennz grayish brown,
palpi, scape and base of first flagellar joint reddish yellow.
Thorax reddish yellow, the 3 wide vitte of mesonotum, the
pleura, and metanotum dark reddish brown, hairs yellow, sete
black. Abdomen dark brown, hairs yellow, appressed,
hypopygium (Fig. 90). Coxe and legs yellow, tips of hind
femora blackish, tarsi dusky; fore metatarsus about .8 as long
as the tibia; middle tibize each with 2 sete on flexor surface,
hind tibiz each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface:
hind metatarsus subequal in length to the 4 following joints
taken together. Wings grayish hyaline with a large brown
central spot, a large paler cloud opposite this behind the cubitus.
a preapical fascia which extends from the costa to the hind
margin of the wing where it is paler, constricted in the middle
(Fig: 209). Halteres yellow. Felton, Calif. (].€.B.).
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 105,
39. Mycetophila extenta n. sp.
Male and female. Length 3.5 mm. Head, antenne, thorax.
and abdomen subshining fuscous, the scape, base of flagellum,
palpi, humeri, center of scutellum and the hind angles of the
mesonotum narrowly dusky yellowish; hairs pale, thoracic sete
black; hypopygium (Fig. 92). Coxe and legs yellow, tips of
hind femora black, tarsi dusky; fore metatarsus about 7-8 as
long as the tibia; middle tibize each with 2 sete on flexor sur-
face; hind tibize each with 2 ranges of setee on extensor surface;
hind metatarsus nearly .8 as long as the 4 following joints
taken together. Wing grayish hyaline, with central spot and a
preapical arcuate fascia which extends from the tip of Rs to
Mz, narrowest in cell M: (Fig. 210). Halteres yellow. Ithaca,
Ree April.
‘ 40. Mycetophila n. sp. :
Female. Length 3.5 mm. Similar to the foregoing, but
thorax more shining, the paler parts lighter yellow, no yellow
spot on the scutellum, venter yellowish, and HOM tarsi more
distinctly swollen. N. Y., August.
41. Mycetophila edentula n. sp. .
Male. Length 2.7 mm. Head, antennz, thorax and abdo-
men fuscous, the scape, base of flagellum, palpi, small spot on
humerus, dusky yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 93). Hairs pale.
sete black. Legs and fore coxe yellow, middle and hind coxe
fuscous outwardly, fore metatarsus less than .8 as long as the
tibia; middle tibiz each with 2 sete on flexor surface; hind
tibize each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface, hind
metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than the following 4 joints taker:
together. Wing grayish hyaline, with central spot, a preapicai
fascia which fills apex of cell R: arising proximad of tip of veir
R: and extends transversely slightly beyond vein M:; apex of
wing margined with,gray (Fig. 211). MHalteres yellow. Sel-
imme lts, Rogers pass, B. C.! (J.C.B.) July.
Female. Fore coxe brown, otherwise as above. Hampton,
Nimeieco. A. Shaw), Oct.
42. Mvycetophila trichonota Loew.
Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 155. 1860.
Male. Length 2.8 mm. Head fuscous, opaque, face, moutt
parts, scape and base of flagellum yellowish, antenne fuscous
4
106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
black. Thorax fuscous black, subopaque, humeri, posterior
angles, spot in front of scutellum, and the scutellum except the
sides, luteous; hairs yellow, sete black. Abdomen fuscous
black, the lateral and posterior margins of each segment except
the first yellowish; the small hypopygium yellow. Coxe and
legs pale yellow, tips of hind femora black; middle tibize each
with 2 sete on flexor surface, hind metatarsus about equal to
the following 4 joints taken together; tarsi more or less dusky.
Wing with rather large central spot and a preapical fascia
which extends from the tip of the cell R: obliquely proximad
into cell Rs but not reaching vein M:; below this fascia the
veins M: and Me are clouded with gray. “D.C.” ‘There are 2
ranges of sete on the extensor surface of each hind tibie in
the type specimen. .
Var. a. Male. ‘Vhorax subshining dark brown, scutellum
wholly brown, fore tarsi slightly swollen, otherwise as above;
hypopygium (Fig. 94). Ithaca, N. Y., July, August.
43. Mycetophila socia n. sp.
Male and female. Length 3 mm. Thorax and abdomen sub-
shining brownish black, humeri, posterior angles of mesonotum
and narrow hind margins of the segments of the abdomen yel-
low; hypopygium (Fig. 95). Fore metatarsus about 7-8 as
long as the tibia; fore tarsi not swollen. Wing with brown
central spot and an oval grayish preapical spot (Fig. 212).
Otherwise as in M. trichonota. Ithaca, N. Y., August.
44. Mycetophila discoidea Say.
Journal Ac.-Se: Phil. VI. 153, 1820.
Thorax pale with a blackish disk, wings with a fuscous spot. Head
blackish, antennze whitish, at tip blackish; thorax pale honey-yellow,
disk blackish owing to 3 vitte of that color being confluent into one,
wings hyaline, with a fuscous spot on the connecting nervures; tergum
blackish, somewhat sericeous; poisers whitish; feet whitish, with
blackish tarsi; abdomen whitish at base. Length more than 1-10 inch.
Belongs to Meigen’s first division of the genus. Indiana.
45. Mycetophila ichneumonea Say.
Journal Ac. Sc. Phil. JIT. 16. 1823.
Female. Length 3 mm. Clay yellow, abdomen brown dorsally. Be-
lorgs to Meigen’s first division. Antenne paler, head more dusky clay
yellow. Mesonotum more dusky, pleura paler clay yellow. Segments
|
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 107
2 to 4 of abdomen, brown above. Wing yellowish, crossveins broadly
margined with brown. Legs pale clay yellow, tarsi brownish. “Pa.”
46. Mycetophila bifasciata Walker.
List. of Dipt. I. 96. 1848.
Head and chest black, clothed with short tawny down; eyes and feel-
ers black, the latter ferruginous at the base; scutcheon ferruginous;
abdomen brownish black; hind borders of the segments tawny; feet,
thighs at the base and at the tips, and tips of the hind hips,
brown; wings somewhat gray, clouded with brown below the for
border about the middle and near the tip, which is also indistinct'y
clouded with gray; veins brown; poisers tawny. Length of the body
5mm. St. Martin’s. Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay.
47. Mycetophila parva Walker.
Piston Diptaleo7 mere:
Head brown; eyes black, palpi tawny; feelers brown; yellow at the
base; chest reddish brown, varied with tawny on each side; breast
vellow; abdomen reddish brown; hips and thighs yellow, tips of the
latter brown; shanks dull tawny; feet brown; wings slightly gray, witn
two brown spots beneath the fore border; the one nearest the tip of
the wing is larger and more irregular than the other; -.veins brown,
poisers yellow. Length of the body 25 mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany
River, Hudson’s Bay.
48. Mycetophila laeta Walker.
List. of Dipt. I. 97. 1848.
Body’ thickly clothed with yellow hairs; head brown; eyes black:
palpi tawny; feelers dull tawny yellow at the base; chest bright tawny:
its hind part pale reddish brown and varied with yellow; abdomen
reddish brown, with five yellow bands along the sutures of the
segments; hips and thighs pale yellow; tips of hind thighs brown;
shanks pale tawny; feet brown, wings slightly tawny, especially towards
the fore border, and adorned with two brown bands of which the one
nearest to the wing tip is much larger and more irregular than the
others. Veins tawny; poisers white. Length of body 3.5 mm. Nova
Scotia.
AQ. Mvycetophila contigua. Walker.
List. of Dipt. I. 96. 1848.
Body clothed with short yellow hairs; head tawny; eyes black, palpi
tawny; feelers brown, tawny at base; chest reddish brown, yellow or
each side in front. Abdomen reddish brown; hind border of each
segment pale yellow; legs pale yellow; tips of hind thighs brown; feet
and tips of shanks dull tawny; wings pale tawny adorned with two
brown bands, of which the one nearest to the wing tip is much longer
and more irregular than the other; veins dark tawny; poisers bright
tawny. Length of the body 3 mm. Nova Scotia.
108 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
50. Mycetophila plebeia Walker.
List of Dipt. I. too. 1848.
Head black; palpi tawny; feelers black, yellow at the base; chest
tawny with three broad black stripes which occupy nearly all the back
and are united behind; the middle one is much in advance of the other
two; abdomen wanting; hips and thighs pale yellow; shanks dull paie
tawny; feet brown; wings slightly gray; veins brown; poisers yellow.
Length of body 3.5 mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s
Bay.
51. Mycetophila obscura Walker.
List of Dipt. I. ror. 1848.
Body brown; head yellow beneath; eyes black; palpi yellow; feelers
brown, yellow at the base; chest with a tawny stripe forked in front
on its hinder part; scutcheon and breast yellow; abdominal segments
yellow at the base; legs yellow; hips very pale yellow; feet dull yellow:
wings colourless; veins brown; poisers yellow. Length of the body
3mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay.
52. Mycetophila despecta Walker.
List of Dipt. I. tor. 1848.
Head and palpi brown; eyes black; feelers brown, yellow at the base;
chest ferruginous, reddish brown on the disk; abdomen brown; ventral
segments and hind borders of dorsal segments ferruginous; legs yellow;
feet brown; wings colourless; veins tawny; poisers yellow. Length ct
body 3 mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay.
eae ealalliate TH
|
53. Mycetophila nubila Say.
Jourmal Ac Se. iPimil, Wi, we, 820)
Dusky; wings immaculate; feet whitish. Inhabits Indiana. Body
dusky, brownish; antenne first and second joints yellowish; wings
hyaline; immaculate; poisers whitish, capitulum dusky before the tip;
abdomen slender, gradually enlarging to the tip; tergum with the tips
of the segments pale; anal segments pale; feet whitish, dusky towards
the tips; spines 1-3 the length of the first tarsal joint. Length 3-20
inch. Belongs to Meigens 5th Division.
54. Mycetophila sericea Say.
Long’s Exped. App. 365. 1824.
Male and female. Length over 4 mm. Scape yellow, flagellum
brown; palpi yellow. Head blackish with yellowish sheen. Pleura yel
lowish, mesonotum fuscous with whitish silky sheen. Abdomen deep
brown, posterior margins of the segments yellow broadened at the sides
in the form of triangular spots. Wing slightly yellowish with brown
veins. Course of veins as in Plate 9, Fig. 18, in Meigen’s Syst. Beschr.
I. Halteres and legs pale yellowish with brown tarsi and spurs. “N. W.
Terr.” Perhaps Allodia.
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 10g
32. Genus Sceptonia Winnertz.
Verh. Zool.:-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. . 1863.
Front broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle
the apex of which reaches the base of the antenne; laterai
ocelli contiguous to the eye margin, middle one minute, in a
groove at the base of the triangle. Anterior margin of thorax
produced over the head so that in profile making a continuous
curve with the head. Legs strong, hind tibial sete longer than
the greatest diameter of the tibia. The branches of the radius
curved parallel to the costa, the cells between very narrow, the —
costa therefore apparently produced beyond the tip of Rs;
subcosta short; cubitus simple; anal long but incomplete. The
farve are found in decaying wood and in fungi.
Sceptonia ngra Meigen.
Syst. Beschr. I. 270. 1818. (Mycetophila).
Male and female. Length 2.2-2.5 mm. Head, thorax and
abdomen shining black. Antennze brown, scape sometimes yel-
lowish; palpi yellow. Hairs pale shimmering, sete dark.
Hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 96). Coxe and legs yellowish,
the bases of the hind coxe, the apical third of the hind femora,
black; spurs and tarsi brown; fore metatarsus a fourth shorter,
the entire tarsus about 2.3 longer than the tibia; middle tibiz
each with a single minute seta on flexor surface. Wings hya-
lne tinged with yellowish brown, with dusky yellow veins.
(Fig. 213). Halteres yellowish. In an occasional specimen the
base of the venter is obscurely yellowish. Selkirk. Mts., Dowie
Creek atid Rogers Pass, B. C. (J.C.B.) July; Wis., (W.M.W.) ;
Brookline, Miass. (C.W.J.) June; Ithaca, N. Y., Aug.; Orono,
Me., Nov. .
33. Genus Zygomyia Winnertz.
Wer. “Zool=pot. Ges. Wien. XIII. oor. 1863.
Front broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle
which descends to the root of the antennz; lateral ocelli con-
tiguous to the eye margin, the middle one minute, placed in a
groove at the base of the frontal triangle. Legs strong, tibiz
with strong sete, those of the hind tibiz longer than the great-
est diameter of the tibia. Costa not produced, subcosta short,
ending free; cubitus simple, anal vein incomplete. The larve
live in decaying wood and in fungi.
Il10 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
Table of species.
a. Wing spotless. : I. ignobilis.
aa. Wings marked with brown central spot and preapical cloud.
b. Preapical fascia of wing distinctly crosses the media; length
2.5 mm. 2. ornat..
bb. Preapical cloud diffuse, its long axis parallel to the long axis
of the wing; length 4 mm. ; 3. varia.
I. Zygomyvia ignobilis Loew.
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 150. 1869.
Male and female. Length 2.5 mm. Fuscous, subopaque,
pile pale, appressed, setae black. Head black, antenne brown,
scape dusky yellow. Hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 97). Coxz
and legs yellow, hind margins and tips of hind femora brown
to blackish; spurs and tarsi brown; middle tibize each with one
small and one large seta on the flexor surface. Wéings grayish
hyaline (Fig. 214). Halteres yellow. “Middle States ;’ Ithaca,
INE:
2. Zygomma ornata Loew.
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XM 150-1860:
Male and female. Length 2.2-2.55 mm. ‘Head blackishy
antennee fuscous, scape, base of flagellum and palpi yellow;
hairs pale. ‘Thorax and abdomen fuscous, opaque, pile pale,
' sete black; hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 98). Coxz and legs
yellow, tips of middle and hind femora and hind tibiz, more or
less dark brown, tarsi largely brown. Wing cinereous hyaline,
yellowish toward the costa, a brown central spot, a preapical
fascia, and a small less distinct spot behind the cubitus (Fig.
216). Halteres yellow. Wis.; Chicago, Ill, (W.M.W_)) Jame;
Mie, ithaca, IN2 Vo Ave.
3. Lygomyia varia Staeger.
Krojer: Tidskr. 266. 1840. (Mycetophila).
Male and female. Length 3 mm. Head and antenne brown,
scape and palpi usually yellow. Thorax and abdomen brown-
ish black subopaque; humeri reddish yellow; hypopygium dusky
‘yellow; hairs brown with a yellowish tinge, appressed. Coxz
and legs reddish or rusty yellow, the tarsi and spurs, the tips
of the hind femora, the extensor surface of the last and a spot
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Iil
on the under side of the fore femur, brown; fore metatarsus
about .88 as long, entire tarsus about 2.5 longer than the tibia.
Wing more or less dusky yellow hyaline, with central spot and
an elongate preapical cloud filling the apex of the cell R: and
spreading out below it. Halteres yellow. “Hurope.’ A female
specimen 4 mm. long from Capens, Me. (C.W.J.), July.
I alls (S\(CleaUsgUNUas,
(Exclusive of Arctic and Tropic species).
_ In the literature on economic entomology there are numerous
references to members of this subfamily, though in but few
instances were the species known.
Of the described North American species of Sciara, 16 are
known to occur only in the Arctic region, 11 are from Mexico,
the West Indies and Central America, and 32 are from the
United States and Canada. Of the last only 15 are described
in a recognizable manner. In view of our very imperfect
knowledge of these gnats, an apology will be scarcely neces-
sary for presenting this paper to economic . entomologists.
Though over 25 new species are described, it is very probable
that they represent but a tithe of those which may eventually
be found in the United States. It is quite possible that some of
the species described here as new may be the same as some of
those named by Say, Walker, or Fitch, but to attempt to link
them is quite useless as only a comparison with the type speci
mens of these authors would lead to definite results. As far as
I am aware, of these types, Walker’s only are in existence.
The brief descriptions published by these authors are here
reproduced for the sake of completeness. Some one else, pos-
sessing greater perspicacity than I, may have better fortune in
identifying them with the species they are supposed to desig-
nate.
In my previous papers on the Mycetophilidae I have included
the few arctic and tropic species described from North America
but in the present treatment of the Sciarinae I deem it ex-
pedient to omit them, for none has been found in the material
I have had the privilege of examining.
_ In studying these flies it was found that balsam mounts were
far superior to pinned specimens. It is desirable tu remove one
wing and mount it under a separate cover glass, to insure its
TIZ2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL HXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
lying perfectly flat. The hypopygium, unless it 1s turned side-
wise, should also be cut off and separately mounted. A iew
color notes, describing palpi, halteres, thorax, and abdomet.
are necessary, but they may be quite brief, the description not
necessarily occupying more space than is found upon a micro -
scope slide label. In the descriptions which follow it must be
borne in mind that the body length given refers to dried speci-
mens, balsam mounts and alcoholic specimens being about a
third longer. The same caution must be observed in interpret-
ing antennal lengths relative to that of the body; in drying, the
antennz do not shrink proportionally to that of the body, or
more particularly of the abdomen. In comparing dimensions,
wing measurements, etc., of any specimen with the figures given
it will be imperative to use a micrometer scale and not depend
solely upon the eye to estimate proportions.
Characters of the subfamily. Distinguished from the
Mycetophilinae by the shorter coxee and by the wing venation
the R-M crossvein being in the same right line with the second
section of the radial sector, and the cubitus forking near the
base of the wing. ;
In a recent paper (Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1911) Pro-
fessor Enderlein proposes a new arrangement of the genera
based upon what appear to be good grounds. He separates the
Mycetopmlide from the Sciaride upon the form of the eye.
In the former the eye is oval, sometimes more or less emargi-
nate, but not contiguous over the base of the antenne. In the
Sciaride the eye posesses a slender process which passes over
the base of the antenna meeting or nearly meeting the process
from tke opposite eye, thus forming a yoke or bridge over the
base of the scape. He divides the Sciarid@ into 2 subfamilies,
the Lycortne (Sciarine) and the Lestremiine, the latter here-
tofore having been considered a group under the Cecidomyiide.
If this classification were adopted, of the following 10 genera,
Proboleus, Manota and Pnyxia would find a place with the
Mycetophiline, Zygoneura with Lestremine, and the remaining
genera with the Sciarine.
Table of North American Genera.
a. Proboscis longer than the thorax.
b. Wing venation defective, several veins detached at base. (See
page 258 Part IIT) Probolaeus.
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. If E23
bb. Wing venation complete, no detached veins. 1. Eugnoriste. «
aa. Proboscis not greatly prolonged.
b. Wing venation defective, several veins detached at base.
2. Manota.
bb. Wings when present with complete venation, no detached veins.
c. Female wingless, in the male the media springs from the
radius at an angle, the crossvein being obsolete (Fig. 264).
‘ 3. Puyeia . &.
cc. Both sexes with wings; crossvein present.
d. Wings very distinctly hairy; claws not denticulate.
4. Trichosia.
dd. Wings with microscopic setule but not hairy.
e. Antennal joints of the male pedicillate and -with whorls
of hair; forks of media arcuate. 5. Zygoneura.
ee. Antennal joints bare or with short hairs.
f. Forks of media arcuate, and claws toothed.
6. Metangela.
ff. Forks of media not arcuate, or if so, claws not toothea.
g. Claws toothed. 7. Phorodonta.
ee. Claws not toothed.
h. Face strongly produced. 8. Rhynchosciara.
hh. Face not produced. ° g. Sciara.
1. Genus Eugnoriste Coquillett.
Proc. Wasi lnh Soc. ll 221-1300:
Head, small, antennz filiform, pubescent, 16-jointed; pro
boscis rigid, filiform, directed downward and backward, longer
than the head, palpi 4-jointed, the first joint very short; 3
ocellii; eyes deeply emarginate. Wings bare, venation like
Sclava (Fig. 253). Entire insect Sciara-like in appearance
except for the elongate proboscis. Structure of eyes as in
Sciara.
Table of Species.
a. Proboscis longer than the head and thorax. 1. occidental’s.
aa. Proboscis slightly longer than the head, slender, horny.
2. brevirostris.
1. Eugnoriste occidentalis Coquillett.
Pyoc, Wash, Pat. Soc. Ml) 321. 1896:
Malevand Hemale, Length 2.5 to 3 mm. Head and thorax
black, subshining, antennz, proboscis, palpi and halteres black-
ish brown, abdomen dark brown; coxz and legs yellowish te
brownish, tarsi darker; hypopygium (Fig. 138). Wings hya-
Il4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
line, veins brown (Fig. 253). “Las Cruces, N. M.” Moscow,
Ide Mantiiastand ithaca Ney:
2. Eugnoriste brevirostris Coquillett.
Proc. Wash, Ent. Soc. VI. 169, 1904.
Female. Length 3.5 mm. Black, the stems of the halteres
yellow. Head narrow and elongate, about 3 times as long as
wide, proboscis slightly longer than the head, slender, horny,
over 6 times as long as wide. Wings grayish, apex of R: a
short distance before the forking of the media. “Halfway
House, Pikes Peak, Col.” Sept.
2. Genus Manota Williston.
Dipt Jorn ctw Vincente VWeela2oo) 1 Soo:
Head flattened, placed rather high as regards the thorax;
antenne situated high up, 16-jointed. Three ocelli, in a gently
curved line, laterals remote from the eye margin; palpi 3
jointed, elongate. Dorsum of. thorax moderately convex,
abdomen slender, flattened cylindrical. Coxe elongate. Wings
longer than the abdomen; Sc vestigial; R: ends before the mid-
dle of the wing; Rs not furcate; only apical parts of M: and
M2 present, bases and petiole of M wanting ; costa far produced.
M. defecta from the St. Vincent Isl. W. I. the only species.
In Enderlein’s classification would be placed with the
Mycetophulinae.
3 Genus Pnysxia n. gen.
Eye widely separate, ommatidia prominent, few in number;
ocelli 3, in a triangle on the vertex; proboscis small, obscure;
antenne 16-jointed. Legs like Sciara, claws simple. Sexes
dimorphic. Female wingless and without halteres, 40 omma-
tidia in each eye; palpus consist apparently of but one cup
shaped joint. Male with halteres and wings, the latter of 2
sizes, the majority of the individuals possessing very short
wings which do not reach the 4th abdominal segment (Fig.
262); the remaining individuals with longer wings which ex-
tend beyond the tip of the abdomen (Fig. 264) ; petiole of the
media arises at the angle of the basal section of Rs, the cross-
vein hence obliterated ; palpus with truncated tip, 2 or 3 jointed;
ommatidia 50 to 75 in each eye. Hypopygium of the simple
Sciarid type. Type species Pnyxia scabiei Hopkins.
FUNGUS GNAIS OF NORTH AMERICA. 115,
This genus also would be placed with the Mycetophilinae in
the classification of Enderlein.
Pnyxia scabiet Hopkins.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. III, 152. 1895 (Epidapus).
Male. Length 1 to 1.5 mm. Antennz 3-4 the length of the
body with short hairs. -Thorax and abdomen dusky; legs pale
spurs short. Wings hyaline; venation similar in both the short
and long winged forms (Figs. 262, 264). Hypopygium pubes-
cent, claspers. simple (Fig. 136). Halteres long, knob dark,
pedicel pale at base.
Female. Length 1 to 2 mm. Color lighter than the male.
Head dark, antennze about as long as the head and thorax.
Ovipositor like that of Sciara, terminal joint oval.
Dr. Hopkins reared this species in West Virginia from scabby
and diseased potato tubers. He also observed the larve feeding
on the healthy living tissue of the potato and states that they
cause conditions which in one stage would be recognized as
potato scab and in a more advanced stage be recognized as a
form of potato rot.
Specimens of this species were submitted to me for exami-
nation by Professor H. A. Surface who stated that the larvee
were found in Pennsylvania injuring peony bulbs. -I have also
seen specimens from Rhinebeck, N. Y., and from Columbia,
Mo., which were collected by Prof. C. R. Crosby in rubbish
hile sifting for spiders.
4. Genus Trichosia Winnertz.
Monogr. Sciarinen. 173, 1867.
In structural characters similar to the genus Sciara, but
differs in having the wing surface distinctly hairy instead of
microscopic setulose.
Trichosia hebes Loew.
Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII.- 161. 1860.
Female. Length 2.9 mm., wing 2.6 mm. Black including
head; face, palpi, and antenne fuscous black, the base of the
last paler. Mesonotum moderately shining, humeri yellowish.
116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
Abdomen blackish, including lamellz of ovipositor. Legs dusky
yellowish, posterior tibize darker, tarsi fuscous black. Wings
blackish, semihyaline, veins blackish; R: ends about opposite
the base of cell M:. Halteres black with yellow pedicel. “N.
Y.” Ithaca, N. Y. Also a single defective specimen which may
belong here from Douglass Co., Kas. (E. S. Tucker).
%
5. Genus Zygoneura Meigen.
System. Beschr. VI. 304. 1830.
In structural characters similar to Sciara but differs in hav-
ing both forks of the media strongly arcuate so that the cell
between is wider near the base than farther distad, widening
again on the wing margin, in this respect resembling Metangela
from which it differs in having simple tarsal claws and in the
male with pedicellate antennal joints having whorls of hair.
Zygoneura flavicoxa n. sp.
Male. Length 1 mm: Head and thorax blackish brown,
shining, abdomen brown, hypopygium darker brown; clasper
(Fig. 99). Palpi yellow, antennz brown, the petiole of each
joint nearly as long as the distal part, total length of antenna
about 1-3 greater than the body, the hairs brown. Coxe and
legs pale yellow, tarsi darker, hind tarsus less than 3-4, the
metatarsus 3-8 as long as the tibia. Wing yellowish hyaline,
veins yellowish brown; costa ends about 3-4 of the distance
trom R's to’ Ma (Pig. 254). Hhaca, N. Y. )
6. Genus Metangela Ritbsaamen.
Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XX XIX. 19. 1894.
In structural characters, including those of the wings and
antennze, similar to the genus Sczara but differs in having both
forks of the media strongly arcuate so that the cell between is
wider near the base than at a point near the tip widening again
on the wing margin. ‘Tarsal claws toothed.
Metangela toxoneura Osten Sacken.
Proc. Ent) Soc. Phil 165. 1862.0) ((Scrara).
This species was later referred by Osten Sacken to Zvgoneura
in spite of its Sciara-like antennz. Rittbsaamen suggests that it
belongs to Metangela though the original description of the
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Wy
species does not mention the claws. I neglected to examine the
type at Cambridge, Mass.
Male and female. Length 3 to 4 mm. Black, including
antenne, mouth and palpi; thorax shining, legs and fore coxe
yellowish; wings of the male subhyaline, of the female tinged
with black. “D.C.” Larve in cow dung.
7. Genus Phorodonta Coquillett.
noc. Unis. Nate Mase: DOO lis Sos 1910:
Odontonyx, Rubs. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XX XIX. 19. 1894.
_ Wings, proboscis, and antennz as in Sciara; claws elongate
and distinctly toothed.
Phorodonta mger Wiedemann.
iDsoueia, Son, I wu wean (Sela).
Male. Length 4.7mm. Black; the antenne alone in certain
lights more grayish. “Ga. N. M., Mexico.” O. helveolus
Riibs. is a Porto Rican species. |
8. Genus Rhynchosciara Rubsaamen.
Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXIX. 19. 1894.
Face produced snoutlike; proboscis with broad lamellz; eyes,
antenne, and venation as in Sciara. Legs strong, claws simple,
empodium and pulville present. This genus occurs in Mexico.
g. Genus Sciava Meigen.
Illiger’s Mag. II. 263, 1803.
Lycoria Meigen, Nouv. Class. 1800 (without type).
Head small; proboscis short; palpi 4-jointed, the first very
_ short and not always distinctly differentiated from the second;
antenne 2+-14-jointed; three ocelli, the laterals remote from
the eye margin. Thorax moderately arched. Legs slender,
tarsal claws not toothed. Wings microscopically setulose, not
hairy (Figs. 218-252). Halteres present.
Table of Species.*
a. Large southern species, 6 mm. or more in length; males undescribed.
b. Ri ends distad of the base of the fork of M; wing blackish
(Fig. 218). I. picea.
* This table is based in part on male characters, only a few well-
defined species represented by females alone are included. By wing
length is meant the distance from the humeral crossvein to the tip of
the wing, measured parallel to the longitudinal axis.
118 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
bb. R, ends about opposite the base of the fork of M. 2. cingulata.
aa. Medium or small species. :
b. Costa, radius, media except sometimes the petiole, and cubitus
of the wings distinctly though sparsely setose.
c. Ri: ends noticeably proximad of the fork of M; small species.
d. Petiole of the cubitus 1-8 as long as the basal section of
M (Fig. 219); clasper (Fig: 100); N. Y. 3 vicina n. sp.
dd. Petiole of the cubitus over half as long as the basal section
of M (Fig. 220) ; clasper (Fig. 101); Cal. 4. dives n. sp.
ec. R, ends about opposite or distad of the base of the fork of
M; species 2.5 mm. or more in length.
d. Petiole of the cubitus over 1-2 as long as the basal section
of M.
e. R: ends about opposite the forking of M (Fig. 221).
5. futilis n. sp.
ee. R, ends distad of the forking of M (Fig. 266).
6. abdita n. sp.
dd. Petiole of the cubitus less than I-4 as long as the basal
section of M.
e. Humeri, pleura in part and hypopygium (Fig. 103) more
or less yellow; knob of halteres dark. 7. ochrolabis
ee. Thorax and abdomen, black.
f. Halteres and coxe yellow; claspers (Fig. 139).
8. habilis n. sp.
ff. Halteres and coxe black; claspers (Fig. 104).
a 9. sciophila
bb. Media and cubitus without sete.
c. Ri ends distad, or opposite (not more than 1-10 of wing length
proximad) of the base of the fork of M, and base of Rs
at or proximad of a point midway between the humeral
crossvein and the tip of Rx.
d. Thorax yellowish to rufous, coxze and femora dull yellow,
claspers large, triangular (Fig. 111), hind tarsus 1-8
shorter than tibia. 10. fulvicauda.
dd. Thorax dusky, claspers of different structure.
e. Rs ends proximad of the tip of M.; halteres dark.
f. Flagellar joints scarcely longer than broad; clasper
with 2 median lobes (Fig. 109). 11. tridentata.
ff. Intermediate flagellar joints over twice as long as
broad; clasper without median lobes (Fig. 105).
12. munda n. sp.
ee. Rs and M: end about equidistant from the base of the
wing. f
f. Ri ends distad of the forking of M; halteres dark.
g. Mesal process of clasper robust (Fig. 106 m); wing
(Fig. 225). 13. dux n. sp.
gg. Mesal process of claspers slender (Fig. 107 m);
wing (Fig. 226). 14. imitans n. Sp.
ff. Ri ends about opposite the forking of M.
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Ig
g. Apical tooth of clasper placed near the mesal mar-
gin of the apex (Fig. 115); species under 2.5 mm,
halteres dusky yellow. 40. variams, var. C.
. Apical tooth of clasper placed at apex (Fig. 108) or
tooth wanting (Fig. 123).
h. Halteres blackish; hind coxe and legs brownish; ~
claspers without apical tooth (Fig. 123); wing
(Fig. 232). 23. jucunda n. sp.
hh. Halteres and coxe yellowish; clasper with dis-
tinct apical tooth (Fig. 108).
. Petiole of cubitus about .6 as long as the basal
section of M (Fig. 227). 15. prolifica.
ii. Petiole of cubitus over .8 as long as the basa!
acceson of M.
j. Wing veins heavily shaded (Fig. 228).
prolifica, var. a.
ili} Wanee veins not shaded. prolifica, var b.
ec. R; ends at least 1-16 of the wing length proximad of the fork-
ing of M; the base of Rs is distad of the mid point between
the humeral crossvein and the tip of Rx.
d. Fulvouws mesonotum, abdomen more dusky; or reddish
species.
e. Dusky red species, female 4 mm. long, halteres white,
male not described. 16. silvestrii.
ee. Fulvous mesontum, abdomen more dusky; length 2 mm,
or less.
f. Clasper without strong spines at apex (Fig. 110); ti
of Rs far remote from apex of wing (Fig: 229).
17. mellea n. sp
ff. Clasper with one or more apical spines.
M; less than .8 as long as the petiole of the media.
18. tritici.
ge. M, over .9 as long as the petiole of the media (Fig.
265). 48. ocellaris.
‘dd. Black or fuscous species.
e. Clasper with a mesal. articulated process (Fig. 112);
Rs ends far remote from apex of wing (Fig. 230).
19. hastata n. sp.
ee. Clasper without mesal articulated process.
f. Hypopygium near its base with a patch or tuft of
setee on the median ventral line Ghigsy ar7ay “nase
124); petiole of the cubitus under .6 as long as the
basal section of M.
g. Clasper with a terminal tooth.
h. With about to sete in the basal median ventral
patch of the hypopygium (Fig. 1174).
20. pauciseta.
JQ
120, MATNE, AGRIGULTURA, EXPERIMENT SPATION- ~r@Qi2.
hh. With ovcr 25 sete in this patch (Fig. 124).
i. Abdoinen variable dark ochreous, palpi yellow:
ish, anterior veins dark ochreous.
21. multiseta.
ii. Abdomen variable dark brown; palpi brown,
anterior veins nearly black. 22, agraria.
eg. Clasper without terminal tooth (Fig. 123); the hy-
popygium with the sete of the ventral median
patch arranged in a transverse line (Fig. 1234) ;
halteres black. 23. jucunda n. sp.
ff. Hypopygium without a tuft of sete on the median
ventral line near the base.
g. Clasper with about 5 large subequal teeth or spines
CHice. eile sn isho)ey
h. Tip of Rs about .10 of wing length proximad of
tip of M. and ending proximad of .85 of wing
length (Fig. 239); palpi and halteres dark;
mesonotum shining black. PLS, SD
hh. Tip of Rs less remote from apex of wing; costa
produced fully 3-4 of distance from tip of Rs
to M:; coxze and halteres yellow.
25. mutua n. Sp.
gg. Clasper of different structure.
h. Petiole of cubitus short, less than half as long as
basal section of M.
i. Wing veins strongly marked; Rs ends distad 0:
M:; costa produced about 1-2 of distance from
Rs to M,; thorax shining.
j. Halteres and coxe bright yellow.
35. nigricans n. sp.
jj. Halteres fuscous, (Figs. 217, 260).
30. actuosa n. sp.
ii. Costa produced over 1-2 distance from Rs tu
M,, 1f not, then Rs ends proximad of tip of Mz.
j. Clasper with several apical teeth or spines.
k. Clasper short, curved, with several apical
teeth (Fig. 114); Ri ends at about 1-3,
length of wing; Rs and Mz end about
equi-distant from base of wing (Fig.
234) ; halteres yellow. 26. nacta n. sp..
kk. Clasper with apical sete or spines (Fig.
133, 261).
1. R, ends near middle of wing; costa pro-
duced over half way to M..
46. coprophila.
Il. Ri ends noticeably proximad of the mid-
dle of the wing; costa produced scant
half way from Rs to M,; (Fig. 267).
32. cucumeris n. sp.
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 121
jj. Clasper without any, or with only a single
prominent apical or subapical tooth besides
the sete; or if 2 or 3 smaller spines are
present then tip of Rs is proximad of the
tip of Mz.
k. R, ends only slightly proximad of the fork-
ing of M (Fig. 255); knob of halteres
and coxe brownish; clasper (Fig. 115).
40. varians, vat ¢.
kk. R, ends far proximad of the forking of M.
1. Clasper subglobular.
m. Clasper subglobular, with the tooth
subapical in position (Fig. 116) ;
wing broad. BD. So SPs
mm. Without subapical tooth.
; 28. lugens nN. sp.
ll. Clasper more slender, wing narrow.
m. Halteres yellow; Rs ends far proxi-
mad of the tip of M2 (Fig. 241).
30. fatigans n. sp.
(See S. sp. p. 144).
mm. Halteres fuscous; Rs and M2 end
about equidistant from base of
wing (Fig. 250). 44. acuta n. sp.
hh. Petiole of the cubitus at least half as long as
the basal section of M.
i. Rs ends proximad of .85 of the length of the
wing. 3
j. Clasper with 2 strong apical spines (Fig. 118) ;
wing veins strongly defined (Fig. 238);
thorax shining black, 29. parilis n. sp.
jj. Clasper and wing of different structure.
k. Costa produced less than 2-3 of distance
from Rs to Mn.
1. Wing narrow (Fig. 240); hypopygium
(Fig. 120). 31. sativae n. sp.
ll. Wing wider (Fig. 267); costa less pro-
duced; hypopygium (Fig. 261).
32. cucumeris n. sp
kk. Costa produced over 2-3 from Rs to Mx.
1. Clasper with 2 apical teeth (Fig. 121);
petiole of cubitus about 3-4 as long as
basal section of M; hind tarsus shorter
than the tibia. OR. OS, GA
ll. Clasper with a median process (Fig.
122); petiole of the cubitus about haif
as long as the basal section of M (Fig.
242) ; hind tarsus and tibia subequal.
34. neglecta n. sp.
Ol,
[22
MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
ii. Rs ends distad of .85 of wing length.
j. Clasper with one prominent terminal or sub-
terminal spine or tooth, or if several teeth
are present, one is conspicuously larger than
the others.
<. Costa produced about 1-2 way from Rs to
M,.
1. Halteres bright yellow; claspers (Fig.
125); wing CFig. 243).
35. Migricams Ni. Sp.
ll. Halteres fuscous; wing (Fig. 217).
36. actuosa n. sp.
klk. Costa produced over 1-2 way from Rs to
Mi.
1. Costa produced over 3-4 way from Rs
to M;. (Fig. 244); halteres yellow,.
claspers (Fig. 126). 37. Sob
fl. Costa produced less than .7 from Rs to
M,.
m. R, ends over I-5 of wing length prox-
imad of the forking of the media
(Fig. 245); halteres dark; clasper
Cie, 127), 38. dolens n. sp.
wii, Ri ends less than .15 of wing length
proximad of forking of M.
n. Apex of clasper with a number of
spines of which one is somewhat
larger than the others (Fig. 132).
o. Halteres yellow; clasper ( Fig.
124). 30. diluta n. sp.
oo. Halteres dark; clasper (Fig.
140). diluta var. a.
nn. Spine of apex of clasper distinctly
differentiated from the apical
sete (Fig. 115); halteres yel-
lowsnee
o. Costa produced less than 5-8 of
distance from Rs to M..
p. Hind tibia a little shorter than
the tarsus; wing (Fig. 246).
40. varians n. sp.
pp. Hind tibia and tarsus sub-
equal in length.
varians var a.
oo. Costa produced over 2-3 of dis-
tance from Rs to Mu.
varians, var %.
jj. Clasper with 2 or more prominent apical
teeth, spines, or with strong sete.
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 123
k. Clasper with 2 or 3 apical or subapical
spines; halteres black or brown.
1. Black species 3 mm. in length, with
blackish legs, clasper subglobose (Fig.
128). 4I. scita n. sp.
ll. Smaller species with yellow legs, clasper
more slender.
m. Spines of clasper short (Fig. 129) ;
pleura reddish. 42. fumida n. sp.
mm. Spines of clasper long (Fig. 130) ;
pleura fuscous. 43. trivialis n. sp.
kk. Clasper with 5 or more apical and sub-
apical sete or spines.
l. Apex of clasper with 6 or 8 sete of
which one is somewhat set apart from
the others (Fig. 137); halteres yellow;
hind coxe dark; wing (Fig. 252).
45. wmpatiens n. sp.
ll. Setee of apex of clasper subequal in
Size.
“m. Antennz of male less than 3-4 length
of body in dried specimens; coxe
yellowish. 46. coprophila.
mm, Antenne of male over 3-4 of length
of body in dried specimens; cox
brownish, hind pair darker.
47. caldaria.
Females may usually be traced by means of the key but to do so it
will be necessary to follow out several branches of the dichotomic
divisions. The females of the species pauciseta, multiseta, agraria,
coprophila, caldaria, and varians all bear a close resemblance to each
other; and are therefore separated with difficulty.
Say’s, Walker’s and Fitch’s species are not included in the table.
The descriptions of all are reproduced on page 138 and following.
I. Sciara picea Rubsaamen.
Dewi Hot. Leitscht, XXX 22) 180x:
Female. Length 11 mm., wing 9 mm., antenne 4 mm. Head
and thorax black, the latter slightly pruinose. Abdomen fuscous
with broad orange colored lateral spots, posterior margins of
the tergites narrowly yellow; all the parts fuscous. Costal cell
of the wing broad, wing brown, costal, subcostal and cell R:
darkest; subcosta ends free opposite base of Rs; R: ends some-
what distad of the base of the fork of M; costa produced half
way from Rs to M:; petiole of the cubitus very short. “Ga.”
‘Twelve specimens, from N. C., Ga., and Fla., are as described
124 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
above with the following variations. R: in most of the speci-
mens ends a little more distad and the costa is somewhat more
produced (Fig. 218); the thorax is subshining, though also
somewhat pruinose; the abdomen varies from wholly reddish,
excepting the fuscous terminal joints, to a uniform fuscous,
most of the specimens having the sides of the abdominal seg-
ments more or less dusky red. Length 8 to 9 mm. (dried
specimens), wing 8 mm. Only the costa and radius of the wing
with sete. Ovipositor as figured (Fig. 143).
2. Sciara cingulata Rubsaamen.
Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XX XIX. 31. 1894.
Female. Length 7.25 mm.; wing 5.5 mm., antenne 3 mm.
Mesonotum black polished; humeri and collar yellow; pleura
yellowish brown, abdomen fuscous black, with orange colored
lateral spots; segments with yellow posterior margins. Palpi,
antennze, knobs of halteres, and tarsi brown; pedicel of halteres,
coxee, femora, and tibiz yellow, trochanter black below. ‘The
basal flagellar joints, twice, the more terminal joints thrice as
long as broad. R: of the wing ends about opposite the base of
the fork of the media; costa produced 2-3 of distance from
Rs to M:; petiole of the cubitus shorter than the width of the
costal cell (less than 1-2 as long as the basal section of M
according to the author’s figure). Legs slender, setee of the
tarsi strong; claws small. ‘Terminal lobe of ovipositor oval,
1-2 as long as the preceding joint. “Georgia.”
3. Sclara vicma n. sp.
Male. Length 2.2 mm: .Head shining black, face dull, palpi
and antennze fuscous, the last about as long as the body. Thorax
including scutellum and metanotum shining black, pleura dull.
Abdomen subshining black, sparsely black haired; hypopygium
black, clasper (Fig. too). Coxe yellow, legs yellow, tarsi more
brownish, trochanters black below; hind tarsus an eighth shorter
than the tibia. Wing (Fig. 219) hyaline, anterior veins darker,
longitudinal veins except subcosta and petiole of media sparsely
setose. Halteres dark, petiole paler toward base. Ithaca, N. Y.,
June.
oo
FUNGUS GNA’IS OF NORTH AMERICA. 1A
4. clara dives n. sp.
Male and female. Length 2mm. Head, thorax and abdomen
subopaque fuscous black; palpi and antennze fuscous (apical
joints lacking). Abdomen sparsely black haired; hypopygium
dark, clasper (Fig. to1). Coxe and legs yellowish brown, tarsi
darker, hind tibia and tarsus subequal in length. Wing hyaline
(Fig. 220), anterior veitis brownish, longitudinal veins except
subcosta and petiole of media sparsely setose. Halteres dark,
petiole slightly paler towards base. Stanford Univ., Cal.
CievinaA.)) Jan.
| OCU GflalAS sa, S10.
Male and female. Length 2.5-3.5 mm. Head subshining
blackish, face and palpi reddish, 2 basal joints of antennze yel-
lowish; flagellum dusky. Thorax subshining brownish black,
numeri, scutellum, and pleura reddish brown. Abdomen dark
brown venter a little paler; hypopygium yellow, clasper (Fig.
102). Coxz and legs yellow, tarsi darker, trochanters black
below; hind tarsus nearly 1-4 shorter than the tibia. Wings
hyaline (Fig. 221), anterior veins darker, longitudinal veins
except subcosta and petiole of media sparsely setose. Halteres
dusky yellow. Wis. (W.M.W.).
6. Sciara abdita n. sp.
Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen blackish,
mesonotum subshining, humeri paler; palpi, antennz and _hal-
teres fuscous; coxe and legs yellowish; tarsi darker; hypopyg-
ium black, claspers subglobose with several apical spines which
are not sharply differentiated from the apical sete (Fig. 258) ;
antenne about 0.6 as long as the body. Wings hyaline, anterior
veins brownish, all longitudinal veins except the subcosta, setose
(Fig. 266). Kearney, Ont. (M. C. VanDuzee).
7. Sciara ochrolabis Loew.
Berliner. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 160, 18609.
Male. Length 2.5-3 mm. Head black, face more reddish,
palpi fuscous, scape of antennz yellow, flagellum fuscous, nearly
as long as the body. Mesonotum with 3 shining brownish black
subconfluent stripes which in immature specimens may be red-
dish, scutellum the color of the mesonotum; metanotum and
pleura ranging from reddish yellow to reddish brown. Abdo-
120 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IOi2.
men reddish brown, or more rarely subfuscous, apical segments
fuscous; hypopygium very large, yellow, margin of clasper
black (Fig. 103). 'Coxze and legs pale yellow, trochanter tipped
with black, tarsi dusky. Wings subhyaline (Fig. 222), anterior
veins dark; longitudinal veins except subcosta and petiole of
the media, sparsely setose. Halteres black, petiole yellow.
SPIN aie ee pelt alcany) No Ner uN Vis:
Female. Colored like the male; though the abdomen is usual-
ly somewhat darker; ovipositor dark (Fig. 145); antennz not
elongate. Same localities.
8. Sciara habilis n. sp.
Male and female. Length 3 to 4.5 mm. Black, thorax and
abdomen subshining, with yellow hairs; antenne and palpi
fuscous, antennze about half the length of the body in the male.
Hypopygium dark, claspers (Fig. 139). Coxe and legs bright
yellow; hind tibia and tarsi subequal, trochanters black below.
Wings hyaline, all veins setose except subcosta, yellow (Fig.
256). Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y.!, June; Black Mts., N.
(Ca. (ANGIBe icine Ieaicaeyy, (Obatie.
9g. Sciara sciophila Loew.
Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 160, 1869.
Male and female. Length 3.2-3.9 mm. Black including the
palpi and knob of the halteres; thorax shining, humeri dusky
yellow, coxze and legs pale yellow, trochanters and tarsi fuscous
black, wings, semi-hyaline, “D. C.”
Some males captured at Falls Church, Va. (Banks, Col.)
agree with Loew’s extended description and with the type at
Cambridge excepting that the antennz are wholly black includ-
ing the second joint of the scape, the humeri are black, and the
coxe and legs are dusky yellow. The longitudinal veins, ex-
cepting the subcosta, are sparsely setose (Fig. 223). The
hypopygium is large, subglobose, and black; clasper (Fig. 104).
10.. Sciara fulvicauda Felt.
Repiotate Ent. Nee. xen 2275 e072
Male. Length 4mm. Face ochreous; vertex dark ochreous;
scape of antenne yellow, flagellum dark ochreous with rather
dense whitish pubescence barely as long as head and thorax;
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 127
palpi fuscous; dorsum of thorax yellowish to rufous, the scutel-
lum of the metathorax with variuble dark stripes, in some speci-
mens hardly discernible; pleura yellow; wings hyaline, anterior
veins fuscous; knob of halteres fuscous with yellow tip, pedicel
yellowish, tip of trochanter black; coxa and femur dull yellow;
tibia darker; tarsi fuscous apically, abdomen fuscous except
the yellow terminal segment bearing the large ochreous claspers
which are tipped with fuscous (Fig. 111). Costa and radius
with sete, Ri ends about opposite the fork of the media, the
base of Rs proximad of the mid point between the humeral
crossvein and the tip of Rs, Rs ends slightly proximad of the tip
of M2; petiole of the cubitus less than half as long as the basal
section of the media; cubitus produced over 3-4 of distance
from tip of Rs to tip of M:. Reared from decaying blackberry
Goons Atlantic Co., N. J.’
II. Sciara tridentata Riibsaamen.
Gronlandische Mycetophiliden, etc. 107. 1808.
validicornis Lundbeck. Dipt. Groenl. 1. 243. 1808.
Male. Length 3 mm., wing 3.5 mm., antenna 1.5 mm.
Shining black, lateral stripe of abdomen scarcely: paler; halteres
and palpi fuscous. Flagellar joints scarcely longer than wide,
except the last which is 1.5 as long as wide. R: ends about
opposite the base of the fork of M, base of Rs arises a little
distad of the mid point between humeral crossvein-and the tip
of Ri; costa produced about half way from the tip of
Rs to M:; petiole of cubitus somewhat shorter than basal
section of the media. Clasper as figured (Fig. 109). “Green-
land; Lowe Inlet, B. C.”
12. Sciara munda n. sp.
Male. Length 3 mm. Black, antenne wholly, palpi, halteres
and apical part of abdomen fuscous black, thorax subshining;
base of abdomen brown; coxe and legs pale brown, tarsi
darker; hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Hypopygium black,
clasper (Fig. 105). Wings subhyaline, veins strong (Fig. 224).
Friday Harbor, Washington (J.M.A.).
13. Sciara dux n. sp.
Male. Length 2.5 mm. Black, thorax shining, second joint
of scape, petiole of halteres, coxe and legs yellow, tarsi dusky ;
128 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Hypopygium black, subglobose,
clasper (Fig. 106). Wings grayish hyaline, anterior veins dark
(Fig. 225). Wis.! (W.M.W.).
Female. Length 4 mm. Colored like the male but the an-
terior cells of the wing more smoky. Ithaca, N. Y. June.
14. Sciara imitans n. sp.
Male. Length 2.8 mm. Black, thorax shining, fore coxe
yellowish, hind coxz and legs brownish, tarsi darker; hind tibia
and tarsi subequal, antennz about half the length of body.
Hypopygium black, robust, subglobose, clasper (Fig. 107).
Wings grayish hyaline, anterior veins dark (Fig. 226). Resem-
bles S. dux but differs chiefly in the form of the mesal process
of the claspers. Friday Harbor, Wash. (J.M.A.) May.
15. Sciara prolifica Felt.
Rept. State Ent. N. Y. XII. 226. 1897.
Male. Length 2.8mm. Black, subopaque, the scape and the
dorsal ‘surface of the prominent hypopygium dusky yellow;
clasper (Fig. 108) ; antennz about 1-2 the length of the body;
the narrow hind margins of the abdominal tergites sometimes
distinctly cinereous; halteres, coxze and legs yellow, the hind
coxze and tarsi more dusky; trochanters black. Wings grayish
hyaline, the veins fuscous (Fig. 227). Id., Wash., (J. M. A.).
Indagiea, IN Se |
The type specimens (balsam mounts) are 4.4 mm. long.
According to Dr. Felt’s description the knob of the halteres are
fuscous and coxz and legs are darker, otherwise there are no
differences.
Female. Like the male but slightly larger. “Mass.”
Var. a. Male. As above with the wings more heavily shaded
(Fig. 228) and petiole of the cubitus over .8 as long as the basal
section of M. Ithaca, N. Y. .
Var. b. Male and female. Cubitus like in Var. a, otherwise
agi tay the ray picalivanmetye os Dy. Callen (pivie Acw) a alee olllen (jee ie
Selkirk) Mts. 3BMC: (CB).
16. Sciara silvestrii Kieffer.
Bol. Lab. Zool. Scuola d’Agr. Portici IV. 327, 1910.
Female. Length 4 mm. Dusky red, antenne brown, legs —
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 129
pale brown, halteres white. Wings like those of S$. Zealandica
but the tip of R: ends at the middle of the wing which is much
nearer the tip of Rs than to the base of wing, tip of Rs more
proximad than the tip of Me, the costa ends 4 to 5 times nearer
the tip of M: thanto Rs. Tarsi with short sete below. Lamelle
of the ovipositor 2 to 3 times as long as broad, “N. Y.” The
S. sealandica here referred to has a venation strongly resem-
bling the wing of S. coprophila (Fig. 236), but differs in having
R: ending more proximad than in S. coprophila, and in the
cubitus forking, distad of the base of the petiole of the media.
The latter condition is rare and if true also for S. silvestrii
would make it readily recognizable.
17. Sciara melica n. sp.
, Male. Length 2 mm. Honey yellow; the vertex, the ab-
domen and tarsi pale brown, the flagellum of antenna fuscous,
eyes black; hypopygium pale, clasper (Fig. 110). Wing hya-
line, anterior veins dusky (Fig. 229). Salineville, Ohio.
18. Sciara triticr Coquillett.
Insect Wire VIE MAOSs 1805:
Male. Length 1.8 mm. Antennz two-thirds as long as the
body, black, the first 2 joints fulvous; head black, the face
fulvous; palpi brown. ‘Thorax dorsally fulvous, the pleura
brownish, marked on the lowest third with a whitish vitta, also
with a whitish spot below the humerus. Abdomen reddish-
brown, clasper with several short claw-like processes on the
apical third of the inner side and at the tip (resembling Fig.
120). Legs testaceous. Wings grayish hyaline, venation re-
sembling that of Sciara neglecta shown in Fig, 242, but in S.
tritici M: is .78 as long as the petiole of the media and the cell
Ri narrower toward the apex. MHalteres yellow, the knob
brownish.
Female. Length 2.5 mm. Same as the male except that the
antennze are only half as long as the body. The last joint of
the ovipositor is slightly lorger than wide.
This species is injurious to wheat, its larve feeding on the
roots and mining in the stems.
130 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
19. Sciara hasiata n. sp.
Male and female. Length 1.5mm. Shining black, scape and
flagellum of antennz and palpi fuscous; hypopygium dark,
clasper (Fig. 112). Coxze and legs dusky yellow, tarsi darker,
hind tibia and tarsus subequal, trochanter black. Wings (Fig.
230), hyaline, veins fuscous. Halteres brownish. Tompkins
Come Vee cies) illive
20. Sciara pauciscta Felt.
Repieotaten eutniNe ye clio o7 eT Sor-
Male. Length 2 mm. Black, thorax subshining; antennz
and palpi fuscous; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 117).
Antenne nearly as long as the body. Coxe and legs yellowish,
trochanters black below, tarsi fuscous, hind tibia and tarsi sub-
equal. ‘Wings hyaline, anterior veins fuscous (Fig. 231).
Halteres fuscous with yellowish petiole.
Female. Like the male in coloring; antennze about half the
length of the body. Ovipositor (Fig. 141). Both sexes from
Grand Forks, B. CC, (Dr. Hewitt); Ithaca, Nv Yi, july. Oe:
Claremont, Cal. (Prof. Baker). The Ithaca specimens were
reared from gooseberries, the Canadian specimens from decay-
ing choke cherries, those from California, from orange or
lemon twigs.
Co-type specimens (balsam mount) kindly loaned by Dr.
elt imeasures/2:75 mm: “IN. J.70) Reared” trom, decayaue
potatoes.
21. Sciara multiscta Felt.
Repts stave: Hata Na ne, SGU e22 305m agr.
Male. Length 2.5 mm. Closely resembles the foregoing in
structural characters but differs in having a larger number of
setee (over 25) in the patch stiuated on the middle of the dorsal
surface of the hypopygium near its base (Fig. 124). In color
it differs in being lighter, the abdomen variable dark ochreous,
palpi yellowish and anterior wing veins dark ochreous.
Female. Similar in color; length 3 mm. Reared from mush-
rooms by Drea ano matinee Ne
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. I31
22. Sciaia agraria Felt.
Mepis potate Ewes Ng XCM 225; 1897.
Male. Length 2.5 mm. In all structural characters like
S. multiseta, sete in dorsal patch of the hypopygium over 25 in
number. In coloring like S. pawciseta.
Female. Similar but slightly larger. “Numerous in mush-
moompycellar, Albany, IN. Y.”
23. Sciara jucunda n. sp.
Male. Length 2.5mm. Black, including antennz, palpi, and
_halteres; mesonotum subopaque. Antenna about 1-2 as long as
the body. Hypopygium black, near its base with a small median
dorsal lobe margined with sete (Fig. 123a); clasper without
apical tooth (Fig. 123). Coxe, dusky yellow, hind pair brown,
legs dusky yellow to brownish, tarsi darker; hind tarsus but
little longer than the tibia. Wings grayish hyaline; veins brown,
Erenwely marked (Fig. 222). Halteres tuscous, pedicel paler
mecorc Mimeston, kel! (IB); ithaca, N.Y, June-Aug.,
Niagara Falls, N. Y. ;
Female. Length 3 mm. Colored like the male, but anterior
cells of the wing more smoky. Wisconsin and Ithaca, N. Y.
Dh AS COOTRO SOS.
Male. Length 1.2 mm. Black, thorax shining, hypopygium
dark, clasper (Fig. 119). Antenne broken, basa joint and
palpi black. Coxe fuscous, legs brownish, tarsi darker; hind
tarsus shorter than the tibia. Wings hyaline (Fig. 239).
iditenes euscous, Mingston, Rk. Li. (}Be):
25. Sciara mutua n. sp.
Male. Length 2mm. Head and antennz fuscous, scape and
2 basal joints of flagellum yellow; antenna about 3-4 the length
of the body. Thorax and abdomen reddish brown, subshining,
mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum subfuscous. Hypopyg-
ium yellowish to dusky, clasper (Fig. 113). Coxe and legs
yellow, tarsi darker, trochanters black below, hind tarsus 1-16
shorter than the tibia. Wings hyaline, veins subfuscous (Fig.
Zee mealteres yellow. Uthaca, N.Y. junes Naivans, N.Y.
132 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
26. Sciara nacta n. sp.
Male and female. Length I mm. Fuscous, including an-
tenne and palpi; thorax subshining, hypopygium dusky, clasper
(Fig. 114). Coxe and legs dusky yellow, trochanters black
below, tip of metatarsus and remaining tarsal joints fuscous;
hind tibia .o5 longer than the tarsus. Wings hyaline, veins
fuscous (Fig. 234). Halteres subfuscous. Ithaca, N. Y.
27. .Sciara Sp.
Male. Length 2.5 mm. Fuscous, including antenne and
palpi; thorax subshining ; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 116).
Coxee and legs yellowish, tarsi darker. Wings hyaline, veins
dusky (Fig. 235). Halteres dusky yellow. Orono, Maine;
June.
28) VS Glara lugens i. Sp.
Male and female. Length 2.5 mm; antennz of male 2.2 mm;
of female 1.3 mm. Black; thorax highly polished, abdomen
subshining; antennz, palpi, halteres, and hypopygium fuscous,
resembling that of S. jucunda but lacking the median ventral
transverse row of sete; claspers subglobose resembling Fig.
123; coxe, and legs brown, tarsi darker; hind metatarsus 1-8
shorter than the tibia. Wing hyaline (Fig. 257). Reared from
larve found in decaying wood. Orono, Maine.
29. Sciara parilis n. sp.
Male. Length 2 mm. Shining black, palpi, halteres, and
antennee fuscous, the last about 3-4 as long as the body, the
intermediate joints of the flagellum robust, less than twice as
long as broad. Coxze and legs pale brownish, fore coxe rather
paler; hind tibia 1-16 longer than the tarsus. Wungs grayish
hyaline, anterior veins fuscous (Fig. 238). Hypopygium dark,
clasper (Fig. 118). Lawrence!, and Douglas Co., Kas. June-
August.
Female. Similar to the male in coloring; antenne shorter.
ithaca Nee anclamsas:
30. Sciara fatigans n. sp.
Male and female. Length 1 mm. Fuscous, thorax sub-
shining, hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 135); antenna of the
male long, more than .8 length of the body, fuscous; palpi yel-
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 2
low. Cox and legs yellow, tarsi darker. Wings hyaline,
anterior veins brownish (Fig. 241). Halteres dusky yellow.
Ithaca, N.Y.
a1. Sciara@ sativae n. sp.
Male. Length 1 mm. Fuscous, hypopygium dark, clasper
(Fig. 120); antenna long, more than .8 length of the body,
fuscous; palpi, cox, legs and halteres yellow, tarsi darker.
Wings hyaline, petiole. of media and M: subequal in length
(Fig. 240). Bred from wheat plant infested by Hessian flies.
Wilson, Kas. (JT. J. Headlee). The larve are supposed to
prey upon the puparia of the Hessian fly.
32. Sciara cucumeris n. sp.
Male. Lengtho.8 mm. Black, mesonotum shining, abdomen
sometimes fuscous; palpi, halteres and antennz fuscous, the
last about 0.6 as long as the body; coxe and legs yellowish,
the tarsi darker, hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Hypopygium
dark, claspers resembling those of S. sativae but with 3 sub-
equal apical spines (Fig. 261). Wings hyaline with dusky veins
(Fig. 267). This species was bred from cucumbers, by Mr.
EH. W. Gabourie, at Savanna, II]. Feb. 20.
Be. SCNOIRON S05”
Male. Length 1.2 mm. Head and antennz fuscous, palpi
pale brown; antennz nearly 3-4 as long as body; thorax reddish,
dorsum slightly darker with two oval fuscous marks, one over
the base of each wing; abdomen fuscous, hypopygium dark,
clasper (Fig. 121). Coxz and legs yellow, tarsi darker, hind
tibia about .10 longer than the tarsus. Wings hyaline, veins
_infuscated. Costa produced .8 of distance from tip of Rs to
M:. Venation closely resembling Fig. 242 but with slightly
longer petiole of the cubitus. Halteres infuscated, pedicel yel-
low at base. Ithaca, N. Y., August.
A specimen from Wisconsin differs in having the costa less
produced.
34. Sciara neglecta n. sp.
Male and female. Length 1 to 1.5 mm. Fuscous, including
palpi, antennz, halteres and tarsi. Antennze of the male nearly
3-4 length of the body. Coxe and legs except tarsi, yellow;
134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
hind tibia and tarsus subequal. Hypopygium dark, clasper
(Fig. 122). Wings hyaline (Fig. 242). Stanford Univ.!, Feb.,
ahah Ieevenne (Ennex ve. (Cal, (foil vaN)) lea
35. Sciara nigricans n. sp.
Male and female. Length 2 mm. Shining black, mesonotum
highly polished, hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 125). An-
tennz fuscous, about 3-4 as long as the body in the male, palpi
subfuscous. Coxe and legs pale yellow, tarsi fuscous. Wings
grayish hyaline, vein dark, well marked (Fig. 243). Halteres
pale yellow. Kingston, R. I.! (J.B.); Kas. (Tucker) ; Ithaca,
N. Y. (May-Aug.)
36. Sciara actuosa n. sp. .
Male and female. Length 1.5 mm. Black, shining, mesono- —
tum highly polished, its longitudinal rows of pale setule con-
spicuous; hypopygium dark, clasper suboval with strong termi-
nal spine (Fig. 260), antennz fuscous with grayish pile, about
0.6 as long as the body in the male, but only about twice the
longest diameter of the eye in length in the female. Palpi and
halteres fuscous; coxe and legs yellowish brown, tarsi darker,
hind tarsi about 1-5 shorter than the tibia. Wings hyaline,
anterior veins dark brown (Fig. 217). Niagara Falls (M. C.
Vans Dizes) Och: ithaca: andwlneeysllem Nes Nanna) chy \e
CV, SSH AO SIO
Male. Length 2.2 mm. Head brown, palpi yellow, (antennze
broken off). Thorax dusky yellowish, the mesonotum fuscous,
subopaque. Abdomen dusky yellow, posterior margins of the
segments more brownish; hypopygium yellowish, clasper (Fig.
126). Coxe and legs pale yellow, trochanters black below,
tarsi broken. Wings hyaline, anterior veins dusky yellow
(Fig. 244). Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y.
38. Sciara dolens n. sp.
Male. Length 1.2 mm. Black, mesonotum subshining; scape
and palpi fuscous, flagellum broken; hypopygium dark, clasper
(Fig. 127). Coxe and legs yellow, trochanters black below,
hind tarsus 1-10 longer than the tibia, tarsi infuscated. Wings
grayish hyaline, veins dark (Fig. 245). MHalteres fuscous with
yellow pedicel. Tompkins Co., N. Y., June. .
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 1a
39. Sciara diluta n. sp.
Male. Length 1.5 mm. Fuscous, including palpi and an-
tenne ; mesonotum subopaque, antennz nearly 3-4 length of the
body; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 132). Coxe and legs
pale brown, tarsi darker, hind tarsus slightly longer than the
tibia Wings grayish hyaline, veins darker (Fig. 251).
Halteres yellowish.
Female. Colored as-the male; larger, halteres infuscated.
Both sexes from Ithaca, N. Y., July.
Var. a. Male. Similar but more blackish, halteres dark, and
teeth of the claspers stronger (Fig. 140). Freeville, N. Y.
40. Sciara varians n. sp.
Male and female. Length 2 mm. Fuscous black, including
antennze and palpi; hairs of antennz, thorax and abdomen light
gray ; thorax subshining; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 115).
Antenne about 2-3 as long as the body. Coxe and legs dusky
yellow, hind pair more brownish, tarsi fuscous, hind tarsus .10
longer than the tibia. Wings grayish hyaline, anterior veins
dark (Fig. 246). Halteres dusky yellowish. Lawrence, Kas.
Var. a. Male. Similar to the above but smaller, R: ends
more proximad; and tibia and tarsus subequal in length.
Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y.
Var. b. Male and female. Similar to typical variety but
the costa ends nearer M: and veins are heavier. Ithaca, N. Y.
Var. c. Male and female. Similar to the typical variety but
R: ends nearly opposite the base of the fork of M (Fig. 255).
Moscow, Id.
41. Sciara scita n. sp.
Male. Length 3 mm. Fuscous black, including palpi,
antenne, halteres and legs; mesonotum subshining; hairs and
spines brown, antennze about 2-3 as long as the body; claspers
of hypopygium as figured (Fig. 128) ; hind tibia slightly longer
than the tarsus. Wing brownish hyaline, veins black (Fig.
247). Newport, Oregon! (J.M.A.).
Female. Antenne shorter, petiole of the cubitus a little
shorter, and cell M: relatively narrower. Wash.
42. Sciara fumida n. sp.
Male and female. Length 2.2 mm. Head and antennz fus-
cous, the latter elongate, (apical joints broken), palpi fuscous.
136 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10912.
Thorax reddish, mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum fuscous,
subopaque; humeri yellow. Abdomen and hypopygium fuscous,
clasper { Fig. 129). Coxe and legs yellowish, tarsi brown, hind
tibia 1-8 longer than the tarsus. Wings hyaline, anterior veins
brown (Fig. 248). Halteres brownish, pedicel yellowish.
Ithaca, N. Y., August.
43. Sciara trivialis n. sp.
Male. Length 1.5 mm. Fuscous, including antenne, palpi
and halteres. Antenne about 3-4 length of the body.
Mesonotum subshining; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 130).
Coxze and legs yellow, tarsi darker, hind tarsus .8 as long as the
tibia. Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark (Fig. 249). Ithaca,
ING 5 JBoss Jeena) ING So OU IBN
Ai SCUGK Ao) (OMEN Ms 310:
Male and temales Wenerh 75mm) Black, Weadeeaaa
mesonotum highly polished, the latter with the lines of paler
hairs quite distinct, antennz, palpi and halteres fuscous, pedicel
of the last yellowish at base; antennz over 3-4 length of the
body in the male; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 131). Coxe
and legs pale brown to brown, hind coxe and tarsi darker, hind
tibia and tarsi subequal. Wings hyaline, anterior veins brown
(Fig. 250). Friday Harbor, Wash.!, and Moscow, Id. (J.M.A.),
May; Lawrence, Kas.
45. Sciara impatiens n. sp.
Male. Length 1.25 mm. Fuscous, including antenne which
are less than 1-2 as long as the body, intermediate segments
being but little longer than broad; palpi yellow. ‘Thorax sub-
opaque; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 137). Coxe and legs
yellow, tarsi darker, hind tarsus slightly shorter than the tibia.
Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark, strong (Fig. 252). Halteres
fuscous. Bred:from larvee found in earth adhering to the roots
of Impatiens. Wthaca, N. Y.
46. Sciara coprophila Lintner.
Rept. State Enis, 2040) 1805.
Male. Length 2.5 mm., slightly shorter in dried specimens.
Head and thorax black, subshining, abdomen dark brown to
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 137
black, antennz, palpi and hypopygium fuscous, clasper (Fig.
133). Antenne less than 3-4 length of the body in dried speci-
mens. Coxz and legs dusky yellow, tarsi darker, hind tibia
and tarsi subequal. Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark (Fig.
236). Halteres brown with yellowish petiole.
Female. Colored like the male, hind tarsus slightly shorter
than the tibia, antenne about half the length of the body in
dried specimens; lobes of the ovipositor dusky (Fig. 144).
Both’ sexes, Montreal, Canada; Ithaca, N. Y.; Orono, Me.
Larve in manure:. Treesbank, Manitoba (N. Criddle.)
Var. a. Male and female. As above but petiole of the cubitus
only .6 as long as the basal section of M, and halteres, cox
and legs. brighter yellow. Ithaca, N. Y.; Black Mts., N. C.
Gives). Nas and Col, (Glucker):
On examination of a slide of type material proves my speci-
mens to be this species. Dr. Lintner’s specimens were taken
in a mushroom cellar at Albany, N. Y.
47. Sciara caldaria Lintner.
RNepiqi States Ht nsOGn TOO5:
Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen black,
the mesonotum shining; hypopygium black, in structure like the
preceding species; antennz and palpi fuscous, the intermediate
flagellar joints nearly 3 times as long as wide, antenna over
3-4 as long as the body in dried specimens. Coxe and legs
brownish, the hind coxz and sometimes also hind femora, dark
brown; tarsi fuscous; hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Wings
grayish hyaline, veins dark. Halteres fuscous.
Female. Similar to the male in coloring, antennz shorter;
terminal lobe of the ovipositor more elongate than in S. copro-
plula “Boise, Idaho.” Captured in a green house.
An examination of a slide of the type material does not
reveal any structural differences between this and the foregoing
species, excepting that the antenne in this appears to be a trifle
longer.
Var. a. Similar to the above, but antennz distinctly longer
than in S. coprophila and the anterior wing veins heavier (Fig.
eo erlinaca, N.Y.
138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. I0912.
48. Sciara ocellaris Comstock.
Rept. of Comm. of Agr. 203. 1882.
Male. Length 1.5 mm. Head black, antenne dark brown,
basal joint light yellowish brown; pronotum light yellowish-
brown; mesonotum yellowish brown in the center and darker at
the edges; scutellum dusky brown; metathorax dark brown,
almost black; abdomen with caudal portion of the segments,
blackish, cephalic portions yellowish brown; clasper lighter
brown. Poisers, with knob blackish, and base light brown.
Tibiz and tarsi dusky brown; femora lighter; coxe still lighter.
oN. Y:, D. €.* The figure given by the author ot the wane
shows that this species is closely related to S. coprophila.
An examination of the cotype material from the Cornell
University collection shows that in structural characters includ- _
ing antennz and wing venation the species is closely related to
S. coprophila from which it differs in color characters and in the
structure of the clasper which has on the dorsal-mesal margin
2 or 3 strong sete in addition to the apical sete (Fig. 263).
This species was formerly supposed to cause the ocellate spots
on maple leaves which are now attributed to a Cecidomyiid.
Specimens from Buffalo, and Lancaster, N. Y., collected by
Mr. M. C. Van Duzee do not differ from the types (Fig. 265).
The following descriptions by Say (Complete Writings I, Il), Walker
(List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. I) and Fitch (Second Rept. 484-487) are too
brief and general to permit of a recognition of the species. The dimen-
sions given have all been reduced to the metric system.
S.-abbreviata Walker. “Length 2mm. Body black; abdomen tawny;
feelers piceous; thighs tawny; shanks and feet brown; wings colorless;
veins pale brown; poisers tawny. Canada; N. J., N. H.”
S. atrata Say. “Length less than 5 mm. Entirely deep black, polished,
immaculate; wings dusky, iridescent; nervures dark fuscous; poisers
black; thorax in a particular light somewhat pruinose; abdomen opaque,
with short black hairs; spines of the tibia rather longer than the trans-
verse diameter of the. tibia. ‘N. W. Terr.’ The nervures of the wings
agree with those of S. Thomae.” SS. thomae has a venation of the type
of S. picea but R: ends about opposite the forking of the media.
S. dimidiata Say. “Female. Length less than 5 mm. Thorax pol-
ished; wings fuliginous; costal margin blackish; middle nervure very
distinct; poisers blackish; abdomen dull fulvous, with a few blackish
hairs on the 3 basal joints, fourth a little darker; tip black; feet piceous
black. Louisiana.”
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. . 139
S. exigua Say. “Male. Length 1.2mm. Black; thorax piceous at the
anterior angles; poisers whitish at base; feet whitish, dusky at tip.
Antenne fuscous, with dark gray hairs; wings a little dusky, nervures
fuscous; poisers elongated whitish, capitulum fuscous; abdomen fus-
cous, opaque. Female. A little larger with the base of the feet and of
the poisers of a darker shade than those of the male. N. W. Terr.”
S. exilis Say. “Male. Length .8 mm. Body dusky; antenne as
long as the body; stethidium yellowish white; thorax blackish; wings
dusky, apical forked nervure wide, the inferior portion hardly arquated;
halteres subclavate, about half as long as the abdomen, a little dusky;
abdomen a little hairy; feet pale. Indiana.”
S. femorata Say. “Length less than 2.5 mm. Wings hyaline, nervures
fuscous; poisers large; coxe and thighs pale or yellowish white; abdo-
men dirty yellowish obscure, lateral margin and posterior margins of
the segments blackish. Pa.”
S. fraterna Say. “Female and male. Length 2.5 mm., male smaller.
Deep black, polished; abdomen black-brown, opaque. Antenne dark
fuscous, with dense grayish hair; eyes in contact above the antenne;
thorax polished; wings dusky, pale yellowish at base; poisers with a
yellowish scapus and fuscous capitulum; feet dusky towards the tip.
N. W. Terr.”
S. fuliginosa Fitch. “Length 4.55 mm. Black with blackish brown
shanks and pale thighs, their haunches being commonly white. Its
wings are semi-transparent and smoky. The 16 cylindrical joints of its
antenne are more widely separated from each other by short intervening
pedicles than inS. mah. N.Y¥.? oN. J.”
S. inconstans Fitch. “Length 2 mm. Black with the thorax smooth
and slightly shining, the thighs pale and whitish, and the wings pellucid
and glassy with an iridescent violet and red reflection. N. Y.”
The species identified with this in entomological literature and reported
inomellieicy... Me, Neb. N: ji, Ne ¥., ©, Ottawa, Pa: and Va., is in all
probability a composite; = S. prolifica + S. coprophila Whether
either one is identical with S. inconstans is problematical,
S. lurida Walker. (Dipt. Saund. 418). “Div. A, b. Meigen. VI. 305.
Black. Abdomen piceous, tawny beneath. Legs tawny; tibie and tarsi
brown. Wings brown; veins brown, tawny at the base. Halteres
tawny. Length 4mm. U. S.”
S. mali Fitch. “Length 3.7 mm to the tips of the wings. Head and
thorax black. Abdomen dusky, almost black, with a bright yellow band
at each of the sutures. Legs are black as are the antenne also, though
of less deep tint than the head and thorax. Poisers dusky. Wings
dull hyaline, tinged with smoky, and are a fourth longer than the
abdomen. In the female the antennz are half the length of the body.
N. Y.” Larve feed on apples following in the trail of the codling
moth.
I40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12.
S. perpusilla Walker. “Length 1.5 mm. Body piceous, small and
slender; feelers black; legs brown; thighs tawny; wings slightly gray;
the costal veins dark brown, the rest paler and more slender; poisers
tawny.” Canada.
S. polita Say. “Female. Length less than 4 mm. Deep black, thorax
and abdomen both highly polished. Body with numerous short hairs
which are slightly sericeous; eyes without interval above the antenne;
wings dusky, pale yellowish at base; poisers whitish; feet dusky towards
the tip; coxz and thighs yellowish white. N. W. Terr.”
S. punctata Walker. “Length 2.5 mm. Head black; feelers piceous;
chest very dark piceous; abdomen dull red with a row of black spots
on each side; legs tawny; wings gray; fore border veins dark brown,
the rest aS usual paler and more slender; poisers tawny. North Amer.”
S. robusta Walker. “Length 4 mm. Body black, stout, pubescent;
a dark red line along each side; feelers black, robust; legs dark
piceous, rather thick; wings black, as are also the veins and the poisers.
Canada.”
S. rotundipennis Macq. Dipt. Exot. I. 2, 178. 1838. “Female. Length
4.5 to 6 mm. Black, abdomen fuscous testaceous. Wings fuscous, ex-
terior margin, rotund. Antenne with gray reflection. Cells C and Ri
more brown than the others; basal section of Rs far remote from the
base of cell M;. Carolina.”
S. tilicola Loew. Mentioned in Professor Aldrich’s catalogue. This.
is an European species not yet reported from North America.
S. vulgaris Fitch. Length 2.5 to 3 mm. Black with blackish brown
legs and pale thighs. Its poisers are whitish and its wings hyaline.
The sides of its thorax below the wings are tinged with pale, and the
abdomen with brown, rarely pale. N. Y., N. H.”
Type and Paratype Specimens of New Species:
The types and paratypes of the new species described in Parts I, II,
III, and IV, of the “Fungus Gnats of North America” may be found
in the collections noted below. The following abbreviations are used:
J.M.A., (Prof. J. M. Aldrich’s collection) ; O.A.J., (My own collection) ;
A.M.N.H., (American Museum of Natural History); B.S.N.H., (Bos-
ton Society of Natural History); C.U., (Cornell University). The
location of the type is given first, paratypes follow:
Palaeoplatyura aldrichii, JMA; P. johnsonii, BSNH.
Ceroplatus militaris, OAJ, BSNH.
Apemon nigriventris, OAJ, CU.
Platyura setiger, OAJ, JMA; P. mimula, OAJ, JMA.
P. nigrita, JMA; P. moesta, JMA; P. moerens, OAJ, JMA; P.
genualis, OAJ, AMNH; P. scapularis, OAJ, JMA.
Macrocera geminata, OAJ, CU; M. formosa, var. indigena, OAJ, CU.
Monoclona elegantula, OAJ, CU; M. furcata OAJ.
Sciophila galbana, OAJ, JMA; var. germana, AMNH;: var. socia,
BSNH; S. nugax, OAJ, AMNH; S. habilis, OAJ; S. incallida, OAJ,
CU; S. hebes, OAJ, JMA; S. novata, OAJ, CU; S. impar, OAJ, AMNH,
JMA; S. severa, OAJ; S. similis, OAJ.
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. I4I
Paratina recurva, OAJ.
Polylepta obediens, OAJ, AMNH, BSNH; P. nigellus, JMA.
Diomonus magnificus, OAJ, CU, BSNH; D. pulcher, CU.
Neoempheria macularis, OAJ, BSNH; N. impatiens, OAJ, JMA; N.
indulgens, OAJ, CU, AMNH; N. illustris OAJ, CU.
Mycomyia littoralis, var. frequens, OAJ, AMNH, CU; M. sequax,
OAJ, CU; M. marginalis, OAJ; M. imitans, OAJ, CU. AMNH; M.
maxima, OAJ, BSNH; M. sigma, AMNH; M. mendax, OAJ, JMA,
CU; M. nugatoria, OAJ, AMNH; M. recurva, OAJ, AMNH; var.
‘chloratica, AMNH; M. incompta, OAJ, CU.
Gnoriste macra, OAJ, AMNH. '
Neuratelia silvatica, OAJ; N. scitulaa BSNH, OAJ; N. eminens,
JMA; N. desidiosa, BSNH.
Leptomorphus ypsilon OAJ, CU.
Boletna obscura, OAT, BSNH CU; By cincta, BSNE, 7 OA); B:
melancholicaa OAJ, AMNH; B. imitator, JMA; B. gracilis, OAJ,
AMNH; B. longicornis, JMA; B. notescens, OAJ, BSNH, JMA; B.
sobria, OAJ, JMA; B. delicata, AMNH; B. obesula, OAJ; B. sedula,
OAJ, JMA; B. nacta, OAJ, AMNH.
Leia nigra, OAJ, JMA; L. plebeya, OAJ, JMA, AMNH; L. dryas,
AMNH, OAJ.
Phthinia curta, OAJ.
Coelosia gracilis, OAJ, AMNH; C. lepida, AMNH, JMA; modesta,
JMA, AMNH.
Syntemna rejecta, BSNH; S. vittata var. fasciata, BSNH; S. sepa-
tata, BSNH.
Megophthalmidia occidentalis, OAJ, JMA.
Anatella silvestris, OAJ.
Docosia nigella, OAJ; D. nitida, OAJ, JMA. :
dchonta cincta, BONE: Da -traneularis, OAI, ‘CU; TT. bellula,
BSNH;; T. diffissa, OAJ, BSNH; T. patens, OAJ, CU.
‘Cordyla manca, OAJ; C. scita, OAJ, 'C. volucris, OAJ, CU; C. recens,
OAJ, CU; C. neglecta, OAJ.
Brachypeza bisignata, var. divergens, OAJ, BSNH.
Rhymosia serripes, OAJ; R. inflata, OAJ, CU; R. imitator, OA,,
AMNH, CU; R. akeleyi, AMNH, BSNH; R. captiosa, OAJ, BSNH;
‘R. diffissa, OAJ, JMA.
Allodia bulbosa, OAJ, BSNH, CU; A. actvaria, OAJ. BSNH; A.
falcata, OAJ, AMNH, JMA; A. elata, OAJ, BSNH; A. bella, CU; A.
beata, OAJ, CU; A. callida, JMA, OAJ; A. delita, JMA, AMNH.
Phronia producta, BSNH; P. insulsa, OAJ; P. venusta, OAJ, JMA;
Eeedimeiis, OA), CU; P. similis, OAJ.
Telmaphilus nebulosa, OAJ, BSNH.
Exechia perspicua, OAJ, AMNH; E. nugax, OAJ; E. nexa, OAJ;
E. abrupta, OAJ;.E. canalicula, OAJ, CU, JMA; E. cincinnata, OAj,
EoNiiimeuU, EE quadrata, OAT, AMNH, BSNH, CU; E. satiata, OAT,
CU. se. nugatoria, OAJ, AMNH; §. nativa, OAJ, CU; EB: palmata,
OAJ, AMNH, JMA, CU; E. assidua, OAJ, JMA; E. auxiliaria, OAJ,
AMNH,; E. bellula) OAJ, BSNH; E. bella, OAJ, AMNH;; E. captiva,
142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPHRIMENDT SPATION. —-LQO12.
OAJ, BSNH; E. absoluta, OAJ, JMA, BSNH; E. -capillata, OAJ,
AMNH: E. obediens, JMA, AMNH; E. attrita, OAJ, AMNH, CU; E.
repanda, OAJ, BSNH, CU; E. absurda, OAJ; E. casta, OAJ, AMNH.
Dynatosoma nigrina, OAJ; D. placida, OAJ.
Opistholoba ocellata, OAJ, CU.
Mycothera paradoxa, OAJ; M. mitis, AMNH; M. recta, OAJ; M.
var. praenubila, OAJ, AMNH, JMA; M. impellans, OAJ, BSNH,
JMA.
Mycetophila jucunda, OAJ; M. perita, OAJ, CU, AMNH; M. fastosa,
OAJ; M. falcata, OAJ, JMA; M. lenis, OAJ; M. anomala, OAYJ,
AMNH; M. foecunda, OAJ, AMNH, CU, JMA; M. imitator, OAJ,
CU, AMNH; M. perlonga, OAJ; M. pectita, OAJ, JMA; M. lassata,
CU; M. lenta, OAJ, AMNH; M. fatua, OAJ, JMA; M. edura, OA‘,
AMNHE; M. exusta, OAJ, JMA, CU; M. jugata, OAJ; M. extenta, OAJ,
CU; M. edentula, OAJ, BSNH: M. socia, OAJ, CU.
_ Sciara. All types in my collection. Paratypes as follows: S. dives,
JMA;; S. futilis, AMNH; S. imitans, JMA; S. hastata, CU; S. jucunda,
CUES) tmutuas CUPMS. panics Es ISe il uckers) Sy nigricans) | CU bans
Tucker; S. varians, JMA; S. trivialis, AMNH.
Zygoneura flavicoxa, OAJ.
In the body of the work the type locality is indicated by an exclama-
tion point.
Plate.
Details of hypopygia. Dorsal aspect of left half unless otherwise
noted. Abbreviations used the same as in Part III. Figs. 24 to 20,
Phronia species; figs. 31 to 57 Exechia species. 24, P. producta x 170.
25, insulsa, x 75. 26, venusta, x 60. 27, difficilis, x 60. 28, similis, x 300.
29, rustica, var. a, x 60. 30, Telmaphilus nebulosa, x 85. 31, E. perspicua,
x 60. 32, umbratica, x 35. 33, nugax, x 60. 34, nexa, x 60. 35, abruptu,
x 35. 36, canalicula, x 35. 37, cincinnata, x 35. 38, quadrata, x 35.
39, Satiata, x 35. 40, ditto, va of apex of median margin. 41, nugatoria,
X 35. 42, nativa, x 35. 43, interrupta, va of apex of median margin,
after Lundstr6m. 44, palmata, x 60 va. 45, fungorum va, after Lund-
strom. 46, assidua, x 45. 47, auxiliaria, x 60. 48, bellula, va, x 60. 40,
bella, x 35. 50, captiva, x 35, right hand members. 51, absoluta, x 60, b
is la of apex of b. 52, capillata, x 60, latero-dorsal aspect. 53, obediens,
X 35. 54, attrita, x 35, b la of b. 55, repanda, x 60. 56, absurda, x 60.
57, casta, x 60. 58, Dynatosoma nigrina, la of forceps, x 35. 59, D.
fulvida, la of forceps, x 35. 60, Opistholoba ocellata, la of forceps, x 30.
61, Epicypta trinotata, x 35.
Plate.
Details of hypopygia. Figs. 62 to 67 Mycothera; figs. 68 to 95
Mycetophila; fig. 96 Sceptonia; figs. 97 and 98 Zygomyia. 62, Mycothera
paula, va, x 35. 63, paradoxa, la of ovipositor, x 60. 64, mitis, x 60, la.
65, recta, x 170, la. 66, fenestrata, x 85, da. 67, impellans, x 170, la.
68, Mycetophila exstincta, x 85. 60, gucunda, x 85, la. 70, perita, x 45, da,
b’=b, x 85 la. 71, fastosa, x 60 da. 72, punctata forceps, x 60, da. 73,
falcata, x 85, s, da, i, va. 74, mutica, x 60, s, da, i, va. 75, mutica var.
a, x 85, va. 176, lenis, x 85,4, va, s, da. 77, anomala, x 35, dase
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 143
bipunctata, x 60, da. 79, inculta, x 60, s, ma, i, va. 80, scalaris, x 85, da.
81, foecunda, x 35, va, f is f enlarged, x 85. 82, scalaris, var. a, x 60 Ja.
83, perlonga, x 60, ma. 84, pectita, x 60, da. 85, lassata, x 60, da. 86,
lenta, x 85, la. 87, fatwa, x 60, da. 88, edura, x 60, la. 80, exusta, x 60,
i, va, Ss, da. 90, jugata, x 60, la. 91, imitator, x 60, la. 92, extenta, s, x
6o, da, i, x 60, ma. 93, edentula, x 85, la. 94, trichonota var. a, x 60, ma.
95, socia, x 85, la. 96, Sceptonia nigra, x 60, la. 97, Zygomyia ignobilis,
x 170 ma. 98, Z. ornata, x 170, da. 990, Zygoneura flavicoxa, clasper, va.
Plate.
Claspers of hypopygia. Dorsal aspect unless otherwise stated. 100,
Sciara vicina, x 75. 101, S. dives, x 150. 102, S. futilis, ventral aspect,
x 55. 103, S. ochrolabis, x 55. 104, S. sciophila, x 55. 105, S. munda,
Reise lOOnS. dua, x 55, ventral aspect. 107, S.) imitans, x 55. 108, S:
prolifica, x 75. 100, S. tridentata, after Ribsaamen. 110, S. mellea, x 75.
Tit, S. fulvicauda, x 30. 112, S. hastata, x 150. 113, S. mutua, x 75.
Me SOCIO, x 150s 115, Ss Varians, x 100; T1O)..S. Sp, X 75: 117, S-
pauciseta, x 150, I17a, sete. 118, S. parilis, x 100. 1109, S. sp., X 150. 120,
Semagivae. <0 150, 121, S. sp. x LOO. 122) S. neglecta, x 150: 123, S-
jucundd, x 75, 123a, sete; 124, S. multiseta, sete. 125, S. migricans, x
(Een Se Sps, X- 100... 127, S. dolens, XS 100: 128,.S4 scita, x 75) 120, S:
jumidG, x 150. 130, S. invialis, x Too. 131, S. acuta, x 150. 132,..S.
diluta, x 150. 133, S. coprophila, x 150. 134, S. coprophila, var., x 150.
135, 9. fatigans, x. 190. 136, Pnyxia scabiei, x 275. 137, Sciara impatiens,
x 150: 138, Eugnoriste occidentalis, x 75. 139, Sciara habilis, x 100.
140, S. diluta, var. a., x 150. :
Ovipositors, lateral aspect. 141, Sciara pauciseta, x 55. 142, Eugnorisie
occidentalis, x 55. 143, Sciara picea, x 30. 144, S. coprophila, x 55. 145,
S. ochrolabis, x 30.
Plate.
Note. Figs. 146 to 151 represent wings of species of Allodia which are
described in Part III. 146, Allodia falcata. 147, A. elata. 148, A. bella.
149, A. beata. 150, A. calhda. 151, A. delita. 152, Phronia producta. 153,
P. msulsa. 154, P. venusta. 155, P. difficilis. 156, P. similis. 157, P.
rustica, var. a. 158, Telmaphilus nebulosa. 150, Exechia perspicua. 160,
EH. umbratica. 161,'E. nugax. 162, FE. nexa. 163, E. abrupta. 164, E.
canalicula. 165, E. cincinnata. 166, E. quadrata. 167, E. satiata. 168,
E. nugatoria. 169, &. nativa. 170, BE. palmata. 171, EB. assidua. 172, F.
ausiliaria, 173, E. bellula. 174, E. bella. 175, E. captiva. 176, E. absoluta.
177, &. capillata. 178, E. obediens. 179, E. attrita. 180, E. repanda. 181,
E. absurda.
Plate.
182, Exechia casta, 183, Dynatosoma nigrina. 184, D. fulvida. 185,
Opistholoba ocellata. 186, Epicypta trinotata. 187, Mycothera paula.
188, M. paradoxa. 189, M. mitis. 190, M. recta. 191, M. fenestrata.
192, M. impellans. 193, Mycetophila exstincta. 194, M. jucunda. 105,
M. perita. 106, M. fastosa. 197, M. falcata. 198, M. lenis. 190, M.
anomala. 200, M. foecunda. 201, M. imitator. 202, M. perlonga. 203, M.
pectita. 204, M. lassata, 205, M. lenta. 206, M. fatua. 207, M. edura.
144. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I[Q12.
208, M: exusta. 200, M. jugata. 210, M. extenta. 211, M. edentula. 212,
M. socia. 213, Sceptonia nigra. 214, Zygomyia ignobilis. 215, Dynatoso-
ma placida. 216, Zygomyia ornata, 217, Sciara actuosa.
Plate.
Species of Sciara and Eugnoriste.
218, S. picea. 219, S. wicinu. 220, S: dives. 221, S. futilis. 222, S.
ochrolabis. 223, S. sciophila. 224, S. munda. 225, S. dux. 226, S. imitans. -
227, S. prolifica. 228, S. prolifica, var. a. 229, S. mellea. 230, S. hastata.
231, S. pauciseta. 232, S. jucunda. 233, S. mutua. 234, S. nacta. 235,
S. sp. 236, S. coprophila. 237, S. caldaria, var. a. 238, S. parilis. 239,
S. sp. 240, S. sativae. 241, S. fatigans. 242, S. neglecta. 243, S. nigricans.
244, S. sp. 245, S. dolens. 246, S. varians. 247, S. scita. 248, S. fumida.
240, S. trivialis. 250, S. acuta. 251, S. diluta. 252, S. impatiens. 253,
Eugnoriste occidentalis.
Plate.
254, Zygoneura flavicoxa. 255, Sciara varians, var c. 256, Sciara
habilis. 257, Sciara lugens. 258, Sciara abdita, hypopygium. 259, Sciara —
coprophila, male. 260, Sciara actuosa. hypopygium. 261, Sciara
cucumeris, hypopygium. 262, Pnyxia scabiei, short wing of male. 263,
Sciara ocellaris, hypopygium. 264, Pnyxia scabiet, normal wing of male.
265, Sciara ocellaris. 266, Sciara abdita. 267, Sciara cucumeris.
ADDENDA.
Sciara hartu n. sp.
Mr. Chas. A. Hart recently records (Forbes, 15th Rept. State Ent.
Ill., pp. 95-8) a species of Sciara seriously injurious to cucumbers
in forcing houses. At my request Mr. Hart kindly sent me a number
of specimens taken at Morrison, Ill. These proved to differ from any
of the species noted on the previous pages. This species somewhat re-
sembles S. cucumeris but is more closely related to S. fatigans from
which it differs in having .a wider wing, broader cell Ri, Rs less
curved, ending a little more distad. The hypopygium differs in having
apical hairs on the clasper more dense but apparently lacking the 2
smaller apical sete. Alcoholic specimens are dusky yellow, but in
life they are probably more or less fuscous. Antennz of the male about
¥% the length of the body. Length (in alcohol) about 1.5 mm. One
male and many female spec'mens. This species will find a place in the
key with S. fatigans from which it may be distinguished by its venation.
Quite recently a new genus belonging to the Mycetophiline has been
described by Landrock (Wien. Ent. Zeit. XXX. 161) represented by an
European species. It will fall in with Newuratelia in the dichotomic
table in Genera Insectorum (Fasc. 93). It may be distinguished from
that genus by the strongly produced costa ard the abserce of one of the
anal veins.
The generic name Meunieria proposed by me (Genera Insectorum,
Fasc. 93, p. 87.) must be changed. It is already twice preoccupied.
FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 145
INDEX TO GENERA.
Parts I to IV, Funcus Gnats oF NortH AMERICA.
Acnemia, 258 III.
Allocotocera, 266 III.
Allodia, 314 III.
Anaclinia, 262 III.
Anatella, 301 III.
Apemon, 241 [. |
Aphanizophleps, 322 III.
Asindulum, 234 1.
Azana, 260 III.
Boletina, 267 III.
Bolitophila, 218 I.
Brachycampta, 314 III.
Brachypeza, 308 III.
Ceroplatus, 235 I.
Cerotelion, 238 I.
Coelosia, 292 III.
Cordyla, 306 III.
Diadocidia, 231 }.
Diomonus, 153. II.
Ditomyia, 227 I.
Docosia, 299 III.
Dynatosoma, 75 IV.
Dziedzickia, 150 II.
Ectrepesthoneura, .322 III.
Empalia, 142 II.
Empheria, 157 II.
Epicypta, 77. IV.
Epidapus, 115 IV.
Eudicrana, 129 II.
Eugnoriste, 113 IV.
Euphrosyne, 265 {.
Eurycera, 266 III.
Eyxechia, 64 IV.
Fungivora, 84 IV.
Glaphyroptera, 278 III.
Gnoriste, 256 ITI.
Hadroneura, 152 II.
Hertwigia, 150 II.
Hesperinus, 220 I.
Hesperodes, 241 I.
Lasiosoma, 132 II.
Leia, Meigen. 278 III.
Leia, Winn. 260 III.
Leiella, 322 III.
Lejomya, 278 III.
Leptomorpha, 264 III.
“Lycoria, 117 1V.
Macrocera, 265 I.
Macroneura, 231 I.
Manota, 114 IV.
Megalopelma, 322 III.
Megophthalmidia, 298 III.
Mesochria, 321 II.
Messala, 218 I.
Metangela, 116 IV.
Meumnieria, 144 IV.
Monoclona, 128, 187 _ II.
Mycetobia, 223 I.
Mycetophaetus, 222 I.
Mycetophila, 84 IV.
Mycomya, 165, 188 IT.
Mycothera, 80 IV.
Neoempheria, 157 II.
Neoglaphyroptera, 278 III.
Neuratelia, 262 III.
Neurocompsa, 322 III.
Odontonyx, 117 IV.
Odontopoda, 264 III.
Opistholoba, 77. IV.
Palaeoplatyura, 224 I.
Paraneurotelia, 144 IV.
Paraplatyura, 321 III.
Paratinia, 144 II.
Phorodonta, 117__ IV.
146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
Phronia, 59 IV.
Phthinia, 290 III.
Placoceratias, 321 III.
Plastacephala, 322 III.
Platurocypta, 322 III.
Platyprosthiogne, 322 III.
Pieiayunrgi, 246) Is gan
Pleonazoneura, 322 III.
Plesiastina, 228 1.
IPagsaa, mid IW.
Polylepta; 145, 1.
Polyxena, 306 III.
Probolaeus, 258 III.
Rhymosia, 309 III.
Rhynchosciara, 117 IV.
Rondaniella, 260 IIT.
INU,
IQI2.
Sackenia, 292 III.
Sceptonia, 109 IV.
Seigira, 117” WW.
SS 13 Mls Bees VL
scotella1g22) TIT
Spodius, 220 I.
Staegeria, 128 Il.
Subfamilies, 216 I.
Symmerus, 228 I.
Syntemna, 295 III.
Telmaphilus, 63 IV.
(etraconeutay 130) Wee eaen eal
Trichonta, 301 III.
Trichosia, 115 IV.
Zelmira, 246 1.
Zygomyia, 109 IV.
Zygoneura, 116 IV.
Figs. 24 to 61. Details of hypopygia.
24 to 20, Phronia. 30, Telmaphilus. 31 to 57, Exechia.
58, 59, Dynatosoma. 60, Opistholoba. 61, Epicypta.
ia
Figs. 62 to 99. Details of hypopygia.
62 to 67, Mycothera. 68 to 95. Mycetophila.
96, Sceptonia. 97, 98, Zygomyia. 90, Zygoneura.
al
Figs. too to 140. Details of hypopygia. 141 to 145, ovipositors.
Roonton 135, isclata:
139 to 141, Sciara.
136, Pnyxia.
142, Eugnoriste.
137, Sciara. 138, Eugnoriste.
143 to 145, Sciara.
Faire RES TERRE ATI
Figs. 146-151, Allodia. 152-157, Phronia. 158, Telmaphilus. 159-181, Exechia.
182, Exechia. 183, 184, Dynatosoma. 185, Opistholoba.
187-192, Mycothera.
Zygomyia.
215, Dynatosoma.
193-212, Mycetophila.
217, Sciara.
186, I[picypta.
213, Sceptonia. 214, 216,
218 ; 219 220
Figs. 218-252, Sciara. 253, Eugnoriste.
Fig. 254, Zygoneura. 255-257, Sciara. 258, Sciara, hypopyg. 259,
Sciara, male. 260-261, Sciara, hypopygia. 262, Pnyxia scabiei,
Short wing. 263,Sciara,hypopygium. 264, Pnyxia scabiei, long wing.
265-267, Sciara.
BULLETIN 201.
THE DETERIORATION AND ASSAY OF SPIRIT OF
NITROUS ETHER.
H. H. Hanson anp A. K. BURKE.
Spirit of Nitrous Ether, commonly called Sweet Spirit of
Nitre, an alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite, has been for a cen-
tury and a half, or more, a preparation of importance in medi-
cine. Strictly speaking, the preparation as it is now made is
somewhat different from the original Sweet Spirit of Nitre.
Different methods have been’ used in its preparation and dif-
ferent names have been applied to the product. At the present
time it may be made in this country according to the method
given in the eighth revision of the United States Pharmaco-
poeia (1900), or it may be prepared by diluting concentrated
nitrous ether which may be purchased for the purpose in
small sealed tubes or bottles. .
DETERIORATION.
From the first it has been recognized as a very unstable com-
pound, liable to deterioration and decomposition unless kept
under the most favorable conditions. Upon standing, the
ethyl nitrite (upon which this preparation is supposed to de-
pend for its efficiency) gradually decreases in amount and, at
the same time, undesirable compounds are, and even dangerous
compounds may be, formed. The following list of possible
decomposition products is taken from a well known authority ;*
Aldehyde, paraldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl nitrate, nitrous acid,.
acetic acid, ethyl oxide, ethyl formate, ethyl oxalate, cyanogen
compounds, glyoxal, glyoxalic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid,.
saccharic acid, and nitro ethane. In order to reduce the liabil-.
ity of decomposition to the lowest degree the United States.
Pharmacopoeia directs that the preparation be kept in “small,,
well-stoppered, dark, amber-colored vials, in a cool place,
remote from lights or fire.” In order to test the value of these
directions three lots were prepared from tubes of concentrated
* Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis Vol. I, p. 194.
148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12.
nitrous ether according to directions. These sampies were
carefully tested and then stored as follows: Sample A was
kept in a dark amber-colored bottle, full to the top, in the dark,
in a refrigerator, strictly according to Pharmacopoeia direc-
tions. Sample B was kept in an amber-colored bottle tightly
corked with a cork stopper, at ordinary room temperature in a
dark cupboard. The bottle was full at the beginning of the
experiment. Sample C was kept in a green colored bottle in
the same cupboard with B but the bottle was only half full at
the beginning. These three experiments were not made at
exactly the same time and the intervals between the different
assays were not the same in the three different cases. From
table 25 it will readily be seen, however, that sample A, kept
strictly according to directions, remained for two months at
exactly the same strength found by the first test and that
during the next month it lost only 9.23 per cent of ethy! nitrite.
This sample when made up carried 4.06 per cent, and at the
end of go days 3.83 per cent of ethyl nitrite. In order that the
conditions under which sample A was kept approximate as near
as possible the conditions existing in a drug store, each time
the sample was opened and assayed two or three ounces were
turned out in imitation of a sale.
Sample B was kept in an amber-colored bottle under the
same conditions which surrounded A with the exception -that
it was kept at ordinary room temperature. Results of the assay
of this sample show that the decrease in strength began at
once and that the decrease was steady but not rapid. The
sample at the beginning contained 4.21 per cent ethyl nitrite.
In seventy days the strength had dropped to 3.93 per cent, and
in one hundred and sixty-six days to 3.80 per cent ethyl nitrite.
Sample C, kept in a green bottle only half full, at room tem-
perature, in the same closet with sample B, decreased in
strength from 3.86 per cent at the beginning to 3.48 per cent
of ethyl nitrite at the end of 170 days.
The results are given in Table 25. Sample A was stored
as the preparation should always be kept and the result indi-
cates that under these favorable conditions sweet spirit of
nitre will keep for several months practically uniform. Samples
B and C were stored as stich material is often kept in drug
SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. I49
stores and the result shows that under such circumstances
decomposition begins at once and steadily continues.
It was not considered necessary to try samples kept under ex-
tremely unfavorable conditions as it is well known that expos-
ure to light, high temperature, and free access of air contribute
to rapid deterioration.
TABLE 25.
Deterioration of Samples of Sweet Spirit of Nitre Stored under
Different Conditions.
SAMPLE A.
Date oF TEST. Ree aa een C. Pare a Meee
JOOS +S oes COO CIE — ; 55.9 4.06 —
J fie) JIGS ee 13 55.9 4.06 0.00
Tile 44 55.8 4.06 0.00
Accs) Se 61 55.8 4.06 0.00
PATTOMIS GS) are os eos ; Uo 54.6 3.97 0.09
September 1........ | 90 52.7 3.83 0.23
SAMPLE B.
prea aC) eee — — 4.21 —
enh 7 | 8 54.9 3.99 0.22
Aj 30 | 42 54.7 3.98 0.23
hie ofr | 70 54.1 3.93 0.28
September 1........ | 166 52.3 3.80 0.41
SAMPLE C.
|
_ linn) Ieee — — 3.86 —
Worrcp2 7.5... 11 49.9 3.63 0.23
Ooo 5 | 45 ' 49.4 3.59 0.27
Augast 4........... 141 | 48.3 3.51 0.35
AAV Gin 1S | sate alist 48.0 3.49 0.37
September 2........ 170 47.9 3.48 0.38
In Table 25 the first readings under samples B and C, 4.21
per cent and 3.86 per cent, may possibly be slightly high
because these two samples, made from tubes of concentrated
nitrous ether, were among the first investigated and it was
2
150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
shortly afterwards found that an analysis made immediately
following the preparation of the sample might not give correct
results unless unusual care had been observed in the mixing.
This is a point of importance to the pharmacist as it indicates
that the concentrated nitrous ether mixes but slowly with
alcohol unless it is very thoroughly shaken.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS.
Three different methods of assaying spirit of nitrous ether
have been proposed: that given in the seventh revision of the
United States Pharmacopoeia, that given in the eighth revi-
sion of the same publication, and a modification or combination
of the two which may be found outlined in Schimpf’s Manuel
of Volumetric Analysis.* These methods as given are as
follows:
Method of Assay According to Seventh Revision of the U.
S: P: 1890, “lis Cc. of recently prepared Spirit of Nitrous
Ether be introduced into a nitrometer, and followed, first, by
to Ce. of potassium iodide T. S., and then by to Cc. of normal
sulphuric acid, the volume of nitrogen dioxide generated at
the ordinary indoor temperature (assumed to be at or near
25° C., or 77° F.) should not be less than 55 Cc. (correspond-
ing to about 4 per cent of pure ethyl! nitrite).”
Method of Assay According to the Eighth Revision of the
U.S. P. tooo. “Transfer about 30 Gm. of the Spirit of Nitrous
Ether, which has been previously shaken with 0.5 Gm. of potas-
sium bicarbonate, to a tared 100 Cc. measuring flask, and weigh
it accurately. Add sufficient alcohol to bring the volume to
exactly too Cc., and mix thoroughly. Introduce into a nitro-
meter (see Appendix, Gasometric Estimations) exactly 10 Cc.
of the alcoholic solution, followed by to Cc. of potassium iodide
T. S., and afterwards by 10 Cc. of normal sulphuric acid V. S.
When the volume of gas has become constant (within 30 to
60 minutes), note the volume of gas collected. Multiply this
volume in Cc. by 0.307, and divide the product by the original
weight of the Spirit of Nitrous Ether. At standard tempera-
ture and pressure the quotient will represent the percentage of
* Fifth Edition, p. 683.
SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. © ; I5r
ethyl nitrite in the liquid. The temperature correction is one-
third of one per cent of the total percentage just found for
each degree, additive if temperature is below, subtractive if
howe 250°C. (77° He Ihe barometric correction is iour-
thirtieths of one per cent for each millimeter, additive if above,
subtractive if below, 760.
When assayed according to the above method, Spirit of
Nitrous Ether should yield not less than 4 per cent of ethyl
ipeike.
Schinp Method. This determination, which is to be con-
ducted with a nitrometer, is outlined thus: “Open the stop-
cock of the measuring tube, raise the control-tube, and pour
into the latter a saturated solution of NaCl until the measuring
tube, including the bore of the stop-cock, is completely filled.
Then close the stop-cock and fix the control-tube at a lower
level. Now introduce into the funnel at the top of the measur-
ing tube a weighed quantity (about 4 ems. )* of spirit of nitrous
ether; open the stop-cock, and allow the spirit to run into the
nitrometer, being careful that no air enters at the same time.
10 Cc. of potassium iodid T. S. are now added in the same
manner, and followed by 10 Cc. of normal sulphuric acid V. S.
Effervescence takes place immediately, and after 30 to 60 min-
utes, when the volume of gas becomes constant, the control-
tube is lowered so as to make the level of the liquid in both
tubes the same, and the volume of the gas in the graduated:
tube read off.
This volume, multiplied by 0.0030673 gm. gives the weight
of ethyl nitrite in the spirit taken for analysis. The product
multiplied by 100, and then divided by the weight of the spirit
taken, gives the per cent of pure ethyl nitrite present.”
Barometric and temperature corrections are to be made as
usual.
A method similar to the latter was tried several years ago
by one of the authors upon the theory that it was more accurate
than the old and certainly easier of manipulation than the new
U. S. P. method.
*TIt is convenient to take 5 Cc. accurately measured, and calculate its
weight by multiplying by the specific gravity.
I52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
In order to compare the accuracy of these three methods a
large number of assays were made on samples of various ages
and strengths and the results are given in Table 26.
TABLE 20.
Analysis of Sweet Spirit of Nitre by Three Methods.
es ae Mopirizep METHOD.
tale) Pro fi
24 2.4
rc) 2 :
22 2g e+ iS o ie
SraTion le age as Eis Taney
NuMBER. | “dq: Sat og aes) Shel
ale BIS ASE Ran | 25. 3 2u 4
se ma. so i yy o oO
ANS ANS aad Beg eis Tao ‘ae
aS eS a2 5 aoe ® Bo Oi oS |
BPS | @ba | aes | ase | wet | BS | Bea
10 ,525 - Aili BG) = - 4.2080 -
10 ,527 3.48 - 3.56 3.59 0.8225 4.1280 4.1125
10 ,529 4.02 3.97 4.12 4.12 0.8183 4.0855 4.0915
10 ,531 4.34 = 4.46 4.47 0.8163 4.1055 4.0815
10 ,535 2.46 = 52) 2.52 0.8224 4.1170 4.1120
10 ,538 3.06 = 3.16 3.16 0.8206 4.1060 4.1030
10 543 4.17 — 4.21 - = 4.1895 =
10 ,544 2.60 2.61 2.67 2.69 0.8177 4.1240 4.0885
10 ,547 3.34 3.14 Boo 3.40 0.8288 4.1820 4.1440
10 ,549 4.40 4.25 4.52 4.56 0.8133 4.1000 4.0665
10 ,550 3.81 3.50 3.94 3.96 0.8133 4.0810 4.0665
10 ,552 33552) 3.50 3.63 3.62 0.8217 4.0925 4.1085
10 ,560
A 4.59 4.48 4.71 4.74 0.8160 4.1110 4.0800
-10 ,560
B 4.50 4.56 4.62 4.64 0.8160 4.1040 4.0800
10 ,560
Cc - 4.47 — - 0.8160 = -
10 ,561 3.89 3.58 4.01 4.03 0.8141 4.1185 4.0705
10 ,562 4.10 3.81 4.20 22 0 8201 4.1280 4.1005
10 ,563 3.10 3.01 3.19 3.21 0.8152 4.0935 4.0760
10 ,568
A 4.07 4.02 4.20 4.24 0.8118 4.1025 4.0590
10 ,568
B 4.07 3.75) 4.19 4.23 0.8118 4.1040 4.0590
10 ,568
(8) 3.97 = 4.11 4.13 0.8118 4.0800 4.0590
10 ,568
D 4.07 - 4,22 4.23 0.8118 4.0730 4.0590
SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 153
Referring to table 26 it will be seen that the result obtained
by the new United States Pharmacopoeia method is in every
case the lowest, and that the result obtained by the modified
method is in each case the highest, when compared with the re-
sults by the other methods on the same sample. ‘That this
difference represents an actual gain in accuracy for the modified
method seers apparent when the work and results are carefully
analyzed.
The manner in which the determination is made by the
modified method when absolute accuracy is desired is as fol-
lows: ‘The nitrometer shown in the illustration, Fig. 268, is
filled to the top of the stem of the thistle tube with a saturated
salt solution, which is drawn down to the bottom of the ungrad-
uated arm by means of the outlet tube at the bottom after the
stop-cock at the top has been closed; thus leaving the graduated
arm full but under reduced pressure. The bottle containing the
sample is weighed and then five cubic centimeters are with-
drawn in a pipette and the bottle again weighed. This five c. c.
portion is placed in the thistle tube, drawn down, and washed
in with a few drops of alcohol. Then in succession ten cubic
centimeters of a ten per cent solution of potassium iodide and
ten cubic centimeters of a five per cent solution of sulphuric
acid are introduced in a like manner, taking care that no air
is accidentally drawn in during the process. In order to obtain
all of the five c. c. portion of the sweet spirit of nitre which
was drawn from the bottle the potassium iodide solution is
allowed to run through the pipette and wash out into the
nitrometer every trace of the sample. Nitrogen dioxide gas,
NO, is immediately formed, and, by means of the outlet tube
at the bottom, the salt solution is drawn down so that the level
of the liquid in the ungraduated branch is kept below that in
the graduated. The reaction is rapid for the first two or three
minutes and then procee’s slowly.for an indefinite period. ‘The
process should be allowed to continue for one hour with fre-
quent shaking and the volume of the gas is then read with the
liquid in the two tubes at the same level. This volume multi-
plied by 0.0030673, the product multiplied by 1too, and then
divided by the weight of the sample taken, gives the per cent of
ethyl nitrite present after the result is corrected for tempera-
ture and pressure.
154. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12.
When the assay is carefully made by this method every
‘trace of the weighed sample is used and there is no chance for
the escape of gas. That the result is more accurate than that
obtained by the U. S. P. method of 1890 is evident from the
fact that the sample is accurately weighed. Different samples
vary in specific gravity as shown in Table 26 and, therefore, -
if volume alone is considered, as in the old U. S. P. method,
the result can not be absolutely correct unless by accident. It
is of interest to compare the percentage of ethyl nitrite found
when the weight obtained by difference, as above, is used as a
basis and when the weight is calculated from the specific
gravity.
In the 19 results thus compared in Table 26 three are alike,
the greatest difference is 0.04 per cent, and the average differ-
ence is only 0.02 per cent.
If the modified method is more accurate than thé old U. S. P.
method a study of Table 26 will show that it is more accurate
than the new U. S$. P. method, of 1900, as this gives the lowest
average results of either of the three. Compared with the old
U. S$. P. method the modified method gives results ranging
higher from 0.03 per cent to 0.25 per cent. Compared with the
new U.S. P. the modified method gives results ranging higher
from 0.05 per cent to 0.47 per cent. Comparing the old and
new U.S. P. methods it is found that in twenty cases the old
method gives the highest results, the differences running from
0.02 per cent to 0.32 per cent; while in three cases the new
method gives the highest, running however only from 0.or per
cent to 0.06 per cent.
The modified method gives uniform results when tried
several times upon the same sample, while among the results
obtained by the new U. S. P. method will often be found
variations similar to that noted in Table 26 under sample
number 10568, A and B. Compared with the new U. S. P.
method the modified method is less expensive in both time and
chemicals. In eliminating the shaking out with potassium
bicarbonate no error is introduced because if absolute accuracy
is required any free acid present may be washed into the nitro-
meter with alcohol before it comes in contact with any reagent;
while on the other hand the process is simplified thus reducing
the chance for error or loss. That the use of potassium bicar-
SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 155
bonate does not make any appreciable difference is shown in
Table 27 which gives the results on the same samples, using
the modified method, both with and without the reagent in
question. It will be noted that in two cases slightly higher
results were obtained when using the bicarbonate while in two
other cases the reverse was true. ‘These differences, however,
are so small that they might occur when the determinations
were made as nearly alike as it is possible to duplicate, and
indicate no advantage obtained by the use of potassium bicar-
bonate. In these cases the shaking out was done directly in
the sample bottle after the first determination had been made.
TABLE 27.
Analysis of Sweet Spirit of Nitre With and Without the Use of
Potassium Bicarbonate.
Eruyt Nitrite Founp. PER CEnt.
NUMBER.
Modified Method. Modified Method
‘ Using KHCO3
10 ,495 3.48 3.40
10 ,510 2.68 PS TA0)
10 ,563 2.96 3.03
10 ,579 4.46 4.44
The sentence quoted below from the Pharmacopoeia of 1900,
and which appears also in the Schimpf Method, “when the vol-
ume of gas has become constant (within thirty to sixty minutes)
note the volume of gas collected” would lead one unfamiliar
with this reaction to suppose that the volume of gas did become
constant within an hour. As a matter of fact it very seldom
or never does. Experiments were made to determine, if possi-
ble, when the volume of gas did finally become con-
Potmnanc also to determine, if possible, a factor
which might be applied to correct for the volume of gas
generated after the one hour period. Determinations were
allowed to run for various periods up to three days and
at the end of this 72 hours the volume of gas was still increas-
ing very slowly. In Table 28 the results of these observations
are given. In the second column is given the corrected reading
taken after the hour period had elapsed and upon which was
156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2.
calculated the assay of that particular sample. That the reac-
tion was not complete, however, is shown by the series of
second readings taken after periods ranging from 16 to 72
hours after the first reading. The differences between the two
readings, while ranging from 0.2 to 2.2 cubic centimeters do
not correspond to the differences in time. For example, one
sample after standing 24 hours had increased 0.8 cubic centi-
meter, while another sample after standing for the same period
had increased 2.0 cubic centimeters. One sample standing 72
hours increased 2.2 cubic centimeters, while another for the
same period increased only 1.3 cubic centimeters. This increase
seemed never the same in any two cases and varied at different
times during the periods themselves. The rate of increase
depends on so many different factors, such as strength of the
sample, its age, the amount of water present, compounds which
may have been formed by decomposition, and not only the
temperature and pressure at the time of beginning the experi-
ment, but the variations while the test is being made, that it is
impossible to apply any corrections and the best that can be
done is to establish some uniform rule in regard to the time.
One hour was finally adopted and if the apparatus is shaken
several times during the interval so that the reagents are thor-
oughly mixed, the gas generated in sixty minutes is near enough
to the total amount for all practical purposes.
TABLE 28.
Variation in the Rate at Which Nitrogen Dioxide Gas is Liberated in
the Analysis of Sweet Spirit of Nitre wnder Different Conditions.
CoRRECTED READINGS,
2 G © TEMPERATURE, DEGREES C.
& ta Time Difference,
Elapsed— Cuct
| . Hours. First Second
Z First. Second. Reading. Reading.
i |
1 55.9 56.1 16 0.2 21.0 20.0
2 55.5 56.4 17 0.9 23.5 « 2250
3 56.8 57.8 22 1.0 20.3 21.0
4 53.9 54.7 24 0.8 21.0 22.0
5 48.3 50.3 24 2.0 222 20.5
6 55.4 56.7 48 13} - 20.0
7 49.9 ol?) CT ae = 2280)
8 44.2 46.4 72 Ph 2 PUL i) 21.5
\
SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 157
SUMMARY.
In conclusion emphasis should be given to four points which
may be summarized as follows:
t. When Sweet Spirit of Nitre is made from concentrated
nitrous ether the product should be shaken for several minutes
to insure thorough uniformity.
2. A sample of Sweet Spirit of Nitre kept strictly in ac-
cord with Pharmacopoeia directions remained constant in
strength for 60 days and deteriorated but slightly during the
next 30 days. Under unfavorable conditions decomposition of
samples began at once and steadily continued.
3. The Modified Method of analysis, as described in detail,
gives more accurate results than either the old or the new
Pharmacopoeia methods, and compared with the latter is more
economical in time and reagents and is easier of manipulation,
with less chance for error. For a quick method when extreme
accuracy is not required the old U. S. P. method (1890) gives
approximately correct results.
4. When determining the ethyl nitrite in sweet spirit of
nitre by the liberation of nitrogen dioxide the volume of gas
does not become constant in “from thirty to sixty minutes” as
published directions would lead one to suppose, but increases
slowly, and at a varying rate, which is influenced by numerous
different conditions, sometimes at least, for several days. For
this reason it is not practicable to attempt to obtain an abso-
lutely constant volume, nor to apply a factor to correct for these
last traces of gas, and a one hour period for the reaction to take
place, with frequent shaking, may be used with practically
correct results.
158 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
APHID PESTS OF MAINE.*
Eprtu M. Patcu.
There are possibilities of control of certain species of plant
lice or aphids by such methods as rotation of crops or the
destruction of weeds which serve to maintain a species of
aphids dangerous to neighboring crops; or the selection by
the landscape gardener of ornamental shrubs and trees which
are not susceptible to attacks of aphids common on native
vegetation. In some cases circumventing the aphid by means of
a knowledge of its food habits and migrations would be simpler
and more effective than the direct methods of spraying which
need to be repeated each year of attack.
The ornamental cut leaf maple, for example, can be made
immune from attacks of the woolly aphid common‘on the leaves
of this tree, by the destruction of neighboring alders on which
the migrants develop, and infestations of some Chermes galls so
troublesome to ornamental spruces could be escaped by omitting
the alternate host from the immediate landscape.
But before advantage can be taken of these methods it is
necessary to know the full food plant cycle. It happens of
course that many species inhabiting plants of no economic
value in themselves may be a distinct form of a species very
injurious to a more valuable plant, and an economic review of
even a local fauna can not omit the species from any native
growth.
The importance of securing authentic food plant records for
the large family of insects under consideration is emphasized
by the fact that some species feed exclusively on a single or a
few closely allied plants while other have so wide a range that
it requires the collections of many years to include them all.
The reason for treating a local list of aphids with a view of
the botanical sequence of the plants they infest is thus apparent
*Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento-
mology No. 53.
160 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
enough and needs no other explanation for the arrangement of
the present paper. As a convenient bibliography, which at the
same time throws into comparison collections from the same
and related plants from other parts of the world, there is ap-
pended a host plant catalogue of the aphids of the world cov-
ering the corresponding group of plants.
The plant lice included in this paper are those infesting the
Ferns, Conifers, and Monocotyledons.
FERNS.
But one species on ferns has as yet been chanced upon in the
Maine collection and that is Mastopoda pteridis Oestlund, a
peculiar species with atrophied tarsi taken on brake fern
(Pteris aquilina L,.) Aug. 6, 1906, near Orono. An account of.
this collection is given in Bulletin No. 182 of this Station.
CoNIFERS.
Several genera of aphids occur upon Conifers in Maine and
all are of economic importance. Of these Mindarus abietinus
Koch is very troublesome upon the new tender growth of spruce
and balsam fir in the spring of the year, producing a ruffled
appearance of the needles on infested twigs. Aiccounts of this
species are given in Bulletins 182 and 187.
Seven species of Chermes are injurious to spruces, pines and
larches in Maine. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch has been dubbed
“Pine blight” by virtue of the white secretions of a colony on
the bark of infested pine, and is a serious enemy to young white
pines both in nursery stock and in the open. Chermes pinifoliae
Fitch (abieticolens Thomas) causes a cone shaped gall on black
spruce, the migrants from which seek the white pine and deposit
eggs upon the leaves so that the nymphs have the tender new
growth of white pine to feed upon. ‘They can be detected by
the sickened appearance of the pine shoots and the flocculent
secretion of the young Chermes when numerous. Chermes
abietis Cholodkovsky inhabits the “pine-apple gall” of white and
Norway spruces and is a common nuisance wherever these trees
are used for ornamental purposes, for the affected branches
become stunted and deformed. Chermes lariciatus Patch pro-
duces a “pine-apple gall’”’ on white spruce very much like that of
abietis though the needles are shorter and the gall has a general
APHID PESTS OF MANE. 161
russet color. The migrants from this gall fly to the larch to
deposit eggs and the young develop upon the larch. Chermes
consolidatus Patch produces small pale pink or green galls on
black spruce the migrants from which seek the larch as an alter-
nate host. Chermes floccus Patch develops in galls on black and
red spruce and migrates to the needles of the white pine to
oviposit. Its food plants are thus the same as those of pinifoliae
but both the galls and the insects are too distinct to be in any
respect confused. Chermes similis Gillette, first described in
Colorado, is found commonly on twigs of Norway, black, red,
and white spruces in Maine, the infestation causing a scraggly
appearance of the twig rather than a well defined gall. All these
species are discussed and figured in Bulletin No. 173 of this Sta-
tion.
There was also a collection of Chermes (No. 111-09) taken
on fir (A. balsamea Miil) the trunk of which was covered with
flocculent patches like those of pimicorticis on white pine. ‘The
collection comprised apterous females and their eggs and newly
hatched nymphs, no winged forms being found.
The third group of coniferous aphids has not been previously
worked up for Maine. These belong to the genus Lachnus and
allied genera. To Lachnus belong the giants of the Maine
aphids and the colonies are frequently exceedingly abundant at
Orono. In June 1904 a whole hillside was covered with honey-
dew, the ground and the vegetation on it being sticky from the
liquid dropped by Lachnus colonies feeding above. Much of
this sweet liquid crystalized into whitish sugar so that the rocks
in some places looked frosted. It was impossible to touch a
branch without being heavily spattered with a shower of honey-
dew. Although these aphids have not been so plentiful any year
since, they have been present each season on pine, 1arch, fir and
the spruces.
Lachnus curvipes n. sp. Nos. 31-05; 92-08; 69-10. On
Abies balsamea Mill. This distinctive species appears to be a
not uncommon insect on the balsam fir in the vicinity of Orono.
Apterous oviparous female. Head dark brown or blackish.
Antenne yellowish brown hirsute. Prothorax black. ‘Thorax
black and slightly pulverulent. Legs with femora yellowish
brown, tibiz yellowish brown and distal tip black, tarsi black.
Ist tibia straight and about 1.9 mm. long, 2nd tibia straight and
oo)
about 2.25 mm long, 3rd tibia conspicuously bowed and about
162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
4.2 mm long. ‘Tarsus with first joint elongate (0.15 mm at
longest dimension) subequal to half of second joint (0.15 mm)
and claws measuring about 0.1 mm. Abdomen black, hirsute,
and caudad of cornicles with short heavy white flocculency.
Cornicles black and tuberculate.
This large form in life is conspicuous on account of the con-
trast of the dull black abdomen cephalad the cornicles and the
flocculency, thick but not long, caudad the cornicles.. They rest
on four front legs and when disturbed wave the long bowed
hind pair around in the air. They were abundant on branches
of Abies balsamea Mill at Orono, Sept. 26, 1908 at which date
many were in copulation. Specimens in the insectary deposited
eggs on fir needles. The eggs are elongate, dark but covered
with white pulverulency which gives them a gray appearance.
They have a slight concavity on the side applied to the leaf.
Alate male. Head black, slightly pulverulent. Antenne I, II,
black; base of ILI pale, tip dusky; IV, V, VI dusky: Ill) 1vgM
and VI tuberculate with very numerous sensoria. Fig. 270. III
0.55 mm;1V 0.3 mm; V 0.425 mm; VI 0.225 mm. ‘Total anten-
nal length about 1.85 mm. Beak about 2.3 mm extending some-
times beyond caudal tip of abdomen. Prothorax and thorax black,
slightly pulverulent. Wing 4.2 mm long. M and branches of
M all very slender and delicate; the other three veins are very
dark and heavy, stigma dense and dark. (Figs. 300 and 301)
Legs with yellowish brown femora; tibiz yellow at base, rest
black; tarsi black, first joint elongate and subequal (at longest
dimension) to half the second. Fig. 271. Abdomen black and
slightly pulverulent, cornicles black and tuberculate. This form
in life has a humpbacked appearance due to large thorax and
relatively slender curving abdomen with convex dorsum and
concave venter.
Fig. 260. L. curvipes. Antenna of male, showing relative length of
joints.
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. — 163
Fig. 270. Antennal joint IV of male, showing sensoria. Fig. 271
Tarsus of male.
Alate viviparous female. This form, together with nymphs,
was collected at Orono, July 20, 1905, from Abies balsamea.
The antenne is about 2.15 mm total length; III 09 mm; IV
0.325 mm; V 0.45 mm; VI 0.25 mm. III with about to large
sensoria; IV with 3 sensoria in a row; V with terminal sen-
sorium and one other; VI with large sensoria in a group. ‘The
beak is about 2.53 mm long. The wing (Fig. 299) 1s about 5.75
mm long. The veins are heavy except M and branches which
is very delicate as in the male.
rete ° . =
—
5 N= <
Biss 272,
= |
Figs. 272, 273 and 274. .L. curvipes.. Antenna of alate viviparous
female; and joints II] and VI greatly enlarged.
Apterous viviparous female. A large colony of this form and
nymphs was found on a young balsam fir about 1 1-2 inches in
diameter. The size of the tree is given because this colony,
unlike the others of this species collected at Orono, was on the
trunk of the young tree one foot from the ground instead of
the branches. The mature forms were dull black with dark
reddish femora and black tibia. The newly dropped nymphs
were pale red.
da], = ead
Fig. 275. L. curzipes. Antenna of apterous viviparous female.
164 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
Lachnus laricifex Fitch.
What is apparently this spe-
= ( Te cies of Fitch’s is not uncom-
( mon on the larch (L. laricina
Koch) in Maine. Packard
Fig. 276. Antennal joint VI of fore- (1890 ) quotes the original
going figure. description and records scat-
tered individuals from Augusta, Maine. No figures have been
published for this larch aphid in America. Cholodkovsky
(1899), however, figures a larch species, maculosus Cholodkovs-
ky which is certainly closely allied to the Maine material and
may perhaps be the same.
Apterous viviparous female. Head dark brown. Beak ex-
tends to about the middle of abdomen. Antennal total length
about 1.2 min: llo46 mm; 1V 02 mm; V-0:26 mms Villon
mm; 1V with one large circular sensorium at distal end; V with
usual terminal sensorium and one other large circular sen-
sorium near it; VI with group of sensoria. Prothorax and
thorax dark brown with black markings. Head and thorax with
white pulverulency both dorsally and ventrally. Femora dark,
tibiz pale proximal end, distal dark; hind tibia slightly bowed;
tarsi black. Tarsus with first joint elongate and subequal (at
longest dimension) to half the second joint; hind tarsus includ-
ing claw about 0.5 mm; first joint 0.15 mm; second exclusive of
claw 0.32 mm. Abdomen sparsely hirsute, dark brown and
slightly pulverulent ; there is a pale mid dorsal line, and the dor-
sum is decorated with black spots and dots, and dark transverse
markings, cornicles dark. This form and nymphs common
along small twigs and on leaf tufts of larch.
Fig. 277. L. laricifex. Antenna of apterous viviparous female.
Alate viviparous female. I have no color description of the
winged form but the bodies in balsam accord with those of the
apterous female. The wing is better characterized by the pho-
tograph, (Figs. 306 and 307), than by a description. The an-
tennal measurements are,—I, 0.1 mm; II, 0.125 mm; III, 0.5
mim; IV, 0.225 mm; Vi, o:29mm> Vil; 125 mim: lL hassanewaen
about 9 sensoria, IV has one near distal end, V has one besides
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. ~ 165
the usual distal sensorium. (Fig. 278). Collection numbers
42-04; 9-05; 32-05; 3-08; 28-08; 27-09; 91-09; 55-I0.
‘Fig. 278. L. laricifex. Antenna of alate viviparous female.
I have no authority for calling this species laricifex except
that there is nothing in the description of Fitch or others to
preclude its identity with that species, and the habitat and what
habits are recorded for Jaricifex agree with this Maine species.
There is, so far as 1 know, no authentic specimen of laricifex
for comparison. ‘This species is not so strongly hirsute as
curvipes, and the hind tibia is relatively shorter and but weakly
bowed. The tarsi of these two species are much alike.
eee
oo
Fig. 279. L. laricifex. Tarsus.
Lachnus hyalinus Koch. A Lachnus common on Norway
Spruce (Picea.abies) is apparently hyalinus Koch. It falls to
that species in the key of Cholodkovsky (1898, p. 48 (650) ) ana
the most striking characters,—long fine hairs of entire body, the
unusual flocculence of entire dorsum, and the double row of
dark dorsal “dots” on abdomen of the Maine species are in
accord with the descriptions of Koch, Buckton (for macro-
cephalus) and Cholodkoysky (1898). The Maine records for
this species are given below.
Fig. 280. L. hyalinus. Antenna of alate viviparous female.
Alate viviparous female. WWead and thorax cinnamon brown.
Dorsal lobes of thorax and ventral plate dark brown or black.
Antenne hirsute with segments measuring—I, 0.06 mm; II,
166 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igiz2.
0.075 mm; Ill, 0.39 mm; 1V, 0.16 mm; V, 0.2 mm; V1, 0.16
mm. III with about 4 sensoria in a row; IV with distal sen-
sorium; V with 1 sensorium besides the usual distal one. (Fig.
280). Wings as shown in (Figs. 308 and 309). Legs hirsute.
Tarsus with Ist joint not elongate, the longest dimension being
0.075 mm and 2nd joint exclusive of claw 0.36 mm. (Fig. 281).
Abdomen hirsute, light brown,—paler than head and thorax.
Cornicles tuberculate dark brown with varnished appearance.
Body of recently molted individual is very densely. flocculent
being covered with white “wool” from head to tip of abdomen.
The costal edge of the deflexed: wings part this white substance
on the abdomen so that there is a mid dorsal row of wool and
two lateral rows, giving the body a three striped appearance.
The flocculent matter rubs off from the older individuals so that
they appear merely pulverulent. These were found on tender
new growth of twig of Picea abies thickly packed among the
new needles. This alate form was taken June 20, 1910; June
28, 1909; and July 12, 1906. The pupa is pulverulent and pale
brown like the abdomen of the winged viviparous females.
Cornicles darker than rest of abdomen. On dorsal abdomen 6
double rows of dark dots, (1. e. the wax pore plates), the sti
row being on a line with the cornicles.
a ae
C
Fig. 281 JL. hyalinus. Tarsus of alate
viviparovs female. ;
7 Fig.
Age, Ik. Jpanollannais.
. Abdomen of apterous vivi-
parous female, with wax-
pore plates indicated.
Apterous viviparous female. Head and prothorax and abdo-
men medium brown, thorax and abdomen paler brown. Legs,
antennze and entire body hirsute. Abdomen pulverulent, and
with longitudinal row of 2 black spots per segment on each
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. © 167
side of dorso-mesal area, and two extra ‘median ones on Ist
abdominal segment. ‘These are the wax-pore plates. See Fig.
282, b being an enlargement of area a. Cornicles dark brown.
These are found thickly packed in new growth with beaks in
twig of Picea abies. Collection Nos.—71-06; 36-0y; 33-10. A
small collection (33-11) of the same species was taken from
Picea canadensis July 22, 1911.
Lachnus strobi Fitch. Since 1904 numerous collections of
this species have been made in the vicinity of Orono where it is
very common on the white pine. Weed (1890) describes and
figures the true sexes of strobi. The following account will
give the substance of the Maine records.
Apterous viviparous female. Entire body greenish black.
Antennal measurements as follows: I, 0.08 mm; II, 0.06 mm;
iio mim: 1V..o:13 mm; Vo O.175 mim; Vill o.16 mim) jx-
cept for a sensorium on V there are no sensoria on antenna
other than the usual distal ones of V and VII. (Fig 283).
Eyes prominent. Beak extends nearly to middle of the abdo-
men. Abdomen hirsute (hairs stiff), pulverulent on ventral
surface. Cornicles black. The abdomen globular and glistening
and bronzy.
Fig. 283. Lachnus strobi. Antenna of apterous viviparous female.
Alate viviparous female. A dark brown nearly black
Lachnus with a whitish pulverulency on ventral surface and a
“median whitish line, extending from front of head to cauda,
which is interrupted in region of cornicles. ‘The cornicles are
black and situated in a black patch with a cephalad and caudad
margin of white spots which are conspicuous. ‘The white
median line is sometimes broken into spots on the abdomen and
sometimes rubbed off. ‘The antennal measurements are I, 0.08
iim o.06 mm; Il], 0.46 mm; IV, 0.17 mm; V, 0.2 mm;
VI, 0.17 mm. III with about to sensoria in a row; IV with 2
sensoria; V with 1 besides the usual distal one. Fig. 284. The
thoracic lobes are black. The wings with M very delicate and
168 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
characterized as in Figs. 302 and 303. Pupa has same color
markings as the alate female.
Fig. 284. L. strobi. Antenna of alate viviparous female.
The eggs of Lachnus strobi are very common on the white
pine needles, where they occur in shining black rows. ‘Those
observed in 1908 hatched about the middle of May. Different
collections of this species have contained individuals which
varied much in size but the antennal measurements given will
indicate relative proportions. Hairs of antenne and legs are
stiff,
Lachnus pini Weed. The oviparous female of a Lachnus on
Scotch Pine was described and figured by Weed (1890) as
Lachnus pint l,. ‘The apterous and alate viviparous females of
apparently the same species is common on Scotch Pine about
Orono. This species seems in accord with Lachnus pinets
Koch as discussed and figured by Cholodkovsky (1898) and
may prove to be that cosmopolitan species. For the present it
seems sufficient to link it with the records given by Weed. Fol-
lowing is an account of the material taken in Maine.
Apterous viviparous female. Head, thorax and abdomen of
about uniform color, varying shades of brown according to
length of time from molt. Dorsal and lateral head, thorax and
abdomen finely peppered with black dots. The whole insect
covered with tawny hair. The antennz with III pale, IV, V,
VI darker to black. Measurements III, 0.625 mm; IV, 0.25
mm; V, 0.4 mm; VI, 0.23 mm. There are no sensoria except
the usual distal ones of V and VI. The beak extends to middle
of abdomen.
The abdomen is hirsute, sometimes cinnamon brown, some-
times reddish brown with a white pulverulency that gives a
pinkish cast. There is less pulverulency at the caudal half and |
it is most conspicuous along the mid dorsal area. ‘There are
two longitudinal stripes of dark greenish bronze which some-
times appear as longitudinal rows of dark bronze green patches
along the margin of the whitened mid dorsal area. The abdo-
mens of the older individuals have very bronzy reflections. The
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. | 169
cornicles are varnished brown in color. The cauda is ringed at
base with black. This collection (47-09) was made June 30,
1909. The empty shells of the winter eggs from which they
had hatched were still attached to the needles of the Scotch
Pine. (P. sylvestris).
The newly dropped nymph is bright pale yellow on head and
thorax and brownish yellow on abdomen. Antenne and legs
are pellucid white with yellow joints.
Alate viviparous female. ‘This form was collected June 30,
1909, and June 20, 1910. In coloration they resemble the
apterous form. The wings are shown in Figs. 304 and 305.
The pulverulent dorso-mesal area is whiter and often appears
as transverse bands of white. The antennal measurements are
iret m1), O10 mm Ill o.55 mm; (VY), 0.2 mim. Vi, O35 mimi:
Mirsoe2scmm.) lil has saboun 7 sensoria im avrow. ©) 1,1
sensorium, V, 1 besides the usual distal one. Fig. 285.
Fig. 285. L. pini. Antenna of alate viviparous female.
Essigella californicus Essig. An alert linear little species
was taken from Pinus strobus June 30, 19009, at Stillwater,
Maine (46-09). Mr. Essig’s description of californicus which
was received about that time showed so many resemblances to
the Maine collection that Mr. Essig kindly sent me a good col-
lection from California. The Maine material accords with that
sent me from California.
Fig. 286. &. californicus. Beak.
Winged wwiparous form. Only one individual of this sort
was obtained. Head light greenish brown with I and II of
antenne concolorous. III, IV, and V were each pale at proxi-
mal and dark at distal part. The antenna with but five joints
and as figured by Essig. Eyes very red. Beak extends to
caudal edge of dark brown heart-shaped plate of ventral thorax.
Prothorax light greenish brown. Thorax green with lobes
brown, and ventral plate dark brown, heart-shaped. Abdomen
17Q MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9OI2.
light but vivid green and thickly speckled with fine dark dots.
This specimen was bred from pupal nymph collected June 30.
Pupa green with antennz and legs with dusky tips. Antenne
with 5 joints, green at base but dusky over the rest. Beak ex-
tends to 3rd coxa. About 12 transverse rows of fine dots on
abdomen arranged as follows: Alternate rows of 8 dots, the
2 lateral ones largest and alternate rows of 4 subequal dots.
eee }
>. : A —
Sai os ( pea oA AG (URC ie Go maiaae
See (@itaaes Wouetse —
ae a aie
Fig. 287. &. californicus. Antenna of apterous viviparous female.
Apterous viviparous female. Color about as in pupa. Beak
reaches Ist abdominal segment. The beak of apterous and
alate forms is the same characteristic shape, shown in figure
286. The antennz 5-jointed and usually with no sensoria, ex-
cept the usual distal ones on the last and next to last joints.
There was one exception in which III had a single large distal
sensorium as shown in Fig. 287. The bases of the setal hairs
on III and other segments frequently very distinct.
The eyes of the embryos are very red and give the abdomen
of the viviparous forms a red spotted appearance.
MoNoCOTYLEDONS.
The species of aphids infesting the monocotyledonous plants
of Maine include several widely distributed pests, among which
are the especially troublesome European Grain Louse migrating
from grains to apple, the corn leaf aphis, and the practically
omnivorous Myzus persicae. Others no less interesting though
of less economic significance occur as is recorded in the follow
ing discussion.
Aphis abbreviata n. sp. Some leaves of water plantain
which were brought in for the sake of a large colony of
Rhopalosiphum nymphae proved to be colonized also by a little
pale green Aphis.
Alate viviparous female. Head and thorax black. Abdomen
green. Antenna imbricated; III with from 8 to 12 large cir-
cular sensoria extending along the whole length, TV with 3 to 6
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. 171
sensoria in a row, V with 2 or fewer sensoria besides the termi-
nal one. Antennal total length about 1 mm; III, 0.22; IV,
0.175 mm; V, 0.125; VI, base 0.1 mm; spur, 0.25 mm. Pro-
thoracic tubercles present. Wing about 2 mm long. Fig. 311.
Cornicle imbricated, 0.2 mm; tarsus, 0.075 mm; cauda, 0.19
mm. Total body length about 1.25 mm. Figs. 289 and 290.
Apterous viviparous female. A pale green form. Antenne
imbricated. No sensoria except usual terminal ones of V and
VI. Total antennal length about 1 mm. III, 0.2 mm; IV, 0.15
mm; V,0.15 mm; VI base, 0.1 mm; spur, 0.26 mm, Fig. 288.
_ Figs. 288, 2890, 290. A. abbreviata.
The pupz of this collection were pale green with pale brown
wing pads. The nymphs were pale green.
Cotypes collected on Alisma Plantago-aquatica. Sept. 14,
1910, at Orono, Maine, by W. C. Woods. No. 423-10.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Several collections of
this semi-aquatic species have been made at Orono from Alisma
Plantago-aquatica by W. C. Woods. On July 14, 1909, No.
66-09 collection comprised apterous viviparous females, nymphs
and pupze from ventral leaf and crowded along blossom stalk.
The big apterous viviparous females had very globular abdo-
mens, dark olive green and mottled with greenish black. The
collection 95-09 made July 20, 1909 contained alate as well as
apterous viviparous females. Collection 122-10 taken Sept. 14,
1910, comprised alate and apterous viviparous females, nymphs
and pupe. These were all dark brownish green, the pupe and
apterous forms having a conspicuous white pulverulent bloom
on ventral thorax. The alate viviparous form of this collection
had a total body length of 2 mm and a wing 3.25 mm long, the
cornicle was 0.425 mm long and the tarsus 0.150 mm. ‘The
cornicle (Fig. 291) is gently incrassate and the sparse and nar-
row imbrications have a fine saw-toothed edge. The prothoracic
tubercle is distinct and two pairs of abdominal tubercles can
be found as shown by Jackson (1908). ‘The imbricated an-
tenna of the alate viviparous female (Fig. 292) has a total
172 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
length of about 1.75 mm. III is 0.4 mm with 17 more or less
distinct but not very large sensoria. IV is 0.275 mm with 1 to
3 sensoria. V, 0.25 mm with usually no sensoria except the
terminal one. For wing see Fig. 315.
These Maine collections of this species accord for the most
part with Jackson’s drawings and account of Aphis aquaticus
Jackson except that they run a little larger.
Fig. 292. R. nymphaeae. Antenna of alate viviparous female.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) The European Grain Louse was
abundant in the Station Insectary upon oats and barley the
winter of rt9g09-1910. No. I-10 was an Insectary collection,
Jan. 5, 1910, comprising apterous and alate viviparous females
and pupe. ‘This species also occurs in the apple in Maine.
Fig. 310 gives a photograph of the wing. Sanderson (19o01b
13th Ann. Rept. Delaware Col. Agr. Exp. Sta.) and Pergande
(1904a Bul. 44 Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agr.) give figures,
descriptions and discussions of this species which characterize
it so well that further description is unnecessary here.
Collection 120-10 from leaf blades of cultivated corn at
Orono, Maine, Sept. 14, 1910, comprised apterous and alate
viviparous females, nymphs and pupz of this species. Avenae
has sometimes considerably affected the wheat crops of Illinois,
Minnesota and other wheat growing localities. It has been
considered in Canada one of the chief insect enemies of the
wheat. Concerning the habits of this species Thomas in his
Third Report (1879 p. 53) says “When the .winter wheat
appears above the ground in the fall, it passes from its hiding
place at this time, wherever that may be, probably in the same
way that it does from the winter wheat to the spring wheat
and oats in the spring, that is by the winged individuals.
“Here they work upon the leaves and stalks singly, while
the weather is not too cold, but when winter appears they move
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. 17/3)
down towards the ground, some of them at least, entering the
soil and feeding upon the sap of the roots. At any rate, I find
the apterous ones at this time working upon the roots, but at
the same time I find a winged individual above ground. I have
also observed them heretofore at the root of the wheat, late in
the winter, while snow was on the ground; and what somewhat
surprised me, I found them busy at work under the snow, and
the apterous females bearing well formed larve. I am, there
fore, led to believe that in this latitude the species passes the
winter in other than the egg state. This will also, probably, be
found true wherever winter wheat is grown.”
- Aphis maidis Fitch. A badly infested lot of blades were
sent to the Station from Cumberland Mills, Maine, Sept. 7,
1g08, with the comment that the aphids were covering “every
stalk of Kaffir, Broom Corn and Sugar Cane. Very few on
other corn.” This collection (75-08) comprised both apterous
and alate viviparous females and nymphs on Sugar Cane
(Saccharum officinarum ).
A large collection (107-06) of this corn leaf aphis was made
at Orono from field corn (Zea Mays) Aug. 30, 1906. Con-
Gemminertiis species Mr. Davis’ (lech: Ser. No. 12, Part VILL,
Bur. of Ent. p. 140) states “Aphis maitdis has always been con-
sidered more or less injurious to corn, sorghum, and broom
corn, although it seldom becomes seriously so. In some cases,
however, it injures the corn ears by sucking the sap’ from the
silk and killing it, thus preventing fertilization of the kernels.
Only rarely, however, does it stunt the growth of the plant, at
least in Illinois, the reason probably being that in this State
the aphid does not commence its attacks upon the plant until
the last part of June or the first of July, at which time the
plant is strong enough to withstand the drain made upon its
sap supply by the aphis. This aphis sometimes does consider-
able injury to the quality of the brush of broom corn by dis-
coloring it, the discoloration being ‘due to a bacterial affection
following upon the plant-louse punctures’ (Forbes).
“This aphis has a very wide distribution, being found in all
parts of the United States where corn is grown; that is, from
Maine to California and Texas. Prof. F. M. Webster has
reported finding it on sorghum in Australia, where, he says, it
is sometimes quite obnoxious, and in a recent circular he says
that ‘the insect is also known from Japan.’ ”
174. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
Myzus persicae Sulzer. On Dec. 6, 1911, a chrysanthemum
heavily infested with this species of aphid was brought into the
Station Insectary. Migrants from this colonized both young
apple trees and sweet corn, abundantly accepting both for the
winter months. This species has been so admirably figured by
Miss Palmer (Gillette and Taylor 1908) that the Maine collec-
tions need no further illustrations for identification. Probably
no aphid has a wider range of food plants than persicae and it
is often a very serious pest. .
Sipha glyceriae (Kaltenbach) Pass. The collection (29-08)
of this remarkable aphid on rushes, Juncus sp., in Maine has
been figured and discussed previously in Bulletin No. 182 of
this Station. .
Neoprociphilus attenuatus (Osborn and Sirrine). A col-
lection (58-05) from Smilax herbacea made at Levant, Maine,
Aug. 26, 1905, comprised winged and apterous viviparous
females, nymphs and apterous oviparous females. This mate-
rial was determined by Mr. Pergande as Pemphigus attenuatus
and accords with the general account given by Osborn and
Sirrine (1893). ‘There are discrepancies in the measurements—
that for joint I of the antennz of the alate viviaprous form
should probably read .05 mm instead of .5 mm as printed in
Insect Life and quoted by Jackson (1908).
A second collection (121-09) was made from Smilax near
Orono, Sept. 23, 1909. It is with some misgivings that I erect
a genus for this single species. Of the five genera of the Tribe
Pemphigina recognized by Tullgren (1909) attenuatus falls
nearest to Prociphilus Koch but the antennal secondary sensoria
would exclude it from that genus. I lack at present material
suitable for an adequate study of the wax-pores; and the stem-
mother from which Tullgren deduces certain generic characters,.
I have not collected.
The fact that this is the only example of the Pemphigina
which has been recorded for the Liliaceae lends strength to a
generic separation of the insect and a more detailed study of
the species will doubtless show more accurately its affinities and
distinctive characters.
Neoprociphilus, new genus. Alate viviparous female with
the sensoria of III, IV and V broadly eliptical in shape. VI long
with very short spur. Wings extending far beyond the stigma
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. 175
and Rs very long and only slightly curved, M is not branched.
Young nymphs with 5-jointed antenna and large wax-pore
plates on head, thorax and abdomen. Minute oviparous female
beakless and with a 5-jointed antenna. Type: Pemphigus
attenuatus Osborn and Sirrine.
Neoprociphilus attenuatus. This species appears to be more
generalized than other known Pemphigina by virtue of the
broadly elliptical sensoria of the antenna.
Fig. 293. Neoprociphilus attenuatus. Antenna of alate viviparous
female.
The alate viviparous female with the antennal joints measur-
meapour: [0.15 mm; Il, 022 mm; Ill, 0.6mm; 1V, 0.5 mm;
VY, 0.55 mm; VI, 0.68 mm including spur which: extends only
about 0.08 mm. III, IV, V and VI being approximately sub-
equal; and II subequal to 1-2 Ill. III with about 14 large
broadly eliptical sensoria in a row on one side of segment and
extending the whole length of segment except basal 1-4; IV
with 4 or 5 similar sensoria on distal 2-3; V with 4 large sen-
soria on distal 1-2. V and VI with dentate imbrications. Body
length about 3 mm and wing expanse about Io mm. Wings
are shown in Fig. 314.
Fig. 294. N. attenuatus. Antenna of nymph.
Osborn and Sirrine give brief description of nymphs under
caption ““Apterous males or larvee(?)” ‘The stout beak extend-
ing nearly to tip of abdomen clearly indicates the nymph rather
than one of the true sexes. The young nymphs are linear and
well supplied with large wax-pore plates on head, (Fig. 295)
thorax and abdomen. They have a 5-jointed antennz.
2
176 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ) 2
i] 9
Fig. 206.
Oviparous female. This yellowish form is about 1.4 mm in
length. It is beakless and the antenna is 5-jointed. Fig. 206.
Apterous viviparous female. Large dark form about 4.6 mm
in length, and as woolly as Pemphigus tessellata. Antennze with
I ‘subequal to 1-2) bh: Wl subequaletolne2 Uist Se eaay en
approximately subequal.
Aphis gladioli Felt. Collection 84a-c8 made from stalk of
Gladiolus Orono, Sept. 15, 1908, comprised alate viviparous -
females of this species which accords in every detail with named
examples of gladioli Felt given me by Dr. EF. P. Felt.
Concerning the life history of this species Dr. Felt says (24th
Report of the New York State Entomologist) ; “Gladioli bulbs
are kept by growers in large ware houses, the temperature
being maintained at about 40 degrees throughout the winter.
Tliis insect is evidently unable to breed under these conditions.
As spring advances and the house begins to warm up in March,
the aphids appear in large numbers, reproducing so abundantly
that the window frames and sills may become literally covered
with wings and bodies of plant lice. It is comparatively easy,
in a bacly infested house, to sweep up a gill of wings and
exuvie from under one window. This plant louse multiplies
freely upon the bulbs, usually being massed around the origin
of the roots. and sometimes nearly covering the entire under
surface. Breeding evidently continues from some time in
March until July,. with the production of numerous winged
individuals the latter part of July, at least in the case of bulbs
submitted for examination, though winged females undoubtedly
cecur earlier in the season under warehouse conditions. By
APHID PESTS OF MAINE. We
July 28 winged females had entirely disappeared in our breed-
ing cages, though young were still numerous on the bulbs; later,
all disappeared. An investigation about the middle of August
resulted in finding no living aphids in the storage warehouse or
upon the plants in the field. It is stated that when digging in
October a few plant lice may be found upon the bulbs. These
evidently remain in a dormant condition till the house warms up
in the spring as described above.”
Aphis rumicis Linn. Collection 84-08 made from stalk of
Gladiolus Orono, Sept. 15, 1908, comprised apterous and alate
viviparous females and pupz of this general feeder. It can be
distinguished from gladioli which is apparently closely allied by
the following structural differences. Rwumicis is a much larger
species and the lateral tubercle of prothorax, and first abdominal
segment (Fig. 297) and the lateral one between cornicle and
cauda, are very large and pronounced, while in gladioli these
are relatively small though distinct. The cornicle and antenne
of rumicis are figured by Gillette (1910, p. 406) and accord in
essentials with those from the Gladiolus though Fig. 298 is
given for the slight variation. It will be noticed that while
basal VI of gladioli is nearly subequal to V and IV-+-V are
shorter than IT!, neither being equal to 1-2 III; in rwmicis basal
VI is subequal to 1-2 V and [V+ are longer than III, each
being longer than 1-2 ITI. II and IV in gladioli both bear more
sensoria than rumicis. Figs. 312-313 give the wing of this col-
lection. The following notes on rumicis (84-08) from Gladiolus
are copied from my record sheets:
Alate viviparous female. Head black, antennal measure-
ments—I, 0.1 mm; II, 0.1 mm; III, 0.35 mm; IV, 0.2 mm; V.
0.225 mm; VI, base 0.13 mm; spur, 0.35 mm. III with about
18 large sensoria, [V with 3 or less and V with none except
distal one. The prothorax is shiny black with very prominent
lateral tubercle. Thorax shiny black, veins of wings dark and
slender. Abdomen blackish green with black intersegmental
lines, and with irregular large black lateral spots on 2nd, 3rd
and 4th segments; Ist with large lateral tubercle like that of
prothorax and a similar one between cornicle and cauda. Corni-
cles black and shaped as in Gillette’s figure (1910, p. 406).
Cauda black at tip, base greenish brown. Wings are shown in
ree? atid 313. «
178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12.
Apterous viviparous female. Head, thorax and abdomen
black. Abdomen with white transverse pulverulent dorsal
patches,—a pair to each of 3 or 4 segments. Cauda black at
tip, brown at base. Cornicles black.
Pupe. Wead and prothorax black,—lateral tubercles present.
Thorax pale to dusky. Abdomen black with white pulverulent
transverse dorsal patches,—about 3 pairs cephalad cornicles and
2 lines caudad cornicles.
Structurally Aphis cookii Essig (Essig I91Ic) comes very
close to this species.
. Fig. 298. A. rumicis. Antenna of alate viviparous female.
Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashmead. Collection 85-08 taken
at Orono, Sept. 5, 1908, from stalk of Gladiolus comprised
alate and apterous females which I am unable to separate from
solanifolu from potato and take to be the same species. Col-
lection 20-05 taken from cultivated Jris July 6, 1905 contained
apterous females and nymphs of this species. Bulletins No.
147 and No. t90 of this Station are devoted to solanifoli, a
species frequently troublesome in the large potato fields of
Maine and in certain localities in Canada.
ExpLANATION oF ApHip Winc PLATE.
Fig. 299 Lachnus curvipes, alate viviparous female; Figs. 300 and
301, L. curvipes, male; Figs. 302 and 303 L. strobi; Figs. 304 and 305
L. pini; Figs. 306 and 307 L. laricifex; Figs. 308 and 309 L. hyalinus;
Fig. 310 Siphocoryne avene; Fig. 311 Aphis abbreviata; Figs. 312 and
313 A. rumicis; Fig. 314 Neoprociphilus attenuatus; Fig. 315 Rhopalosi-
phum nymphe. ;
FOOD PLANT CATALOGUE OF THE APHIDAEK OF
THE WORLD.
LEVANTE Le
(A Bibliographical Appendix to Aphid Pests of Maine.)
EpitH M. ParcuH.
This catalogue aims to be a host plant bibliography rather than an
Aphid bibliography. It maintains a systematic sequence of the families
of host plants, but it is neither systematic nor critical from the aphid
-standpoint. It does not reflect the opinion of the compiler as to the
validity of any aphid species; it merely selects such references as
appealed to her as initially desirable in case a given species is to be
worked up systematically or monographically. By “initially desirable”
is not necessarily meant the best descriptions. In many cases it includes
references to these; in many, however, it includes references to appar-
ent contradictions and confused situations.
The synonomies given are those recorded by the publication quoted
whether written in 1912 or one hundred years ago, but no attempt has
been made to give the complete synomony and the original sources must
be consulted for this. It would be a mistake for any one to expect
more of this List than a record of what species of aphid have been
reported on each species of plant with reference to the authority for
the statement,—for that is all the List aims to do. Whether either the
aphid or the plant is correctly determined or not has been no concern
of the compiler. For it is the purpose of the catalogue to reflect the
recorded condition of things, to show up the confusion and involved
synonymy, and to expose the tangle which must be left to the mono-
graphing systematist to clear up.
JE UIMI NIC ISAM EL Sy,
FUNGUS.
F. Sp.
Schizoneura corni Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 11.
Schizoneura fungicola (Walsh). ‘Thomas, 1879, p. 14r.
Toxoptera graminum Rondari. Hunter, 1909, p. 103.
* Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento-
mology No. 54.
180 “MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
POLY PODIACH AK. a Ek Naga Alvi
ACROSTICHUM.
A. reticulatum Kaufl.
Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis. Essig, 1911b, p. 541.
Macrosiphum kirkaldyi. Fullaway, 1909, p. 23.
ADIANTUM. Maidenhair.
A. pedatum L.
Aphis adianti Oestlund. O6cestlund, 1887, p. 66.
CYSTOPTERIS. Bladder Fern.
C. montana (Lam.) Bernh.
Amphorophora ampullata Buckton. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
Rhopalosiphum staphyleae Koch? Buckton, 1, p. 188.
NEPHROLEPIS.
N. exaltata. Sword-fern.
Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis. Davis, 1909c, p. 199. Essig, 1911b,
p. 541.
ONOCLEA.
Q. struthiopteris L. Ostrich Fern.
Rhopalosiphum ampullata (Buckton). Oecestlund, 1887, p. 77.
PTERIS. Brake. ©
P. aquilina 1, Common Brake.
Aphis (Adactynus) pteris-aquilinoides Rafinesque. Rafinesque, 1817.
Mastopoda pteridis Oestlund. Oecstlund, 1887, p. 40. ;
Mastopoda pteridis Oestlund. Patch, ro1ob, p. 246.
MARSILEACKAE,
MARSILEA.
M. quadrifolia L.
Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.) Koch (A. butomi Schrank) (R.
najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21.
M. vestita Hook and Grey.
Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 36.
SAV DN TEACH Ave:
SALVINIA.
S. natans L.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn) Koch (A. butomi Schrank) (R.
najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS: ISI
PINACE AE PINE HAMIL Ya
ABIES. Fir.
A. balsamea Mill. Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir.
Aphrastasia pectinatae (Chol.) CB. (Chermes pectinatae Chol. 1888)
(coccineus Chol. 1889 nec. Ratz 1843)
(Dreyfusia pectinatae Chol. CB 1907-08).
Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Borner, 1909a, p. 502.
Chermes coccineus Chol. ‘Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 22.
Chermes sp. Patch, 1912Cc.
Lachnus curvipes Patch. Patch 1912c.
Mindarus abietinus Koch. Nusslin, 1910, p. 408.
Mindarus abietinus Koch (? Schizoneura obliqua Chol.) Tullgren,
1900, p. OI.
Mindarus abietinus Koch. Patch, 1orob, p. 243.
Pemphigus poschingeri Holzner. Zodlogical Record, 1874, p. 486.
A. concolor Lindl.
Lachnus abietis Fitch. Davidson, 1909, p. 299.
Mindarus ALES Koch (? Soniesnrni obliqua Chol.) Tullgren,
1900, p. 61.
A. fraseri Lindl.
Pemphigus poschingeri Holzner. Zoological Record, 1874, p. 486.
A. grandis Ljindl..
Lachnus occidentalis Davidson. Davidson, 1900, p. 300.
A. nobilis Lindl.
Chermes piceae Ratz. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 27.
Dreyfusia niisslini CB. (Chermes funitectus Chldk. 1907 nec Dreyfus
1888) (nordmannianae Eckstein 1890) (? obtec-
tus Ratz. 1844) (piceae Nusslin, and CB 1908).
Borner, 1908b, p. 742.
Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (Chermes piceae Dreyfus 1888, Niisslin Zl, 1Db)
(var. bouvieri Chldk 1903). Borner, 1908b,
Pp. 745.
A. Nordmanniana Spach,
Chermes piceae Ratz “provisionally determined.” Felt, 1910, p. 343.
Dreyfusia niisslini CB. (Chermes funitectus Chldk. 1907 nec Dreyfus
1888) (nordmannianae Eckstein 1890) (? obtec-
tus Ratz 1844) (piceae Nutsslin, and CB 1908).
Borner, 1908b, p. 742.
Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (Chermes piceae Dreyfus 1888, Niisslin a. p.)
(var. bouvieri Chldk 1903). Borner, 1908b,
D. 745.
Mindarus abietinus Koch. Ntsslin, 1910, p. 408.
A. pectinata DC.
Chermes piceae Ratz. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 26.
Dreyfusia niisslini CB. (Chermes funitectus Chldk. 1907 nec. Dreyfus
1888) (nordmannianae Eckstein 1890) (? obtec-
tus Ratz, 1844). (piceae Niisslin, and CB, 1908).
Boérner, 1908b, p. 742.
{82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9i2.
Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (Chermes piceae Dreyfus 1888, Niisslin a. p.)
(var. bouvier1 Chldk. 1903). Borner, 1908b, p.
745.
Lachnus pichtae Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 407.
A. sibirica Ledeb.
Aphrastasia pectinatae (Chol.) CB (Chermes pectinatae Chol. 1888)
(Coccineus Chol. 1889 nec. Ratz 1843)
(Dreyfusia pectinatae (Chol) CB. 1907-
08). Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Borner, 1909,
p. 502.
Chermes coccineus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 22.
Lachnus abieticola Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1890, p. 470.
Mindarus abietinus Koch. Nutsslin, 1910, p. 408.
A. Webbiana Lindl.
Chermes himalayensis Stebbing. (Ch. abietis Buckton Ind. Mus. Not.
3, pp. 5, 54.) (Ch. abietis-piceae Stebbing)
Stebbing, 1910, p. 99.
Dreyfusia abietis-piceae Stebbing. Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
A. sp.
Prociphilus bumeliae Schrank. (poschingeri Holzner in part) “auf der
Edeltanne.”’ Nusslin, r9roa, p. 204.
Prociphilus nidificus Low. (poschingeri Holzner in part) Nusslin,
1910a, p. 203.
Schizoneura costata Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 367. “auf der Rothtanne.”
CEDRUS.
C. Libani Barrel. (Larix Cedrus).
Aphs sejuncta Walker. Walker, 1848c, p. 2247.
CRYPTOMERIA,
C, sp.
Lachis greeni Schouteden. Schouteden, 1905, p. 184.
CUPRESSUS.
C. sempervirens L.
La.huis cuvpressi Buckton. Cholcdkovsky, 1910, p. 148.
JUNIPERUS. Juniper.
J. communis |, Common Juniper.
Aphis incerta Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 45.
Aphis indecisa Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 45.
Lachnus juniperi (Fab.). Buckton, 3, p. 45.
Lachnus juniperi (DeGeer) Kalt. Passerini, 1863, p. 65.
Lachnus juniperinus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1890, p. 407.
LARIX. Larch.
L. europaea DC. (L. decidua). (Pinus Larix). (L. communis).
Anisophleba hamadryas Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702, and Koch,
Pp. 320.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 183
Aphis laricis Walker. WKaltenbach, 1874, p. 7032.
Aphis tenuior Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 49.
Chermes abictis 1, Dreytus. (geniculatus Ratz. 1843) (apponicus
. Chidk. 1889) (laricis Hartig 1837) (pini, piceae
Gleditsch 1774) (strobilobius Blochmann 1887)
(viridis Chldk. 1895). Borner, 1908a, p. 207.
Chermes laricis Hartig. Buckton 4, p. 34.
Cholodkovskya viridana (Chol.) CB. (Chermes viridanus Chidk. 1896)
(? Pineus viridanus CB. 1907-08). Borner,
- 19C9a, p. 490. ,
? Cnaphalodes affinis Borner. Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
Cnaphalodes lapponicus (Chol.) (Chermes). Borner, 190ga, p. 555.
Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt) CB. (laricis Vallot 1836) (hamadryas
Koch 1857) ((abietis 1) 1761) (atratus
Buckton 1883) (coccineus Ratz 1843)
(geniculatus Ratz 1843) (lapponicus Chlidk
1889 vat. praecox Chlidk. 1894 var. tardus
Chidk. 1895) (lariceti Altum 1889) (pini,
piceae et abietis Gleditsch 1774) Borner,
1908a, p. 208.
Lachnus maculosus Cholodkovsky. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 204.
Lachnus pinicolus Kalt. Buckton, 3, p. 53.
Pineus (?) viridanus (Chlidk.) CB. (? orientalis Chldk 1904). Borner
1908a, p. 208.
L. laricina Koch. (americana). American Larch, Tamarack, Hackma-
tack.
Chermes consolidatus Patch. Patch, 1g09d, p. 307.
Chermes lariciatus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
Chermes laricifoliae Fitch. Patch, 19009d, p. 206.
Lachnus laricifex Fitch. Oecestlund, 1887, p. 32. Patch, r912c.
L. sibirica Ledeb. ;
Chermes wviridulus Cholodkovsky. Cholodkovsky, ro11, p. 175.
Lachnus maculosus Cholodkovsky. ‘Cholodkovsky, 1899, p. 469.
L. sp. :
Anisophleba hamadryas Koch. Koch, p. 320.
Chermes strobilobius Kalt. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 13. (var. tardoides
Chd.) Cholodkovsky, 1911, pp. 174, 175.
Chermes viridanus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 10.
Chermes viridis Ratz (laricis Hartig). Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 7.
Lachnus laricis Koch. Koch, p. 242.
Periphyllus laricae Haliday. Zoological Record, 1868, p. 416.
PICEA. Spruce.
P. Abies (L.) Karst, (excelsa Link) (Pinus abies) (Abies excelsa)
(Abies picea) Norway Spruce. -
Aphis abietaria Walker. Walker, 1852, p. 1035. (Host not recorded.
Name indicates same host as abietis Walker.)
Aphis abictina Walker. Buckton, 2, p. 44. Walker, 1849a, p. 301.
Theobald, 1911-12.
184 ~-MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
Aphis abietis Walker. Walker, 1848b, p. 100.
Aphrastasia pectinatae (Chol.) CB. (Chermes pectinatae Chol. 1888)
(coccineus Chol. 1889 nec Ratz 1843)
(Dreyfusia pectinatae (Chol.) CB 1907-08)
Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Borner, 1900, p. 502.
Chermes abietis L. Dreyfus (geniculatus Ratz 1843) (lapponicus
‘Chidk. 1889) (laricis Hartig 1837) (pini, piceae
Gleditsch 1774) (strobilobius Blochmann 1887)
(viridis Chldk. 1895) (“Picea excelsa u s w.’).
Borner, 1908a, p. 211. :
Chermes abietis Cholodkovsky.. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
Chermes-Dreyfusia funitectus Dreyfus (nec Chldk. 1907) Borner,
1908a, p. 207.
(?) Chermes-Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (funitectus Chldk. nec Dreyfus)
(nordmannianae Eckstein) (piceae
var bouvieri Chldk.) (? obtectus
Ratz). Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
Chermes similis Gillette. Patch, 1900d, p. 307.
Cnaphalodes affinis CB. Borner, 1908a, p. 21T.
Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.) CB. Claricis Vallot 1836) (hamadryas
Koch) 1857)" (abtetiss L; 1761) “(atrarmis
Buckton, 1883) (coccineus Ratz 1843)
(geniculatus Ratz 1843) (lapponicus Chldk.
1889, var. praecox Chlidk. 1894, var. tardus
Chidk. 1895) (lariceti Altum 1889) (pini,
piceae et abietis Gleditsch 1774) Borner,
+ 1OC8a, wp. woz,
Lachnus bogdanowi Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 404.
Lachnus fasciatus (farinosus Cholodk.) Mordwilko, 1800, p. 404.
Lachnus fasciatus Burm. (A. costata Zetterstedt?). Kaltenbach, 1843,
p. 160.
Lachnus flavus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1800, p. 404.
Lachnus grossus Kaltenbach. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 405.
Lachnus hyalinus och. Patch, 1912c.
Lachnus macrocephalus Buckton. (hyaiinus Koch?). Buckton, 3, p. 50.
Lachnus piceae Walk. (L. grossus Kalt.) (A. piceae Panzer). Buck-
HOw, 3, Ws SS.
Lachnus piceae (Walker). Mordwilko, 1890, p. 405.
Lachnus piceicola Cholodk. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 406.
Lachnus piceicola Cholodkovsky. Schouteden r1906a, p. 207.
Lachnus pinicola (Walker) Kalt. (piniphila Ratz) Passerini, 1863,
p. 65.
Lachnus pinicola (hyalinus Koch and Cholodk.). Mordwilko, 1899,
Pp. 405.
Lachnus pinicola Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 155.
Lachnus roboris (Linn) (. fasciatus Burm.) (Cinara roboris Curtis).
Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 149. (See also Buckton 3,
D738")
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 185
Lachnus viridescens Cholodkovsky. -Schouteden, 1906a, p. 217.
Myzus abietinus Walker. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 404.
Pineus pint (L,. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857) (?
Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus
1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
Pineus sibiricus (Chldk.) CB. (Chermes cembrae Chldk. 1888)
Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
Pineus strobi var. pineoides (Chldk.) CB. Borner, 1908a, p. 187.
Pineus? viridanus (Chlidk). (“? Picea excelsa”) Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
P. canadensis ( Mill.) B. S. P. (alba Link). White or Cat Spruce.
Chermes abietis Chol. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
Chermes lariciatus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
Chermes similis Gillette. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
_Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.) Borner, 1908a, p. 210.
Lachnus abietis Fitch. Williams, 1801, p. 24.
Mindarus abietinus Koch. Patch, 1900d, p. 243.
Mindarus obliquus Chol. Niisslin, 1910, p. 408.
Pineus strob1 (Htg.). (“? Picea alba’) Borner, 1908a, p. 21T.
P. Engelmanni Engelm.
Chermes cooleyi Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 8.
Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.) CB. Borner, 1908a, p. 210.
Gillettea cooleyi (Gillette) CB. Borner, 1909a, p. 504.
P. mariana B. S. P. (nigra Link) (Abies nigra). Black or Bog Spruce.
Chermes consolidatus Patch. Patch, 1900d, p. 307.
Chermes floccus Patch. Patch tgogd, p. 307.
Chermes pinifoliae Fitch. (abieticolens Thomas). Patch, rgo9d, p. 306.
Chermes similis Gillette. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
Lachnus abietis Fitch. ‘Thomas 1879, p. 117.
P. Morinda Link.
Chermes himalayensis Stebbing. (Ch. abietis Buckton Ind. Mus. Not.
3 pp. 5, 54) (Ch. abietis-piceae Stebbing.)
Stebbing, 1910, p. 99.
Dreyfusia abietis-piceae Stebbing. Borner, 1908a, p. 21.
P. orientalis Carr.
Adelges orientalis Mordwilko. Schouteden, 1906a, p. I01.
Adelges sibiricus Cholodkovsky. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 192.
Chermes orientalis Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 30.
Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kait.) Borner, 1908a, p. 210. ;
Pineus pini (L. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857
(? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus
1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
P. pungens Engelm (parryana)
Chermes cooleyi Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 5.
Chermes cooleyi var. coweni Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 11.
Chermes montanus Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 14.
Chermes similis Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 16.
Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.). Borner, 1908a, p. 210.
P. rubra Dietr. Red Spruce.
Chermes consolidatus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
Chermes
Chermes
Chermes
floccus Patch. Patch, r900d, p. 307.
pinifoliae Fitch (abieticolens Thomas). Patch, 1909d, p. 306.
similis Gillette. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
iP. sitchensis Trauty.
Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.). Borner, 1908a, p. 210.
P. sp.
Aphis abietina Walker. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 703.
Calobates rhizomae Hartig. Judeich-Nitsche, 1895, p. 1357.
Chermes
Chermes
‘Chermes
Chermes
Chermes
Chermes
Chermes
Chermes
‘Chermes
Cherimes
‘Chermes
Chermes
abietis Linn (Adelges gallarum abietis Haliday). Del
Guercio, 1900, p. 82.
abietis Kalt. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 9.
abietis-laricis. Experiment Station Record 1894-5, p. 567.
coccineus ‘Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1908, p. 6093. -
coccineus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 21.
funitectus Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1908, p. 603.
funitectus Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 24.
lapponicus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 17.
piceae Ratz. Cholodkovsky, 1908, p. 693.
sibiricus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 27.
strobilobius Kalt. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 13. (var tardoides
Chol.) Cholodkovsky, 1911, pp. 174, 175.
viridis Ratz. (laricis Hartig). Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 3.
Cnaphalodes lapponicus (Chol.) (Chermes). Borner, 1909a, p. 555.
Lachnus
Lachnus
Lachnus
Lachnus
Lachnus
Lachnus
Lachnus
Lachnus
fasciatus Burm. (? A. costata Zett.) Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 237.
fasciatus Kalt. (Aphis costata Zett.). Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702.
grossa Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702.
hyalinus Koch. Koch, p. 2309.
pimicola Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702.
subterraneus Hartig. Judeich-Nitsche, 1805, p. 1357.
viridescens Cholodkovsky. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 406.
sp. (near agilis Kalt.) Gillette, 19009a, p. 385.
Pemphigus (Rhizomaria) piceae Hartig. Tullgren, 1909, p. 141.
P. abies.
PINUS. Pine.
See Picea abies.
P. Cembra L,.
Chermes
sibiricus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 27.
Pineus sibiricus (Chol.) CB. (Chermes cembrae Chol. 1888) Borner,
1908a, p. 211.
P. contorta Dougl. (murrayana).
Chermes
coloradensis Cillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 16.
Pineus pini (L. Macqu.) ‘CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857).
(? Chermes obtectus Ratz. 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus
1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 172.
P. divaricata Dum.-Cours (Banksiana Lamb.)
Pineus
pint (lL. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857)
(? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus
1888). Borner, 1g08a, p. 172.
P. echinata Mill. (itis). Yellow Pine.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. | 187
Aphis marginipennis Haldeman. Hunter, 1901, p. I01.
P. edulis Engelm. Pifion pine.
Chermes coloradensis Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 17.
P. halepensis Mill. (abchasica)
Pineus laevis (Mskl.)? Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
Schisolachnus agilis Kalt. Mordwilko, 1909, p. 93.
P. insignis Dougl. (radiata).
Lachnus pini-radiatae Davidson. Davidson, 1900, p. 299.
Mindarus (Schizoneura) pinicola (Thomas). Clarke, 1903, p. 248.
Pineus lacvis (Mskl.)? Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
P. Larix L. See Larix europaea.
P. Laricio Poir (Austriaca) (nigricans) Austrian pine.
Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Storment, 1895 and 1896, Appendix, p. III.
Schizoneura fuliginosa Buckton. (? A. pini maritimae Dufour) Buck-
TOMS np OF.
P. montana Mill. (pumilio).
Chermes pini Koch. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 31.
Pineus pim (LL. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857)
(?Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus.
1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 206.
P. palustris Mill. (australis) Southern pine.
Lachnus australi Ashmead. Ashmead, 1881, p. 68.
P. pinaster Ait. (maritima).
Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Davidson, 1900, p. 299. (identity doubtful ?)
Lachnus tomentosus DeGeer (pineti Fab.) (piniphila Ratzeburg)
Schouteden, 1906a, p. 207.
P. pinea L.
Pineus pim (LL. .Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba- pini Koch 1857)
(? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) Gorienals Dreyfus.
1888) Borner, 1908a, p. 211.
P. ponderosa Dougl. (scopulorum) Bull pine. Yellow pine.
Chermes coloradensis Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 16.
Lachnus flocculosa Williams. Williams, 1891, p. 20.
Lachnus pini Linn. Cowen, 1895, p. 117.
Lachnus ponderosae Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), p. 24.
Schizoneura pinicola Thomas. Williams, 1801, p. 20.
P. Pumilio Haenke (uliginosa)
Anisophleba pint Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702.
P. pyrenaica Lapeyr.
Schizoneura fuliginosa Buckton. (Aphis pini maritimae Dufour).
Buckton, 3, p. 07.
P. strobus, L. White pine.
Chermes floccus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307.
Chermes orientalis Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 31.
Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Patch, 1909d, p. 303.
Chermes pinifoliae Fitch (abieticolens Thomas) Patch, 1900d, p. ae
Essigella californicus Essig. Patch, 1912c.
Lachnus fasciatus Burmeister (A. costata Zetterstedt?). Kaltenbach,
1843, p. 160.
“188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10912.
Lachnus rileyi Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), p. 24.
Lachnus strobi Fitch. Weed, 1800, p. 116. Patch, 1912¢c.
Mindarus abietinus Koch (Schizoneura pinicola Thos.). Patch, r9r1ob,
D, ZA2.
Pineus strobi (Hartig) CB. (Adelges corticalis Hardy 1850).
(?Chermaphis pini var. laevis Maskell 1885)
(pinicorticis Shimer 1865) (pinifoliae ‘Shimer
not Fitch, see Patch r909d, p. 304.) (Coccus pini-
corticis Fitch 1856.) Borner, 1908a, p. 21T.
(Schizoneura) pinicola Thos. On roots. Felt, 1909, p. 80.
Schizoneura strobi Fitch. Thomas, 1870, p. 140. (Genus?)
P. sylvestris L. Scotch Pine.
Chermes corticalis Kalt. WKaltenbach, 1874, p. 702.
Chermes corticalis Kalt. (strobi Hartig?) (piceae (?) Ratz). Buck-
ton 4, p. 24. ;
Chermes orientalis Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 3I.
Chermes pini Koch. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 31.
Chermes pini Koch? (Anisophleba pini Koch). Buckton, 4, p. 4f.
Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Storment, 1895, and 1896. Appendix,
i» JUL,
Glyphina pilosa Bick. Buckton, 4, p. 16.
Lachnus agilis Kalt. (A. agilis Walker). Buckton, 3, p. 47.
Lachnus fasciatus Burm. (A. costata Zetterstedt?). Kaltenbach, 1843,
p. 160.
Lachnus fasciatus Burm. Burmeister, 1835, p. 93.
Lachnus hyperophilus Koch. Koch, p. 232 (Fohre).
Lachnus maculosus Cholodkovsky. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 204.
Lachnus nudus DeGeer. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 205.
Lachnus pineti (Schizoneura fulignosa Buckton?). Mordwilko, 1890,
p. 398.
Lachnus pineti Koch (pineus Mordwilko) (piniphila Ratzeburg)
Schouteden, 1906a, p. 207.
Lachnus pineti (Fab.) (A. tomentosa pini DeGeer). Kaltenbach, 1843,
p. 162.
Lachnus pim (Linn) Kalt. (A. nuda pini DeGeer) (Pintyaphis
Amyot). Buckton, 3, p. 50.
Lachnus pini Linn. Weed, 1800, p. 118. Patch, 1o12c.
Lachnus pimicolus Kalt. Buckton, 3, p. 53.
Lachnus rileyi Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), p. 24.
' Lachnus roboris (Linn) (1. fasciatus Burm.) (Cinara roboris Curtis).
Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 149. (See also Buckton, 3;
De 7aV is
Lachnus taeniatus Koch. Koch, p. 241 (Fohre).
Lachnus taeniatus Koch (?pinicola Walker). (cembrae Cholod-
kovsky). Schoutenden, 1906a, p. 207.
‘Lachnus tomentosus DeGeer. (pineti Fab.) (piniphila Ratzeburg)
Schouteden, 1906a, p. 207.
Pineus laevis (Mskl.)? Borner, 1908, p. 211 (? sylvestris).
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 189
Pineus pimi (lL. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch, 1857).
: - (? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus
1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 200.
Rhizobius pini Burmeister. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 208.
Schizoneura fuliginosa (? A. pini maritimae Dufour). Buckton, 3,
p. 97.
Pr. Sp.
Aphis pilicornis Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 3690. “Auf der Fichte.”
Aphis? pinicolens Fitch. Thomas, 1879, p. 102.
Chaitophorus pinicolens (Fitch). Hunter, tgo1, p. 88.
Essigella (Lachnus) californicus (Essig). Del Guercio. Essig, 1909,
Dp. 74.
Holzneria (Pemphigus) poschingeri (Holzner) Licht. Lichtenstein,
La Flore.
Lachnus agilis Kalt. Gillette, 19c9a, p. 385.
Lachnus curtipilosus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 300.
Lachnus pineus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, pp. 359, 309.
Lachnus pinihabitans Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1809, pp. 48, 3909..
Lachnus taeniatoides. Mordwilko, 1809, pp. 316, 526 and 300.
Lachnus sp. Gillette. Gillette, 1909a, p. 385.
Pemphigus degeeri, Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 186.
PSEUDOTSUGA.
P. Douglasii Carr (mucronata). Red fir.
Chermes cooleyi Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 6.
Chermes cooleyi var. coweni Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 10.
Chermes coweni Cillette. Davidson, 1909, p. 200.
TAXUS. Yew.
T. baccata L,. Irish Yew. :
Chermes taxi Buckton. Buckton, 1886, p. 327. Schouteden 1906c,
p. (6). 35. a Coccid according to Cholodkovsky.”
THUJA. Arbor vitae.
T. occidentalis L., “Arbor vitae. White Cedar.
Lachnus juniperi Degeer. Essig, r91tb, p. 543.
TSUGA. Hemlock.
T. canadensis (L.) Carr (Abies canadensis Michx).
Chermes-Dreyfusia funitectus Dreyfus (nec Chldk. 1907). Borner,
1908a, p. 207.
Chermes funitectus Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 24.
TYPHACEAEF. CAT-TAIL FAMILY.
TYPHA. (Thypha.) Cat-tail Flag.
T. angustifolia L.
Mygus persicae Pass. Passerini Flora.
T. latifolia L. (major). Common Cat-tail.
I9Q MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOU2-
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (1) Koch (A. butomi. Schrank) (R.
najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21.
T. shuttleworthii Koch.
Myzus persicae Pass. Passerini Flora.
SPARGANIACEAE. BUR-REED FAMILY.
SPARGANIUM. Bur-reed.
S. ramosum Curt. :
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (.) Koch. (A. butomi Schrank) (R.
najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21.
NAJADACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY.
NAJAS. Naiad.
N. flexilis (Willd) Rostk. & Schmidt. (Naias flexilis).
Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.). Williams, 1891, p. 18.
POTAMOGETON. Pondweed.
P. natans.
Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13.
P. sp.
Rhopalosiphum najadum Koch. Koch, p. 45.
ALISMACKAR, WATER-PLANTAIN BAMILY-
ALISMA. Water Plantain.
A. plantago-aquatica L.
Aphis abbreviata Patch. Patch, I912c.
Rhopalosiphum nympheae (Linn.). Buckton, 2, p. 13. Patch, 1912¢.
Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (L.) Koch. (A. butomi Schrank) (R. |
najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae 1,. (Rh. alismae Koch in litt.). Koch, p. 26.
BUTOMUS.
B. umbellatus. ib
Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13.
B. sp. :
Rhopalosiphum butomi Schrank. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
SAGITTARIA, Arrow-head.
S. latifelia Willd (variabilis Eng.)
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn.
1910a, p. 245.
(Aphis aquaticus Jackson). Davis,
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. IQI
HYDROCHARITACEAR. FROG’S BIT FAMILY.
HYDROCHARIS.
H. Morsus-ranae L.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13.
ELODEA. Water-weed.
E. canadensis Michx. (Philotria canadense).
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. (Aphis aquaticus Jackson). Davis
1g10a, p. 245.
PHILOTRIA. See Elodea.
GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY.
Agropyron.
A. glaucum. Colorado Blue-stem.
Brachycolus tritici Gillette. Gillette, ror1b, p. 441.
Chaitophorus agropyronensis Gillette. Gillette, 1911Ib, p. 443.
AGROSTIS. Bent Grass.
A, plumosa.
Tetraneura graminis Monell. Patch, 1910a, p. 210.
A. alba L. Fiorin or White Bent Grass (vulgaris Thurb, Red Top).
Brachycolus stellariae Hardy. (holci Hardy). Schouteden, 1906a,
Dy Zia)
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.); Pergande, 1904a, p. 20.
Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 3)
AIRA (in part). See Deschampsia.
ALOPECURUS. Foxtail Grass.
G. geniculatus L. Floating Foxtail Grass.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
ANDROPOGON. Beard Grass.
A, furcatus Muhl.
Schizgoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (FE. cornicola Walsh)
(E. fungicola Walsh )(S. panicola Thomas).
Hunter, 1901, p. 81.
A. sorghum.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102.
ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet Vernal Grass.
A. odoratum L.
Sipha graminis Kaltenbach. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 212.
ARRHENATHERUM. Oat Grass.
A. elatius (I,) Beauv. (Avena elatior). ‘Tall Oat Grass.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
3
192 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
ARUNDO.
A. Donax L. Giant Reed.
Aphis donacis Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 72.
A. phragmitis. See Phragmites communis.
A, sp.
Aphis arundinis Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 765.
Callipterus arundicolens Clarke. Clarke, 1903, p. 249.
AVENA.,. Oat.
A. elatior. See Arrhenatherum elatius.
A. fatua L.
Aphis evenae Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735.
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
Chaitophorus solicivora Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 76.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby)-(A. avenae Fab?) (A. hordei Kyber)
(A. cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot)
(S. cerealis Koch). Buckton, 1, p. 116.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237.
A. pratensis L.
Geoica carnosa Buckton. Schouteden, 1902, p. 140.
A. sativa L. (Oats).
Amycla fuscifrons Koch. Koch, p. 302.
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20.
Macrosiphum granaria Buckton (avenae Thos. in part). Pergande,
1904a, p. 15.
Macrosiphum trifoli Pergande. Pergande, 1904a, p. 21.
Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch.) Ferrari, 1872,
Ds OB
Pemphigus fuscifrons Koch. Buckton, 3, p. IIS.
Sipha avenae Del Guercio.. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 116.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, t909b, p. 157.
Sipha maydis Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 78.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (avenae Fitch) (prunifoliae
Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, tg9o4a, p. 8. Patch, 1912c.
Siphonophora cerealis Koch (Aphis cerealis Kalt.) (A. avenae Walker
non Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. 12.
Siphonophora granaria Kirby. Buckton, 1, p. 116.
Toxoptera graminum R. (Pass.). Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
A. strigosa Schreb. ‘
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
A. sp.
Amycla (Aphis) fuscifrons Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 757.
Aphis avena, Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 756.
Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 18409a, p. 43.
Sipha (Aphis) graminis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 757.
Siphonophora avenae Walker. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Buckton, 3, p. 135.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 193
BAMBUSA,
B, arundinacea Willd.
Oregma bumbusae Buckton. Schouteden, 1905, p. 187.
BROMUS. (Ceratochloa) Brome Grass.
B. arenarius Labill. (australis).
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 60.
B. hordeaceus L. Soft Chess.
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 745.
B. maximus Df. ;
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237.
B. mollis L. ;
Pentaphis pawlowae Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 18090, p. 83.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
(cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot).
Buckton, I, p. 116.
Mipeopiera. ¢ gramimum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
B. racemosus L.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae
Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson)
Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 9.
B. secalinus t Cheat or Chess.
Apmis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874; p. 753.
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20.
Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1801, p. 13.
B. unioloides H. B. (Ceratochloa australis) (Schraderi).
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae
Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii .Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 8.
B. sp.
Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43.
Aploneura lentisci Pass. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
Schizoneura fodicus Buckton. Buckton, 3, p. 96.
CALAMAGROSTIS. Reed Bent Grass.
C. epigeios Roth.
Ayalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch. (A. pruni Walker partim).
Passerini, 1863, p. 27.
CHAETOCHLOA.
C, glauca. See Setaria glauca.
COIX.
C. Lacryma-Jobi L,.
Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons
Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74.
194 MAINE AGRICULTURAL KXPERIMENT STATION. I9QT2.
Pemphigus fuscifrons Koch (Amycla fuscifrons Koch) (P. boyeri
Pass.) (P. zeae maidis Low?) (A. radicum
Boyer?) Buckton, 3, p. 116.
Tychae setariae Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 82.
CYNODON. Bermuda Grass.
C. Dactylon Pers. 3
Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872,
p. 83.
Pemphigus zeae maidis Dufour (A. radicum Boyer) (P. boyeri Pass.)
(A. fuscifrons Koch) (Endeis bella Koch?)
(Endeis rorea Koch) Macchiati, 1883, p. 265.
Sipha avenae Del Guercio. Del. Guercio, 1900, p. 116.
Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P.. sac-
charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93.
Tychea trivialis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40.
DACTYLIS. Orchard Grass.
D. glomerata L.
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 750.
Chaitophorus salicivora Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 76.
Hyalopterus dactylidis Hayhurst. Hayhurst, tooga, p. 107.
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae
Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 8.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) Koch. (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
(cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot).
Buckton, I, p. 116. :
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
D. sp,
Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 40.
DANTHONIA. Wild Oat Grass.
D, airoides Nees.
DENDROCALAMUS.
D. giganteus Munro.
Oregma bambusae Buckton. Schouteden, 1905, p. 187.
DESCHAMPSIA.
D. ambigua Beauv. (Aira caespitosa).
Tetraneura graminis Monell. Williams, 1801, p. 13.
D, caespitosa (1,) Beauv. (Aira caespitosa).
Tetraneura graminis Monell. Patch, 1910a, p. 210.
Tetraneura ulmi De Geer. Cholodkovsky, 1880, p. 474.
D. flexuosa (L.) (Aira flexuosa). Common Hair Grass.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 195
Forda viridana Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 86.
Sipha berlesei Del Guercio. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 212.
DIGITARIA. Finger Grass.
D. filiformis (L.) Koeler.
Pentaphis trivialis Passerini. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 193.
D. humifusa Pers. (Panicum glabrum).
Pemphigus boyert Pass. (Aphis radicum Boyer). .Kaltenbach, 1874,
p. 768.
Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900,
p. 103.
Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 138.
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768.
Tychea panici Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 170.
Tychea setariae Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768.
D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Panicum sanguinale) (Syntherisma san-
guinalis). Crab Grass.
Aphis (Siphocoryne) avenae Fab. (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch)
Z (avenae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.)
(fitchit Sanderson) (Siphonophora
avenae Thos. in part). Pergande,
1904a, p. 8.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145.
Sipha “Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, t909b, p. 157.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102.°
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab. Kalt.) Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283.
ECHINOCHLOA.
E. Crus-galli (L.) (crus-corvi) (Panicum crus-galli L.) Barnyard
Grass. ;
Aphis annuae Oestlund. Williams, 1891, p. 13.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1999b, p. 145.
Aphis setariae Thomas. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 42.
Geoica squamosa Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 100.
Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872,
Pp: 82.
Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (FE. fungicola Walsh)
(E. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas).
Hunter, r901, p. 81. Williams, 1910 (I9QII).
p. 19.
Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio.
fon) io)
Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio,
190C, p. 103.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
Siphonophora setariae Thomas (Siphonophora panicola Thomas)
Thomas, 1878, p. 6.
Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac-
charata Del Cuercio) Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93.
196 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
ELEUSINE. Goose Grass.
E. Indica Caertn.
Aphis setariae Thomas. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6.
Rhizobius eleusinis ‘Thomas. Thomas, 1878, p. 15.
ELYMUS. Wild Rye.
E arenarius L. ;
Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch (A. pruni Walker partim)
Passerini, 1863, p. 27.
Hyalopterus pruni (Fab.) Koch. (Walker partim). Passerini, 1863,
DM. 272
E. canadensis L.
Myzocallis (?) sp. Osborn. Osborn, 1892, p. 120.
E. geniculatus.
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab. Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283.
E. virginicus L.,
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20.
Macrosiphum granaria Buckton (avenae Thos. in part). Pergande,
TOOAAse oss.
ERAGROSTIS.
E, megastachya Link (major Host.).
Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) (eragrostidis Middleton). Patch, r1g10, p.
- BOE
Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons
Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74.
Pemphigus caerulescens Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 74.
Schizoneura corni Fab. S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900,
Deloss ;
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
Tychea eragrostidis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 30.
E, minor Host. (poaeoides).
Colopha eragrostidis Middleton. Williams, 1891, p. 13.
E. pectinacea Michx.
Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Oestlund, 1887, p. 29.
E. sp.
Pemphigus fuscifrons (Koch) (P. boyeri Pass.) (P. zeae maidis
Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?). Buckton, 3,
p. 116.
FESTUCA. Fescue Grass.
F. elatior L. Taller or Meadow Fescue.
Tychea trivialis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40.
F. ovina L. (duriuscula L.) Sheep’s Fescue.
Forda formicaria Heyden (Rhizoterus vacca Hartig). Passerini, 1863,
p. 79.
Paracletus cimiciformis Heyden. Buckton, 3, p. 67.
Tychea trivialis Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 197
GLYCERIA. Manna Grass.
G. (Poa) aquatica L.
Sipha glyceriae Kaltenbach. Theobald, 1911-12.
G. distans Wahlenb.
Dryopeia (endeis) rosea Koch. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 193.
G. fluitans (L.) R. Br.
Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, Flora.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
(cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot).
Buckton® 1, ps 110:
G. nervata (Willd) (Panicularia nervata). Fowl Meadow Grass.
Amphorophora howardiu Wilson. Wilson, 1911, p. 59.
HIEROCHLOE. Holy Grass.
H. australis Roem. (Holcus australis).
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768.
HOCCUS.
H. mollis L.
Aphis holci Ferrari. Ferrari, 1872, p. 63.
Brachycolus stellariae Hardy (holci Hardy). Buckton, 2, p. 148.
Forda formicaria Heyden (Rhizoterus vacca Hartig). Buckton 4,
p. 84.
Siphonophora cerealis Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 56.
H, sp. sci
Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43.
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 758.
Brachycolus stelleriae Hardy. (holci Hardy). Schouteden, 1906a, p.
212.
Sipha maidis Pass. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
Sipha schoutedeni Del Guercio. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 212.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
(cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot).
Buckton, I, p. 116.
HORDEUM. Barley.
H. distichon L.
Aphis avenae Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735.
H. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass.
Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 13. .
Schizoneura corni?!(Fab.). Williams, 1801, p. 13.
H. murinum L,
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
Sipha elegans Del Guercio.
Siphonophora cerealis Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 56.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot)
Buckton, I, p. 116.
198 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102.
H. vulgare L. (sativum).
Aphis avenae Fab: Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145.
Brachycolus korotnevi Mordwilko. Cholodkovsky, 1910, p. 147.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) Patch, 1912c.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
(cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot).
Buckton, I, p. 116.
H. sp.
Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43.
Endeis (Aphis) bella Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735.
Sipha maidis Pass: Lichtenstein, La Flore.
KOELERIA.
K. cristata L.
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab. Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283.
LEERSIA. Cut-grass.
L. oryzoides Sw. (Oryza clandestina). Rice Cut-grass.
Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 63.
L. virginica Willd. White Grass.
Tetraneura graminis Monell. Patch, 1910a, p. 210.
LEPTOCHLOA.
L, filiformis Beauv.
Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. IOt.
LOLIUM. Darnel.
L. multiflorum Lam. Italian Rye Grass.
Sipha maydis Pass. Macchiati, 1883, p. 261.
L. perenne L. Common Darnel, Perennial Ray or Rye Grass.
Pemphigus boyert Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872,
p. 83.
Pemphigus Zeae maidis Dufour (A. radicum Boyer) (P. boyeri Pass.)
(A. fuscifrons Koch) (Endeis bella Koch?)
(Endeis rorea Koch) Macchiati, 1883, p. 265.
Sipha (Aphis) maydis Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
L. temulentum 1. Bearded Darnel.
Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
L. sp.
Brachycclus korotnewi Mordwilko. Mcrdwilko, 1899, p. 350.
Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons (Koch) (boyeri Pass.) (zeae maidis
Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?)
Buckton, 3, p. 116.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS: 199
MELICA. Melic Grass.
M. baulimi All. Auct. Pedem.
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283.
M. penicillaris Boiss. & Bal.
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.) Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283.
MUHLENBERGIA.
M. racemosa Michx.
Schigoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (FE. fungicola Walsh)
(E.-cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas).
Hunter, rool, p. 8&1.
M. Schreberi Gmelin. Drop-seed, Nimble Will.
Aphis setariae Thomas. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6.
ORYZA.
O. sativa L. (montana).
Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons
Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74.
Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 63.
Tetraneura ulmi DeGeer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac-
charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93.
Tychea setuosa Pass. Buckton, 4, p. 88.
O, sp.
Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons Koch. (P. boyeri Pass.) (zeae maidis
Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?).
Buckton, 3, p. 116.
PANICULARIA.
P, nervata. See Glyceria nervata. ;
PANICUM. Panic Grass. (In Part See Digitaria.)
P, capillare L. Old-witch Grass. :
Schigoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (KE. fungicola Walsh)
(E. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas).
Hunter, 1901, p. 81.
. Crus-galli. See Echinochloa Crus-galli (L,.).
. glabrum Gaud. See Digiaria humifusa Pers.
. glaucum. See Setaria glauca.
polyanthes Schultes.
Aphis setariae Thomas. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6.
P. proliferum’ Lam.
Aphis seturiae Thomas. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 42.
Aphis setariae (Thomas) (Siphonophora setariae Thomas) (S. pani-
cola Thomas). Monell, 1879, p. 23.
Rhizobius spicatus Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1802, p. 105.
Schizoneura corni Fab. Williams, 1801, p. 13.
P. sanguinale L.
Aphis setariae Thos. Sanborn, 1010, p. 6.
Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (E. fungicola Walsh)
(FE. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas).
Hunter, 1901, p. 8r.
0 0 0 U
200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQt2.
P. sp.
Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124.
Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) (eragrostidis Middleton). Patch, 1910a,
p. 205.
Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons. Koch (boy«r: Pass.) (zeae maidis
Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?)
Buckton, 3, p. 116.
Schizoneura panicola Vhos. Hart, 1891 and 1802, p. 87.
Sipha (chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
Siphonophora panicola Thomas. Thomas, 1878, p. 6.
Trama erigeronensis Thos. (Tychea radicola Oestlund). Hart, 1891)
and 1892, p. 93.
Tychea panici Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 138.
PHALARIS. Canary Grass.
P, arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass.
Aphis glyceriae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 751.
Aphis lonicerae Sieb. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 406.
P. canariensis L.
Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 13.
PHLEUM.
P, pratense L. Timothy, Herd’s Grass.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae
‘ Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 8.
PHRAGMITES. Reed.
P. communis L, Trin. (Phragmites Phragmites) (Arundo phragmites).
-Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch (A. phragmitidicola Oestl.) Oest-
lund, 1887, p. 48.
Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) (pruni Fab.) Osborn-Sirrine, 1893, p.
236.
Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch (A. calamaphis Amyot). Buckton,
Zep. D2!
PHYLLOSTACHYS.
P. sp.
Aphis bambusae Fullaway “on bamboo (Phyllostachys?).”’ Fullaway,
1900, p. 36.
POA. Meadow Grass.
P, annua 1. Low Spear Grass.
Aphis annuae Oestlund. Oestlund, 1887, p. 66.
Aphis glyceria Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 751.
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 282.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. - 201
Endeis pellucida Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. of.
Rhizobius poae Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 93.
Rhizobius poae Thomas. ‘Thomas, 1879, p. 167.
Rhizobius poae Thomas. Davis, 1910, p. 408.
Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 13.
Siphonophora longipennis Buckton. Buckton, 1, p. 148.
Siphonophora poae Macchiati. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 164.
Tychea eragrostidis Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 80.
P. compressa L. Canada Blue Grass, Wire Grass.
Aphis setariae Thomas. ‘Sanborn, 1010, p. 6.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi var. poae Williams. Williams, 1891, p. 7.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae
Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 8.
P. megastachya. See Eragrostis.
P. pratensis L. June Grass, Spear Grass, Kentucky Blue Grass.
Forda formicaria Heyden (Rhizoterus vacca Hartig). Passerini, 1863,
p: 79.
Forda occidentalis Hart. Hunter, 1901, p. 69
Geoica squamosa Hart. Hunter, 1901, p. 76
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. zo.
Pemphigus boyert Pass. Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872,
p. 83.
Rhopalosiphum poae Gillette. Gillette, 1908a, p. 61.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae
Fitch) (annuae O6estl.) (fitchii Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 8.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 103.
P. trivialis L. Rough-stalked Meadow Grass.
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 282.
Tychea trivialis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 4o.
P. sp. .
Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43.
Aphis poae Hardy. Walker, 1852, p. 1038.
Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi var poae Williams. Williams, 1910 (1011),
p. 70.
Schigoneura venusta Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
: (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot).
Buckton, I, p. 116.
SACCHARUM.
S. officinarum L. Sugar Cane.
Aphis adusta Zehntner. Zodlogical Record, 1808, p. 269.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Patch, 1912c.
202 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Igi2.
Aphis sacchari Zehntner. Fullaway, 1900, p. 35.
Tetraneura lucifuga Zehntner. Jahresbericht Pflanzenkrankheiten,
IQOI (1903), p. 220.
S. sp.
Oregma (Ceratovacuna) lanigera Zehntner. Schouteden, 1905, p. 184.
SECALE.,
S. cereale L. Rye.
Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43.
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, r1904a, p. 20.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (avenae Fitch) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae
Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 8.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
(cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot).
Buckton, I, p. 116.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 103.
SETARIA. Bristly Foxtail Grass.
S. glauca Beauv. (Panicum glaucum) (Chaetochloa glauca). Foxtail,
‘Pigeon Grass.
Aphis maidis-radicis Forbes. Davis, t9o9b, p. 124.
Aphis maidis Fitch: Davis, 1909b, p. 145.
Aphis (Siphonophora) setariae Thomas. Gillette and Taylor, 1908,
sy we:
Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900,
p. 103.
Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Oestlund, 1887, p. 20.
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
Tychea eragrostidis Pass. Buckton, 4, p. 89.
Tychea panici Thomas. (Schizoneura?). Hunter, Igor, p. 60.
Tychea‘setariae Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 82.
S. italica Beauv. (Setaria germanica).
Aphis maidis-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124.
Schizoneura corni Fab. (S.graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio,1goo,
p. 103. .
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
S. viridis L. Green Foxtail, Bottle Grass.
Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Williams, 1891, p. 14.
Aphis setariae (Thomas). Williams, 1891, p. 14.
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20.
Schizoneura corm Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900,
p. 103.
Schizoneura corni (Fab.) (S. venusta Pass.) (E. fungicola Walsh)
(E. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas).
Hunter, roor, p. 81. ie
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 203
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 82.
Tychea setariae Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40.
S. sp. :
Tetraneura rubra Licht. (“nach Mordwilko identisch mit Pemphigus
Zeae-maydis Boyer”). Cholodkovsky, 1910, p. 149.
SORGHUM.
S. Dora Griseb.
Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, r909b, p. 124.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
S. halepense L,. (glycychylum). Johnson Grass.
Aphis avenae Fab. Passerini, 1863, p. 35.
Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons
Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74.
Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac-
charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93.
S. saccharatum.
Aphis avenae Fab. Passerini, 1863, p. 35.
Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145.
Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons
Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
Siphonophora caianensis Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 167.
Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac-
charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, I900, p. 93.
S. vulgare Pers. Broom Corn.
Aphis avenae Fab. Passerini, 1863, p. 35.
Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons
Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74.
Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac-
charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93.
S. sp.
Aphis sorghella Schouteden. Zodlogical Record, 1906, p. 423.
Aphis sorghi Theobald. Zodlogical Record, 1904, p. 337.
Pemphigus fuscifrons (Koch) (P. boyeri Pass.) (zeae maidis Low?)
(A. radicum Boyer?). Buckton, 3, p. 116.
Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Hart, 1891 and 1802, p. 87.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Buckton, 3, p. 135.
SPARTINA. Cord Grass.
S. cynosuroides Willd. Salt Reed Grass.
Schizoneura corni Fab. S. venusta Pass.) (E. fungicola Walsh)
(panicola Thomas). Hunter, rg9o1, p. 81.
S. patens (Ait.) (juncea Willd).
204. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
Aphis laburmi Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 71.
Aphis medicaginis Koch. Ferrari, 1872, p. 68.
SYNTHERISMA.
S. sanguinalis. See Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
TRIDENS,
T. seslerioides (Lichex) Nash.
Aphis setariae Thos. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6.
TRIODIA.
T. seslerioides Benth. (Tricuspis seslerioides Torr).
Hyalopterus dactylidis Hayhurst. Hayhurst, 1909a, p. 107.
TRITICUM.
T. dicoccum Schrank.
Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283.
T. repens L.
Forda formicaria Heyden. Buckton, 4, p. 85.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani.: Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
T. sativum Lam. Wheat.
Macrosiphum avenivorum Kirkaldy. (S. granaria Buckton). Kirkaldy,
1905a, p. 132.
Myszus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35.
Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber)
(A. cerealis Kalt.) (Bramaphis Amyot).
Buckton, I, p. 176.
T. Spelta L.
Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38.
Toxoptera graninum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
T. villosum P. B.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237.
T. vulgare Vill.
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
Brachycolus korotnevi Mordwilko. Cholodkovsky, 1910, p. 147.
Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20.
Macrosiphum granaria (Buckton) (avenae Thos. in part.) Pergande,
1904a, p. I5.
Macrosiphum trifoli Pergande. Pergande, 1904, p. 21.
Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 60.
Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (avenae Fitch) (fali Fitch) (prunifoliae
Fitch) (annuae Oestl. (fitchii Sanderson)
(Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per-
gande, 1904a, p. 8.
Siphonophora cerealis Koch (Aphis cerealis Kalt.) (A. avenae Walker
mon Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. 12.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102.
Tychea trivialis Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS, 205
T. sp.
Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744.
Aphis dirroda Walker . Walker, 1849a, p. 43.
Aphis glyceriae Walt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744.
Aphis maidi-radicis. Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124.
Aphis mali Linn. Williams, 1891, p. 26.
Aphis sp. Walliams, 1801, p. 20. ;
Brachycolus tritici Gillette. Davis, 1910b, p. 414.
Callipterus sp. Williams, 1891, p. 26.
Colopha rossica Chol.. Cholodkovsky, 1897, pp. 1-3.
Endeis bella Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744.
Megoura sp. Williams, 1891, p. 26.
Khopalosiphum sp. Wiailliams, 1891, p. 26.
_Sipha (Chatophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157.
Toxares sp. Williams, 1891, p. 27.
Tychea eragrostidis' Pass. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
Tychea amycli Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744.
ZEA.
Z. Mays L. Maize. Indian Corn.
Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124.
Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145. Patch, 1o12c.
Aphis papaveris Fab. (A. fabae Scopoli) (A. aparines Schrank).
Passerini, 1863, p. 46.
Aphis zeae Bonafous. Lichtenstein, 1885.
Forda occidentalis Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 95.
Geoica squamosa Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 99.
Mysus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Patch, 1912c.
Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons
Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 76. :
Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons (Koch) (P. boyeri Pass.) (P. zeae
maidis Low?) CAS rachieniin |
Boyer?). Buckton, 3, p. 116. |
Rhigobius spicatus Hart. Hart, r891 and 1892, p. 104. |
Rhopalosiphum diantri (Schrank). Williams, 1891, p. 9.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. |
' Sipha maydis Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 78.
Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Coccus zeae maydis Dufour) (Pemphigus
fuscifrons Buckton) (P. saccharata Del Guercio).
Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93.
Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102.
Trama erigeronensis Thos. (Tychea radicola Oestlund). Hart, 1801
and 1892, p. 93.
Tychea brevicornis Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1802, f£. 97.
Tychea setariae. Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40.
GRAMINEAE.
G. sp.
Atheroides serrulatus Haliday. Haliday, 1839, p. 180.
Forda formicaria Heyden (vacca Hartig). Schouteden, 1906a, p. 193.
206 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2.
Forda formicaria Kalt. Koch, p. 300.
Forda marginata Koch. Koch, p. 311.
Paracletus cimiciformis Heyden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 200.
Schizoneura corni var. venusta Passerini. Schouteden, 1902, p. 137.
Siphonophora dirhoda Walker. ‘Theobald, 1911, p. 17.
? Tetraneura coerulescens Pass. Schouteden, 1902, p. 138.
Tetraneura setariae Passerini. Schouteden, 1902, p. 138.
Tychea gramims Koch. Koch, p. 208.
CYPBRACEAE,.. SEDGE. FAMILY.)
CAREX. Sedge.
C. arenaria Linn.
Aphis bufo Walker. Walker, 1848b, p. 46.
C. dioica L.
Endeis formicina Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 91.
C, Nebraskensis.
Brachycolus ballu Gillette. Gillette, 1908a, p. 67. Gillette, 1900c, p. 119.
C. pseudocyperus L.
Aphis caricis Schouteden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 218.
C. sp.
Callipterus flabellus Sanborn. Gillette, 1909c, p. 120.
Carolinaia caricis Wilson. Wilson, 1911, p. 62.
Forda formicaria Heyden. Schouteden, 1902, p. 137.
Toxoptera caricis Fullaway. Fullaway, 1909, p. 33.
CYPERUS. Galingale.
C. laevigatus L. (distachyos).
Aphis papaveris Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 256.
Aphis polyanthis Sulzer (A. tuberosae Boyer). Macchiati, 1883, p. 256.
C. rotundus L. Nut Grass.
Aphis papaveris Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 256.
Myzocallis cyperis Macchiati. Macchiati, 1883, p. 259.
C. virens Michx.
Geoica cyperi Schouteden. Schouteden, 1902, p. 138.
C. sp.
Aphis cyperi Walker. Walker, 1848b, p. 45.
ERIOPHORUM. Cotton Grass.
E. vaginatum L,
HAyalopterus eriophori (Walker) Haliday. Buckton, 2, p. 117.
SCIRPUS. Bulrush.
S. cernuus Vahl. (Savii).
Toxoptera scirpi Pass. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237.
S. lacustris L.
Toxoptera scirpi Pass. Passerini, 1874, p. TI.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 207
PALMAE.
CALAMUS.
C. sp-
Cerataphis lataniae Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
LATANIA.
L. Commersonii J. F. Gmel. (borbonica) (rubra).
Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval 1867)
. (Boisduvalia lataniae Signoret 1868) (Aste-
rolecanium orchidearum Westwood 1879)
(Ceratovacuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901).
Embleton, 1903, p. OI.
PRITCHARDIA.
P. sp.
Cerataphis lataniae (Boisd.) Licht. Fullaway, 1909, p. 46.
ARACEAE. ARUM FAMILY.
ACORUS. Sweet Flag.
A. Calamus L. ;
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (\.) Koch. (A. butomi Schrank) (R.
najadus Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21.
AMORPHOPHALLUS.
A. sp.
Siphonophora circumflexus Buckton. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement.
ARUM.
A. esculentum Linn. See Colocasia antiquorum.
A. italicum
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (linn) Koch. Macchiati, 1883, p. 233.
A. sp.
Siphono phora circumflexa Buckton. ‘Theobald, 1911, p. 17.
CALADIUM. See Colocasia.
CALLA. Water Arum.
C. Indica.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) (R. callae Koch. in litt.) Koch,
Pp. 43.
Cc. sp.
Siphonophora malvae Mosley. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement.
| COLOCASIA.
C. Antiquorum (esculenta) Schott.
Aphis gossypii Glover. Fullaway, 1900, p. 40.
Aphis malvae (Walker). Williams, 1801, p. 8.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 8.
4
208 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
RICHARDIA.
R. Africana Kunth (Aethiopica). Calla Lily.
Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and ‘Taylor, 1908, p. 35.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Davis, 1910a, p. 245.
R. sp.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank. Williams, 1801, p. 8.
LEMNAICEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY.
‘
LEMNA. Duckweed.
L. gibba L.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13.
L. minor L.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Williams, 1801, p. Io.
L. polyrrhiza Linn.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae ih Williams, 1891, p. 10.
L. sp.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. (Aphis aquaticus Jackson). Davis,
1910a, p. 245.
PONTEDERIACEHAE. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.
PONTEDERIA. Pickerel-weed.
P. sp.
Rhopalosiphum nymphae Linn. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement.
JUNCACH AE. RUSE HANEY:
JUNCUS. Rush.
J. articulatus L,
Atheroides hirtellus Haliday. Haliday, 1839, p. 180.
J. lampocarpus Ehrh. (lamprocarpus).
Aphis glyceriae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 751.
J. sp.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Williams, 1801, p. 16.
Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.). Patch, 191ob, p. 242.
LUZULA. Wood Rush.
L. albida DC.
Aphis luzulae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 726.
PICEACHAE eile) EeAIVEIIE NY.
ALLIUM. Onion.
A. sp.
Aphis allii Licht. (ined.). Lichtenstein, La Flore.
ASPARAGUS.
A. Officinalis L. Garden Asparagus.
Aphis indistincta Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 46.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 209
Aphis rumicis Linn. (? aquilegiae nigra Kittel) (atriplicis Fabricius)
(armata Hausman) (aparines Schrank) (dahliae
Mosley) (evonymi Fabricius) (fabae . Scopoli)
(hortensis Fabricius) (papaveris Fabricius) (? solani
Kittel) (thlaspeos Schrank). Schouteden, 1906a,
Mee 227
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schk.). Williams, 1801, p. 5.
A. plumosus Baker.
Myzus achyrantes Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 71.
A. sp. i
Aphis papaveris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 723.
Myzus mahaleb (Boyer) (Phorodon humuli var. mahaleb Buckton)
(Ph. mahaleb Monell) (? Siphonoprora eis
Monell). Hunter, 1901, p. 108.
Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35.
FUNKIA.
F. subcordata Spreng.
Aphis polyanthis Sulzer. (A. tuberosae Boyer). Passerini, 1863, p. 41.
HEMEROCALLIS. Day Lily.
H. sp.
Aphis sambuci Auct. Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 71.
HYACINTHUS.
H. orientalis L.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch. (persicae, Puceron du
pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis, floris
rapae Curtis, dubia? Curtis) (vastator
Smee) (persicaecola Boisduval) (per-
sicae Pass. not Sulzer, not Boyer, not
IAN Ne IBIS Worel, A, io, 7%
Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A.
vulgaris. Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A.
dubia Curtis) (A. vastator Smee).
Passerini, 1863, p. 20.
LILIUM. Lily.
L. candidum L.
Aplus lilicola Williams. Williams, 1910 (1011), p. 44.
Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35.
L. sp.
Aphis lilii Licht. (ined.). Lichtenstein, La Flore.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 16.
Siphonophora lilii Monell. Comstock, 1879 (1880), p. 221.
RUSCUS.
R. androgynus. See Semele androgyna.
210 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2.
SEMELE.
S. androgyna Kunth. (Ruscus androgynus).
Aplus dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 3094.
SMILAX. Green Brier.
S. herbacea 1. Carrion flower.
Pemphigus attenuatus Osborn (Lachnus smilacis Williams.) Wil-
liams, IQIO, p. 25.
S. rotundifolia 1. Common Green Brier. Horse Brier.
Neoprociphilus attenuatus (Osborn & Sirrine). Patch, 1912c.
TULIPA.
T. Gesneriana L.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1891, p. 25.
Rhopalosiphum tulipae Thomas. ‘Thomas, 1879, p. 8o.
Siphonophora tulipae Monell. Williams, 1891, p. 25.
T. sp.
Aphis tulipae Boyer. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
Macrosiphum tulipae Monell. Davidson, 1910, p. 380.
Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch (persicae, Puceron du
pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis) (A.
floris rapae Curtis) (dubia? Curtis)
(persicaecola Boisduval) (Rh. persicae
Pass.). Buckton, 2, p. 17.
Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A.
vulgaris Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A.
dubia Curt.) (A: vastator Smee).
Passerini, 1863, p. 20.
VERATRUM. False Hellebore.
V. album L.
Aphis veratri Walker. Walker, 1852, p. 1041.
V. Californicum Durand.
Aphis veratri Cowen. Cowen, 1805, p. 122.
V. sp.
Aphis veratri Cowen. Cockerell, 1903b, p. 114.
Aphis veratri Walker. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 710.
YUCCA. Bear Grass.
Y. glauca Nutt. (angustifolia).
‘Aphis yuccae Cowen (yuccicola Williams?). ‘Cowen, 1895, p. 122.
Aphis yuccicola Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), D. 62.
Y, ‘Sp:
Aphis yuccae Licht. (ined.). Lichtenstein, La Fiore.
Myzus roseum Macchiati. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement.
Myzus rubrum Macchiati. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 151. Macchiati, 1883,
p. 236.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 211
ZYGADENUS.
Z. Nuttallii Coult.
Nectarophora martini Cockerell. Cockerell, 1903a, p. 170.
LILIACEAE.
L. sp.
Aphis sinensis Del Guercio. “Sopra un Giglio della China non ancora
classificato.” Del Guercio, 1900, p. 137.
DIOSCOREACEAE. YAM FAMILY.
DIOSCOREA. Yam.
D. bulbifera IT, Air (Aero) Potato.
Aphis minuta Wilson. Wilson, 1911, p. 60.
AMARYLLIDACEAE. AIMARYLLIS FAMILY.
AGAVE. American Aloe.
A. sp.
Aphis sambuci Auct. Kalt. Ferrafi, 1872, p. 71.
NARCISSUS,
N. sp.
Aphis diantht Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. ‘
Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, La Flore.
POLIANTHES.
P. tuberosa L. ‘T'uberose.
Aphis polyanthis Sulzer. (A. tuberosae Boyer). Passerini,°1863, p. 41.
Rhopalosiphum diantht (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 25.
UR IGS AVC IS ANS, IURURS) JEWAIIEIUE NO
CROCUS.
C. sp.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch (persicae, Puceron du
pecher, Morren) (rapae Curtis) (A.
floris rapae Curtis) (dubia? Curtis):
(vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisdu:
Wald), ibiereleionm, 2, qos. ah
Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement.
GLADIOLUS,
G. dubius Eckl.
Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A.
vulgaris: Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A.
dubia Curt.) (A. vastator Smee). Pas-
serini, 1863, p. 21.
212 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2.
G. sp.
Aphis gladioli Felt. Felt, 1908 (1909), p. 19. Patch, 1912c.
Aphis rumicis Linn. Patch, 1912c.
Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashmead. Patch, 1912¢c.
Myzus achryrantes Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 7I.
IRIS. Fleur-de-lis.
. florentina L,.
Aphis iridis Del Guercio. (A. cirsii? Pass.) (A. candicans Pass?)
Del Guercio, 1900, p. 120. - ;
. pumila L,.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 16.
I. sp.
Macrosiphum solanifolu Ashmead. Patch, 1912c.
SPIRAXIS.
S. sp. sae ;
Siphonophora circumflexa Buckton.. Buckton, 1, p. 131.
MUSACEAE.
MUSA.
M. Ensete J. F. Gmel.
Aphis musae Schouteden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 223.
M. sapientum [, Banana.
Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel. Wilson, 1909b, p. 346.
CANNACEAE.
CANNA.
C. indica L.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schr.) Koch (persicae Puceron du’ pecher
Morren) (rapae Curtis, floris rapae Cur-
tis, dubia Curtis?) (vastator Smee)
(persicaecola Boisduval) (R. persicae
Pass.). Buckton, 2, p. 17.
ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHIS FAIMILY.
CATTLEYA.
C. Loddigesii Lindl. (Harrisoniana).
Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval 1867) (Bois-
duvalia lataniae Signoret 1868) (Asteroleca-
nium orchidearum Westwood 1879) (Ceratova-
cuna brasiliensis Hempel 1901). Embleton,
1903, Di 945° =:
COELIA.
C. albiflora,
Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval 1867) (Bois-
duvalia lataniae Signoret 1868) (Asteroleca-
nium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova-
cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Emble-
ton, 1903, p. 94.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 213
CORALLORHIZA. Coral Root.
C. multiflora Nutt.
Nectarophora corallorhizae Cockerell.. Cockerell, 1903a, p. 167.
CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady’s Slipper.
C, sp.
Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus?_lataniae Boisduval, 1867) (Bois-
duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan-
ium. orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova-
cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Embleton,
1903, p. 92.
DENDROBIUM.
D. sp.
Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval, 1867) (Bois-
duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan-
ium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova-
cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Embleton,
1903, p: 92.
EPIDENDRUM.
Ex Sp:
Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval, 1867). (Bois-
duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan-
ium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova-
cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Embleton,
1903, Pp. 94.
OPHRYS.
QO. aranifera Huds.
Myzus cerasi Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 234.
; SOBRAL.JIA.
S. sp.
Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval, 1867) (Bois-
duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan-
ium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova-
cuna brasiliensis Hempel, ro901). Embleton,
1903, p. 92.
ORCHIDACEAE.
O. sp.
Siphonophora lutea Buckton. Buckton, 1, p. 120.
PIPERAICEAE. PEPPER FAMILY.
SAURURUS. Lizard’s Tail.
S. cernuus L.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (.) Koch (A. butomi Schrank) (R.
najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21.
214 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12.
ADDENDA.
The succeeding Parts of this Food Plant List are ready for press and
will be published from time to time as opportunity offers. At their con-
clusion will be given the Bibliography of all references indicated, a
Plant Index including genera and common names, and an Aphid Index
arranged alphabetically according to the specific names which will serve
as a check list to the Aphids of the World.
NOTES ON PSYLLIDAE:*
Eprta M. Patcu.
The present paper is a record of species many of which have
been kindly lent me for study. For the most part the available
data are very meagre and for this reason the accession num-
bers are usually given together with what collection notes have
‘been preserved, in the hope that more biological information
may be added by others. . Detailed descriptions have been
avoided as the distinguishing characters are shown more clearly
in the illustrations.
Lot 1339 includes those specimens lent by Cornell University ;
Lot 1347, by Doctor C. Gordon Hewitt; Lot 1348, by Professor
‘C. P. Gillette; Lot 1440, by Doctor W. E.. Britton.
APHALARA.
Very little biological information concerning the species
Aphalara in this country seems to be available. It is possible
that when more collections of the nymphal stages have been
made with the accompanying host plant data the species will be
more easily defined. But at present from large series of speci-
mens in several widely separated collections it has not been
apparent to me in all cases which variations are of specific and
which of individual significance. The shape of the wing from
elongate to rotundiform; the breadth of the arch of Cu; the
length of the branches of M; the presence, absence or degree ot
wing maculation; the length of the caudal segment of the
female; all these are certainly subject to much individual varia-
tion in closely allied species and the resulting confusion indi-
cates that systematic work with this group should be undertaken
only when a background of ecological data is at hand.
* Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento-
mology, No. 55.
216 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12:
A few species are placed on a dependable footing, however.
Mally separated a Rumex species from a Polygonum species
(1894-95) and gave characteristic figures of immature stages
as well as excellent figures of the wings which clearly distin-
guish the two species he discusses. In order to avoid reverting
to previous mix-ups including these species, I have chosen to
attempt to trace them no farther back than Mally’s paper. |
Aphalara polygoni Mally (Foerster ?)-
On October 18, 1911, large numbers of nymphs and adults
were found on Polygonum along the Stillwater river at Orono.
The nymphs were most numerous at the leaf axle. Many of
the pupze present molted after they were collected so that bred
material was obtained. Both the nymphs and adult specimens
accord exactly with the Polygonum species figured by Mally.
Votre4t Sub Higtnes:370, 470nsacy anc aay. . |
Crawford (1911) follows Loew in his synonomy for the
Polygonum of Foerster. Material already determined as:calthae
in the collections I have worked over I have left as such with
due respect for that determination. Enough variation is pres-
ent, however, among these specimens to make me hesitate in
absence of authentic host plant data to merge the polygon of
Mally with them. Figures 364,:378,. 382, and 384, represent
named “calthae” from the Colorado collection, Lot 1348 Sub
53, and Sub 47.
LITERATURE.
1894 (95) Mally, C. W. . Psyllidae found at Ames, Iowa. Proc. lowa
Acad: of Sc. Voll Plate XV Pigs) 1.2) 2) Plates avails
Figs. 3.
IQII Crawford, D. L.’ American Psyllidae IV. ‘Pomona Journal
of Entomology, Vol: III, p. 495. -
Aphalara nubifera sp. nov.
Ten specimens are at hand with data “Ft Collins Col.,
6-13-99. Foothills, C. P. G. On Sisymbriwm canescens, caus-
ing abnormal development of foliage in dense mass.’ ‘This
collection can be separated from the polygoni by slight differ-
ences only for the two are certainly very closely ailied. The
head and genitalia of both sexes resemble those of polygomni,
though there are distinctions. The forceps of the male are
PSYLLID NOTES. 2177,
longer and the smaller of the two terminal tooth-like projections
is at a slightly greater distance from the tip in nubifera and the
female genital segment is relatively longer, the lower plate being
subequal to the two preceding segments while in polygon it is
subequal to but the one preceding segment.
The wing of nubifera is broader than that of polygon1 and
the cloudiness of the wings is differently disposed. Lot 1348
Sub 48. Figure 369. —
~ Aphalara runucis Mally.
omis4n Sub 6 was collected at St Louis, Mo, Sept. 22,
tg1t, by Mr. J: T. Monell who says of them;—“On Rumez,
the broad leaved common one, I found a colony curling the
leaves longitudinally into a pseudogall which ened scarlet—
from these I reared a few which T mail to you.”
This species is closely allied to those developing on Polygo-
num and Sisymbrium, Mally’s description and figures definitely
and sufficiently characterize the nymphs. ‘The specific charac-
ters of the wing and forceps are shown in figures 372 and 377.
LITERATURE.
1894 (795) Mally, C. W. -Psyllidae found at Ames, Iowa. Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sc., Vol. II, p. 166. A. exilis Web. and Mohr.,
var, rumicis, var Nov. z
TOLL +> Crawford, D. L.: American Psyllidae TV. Pomona Journal
_ of Entomology, Vol. III, p. 496. A. calthae muaculipennis
Loew.
_Aphalara picta Zetterstedt.
A large species with wing 3.55 mm. long in the Colorado
collection I take to be picta as figured by Crawford (1911).
Figures 380, and 388 represent the forceps and the caudal
segment of the female. Lot 1348 Sub 29.
LITERATURE.
1911 Crawford. Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol. III, p. sor.
Aphalara fasctpennis sp. nov.
Collections from Canada and New York are at hand of a
beautiful species which comes close to picta. ‘The genitalia of
both sexes resemble picta closely. The abdomen of the male is
218 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2.
constricted just cephalad the genital segment which is large and
prominent; the forceps are long and from the lateral aspect
are spatulate and attenuate at base; the lateral arms are long
and tapering. The wing is broad and rotund and is decorated
with a dusky band. Figure 366. Lot 1347 Sub. 30 includes 21
specimens with data “Ottawa, Ont. 7-VI-1903 B. Meadow—
W. Metcalfe,” and 3 specimens with data “27-VI-1903, W.
Metcalfe.” Lot 1339 and Sub. 24 includes 3 males with data
“17-20 June, 1904. Mud Creek, Tompkins Co., N. Y.”
The early stages are not known and the food plant is not
recorded.
Aphaiara artemisiae angustipennis Crawford.
This species as it exists in collections has a puzzling range
of variation which biological data may sometime help to clear
up. Fgures 363, 375, 376, and 386 are pone lave: of appar-
ently pica details.
LITERATURE.
19It Crawford, D. L. Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol. III, p. 490.
Aphalara communis Crawford.
Figures 365, 374, and 389 show a species as maddening in its
elastic variations as artemisiae. ‘This is close to veaziei Patch
and biological data are needed to put on a satisfactory basis
either many closely allied species or a few species with a broad
and catholic taste in variation.
Aphalara sp.
Figures 371 and 390 represent collections with rotundiform
wings that merge by gentle degrees too nearly with the com-
munis group to deal with in the absence of biological informa-
tion.
Aphalara sp.
In the other direction traveling toward narrow winged speci-
mens with long branches of M and Cu is a series which also is
too flexible to separate satisfactorily and treat until ecological
information is forth coming An extreme of this series is rep-
resented by figures 367, 373 and 381.
PSYLLID NOTES. 219
Aphalara nebulosa americana Crawford.
This pretty winged species is easily distinguished from the
other species of the genus mentioned in this paper by the lateral
arms of the male genitalia. Figures 368 and 385 represent de-
tails of Lot 1348 Sub 65 with data “Colo. 2204. 7-4-96. Larimer
Comac. P. G.”
LITERATURE.
i9git Crawford, D. L. Ponent Journal of Entomology, Vol. III, p. 503.
PsyLia.
Psylla annuiata Fitch
The “Annulated Psylla” of Fitch can not possibly be a vari-
ety of carpini. ‘The most conspicuous characteristic of this
straw-yellow species on maple is the ringed appearance of the
black and yellow antennae. ‘The original description is certainly
meagre but applies perfectly so far as it goes to this common
maple species and not to the species occuring on horn beam.
A large collection from Rock maple 4cer saccharum Marsh
was made at Middletown, Conn., in May, 1911. The nymphs were
sometimes on the upper side of leaf but occurred most numer-
ously on the under side of the leaves and are nearly a leaf green
in color. They were collected at various times from May 17-31.
The adults are paler than the nymphs and were abundant May
30-31.
Me. 1345 Sub 2. Numerous nymphs, pupe and adults, collected by
Mr. William C. Woods at Middletown, Conn., from Rock Maple, Acer
saccharum Marsh. Figs. 395, 411, 421.
Me. 1347. Sub 29. One male with data “Ottawa, Ont. 14-VI-1903.
W. Metcalfe.”
Me. 1347. Sub 4o. Fourteen specimens with data “Ottawa, Ont.
14-VIII-1904. W. Metcalfe, B. Meadow, Maple, and one specimen
with data “Ottawa, Ont. I-VII-1904. W. Metcalfe.”
LITERATURE.
1851 Fitch, Asa. Catalogue, with references and descriptions of
the insects collected and arranged for the State Cabinet of
Natural ‘History. “Annulated Psylla, *P. annulata.
Straw-yellow; legs white; elytra hyaline, nerves straw
yellow; antenne black, basal half straw-yellow annulated
with black. Length, 0.15. Occurs on the sugar-maple.
No. 834, male; 835, female.”
220 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
1881 Ashmead, Wm. H. Can. Ent. Vol. 13, p. 222. Listed.
1890 Packard, A. S. Forest Insects, p. 417. Listed.
tO Riley; C. V. in Lintner IX, p. 411, “Probable var. carpini.”
1804 Mally, C..W.. Pro. Iowa Acad, Sc., Vol. 2, p. 153. Listed.
Fig. 4, Plate 16.
1906 Felt, E. P. Woodland Trees II, p. 728.
1909 (710) Smith, J. B: ‘Insects of N. J., p. 109. Listed.
Psylla negundims Mally.
This species is certainly closely allied to annulata Fitch and
the differential characters seem difficult to define. Mally, how-
ever, does not mention nor figure the antennal stripes charac-
teristic of annulata as being present in negundinis and the
pinned material in the collections at hand ofthis species do not
show annulated antennae. Figures 393, 409, and 420 Pe
the head, wing and forceps of this species.
Me. 1339 Sub 46. Two specimens with data “Colo. 1605. Cornell U.
Lot. 157. Sub 35. Received by exchange from Carl F. Baker.”
Me. 1348 Sub 11. One female with data “Colo. 1981. 9-2-95. Ft. Col-
lins C. P. G.,” and one female with data “Colo. 1760, 9- 26- MoVMMG. 182" iE,
Ft. Collins, on Box Elder.”
‘Me. 1348 Sub 18. Five specimens with data “Colo. 1979. 9-31-95 Ft.
Collins C. P. G. on Box Elder,’ and one specimen with data “Colo.
1769. 9-26-94. C. F. B. Ft. Collins. On Box Elder.”
Me. 1348 Sub 24. One male with data “Colo. 1915. 7-5-94. Santa
Fe. N. M., T. D. A. Cockerell.”
LITERATURE.
1894 (1895) Mally, C. W. Proc. Acad. of Sci., Vol. 2, p. 155.
Psylla breviaia n. sp.
Three females with data “Ottawa, Ont. Dows Swamp. 14-
V1-1903 W. Metcalfe” comprise Me. 1347 Sub 36. The host-
plant is not yet known.
This species comes close to annulata and negundinis both in
wing and cauda of female. The antennae are short, joints 3 to
Io inclusive being subequal to width of cephalic aspect of head
across the eyes. The frontal cones are rather straight at their
medial margin but curved along the lateral edge. The head,
wing and cauda are given in figures 397, 405, and 424, and will
serve to make the species recognizable until enough ecological
information is obtained to make this species deserving of more
attention.
PSYLLID NOTES. 221
Psylla gillettt n. sp.
Psylla gilletti Riley, MS. seems to be well represented in
collections though not accompanied by ecological data. The
wing is characterized by the short acute stigma, the distinct
heavy dark spot between tip of clavits and margin of wing, and
the four distinct linear dark marginal dashes as indicated in
Fig. 396. The head of the female is well represented in Fig.
414. The female cauda (Fig. 428) is rather heavy and about
subequal in length to the two preceding segments ‘The male
forceps (Fig. 422) end in two short rather blunt protections and
the terminal inner setal spines are strong and stiff.
Me. 1339 Sub 42. One specimen with data “Colo. 1456. Cornell U.
Lot 157. Sub 33. .Psylla ribis Riley MS. Received by exchange from
Carl F. Baker.” ia
Me. 1348 Sub 6. One female with data “Psylla gilletti Riley MS. Colo.
1887, 6-11-95. Ft. Collins, C. P. G.” One female with data “Colo. 2078,
4-22-96, C. P. G. Ft. Collins.” ) aur
Me. 1348 Sub 20. One specimen with data “Onagra Ks, 5-26-92,
C. P. G. Trinidad, Colo. Psylla gilletti Riley, MS.” One specimen
with data “464 Onagra Ks. 5-27-92, C. F. B:’ One specimen with data
“Colo. 427. 5-19-92 Soldier Canyon, Colo. C. P. G.” One specimen with
data “Col. Ac. Cat. 28. Mrs. P. Gillette, Ft. Collins.” Twenty-two speci-
mens with data “Colo. 2075 4-22-96. C. P. G. Horse tooth Gulch (near Ft.
Collins) Bloom of Salix.” One specimen with data “Colo. 1887.
6-11-95 Ft. Collins. C. P. G.” Two specimens with data “Colo. 2078.
4-22-06 C. P. G. Ft. Collins. Two specimens with data “Colo. 2195.
7-4-96 Larimer County C. P. G. One specimen with data “Colo. 2006.
5-9-96. Dixon Canyon (near Ft. Collins) C. P. G.” One specimen with
data “Colo. 2805. 10-22-97, Belvue, Colo. Emma Gillette.” One speci-
men with data “Colo. 2138. 6-15-96 ‘Camp Carter, Colo. C. P. G. One
specimen with data “Colo. 2094. 5-7-96 Howes Gulch (near Ft. Collins)
C. P. G.” One specimen with data “Ft. Collins, Colo. 6-17-99 E. D.
Ball, Horsetooth Gulch.”
Psylla pyricola.
This economic species was present in large number in 1910
upon pear in Camden, Maine. The leaves were badly discol-
ored. Figures 398 and 434 show the wing and male cauda of
this insect. Me. 1326 Sub 4.
LITERATURE (for America).
1884 Riley, C. V. Pro. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 2.
1892 Slingerland, M. V. Bul. Cornell Univ. No. 44.
1893 Riley and Howard Insect Life, Vol. 5, p. 226.
1893 Lintner oth Rept. p. 317.
222 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I0Q12.
1894 (‘95) Mally Proc. Iowa Acad.’ Sci. Vol. 2, p. 153, Listed.
1895 iMisyelawc (C. Ibs “Ty S, IDE Ag 8 18, Cire, INO. 7%
1806 Smith, J. B. Economic Entomology, p. 137.
1909 (1910) Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 109. Listed.
IQII Patch edith Moy Me Agr sh xp. (stay Bole No: 187, spine
Recorded for Maine.
Psylla ribis n. sp.
Psylla ribis Riley, MS. is a species existing numerously in
collections under its manuscript name. The wing (Fig. 392) 1s.
immaculate and the vein and stigma rather heavy. The head
(Fig. 407) is with prominent eyes, moderately long antennz
and the cones subequal in length to the third antennal segment.
The caudal segment of female (Fig. 430) is thick at base and
about equal in length to the other abdominal segments. ‘The
upper plate is straight along dorsal line and is much longer
than the lower plate. The male forceps (Fig. 417) are erect
and simple with hairs very short, sparse and inconspicuous.
There seem to be no food plant records available but the name
is suggestive. .
Me. 1348 Sub 7. . One specimen with ‘“‘Psylla ribis Riley, MS. Colo. °
1550.”
ie 1348 Sub 25. Specimens with data “Marsll. Pas. Col. 8-27-90.”
“Fit. Collins, Col. 4-21-99,” “Colo. 2074,” “Colo. 2094,” “Colo. 2204.”
Psylla brevistigmata n. sp.
Two specimens in the Cornell collection which bears data
Alta Meadows Seq. Nat. Park, Cal. 19 July 1907. Gocomie
J.C. Bradley,” seem distinctive enough to describe as new. The
cauda (Fig. 427) is about the length of two preceding segments.
The upper plate is thickly armed with short stout conical setule
and scattered with a few long sete. The facial cones are
swollen at base and very divergent with rounded tips. Fig. 413.
The broad wings are pale with pale shading (not heavy) along
tips of veins. The stigma is broad‘at proximal edge but narrows
suddenly and acutely as is shown in Fig. 399. Me. 1339 Sub 31.
Psylla hartigii Flor?
A species common on birch (Betula populifolia) in the vicin- -
ity of Orono comes too near to hartigii Flor as characterized
by Sule (1910) to descibe as new. Me. 1340 Sub 1 comprised
PSYLLID NOTES. 223
2 females collected from birch June 15, 1911; Lot 1340 Sub 2
comprised 4 males and 20 females collected from birch July 1,
1911; Lot 1340 Sub 7 was a collection of 2 females taken with
P. striata on birch June 25, 1910.
The antenna is conspicuously shorter than in galeaformis;
and the wings are yellow. The caudal segment of female is
much like galeaformis except for the constant downward curve
of the long upper plate. Figs. 394, 408, 423, 429, 432, and 433,
sufficiently characterize this species to prevent its confusion
with other birch psyllids in this country. The nymphs were not
taken.
LITERATURE.
1910 Sule, Dr. Karel. Prispevky Ku Poz nani Psyll. Tab. XII.
Psylla cerasi n. sp. ;
A species new to this country and for which I can find no
place in European records, was taken on September 14, 1911, at
Stillwater, Me., on wild cherry. Psyllid eggs, probably of this
species were found on the same date tucked between leaf bud
and twig of the same little tree.
This brilliant species had dorsal head ond thorax rosy, dorsal
abdomen almost vermillion, a ‘black spot on dorsum of Ist
abdominal segment, 5 vivid black transverse bands across the
abdominal dorsum, the last coming just cephalad the genital
segment. Antennal joints I, II, III rosy, rest black. Eyes
bright black and bulging to width of thorax or slightly more.
Wings clear and a little brownish. Ventral body pale.
A female distended with eggs had a total length, exclusive of
wings and antenne, of 3.8mm. The wing (Fig. 400) with M
and Rs approximating to give a pinched appearance. Wing
without stigma. Head (Fig. 412) with large triangular facial
cones rather acute at tip. Antennal length more than 2 1-2 times
the breadth of head. The caudal segment (Fig. 431) with upper
plate armed with large short blunt setule which give it a dis-
tinctly noduled appearance. Me. 1341 Sub 4.
Psylla coryli n. sp.
A species under the manuscript name of Psylla coryli Riley,
MS. is sufficiently characterized by distinct large tooth-like
projections on the inner side of the male forceps (Fig. 419) to
=
=)
224 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOL2-.
distinguish it from any other described species of America. The
wing (Fig. 391) is heavily veined and darkly shaded especially
near the veins. The head (Fig. 406) is probably better char-
acterized by the accompanying illustration than ‘by a description.
Me. 1348 Sub. 61 with data “Colo. 1114.”
PACHYPSYLLA.
It is with reluctance that I name as new species of this group
but without a certainty of linking them with the galls described
by Riley it is apparently the only thing to do with collection
specimens. The figures will characterize these species it is
hoped, and later biological data will probably be forthcoming
to throw a light on the synonomy. Pachypsylla C. mammae
Riley seems to be common in collections. This species has been
figured in detail by Stough (1910) so that nothing except a
wing (Fig. 401) is given here, for the sake of comparison with
the other species.
Pachypsvlla tridentata n. sp.
A species easily characterized from other described species by
the wings is here described as new. The wings (Fig. 402)
have a row of irregular dark spots extending across the veins
on distal third of wing. The branches of M and the approx:
mate branch of the Cu are tipped with an angular mark which
gives the wing the appearance of being decorated with three
tridents. The head (Fig. 415) is characteristic of the genus
with rounded lobes and short, stout antenne. "The female cauda
(Fig. 425) is long and stout and is subequal in length to the
four preceding segments. The male cauda (Fig. 437) is pre-
ceded by a short constriction. The forceps are shown in Fig.
418. Me. 1339 Sub 4o is a single specimen from the Cornell
collection and Me. 1348 Sub 67 comprises 4 specimens with data
“Colo. 2049, 3-4-96. Canon City, Colo. From galls on Celtis.”
Pachypsylla dubia n. sp.
Specimens from Celtis galls in the Cornell collection agree
with the description of C. gemma so far as the shape of the wing
goes, but that species is characterized by Riley as having wings
“uniformly immaculate’ which precludes the finely but densely
PSYLLID NOTES. 225
mottled wing of dubia (Fig. 404). The head (Fig. 416) has
the broad rounded lobes and short antennae of the allied speci-
mens.
Pachypsylla pallida n. sp.
Material bearing the data “Arizona C. U. Lot 34; Cornell U.
Lot 45 Sub 469” is apparently a new Pachypsylla. The wing
(Fig. 403) 1s wide at the basal third and broad for its length.
It is more or less shaded especially at the distal marginal band,
proximad which is a pale path extending transversely across the
wing. From the form of both the wing and the head this
species seems allied to dubia though easily distinguishable from
it and the female cauda is also similar. The antenna is sub-
equal in length to the width of the head across the eyes. The
cones are broad and thick and bluntly rounded. (Fig. 410.)
Me. 1339 Sub 51. Me. 1339 Sub 55 and 56.
TRIOZINAE.
Trioza aylmeriae sp. nov.
This species is easily distinguished from previously described
members of this genus in America. The head (Fig, 330) is
of an ordinary Jrioza type with large divergent cones rather
acutely rounded apically. The wing (Fig. 316) measures about
3 mm. in length, and is rather evenly elongate with tip rounded.
They are clear and unmarked except for the three marginal
spots common for this genus. The branches of M and Cu are
relatively long.
The female caudal segment (Figs. 343 and 346) is large and
_the slender tip of the upper plate extends beyond the lower
plate. The lateral arms of the male catida (Fig. 345) are con~’
spicuously long and heavily supplied with long sete. The
forceps are enlarged and blunt at the tip (Fig 344), Lot
1347 Sub 19. Eleven specimens with data, “Bilberry. Aylmer,
Ottawa, Ont. 20-V 1906 W. Metcalfe.”
Trioza collaris Crawford.
Vat 1348 Sub 74. A Single female with data “Ariz. 2217,
5-20-96 Dr. R. E. Knize, Tuscon,” is apparently collaris Craw-
ford. The cauda is shown in Fig. 358 and the wing is not dis-
226 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
tinguishable from that of Jongistylus which is shown in Fig.
320. It measures about 3.5 mm.
LITERATURE.
1910 Crawford, D. lL. American Psyllidae I, p. 2209.
1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae II, p. 347.
to1t Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 435.
Trioza diospyri (Ashmead).
‘The head, wing and female cauda of this species are shown
in Figs. 331, 318, and 357. The wing is clear with the veins
slender and distinct. It measures about 3.8 mm. ‘The three
marginal dashes are especially narrow.
Lot 1339 Sub 47. One male and one female with the data
“Trioza diospyra Le Baron? River Des Peres, St. Louis, Mo.
June-2) 77. Persimmon, “Cornell (Ul Wot. 625. Collectediain;
Theo. Pergande and determined by Uhler. Given J. H. C. by
Pergande.”
LITERATURE.
1881 Ashmead, Wm. H. Canadian Entomologist. Vol 13, p. 222.
Psylla diospyri.
1894 (95) Mally, C. W. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences.
Vol. 2, p. 154. Trioza diospyri Ashmead, listed.
1909 (710) Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 110, listed.
IQIO Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae II, p. 352. YTrioza
diospyrt Ashmead (latipennis Crawtord.)
Trioza dubia sp. nov.
Lot 1339 Sub 17. Two females and one male with data “S.
Krancisco dunes, Cali mi Nov. 1907. Bradley” Lotuagqusus
Io. One female lent by Cornell University with data “Berkeley,
Call cuNoyecGa le Ca otadteyen
The name of this species indicates the amount known con-
cerning it at time of description. ‘The wing measures about
2.75 mm in length. It is clear and unmarked except for the
three marginal dashes common in this genus. The venation as
shown in Fig. 319 is much like that of mara. ‘The head with
moderately long dark facial cones contiguous in basal two-
thirds, cistal third divergent, subacute at tip, is of the same
gereral type as maura. The caudal segment of male has long
slender forceps strongly curved cephalad when viewed laterally.
PSYLLID NOTES. i 227
The chief character separating these specimens from the spcies
to which it seems to be very closely allied is the female cauda
which terminates in a subacute tip, as shown in Fig. 352. There
is a distinct downward curve of the distal portion of the upper
plate.
Trioza forcipula sp. nov.
This species, like dubia, is apparently closely allied to maura.
The head (Fig. 338) with moderately long dark cones subacute
at tip, and the wings (Fig. 317) are especially like those of that
species. Wing length about 2.75 mm. ‘The female cauda
(Fig. 355) is distinctive, both upper and lower plates being
rather broad and elongate. ‘The upper plate has a downward
curve. The male (Figs. 342 and 350) has the forceps strongly
bowed in caudal aspect with tip ending rather bluntly and highly
chitinized. The inner surface is supplied with long but not
comparatively heavy sete, the terminal group, however, are
stiff and approximate.
Lot 1339 Sub 21. One female with data “Ithaca, N. Y. 16 May 1900.”
Lot 1347 Sub 22. One male and one female with data “Hull, Ottawa,
Ont. 17-V-1903, W. Metcalfe.” Two males with data “Hull, Ottawa,
Ont. 26-VII-1903, W. Metcalfe.” One female with data “Ottawa,
Ont. 17-V-1903, W. Metcalfe.’ One female with data. “Ottawa,
Ont. 29-V-1904, W. Metcalfe.” One female with data, “Elm, Ottawa,
Ont. 5-VI-1904, W. Metcalfe.”
Lot 1348 Sub 72. Seven specimens with data “Ft. Collins, Col. 5-
12-99, E.. D. Ball.”
Trioza longistylus Crawford.
This species is closely allied to collaris and in some characters
hardly to be distinguished from it.
Figs. 320 and 361 show the wing and female cauda. ‘The
wing of specimens at hand is about 3.45 mm long.
The forceps of the male cauda are from the lateral aspect,
long and slender and rather strongly curved cephalad. On the
inner surface are two longitudinal ridges, one bearing relatively
few pointed setz and the other thickly set with several irregular
rows of large flat blade-like sete.
Lot 1339 Sub 14:. One female with data “S. Francisco dunes, Cal.
Nov. 11, 1907, Bradley.”
Lot 1339 Sub 15. Two males and one female with data “Felton, St.
Cruz Mts., Cal. 15-19, May, ’07. 300-500 ft. Bradley.”
228 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQgt2.
Lot 1339 Sub 16. One female with data “Blue Lake, Hmbldt (Cox Call
July 20-27, 1907, Bradley.”
LITERATURE.
1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae IL, {De 2RB-
1911 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 43a.
eo
Trioza marginata Crawford.
The head and female cauda of this species come. exceedingly
close to T. maura. The length of branches of M and Cu are
different and a smoky caudal margin of the wing further char-
acterizes this species. ‘he wing specimen at hand is 2.85 mm
long. Figs. 321, 332, and 360.
Lot 1348 Sub. 75. Two females with data “Ariz. 2217. 5-20-96. Tus-
con, Ariz. R. E. Kinze.”
LITERATURE.
1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae I, p. 232.
1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae II, p. 356.
Trioza maura Foerster?
Twelve collections are either maura Foerster as figured by
Sule 1911 or remarkably close to that species. Included here
are pale specimens with white faces and cones which are easily
separated from black coned specimens in the collection by color
characters, but as they show no specific structural differences
I am of the opinion that the paler individuals are teneral and
that the darker ones are those with a more mature coloring.
Wing measures about 2.85 mm in length. Figs. 322, 323, 337,
349, 351, 359. Fig. 322 is a wing taken from a specimen with
black cones and Fig. 323 from one with white cones.
Lot 1339 Sub 18. One female with data “Mesa Grande Russian R.
Cal. 30 Sept. ’06. J. C. Bradley.”
Lot. 1339 Sub 20. One female with data “Algonquin, Ill. 12 July
£895.”
Lot 1348 Sub 38. Six specimens with data “Colo. 2220. 8-6-96. Ft.
Collins C. P. G. Caught flying around light.” Five specimens with
data “Colo. 2199. 7-8-96, Larimer Co. C. P. G.”
Lot 1348 Sub 76. Two females with data “Colo. 1680. Trioza striola
Foerster.” One female with data “Colo. 1681, 7-13-94. Steamboat
Springs. C. F. Baker. On willow.”
Lot 1348 Sub 77. One specimen with data “det. C. V. R. Colo. 1733.
7-12-04, C P. G. Estes Park, Colo:”
Lot 1348 Sub 78. Eight specimens with data “Colo. 2176. 7-18-96
Denver, C. P. G.” 5
PSYLLID NOTES. 220
Lot 1348 Sub 79. Five specimens with data “Colo. 2173. 7-18-96.
Denver, Colo. C. P. G. On willow. Trioza near albiventris.’” The
facial cones of this lot were white.
Lot 1348 Sub 80. Two specimens with data “Colo. 2173. 7-18-96
Denver, Colo. C. P. G. On willow.” ‘The face and facial cones of this
lot were black.
Lot 1348 Sub 81. Seven specimens with data “Colo. 2785. 9-25-97.
New Windsor, Colo. C. P. G.. Taken in sweeping wet ground.” Cones
and face black in this lot.
Lot 1348 Sub 82. Two specimens with data “Colo. 2785. 9-25-97 New
Windsor, Colo. C. P. G. Taken in sweeping ground.” Cones white.
Lot 1348 Sub 83. Seven specimens with data “Colo. 2767. 8-15-97 Ft.
Collins, C. P. G. On willow.” Jet black head, and dorsal thorax.
LITERATURE.
Toit Sulc, Dr. Karel. Monographia Generis Trioza Foerster. Part II,
p. 10.
Trioza quadripunctata Crawford.
Photographs of this species are given in BUSS, BAA, BAB. BAZ.
and 353. The most striking feature is the heavy maculation
of the wing at the three marginal dashes and at tip of clavus.
As the species is pale in color these dark spots are particularly
conspicuous. The cephalic margin of wing is strongly bowed.
The wing.of specimen at hand is about 2.25 mm long.
Lot 1342 Sub 3. Four specimens (male and female) given
mesovevin, J. |. Davis with data “Ft. Collins, Colo. 11, Nov.
1910 collected from common nettle Urtica, by Profi. C. P.
Gillette.”
Lot 1348 Sub 21. Six specimens with data “Boulder.”
Lot 1348 Sub 71. One specimen with data “Ft. Collins, Col. 5-12-99,
CD) Ball.”
Lot 1348 Sub 86. One specimen with data “Colo. 2248. 8-12-06.
Palmer Lake, Colo. C. P. G.
Lot 1348 Sub 88. Probably this species, though dashes are not as
heavy as usual. One female with data “Colo. 2220. 8-6-96 Ft. Collins.
C. P. G. caught flying around light.”
LITERATURE.
1910. ~Crawtord, D. L. American Psyllidae I, p. 233.
Ioit Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 433.
Trioza stylifera sp. nov.
The yellow wing of this species is broadly and bluntly round-
§ ) My
ed and the heavy veins of an ordinary Trioza type of branching
as shown in Fig. 325. It measures about 2.4 mm in length. The
230 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12.
cones are moderately long and rather bluntly pointed, and
divergent. The cuticular thickenings of the frontal plates from
the middle ocellus to eye are flat and scale-like (Figs. 344 and
335). The female cauda (Fig. 356) is relatively long and
acutely pointed. ‘The upper plate extends a bit beyond the
ovipositor and is slender at tip. The male cauda is characterized
by the peculiar forceps, the distal part of each arm being broad,
thick, hollowed, and hood-shaped. This aspect is shown in Fig.
262. |
Lot 1347 Sub 20. Six specimens with data “Brockville, Ont. W.
Metcalfe. Oct. 25, 1903; Oct. 29, 1903; Nov. 1, 1903; Nov. 15, 1903.”
‘Lot 1348 Sub 85. One female without data.
Trioza tripunctata (Fitch).
This beautiful species has attracted some attention on account
of its conspicuous occurrence on blackberry bushes. Photo-
graphs of the head and wing are given in Figs. 326 and 336.
The wing is about 3 mm long.
Lot 1342 Sub 2. Nymphs and pupz pellucid and yellowish. Head and
prothorax deeper yellow than other parts. Eyes dark red. Mesothorax
and metathorax sometimes clear pale green. Wing pads and abdomen
pale. In flocculent white fluff on ventral surface of blackberry leaf.
Collection at Orono, Maine, Aug. 31, 1911, comprised both nymphs and
imagoes.
Lot 1342 Sub 4. Pupz and imagoes collected at Sebago Lake, Maine,
Aug. 19, 1904, from wild blackberry bushes. ;
Lot 1339 Subs I and 2. Two named specimens received from Doc-
tor Felt with data “Wot 125: Karner, No Y. Apmil-is; ao02,) eee:
Coll.”
Lot 1339 Sub 13. Specimens with data “Adiron, Mts. Axton, N. Y.
12-22 June, 1901. Cornell U. Lot. 235 Sub 34.” Nineteen pinned speci-
mens with data Sea Cliff, L. 1.7
Lot 1339 Sub 41. One specimen with data “Uhler Nov. 77, D. C.
on Pine, Mar. 16, 73. Cornell U. Lot 62. Collected by Theo. Pergande
in D. C. and determined by Uhler. Given J. H. C. by Pergande.”
LITERATURE.
1851 Fitch, Asa. Catalogue Psylla tripunctata.
1869 Walsh and Riley. Am. Ent. Vol. i, p. 225. Psylla rubt.
1879 Thomas, C. 3rd Rept. p. 17 account after Walsh and Riley.
1880 Fuller, A. S. Am. Ent. Vol. 3, p. 62. Psylla rubi.
1880 Riley, ©. V. Am. Ent Vol. 3, p. 625 “foot notes 2sala
tripunctata Fitch (P. rubi.)
PSYLLID NOTES. . 231
1884 Riley, C. V. Pro. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 2. Trioza tripunc-
tata Fitch (rubi Walsh and Riley.)
1890 Packard, A. S. Forest Insects, p. 805. Reference to Riley
(1880).
1894 (’95) Mally, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 154. Trioza tripunc-
tata (Phylloplecta tripunctata? )
1900 Lugger, Otto. Report p. 141. Mention.
1909 (710) Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 110. Listed.
1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae I, pp. 231 and 232.
IQII Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 430.
Allotrioza arbolensis (Crawford).
Lot 1348 Sub 16. Three specimens with data “Colo. 2294.
8-22-96 Cimarron, Colo.,’ I think to be arbolensis.. Figs. 327
and 339. The wing measures 3.4 mm.
LITERATURE.
to1t Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 444.
Neotriozella ottawanensis sp. nov.
A species with wings like laticeps Crawford and cones like
mmaculata Crawford and evidently exceedingly close to those
species. ‘Thorax red in pinned specimens and narrower than
head with eyes. Long slender tapering cones not divergent in
pinned specimens but approximate to tip. They spread by
pressure in balsam mounts (Fig. 341). The female cauda (Fig.
354) is long and tapering at distal end. The upper plate extends
beyond other parts. The male forceps (Fig. 348) have clavate
arms blunt at distal part. The wing (Fig. 328) measures 2.5
mm in length.
Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc).
This species has been well described and figured by Sulc, and
is receiving economic attention in Colorado. Figures of head
and wing 329 and 340 are given here with accession numbers
of the material at hand merely by way of including this species.
Lot 1348 Sub 5. Specimens with data “Ft. Collins, Col. 7-30-06 Pota-
toes,’ “Ft. Collins, Col. 10-2-06 Potatoes. Collected by S. A. Johnson,”
“Ft. Collins, Col. 3-24-09 Pepper. Breeding Cage A.”
Lot 1348 Sub 23. ‘Thirteen specimens with data “Colo. 2256,” three
specimens with data “Colo. 2786,” one specimen with data “Colo. 2787.”
6
232
1909
IQII
IQII
MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12.
LITERATURE.
Sulc, Dr. Karel. Casopisu (Ceske) Spolecosti Entomologicke,
p. 102. Trioza cockerelli.
Remniond, 1D. 0, Ametcan PsrlRiae TL a a Bossier
cockerellht.
Johnson, S. Arthur. News Notes. The Tomato Psyllid.
PSYLLID NOTES. 233
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
The photomicrographs were taken by Mr. Royden Hammond from.
balsam mounts prepared for study. The frontal cones are in some cases
spread apart more in these mounts than in pinned specimens or in life;
and, as is evident enough, in order to bring the cones into correct focus,
the occipital aspect is. sometimes brought into view where the prepara-
tion is particularly transparent.
Biesesno. lrioza aylmeriae. Fig. 317. 2. forcipulas Bie, 318) 7:
diespym. Eig, 310. I. dubia. Fig, 320. I. longistylus. Fig. 321. T.
marginata. Figs. 322 and 323. T. maura? Fig. 324. T. quadripunctata.
Fig, 325. T. stylifera. Fig. 326. T. tripunctata. Fig. 327. Allotrioza
arbolensis. Fig. 328. Neotriozella ottawanensis. Fig. 329. Paratrioza
cockerelli.
Fig. 330. Trioza aylmeriae. Fig. 331. T. diospyri. Fig. 332. T. margi-
nata. Fig. 333. T. quadripunctata. Figs 334 and 335. T. stylifera. Fig.
Scone tipmmetata. Pic, 337. I. maurae Kis. 338) 1 torcipula, Fig.
339. Allotrioza arbolensis. Fig. 340. Paratrioza cockerelli. Fig. 341.
Neotriozella ottawanensis.
Fig. 342. Trioza forcipula. Figs. 343-346. T. aylmeriae. Fig. 347. T.
quadripunctata. Fig. 348. N. ottawanensis. Fig. 349. T. maura? Fig.
350. T. forcipula. Fig. 351. T. maura? Fig. 352. T. dubia. Fig. 353.
T. quadripunctata. Fig. 354. N. ottawanensis. Fig. 355. T. forcipula.
Fig. 356. T. stylifera. Fig. 357. T. diospyri. Fig. 358. T. collaris. Fig.
359. IT. maura? Fig. 360. T. marginata. Fig. 361. T. longistylus. Fig.
362. T. stylifera.
Fig. 363, A. artemisiae angustipennis, Lot 1348-41; Fig. 364, A.
ealthae? Lot 1348-53; Fig. 365, A. communis, 1348-39b; Fig. 366, A.
fascipennis, Lot 1339-24; Fig. 367, A. sp. Lot 1347-39; Fig. 368, A.
nebulosa americana, Lot 1348-65; Fig. 360, A. nubifera, Lot 1348-48; Fig.
Wile apolvconin lor is4i-7-) Mic 371, A. sp. Lot 1347-38) Kies 372)
A. rumicis, Lot 1341-6; Fig. 373, A. sp., Lot 1347-39; Fig. 374, A. com-
munis, Lot- 1347-37; Figs. 375 and 376, A. angustipennis, Lot 1347-24;
Hie e77.0N. rumicis, Wot 1341-6; Big. 378, A. calthae? Lot 1348-53;
Fig. 379, A. polygoni, Lot 1341-7; Fig. 380, A. picta, Lot 1348-20. Fig.
381, A. sp., Lot 1347-39; Fig. 382, A. calthae? Lot 1348-53; Fig. 383, A.
polygoni, Lot 1341-7; Fig. 384, A. calthae? Lot 1348-47; Fig. 385, A.
nebulosa americana, Lot 1348-65; Fig. 386, A. angustipennis, Lot 1348-41 ;
Fig. 387, A. polygoni, Lot 1341-7; Fig. 388, A. picta, Lot 1348-29; Fig.
389, A. communis, Lot 1347-32b; Fig. 390, A. sp., Lot 1347-38.
Fig. 301, Psylla coryli, Lot 1348-61; Fig. 392, P. ribis, Lot 1348-25;
Fig. 393, P. negundinis, Lot 1348-11; Fig. 304, P. hartigii, Lot 1340-2;
Fig. 395, P. annulata, Lot 1345-2; Fig. 396, P. gilletti, Lot 1348-20; Fig.
397, P. breviata, Lot 1347-36; Fig. 308, P. pyricola, Lot 1326-4; Fig.
234 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12.
399, P. brevistigmata, Lot 1339-31; Fig. 4oo, P. cerasi, Lot 1341-4;
Fig. 401, Pachypsylla mammae, Lot 1339-53; Fig. 402, P. tridentata, Lot
1339-40; Fig. 403, P. pallida, Lot 1339-51; Fig. 404, P. dubia, Lot 1339-56.
Fig. 405, Psylla breviata; Fig. 406, P. coryli; Fig. 407, P. ribis; Fig.
408, P. hartigii; Fig. 409, P. negundinis; Fig. 410, P. pallida; Fig. 411,
P. annulata; Fig. 412, P. cerasi; Fig. 413, P. brevistigmata; Fig. 414,
FE’. gilletti; Fig. 415, Pachypsylla tridentata; Fig. 416, Pachypsylla dubia;
Fig. 417, Psylla ribis; Fig. 418, Pachypsylla tridentata; Fig. 419, Psylla
coryli; Fig. 420, P. negundinis; Fig. 421, P. annulata; Fig. 422, P. gil-
letti; Fig. 423, P. hartigii. i
Fig. 424, Psylla breviata; Fig. 425, Pachypsylla tridentata; Fig. 426,
Pachypsylla dubia; Fig. 427, Pachypsylia brevistigmata; Fig. 428, Psylla
gilletti; Fig. 429, P. hartigii; Fig. 430, P. ribis; Fig. 431, P. cerasi; Figs.
432 and 433, P. hartigii; Fig. 434, P. pyricola; Figs. 435 and 436,
Pachypsylla dubia; Fig. 437, P. tridentata.
390 Rs
BULLETIN No. 203.
PEM bE Ar TOURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID*
Epitu M. Patcu.
The dual personality of certain aphid species is a condition
which, before it is detected, betrays the economic entomologist
into many futile combative attempts; but on the other hand the
same duality may reveal, when once discovered, the most vul-
nerable point of attack. It is not necessary to go out of our
own state for illustrations. ‘The discovery that Chermes abieti-
colens Thomas 1879 which makes cone-like galls on black and
red spruce is the same species as Chermes pinifoliae Fitch
1858,** which lays eggs on new growth white pine for progeny
that render the pine shoots weakened and unthrifty, gives the
landscape gardener his clue. If he treasures the beauty of a
group of white pines he would do well to exclude red and black
spruces from the vicinity, or conversely if he wishes to grow
black spruces with normal branches it is an indiscretion to place
them near white pines. Again, when once it was ascertained
that the common Alder Blight, Pemphigus tessellata Fitch
1851, was masquerading on the maple (Acer saccharium L.—
dasycarpum Ehrh. and cultivated varieties) as Pemphigus
acerifolu Riley 1879,* the owner of ornamental cut leaved
maples had a theretofore unsuspected means of protecting their
foliage by the control of the pest on its alternate food plant, the
alder, which in many circumstances is an easy point of control.
The economic application of the case in hand is apparently
as direct and simple as the two just cited and since we are here
concerned with one of the most serious of the apple tree pests,
* Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomol-
ogy No. 58.
** Bulletin 173 Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.
7 Entomological News, 1908, p. 484; Journal of Economic Entomology
1909, Vol. II, p. 35; Bulletin No. 195 Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Feb. 13, 1912.
236 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1QT2.
the significance of the recent discovery * that the elm leaf curl
harbors the “wolf in sheep’s clothing” is an important factor to
be taken into consideration in dealing with the woolly aphid of
the apple.
While working over some elm aphides several winters ago I
found that I was unable to separate on structural characters
certain collections of Schigoneura americana (causing and in-
habiting elm leaf curl) from certain collections of Schizoneura
lanigera (the troublesome woolly aphid of the apple). Collec-
tions could be selected which showed apparently significant
antennal differences but others could be selected which could
only be separated by reference to the tree from which they had
been taken. Notice in this connection antennal figures 449 to
459. (Asa study of the antennal variation in 1,000 individuals
of this species is nearly ready for press, further discussion of
this point is not necessary here.)
This circumstance brought no real conviction, for lanigera
(described in 1802) has been under economic surveillance for
more than roo years and Riley (1879) gives descriptions of
seven consecutive generations of americana, from the stem
mother to the true sexes inclusive, all on the elm. On the other
hand spring and return migrants of americana had been re-
corded from the widely separated localities of Idaho (Aldrich
Ig01), Kansas (Sanborn 1904) and Maine (Patch 1910) and
their summer residence was still a mystery. Moreover- the
overwintering of lanigera on the apple roots was, though con-
fusing, no argument against another host for the winter egg,
for, as was shown for the Alder Blight, the all year presence of
apterous forms on the alder was coincident with a migration to
the maple for the deposition of the true sexes and the winter
eggs. (Bulletin No. 195 of this Station). -
Field observations were made during two seasons with this
problem in mind but brought no solution, the summer occur-
ence of rileyi which I consider to be an elm bark form of
americana (See Me. Sta. Bul. 181, p. 237) complicated the
situation, while the fact that both hosts were under out door
conditions, not easy of control, left too much room for doubt.
This past winter, however, material under control conditions
was secured by raising seedling apples in the greenhouse where
* Science, Vol. 36, p. 30. “Elm Leaf Curl.and Woolly Aphid of the
Apple.”
ee SS ee
BUM LEAR ‘CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. Zev7
infestation from the woolly aphid was rendered impossible.
Leaf curl from elm with pupae and alate forms were secured
from the south some time before material at the same stage
would be available here, and migration tests were made.
The winged forms from the elm were caged over seedling
apples, and their progeny, growing along creases where the thin
bark is scaling back, in the axils of the leaves and on exposed
roots of the apple seedlings, covered by typical flocculent white:
secretion, are unmistakably the woolly aphid of the apple.
(Fig. 448). The colony in the figure just cited was started
May 12-13, ‘by migrants from elm leaf curl. ‘Their progeny
thrived from the first and the photograph was taken May 209,
the day on which the first apterous generation on the apple
began to give birth to young.
On part of the seedlings similar
tests were unsuccessful, the nymphs
dying very soon or in one case
after about two weeks tardy
growth. ‘This was probably due to
aphid resistant seedlings, the ap-
ples from which the seeds were
planted being from several differ-
ent varieties, and as is well known
all apples are not alike susceptible
to attacks from the woolly aphid.
Hasits.
. The woolly aphid occurs upon
the apple as a bark feeder and is
found upon branches, roots, and
tender places on the trunk. These
insects are covered by a white
flocculent waxy secretion given off
as fine filaments through pores in
the skin and their colonies are thus
readily detected by the masses of
white “wool” which renders them
Fig. 438. Bark. colonies R sib
of Woolly Aphid onapple. conspicuous. (Figs. 438 and 448.)
(From Alwood.) On the roots its attacks induce
enlargements or galls or swellings, and in the creases of these
238 IMUNIEN GT, ANCE IVIL ANOTRUAIE, 1ESCETIRIOW UE INO SIONS | INOW).
malformations the root form occurs in clustered masses. The in-
jury to the trees is due both to the sucking up and exhaustion of
the vital plant juices and to the poisoning of the parts attacked,
as indicated by the consequent abnormal growths. Fig. 4309.
The damage is
particularly — seri-
ous in the case of
nursery stock and
young trees and is
less often impor-
tant after the tree
has once become
well established
and of some size.
Where this insect
is abundant all
the roots of a
young tree to the
depth of a foot or
so become clubbed
and knotted by
the gowth of hard
fibrous enlarge-
ments with the
results in a year
or two of the dy-
Fig, 439. Crown and root of young apple
3 tree. showing characteristic swellings or
ing of the rootlets galls produced by the root lice. (From
and their ultimate Alwocd.)
decomposition with attendant disappearance of the galls and
also of the lice, so that after this stage is reached the cause of
the injury is often obscure. .
On the trunks the presence of the lice results in the roughen-
ing of the bark or a granulated condition which is particularly
noticeable about the collar and at the forks of ‘branches or on
the fresh growth around the scars caused by pruning, which
latter is a favorite location. On the water shoots, they collect
particularly in the axils of the leaves, often eventually causing
them to fall, and on the tender growth of the stems. The
damage above ground, though commonly insignificant, is useful
ELM LEAF CURI, AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 226
as an indication of the probable existence of the lice on the
roots. A badly attacked tree assumes a sickly appearance and
does not make satisfactory growth, and the leaves become dull
and yellowish, and even if not killed outright it is so weakened
that it becomes especially subject to the attacks of borers and
other insect enemies.
The common forms both on the roots and above ground are
wingless lice, not exceeding one-tenth of an inch in length, of a
reddish-brown color, and abundantly covered, especially in those
above ground, with a flocculent waxy secretion. (Fig. 441.)
In autumn, among the wingless ones, winged females, Fig.
440, appear in abundance. They are little, clear-winged, gnat-
Fig. 440. Fig. 441.
Woolly Aphid. Winged and wingless forms. Greatly enlarged.
(From Marlatt.)
like objects, greenish-brown, almost ‘black in color, with the
body covered with more or less of the cottony secretion. ‘These
are the fall or return migrants that seek the elm bark to give
birth to the generation of true sexes,—minute wingless, beak-
less creatures, the female of which deposits a single “winter
egg” within a crevice of the elm bark.
On the elm the stem mother, which hatches from the over-
wintering eggs sheltered in rough crevices of the bark, appears
early in the spring and may be found in Maine before the mid-
dle of May stationed on the partly opened leaf buds.
By the last of May the earliest of these wingless stem mothers
(Fig. 443) are mature and found in the leaf curl (Fig. 442) or
240, MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EP XPEREMIENT (STAiMON =) i@ie2:
rosette (Fig. 462, when a group of terminal leaves are affected )
which they cause, producing the next generation, which are
also wingless. :
In the summer great numbers of winged individuals are de-
veloped. From the fact that Riley recorded 7 consecutive genera-
tions on elm and the occurence of what seems to be the elm
bark feeding generations of the same species (known as rileyi)
during the summer on tender elm bark, it would seem either
that the migration from the elm leaves of these summer migrants
Fig. 442. Elm leaf curl, in which the alate spring migrants develop
‘ before taking flight to apple bark.
is partly to apple bark and partly to elm bark or that elm bark
colonies as well as leaf curl may be established by the first or
second apterous generations. Such a life cycle is indicated in
the accompanying table. This does not account for the genera-
tions resulting from the overwintering forms on the apple roots
as their sequence yet remains to be studied. The fall migration
of the woolly aphid from apple and the mountain ash I have
observed but I have not yet from observation linked it with the
true sexes on elm. ‘That inference, however, from the evidence
of the spring migration to apple is unmistakable.
There are still several important details to be worked out for
the woolly aphid of the apple and elm. Whether the elm bark
ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 2AT
colonies are originated by the stem mother, or by migrants from
the leaf curl or both; whether the mid June (in Maine) winged
forms from the elm bark colonies migrate to apple or scatter to
other elm bark, or both; the significance of the difference in
antennal types of migrants from elm leaf curl (Figs. 451, 452,
454, and 458), whether indicating locality or conditional varia~'
tion; and complete sequence upon each food plant ;—are subjects
for further study.
These points can for the most part be watched only with
colonies upon seedling stock of the food plants in confinement
under such conditions that perfect control of the material can
be secured. While I have further work along these lines already
under way, some of the problems will need extended observa-
tions and it ‘has seemed desirable not to wait until all tangles
are straightened out before publishing the main fact of the
migration test from elm leaf curl to apple bark as this point has
an important bearing for young trees in nurseries and new
orchards and the economic significance of the migration data
will not, so far as can be anticipated, be influenced by further
detailed study of the different generations.
Tue Sprinc MicRATION.
The fact of the migration from elm leaf to apple and moun-
tain ash under normal out of door conditions was established
during the summer of 1912. ‘The migrants from the elm leaves
settle on the under side of the apple leaves of water shoots and
there produce nymphs which seek the stem at leaf axils and
there congregate in woolly masses. The mountain ashes (Pyris
americana and introduced species) are favorite summer hosts in
Maine. From one native mountain ash at Orono more than
400 such migrants were removed July 2 to July 12 from the
ventral surface of the leaves, and about 150 thriving clusters of
woolly aphid nymphs, the immediate progeny of these migrants,
were established on the shoots of this single tree.*
In this connection it may be of interest to record a forced
migration test. On June 21, tg12, I placed several hundred elm
* A more detailed account of this occurrence is to be published in
the October issue of the Journal of Economic Entomology.
242 MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
leaf migrants at the base of water shoots of an uninfested
mountain ash on the Campus. As the migrants are much more
docile about sundown than earlier in the day this was done
about 7 P. M. They moved but little, most of them creeping to
the ventral side of a leaf and remaining there; and during the
night producing nymphs which sought the leaf axils of the
water shoots so that by the afternoon of June 22, the tiny
nymphs had already fed enough and secreted enough white wax
to give the typical “woolly” appearance to the young colonies.
These and the progeny thrived on the mountain ash in a
perfectly normal way.
SEQUENCE OF GENERATIONS. DESCRIPTIVE.
Egg 0.5 mm. long, gamboge-.
yellow, inclining to brown in
color, with no especial external
sculpture. In crevices under
elm bark.
Stem mother: Pale yellowish-
red, with black members when
first hatched; the red deepening
and becoming purplish or livid
with age. When mature, aver-
aging 3.5 mm. in length, globose
or pyriform, with subobsolete
Fig. 443. Stem mother. honey-tubes and six dorsal rows
(From Riley.) of darker piliferous and tuber-
culous spots. Antenna 5-jointed, joint 3 more than equaling
4 and 5 together in length. Causing and inhabiting elm leaf curl.
Second generation. Apterous viviparous forms which do not
become so large as the stem mother. The antenna is normally
6-jointed (Fig. 461). Inhabiting leaf curl and giving birth to
migrants.
Third generation. Winged viviparous female: Body dusky,
the abdomen slightly reddish; legs either dusky or yellowish
red. Antenne as long as head and thorax together, dusky,
rarely yellowish, not pilose, but with a few short setous points;
6-jointed. The annulation of the joints in different collections
and from different localities varies greatly. Figs 451, 452, 454,
ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 243
and 458, cover the ordinary range. The absolute size of this
generation is subject to considerable variation. These develop
within and mi-
erate from the
elm leaf curl, and
settling on apple
produce young
which inhabit ap-
ple.
Fourth genera-
ton. ‘That from
the first winged
females: Differs
from the preced-
Fig. 444. Third generation. cocacaa ale ee
(From Riley.) muscis being
mitch, fom sie,
The antenne have 6 joints, with no annulated constrictions.
The color is sometimes decidedly orange. When newly hatched,
the thickened end of the promuscis often extends one-half the
length of the body beyond caudal extremity. It is born with an
enveloping pellicle or pseudovum, and though of a bright red
with pale legs at first soon becomes brownish, with dark mem-
bers. Deposited on apple by the spring migrants and developing
there in flocculent masses. Fig. 448. When mature, if the
colony is crowded, some of the individuals move to a new
cite on the apple bark before giving birth to the nymphs which
settle near and establish thus new colonies. In other cases the
nymphs themselves scatter to new cites.
Fifth generation. ‘The second apterous generation on apple
bark. Practically like the fourth generation.
Sixth? generation. From about the first of September until
frost the winged fall migrants develop in the woolly colonies on
apple, mountain ash, and Crataegus whence they migrate to elm
bark to deposit their progeny, the true sexes. Figs. 455, 456,
457 and 459 give the antennz of the fall migrant.
Together with these in the same woolly colonies develop
apterous viviparous females that give birth to nymphs which
seek the roots of the trees and hibernate there, surviving the
winter if the conditions are favorable.
ZAA MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1OU2:
True sexual individuals: Born within an egg-like pellicle; the
antennee 5-jointed, with the joints subequal. Orange in color.
i] Undergoing one molt, and then being at once distinguished from
i the other forms by the brighter orange-yellow color, the rudi-
| mentary mouth, the more simple eyes (composed of three
facets), by the shorter, 5-jointed antennz, the joints subequal
in length, by the shorter legs, with smaller claws to the tarsi,
and more distinct terminal capitate hairs or pulvilli. he skin
is transparent, the body filled more or less with fatty globules.
The female is nearly pyriform, and averages 0.4 mm. in length.
A single egg is visible through the translucent skin and occupies
nearly the whole of the body. The male is narrower and
smaller. Figs. 446 and 447:
i This generation seems to have no object in life except the
i deposition of eggs, since they can not eat or fly. The eggs are
55>
! placed in the deepest crevices of the bark, especially those that
| are tangential to the tree, and are not easy to find. The small
lice perish after depositing eggs leaving only the latter to sur-
vive the winter.
Economic StTatTus.*
The danger from the woolly aphid is greatest to nursery stock
and young orchards. Mr. Marlatt (Journal of Economic Ento-
mology, Vol. 4. pp. 116-117) in recording the use of American-
grown apple seedlings says:—‘“Mr. F. W. Watson, of Topeka,
“Mr. W. S. Griesa, proprietor of Mt. Hope Nurseries, Lawrence,
Kan., has established the Griesa Research Fellowship in Entomology in
memory of his father, the late A. C. Griesa. In establishing this fel-
lowship it was the wish of the founder that the holder should devote
himself to a fundamental investigation of one of the several entomolo-
gical problems ever present with nurserymen.
“Upon consultation, it was decided to select for the theme of this
research the Woolly Aphis. Mr. H. W. Lohrenz, A. B., McPherson
College, and a graduate student at the University of Kansas, was
elected by the regents of the university to this fellowship.
“The purpose of this research is, after careful experimentation in
remedy and prevention, and investigation into the life cycle of this
Aphis, to devise a practical means whereby nurserymen can properly
deal with this economic problem in such a way as to eliminate the
losses now attending the existence of this insect on nursery stock.
x * FS * * Es x 2 * *
“Tt is worthy of note as showing the interest of nurserymen generally
in foundations of this nature that the Western Nurserymen’s Associa-
tion, an organization of nurserymen of the Middle Western States,
passed resolutions commending the founder of this fellowship for the
es he has instituted.’ Journal of Economic Entomology. Val. 4,
p. 16.
ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 245,
Kans., in an article in the National Nurseryman for January,
IQIO, p. 437, on “American-grown Apple Seedlings,” states that
from twenty to forty million of American-grown apple seedlings
are used in this country every year, the production of about a
dozen nursery firms. The bulk of the seed used comes from
France, and therefore is of the same stock as the imported
French seedlings.”
Mr. Lohrenz (1911) in recording observations on two-year-
old nursery stock made at three nurseries containing respectively
about 30,000; 45,000; and 300,c00 trees, states that he found
Momma pcr Celt HO 25 per cent Of the trees imitested by the
woolly aphid.
Fig. 445. Fore wing of migrant from elm leaf curi to apple. Third
‘ Generation.
In circular No. 20, Bureau of Entomology, U. $. Department
of Agriculture (revised edition 1908) the woolly aphid of the
apple is characterized as “one of the worst enemies of the apple.”
Mr. Alwood (1904) of the Virginia State Crop Pest Commis-
sion in his excellent account of this insect states “On nursery
stock the woolly aphis is a most serious pest, and under some
circumstances it ruins a large percentage of the apple trees in
the nursery.”
On page 5 of Bulletin 133 of the Colorado Experiment Sta-
tion the following statement is made:
“If Colorado orchardists should vote their opinion as to what
ought to be called the worst orchard pest in the state, it is very
| 246 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
doubtful whether the codling moth, or the woolly aphis, would
carry off the honors.”
Although it would be easy to compile testimony of .this char-
acter against the woolly aphid as an enemy to young apple trees
from numerous and widely separated parts of our country, they
would be chiefly a repetition of what has already been said. ~
That the elm leaf curl renders the foliage of this stately tree
unsightly during years of heavy infestations is well enough
known in all parts of the country where the American elm is
grown. ‘Professor Gillette (Journ. Ec. Ent: Vol. 2, p. 356)
Female.
Fig. 446 and Fig. 447. Mature sexual individuals of the
Woolly Aphid,—the oviparous female and male. (From
Alwood.
states of this insect,—‘This louse is a real pest upon white elm
nearly everywhere that this tree is grown in Colorado.”
In Montana where the white elm (Ulmus americana) is being
established as a shade tree the insects of the elm leaf curl have
taken up their abode but have found no cordial welcome for
Professor Cooley says of them (Cooley 1904, p. 44).
“Altogether they are a decidedly obnoxious pest. Not only
do they distinctly injure the trees but they dishgure them as
well and furnish an attraction for ants, flies and other insects
which visit them for the sweet liquid.”
ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 247
LIFE CYCLE OF WOOLLY APHID OF APPLE.
ELM: Primary Host. APPLE: Alternate Host.
EGGS. NYMPHS.
(Under bark all winter) (From hibernating forms on
roots, etc.) migrating to
trunk or branches in early
spring.
STE M- MOTHER.
(first generation in leaf curl.
Apterous viviparous females).
SECOND GENERATION. SEVERAL GENERATIONS.
(apterous viviparous females ——_————.
in leaf curl).
SPRING MIGRANTS: Migrate to apple. . . “>
(third generation. Alate viviparous).
FOURTH GENERATION.
(apterous viviparous females).
SUMMER GENERATIONS.
ON ELM BARK.
FIFTH GENERATION.
(apterous viviparous females).
Migrate to elm <— . . . FALL, MIGRANTS. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS
—___-—_- PARTHENOGENETIC
Alate viviparous FEMALES, mature in
parthenogenetic Sept.-Oct.
females, mature
——__—_—_—_—_. Sept.-Oct. sexuparae.
APTEROUS OVIPAROUS FEMALES
AND APTEROUS MALES.
HIBERNATING FORMS
EGGS. ON APPLE ROOT.
(under bark all winter).
248 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. TQ12.
PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES.
The foregoing account of the habits and characteristics of the
woolly aphid will suggest certain measures to control it.
The protection of seedling apples from infestation by the
woolly aphid while still in the nursery has heretofore been an
exceedingly difficult matter it would seem from the amount of
infested stuff that is yearly condemned. But with the knowledge
that the source of danger lies in the migrants from the pre-
viously unsuspected elm curl, it is seen to be possible to control
the nursery stock by establishing nurseries at a safe distance
from susceptible elm trees or clearing out the elms from the
vicinity of large nurseries. As there are many places in the
country where the elm is not at all abundant this would often
be entirely practicable and where so wauld be the simplest and
most effective method of protection. As it is the seedling trees
that are most susceptible to injury and when attacked most
seriously damaged by the woolly aphid a method of protection
for the young trees while in the nursery is the most desirable.
The raising of the elms and apples in the same nursery is thus
seen to be a hazardous proceeding and should be avoided.
Again young orchards of clean stock set in parts of the coun-
try where the elm is not grown should be successfully protected
by excluding elms from the choice of shade trees. Indeed, the
matter of alternate hosts of the aphid enemies concerned should
always be borne in mind in planning the trees for an estate, and
only one of the two hosts necessary for the life cycle of a
migratory aphid planted, where the pest is a serious one.
It is desirable that data concerning the relative susceptibility
of different varieties of apple should be accumulated with a view
to using the more resistant for root stock, if otherwise practi-
cable.
In dealing with infested apple trees the aphid masses on trunk
and branch present no especial difficulty, and can be very readily
exterminated by the use of any of the washes recommended for
plant-lice, such as tobacco decoction, kerosene emulsion, a strong
soap wash (Formulas a, b, c, d), the only care necessary being
to see that the wash is put on with sufficient force and thorough-
ness to penetrate the covering and protecting cottony secretion.
If the wash be applied warm, its penetration will be consider-
ably increased.
BEAL LEAD CURLY AND! WOOLLY AR PIVE, (AP ELI: 249
The much more important root feeders, however, are more
difficult to reach and exterminate. ‘The common recommenda-
tions are of applications of strong soap or tobacco washes to the
soil about the crown, or soot, ashes, or tobacco dust buried about
the roots; also similarly employed are lime and gas-lime.
Badly infested nursery stock should be destroyed, since it
would be worth little even with the aphides removed.
Proper cultural methods can hardly be overestimated in their
value as a protection of young trees. as neglected orchards not
only suffer heavily but serve as a breeding ground, dangerous to
the neighboring trees.
Formuzta A—Tosacco D&cocTIon.
iisbaccop stems oF tobacco Gust. ha...) 2 pounds
AWAY HES iP LN aero See rea ROE ea RN te a 4 gallons
‘Put the tobacco in the water, enough to cover, which may be either
cold or hot. Place over the fire and when the water has reached the
boiling point, remove some of the fire and allow the water to simply
simmer for fully one hour, when the liquid is ready to be drained off,
diluted to the above proportions and applied. Boiling violently drives
off the nicotine. Ves
If whole-leaf tobacco is used, prepare as above, using one pound of
tobacco fo each four gallons of water.
No lime or other alkaline substance should be added to the tobacco
while cooking. Apply at once, or within a few days after making if
possible. ‘
(Certain reliable extracts such as “Black Leaf,’ “Black Leaf 4o,’ and
“Nikoteen” are on the market and can be secured through local drug-
gists. (The Black Leaf preparations are manufactured by The Ken-
tucky Tobacco Product Company, Louisville, Ky., and are carried by
the Collins Hardware Company, 97 Friend St., Boston, Mass. Nikoteen
-is manufactured by The Nicotine Manufacturing Company, St. Louis,
Mo., and can be secured from Joseph Brick & Sons, 47-54 N. Market
St., Boston, Mass.).
Directions for use come with the products. There is nothing to do
in the preparation of these extracts except to stir the contents of the
can before pouring owt any quantity for dilution. In most cases one
gallon of the Black Leaf will be found sufficient for each seventy gal-
lons of water. But if in the treatment of any louse this does not seem
sufficient it may be used in preparation of one gallon to sixty or sixty-
five gallons of water. Careful sprayers have usually succeeded in
killing plant lice with this preparation in the proportion of one gallon
to each one-hundred gallons of water. Thoroughness of application
is of as much importance as the strength of the material used.
250, MATIN AGRICUL DUNAI EX PRIVEE ING SS PADTTON:) LOZ:
Nikoteen is a more concentrated abstract, I part being used with from
400 to 600 parts of water.
Black Leaf 40 is a concentrated solution of nicotine-sulphate and is
widely and successfully used in large western orchards, at the rate
of I part to 700 or 900 parts of water.
It is the common practice to add soap,—whale oil soap or wood laun-
dry soap at the rate of 2 bars to 50 gallons. This is to lessen the
formation of drops, causing the spray to cover surfaces more in the
form of thin film
Better success is obtained by some by using a little lime instead of
soap, the inert solid in suspension aiding the extract to “wet” and
“stick” to the bodies of the aphides. For this purpose 1 pound of
stone lime, slaked and strained into 50 gallons of tobacco extract as
prepared for application, is sufficient.
Formuta B.—Krrosens EMULSION.
bande 3S @apemrtctnc slenereeeratae er horecn eer cea Sara I-2 pound
Boulimors WVWiaiber. o caly eects resume cael rs catsuit 1 gallon
TCT OSCIMOM Arete teescaneet dete e tegstovame quater te Oenale eee IRR 2 gallons
To prepare, dissolve one-half pound of soap in one gallon of soft
water by boiling; when well dissolved and still boiling hot, remove
from the fire and add two gallons of kerosene, and agitate at once as
briskly as possible. The emulsion is more readily made if the kerosene
first be heated by immersing the vessel containing it in a larger vessel
of boiling water. Never heat the kerosene over a direct fire.
If large quantities are being made, a good way to emulsify is to use
a force pump and spraying nozzle and pump the mixture as forcefully
as possible back into the vessel containing it. If the emulsion is prop-
erly formed, the whole mass will appear much like whipped cream and
will mix readily in water without a film of oil rising to the top.
As soon as emulsified, add twenty-seven gallons of water and use at
once. This will make thirty gallons of the mixture, and such an emul-
sion will be one-fifteenth oil (or a 7 per cent emulsion). This is the
strength ordinarily used for the destruction of insects upon plants.
For larger or smaller quantities, prepare in the same proportions.
Sometimes the emulsion is not perfect and a little oil rises to the top.
In such cases, if the last in the barrel or tank is pumped out upon the
foliage, it is likely to burn it. So it is advisable, unless the emulsion is
of good quality, to throw out the last few gallons, making no use of it.
It is best to dilute and apply kerosene emulsion as soon as it is pre-
pared.
Avoid using alkali or any hard water in making the emulsion, as it
will cause the oil to separate and rise to the top. Any clean, soft water
will usually give good results.
FormMuLA C.—MzIscisyE OILS.
There are several miscible oils upon the market which may be added
directly to water forming a milky emulsion at once. In the preparation
of any of these, such as “Scalecide,” or “Target Brand Scale Destroyer”
BLM LEAP CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 251
or “Killoscale,” add the oil directly to the water with a little stirring.
One gallon of the miscible oil in 30 to 50 gallons of water will make a
mixture, which in most cases will be strong enough to kill plant lice,
if thoroughly applied.
FormMuLA D.—WHALE-oIL or FISH-oIL SOAPS.
The so-called whale-oil or fish-oil soaps which are quite extensively
used for the destruction of plant lice, will usually be effective if thor-
oughly applied in the proportion of one pound of the soap to each six
or eight gallons of water. There are numerous brands of these soaps
upon the market. Among those that have been used quite successfully
are Good’s Whale-Oil Soap and Bowker’s Tree Soap.
In recent years tobacco extracts have rapidly taken the place of
other remedies for aphides, and well informed apple growers are using
them almost to the exclusion of other insecticides. It should be
remembered that this is a contact insecticide and kills only the insects
actually touched. It is, therefore, necessary to be very thorough in
the spraying.
tO
252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1OI2.
InsEct ENEMIES OF THE WooL_Ly APHID.
So far as the natural enemies of this pest are concerned its
residence in the elm leaf curl is a vulnerable period strongly sub-
ject to attack. Very abundant in Maine working on the aphides
while in the elm leaf curl are a predaceous capsid; (Campto-
brochis nitens), flocculent larvee of a Coccinellid and syrphus
maggots. So numerous are all these insects in certain years
that it has sometimes been difficult for me to secure enough of
this aphid for experimental purposes,—a search through many
emptied leaf curls being necessary before aphides could be
found.
In other parts of the country also this aphid is preyed upon
while in the elm leaf curl and frequently the only living arrivals
in material sent me from other states has been the predaceous
insects within the leaf curl.
Riley (1879) records as follows:—“Among the more promi-
nent of the natural enemies of this species I have noticed, of
Coleoptera, Coccinella 9-notata, Coccinella sanguinea (munda)
Say, Hippodamia convergens, and several species of Scymnus.
I also found feeding upon them the perfect beetle of Podabrus
modestus, and the Hemipterous Cyliocoris scutellatus Uhler,
and Capsus linearis Beauv. A Lepidopterous inquiline, name-
ly, the larva of Semasia prunivora Walsh is also quite common
within the curled leaves, feeding both on the lice and on the
substance of the leaf. A large green Syrphus larva and several
Chrysopa larve also prey upon them.”
While on the apples the woolly aphid is subject to the attacks
of a number of insect enemies, those recorded by Marlatt (1897)
including “the parasitic chalcis fly, Aphelinus mali Haldemann,
and the larva of a syrphus fly, Pipiza radicum Walsh and Riley,
and also the larva and adult of several species of lady birds, the
larve of lace-wing flies, and spiders, etc. In the East a very
small brown species of ladybird, Scymnus cervicalis Muls., is
often present in some numbers, and the common nine-spotted
ladybird, Coccinella 9-notata Hbst., is also an active enemy of
the woolly aphid.
ELM LEAP CURL, AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 253
“The most active natural enemies of the woolly aphis in
Colorado have been predaceous insects. We have reared no
parasite from it, but, Aug. 21, 1908, Mr. L. C. Bragg brought
into my office a female Aphelinus mali busily ovipositing in
apterous females of this louse. Among the Coccinellids, Hip-
podamia convergens is by far the most abundant destroyer of
this louse both upon the eastern and western slopes of the
mountains. Mr. EF. P.-Taylor also took H. sinuata, Coccinella
g-notata, C. monticola and C. transversalis feeding on this louse
in the orchards about Grand Junction, and we have noted H.
transveralis, C o-notata, C. monticoia, C frigida, and C. 5-
notata (transversalis and transversoguttata) feeding upon it
in eastern Colorado.
“Mr. Taylor also reared two syrphus flies at Grand Junction
on this louse, namely, Catabomba pyrastri Linn, and Eupeodes
volucris O. S.
“Lace-wing flies are also very destructive to Schizoneura
lamigera in Colorado, and especially wpon the western slope in
the Grand Valley, where Mr. Taylor concluded that they did
more than all else to subdue the unusually severe outbreak of
this louse in that valley during the early summer of 1907. The
Capsid, Camptobrochus nebulosus Uhl, we have found a com-
mon feeder upon this and some other plant lice in Colorado.”
(Gillette 1908).
Foop PLAN'S.
Crataegus Crus-galli (lucida). Schizoneura crataegi Oestlund. Davis,
IQIO, p. 412.
Crataegus punctata Jacq. Schizoneura crataegi Oestlund. Oestlund,
1887, p. 28. (Now considered lanigera by Professor Oest-
lund).
Crataegus tomentosus L. ‘Schizonewra crataegi Oestlund. Williams,
IQIO, p. 20.
Crataegus sp. Schizoneura lanigera. Patch, 19124, p. 236.
Pyrus malus L. Schizoneura lanigera Hausmann. Alwood, 1904. Gil-
lette and Taylor, 1908, p. 28.
Pyrus sitchensis. Schizoneura lanigera. Patch, 1912a, p. 236. (Also
on two other cultivated species of mountain ash).
Ulmus americana L. Schizoneura americana. Riley and Schizoneura
rileyi Thomas (Ericsoma ulmi Riley). Patch, 1910a. Wil-
liams, IQIO.
254 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10912.
Ulmus campestris L. Schizoneura ulmi . (americana Riley). Gillette,
1909, p. 356.
* * * eo Se * * * * * *
Bs Bs 3k 2 + « se BS BS *K *
Ulmus campestris L. Schigoneura ulyni (Linn). (A. foliorum De
Geer) (S. americana Riley?) Buckton, Vol. 3, pp. 98, 100.
Ulmus sp. Schizoneura ulmi Linn (fodiens Buckton) Tullgren, 1900.
_ —p. 169. :
Ribes sp. Schizoneura ulmi Linn. (fodiens Buckton) ‘Tullgren, 1909,
p. 1609.
TILA IEAM (CUIRIL, ~ AVINID) WWYWKOOILILAY AIPIRALAR, ZIP IBID), 255
SYNONYMY AND LITERATURE.
A complete bibliography for this species is not desirable here
as the accounts which throw original light upon the life his-
tory would be lost in a mass of publications compiled for eco-
nomic purposes.
1802.
1841.
1841.
1851.
1856.
1858.
1862.
1860.
T8609.
_ 1879.
1870.
Aphis lanigera, Hatsmann, Beitrage zu den materialien fur eine
kunftige Bearbeitung der Blattlause. Illigers Magazine. T. I.
Coccus mali. Bingley (Thomas 1870, p. 126).
Eriosoma mali. (Leach MSS.) Samouelle. (Thomas, 1870, p.
126).
Myzoxylus mali. Blot. (Thomas, 1879, p. 126).
Eriosoma (Aphis) lanigera, Harris. Report on the Insects of
of Mass. injurious to vegetation, p. 103.
Schizoneura lanigera, Hartig, Germar’s Zeit. Ent. III, p. 350.
Eriosoma pyri, Fitch. Fourth Report of the N. Y. State Cabinet
of Nat!-Hist., A. D. 1851, p. 68.
Pemphigus pyri. Fitch. First Report on the Noxious, Beneficial
and other Insects of the State of New York, p. 5. An account
of the work upon the roots and a description of the young
nymph and winged individuals, the latter evidently either with
abnormal venation or an accidental migrant. of a different
species as this form is described with the venation of a Pem-
phigus.
Pemphigus americanus? Walker. List of the specimens of
Homopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum.
Eriosoma (Aphis) lanigera, Harris. Insects Injurious to Vege-
tation, p. 242.
Eriosoma (Pemphigus) pyri, Riley. Insects of Missouri I, p. 118.
Economic account of work on apple roots.
Eriosoma ulmi, Riley. Insects of Missouri I, p. 123. Descrip-
tion of winged forms and nymphs, and account of work on
elm bark.
Schizoneura americana, Riley. Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geograph.
survey, Vol. V, No. I, pp. 4-9 and Plate I and Fig. 2. Descrip-
tion of seven generations on elm, with an account of the work
on elm.
Schizgoneura americana, Thomas, (III), Report of the State
Entomologist ;Ill. VIII, p. 202. Quotes Riley’s description of
seven generations, and concludes (p. 204): “This as admitted
by Professor Riley is very closely allied to Schizoneura ulmi,
Linn, and it is doubtful whether it should be considered as dis-
tinct.”
1876-1879. Schizoneura rileyi, Thomas. Trans. Ill. Hort. Soc.,. 1876,
p. 191; id. Rept. Ent. Ill. 8: 136, 137, 1879, nom. nov. for
Eriosoma ulmi Riley. Systematic discussion and descrip-
tion of work. Description of insect quoted from Riley.
1900.
1901.
IQOT.
1902.
1902.
1904.
1904.
1904.
MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
Schizoneura lanigera, Thomas, III. Report of the State Ento-
mologist Ill. VIII, p. 126. Important historical discussion.
Schizoneura ulmi, Linn., Thomas (III) Rept. of the State. Ent.
THN, WIE, jo, 240.
Schizoneura rileyi, Forbes. Rept. Ent. Ill. 14: 114.
Schizoneura americana, Oestlund, O. W. Aphid. Minn. p. 27.
Description of winged form and pseudo gall. :
Schizoneura crataegi, Oestlund. Aphid. Minn. p. 27. Descrip-
tion of winged form and account of attack on Crataegus punc-
tata. (Now considered to be the same as lanigera by Pro-
fessor Oestlund.)
Schizoneura rileyi, Lintner. 3rd Report, p. 125.
Schizoneura rileyi, Packard. Fifth Rept. U. S. Entom. Com.
Wash. Original description of insect quoted.
Schizoneura americana, Packard. Fifth Rept. U. S. Entom. Com.
p. 279. Extract from Riley Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geograph.
Survey, Vol. V, No. 1.
Schizoneura americana, Gillette, C. P. Bul. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept.
Agric. 9 (n. s.) : 78-79. Description of work.
Schizoneura lanigera, Marlatt, C. L. ‘Circ. 20, Second Ser., Div.
of Ent.
Schizoneura americana, Gillette, C. P. Bul. A. E. S. Colo. 47:
35-36. Account of work. Economic treatment. Fig. 32 photo
of work.
(1900). Schizoneura americana, Harvey. Bul. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta.
No. 61. Indem. Ann. Rept. of Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1900, p-
32. Mentioned as abundant. Photograph of leaf curl.
Schigoneura americana, Lugger. Bul. No. 69. Minn. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Id. 6th Ann. Rept. St. Ent. of the St. Exp. Sta. Univ. of
Minn. pp. 168, 169. Fig. 148 after Riley.
Schizoneura americana, Aldrich. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. core
Bul. 26, pp. 20-22. Records summer and fall (return) migra-
tion and describes true sexes. Suggests that alternate host
plant may be grass.
Schizoneura rileyi, Hunter. Aphid. of N. A., p. 84. Bibliography
in part.
Schizoneura americana, Weed, C. M. Bul. No. 90. N. H. Agr.
Exp. Sta. p. 37. Brief account and photograph of curled leaf.
Schizoneura americana, Cook, M. T. Galls and Insects Produc-
ing Them. Ohio Naturalist. Vol. II, No. 7, p. 265 and Fig. 12.
Discussion of structure of gall.
Schizoneura americana, Sanborn, ‘C. E. Kansas Aphid. pp. 25-26,
Plate VI, Fig. 37. Description of winged form and record of
migration from elm.
Schizoneura lanigera, Sanborn, C. E. Kansas Aphid, pp. 26-27.
Tenia a6,
Schizoneura americana, Cook, M. T. Galls and Insects Pro-
ducing Them. The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. IV,.No. 6.
1904.
. 1904.
1905.
1905.
1907.
1908.
1908.
1909.
ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 257
Schigoneura lanigera, Alwood, Wm. B. Circular in Relation to
Some Injurious Insects and Plant Diseases. Special Bulletin
(C. P. C. 45), Va. Exp. Sta. An excellent account of the
insect and its work, with figures. A study of the true sexes in
confinement is recorded followed by this significant statement :
“We have not thus far been able to trace the migrant forms
accurately, and watch the development of their young in normal
situations. They behave in a very aberrant manner, and we
are led to doubt the statements that their young are deposited
in old colonies among the agamic forms. Definite search has
not revealed them, nor have we been able to find the sexual
egg in these old colonies. It is possible that there is here an
unsettled problem which may have important bearing upon
the distribution of the species.”
Schizoneura americana, Cooley, R. A. toth Ann. Rept. Mont.
Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 43-45. Records this insect as a decidedly
obnoxious pest in some parts of Montana on Ulmus americana.
Schizoneura americana, Felt, E. P. N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir 8:
pp. 172, 177-178. Description of leaf curl, and life history
adapted from Riley.
Schizoneura rileyi, Felt, KE. P. N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir 8: pp.
172, 192. Brief description of work and remedies.
Schizoneura lanigera, Smith, R. I. Bul. 23, Ga. State Board of
Ent. An account after Alwood, with original photographs of
work. :
Schizoneura lanigera, Gillette and Taylor. A Few Orchard Plant
Lice. Bul. 133, Agr. Exp. Sta. of the Colorado Agr. College,
pp. 5-23. Ecological and economic. account with original fig-
ures.
Schizoneura lanigera, Gillette, C. P. Journal of Economic Ento-
mology, Vol. 1, pp. 306-308. Of the migrants and true sexes
he writes: “We have had no trouble to get the alate females
to deposit the true sexual forms in confinement. We have
been utterly unable to keep these alate females upon the apple
trees to deposit their young. They seem possessed of a con-
trolling instinct to get away from the tree, so that the sexual
forms have always been deposited upon the walls of the breed-
ig cages. . . . . Since writing the above, I have suc-
ceeded in obtaining numerous examples of light orange yellow
sexual females and the smaller dusky brown males, and a few
yellow eggs upon leaves and bark of twigs that had been en-
closed six weeks before in small cheese cloth sacks in the
orchard.”
Schizoneura rileyi, Gillette, C. P. Journal Ec. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 357.
Suggests that it may be same species as Schizoneura ulmi
(americana). “Of common occurrence at Fort Collins and
other places in Colorado.
258
Igoo.
1909.
IQIO.
IQIO.
IQI0.
-IQIO.
IQIO.
IQIO.
IQI0,
1909.
MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012.
Schizaneura lanigera, Gillette, C. P. Journal Ec. Ent. Vol. 2, p.
356 and Fig. 15. “This is one of the most serious and generally
distributed insect pests of apple orchards in Colorado.
Schizoneura ulnu L. (americana Riley) Gillette, C. P. Journal
Ee. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 356 and Fig. 16. “This louse is a real pest
upon white elm nearly everywhere that this tree is grown in
Colorado.” f
Davis, J. J. A List of the Aphididae of Illinois with notes on
some of the species. Jour. of Ec. Ent. Vol. 3, p. 412.
Schizoneura americana. “Not infrequently injuriously abundant.”
Schizoneura crataegi. “A serious pest of the hawthorns used in
ornamental plantings in Chicago.”
Schizoneura americana, Patch, Edith M. Gall Aphids of the Elm.
Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 181, pp. 223-235.
Schizoneura rileyi. Patch, Edith M. Gall Aphids of the Elm.
Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 181, pp. 235-238.
Schizoneura americana. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of
Nebraska, p. 16.
Schizoneura crataegi. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of
Nebraska, p. 10.
Schizoneura lanigera. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of Ne-
braska, p. 20. Mere mention.
Schizoneura rileyi.. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of Nebraska,
pp. 20-21. “It causes a curling of the leaves similar to S,
americana, but the galls can be readily distinguished as those of
this species are much more tightly curled than those of S.
americana. This latter species is often to be found on the
same tree. They can be easily separated, as they differ in size,
antennae, venation and other minor points.”
Schizoneura lanigera. Lohrenz, H. W. Jour. Ec. Ent. Vol. 4,
pp. 162-170. Ecological and economic study. —
Schizoneura lanigera. In Bul. No. 195 Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Re-
corded on Crataegus and three species of mountain ash.
Schizoneura lanigera (americana). Patch, Edith M. Science,
Vol. 36, p. 30. Progeny of spring migrants from elm reared
on apple.
ok 7K ok K m * 7 OK *k ES *
ok ok ES ok ok * *K ok * *
If the elm species of America and Europe are the same, this
insect will revert to Schizoneura ulmi L. (lanigera Hausmann)
and according to European Aphidists ulmi migrates to the
roots of currant for the summer generations where it was
described by Buckton as Schizoneura fodiens. Are there two
species in Europe known as ulmi, one migrating to currant
and the other to apple?
Schizoneura ulmi L. (S. fodiens Buckton). Tullgren. Aphi-
dologische Studien, pp. 163-160. :
Fig. 448. Seedling apple photographed May 29, 1912, to show colony
of woolly aphids which are the progeny of migrants from elm leaf curl
received from the south May 12, 1912.
pow ANANE EYETV Nt
A. eh
y fe us tin
Gp.
INIA
Aittere pee
ah Wt ate
OTS, i pe aS ee
Beda We oo
Pe ochaes | j Sat
3 eae és
Fig. 449, Schizoneura ulm7z. Spring migrant (Tullgren 1909). Fig.
450. S.u/mz. Fall migrant (Tullgren 1909). Fig. 451. S. americana
(Riley 1879). Fig. 452. S. americana and Fig. 453 S. vileyi (Patch 1910).
Fig. 454. S. wlmiand Fig. 455 S. /anigera (Gillette 1909). Fig. 456 S.
lanigera (Alwood 1904). Fig. 457 S. danigera (Marlatt 1897). Fig. 458
S. americana and Fig. 459 S. lanigeva (Sanborn 1904). Fig. 460 S. rileyi
and Fig. 461 S. americana, apterous viviparous forms. (Patch 1910).
hee -
nes! =
Fig. 462. Terminal leaf curl or rosette of elm leaves. The habitat of
the stem mother, the second generation, and the third generation previous
to their migration.
BULLETIN No. 204.
Peels) OF TRIPLET (CALVES: Wilh SOME
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING
MiMietlPin CkS PATION IN NORMALLY
UNIPAROUS ANIMALS?
By RAyMonpD PEARL.
INTRODUCTION.
some five years ago the writer became interested in the
general subject of the occurrence of multiple gestation in animals
normally bearing but one young at a birth, through having his
attention called to a case of triplet calves. A brief preliminary
notice of the case was published at the time.”
It was then intended immediately to follow this note with a
more detailed discussion of the case. As material was collected
in the preparation of that paper, however, it soon became evi-
dent that such cases of multiple pregnancy presented a number
of features of interest in connection with certain general prob-
lems of biology. As time went on it seemed desirable to extend
the scope of the inquiry. Accordingly I have been collecting
notes and data on the general subject during the past four
years. It seems desirable now to put some of these notes to-
gether for publication.
There are four general biological problems to which cases
of multiple gestation relate and upon which we may reason-
*Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station, No. 30.
"Pearl, R. A Case of Triplet Calves with Peculiar Color Inheritance.
Science, N. S. Vol. 26, p. 760, 1907.
260 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2.
ably expect light to be thrown by the analysis of such cases.
These problems may be briefly designated as follows:
The physiological problem.
The problem of sex determination.
The problem of secondary sexual characters.
fe po
Certain problems of inheritance.
The mere fact of the occurrence of multiple pregnancies in
forms normally bearing but one young at a time presents a
deeply interesting problem in the physiology of reproduction.
It means that the reproductive mechanism is not functioning
in the normal or usual manner. But just where and what is
the change from normal? Is the occurrence of twins and trip-
lets due to a departure from the normal in the functioning of.-
the ovary, or of the tubes and uterus? Or in a word what is
the physiological basis of the occurrence of multiple gestation?
It is, of course, an observation as old as history itself, that
in the great majority (if not all) mammals where one young at
a birth is the normal condition multiple gestations occasionally
occur. Even in man, nearly the slowest in rate of reproduc-
tion of all mammals, there are occasionally as many as 4, 5, or
6 young at a single birth.’
Yet in spite of the fact that the phenomenon: of multiple
pregnancy is so well known, data are wanting as to the under-
lying physiological causes upon which such occurrences depend.
It is not to the point to contend that normally uniparous ani-
mals showing an occasional multiple gestation are descendants
(in the course of evolution) from forms normally multiparous,
and that the occurrence of multiple gestations now is an “an-
cestral reminiscence’. This may all be true but it tells us noth-
"It is not necessary to cite the literature on this subject here m
extenso. I merely give, by way of illustration for those who may be
curious about the matter, a few references from recent literature.
Wilkins, S. V., Birth of Quadruplets Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. Vol.
49, P. 43, 1907.
Berheim, A., Quintuplets. New York Med. Jour. Oct. 22, 1904, pp.
(of reprint) 1-6.
Miknovski, Yu. I., [Quintuplets] J. akush i jensk. boliez., St. Peters-
burg. Vol. 22, pp. 79-85. 1908.
Wickersheimer, E., Une observation inédite de grossesse sextuple.
Bull. soc. d’obst. de Paris. T. xii, p. 320, 1900:
TRIPLET CALVES. 261
ing about the physiological causes which determine that in the
breeding history of a particular individual, twins are born at,
let us say, the fourth pregnancy, while from all other pregnan-
cies in the life of the animal only single young come. From
whatever angle we approach the matter it is clear that there
must be a definite (and presumably determinable) set of causes
in the physiology of either the ovaries or Fallopian tubes and
uterus, or both which leads to the production of twins. In the
hope of getting light on this problem the collection of the
most complete information possible in regard to multiple gesta-
tion in normally uniparous forms is to be desired. This is a
matter in which stock breeders may give valuable aid.
2. The problem of sex determination is one very much in
the foreground of biological interest at this time. ‘The work
of the last 10 years seems to have made some really definite
progress towards the final solution of the problem. A number
of different lines of research just now being prosecuted vigor-
ously all lead to the same general view as to the basis of the
causation of sex. In the first place the cytological researches
of McClung, Wilson, Stevens and Morgan,’ and others indicate
that in many forms of life, at least, there are constant and char-
acteristic differences between the sexes in respect to the num-
ber, form and size of the chromosomes and that further the
behavior of the chromosomes of the reproductive cells during
their maturation and fertilization is of the sort which would be
expected to occur if, in the first place, sex were inherited and,
in the second place, this inheritance were controiled by certain
of the chromosomes. Supplementirg this cytological evidence
and leading to the same conclusion that sex is a definitely in-
“herited character, are the experimental researches in which
sex is shown to behave in the same manner that structural char-
“It is not necessary to cite in detail here references to all papers of
the workers in this field. An extensive bibliography is given in Morgan,
T. H., “A Biological and Cytological Study of Sex Determination in
Phylloxetans and Aphids.” Jour. Exper. Zool. Vol. vii, pp. 230-352,
1909. Summary accounts of the cytological work on sex determination
are to be found in Wilson, E. B. “Recent Researches on the Determi
nation and Heredity of Sex,’ Science, N. S. Vol. 29, p. 53, 1909 and
in Doncaster, L., “Recent Work on the Determination of Sex.” Science
Progress, No. 13, pp. 90-104, July 1909. See also the more recent
summary by Professor Wilson, “The Sex Chromosomes,’ Arch. mik.
Anat. Bd. 77, pp. 249-271, I9OII.
262 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT2.
acters do in Mendelian crossings. As pioneer work in this
field stand the brilliant experiments of Doncaster and Raynor
with Abraxas, those of Bateson and Punnett with the silky
fowl, and those of Miss Durham on canaries.”
More recently sex-limited inheritance (in which sex behaves
as a Mendelian character) has been further studied in fowls
by Goodale, Hagedoorn, Sturtevant and others.*
The same type of inheritance has been shown by Morgan’
to hold for a number of characters in the pomace fly, Droso-
phila.
The evidence, now considerable in amount, from both the cy-
tological and experimental lines of investigation, indicates clear-
ly that sex determination is not, as it was long supposed to be,
primarily an epigenetic phenomenon. Rather does it appear
chat the sex of the individual, into which a particular pair of
united germ cells will develop, is definitely and unalterably
fixed in the hereditary constitution of these germ cells them-
selves.
In view of these well established conclusions the facts
regarding the distribution of sex in cases of multiple gestation
take on a peculiar interest. It has long been a well known
statistical fact that the sex ratios of offspring resulting from
multiple gestation in animals normally uniparous present dis-
tinct deviations from the normal. Thus it has recently been
shown by Nichols,*® after careful analysis of the available sta-
"References to this earlier work are given in Bateson, W., Mendelian
Principles of Heredity, Cambridge, 1900, pp. 174-188.
*Goodale, H. D. Sex and its Relation to the Barring Factor in Poul-
try. Science, N. S. Vol. 29, No. 756, pp. 1104, 1105, 1900.
Hagedoorn, A. L., Mendelian Inheritance of Sex. Roux’s Archiv. Bd.
28, PP. 1-34.
IQCO.
Pearl, R. and Surface, F. M. On the Inheritance of the Barred Color
Pattern in Poultry. Roux’s Archiv. Bd. 30. pp. 45-61, 1910.
Studies on Hybrid Poultry. Rept. Maine
Experiment Station, 1910, pp. 84-116.
—_—_—__— Further data regarding the Inheritance of
the Barred Color Pattern. Science, N. S. Vol. 32, pp. 870-874, I9I0.
"Morgan, T. H. Sex Iimited Inheritance in Drosophila. Science,
IN, Ss WoL 37, TONG: ;
An Attempt to Analyze the Constitution of the Chromosomes on the
Basis of Sex-Limited Inheritance in Drosophila. Jour. Exper. Zool.
Vol. 11, 1911. Also a number of other papers on this subject.
*Nichols, J. B. The Numerical Proportions of the Sexes at Birth.
Mem. Amer. Anthropol. Assoc. Vol. I, Part 4, pp. 249-300, 1907.
“TRIPLET CALVES. 263
tistics for man, that here the number of sons for a thousand
daughters drops from 1057 for single births to 548 for quadruple
births. That this decline is progressive is shown by the table
given by this author (Joc. cit. p. 298) which is here reproduced.
Number of Sons for
1000 Daughters.
Sage lowes sosnes Scie RUA he, Co iecrs eee nan eR GeO WE Deira 1057
Tria loins) “5500460 pe ee Rn cesley 9 ic eRe SRM ee A Ce eS 1043
‘“Tistisile picid eto enena ere cera tncete clear rat aren ev nE eee 1007
@Owadriuple births 4500.60: SiS A oe oer uae iva: ae aatn tats 548
such a preponderance of females in multiple births is not
confined to the human species. The same thing is true of mul-
tiple births in sheep and other usually uniparous animals. ‘The
obvious explanation which suggests itself to account for these
deviating ratios is a prenatal mortality which is differential in
respect to sex. It is well known, from statistical studies of
the matter in man, that the prenatal rate of mortality is greater
for males than for females. If, as seems reasonable a priort,
the conditions of foetal existence become more severe as the
number of young borne in the uterus at the same time increases,
any inherent differences in respect to foetal mortality rate be-
tween males and females might be expected to be accentuated
by these conditions. ‘The figures quotéd from Nichols show
exactly the trend which would be expected if there were an
increasing proportion of deaths of male embryos with multiple
gestations of advancing order. ‘There are, however, certain
facts which make it very doubtful indeed whether any sig-
nificant portion of the observed disturbances in the sex ratio
in multiple gestations are due to differential prenatal mortality.
In the first place the same change in the sex-ratio is observed
in multiple gestations in domestic animals where the prenatal
mortality is insignificant in amount. In the second place the
known facts regarding the distribution of the sexes in multiple
births do not accord: with the sex-differential prenatal mortality
hypothesis.
The preponderance of females is not the only disturbance of
the normal single birth sex ratios which occurs in multiple
gestations. Another, and probably even more significant devia-
tion is that which concerns the distribution of individuals of
the two sexes in the sets of offspring born together. If indi-
264 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQIz2.
viduals born as twins, for example, exhibited the same distribu-
tion in respect to sex as do random pairs of individuals born
singly, it would be expected that twins would show the follow-
ing sex relations.
Sex of twins: 6d eis e¢
Frequency of occurrence: Weer ts
Actually multiple births in man and the domestic mammals
show nothing of the kind. For example, Nichols (Joc. cit.)
gives the following figures for human twins.
Sex of twins: 3d Com Se
Observed frequency of occurrence: 234,497 : 264,008 : 210,312
Expected frequency if the distribu-
tion of sex within the pair was a
random one: 170,476.75 : 358,053.50 : 170,476.75
A discussion of this curious phenomenon of sex distribution
will. be published in a later paper.
In addition to such disturbances of the sex ratio there also
occur in connection with multiple gestation cases of apparently
incomplete sex determination, such as those leading to the
production of so-called “free-martins.” .
3. Mention has been made of free-martins. Not only do
these animals furnish interesting data in regard to the deter-
mination of primary but also of secondary sexual characters.
In many cases free-martins have been considered to be herma-
phrodites, on the basis of their external appearance. In other
cases such individuals are notably feminine in their characteris-
tics, so much so indeed as to be used for show or demonstra-
tion purposes because they are so typical of the females of the
race.
A classical example of this kind is found in the Short Horn
breed in the case of the famous “White Heifer that Trav-
9
elled.
*For an account of this animal see Sanders, A. H., “Short-Horn
Cattle.’ Second Edition, Chicago, 1901, pp. 41 and 42. This account
is evidently copied, almost verbatim, from that given in Allen, L. F.,
“History of the Short-Horn Cattle. Their Origin, Progress and Pres-
ent Conditions.” Buffalo. (publ. by the Author). 1872. p. 52. This
“White heifer,’ which was widely exhibited about 1806 as a typical
specimen of the breed, was a free-martin. She was one of a pair of
twins of which the other was a bull, and she herself did not breed. She
was a very heavy animal, her weight at slaughtering having been esti-
mated to be not less than 2300 lbs. The picture of this White Heifer”
given by Sanders (loc. cit.), presumably copied from some contem-
porary print, shows her to have been typically feminine in appearance.
This agrees with the statements regarding this specimen which have
come down to us.
TRIPLET CALVES. 265
The relation between primary and secondary sexual character
in these free-martins obviously presents a problem of consider-
able interest.
4. Cases of multiple gestation present two interesting prob-
lems in inheritance. One of these concerns the degree to which
a tendency toward multiple gestation in a normally uniparous
form may be inherited. Are the offspring of a mother having
this tendency likely to show it also? Comparatively little
detailed work has been done upon this subject though a gen-
eral impression appears to prevail that such tendencies are
inherited. Thus Wilder” says regarding one particular sort of
multiple gestation, viz., the production of duplicate twins.
(loc. cit. p. 368:) “As the tendency to produce duplicate
twins and other sorts of abnormal cosmobia seems inherent in
certain orgauisms, and to be transmitted by heredity, it is quite
possible that we may be able to breed certain of the viable
forms.”
There have been a few detailed studies on the inheritance of
the tendency towards multiple pregnancies. In man Weinberg”
and Oliver” have recently investigated the influence of heredi-
ty on twin bearing. Weinberg’s paper is by far the most
thorough study of the subject which has yet appeared. From
a careful analysis of copious statistics he concludes that the
tendency towards multiple pregnancies is inherited in Mendelian
fashion, this character apparently behaving as a recessive. He
regards heredity as having a greater influence in the production
of multiple gestation than any other one factor. It was found
impossible to account satisfactorily for the facts on the dssump-
tion of blending inheritance. While any single external factor
certainly has less influence than heredity in causing multiple
gestation, still the sum total of all such external influences must
outweigh heredity in affecting observed variations in the num-
outweigh heredity in bringing about observed variations in the
“Wilder, H. H. The Morphology of Cosmobia; Speculations con-
cerning the Significance of Certain Types of Monsters. Amer. Jour.
of Anat., Vol. 8, pp. 355-440, 1908.
“Weinberg, W. Die Anlage zur Mehrlingsgeburt beim Menschen
und ihre Vererbung. Arch. f. Rass. u. Gesellsch. Biol. Bd. 6, pp. 322-
339, 470-482, 609-630. 1900.
*Oliver, James. The Hereditary Tendency to Twinning, with some
Observations concerning the Theory of Heredity generally. Part I.
Eugenics Rev. Vol. IV, pp. 39-53, 1912.
266 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
number of young per birth in the breeding history of the same
individual female, unless one is prepared to assume a very com-
plicated mechanism of heredity for this character.
The relation of heredity to multiple gestation in man has also
been discussed by Wakley,” Lop,” Naegeli-Akerblom,” and
Rosenfeld” particularly, and by a number of other medical and |
and anthropological writers incidentally.
An interesting case of apparent inheritance of a tendency to
twin bearing in cattle has recently been reported by Went-
worth.” The family of cattle concerned has been bred on an
old farm near Cocheco, New Hampshire. “The foundress of
the family was a grade Holstein cow, herself a twin about seven
years old. She has been on the farm ever since she was dropped
and has given birth to seven calves. Her first service was to a
Guernsey bull and resulted in a pair of yellow and white
heifers one of which is now in the herd. Her second mating
to a red Shorthorn bul! resulted in a single black and white bull
calf that was vealed. An Ayrshire bull sired her third calves,
twin black and white bulls, but neither of these were good
enough to raise. Her fourth service was to a Holstein bull and
from it she produced twin black and white heifers that promise
well as milkers.”
“The yellow and white twin first produced by the old cow is
now four years old and has twice borne twins. To an Ayrshire
bull she produced a pair of yellow and white bull calves that
early went to the butcher, and to a Holstein bull she gave
birth to twin black and white heifers last December.”
The further collection of accurate data bearing upon this
question of the inheritance of a tendency to multiple gestation
is greatly to be desired.
Data on a second problem in inheritance.are presented by
cases of multiple gestation, namely that of the limits of heredi-
*Wakley, Thomas. The Influence of Inheritance on the .Tendency
to have Twins. Lancet, 1895, Vol. II, pp. 1289-1290.
“Lop. Quelques chiffres sur l’hérédité de la grossesse jumellaire,
Congrés périodique de gyn. obstétr. et de pédiatrie. Marseille, 1899.
*Naegeli-Akerblom. Die Geminitat in ihren erblichen Beziehungen,
Virchow’s Arch. Bd. 170, 1902.
*Rosenfeld. Zur Frage der vererblichen Anlage zur Mehrlingsge-
burten. Zeitschr. f. Geburtsh. u. Gynak. Bd. 50, 1903.
“Wentworth, E. N. Twins in Three Generations.. Breeder’s Gazette,
Vol. Ixii, p. 133, July 24, 1012. ;
TRIPLET CALVES. 207
tary control. An important question in all such cases concerns
the germinal genesis of the individuals included in the multi-
ple pregnancy. Did the individuals thus growing together in
the uterus arise from the separated blastomeres of a single
ovum, or from several distinct ova? In most cases the only
data which can be obtained on this matter arise from an exami-
nation of the external somatic characters of the individuals con-
cerned to see whether or not they are identical.
It should be understood that the preceding, somewhat de-
tailed, statement of the more important general biological prob-
lems to which cases of multiple gestation relate, is made for
‘purposes of general orientation in regard to specific data dis-
cussed in this paper. It is also hoped that it may serve to indi-
cate the kind of information that it is desirable to have recorded
by those who may chance to be able to observe cases of multiple
birth in the domestic animals. It is evident from the discussion
given above that cases of this sort have significance for the biol-
ogist and the stockbreeder quite beyond the merely casual curi-
osity which they excite as “freak”? occurrences. From the
standpoint of the practical breeder it is highly important that
the phenomenon of multiple gestation in normally uniparous
animals be carefully studied. Any definite and heritable in-
crease in the fecundity and fertility of the domestic animals,
if it can be gained withcut loss of other desirable qualities, is
greatly to be desired. Cases of multiple gestation are the “‘fa-
vorable variations’ which must serve as the foundations for
the creation of more fertile breeds and races. What may be
accomplished in this direction has been splendidly demonstrated
by the work of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell with sheep (see
footnote p. 275).
Finally it should be said that this general introduction is dis-
tinctly not to be regarded as a statement of problems which
are to be definitely and completely solved by the data presented
in this paper.
268 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12.
DESCRIPTION OF A CASE OF [TRIPLET CALVES.
This study has to do with a family of triplet calves” born
near Waldoboro, Maine in 1907.
The facts regarding the birth and subsequent history of these
calves are as follows:
I. Birth. The birth of the triplet calves occurred at Mr.
L. A. Starrett’s farm during the forenoon of June 20, 1907.
There were present two other witnesses besides Mr. Starrett.
On account of the previous breeding behavior of the mother of
these calves (cf. p. 276 infra) there was thought to be consider-
able likelihood of a multiple birth in this case, and the cow was
closely watched as the time of parturition approached. - No
exact record was kept as to the time taken in the parturition ~
of these triplets, but it occupied several hours. ‘There was a
rest for a considerable time after the birth of the first two of
the calves. The parturition was natural no aid in delivery being
necessary. The birth order was 9: 6: @.
2. Description of Calves. As has been indicated two of the
calves were females and one a male. They were stated to have
been small at birth (as would of course be expected), but en-
tirely normal in appearance and in activity. Unfortunately no
record was made of the weights of the individuals at birth. so
that it is impossible to determine how much below the average
‘size for single calves these were. It is certain however, that
while each individual was noticeably smaller than a normal
single calf the aggregate weight at birth of the triplets was
much above that of a normal single calf. All existing evidence
regarding cases of multiple birth in species where unit births
are normal points to the conclusion that while there is a reduc-
tion of size of individuals in the multiple births this reduc-
tion is not proportionate to the number of individuals. Thus it
has been shown by Mumford” that in the case of sheep the
“The writer is under great obligation to Mr. James S$. Walter of
Waldoboro, Maine, the second owner of these calves, and to Mr. L. A.
Starrett of Pleasant Point, Maine, who was the original owner, for the
aid which they have freely and kindly given in this work.
“Mumford, F. B. Breeding Experiments with Sheep. I. Some Factors
Influencing the Weight of Lambs at Birth. II. Milk and Food Records
of Ewes. Missouri Agr. Expt. Stat. Bull. 53, pp. 167-188. root.
TRIPLET CALVES. 269
average birth weight of single lambs (of both sexes taken
together) is 7.8 lbs. while the average birth weight of twin
lambs is reduced’ only to 7.07 Ibs. Vierodt” gives for the
normal weight of the new-born human infant in round num-
bers 3250 gm. and for the weight of a single twin (regardless
Of Sex) 2501 gm. (Fesser’s data) or 2185 gm. (Recht’s data).
Again to consider multiple gestations of higher order, Wilking
(loc. cit.)gives the following birth weight” for his case of
quadruplets .
Birth order and sex Weight
TT) GO oe INRA pce atin pm es gl ab a OC RT ER 1347 gm
Dae Dad ratte RRS acd OREN ANS cn rk eA cg A 127
Bas hey So aI Neh ROME Re ns OSI 3) 12-0 te OE meg.
AWA O RE TS Cuan tb ire POLYM Ca tal er Tay pea DOLE erie RT a, naeyay ©
sR tre ipney ate: St shut» EEN ance ne Mie Ia ADIGE UR aAp cele tne Ramey
Corresponding data for Bernheim’s (Joc. cit) case of quin-
tuplets are:
Birth order and sex Weight
te oar eae eit sce ae PN Sore aN CRC OR Gan hdl Se fe 1814 gm
Bh GAN Ga Te OSES tie ar ae iets EN Jee Sa a oP ha NO2S mas
Bo Gh RG aes aR OSE Ie AUR Le Ome Lh OP aL Ta Bee Marat 1oASs ™
Ber (Ge ae MEN ANE PT AINE er pee OS a ITAOD, x eles MANORS 1928 “
hs Gy Maer AUR MNe AIS ce NR ci 9 RU ALN BRU CA Wtaie ace aR AD ie ees 2268 “
9866 “
In these cases the single individual is obviously heavier than
it should be if it were to be strictly proportional inversely to
the number of young born together. In the case of the quin-
tuplets the total weight is more than 3 times that for a normal
single birth infant, as given by Vierordt.
Similar relations hold for multiple births in cattle. In an in-
teresting paper based on. data taken from the Simmenthal Herd
Book Strebel” gives the following data:
Meer DiGi Wiel Sit Gye CALVES! ei 4 ci nly sclera a aces 44 kg.
e is ‘ QT) cre Ske geamtegsn' gciartichc.c.cte'c 40
si a ENVALTUS A na taietse otek Nhs [auto eee Ho)
*Tierordt, H. Anatomische, Physiologische und Physikalische Daten
und Tabellen zum Gebrauche fiir Mediziner. Dritte Auflage. Jena
(Fischer) 1906. pp. vi. and 616.
“T have transferred the weights as given in the original in pounds
and ounces to grams in this and the Bernheim quintuplet case, in order
to make the figures more readily comparable with that from Vierordt
for the single birth.
"Strebel, Die Tauglichkeit von Zwillingskalbern zur Zucht. Deutsche
Landw. Presse, Jahrg. xxxvl, No. 84, pp. 897, 808, 1909.
270 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
This author further states that in cases of twins of opposite
sex the male individual weighed at birth from 5 to 13 kg. more
than the female. i
The triplet calves here under discussion grew and developed
in an entirely normal fashion. They were seen by the writer
in October, 1907, and at that time were not individually much
under sized. In a letter dated February 3, 1908, Mr. Walter
states that the calves were weighed January 14, 1908, with the
following results:
Individual Weight
Cee pet a NN oH oF le RD taNe heh WS Nae reseed E 304 lbs
LO Re es oP IP op, Bee ge om Pee ni ee Pen ty MMT UR Us aN ncea C Bagfey
EI Si Meat ETN PE CRU Mi aN ay AL OE Oty ARM aul 250
The close similarity of the two heifers in weight at this age
is noteworthy. Commenting on the condition of the calves at
the time of this weighing Mr. Walter says: “Farmers admit
they are more [= larger] than the average calf about here.
They are not fat but in good condition.”
In a letter of November 17, 1908, Mr. Walter estimates the
weight of the three animals to be at that time between 1400 and
1500 pounds. The two heifers of the triplets were killed and
used for beef early in April, 1910. They weighed about 1000
Ibs. Mr. Walter stated that the bull was considerably larger
than the heifers, but was unable to give the exact weight.
The only detailed statement I have been able to find in the
literature regarding the growth of triplet calves is that of
Weathers
This is as follows (Joc. cit.): “On September 23, 1883, my
three-quarter grade Short-horn cow dropped three male calves
from a very fine registered Short-horn bull. When six months
old the three weighed 940 lbs; at nine months 1680 Ibs, and
when yearlings, even 2200 lbs., and had nothing but ordinary
tame pasture since May to, 1884.”
These are rather meager data but it is of some interest to
compare them with figures for the normal growth of Short-
horn cattle. Such data have been given by Meek.” ‘This author
7 eathers, F. F. [Growth of Triplet Calves.] Breeder’s Gazette,
Vol. 6, p. 600, 1884.
Meek, A. Growth of the Farm Ungulates. I. Approach from a
Study of the External Characters. Veterinarian, Vol. LXXIV (XLVII ~
Fourth Series) pp. 121-126. Igor.
TRIPLET CALVES. 271
has prepared a table (Joc cit. pp. 122, 123) showing the weight
of Short-horn cattle at various stages from birth up to 3 years.
and 176 days for males and 7 years and 58 days for females.
In this table the bulls and steers are lumped together, and the
weights of cows are given in another column. L,eathers (Joc.
cit.) gives the weight of his triplet calves at three ages; namely
six months, nine months and one year. From data given in the
column headed “Bulls and Steers’ in Meek’s table I have en-
deavored to calculate the weight of normal (i. e., single lirth’
Short-horn cattle at the same ages. As a necessary consequence
of the method of collection Meek’s data represent rather uneven
intervals in age. The best it seems possible to do from this
table in approximating normal mean weights of Short-horn
males at the three specified ages is to take the records closest
(on either side) to the required number of days and average
the weights given for those ages. The table gives the weights of
four individuals ranging in age from 173 to 201 days Two of
these irdividuals were 176 days old, one 173 days and the other
201 days. Averaging these four together to get an approxima-
tion to the normal mean weight at six months (180 days) of
age, the result is 351.5 pounds. Similarly the table gives the
weights of five individuals ranging in age from 265 days to
292 days. Averaging these together to get an approximation
to the mean weight for age nine months (270 days) I get
505.6 pounds. The weights given range from 486 to 540
pounds. Finally to get an approximation to the normal weights
of Short-horn males one year of age I have averaged together
the weights of six individuals in the table ranging in age from
350 days to 1 year and 13 days. The weights of these individu-
als range from 672 pounds to 718 pounds and the average
weight is 698.2 pounds. Putting all these data together for
comparison with the figures of Leathers for the triplets we
have the result shown in the following table. The figures tabled
for the triplets are the mean weight per individual at each age,
obtained by dividing the value given by leathers by 3 in each
case.”
272 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12.
Weight of Calves in Pounds.
Normal Triplet
AGE | Short-horn | Short—horn
| Males. (Meek) Males. (Leathers)
Sixaemonthseass sree eat ee eee | 351.5 | 313.3
|
INT op Spies tly MAN se can teRee St Aa | 505.6 | 560.0
cDomelive yan eee ey homey Cha ee | 698.3. 4 740.0
From these figures it is to be noted in the first place that
although the triplet calves were at six months of age some 38
pounds below the normal in weight, by the time they had
reached the age of nine months the mean weight per individual
of the triplets was not only equal to the normal weight for
Short-horn calves of the same age, but exceeded it by about 55
_pounds. About this same degree of excess in weight was main-
tained during the next three months so that at one year of age
the mean weight per individual of the triplets was 42 pounds
above the normal as determined from Meek’s data. It appears
then in the case of triplets, just as is known to obtain with twins,
that while the individuals start their free life at a lower weight
than is normal for single animals yet this defect 1s compensated
for in the subsequent growth. By the time the adult condition
is reached there is no difference in regard to size relations be-
tween the individuals which originate from multiple and those
which originate from single pregnancies.
These facts seem to me to be of considerable interest in con-
nection with the dynamical hypothesis regarding growth recent-
ly published by Hatai.” It is to be presumed that in the case
of twins coming from two ova the original endowment of the
fertilized egg in respect to “potential growth energy” is the
same as in the case of a single offspring. Further, at the end
of the growth process both the twins and the single individual
attain the same bodily size (or volume). But the curve of
growth up to the time of birth must be considerably different
in the case of the twin individuals from what it is in the single
individual. During this period do the twins “grow at maximum
>Hatai, S. An Interpretation of Growth Curves from a Dynamical
Standpoint. Anat. Record, Vol. 5, pp. 373-382. 1911.
_ TRIPLET CALVES. 273
rate with least loss. of growth energy?” This point would
seem well worth investigation in the light of Hatai’s valuable
hypothesis. It can, of course, be tested, as he has pointed out,
by finding whether a logarithmic curve will fit the observed
growth during the prenatal life of the twins. If so the hypothe-
sis will be satisfied.
Still more interesting in the same connection is the case of
enzygotic twins, where the two individuals originate from the
same fertilized ovum. Such twins, so far as may be judged
from the meager evidence available, grow to the same end
adult size as individuals each developing from a single ovum
and occupying the uterus alone during gestation. But if this is
so it seems to raise a difficulty respecting the original endow-
ment of potential growth energy in the fertilized egg cell from
which the enzygotic twins arose. Did this fertilized egg have
_ twice the usual amount of potential growth energy? If net,
what is the source of the additional supply which makes each
of the enzygotic twins go on growing to normal full adult size?
It seems certain that the study of the growth, both prenatal and
postnatal, of multiple young in animals normally bearing but a
single offspring at a time, cannot fail to yield results of funda-
mental importance to the analysis of the normal physiology, of
growth.
We may turn next to a description of the color characteris-
tics of the triplet calves. The three individuals were not all
alike in color. The two females were very nearly alike but not
absolutely identical. The male calf was quite different in color
and color pattern from his two sisters. The general character-
istics of the triplets in respect to color pattern are shown in
figures 448 and 449. It is unfortunate that the photographs
from which these figures are reproduced were not better. but
they were the best it was possible to obtain.
The male was a typical Guernsey in respect to coat color and
showed a very close approximation to the precise color pattern
exhibited by his mother. The color of that part of his coat
bearing pigmented hairs was a light yellowish fawn of the sort
frequently seen in Guernseys and exactly the same as that of his
mother. The similarity in color pattern between the male calf
and his mother is shown in Fig. 448. The mother had a white
triangle on the forehead like that of the bull calf; in the same
274 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12.
position and of relatively the same size. She also had on the
right hind quarter a splash of white similar to that which is
shown on the flank of the calf in Fig. 448. The ccat color of
this bull calf did not change substantially during life.
Both of the heifers of the triplets were typical Herefords,
both as to color coat and to color pattern. ‘The hair on the pig-
mented portions of the body was red in color. Both individuals
showed the white face which is typical for Herefords. One of
these heifers resembled her sire very closely in respect to de-
tails of color pattern. Although in Figures 448 and 449 these
two heifers look very much alike, as a matter of fact they were
not absolutely identical in respect to color pattern. Particular
attention was paid to this point in studying these calves because
of the possibility, if not probability, that the two females might
be identical or enzygotic twins; that is that they might have
arisen from the two first blastomeres of a single egg. Whether
or not this was the case, at any rate the two individuals were
not absolutely identical, quantitatively, in respect to color pat-
tern. The coat color of the heifers darkened considerably dur-
ing their lives. This darkening was not equally great in amount
in both cases. In a letter of January 10, i910, Mr. Walter had
the following to say in regard to the condition of the triplets
in respect to coat color at that time when they were nearly 3
years old. “One (of the heifers) is red and a perfect beauty.
The other just a little taller, shades on the brown. Still they
look very much alike. The bull is a typical Guernsey, larger
than the heifers, well made and getting fine stock.”
Externally the triplets gave no evidence of any abnormality
or defect in the sexual organs. ‘The bull was typically mascu-
line in appearance and the heifers typically feminine. There
was nothing whatever in the appearance of the heifers to sug-
gest hermaphroditism. The bearing of this statement will be
apparent when the breeding history of the triplets is com-
pleted.
3. Description of Parents of Triplets. The sire of these
triplets was a grade Hereford showing the white face and body
of nearly solid color typical for that breed. In his ancestry
there was said to be a small admixture of Holstein “blood.”
Presumably in consequence of this arose the fact that his coat
Fig. 449. Photograph of triplet calves. Male calf in middle.
TRIPLET CALVES. 275
was black instead of dark red as is usual for the pure bred
Hereford. He was an ordinary bull presenting no noteworthy
characteristics of any kind. The owner stated to the writer
that this bull had usually been prepotent in the matter of mark-
ing his calves. What this presumably meant, however, was
that the calves of his get were in most cases white faced. This
is probably to be regarded merely as an expression of the fact
that Hereford white face is dominant in the Mendelian sense
over most other types of coloration of the head region found in
Ceintll Samy )
The sire was a relatively voung bull. Particular inquiry was
made when he was examined as to whether he had been known
to get twin or triplet calves with relatively high frequency.
The owner stated that this was distinctly not the case; that
during the period this bull had been heading his herd twin
calves had occurred, but not more frequently than was in gen-
eral to be expected in breeding an equal number of cows.
I was not able to obtain a photograph of the sire.
The dam of the triplets was a grade Guernsey, in conforma-
tion and color typical of the breed. She was born in 1900, and
was, therefore, about 7 years old at the time the triplets were
born. She bore her first calf when 2 years old. Her color
was a light yellowish fawn splashed with white. She had a
white triangle on the forehead and bands of white over the
shoulders and rump. She was not a large cow even for a
Guernsey. Some idea of her general conformation and color
pattern may be gained from Fig. 448. Mr. Walter purchased
the cow after acquiring the calves and states that she has
proved to be a very good cow from the milking standpoint.
It is of interest to note that this cow has two posterior, very
small, supernumerary mammae. It is, of course, impossible to
say whether this occurrence of supernumerary mammae is
directly connected with the high degree of fecundity exhibited
by this cow (see next section), but this may fairly be regarded
as probably the case because of the fact that these two things
are known to be associated in other forms. For example this is
so in the sheep which Dr. Alexander Graham Bell” is breeding
*Cf. Spillman, W. J. Report of Committee on Hybridizing Animals.
Rept. Amer. Breeder’s Assoc. Vol. III, pp. 184-180, 1907.
“Bell. A. G. Sheep-Breeding Experiments on Beinn Breagh. Science.
N. S. Vol. 36, pp. 378-384. 1912.
2
276 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2.
for increased fecundity at Beinn Breagh, Nova Scotia. Other
examples of the same relationship might be cited.
TABLE I.
Breeding History of Dam of Triplets.
Sex or Caves. |
| Number |__ Rie Bee neces tee
YEAR | BuLu of | - REMARKS.
| calves | ot 2
1902 \Grade “Durham ’”2*.| 1 = 1 Calf like mother in color
| on@lemas 10b 5 canoes | | and color pattern.
|
| |
1903 Grade®Jersey: dark) 1) eel 1'\Calf black; white spot on
=red*body, black! | forehead, white on end
. head and shoul-| of tail. Kept 3 years
. ders. | | | | and then killed.
1904 ““Mongrel Jers ey) 1 - 1 Calf resembled sire. Light
and Durham.’’ | color.
1905 Grade ‘‘Durham’’: 2 1 1\Calves red; premature
red and white. birth in pasture, 1 dead
when found. Other
killed.
1906 Grade _ Holstein: 2 2 - Calves black with white
black. | patches. Like father.
Born dead.
1907 ia rade Hereford: 3 Ih 2) Present case.
| black, white face.) | |
1909? |Registered ‘‘D ur-| a = 1Calf had head and neck
hapa 4 Bates | | red with white star in
strain. | face; body mixed with
= | | red but mostly white.
| | |
1910 (Grade Guernsey:) Bi 1 2)}Premature birth by two
| the bull used in | months. Thought to
this case was the, | | have been caused by
| og member of the) | cow falling on ice. All
| set of triplets de-, | | 8 calves alike in color
scribed in this) | | and color pattern.
paper. | | [
Rotalsievaleretnc eee eee | 14) 5 9
28°*Durham’’ in this part of the country means actually Short-horn.
2°Calf born March 21, 1909.
Calves born in February, 1910.
4. Breeding Record of Dam. The complete breeding his-
tory of the mother of these triplet calves is given in Table 1.
TRIPLET CALVES. 277.
From this table the following points are to be noted :—
(a) During the life time of this cow she has been eight
times pregnant. From these pregnancies there have been born
14 calves. This is certainly an unusually high, though by no
means unique, degree of fecundity. It is an average produc-
tion of one and three-quarters young per birth over the whole
breeding life of the mother up to 1910.
In the literature of stock-breeding there are many records of
cases of high fecundity in cattle. It is unnecessary to attempt
any extensive review of these cases here. Of continuous high
fecundity the following” case is of interest: A grade cow
bore and raised 9 calves within 36 months. She had twins
three times in succession, and in the next pregnancy triplets.
The first twins were dropped in January 1876, and the triplets
in December 1878. ‘This gave an average of 2.25 young per
birth. The highest continued record of fecundity for a cow
which has come to my notice is that given by McGillivray in
his “Manual of. Veterinary Science and Practice’ (1857) and
later copied in many other veterinary works. The cow was of
“the black polled breed” and is said to have been“‘small.” Her
breeding record was as follows:
Year Number of calves at a birth.
TOS aie eh eae ee een 1—This was the cow’s first calf.
MSA Ra sR eR Es ge a 3—All lived to adult age.
RAB aa olen eee ees Sua Site alee 4—One died. (Seven calves in one year).
SAT a ROA Tae ee 2—Lived to maturity.
FLL ode RE a ap te 3—Lived to maturity.
TSAO Sah Aes eaceata dee ete 6—AIl died prematurely.
MOAR M eee vaitMeNeys As whe. ae: 2—Came to maturity.
LAS Set a ee alta, Cate ars 4
slkonieallierutene nected hile: 25—Mean number per birth = 3.125
(b) As regards the sex distribution of the offspring there is
evidently a preponderance of females, taking the wlfole breed-
ing life of the dam together. As the data are more carefully
studied, however, it becomes apparent that the preponderance
of females is a phenomenon due to the single rather than to
the multiple births.
lf the four multiple gestations in the life of this cow be
taken together (that is, the pregnancies terminating in 1905,
*National Live Stock Jour. Vol. 10, p. 163, 1879.
278 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012.
1906, 1907 and 1910) it appears that of the Io young born
from these four pregnancies, 5 were males and 5 were appar-
ently females. That is to say, they were females so far as
external sexual characters were concerned. It is a curious fact
that in all of the single births which this cow had the offspring
were females. Whether this is merely a coincidence or has
some deeper significance with reference to sex determination —
1s not apparent.
(c) During the breeding history of this cow there has ap-
parently been a steady increase in her rate of fecundity. The
first three pregnancies resulted in single offspring, then came
in succession two pairs of twins followed by triplets, and then,
with a single pregnancy between another set of triplets. This
would seem to indicate that as this cow is successively bred her
tendency towards multiple gestation comes more and more into
expression.
(d) The breeding history of this cow indicates that she has
a definite and innate constitutional tendency towards multiple
gestation, not due primarily to the action of external circum-
stances. If a normally uniparous animal has multiple births
more than two or three times out of every ten births it is good
evidence that the occurrence of such multiple gestation is not
fortuitous but rests on an innate physiological tendency of the
individual. In the present case there are four multiple births
out of eight pregnancies. If there had been triplets but once
in the breeding history of this cow, the occurrence might very
well have been taken to be accidental. It 1s apparent. however,
that for some reason this cow possesses a definite tendency to
bear more than one young per birth. The tendency towards
multiple gestation in this case cannot be due to rich or forced
feeding. Neither of the two men who have owned the cow
during her: life have ever fed her heavy or rich rations. On
the contrary she has been nourished during the greater part
of her life on a relatively small amount of grain and a large
amount of roughage.
(e) It is interesting to note that the sire of the last set of
triplets (these born in 1910) was the male member of the for-
mer set of triplets borne by the same cow. It is in many ways
TRIPLET CALVES. 279
unfortunate that this last set of triplets was born prematurely.
There would otherwise have been an excellent opportunity in
this experiment of breeding the son back to the dam, when
the son was a member of one set of triplets and the dam
evidently had a definite and innate tendency towards multiple
gestation, to get some interesting data in regard to the inheri-
tance of this tendency towards high fecundity.
5. Lhe breeding record of the triplets. The breeding rec-
ords and sexual behavior of the individuals resulting from
multiple gestation in cattle are of interest because of the fact
of the occurrence of free-martins (infertile females) in the
case of twin calves. Is the sterility and malformed or infantile
condition of the genitalia in the free-martin casually related to
‘the fact of multiple gestation, or do these things depend upon
other and unrelated causes? Any information regarding the
breeding behavior of individuals arising from muitiple gesta-
tions is welcome in this connection. ‘The writer asked Mr.
Walter the owner of the calves here described, to pay par-
ticular attention, to the sexual behavior of these triplets.
This was done. As has already been implied in what has gone
before the male individual of the triplets was entirely functional
sexually. He was used in service locally; got good calves;
and apparently got as high a proportion of calves as would be
expected from a bull of his age. In regard to the sexual his-
tory of the female individuals of the triplets, Mr. Walter has
the fellowing to say in a letter dated April 11, 1910. After not-
ing the fact that these two supposed heifers had been killed and
sold in the village market he says:—‘Neither of them had ever
Deen in heat and the man that dressed them said that they
would never have bred.” In earlier letters Mr. Walter on
several occasions said that these calves never showed the slight-
est signs of being in heat. From the account given by the
butcher who killed these animals” it appears probable (though,
of course, too much weight cannot be put upon such informa-
tion) that in both individuals the conditions were such as have
been described for many free-martins. Neither uterus or tubes
were recognized but the vagina apparently ended at its anterior
“Unfortunately it was not possible for the writer to be present at
this time. ;
280 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
end as a blind sack. Although detailed anatomical data are
lacking, there can be little doubt, I believe, because of both the
physiological fact of absence of oestrus and the lack (?) or
minute, infantile condition of uterus and Fallopian tubes, that
these two supposed female individuals were really free-martins.
6. Color Inheritance in the Triplets. ‘The coat color and
pattern exhibited by these triplets are matters of considerable
interest. The essential points in regard to color inheritance in
this case are:
(a) That the two females were not at all like the male in
either color or pattern. ‘They were of the Hereford type of
color and pattern, while the bull was of the Guernsey color and
pattern. :
(b) While the two females were in general alike in coat
color and pattern they were very far from being identical. Es-
pecially as they grew older they came to differ quite consider-
ably in color. From the beginning they were distinctly differ-
ent in pattern.
The sire and dam of these triplets were both grade animals
of very mixed ancestry. This makes impossible any attempt to
interpret precisely the color inheritance. It is possible, however.
by making one or two not improbable assumptions to reach a
simple Mendelian interpretation” of the inheritance of color and
color pattern in these triplets. Such an interpretation can be,
of course, only hypothetical, but it is not without interest.
The most striking difference between the sire and dam
in regard to color pattern is that the sire had the Here-
ford white face, and the dam did not. ‘The Hereford white
face is known to be dominant over colored face. From
the data regarding the breeding of the sire it is reasonable to
suppose that he was heterozygous with reference both to head
pattern, and to coat color (cf. p. 274 supra). ‘The case re-
garding the dam is not so clear. From the meager data
available in regard to her calves born before the present trip-
lets (vide Table 1.) it seems probable that with regard to
“The essential features of this interpretation were first suggested to
the writer by Mr. W. J. Spillman, in the course cf some correspond-
ence in regard to the case.
TRIPLET CALVES. 281
head pattern she is homozygous for the absence of white face.
Let us assume this to be the case, and also assume’ that she
is heterozygous, with reference to body color, the Guernsey
fawn being the assumed dominant over red.
Then we may suppose the male of the triplets to be a homo-
zygous recessive with reference to colored face, and a hetero-
zygous dominant in respect to body color (Guernsey). The
females of the triplets on this assumption would be heterozy-
gous with reference to face pattern (the dominant white face
showing) and pure recessives relative to body color. The only
way, of course, to have tested the validity of these assumptions
would have been to have bred the triplets and examined their
progeny. While the male was bred back to his dam, I was not
able to get any information as to the color or pattern of the
progeny except that all were alike in these respects. This would
be expected on the hypothesis made so far as face color is
concerned since the son and his dam were supposed pure reces-
Sives with reference to. colored face. In regard to body color
the case is more difficult but it is useless to speculate in the ab-
sence of more detailed data regarding the offspring.
SUMMARY.
In the introductory portion of this paper there is presented
a discussion of the general biological problems on which cases
of multiple gestation in normally uniparous animals bear. The
essential purpose of this discussion is to suggest points on which
information should be collected by those having an opportunity
to observe such cases. ‘These are:
(a) The physiology of multiple gestation.
(b) The determination of sex. Young from multiple gesta-
tions in normally uniparous animals exhibit marked and regular
deviations from the sex ratios observed in single births of the
some species. This fact is of significance in connection with the
question of the degree to which sex determination is an epi-
genetic phenomenon.
ek is difficult to get data to test this assumption because of the rarity
with which pure Guernseys and pure Shorthorns or Herefords are
cross-bred.
282 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
(c) The development of secondary sexual charactecs.
(a) The inheritance of fecundity and fertility. It is well
established that a tendency to multiple gestation in normally
uniparous forms may be inherited, and may be made the basis
of building up gnore fertile strains or breeds. .
The «iiscussion of problems is followed by a detailed descrip-
tion of a case of triplet calves, borne by a cow apparently having
an innate inherited tendency towards multiple gestation.
The triplets were the progeny of a grade Guernsey cow that
produced 14 calves in her first eight pregnancies, bearing trip-
lets twice, twins twice, and single young four times.
The growth of multiple as compared with single young is
discussed with reference to certain general laws of growth.
The triplets described consisted of two females and one male. —
‘Ihe latter was sexually normal in every particular, and was
used in service, getting normal offspring. The females never
came in heat and probably were free-martins.
In color and pattern inheritance the triplets exhibited the fol-
lowing peculiarities: The male was typically a Guernsey, re-
sembling closely his dam. The females were of quite different
color and pattern, resembling more closely their sire, a grade
Hereford. A possible Mendelian interpretation of these facts
is discussed.
BULLETIN No. 205.
THE MODE OF INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY
THE DOMESTIC FOWL’
RAYMOND PEARL,
CoNTENTS
Hitrrtstacon Cs otal OTe peyieteeey cs ae a ar stats ee crs NaN Ree Genet Han StU ULL ph
BigQlocicale analysis: ob tielcharactem nectmaditiva 5.4 saan eee ace:
Iie aiagiiomancall ozs Ol weCwINGhny gosccecceodceeenoceucouacs
The imechanism of the inheritance of fecundity ..............
- Observed types of winter egg production .................
SMO LEM ATI AY SIS! Waeyr MVR ce paeciale sinc Aan gry at etme a ag
miabysis Of the experimental data’ ......4.. 05-02 6. 008 ean fasts
Barneal Velhianaoihaa |seevelc mame laborers Ue hanin tied 4 bam eeecon ene UA ane
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 7 ......
Summary and discussion of matings of class 7 Barred Ply-
LING Ube VO. Cie ale Speraupata tare olny eiacns os cate tt i erase eit
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 4 ......
Summary of results of matings of class 4 males ..........
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 3 ......
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 2 ......
Summary of results of all matings of class 2 males ......
Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class 8 .....
Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class I .....
[Dona ORCI CAGES. = pisieiikc Ginia cig MODI SE nerortin oat oO ear oS
Summary of results of all pure Barred Rock matings ........
Cogmsneelndian Game matines sos acelin cas veces oho
Matings of a Cornish Indian Game male of class 2.......
Matings of a Cornish Indian Game male of class 3 .......
Summary of results of Cornish Indian Game matings .........
Reciprocal crosses of Barred Plymouth Rocks and Cornish In-
IN
284
285
295
302
302
304
208
313
314
328
332
336
337
340
342
344
345
346
348
349
350
351
352
*Papers from the Biological’ Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station No. 37. An abstract of this paper was presented at
the meeting of the American Society of Naturalists in Princeton, N. J.,
December, 1911. The present paper was first published in the Journal
of Experimental Zodlogy, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 1912, pp. 153-268.
284 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
dianyiGamess Eh ieeneration ase ee ft eee eee eee 352
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males and Cornish In-
diane Games females") heen ee sae ek ae eee eee ae 353
Matings of Cornish Indian Game males and Barred Ply-
mouthoRochwsremallesy/sacisene nee ae en eee eee 354
SUtmmaty .OL meee Taciitines) eur smear einen eran eel ance 358
Matings of the second cross-bred (F:) generation ........... 358
Meatinesmot an oeisi70 swith sheriale sims ene eens 361
Marengo Ss ommeh fice se77/anviiliitely aekennicll Ccmunen apiece ara an eee 363
Matings of F, ¢ 576 with Barred Plymouth Rock females 364
Matings of F, 3 576 with Cornish Indian Game females 365
Matings of F, ¢ 577 with Barred Plymouth females .... 366
Matings of F, 6 577 with Cornish Indian Game females 366
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males with Barred F;
PSAs) AE Av acaeters oracs ashe uetiine Ae aloe Maas eee 307
Matings of Barred Pigment Rock males with Black Fi
SIAN SS ye ae tece nN er tls set fe) SE DOOR St clan NUL Oe DU any Dae 370
Matings of Cornish Indian Game males with Black and ;
IBenrineral 18) ieee 455 0ncano0ce Be INE SER ha bee A eh ea 373
Sioigmaneiny eliml GhiSeblsiiGil Gir sosuMlES Gey so5k eso bandoed sce Daa a Bio os 377
MieyractsmandetheimeintenpaRevamomn aici eee eee aa Ie 382
Possibleaxenittcisnies oases ete ne caireranichs cartels, Ree ae 382
Selectionsprobl emacs cern veces oss ae ee eee Ona kate aa 387
PreEpOLEMeyaen icin. @ Wie Crete ohare eA cee Ra: cece Sa 390
DneSpraencall beanie ror mimeseuGeSUltsi see aic iT nar arenes 301
Witeratiine Mette aii: ce eae A hc oe eT ee eine cee een nee 302
INTRODUCTION
During the course of an investigation into the inheritance of
fecundity in the domestic fowl, which has now involved thirteen
generations and several thousand individuals, and has occupied
the major portion of the writer’s time during the past five years,
two definite and clear-cut results have come to light.’ These
are:
First: that the record of egg production or fecundity of a hen
is not of itself a criterion of any value whatsoever from which
to predict the probable egg production of her female progeny.
An analysis of the records of production of large numbers of
birds shows beyond any possibility of doubt that, in general,
there is no correlation between the egg production of individuals
and either their ancestors or their progeny.
*For a complete list to date of the publications, in which the results
of the investigation referred to have appeared, see the bibliography at
the end of this paper. Throughout this paper numbers in parentheses
refer to titles in the bibliography.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 285
Second: that, notwithstanding the fact just mentioned, fecun-
dity is, in some manner or other, inherited in the domestic fowl.
This must clearly be so, to mention but a single reason, because
it has been possible to isolate and propagate from a mixed flock
‘pedigree lines’ or strains of birds which breed true, generation
after generation, to definite degrees of fecundity. Some of
these lines breed true to a high condition or degree of the char-
acter fecundity ; others to a low state or degree of this character.
‘Definite as these results are they give no clue as to how
fecundity is inherited; what the mechanism is. Plate (43) has
recently said: “Das Ziel der Erblichkeitsforschung muss die
Aufstellung von ‘Erbformeln’ ftir alle untersuchten Merkmale
sein.” This expresses the case precisely. "To determine the
‘Erbformeln’ of fowls with respect to fecundity has been the
goal towards which every part of the present investigation has
been directed and urged. It is believed that a first approxima-
tion to the solution of the problem has now been reached.
While there remain obscure points still to be cleared up, yet
the results now in hand appear to indicate pretty clearly the
general character of the mechanism of the inheritance of
fecundity, and to show what lines further investigation of the
problem may most profitably take. It is the purpose of this
paper to present an account of the results mentioned. In doing
this it will be necessary to bring forward evidence of several
distinct sorts, anatomical and physiological as well as genetic.
Only by approaching this problem of the inheritance of fecund-
ity from all angles has it been possible to gain that understand-
ing of the character itself which, in this instance certainly, is
absolutely essential to a correct interpretation of any results
respecting its inheritance.
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTER FECUNDITY
At the outstart it will be well to understand clearly what is
meant by the term fecundity as here used. In a former paper
(34) the terms ‘fecundity’ and ‘fertility’ were defined as fol-
lows, and have been used as there defined throughout the course
of the investigation:
We would suggest that the term ‘fecundity’ be used only to
designate the innate potential reproductive capacity of the in-
dividual organism, as denoted by its ability to form and sepa-
286 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
rate from the body mature germ cells. Fecundity in the female
will depend upon the production of ova and in the male upon
the production of spermatozoa. In mammals it will obviously
be very difficult, if not impossible, to get reliable quantitative
data regarding pure fecundity. On the other hand we would
suggest that the term ‘fertility’ be used to designate the total
actual reproductive capacity of pairs of organisms, male and
female, as expressed by their ability when mated together to
produce (i. e., bring to birth) individual offspring. Fertility,
according to this view, depends upon and includes fecundity, but
also a great number of other factors in addition. Clearly it is
fertility rather than fecundity which is measured in statistics
of birth of mammals.
Taking fecundity as above defined it is obviously a character
depending upon the interaction of several factors. In the first
place the number of ova separated from the body by a hen must _
depend, in part at least, upon an anatomical basis, namely, the
number of ova present in the ovary and available for discharge.
Further there must be involved a series of physiological factors.
The mere presence of an anatomically normal reproductive sys-
tem, including a normal ovary with a full complement of ova,
and a normal oviduct, is not enough to insure that a hen shall
lay eggs, that is, exhibit actual as well as potential fecundity.
While comparatively very rare, cases do occur in which a bird
possesses a perfect ovary and perfect oviduct and is in all other
respects entirely normal and healthy, yet never lays even a sin-
ele egg in her life time. Such cases as these prove (a) that
what we may call the anatomical factor is not alone sufficient
to insure that potential fecundity shall become actual, and (0)
that the anatomical and physiological factors are distinct, in
the sense that the normal existence of one in an individual does
not necessarily imply the co-existence of the other in the same
individual. .
A case of this kind is found in hen no. 8051 hatched March
29, 1909, and killed for autopsy record August 24, 1911. This
bird had the secondary sexual characters of the female per-
fectly developed, and was entirely normal in other respects
(body weight, 2366 grams). This bird never laid an egg during
its life. The ovary was normal (fig. 450) and was of about
the size proper to a fully developed pullet just reaching the
point of beginning to deposit yolk rapidly in certain oocytes in
preparation for laying. While counts were not made this ovary
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 287
appeared to carry a normal number of oocytes. In general it
was anatomically normal, but physiologically in the state of de-
velopment appropriate to a five or six months old pullet just
about to lay. The same was true of the oviduct. In this case
the physiological factor or factors necessary to the bringing
about of ovulation were simply totally lacking, in an otherwise
perfectly normal bird.
Some other cases demonstrating the same thing might be
cited from our records, but this will suffice for present purposes.
Turning now to the physiological factors involved in fecun-
dity it would appear that there are at least two such factors or
Fig. 450. Photograph (about twice natural size) of ovary of hen
No. 8051. Note the presence of a large number of odcytes; none of
which is enlarging in preparation for laying. See text for further ex-
planation.
groups of factors. The first of these may be designated as the
‘normal ovulation’ factor. By this is meant the complex of
physiological conditions which taken together determine the
laying of about such a number of eggs as represents the normal
reproductive activity of the wild Gallus bankiva. Under condi-
tions of domestication the activity of this normal ovulation
factor will mean the production of more eggs than under wild
conditions. Continued egg production involves certain definite
and rather severe metabolic demands, which under wild condi-
288 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. I0912.
tions will not always, or even often be met. Further, as has
been especially emphasized by Herrick (18, 19, and other pa-
pers), egg laying in wild birds is simply one phase of a cyclical
process. If the cycle is not disturbed in any way the egg pro-
duction is simply the minimum required for the perpetuation of
the race. If, however, the cycle is disturbed, as for example,
by the eggs being removed from the nest as fast as they are laid,
a very considerable increase in the total number of. eggs pro-
duced will result. This, of course, is what happens under do-
mestication. What an effect in increasing the actual expressed
fecundity of a wild bird the simple removal of eggs as fast as
they are laid may have, may be illustrated by three cases from
the literature. Austin (1) shows that whereas the wild Mallard
duck in a state of nature lays only 12 to 18 eggs in the year,
it will lay from 80 to too if they are removed as fast as laid
and the bird is kept confined in a pen at night. Hanke (16)
by regularly removing the eggs got 48 in succession from a
common wryneck (Inyx torquilla’). Wenzel (53) in the same
way brought a house sparrow’s productivity up to 51 eggs.
With the domesticated Gallus the ‘normal ovulation’ factor
may be taken as inducing a production of anything up to from
forty to eighty eggs in a year, this production being spread over
the period of from sometime in February to September or Octo-
ber. In this physiological complex are involved the elaboration
and deposition of yolks, the rapid growth of a few o6cytes just
preceding ovulation, ovulation itself, the activation of the ovi-
duct, etc. The details of some of the processes involved have
been described elsewhere (cf. Rubaschkin (44), Sonnenbrodt
(48), Pearl and Curtis (33) and Pearl and Suriace (37)) and
do not concern us here. ‘The essential point to be noted is that
in this normal ovulation factor we are dealing with the basic
physiological processes of normal ‘unimproved’ laying. To
make a normal laying hen it is necessary to have present both
the anatomical basis discussed above and the physiological basis,
which has been designated the normal ovulation factor.
It is a fact well known to poultrymen, and one capable of
*T give this scientific name with much hesitation, not knowing what
pranks the rule of priority or other nomenclatorial disturbers of the
peace may have played with it in recent years. In any event the common
name will quite sufficiently indicate what bird it is that is here under
discussion.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 289
easy observation and confirmation, that different breeds and
strains of poultry differ widely in their laying capacity. In say-
ing this the writer would not be understood to affirm that a
definite degree of fecundity is a fixed and unalterable charac-
teristic of any particular breed. The history of breeds shows
very clearly that certain breeds now notably poor in laying,
qualities were once particularly good. One of the best exam-
ples of this is the Polish fowl. But, in spite of this, inheritable
breed and strain differences in fecundity exist, and probably
always have existed. Such inheritable differences are indepen-
dent of feeding or any other environmental factors. Thus
the strain of Cornish Indian Games with which I have worked
are poor layers, regardless of how they are fed or handled.
This is merely a statement of particular fact; it does not imply
that there may not exist other strains of Cornish Indian Games
that are good layers.
The difference between this strain of Cornish Indian Games
and Barred Plymouth Rocks, when kept under the same condi-
tions and managed in the same way, is shown in tables 1 and 2,
which give the frequency distributions and constants respec-
tively, for flocks of these breeds kept at the Maine Station. The
birds included in table 1 were all pullets, hatched at approxi-
mately the same time, and reared, housed, fed and cared for in
all respects similarly. The Plymouth Rock distribution includes
birds of both high and low fecundity strains. The low produc-
ing birds lower the mean in what is really an unfair manner, so
far as concerns breed comparisons. The point is that, in the
work of the Station, low-producing lines have been propagated
for experimental purposes to a much greater extent than would
be the case in purely random breeding of the Maine Station’s
stock of the Barred Plymouth Rock breed. To make a perfectly
just comparison between Cornish Indian Games and Barred
Rocks, the strains of the latter deliberately bred for low egg
production should be excluded. It has, however, in the present
case been deemed best to take the whole flock of Barred Rock
pullets for the laying year 1910-11, without any selection. ‘The
comparison is sufficiently striking even on this basis.
290 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IG12.
TABLE 1
Frequency distribution of winter egg production of the Barred Plymouth
Rock and Cornish Indian Game breeds
BarRRED PiyMouTH Rocks Layine/CornisH INDIAN Games LAYING THE
SG dei THE SPECIFIED NUMBER OF Eaes. SPECIFIED NUMBER oFr Eacs.
WINTER PE- |
RIOD Absolute number|Per cent. of flock/Absolute number/Per cent. of flock
0-5 43 14.4 32 48.5
6-11 22 7.4 Be Psiomt
12-17 28 9.4 9 13.6
18-23 19 6.3 6 9.1
24-29 25 | 8.4 7 10.6
SO) | 26 8.7 1 5
36-41 | 19 6.4 3 4.5
42-47 | 27 9.0
48-53 | 16 5.4
54-59 21 7.0
60-65 14 4.7
66-71 | 10 3.3
TOUTE | 9 3.0
78-83 | 3 1.0
84-89 | 3 1.0
90-95 0
96-101 8 2.6
102-107 0
108-113 4 1.3
114-119 | 2 0.7
Total. . .| 299 100.0 66 9-1)
From tables 1 and 2 it will be noted that:
1. The mean winter production of the Cornish Indian
Games is less than one-third that of the general flock of Barred
Plymouth Rocks, under uniform environmental conditions.
2. The winter production of the Games is considerably less
than a fourth of that of the high producing lines of the Barred
Rocks.
3. ‘The variabilities in both cases are high, but relatively not
significantly different. It is of interest to note that the obsery-
ed coefficients of variation for winter production here given are
of the same order of magnitude as the mean coefficients for the
laying of the four winter months, November, December, Janu-
a
. Barred Plymouth Rock:
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 291
ary and February. Taking the mean of the coefficients of varia-
ation for these four months as given by Pearl and Surface (37,
table 5, p. 96) we get 95.15.
TABLE 2
Constants for variation in winter egg production of the Barred Plymouth
Rock and Cornish Indian Game breeds
Standard de- Coefficient of
BREED ; Mean viation Variation
Eggs Eggs iPor eo fh.
Barred Plymouth Rock....... 36.35 + 1.04 26.69 + 0.74 73.42 + 2.92
Cornish Indian Game.........| 11.64 + 0.88 10.61 + 0.62 | 91.15 + 8.73
Differences................ +24.71 + 1.36 | +16.08 + 0.97 7.733 se ©) il
All High Lines in 1908-091. . 54.16
All High Lines in 1909-101. . 47.57
All High Lines in 1910-11!.. 50.58
1 Figures taken from Pearl (28).
The inferiority in egg production of the Cornish Indian
Games is most strikingly shown by the integral curves from
table 1. In table 3 the integral curves are given (in inversed
form) for the winter production of Barred Rock and Cornish
fowls.
The data of table 3 are shown graphically in figure 45r.
This diagram is to be read in the following manner. The
percentages of the flock laying a specified number of eggs are
plotted on the abscissal axis. The different egg productions are
plotted as ordinates. From the diagram it appears (for exam-
ple) that whereas 47 out of every 100 birds in the Barred Rock
flock each produced 35 or more eggs in the winter period, only
4 and a fraction birds out of every 100 in the Cornish Indian
Game flock were able to produce as many eggs as this—35—in
the same period. :
Now in individuals which are high layers, and have this char-
acteristic in hereditary form, there must be involved some fur-
ther physiological factor in addition to the normal ovulation
factor already discussed. An analysis of extensive statistics has
shown (36, 37) that high fecundity represents essentially an
addition of two definite seasonal, laying cycles to the basic, nor-
2902 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9gt2.
AB IU IB
Showing the percentage of the whole flock producing in the winter
period more than certain specified numbers of eggs, in the case (a)
of Barred Plymouth Rocks and (b) of Cornish Indian Games
THe IypicaTepD PERCENTAGE OF THE FLock /|Barred Plymouth! Cornish Indian
PRODUCES IN THE WINTER PERIOD Rock Game
GHOTMMOTEKE LAS ok eve atta eerie my aA ee ec deen eran 85.6 51.5
1D OMIA GHGS 23S soe bss cboedane fd eee Se Int dt 78.2 39.4
TS HOTMIMOTECRCE ES pence er mre LUE MEAL A earl a3 eam eee 68.8 25.8
JAC OTAMOREKC EAS Monro N ae hus meee ion rab agen ln ue ueM TT 62.5 16.7
SOLOTHMOLELE LLG) esc ee eee ikea ieee cra 54.1 6.1
SOLOTEMOLCHCL LS Meier ee ary ine Uni ook ea tial arya fan | 45.4 4.6
ADROLMMOTOICL ES) a 5 takes etadiatre Wevaeu ee eben eae 39.0 O)
ANS) ONp MNONRey GUS. ho w Masa po BUS Ooo od Rha oes he 30.0 | 0
HAL OLIN OLE CELE SE Rat ENTE ea pee her ee ere | 24.6 0
GOKOTAIMONeTES SSL MMe lees ea nie a ken ee eet 17.6 0)
GGroTAMOTeqEL SS ete ye cee teen tac eee Ue eases 12.9 0
M2TOLMMOTCKCLES aces tact tya eee o isteteuateareie eure 9.6 10)
(EnOLAMIORE CLAS are epee ce ae eae est ee cheney aecon ate 6.6 0
SATO LEIMONCLOCL.OSt ir we Mice r aearomn an ae rcce tL Lenn earl 5.6 (0)
OOWorsmMorever ash ener ren ee ee 2 | 4.6 (0)
QGVOTAIM OLCLEL Satay ne hea: per ces be eee can ee Reales 2.0 (0)
HOP VOLLIMOREs CLAS aed saan eran asthe tee ash oi ceenene | 2.0 0
UOSTORAMOTE (ELLs Pa wy sueais clone eure moines eusiiaies len] 0.7 0
A OTATMOTECL OS ei ere cneeet dts crane ion es cans teyeesaem elicas 0.7 _ 0
UD OWOTAMOTE CLES cine: e rdsu eee esas, Aeon eres 0 0
mal reproduction cycle. ‘These added periods of productivity
are what may be called (cf. 37, 28, 30) the winter cycle and
the summer cycle. The winter cycle is the more important of
these. It is the best practical measure of relative fecundity
which we have and has been used as the chief unit of fecundity
in these studies. It constitutes a distinct and definite entity in
fecundity curves. ‘The existence of this added fecundity, in
high laying birds must depend upon some additional physiolog-
ical factor or mechanism besides that which suffices for the
normal reproductive egg production. Given the basic anatomi-
cal and physiological factors the bird only lays a large number
of eggs if an additional factor is present.
As to the nature of this physiological mechanism we can only —
speculate. It probably involves fundamentally such matters as
ise)
10) |
9
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL.
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GO 60 1 70 69 50 vO JO 20 10 Qo
PER CENT. PROBUCING INZICATED NUNBER OCF E66S OR 1 ORE
Fig. 451. Integral curves of winter ege pro duction of Barred Plymouth Rock and Cornish Indian Game pullets.
Solid line—Barred Plymouth Rocks.
Broken line—Cornish Indian Games.
2904 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ 2.
more perfect metabolism, including the distribution of substance
and energy to the ovary, on which very heavy demands are laid
in a high fecundity record. Immediately it involves a control of
the process by which the supply of oocytes on the ovary in the
final stages of rapid growth by yolk deposition is kept at a rela-
tively high level for long periods of time. Sonnenbrodt’s (48)
work suggests that the interstitial cells of the ovary may be
connected with the process. Thus he says (loc. cit., p. 421):
“Bei alteren Huhnern findet man die Zwischenzellen immer
noch, und besonders in der Nahe der Gefasse. Sie liegen hier
gruppen-und nesterweise zwischen den Follikeln und vor allem ‘
auch in den Stielen der grésseren Follikel, immer dort, wo beson-
ders starke Blutzufuhr giinstige Ernahrungsbedingungen bietet.”
It is quite conceivable that the presence of numerous inter-
‘stitial cells on the stalks of the follicles of rapidly growing
oocytes is a cause of the rapid growth rather than an effect, as
Sonnenbrodt suggests. The whole subject of the intimate phy-
‘siology of the ovary needs more study.
Whatever the precise nature of the factor under discussion,
which is a matter for future investigation. the main points
which appear clear at present are that: (a) high fecundity rep-
resents a definite addition to the normal egg production suffi-
cient in amount for purposes of reproduction. This added fe-
cundity has been shown (cf. 28, 30) to be definitely inherited in
certain cases at least and may be regarded as dependent on or
determined by some physiological factor or complex of factors
not present in birds which exhibit a low degree of fecundity.’
* My italics —R. P.
*> Throughout this discussion it is presumed that the reader will under-
stand without repeated specific statements that attention was paid to en-
vironmental factors in the experimental work. That is, when the state-
ment is made that one bird or set of birds exhibits high fecundity and
another low fecundity it is to be understood that both sets were hatched,
reared, fed and cared for in all respects in as nearly precisely the same
way as is possible, considering that fowls are, in some degree, free agents
and cannot be absolutely controlled. The extent both in time and space,
and the manifoldness in respect to method, of the experiments upon
which this discussion is based are so great and the checks on this point
have been so numerous as to make it quite certain that the results are
not influenced by a differential effect of the environment, arising from
individual preferences of birds for particular sorts of food, or other
similar peculiarities of behavior. When a result is stated to be due to
inheritance the reader may. assume, even though a specific statement is
not made to that effect, that careful, critical consideration has been
-given to possible environmental influences.
”
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 295
This physiological complex may be designated as the ‘excess
production’ factor in fecundity.
We may next consider in greater detail these factors influenc-
ing fecundity, taking first
The Anatomical Basis of Fecundity
Since, as already pointed out, egg production obviously de-
pends in part upon the presence of ova in a normal ovary, a
question which demands-consideration is the following:
To what extent are observed variations in fecundity (i. e., in
the number of eggs laid) to be referred to anatomical differ-
ences? In other words, does the ovary of a high producing
hen, with for example, a winter record of from 75 to II5 eggs,
contain a larger number of odcytes than does the ovary of a hen
which is a poor producer, laying no eggs in the winter period
and perhaps but Io or 15 eggs in the year?
To get light upon this question the observations to be des-
cribed have been made. The object was to arrive at as accurate
a relative judgment as possible regarding the number of odcytes
in the ovaries of different individual birds. It is, of course,
impossible practically to determine accurately the total absolute
number of odcytes in the ovary. What can be done, is to count
the number of oocytes which are visible to the unaided eye.
While such results do not tell us, nor enable us to estimate with
great accuracy, the total number of oocytes in the ovary, they do
nevertheless throw interesting and useful light on the question
raised above.
The counts of the visible odcytes for a number of birds are
given in table 4. These counts were made at my suggestion by
my assistant, Miss Maynie R. Curtis, to whose painstaking care
and skill in carrying through the tedious business of counting
it is a pleasure to acknowledge gratefully my indebtedness.
Prof. W. F. Schoppe of the University of Maine is carrying
this work forward and later we hope to be able to publish more
extensive data. So far as I am aware the counts here given are
the first attempt yet made at anything more than the roughest
sort of a guess at the number of eggs in a bird’s ovary. While
290 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1I2.
these counts do not give the total numbers they do establish
minimum values. A given ovary certainly does not carry any
less than the number of visible ova.
‘A word should be said as to the method of making the counts,
and the meaning of the subdivisions of the table. The counts
were made in some cases on fresh, and in other cases on pre-
served ovaries. There was found to be little difference in the
two methods, as regards the ease and accuracy of counting. In
making the counts small pieces of ovary were cut off, and teased
apart with needles under water and the visible oocytes on the
small fragments counted. In delimiting boundaries where a
number of small oocytes were closely packed together, a hand
lens was used. No odcyte was counted, however, which could
not be seen with the unaided eye. In other words the lens was —
not used to find odcytes which might otherwise be missed, but
merely to aid in the dissecting of the material.
In the oocyte counts given in the table it will be noted that
these are grouped into four categories. ‘The first class includes
ruptured follicles from which the ova have been discharged. A
ruptured follicle which is large at the moment the ovum leaves
it gradually shrinks in size and is more or less completely ab-
sorbed. On the ovary of a hen which has laid, however, there
will always be found a certain number of these discharged
follicles not yet absorbed. When such follicles get very small
it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish them from small odcytes
(1. e., undischarged follicles). Undoubtedly there are errors in
classification in this respect in the counts, but for present pur-
poses this is nota matter of great importance. If the eye were
sharp enough it might perhaps be possible to distinguish a rup-
tured follicle for every egg which has ever been laid, since it is
doubtful if the absorption is ever so complete as to leave abso-
lutely no scar. It is of interest to note that in the counts there
is a reasonably close relation between the follicle count and the
record of eggs laid.
The o6cytes proper are divided in the counting into three
classes: those 1 cm. or over in diameter, those between 1 mm.
and I cm. in diameter, and those less than 1 mm. in diameter.
The first of these classes includes the large yolks nearly ready
to leave the ovary and pass into the oviduct. They are in pro-
297
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL.
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QLGT ISGP 6 G FG ig 61 ih, “Zit YoreW OL, ‘61 Jog? “8S SS soo “Ald pee 0108 8
LOLS 16606 6F 9 LT 10 GT |TT., Wore OT, 1G aunt)" -" - yooy “ATd pemeg|6008 |Z
F6LL SCL aig 9 &% 0 9T |I. « FG Youre |OL, *% SUNG rege ae oo “AId pereg/stos 9
9086 IG1G 6 L 6F KS re Il. (F [IdV/OT, (8% dy|" 9" 00M “Ald perteg|,9e1 |S
PLT 960T 89 8 al g LT ily 2 YOUN OL, *Z eune)**"*** yooy “ATA poreg|/¢co0s F
F16 ists) 69 G 8 0 L Il, ‘OT YoLvN|OL, ‘1 OUI eee yoo “Ald pemed|Osog ¢
9991 96ST 1S | 2 a! 0 OT tile “OS YoIeW | OT, ‘3 SUNG ae yoo “ATq peed) 2TOS &
sya 6FII eg | 6 \LT ig \OT iceSc yore OT, ‘T SUL faerie yoo “ATd peueg/1z0s I
| | | | i
S|
Giz Ses | Se) eee | ate ce ao
Sct eB < Bus. | Soa =n QF 09
<2 3 St ee oS 5 a a eae S, |
oa ou — oO —
a, eee pa R a a aS Sag Bae “aUTIIY, ALVG ‘ONIHOLVA, JO GiVd etciceree | -on; | “ON
ay np E Bean Ssh Ws cS ons = PUG | esup
ia 2 B 4 On a. = BS |
© g 5 E me
oe | |
SDAL WUIDJAIID LO AD ay Ul SIINIOO IIOISiW2 A UnuU IY}? DUIM201
pig UiD}10 KAD20 ay, Wi SazkIO0 ajgisw2 fo 4a toy} bumoy,
v FTIGVL
298 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
cess of rapid enlargement by the deposition of yolk. The next
class includes those oocytes in which yolk deposition is started
but is proceeding at a slow rate. It is from this class that the
first class of rapidly growing yolks is constantly being recruited.
Finally the “under Imm.” class represents the make-up of the
bulk of the ovary. It will be understood that these size classes —
are only roughly delimited, the diameter of each oocyte having
been estimated but not carefully measured.
~ Columns in the table are devoted to “Total number of eggs
laid in life” and “Winter production.” The first of these has
no particular significance since obviously it depends on when
the bird was killed in order to make the oocyte count. Winter
production, however, represents a definite entity in fecundity as
already pointed out above (p. 292).° Winter production records
are directly comparable with one another. It is the inheritance
of this fecundity unit that is primarily being studied in these
investigations. .
From this table a number of points are to be noted. In the
first place it is clear that the number of visible odcytes in the
ovary of a hen is very large; much larger, I think, than has
generally been supposed. While to be sure there are for the
most part only vague statements respecting this point in the
literature, usually these statements are to the effect that the
birds ovary contains ‘several hundred’ ova. ‘The only direct
statement as to the actual: number of odcytes in a hen’s ovary
which I have been able to find is given by Matthews Duncan (8)
on the very dubious authority of Geyelin (11) to the following
effect (loc. cit., p. 36): “It has been ascertained that the ova-
rium of a fowl is composed of 600 ovula or eggs; therefore, a
hen during the whole of her life cannot possibly lay more eggs
than 600, which in a natural course are distributed over nine
years in the following proportion.” This statement is followed
by an utterly preposterous and presumably entirely imaginary
table from Geyelin, supposed to show the laying of hens at
different ages. How far from the truth the table is is indicated
*For general discussion of “winter production” as a unit of fecun-
dity, see (28), (30), (34), (37), (38). It comprises the egg production
up to March 1 of the laying year.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 299
by the fact that according to it the pullet year is the least pro-
ductive of any of a hen’s life, save only for the ninth year
when the last remnants of the original 600 eggs are being tar-
dily and, one must suppose, sorrowfully ejaculated!" As a
matter of fact repeated trap-nest and other tests in all parts of
the world have shown again and again that, on the average, the
pullet year is the most productive of a hen’s life.
From the figures given in table 4 it is furthermore apparent
that the absolute number of oocytes in the hen’s ovary is very
much larger than the number of eggs which any hen ever lays.
A record of 200 eggs in the year is a high record of fecundity
‘for the domestic fowl, though in exceptional cases it may go
even a hundred eggs higher than this (cf. 29). “But even a 200-
eggs record is only a little more than a tenth of the average
total number of visible odcytes in a bird’s ovary, to say nothing
of the probably much larger number of oocytes invisible to
the unaided eye, but capable of growth and development. In
other words it is quite evident from these figures that the po-
tential ‘anatomical’ fecundity is very much higher than the
actually realized fecundity. This is true even if we suppose
the bird to be allowed to live until it dies a natural death. Ex-
perience shows that birds which make a high fecundity record
in the first year of their life, generally speaking, never do so
thereafter. In general an examination of what long period
records are available in the statistics of this Station, and also
in the literature, indicates that probably only relatively few
birds of the American or Asiatic breeds at least, would lay
many more than 400 to 500 eggs in their natural life time,
if they were allowed to live it out. Records of ‘10o00-egg’ birds
“are in existence, but such birds are rare.
One of the longest continuous egg records of an individual
bird, which may be considered accurate, with which I am
acquainted is that given by Handrik (15) (for a Leghorn).
This bird was hatched in to01. Its egg record was as follows:
‘Tt is difficult to understand how so acute an investigator as F. H. A.
Marshall could have been so imposed upon by this wonderful table of
Geyelin’s as to republish it in his valuable and interesting book on the
“Physiology of Reproduction.”
‘
300 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igt2.
Calendar year . Eggs laid
MOOD) 2 Pans « Wisakessae ous Nee Gate Sk tee Se es a ee 105
TOOB Cee areas Uap ae rs a oaNNA yc ta ra 163
1904. Sed ed Lane AEN ey ee GON eh EA 138
i KOVOL UMD pehiiey arena St Cap neal sea ito TRE aM lated Ar erly 159
EOOOIR CLG) Oh ay ae ce kataie Rah oan Sena ee Seether RN 160
TOO 7: 355 ice aap eS So eh eae ree amen Ra? 133
MOOS Sees ya! aan Satan ee er aly Ree oy eae RP III
Geo ue) Mite lature terrae tinrs Wh Gost oe vacates ar karst oe 069
INSVIGT ACIS PET: ViCEti ile Cos yaks een) Leia tase ocean 138 3-7
Heier (17) gives a four-year record for a Braeke! hen, which
is distinctly higher than would usually be obtained over so long
a period. The figures are as follows:
Laying Year Eggs laid
Tires Veet aege it ates Oke Bn Seale SUEY ERS Sieh Esa 153
Secon sh ee tees tie ve nee SMG Un Se eae Rote ca ee aia 139
AU asi Legtaeree a Mase NEN ema ea a ep RAY wee 8 ae och 152
dRO\iRr ale seer aa, Str ROM MEMES Mona RUMEN er ty A 162
APO LAL Mier hd tate Sreweteatag A eto cach cate eae Bt uel a ee 606
PAWEhag en Peis year. sien an snsk gorsnuae ecg heels an Ree isn 12
In this connection the paper of Dackweiler (5) is of interest.
Both of the cases here cited are of fowls of the Mediterranean
type, in which the tendency to accumulate body fat with advanc-
ing age is not marked. I know of no records comparing with
these in extent for Plymouth Rocks or other American or Asi-
atic breed. After two years the fecundity of Plymouth Rocks,
in all cases which have been observed at the Maine Experiment
Station, becomes greatly reduced.
An examination of table 4 in detail indicates that there is no
very close or definite relationship between the number of visible
number of odcytes on the ovary and the winter production of a
bird. Thus no. 1367 and no. 3546 each have about the same
number of visible odcytes, yet one has a winter production
record 18 times as great as the other. Again no. 71 with the
extraordinarily high winter record of 106 eggs has only a little
more than one-half as many visible odcytes as has no. 2067,
whose winter production record is only 32 eggs. Again no. 71
with its 106 record has very nearly the same oocyte count as
no. 8010 with a winter record of zero. In general it may be
said that the present figures give no indication that there is any
correlation between fecundity as measured by winter produc-
tion, and the number of odcytes in the ovary. Of course, the
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWI,. 301
present statistics are meager. More ample figures are needed
(and are being collected) from which to measure the correla-
tion between actual and ‘anatomical’ fecundity.
But the data now in hand, even at the very lowest valuation
which may be placed upon them, indicate clearly, it seems to
me, that there must be some other factor than the anatomical
one involved in the existence of different degrees of actual fe-
cundity in the domestic fowl. It clearly is the case from table
4 that when one bird has a winter record of twice what another
bird has it is of because the first has twice as many oocytes in
the ovary. On the contrary it appears that all birds have an
anatomical endowment entirely sufficient for a very high degree
of fecundity, and in point of fact quite equal to that possessed
by birds which actually accomplish a high record of fecundity.
Whether or not such high fecundity is actually realized evi-
dently depends then upon the influence of additional factors
beyond the anatomical basis. As has already been indicated in
the preceding section it is reasonable to suppose that these
factors are physiological in nature. “The record of hen no. 71
shows most clearly and distinctly the reason why.we must as-
sume that there are definite physiological factors at work in
determining relative degrees of fecundity, as measured by win-
ter production.
While there are no odcyte counts yet available for wild birds
it is possible that when made they will show the same point as
is here brought out, namely that there is no close or definite re-
lation between the anatomical endowment and actually realized
fecundity. In this connection a statement made by Jenner (20)
a century and a quarter ago regarding the cuckoo is of interest.
‘He says:
That the cuckow actually lays a great number of eggs, dis-
section seems to prove very decisively. Upon a comparison I
had an opportunity of making between the ovarium, or racemus
vitellorum, of a female cuckow, killed just as she had begun to
lay, and of a pullet killed in the same state, no cssential differ-
ence appeared. ‘The uterus of each contained an egg perfectly
formed and ready for exclusion; and the ovarium exhibited a
large cluster of eggs, gradually advanced from a very diminu-
tive size to the greatest the yolk acquires before it is received
_ into the oviduct. ~
“Italics not in original.
302 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2.
The Mechanism of the Inheritance of Fecundity
With so much by way of introduction we may proceed to the
subject in hand, namely a detailed account of the manner in
which fecundity is inherited. In this account for reasons which
have been stated above, and in earlier papers on this subject,
attention will be confined to winter egg production.
A. Observed types of winter egg production. A study of
numerous statistics shows that hens fall into three well defined
classes in respect to winter production. These classes include
(a) those birds which lay no eggs whatever in the winter period
(up to March 1 of the laying year); (0) those that lay but
have a production during the period of something under about
30 eggs; and finally (c) those whose production exceeds 30
eggs in the winter period.. The division point between classes
(b) and (c) is not sharply defined in every case, but it is plainly
(as will appear later) at about 30 eggs. Since in the analysis
some fixed point must be taken for this boundary a production
of 30 has been chosen for this purpose and will be used
throughout. This is an arbitrary choice only in the sense that it
is a convenient round number lying near where the biological
division point falls, at least in the strains of domestic fowls
used in these experiments. The analysis could doubtless be
carried through nearly or quite as well by taking the division
point at a production of 29 or 31, but 30 is a more convenient
figure.
In making the division of winter egg production into three
groups it must be remembered that this is a character subject to
purely somatic fluctuations and environmental influence. Al-
lowance for these factors must be made in interpreting and clas.
sifying results. In particular the following points must be kept
in mind throughout.
(1) A zero winter production may be due to genetic causes
or to purely somatic (physiological) ones, and there is nothing
in a single record of this sort, taken by itself, to indicate to
which category it belongs. A bird may carry the factor or fac-
tors for winter production, yet owing to purely physiological
causes, such as a disturbance of metabolism, or of the ovary in
respect to its physiology, or to disease, patent or obscure, it may
never actually lay during the winter period. Usually it will be:
possible to tell from other considerations than the record itself,
whether a given zero record is ‘somatic’ or “genetic.’
hes”
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 303
(2) The upper limit of the winter period at March 1 is arbi-
trary, and only approximately coincides with the biological
.reality. Actually with most birds the spring or reproductive
cycle of production (cf. 37) begins in the latter part of Febru-
ary. In handling the material it has been found necessary (for
reasons which will be obvious upon consideration of the mat-
ter) to take a fixed date for the beginning of the spring cycle
of laying and the ending of the winter cycle. The records of
the Station prior to 1908 are tabulated only for months (the
daily records unfortunately having been destroyed before I
took charge of the work). and on this account it is necessary to
take the working limit of the winter cycle at the end of a calen-
der month. Since March 1 comes the nearest to the biological
limit of any date which is also the beginning of a calendar
month it has been chosen. The error introduced by taking this
arbitrary date for a point which really shifts within rather
narrow limits is, on the average, small. However, it must be
recognized as a disturbing element in the individual case. Thus,
some birds which really lack any genetic factor for winter
production will begin to lay in the last days of February, and
consequently on the arbitrary “March 1’ basis will actually be
credited with a small winter production. This will tend to make
the number of zero birds observed smailer than that expected on
theory.
(3) Owing to the factors of environmental influence and so-
matic fluctuations it is difficult to classify birds in respect to
fecundity, which have winter records near the boundary point,
30 eggs. Some birds bearing genes for a production of under
30 eggs will actually lay 31, or 32, or 33, etc. The point con-
sidered under (2) again comes into play here. A bird may
bear the genes for an “Under 30’ record, and actually make such
a record during the true biological winter cycle or period. But
if it begins the spring cycle early (i. e., before March 1) it gets
credited on its winter: record with the eggs which it lays in the
last days of February, but which biologically belong with the
spring production, and in this way its apparent winter record
becomes something over 30, while its real winter production
was under 30.
All these factors obscure and render difficult the critical clas-
sification and interpretation of the results. Allowance must be
made for their influence.
304 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2.
B. Symbolic analysis. After some consideration it has
seemed advisable to undertake the presentation of what is at
best a complicated matter in the following order. First a sym- .
bolic analysis of the inheritance of winter egg production will be
given. Then the actual statistics of production covering a
period of four years will be given, and it will be shown that
these objective data are in substantial accord with the symbolic
account. ‘The facts can be presented in this way much more
clearly and simply, than if the reverse order is followed. With-
out the clue of the symbolic analysis to guide one through the
maze of figures, one would be hopelessly lost. It scarcely needs
to be said that while the order suggested seems undoubtedly the
best for the presentation of the results, it 1s precisely the oppo-
site of that by which the conclusions here set down were
reached.
Let us turn to the symbolic analysis. As has been pointed
out already there are to be distinguished, on purely biological
grouncs, three factors involved in fecundity in the female fowl.
Aneseranc:
(1) An anatomical factor. This is basic. It consists in the
presence of a normal ovary, the primary organ of the female
sex. In the following analysis a separate letter will not be used
for the designation of this factor but instead it will be under-
stood to be included in the letter denoting the presence of the
female sex. That is, F will denote the presence of the female
sex or its determiner, and the presence of the ovary. The letter
f will denote presence of the male sex (the absence of the
female sex determiner, from the symbolic standpoint) and the
absence of an ovary. Obviously a separate letter is not needed
for this ‘anatomical factor’ since the presence of an ovary is
the objective criterion of the existence of the female sex, and
its absence of the existence of the male sex.
(2) The first production factor. This is the primary phy-
siological factor which in coexistence with # makes the bird lay
eggs during the winter period. Quantitatively it may be taken
as determining a winter production of more than zero eggs and
less than 30. The presence of this factor will be denoted by Li
and its absence by
(3) The second production factor. This is a second phy-
siological factor, which in coexistence with F and J, leads to
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 305
high fecundity. The presence of this factor will be denoted by
I, and its absence by 2. When / and lL: are present the addi-
tion of 1; makes a winter production of over 30 eggs. If F is
present and /: absent (/:) the presence of LZ: leads to a winter
production of under 30 eggs. Thus either Zi or L2 alone makes
a record of 30 eggs. They are independent determiners of this —
degree of production. It should be pointed out, however, that
in spite.of their equivalence in this regard, the factors [; and
I, are not qualitatively the same. ‘That is, the increased pro-
duction when 7: and J are both present, is not because there
are present two ‘doses’ of the same determiner. The proof of
this is found in the fact that when there are two ‘doses’ of Li
present in a bird it does not make her a high producer. LL. may
be considered an excess production factor, which erects a super-
structure on the foundation furnished by Zs. In the absence of
Ls Le lacks the foundation from which to start and hence only
can build about as high as 21 would alone. One 2: cannot, how-
ever, build a superstructure on another 2; nor can an J, build
one on another £2. Of course it will be understood that with f
(absence of female sex and ovary) these physiological fecundity
factors [1 and LL: are simply latent.
Using the letters in the manner defined above, and with the
usual Mendelian method of writing gametic and zygotic formu-
lae, the data indicate the existence of Barred Plymouth Rock
and Cornish Indian Game males and females of the constitu-
tions set forth below. The only point needing particular atten-
tion in reference to these formulae is that the factor L. behaves
in inheritance as a sex-limited character precisely like the
barred color pattern of the Barred Rock (40, 41). In conse-
quence gametes of the type FL: are never formed. Any gamete
which bears F does not, under any circumstances, ever carry L:.
It is not desirable to take the space to consider here all the
consequences which flow from the circumstance of the high fe-
cundity factor L. being a sex-limited character. These matters
will be fully discussed farther on in the paper after the data
themselves have been presented. Here it need only be said that
since Lz is a sex-limited character corresponding in behavior to
the barred color pattern, it means that ¢ ¢ may be formed with
any combination of the factors 1 and L:, whereas @ @ which
bear L. at all, must be heterozygotic in respect to it. Females
306 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9gi2.
may, however, be either homozygotic or heterozygotic in respect
to Ls, it not being a sex-limited character, and hence not in any
way coupled with or repelled by the factor F. ‘That the female
fowl is heterozygotic in respect to the sex factor was suggested
by Spillman (50, 51) and has been demonstrated by the experi-
mental studies of Bateson (3), Goodale (12, 13), Hagedoorn
(14), Sturtevant (51) and Pearl and Surface (40, 41).
Tables 5 to § inclusive show the constitution in respect to fe-
cundity of males and females of the breeds used in this work,
as indicated by the results obtained from breeding experiments.
These constitutions represent the ‘Erbformeln which flow from
the facts, and, in determination of their adequacy, are to be
tested against the facts. In these tables the columns headed
“Gametes produced’ have been made up in accord with the gen-
eral Mendelian principle that in gametogenesis all possible com-
TABLE 5
Constitution of Barred Plymouth Rock males in respect to fecundity
|
CLaAss | Zygote Gametes Produced
1 | fIrL2 . fIiLe a flrlLe
2 file . flaile fInLe, flile
3 | flnL2 . flle, fLiL2, flLe
4 flale . fule fliLe, flale, fue, flls
5 | flale . flale Tale
6 flals . flile flale, flile
7 | fale . fue 1Le
8 | flLe . file ful, flile
9 | fale . flils flile
; TABLE 6
Constitution of Barred Plymouth Rock females in respect to fecundity
a = l = ————— —————— ————— = —
| |Probable Winter Egg
f-Bearing F-Bearing Production of 2 of
Cass Zygote | (@ Producing) | (2 Producing) Indicated Zygotie ~
| Gametes | Gametes Constitution
1 flil2 . Fhile flrLe, fiL2! Flas. FLils Over 30 eggs
2 finke.FInl2 | fine FIle Over 30 eggs
3 | flnle . Flile | fale, flile Plile. FLale Under 30 eggs
4 | flale . FDils | file EF Inle Under 30 eggs
5 | fle .Fhle | flhle Fhile Zero eges
6 | file. Fhls | f lle Flile | Under 30 eggs
|
1 The reason that gametes of the type fLil2 and flilz are not formed here will be evident
on consideration. Since no gametes of type /L2 can, by hypothesis, be formed this im-
lies that an interchange of the factors L2 and lz between I’ and f gametes cannot occur.
he experimental proof of the truth of this conviction has been furnished in the case of
the inheritance of the barred color pattern.
‘
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 307
binations of the factors present will be formed, within the
bounds of any limitation which may be imposed by such phe-
nomena as coupling, repulsion or linkage. ‘The limitation of
these possibilities in the present instance has been set forth
above: it consists simply in the fact that / and /,. are never
/
SPABIUIS) 7
Constitution of Cornish Indian Game males in respect to fecundily
Cass | Zygote | Gametes Produced.
| Ke
1 | file . fLale | fLale
2 | flies © flit | Fae fll
3 f lle. f hile | hile
|
TABLE 8
Constitution of Cornish Indian Game females in respect to fecundity
| Prebele Winter Egg
; f-Bearing F-Bearing Production @ of
_ Crass Zygote (Oo) Producing) (2 Producing) |- Indicated Zygotic
Gametes Gametes Constitution
| | |
1 flnlz . FInle | fLile | FIle Under 30 eggs
2 f lle . Fale | f hile, flale | FIle, Flile Under 30 eggs
3 flake . Fhe | flake. flile Fhlz, FIle | Under 30 eggs
4 f hie . Fle | f hie Flils Zero eggs
Tt will be noted that C. I. G. @ classes 2 and 3 are gametically identical. Both are
left in the table, however, since the whole table is so short that no confusion can be
caused, and this ‘example may make clear to some readers the nature of the compression
(by omission of duplicate classes) which was practised in tables 5 and 6.
borne in the same gamete. It should be said that these tables
do not show at all the proportions in which the several gametic
types might be expected to occur. Further all duplicates have
_ been omitted, so that only the different possible types are shown
in these tables.
It will be noted from table 6 that two classes of females (1
and 2) carry both 1: and L and hence are to be expected, on the
hypothesis developed, to be high layers. One class (class 5)
carries neither 21 nor IJ, and hence should make zero winter
records. It should be said that observations indicate that while
such class 5 birds occur with expected frequency, they usually
do not produce any offspring. A zero winter layer usually gets
very few:chicks of any kind and almost never has any adult
2 progeny. :
308 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.» 1@12:
Turning our attention to the Cornish Indian Games, we have
the gametic constitutions set forth in tables 7 and 8. The only
special point to be noted here is that the factor 7. does not
appear at all in either males or females. All the evidence indi-
cates that in the strain of Cornish Indian Games used in these
experiments, this excess production factor I: is entirely absent
(cf. in this connection tables 1, 2 and 3, supra).
We may next consider the theoretical results which would be
expected to follow the mating in all possible combinations of
birds of the constitutions set forth above. In doing this account
will be taken of female progeny only, for the sake of simplicity,
saving of space, and because we are here concerned only with
actual fecundity as expressed in the female. Anyone who de-
sires can easily work out the $ constitutions for himself. -Ta-
bles 9g and 10 give the expected numbers of female progeny —
from each mating, on the assumption of uniform fertility
throughout. It will be seen that some odd ratios should appear.
It should be pointed out that while, for the sake of complete-
ness, the result of every possible mating is carried out in table
9 on an assumption of equal fertility for all matings, this by no
means accords with actual fact. Certain of the matings would
not in practice get any offspring at all. This applies also to
table 10. This point wil! be made clear in connection with the
application of the theoretical frequencies to the observed data.
It will not be necessary in the table for Cornish Indian Games
to present the theoretical frequencies in such detail. Only totals
and ratios will be given.
From table to it will be seen that no high layers are to be
expected from pure Cornish Game matings and that further the
proportion of zero layers is relatively high.
ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA
In this section the actual results in respect to fecundity will
be compared with the theoretical expectations. There will be
presented first the data respecting the matings of Barred Rock
males and females (pure B.P.R. matings); second the data
respecting matings of Cornish Indian Game males and females
(pure C.I.G. matings); and finally the 7; and /: matings of
Barred Plymouth Rocks and Cornish Indian Games crossed
reciprocally.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL.
399
TABLE 9
Showing the theoretical expectation in respect to the fecundity of the
daughters from all possible matings of Barred Plymouth Hones
imter se
Marines. | Exprcrep DisTRIBUTION OF FrcunDITyY AMONG
| © PROGENY OF THE DESIGNATED MaTING.
‘Daughters with) Daughters with
Daughters with a) a winter + a winter
B.P.R.o of class B. P. R. 9 of class) winter production | productiongof*| production of
| over 30 eggs under 80_eggs | zero eggs
| ; |
il ‘1 to 6 inclusive | 32
1 el All classes |Ratio = (eT x00
Rew D Ram eli raw ea aernin o ae Palas [ey Tes
2 2 2) 2
aX 3 4) 4
2B 4 2 2
) 5 2 2
2 6 2, 2
2 All classes Totals = 16| 16 |
2 || All classes Ratio = Sane 1 a) )
3 SEI EN iG Sie eS
3 | 2 4
3 3 6 2
a) 4 4
3 5 2 2
3 6 Z 2
3 | All classes Totals = 24 8 |
Se All classes |Ratio = Peo hae Rr eens
Ze cy Tage eres AL Mah tae ei
4 2 2) 2 |
4 3 3 4 1
4 4 2} 2
4 5 1| 2 | 1
4 6 1 2 1
4 All classes |Totals = 12) 16 | 4
a Bee: | All classes [Ravioll= 3 Rete A leer ;
a 5 [1 to 6 inclusive — | 5 32 aie
Sy earenel| All classes Ratio = CO) ae (a RO a
Ca al 1 ats |e URae aA a lite ane Gh ee ein Re ae
6 2 | 4
6 3 6 2
6 4 | 4
6 5 2 2
6 ji 6 2 2
6 | All classes Motals)= 24 8
6 | All classes Ratio = CO) fie petit eae ta Poe
6 . a aply ay SER gal is acl Oa Rae De
7 1 4 4
7 2 4
7 3 4 4
7 4 4
7 5 | 4
ta /6 4
7 All classes |Totals = 16 16 ]
is 7 All classes [Ratio = ill aa Lace 0
3 Tacit cay lane Dl Pere see ements | 00a ORT nS
8 F 2 2
8 3 2 4 2
8 4 9] 2
8 5 2 2
8 | 6 | 2 | 2
8 | All classes |Totals = 8} 16 8
8 | All classes |Ratio = 1 2 1
|
310 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
TABLE 9—Continued
IQI2.
MaATINGs.
| | Eee DISTRIBUTION OF FRcUNDITY AMONG
© PROGENY OF THE DESIGNATED MATING.
| Daughters with a | Dameiiens with)/Daughters with
18}, Jeo Re ot of class B. P. R. @ of class) winter produciion a winter a winter
over 30 eggs | production of | production of
under 30 eggs | zero eggs
9 1 | 4 4
9 2 4
9 | 3 4 4
9 + 4
9 5 | 4
9 6 | 4
9 All classes |Totals = ke 16 | 16
9 | All classes [Ratio = 0| 1 | i
All classes “Allclasses |Grand ; ve at
Total = 120] 160 40
All classes All classes |Ratio = 3) 4 1
|
Since the actual breeding operations were carried out in ad-
vance of any understanding of the mechanism of the inheritance
of fecundity the matings were substantially at random so far as
concerns fecundity factors. As a consequence not all possible
gametic pairings have been made, while for certain combinations
a relatively large number of offspring are available. Enough of
the possible gametic combinations have, however, been made
with Barred Rocks to show clearly how fecundity is inherited.
A word should be said in regard to the number of offspring
TABLE Io
Showing the theoretical expectation in respect to the fecundity of the
daughters from ail possible matings of Cornish Indian Games inter
se
EXPECTED DISTRIBUTION OF FECUNDITY AMONG
MATING © PROGENY OF THE DESIGNATED MATING
Daughters with|Daughters with
Daughters with a a winter a winter
C. I. G. & of class|C. I. G. 9 of class| winter record of record of record of
over 30 eggs under 30 eggs zero eggs
ay , anal
1 | 1 to 4 inclusive | 12
il | All classes Ratio = (0) il 0
2 1 to 4 inclusive |Totals | 9 3
2 | All classes Ratio = 0| 3 1
3 1 to 4 inclusive |Totals | 6 6
3 All classes Ratio = a0 lease ree sil
Allclasses | ‘Allelasses |Grand totals | 27 9
Ratio = Cc 3 1
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Sle
from the different matings. The writer would, of course, be
glad if records were at hand for a large number of progeny for
every mating made. There are, however, practical difficulties.
in the matter. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station
poultry plant has accommodations for only about 600 adult
pullets per annum in spite of the fact that it is one of the largest
purely experimental poultry plants in the country.’ Now taking
all the experiments tggether there are made: about 300 separate
matings each year. It is simple arithmetic to show that under
the circumstances, if all matings were equally represented, only
two pullets from each mating could be tested as to fecundity.
"AS a matter of fact all matings are not equally represented.
Some yield either no chickens, or too few to insure the develop-
ment of adult daughters. The aim has always been in this work
to put into the laying house for trap-nest records of fecundity
as many daughters from each one of as many matings as possi-
ble. Of course, only healthy, normal. well developed pullets
can be used in the work, since any other sort could not be de-
pended upon to give reliable normal results as to fecundity.
This means that, under the prevailing climatic conditions here,
only pullets hatched between a rather narrow range of dates
(April 1 to June 1) can: be used in the fecundity. Those
hatched at other seasons will not give normal results.
Altogether it will be seen that the character fecundity in fowls
is not one which lends itself readily to treatment in large masses
of figures, desirable as such might theoretically be. The case is
very different from the study of the inheritance of plumage
colors in poultry, for example, where both sexes are available
for record and the records may be made while the chicks are
relatively young (or in some cases even unhatched) and before
they have time to die. If all students of the inheritance of pig-
mentation in poultry had been obliged to keep, house, and feed
every bird which was to furnish any record whatever. until
approximately one‘and a half years after hatching, and could
have got records even then only from one sex (both of which
conditions obtain in the study of fecundity), it is plain that their
"There are hatched annually on this plant from 3500 to 4000 chicks,
and facilities for handling adult stock make it possible to accommodate
over winter about 1000 birds of all sorts, including adult pullets, hens
and male birds.
312 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912;
recorded numbers would have fallen very far below those
which they have actually, and most fortunately for the good of
biology, been able to obtain.
The foregoing remarks are not in any sense intended as an
apologia for the statistical portion of this paper, because in the
opinion of the writer, who is thoroughly acquainted with the
practical difficulties which beset the study of inheritance of fe-
cundity, no apology is needed. The data here presented are
about as extensive as it is practically possible to obtain in an
interval of time and with an experimental equipment equal to
what has been available in the present investigation. It is hoped,
however, that what has been said may help the reader, who may
not be practically familiar with the rearing and trap-nesting of
large numbers of fowls, to understand the reason why more
extensive data are not forthcoming in this paper. In every case
where the number of birds to a family was too small to warrant
any conclusion this fact is particularly noted. ‘The data for
these small families are not suppressed, however, but are in
most instances separately tabulated.
One convention which is used throughout in the tabulation of
the material should be explained. Jn case a bird has a winter
ege record of exactly 30 eggs, she evidently falls on the boun-
dary line between the two fecundity classes already discussed
and defined (p. 302). The number of such cases is not large,
but in order to be perfectly impartial in their treatment it was
decided to split such a bird in two, in a metaphorical sense, and
credit one-half of her to the ‘Over 30’ winter fecundity class,
and the other half to the ‘Under 30’ class. ‘This explains the
fractional records which occasionally appear among the fre-
quencies in what follows, and which might otherwise puzzle one
used to thinking of a hen as an individual unit, at least during
the fecund portion of her existence. In calculating the mean
winter production (in eggs) of the several classes these few
birds with records of exactly 30 eggs have been omitted alto-
gether. There are obviously two equally fair ways of dealing
with them in getting these averages. One is to include each
one in both ‘over’ and ‘under’ classes; the other is to include
each one in neither class. ‘The latter alternative is adopted be-
cause simpler.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. | Bue
Barred PuymMoutH Rock MATINGs
The data will be presented for each gametic constitution
separately. The analysis indicates that out of the 9 theoretically
possible types of male Barred Rocks shown in table 5 only six
have actually ever been used in the breeding pens. ‘These six
classes of males represented in the data are classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
and 8. . :
In any particular case it is practicable to determine the gam-
etic constitution of a male bird in respect to fecundity only
through an examination of the records of his daughters. ‘To
distinguish different gametic types of males through analysis of
the male progeny, while theoretically simply, is practically not
feasible while any other investigations are going on. In order
to determine the gametic constitution in regard to fecundity of
the cockerels from a particular mating it would be necessary to
rear to maturity a reasonable number (5 to 10) of these males,
and then a year from the time they were hatched to mate each
of them with a number of females, and rear to maturity and
trap-nest for a year a number (3 to 10 for example) of pullets
' grown from each of the matings of each of the cockerels. Then
from the trap-nest records of these pullets it would be possible
to conclude as to what was their grandfather’s gametic constitu-
tion respecting fecundity. It is evident that relatively enormous
experimental resources would be required to carry this out on
even a very modest scale. Further the end would scarcely justi-
fy the means from either a practical or theoretical standpoint,
since the theoretically expected gametic types of males can be
readily obtained and their pedigrees will enable one to analyze
fully the gametic factors and reactions involved in their produc-
- tion.
Throughout the paper, then, conclusions will be drawn as to
gametic constitution of parents from an analysis of the female
progeny only.
The reason why the other three classes of males (5, 6 and 9)
are not represented in the matings is to be found in the method
of selective breeding practised during the time in which the
statistics here analyzed were collected. The chance of using
in a breeding pen males of any of these types was small when
the selection was carried on in the way that it was. This point
will be more fully discussed farther on in the paper.
314 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class” 7
Males of class 7, having a gametic constitution file. flilz,
were used more often than any other sort in the pure Barred
Rock matings. They are homozygous with reference to the ab-
sence of the first production factor LZ, and the presence of the
second or excess production factor J. A reference to table 9
shows that there should be no zero winter producers among
their progeny. ‘The proportions of high and poor layers in the
progeny depend upon the nature of the female with which the
male is bred. For convenience the matings of each individual
male will be discussed separately.
B.P.R. 8 553. Indicated gametic constitution = fiz. fhL:.
This male was hatched in the spring of 1908 and used as a
breeder in the season of 1909. His successful ‘pure’ matings
(i. e., those with B.P.R. females which produced adult female
progeny) were as follows:
Matings: A. With 6 2 @ indicated to be of class 2=fL,L.. Flal.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed mass Hiner aes 15 0 )
IER NAGY Bal na ta peneicla Neve Areata 15 O (0)
Mean winter production of 2 2
ion eachesinedl CASS csanso0000 51.33 eges
B. With 3 2 @ indicated to be of class t =: file. Fl,
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsemved meyer cere nae deere fe 6: Q fo)
IDES UGH ATL Umm tere inl Obed 7.5 75 O
Mean winter production of 2 2
war ihmahreecl GSS so0c000sKe 55.50 eggs 13.56 eggs
C. With 2 2 2 indicated to be of class 4 = flil,, FL:ls.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsenvedr ety kos nmi cevcn sak 4 ) (0)
EGP CCLEd 4a eee CL 4 0 O
Mean winter production of 2 9
ial ThaCheaeG! ClESS Sb5enneo0¢ 390.75 eggs
” The ‘class’ numbers throughout refer to the arbitrary designations
given in tables 5 to 10 inclusive.
INHERITANCE OF PECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 315
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@nsenviedites. uaa emt. ei 25 9 fe)
LES DOCG ds leer utenti Bie tarenee 26.5 5 (6)
Mean winter production ...... 50.48 eggs 13.56 eggs
The agreement between observation and expectation here is
as close as could be expected considering the numbers involved.
Further it is evident fromthe mean production of the d wghters
falling in the several classes that the “Over 30’ and ‘Under 30’
classes are perfectly distinct in respect to degree of fecundity.
The ‘Over 30’ birds produced on the average, nearly four times
as many eggs in the winter period as the “Under 30’ birds.
B.P.R. 6 567. Indicated gametic constitution = fll». fle.
This male was used in the breeding season of 1gio and sired
a fairly large number of chicks of which the adult daughters
appear below. He was hatched in the spring of 1900.
Matings: A. With 5 2 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fhb.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Olcemyedieg: os cates eh coas 3 Oz oO
IESE DOCUAG MOR ee trae ates eet rie 8.5 5 6)
‘Mean winter production of 2 9
momimcicated class. fe. .... <4. 57.28 e
ges 14.78 eggs
B. With 3 9 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL.L». Fly).
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenvedius. hscuselN nhc swcees 12 2
WBA CN Bian aie eysigieveie ce 22s 46.8 T4 0 0
Mean winter production of ? ?
iimdicated class’ j......-,- 55.83 eggs 22.00 eggs
C. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 6 = f1,L.. Fhl..
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
(OLS) 0CGl ee nee 12 32 oO
IESE OCHA, WA) eee Ge EO O 5 (a)
Mean winter production of ? @
imeimGicated class ........-. 48.00 eges 14.00 eges
316 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed’ eincci eh em ames 21 15 (0)
EG PECLOd sures ent eae eee 22.5 13.5 0
Mean winter production ...... 55.65 eggs 15.64 eggs
It will be noted that there are two exceptions in these matings.
A class 7 6 X class 2 @ should give only daughters in the
‘Over 30’ class. Two out of the 14 adult progeny from matings
of this type laid fewer than 30 eggs in the winter period. The
record of one of these two was 28 eggs. There is no doubt that
this bird was a somatic variation belonging gametically to the
‘Over 30’ class (cf. p. 302). In general it is obvious that
the agreement between observation and expectation here is very
satisfactory. Further the difference in average winter produc-
tion of the birds in the “Over 30’ and ‘Under 30’ classes is so
great as to leave no doubt of the real distinctness of these
classes in respect to fecundity.
B.P.R. 8 562. Indicated gametic constitution = fliL:. flL:.
This male got comparatively few adult daughters. He was
ised during only one breeding season (that of 1910), having
been hatched in the spring of 1900.
Matings: A. With 4 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL:L..FI,l,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsenvedPe woes vn eee 5 6 (0)
POG (Pn pass oes OE 5:5 5.5 0
~ Mean winter production of 2 @
Ou saelicaec! CASS socoseceoc 42.40 eges 11.67 eggs
B. With 2 2 @ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L.. Fhl.,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed ayia ace een ac 8 e) fo)
LEAD CCE UR PR ee eS eee Tete oes 8 O (0)
Mean winter production of 2 @
of indicated class .......... 70.00 eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observiedouayaeaew ae aoe 13 6 (0)
IBC ANAC la aa NRA Gc Se IA 13.5 5.5 (0)
Mean winter production ...... 59.38 eggs 11.67 eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 317
In spite of the comparatively small number of individuals
here, the evidence of segregation of high and low fecundity in
accordance with gametic expectation is clear and indubitable.
B.P.R. 8 552. Indicated gametic constitution = fll». flLe.
This male was used as a breeder during two seasons (1909
and 1910). He was hatched in the spring of 1908. His sisters
were very poor winter layers, as shown by the following table.
= Winter production
; as pullets
Sisters of 3 552 Eggs
FE 184 16
E 220 6
1 ee a
Meammwititer production Ofcfamily.5it soc. 0) SH. an dek ose 9.67
The mother of 6 552 ( 9 D725) was a good layer with a win-
ter record of 61 eggs. From her he evidently got an LL factor
which his sisters could not acquire in this way. The father was
heterozygous relative to 1, (belonging to class 4) and the only
one of his adult progeny from the mating with ¢ D725 to bear
lL, happened to be the ¢ 552 here under discussion. In the
following account of ¢ 552’s breeding history the progeny in
both of the years in which he was used in the pens are taken
together. There is no reason why the two years should be dealt
‘with separately.
Matings: A. With 4 2 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fliL,. FLiylp.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: ~ - Over 30 Under 30 Zero
ONS SHV) voy ome icse wip eed ele vt 11g z Oo
PI CGIAC met, oe oa ee aben s 12 0 (o)
Mean winter production of 2? 2
imeancicated class... .....!5«. 48.27 eggs
B. With to 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fl,l:.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Oper MMs tes es, eh sis eee a a 17 15 ‘ 2
LEE ATL 17 I7 O
Mean winter production of 2 @
MeImcCAted class ..)o.-..+-- 54.71 eggs 12.47 eggs O eggs
318 MAINE, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2.
C. With 3 2 2 indicated to be of class 3 = flul.. Fl).
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obseeved 2a Oa e tas ok 2 I oO
ERE ECT CCN eat tl Manco ta io thet r.5 7.5 a)
Mean winter production of 2 2
hm shaehiceheeG! CASS 5 odosshsuc 35.50 eggs 22.00 eggs
Winter Production: Qver 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenved te Aki sonar 303 163 2
EOP OGLE US ton Mate ease Nene 30.5 18.5 O
Mean winter production ...... 51.07 eggs 13.06 eggs 0 eggs
In this case the two zero birds are without much question to
be reckoned as somatic rather than genetic zeros. Unfortu-
nately neither of these birds were bred, so that precise infor-
mation on the point is lacking. Assuming this to be the case the
agreement between observation and expectation in the large
progeny is perfect. The matings under C got so few @ pro-
geny as to be without significance one way or the other.
The mean winter productions again show the distinctness of
the separation between the ‘Over 30’ and ‘Under 30’ fecundity
classes.
B.P.R. 6 554. Indicated constitution = fhle. fliLe.
This bird, like 3g 552 was used in the breeding pens two
years. He was hatched in 1908 and bred in each of the two
following years. His breeding history was as follows:
Matings: A. With 8 @ Q indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fhl..
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Ower 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenvediti a nee ean 12 2 I
IDES VOGAL) Weienis a SER A ao: St 12.5 12.5 fo)
Mean winter production of 2 @
ean rhaGlicenteel CIS 5 scncebace 47.67 eggs 15.58 egesoO eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 319
B. With 3 @ @ indicated to be of class 2 = fhLL,. Fi,i..
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsemved iy ass a tutees eeoee 8 0) 0
IBERDACHAGNaR eS raeo aoe Een 8 0 )
Mean winter production of ° @
inluiindieated (class = wu... o.- 59.00 eggs
C. With 2 2 2 indicated to be of class 6 = fLL,. Fl,i,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
I@ era dinat spay aicths az esa 0) 3 0)
JE 6 NOCTURNE ee O 3 O :
Mean winter production of 2 ?
impumaicated Glass) 2... 5.24. - 20.33 eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsenvedarte: eis cae 20 15 I
JES DOCHGUN Slee Get NaC ORC ICES 20.5 15.5 a)
Mean winter poduction ...... 52.20 eggs 16.53 eggs 0 eggs
Barring the single bird with a zero record the agreement be-
tween observation and expectation here is perfect. This excep-
tion was a late” hatched bird (June 2, 1910). It laid an egg on
May 1, 1911, of its pullet year, and died from a combination of
pulmonary and intestinal difficulties on May 22. Under these
circumstances it obviously carries little weight as an exception
to expectation on a gametic basis.
B.P.R. & 564. Indicated constitution = fll. fliL:.
This bird was hatched in 1909 and used in the breeding
season of r9ro, with the following results:
“It must always be remembered that ‘late’ is relative. Under our
conditions of climate, etc., at Orono, June 2 represents very late hatch-
ing for birds which are to be used in fecundity work. The cold weather
comes on so early in the fall and is so severe that any bird not fully
developed by the middle of October or the first of November at the
latest is likely to remain permanently stunted. The first of June repre-
sents about the latest possible limit of hatching for fecundity work
under these conditions.
320 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
Matings: A. With 6 2 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fhi,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenviedier wi krak er nied ) 10 2
IEE ANAGG I Rea toto a eee ere ete 10.5 - 10.5 )
Mean winter production of 2 @
im machieaned CIEISS o5c000n00 64.44 eggs 10.80 eges 0 eggs
B. With 3°92 ¢ indicated to be of class 3 = fib. Fi L..
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under BO ZERO
Obsérvedty ws nat en ens 2 2 = 9
> IER RTAD As BR APR cel eee a 2 2
Mean winter production of 2 2
iin iaglicawecl CASS s2.c0ec056 54.50 eggs 26.50 eggs
Cy Wath ae 2indicated! tosbesor class 6)— fink. Bille
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Olesenvedl\ soo vagensundea.d se 0) 2 0)
UEDA GEC UN Sisto? Mak arses as Sane 0) 2 0
Mean winter production of ? @
tal imchicawecl CASS 5 os50c00c¢ 4.00 eggs
All 9 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenvedsae secre ee II ral. 2
BER WAGUAI he eres Mia clea oekoe one 12.5 14.5 (o}
Mean winter poduction ...... 62.64 eggs 18.85 eges 0 eggs
The families are small in this case. From both these pure
Barred Rock and the cross matings in which @ 564 entered,
however, there can be no doubt that he is a class 7 male. The
two zero birds are to be reckoned as ‘somatic zeros’ rather than
gametic. Both began laying at the very beginning of the spring
period, and made records which indicated to one familiar with
this sort of material that they belonged genetically in the ‘Under
30’ class and only by accident failed to lay some eggs during
the winter period.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 3
aig 6) OSs indicated constitution == fills fll:
This bird was purchased in January, 1908, from Gardner &
Dunning, a then well-known firm of Barred Rock breeders of
Auburn, N. Y. Nothing was known of this bird’s previous his-
tory or pedigree. The bird was hatched in the spring of 1907,
and used in our breeding pens in 1908 and 1909. In 1908 he
failed to get any adult daughters. This, however, was not the
fault of the bird, but of the conditions under which the breeding
had to be done that year (cf. Pearl and Surface 35). From the
records of the daughters of ¢ 58 obtained in 1909 and exhibit-
ed below it appears clear that he was a class 7 male. The
breeding history is as follows:
Matings: A. With 9 2 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fL:L.. Fhh.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Wlsetvied env tse ee te eas 10 13 I
ELSE DCCHCD Mey ee area rear 12 Te fo)
Mean winter ege production of
Secoimmmadicared class! <1... 52.22 eggs 17.25 eggs Oeggs
b. With 4 2 2 indicated to be of class 6 = fl,L,. Fl,h.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 ' Zero
Observed ye. .2iee jas ance an (0) 5 0
IE SE NACIIOG a et ree Ae eer ee ) 5 )
Mean winter ege production of
2 D iva inalieeneal CRISS ehac056 15.80 eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
(Oloseiedlh Mgne ames accee-oolaiee 10 18 I
LE SECC ARE tA eNO ane a I2 m7 O
Mean winter production ...... 52.22 eggs 16.82 eges 0 eggs
The single zero bird here (? F158) cannot fairly be regard-
ed as a non-conformable case because of the following history.
She was hatched March 30, 1909. She never laid an egg and
died May 23, 1910. Autopsy showed the ovary and oviduct to
be in an infantile condition. The ovary weighed 1 gram and
the oviduct 2 grams. The ovary showed no oocytes enlarged by
322 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
yolk deposition or enlarging. There was no evidence that the
ovary had ever shown the slightest trace of functional activity.
But a normal bird hatched in March will exhibit signs of ova-
rian activity before May of the following year, even though she
belongs genetically to the ‘Zero’ class in respect to winter pro-
duction and does not lay. While the autopsy showed no ob-
vious lesion of ovary or oviduct, this by no means proves that
there may not have been present some deep-seated functional
derangement.
B.P.R. 6 573. Indicated constitution = fiL2flL>.
This bird was used in the breeding season of 1910, having
been hatched in t909. He proved not to be all that might be de-
sired as a breeder, being somewhat lacking in vigor of constitu-
tion. Partly on this account, he got comparatively few adult
daughters, as indicated in the following breeding history.
Matings: A. With 5 9 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fLiL.. Fl,h.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
WBDSeRVe Ce fe BaG hae canes AB 63 O
EEDCGTCO mn ee recat 5.5 5.5 )
Mean winter production of 2 @
in indicated class .......... 47.50 eggs 15.67 eges
B. With 2 9 2 indicated to be of class 2 = flile. Flils.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenvedie wean sae: A e) (o)
IBEANACHEE) . tacice cicuicee concrerae 2 De a) O
Mean winter production of 2 2
in indicated class .... -.... 4Q.25 eggs
C. With 1 9 indicated to be of class 3 = flab. Fhi..
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed ayaa cuete ee eres B I I
TED CCLEE | come moe Heke ae 2 2 0)
Mean winter production of 2? @
a). naGieanweGl CIAISS 5520000050 55-50 eggs 16.00 eggs 0 eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 323
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zera
Observed races. cates ie 108 73 1!
TEL AUGINA GI 0 Ger Ei he Sone DAR IT.5 7.5 0
Mean winter production ...... 49.80 eggs 15.71 eggs 0 eggs
The zero bird here is an exception for which no apparent ex-
planation is forthcoming. She was not pathological. She was
however a June hatched bird. Unfortunately she was not bred,
and therefore it is not possible to be sure of her gametic con-
stitution. In spite of the fact that the total number of progeny
here is small, there is little doubt of the correctness of the clas-
sification.
_ The mean productions for birds in the ‘Over 30’ class in the
several matings are comparatively a little lower than those of
the progeny of other class 7 males. It is interesting to specu-
late as to whether this may be connected with the lack of great
vigor on the part of the sire. No data are available from which
to get critical evidence on this point.
B.P.R. 8 56. Indicated constitution = fhL». fll.
This bird was purchased in January, 1908, from Mr. C. H.
Welles of Stratford, Conn. It came from a strain of Barred
Rocks well known in the show-room, but not specially bred for
egg production. This fact is of interest in connection with the
breeding history of the bird, which indicates clearly that he
was homozygous with respect to Ll», The result shows, in other
words, that a male Barred Rock from a strain bred purely for
the fancy may still carry in pure form the factor for high egg
production.
This male bird (56) was bred two seasons (1908 and Igo9).
The first year he got but very few adult. daughters, owing to
the unfavorable conditions under which all the breeding had to
be done in 1908 (ci. Pearl and Surface 35.) In 1909 the results
were better. The adult daughters from both seasons are taken
together in the following breeding history.
324 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1OT2:
Matings: A. With 5 2 @ indicated to be of class 2 = fEsL.. FL,
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30. Under 30 Zero
@bsenveda howtos Wie ee 7 e) fe)
EP EGLCO) mane nea One a ee vy. oy )
Mean winter production of 2 ¢
shal abaceh CenreGh IEISS. shah oes a2 54.57 eggs
B. With 4 2 9 indicated to be of class 3 = flul;. Flys.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obgervedsimn tts cetectaoet tnt: 9 4 =18)
POG PEGLCUN mirennp eae Cena ear ay: 6.5 6.5 o
Mean winter production of 2 ?
thal shalGhkernierel CIRISS “Sh ooaseose 56.80 eggs 19.50 eggs
C. With 2 2 ¢ indicated to be of class 6 = flL. Fhie.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observedia: wees, Sula came ) 3 fo)
BCCI EEA aA ts ae ) 3 O
Mean winter production of 2 ?
im dmdicated=class ..220.5.55 13.67: eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: “ Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed iawn cs cnc te 16 7 fo)
EVO BOGTC Oder eS Ap eae Ah ie Osi ane 13.5 9.5 (6)
Mean winter production ...... 55.87 eggs 17.00 eggs O eggs
The agreement between observation and expectation here is
satisfactory, excepting the case of the class 3 females. There
the deviation from the expected half is wide, but the numbers
involvel are small. The behavior of 8 56 with class 2 and
class 6 females gives clear indication of his gametic constitution.
B.P.R. 8 563. Indicated constitution = fle. fll.
This bird was hatched in 1909 and used as a breeder in 1910.
He was an exceptionally fine, vigorous bird. The breeding his-
tory is as follows:
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMES‘TIC FOWL. 325
Matimgs: A. With 6 2 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fliLs. Fh.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Osenvedive wives wake. 6 Pca) Il LI I
IE LENO WAG betes RR I et OO Oe TI.5 TT.5 )
Mean winter production of 2 2
iim rankalncanecl CASS Secon ncce 64.09 eggs 17.91 eggs 0 eggs
Bee Witt 5 2) Ovimdieated to. be ot class 2)—= flak, FEA.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Cleon vedere. er einr net clean 18 es 0
[EAGUCO) RAR ate ie heen 19 a) )
Mean winter production of 2 2
iim im@lieaieGl ClSS .ceccancce 63.56 eggs 1.00 eges
- All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 - Zero
@bserveds ie actus loess 29 12 vat
BET OCU) Semen ane in Rae se 30.5 TG O
Mean winter production ...... 63.76 eggs 16.50 eves Oc gz
Aside from the two outstanding exceptions the agreement
between observation and expectation is excellent. From the
records available there is no evident explanation for the two
exceptions (the ‘Zero’ bird in the A matings, and the “Under
30’ bird in the B matings). Neither of the birds were bred,
and hence no help is to be had from the progeny in explaining
them. It is reasonable to suppose that the observed records for
these birds are somatic fluctuations, but this cannot be demon-
strated now. This case illustrates an unavoidable difficulty
which attends that method of work which first collects data at
random and without any theoretical guide, and then later under-
takes their analysis. If one had been carrying on the breeding
in the present case under the guidance of the hypothesis as to
the mechanism of the inheritance of fecundity now under dis-
cussion, obviously many matings which actually were not car-
-ried out would have been made to test out somatically excep-
tional individuals and so learn their gametic constitution.
326 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
B.P.R. D31. Indicated constitution = file. fhe.
This rather remarkable bird was used as a breeder for three
successive years, and then retired merely because no more of
his progeny were needed, and not for any evident diminution
of vigor on his part. This bird was first bred as a cockerel in the
spring of 1908 (hatched in 1907). All that was known of his
ancestry was that he was the son of a hen that had laid 200 or
more eggs in her pullet year. Some notion of the vigor of ¢
D3r as a breeder may be gained from the fact that, taking all
three seasons together and including all parts of the breeding
season in each year, 89.4 per cent of all the eggs laid by hens
mated with him were fertile. This is an extraordinarily high
record considering all the circumstances, and particularly the
seasonal and housing conditions. So far as concerns adult.
daughters the breeding history of this bird is as follows:
Matings: A. With o 9 §& indicated to be of class pa EO TIE Uilo, j
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
WDseie dey eee a ies eh pees 102 IIz 0)
TE POGIGE a menom acces Hit IT 0
Mean winter production of 2 2
im immaliceuecl CIASS 555555050" 48.40 e@es 15.73 eggs
B. With 8 2 @ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L, FLil,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bservcdawiie cer, sinner mey. 27% 23 Oo
TRAN ABIC ON Mei hh ALE Bek, rele 30 0 O
Mean winter production of 2 @
ha hnGlneaytecl CASS cesbocpoec 54.96 eggs 17.00 eggs
<. With & 9 @ indicated to be of class 3 = fLil, Fil.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30. Under 30 Zero
@Olsenviedaterotcae esis eee 14. 15 I
EPS DCCLEO- aoe ides Pe ee 15 5 0
Mean winter production of 2 2
imal emGlieaNNEG! CIAISS oosscncce oe 41.93 eggs 12.20 eges O eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 327
é
D. With 1 Puindicated?to be or class 4°== FLL. FE, h.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Wbsenvedian sn) i. ce Meade s: 5 (0) I
MG DEGLEW ere wid (ARs ee O.: 9) (6)
Mean winter production of 2 2
vom smayabreehverl GIISS Sonaaoouse 30.40 ege’s 0 eggs.
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: . Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@senvedies ag 1a aewioe ates 57 20 2
PSP OGHE Wao) ae letars ig alas be 62 26 )
Mean winter production ...... 48.16 eggs 13.81 eges 0 eggs
Besides the families noted above 6 D31 got one adult daugh-
ter by each of two other females. Both these daughters had a
winter record of zero eggs and were apparently pathological.
In any event it was impossible to form any judgment as to their
gametic constitution or that of their dams.
The general agreement between observation and expectation
in this large progeny group is clear. The apparent exceptions.
to gametic expectation need some discussion. In the B matings
(class 2 2 2) the record shows 2 1-2 in the ‘Under 30’ class
where none is expected. Actually out of the 30 individuals from
these matings only one daughter laid fewer than 30 eggs in the
winter period. ‘There were, however, 3 individuals which laid
exactly 30 eggs in this period. .So, in accordance with the con-
vention adopted at the beginning, the record of 2 1-2 is made
up as follows: 1 + 1-2 + 1-2 + 1-2 = 21-2. The one bird
under 30 with a record of 17 eggs was late hatched and proba-
bly represented a somatic fluctuation. This bird was bred, but
unfortunately got no offspring. Her eggs were nearly all fer-
tile but the embryos died during incubation.
Of the two birds ‘with a zero winter record it may be said that
one (E96) was pathological, and on that account failed to lay.
The autopsy on this bird, which died April 13, t909, showed
that it must have been functionally deranged for a long time
preceding death. Yet there was clear evidence of functional
activation of ovary and oviduct at some time before death. In
this case the bird without question carried either J; or Le (or
328 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
possibly both) and the reproductive system started to function
in the normal way and bring to somatic expression these gametic
factors. But before this could be done the diseased condition
of the organs brought the bird as a whole into such a condition
of reduced vitality that egg production was impossible.
The other bird’s zero record is probably a somatic fluctuation
from an “Under 30’ hereditary constitution. She began laying
very shortly after the end of the winter period.
It is of interest to note that the mean winter productions are
relatively rather low for the ‘Over 30’ classes in all matings.
The contrast between 8 D31 progeny and that of 4 563 (vide
supra) in this respect is striking. ‘This matter will be discussed
in detail later.
Summary and discussion of matings of class 7 Barred Ply-
mouth Rock males. Having now presented in detail the evi-—
dence respecting the matings of class'7 males with various types
of females it is desirable to. collect and summarize this material.
In tables 11 to 16 inclusive are given the assembled results of
all matings of certain particular types. It will be understood
that these are all pure Barred Rock matings and represent the
summation of the data previously given. These tables give the
total numbers of different males and females from which data
were obtained in each class of matings, as well as the classifica-
tion of the adult female progeny in respect to fecundity.
TABLE 11
Showing the results of all matings of class 736 56 & class 12 Q
HER Viele <2 Paes ED
NuMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EGG PRODUCTION OF ADULT DAUGHTERS.
Matines or Tuts Type
Total acult 9
ohesl 22 Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero
offspring
10 75 Observed 924 1034 7 203
Expected 101.5 101.6 0
Mean winter egg production of all
daughters in designated class....|54.19 eggs|15.52 eggs 0 eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 329
TABLE 12
Showing the results of all matings of class 7 8 36 X class 229
jtiila = jill 2x pllgil ali
NUMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER HaG PRODUCTION OF ADULT DAUGHTERS
Marines or Tuts Typn
Total adult 2
olen ole) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero offspring
: ! :
9 38 Observed 111 6 0) | iy
Expected HY 0 0
daughters in designated class... .|56.47 eggs|20.33 eggs
|
‘Mean winter ege production of all |
TABLE 13
Showing the results of all matings of class 7 6 5 X class 3 2@
fll, . fll. X fll . Ful,
NUMBER OF INDIVID- :
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EaG PropucTION oF ADULT DAUGHTERS
Matines or Tuts Typr
Total adult @
lotlet eee) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero offspring
5 19 Observed 29 PAB 2) 54
Expected a7 a7 0
Mean winter production of all
daughters in designated class......|47.93 eggs|15.30 eggs 0 eggs
TABLE 14
Showing the results of all matings of class 7 6 6 X class 4 Q
fll, . fl.Lz X flil, . Flib
NUMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER HGG PRopuUCTION oF ADULT DAUGHTERS
Marines or THis Type
f Total adult 2
fotot lone) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero offspring
2 3 Observed 9 | 0) 1 10
Expected 10 | 0 0
Mean winter egg production of all
daughters in designated class... ./39.56 eggs O eggs
330 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
ABER AIS
Showing the results of all matings of class 7 3 3 X class 62 @
flile . fhle X flle . Fl
NuMBER OF INDIvID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EGG PRODUCTION oF ADULT DAUGHTERS
Matines or Tuis Typr
=
Total adult ?
lotto 22 Class |} Over 30 | Under 30 Zero | offspring
|
5 11 | Observed 14 164 (0) 18
| Expected 0 18 @
Mean winter egg production of all
daughters in designated class... .|48.00 eggs'|14.44 eggs
1 The record of the single ‘‘Over 30’’ bird.
TABLE 16
Showing the results of all matings of class 7 6 3 with all classes of 2 2
General Summary
NUMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER Eae@ PRopuCcTION OF ADULT DAUGHTERS
Matines oF Tuts Typr
: |Total adult 2
lotot oe) Class Over 30 Under 30 Zero offspring
11 146 Observed 243.0 149.0 10 | 402
Expected 256.6 146.6 0
Mean winter egg production of all
daughters in designated class....]53.67 eggs|15.37 eggs 0 eggs
From these tables the following points would appear to be.
definitely established :
1. The numbers of different individuals used as parents in
these matings and also the numbers of adult daughters obtained
from them are great enough to give an adequate test of the hy-
pothesis under discussion. In other words, we are not dealing
here with the results of a few matings, and a small offspring
series. One hundred and forty-six separate and distinct mat-
ings to test out males of one gametic constitution must be re-
garded as an adequate number.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Be
2. The evidence for a definite and clean-cut segregation of
high fecundity and low fecundity in gametogenesis is clear and
indubitable. ‘The expected proportions of high producers and
low producers are closely realized in all the different types of
matings.
3. Furthermore, the mean egg productions of the birds in
the several gametic classes are widely separated, showing that
the segregation is of perfectly distinct physiological entities.
Refined biometric tests are not necessary to show that the birds
carrying high fecundity hereditarily lay more than those with
low fecundity hereditary factors. The birds in the ‘Over 30’
class have average winter productions from three to five times
' greater than those of birds belonging to the ‘Under 30’ class.
4. The agreement between observation and expectation for
the several types of mating is as close as could be expected
considering the nature of the material. The only discrepancy
of note is caused by the ro birds with zero records, where none
are expected. In the detailed discussions in connection with
each mating it has been shown, however, that nearly all of these
10 cases, when studied individually, have a physiological expla-
nation, which makes it impossible to regard them as real excep-
tions to the gametic expectations. A determination might be
made of the ‘goodness of fit’ of theory to observation by Pear-
son’s (42) method, were it not for the fact that that method
cannot be applied to cases like the present.” Q
“The difficulty lies in the fact that Pearson’s test depends upon a
variable
(m,—m' >)? }
oe
My
where mm, is the theoretical frequency and m’, the observed. Now ob-
viously in any distribution where one my, is zero, the value of X.: must
be infinity, whatever may be the values of the other m,’s or m’,’s. That
is, if the theoretically expected frequency on any base element is nu-
merically zero the probability against the whole curve becomes infinite.
Thus, for example, suppose a system of frequencies like the following,
a type which is continually arising in Mendelian work.
CLLRS. ele tle ee A er a NS T 2 3 4 5
Theoretically expected frequency... 505 827 68 0 06
Actually observed frequency ...... 504 828 67 Tt
Now, it does not need a mathematical measure of any kind to tell
one that in this case the theoretical and actual distributions are in very
close agreement. Yet, because the theoretical frequency on class 4 is
zero, the probability by Pearson’s test is literally infinite against the
observed distribution being regarded as a random sample of a population
distributed in accordance with the theoretical frequencies. Pearson
4
332 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
Further discussion of various points brought out by these
tables is deferred to a later section of the paper.
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 4.
Males of class 4 have a gametic constitution flal.. fli.
‘hat is, they are heterozygous with respect to both fecundity
factors. Among the progeny are to be expected high, low and
zero winter layers. Four male birds of this genotypic constitu-
tion have been used-in the breeding experiments. Their records
follow.
B.PR. 6 569. Indicated constitution = fLsle. fli.
This male was hatched in 1909, and bred the following year.
His breeding history was as follows:
Matings: A. With 1 ¢ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L, FL,h.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed Matin i tetanus . Bho crip 0 o)
EGP COCLGU eas See ES Se if I O
Mean winter ege production of
Ce Venndicatedsclass esse eae 67.00 eggs
B. With 4 2 2? indicated to be of class 6 = fLL.. Fhl,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsenvediyan oun reeken nce, 2 6 3
JEW Dh Lata Merten eal 2p SO LAYS gh 2.75 5.5 2.75
Mean winter production of 2 2
im mm@licaned! Class 2.5 2560+ 75.00 eggs 7.33 eggs 0 egEs
(loc. cit., p. 164, footnote) had indeed himself noted what is essentially
this same difficulty in using the test on ordinary frequency distributions.
The point noted obviously limits greatly the applicability of Pearson’s
test, and in a most unfortunate direction. Tests of goodness of fit are
much needed in Mendelian work. But it is just here that classes where
the theoretical frequency is zero often occur. To determine the proba-
ble error of the individual frequency in measuring the goodness of fit
of Mendelian observation and theory, as was first practised by Weldon
(52) and later by Johannsen (21) and by Mendelian workers generally,
does not appear to the writer to be an altogether sound procedure. It
fails to take account of the correlations in errors amongst the several
frequencies. Yet these are just as important and just as certainly ex-
istent in a Mendelian ‘category’ type of distribution as 1n the ordinary
variation polygon of a continuously variable character. This point I
have alluded to elsewhere recently (Pearl, 32). Pearson’s test covers
this point, and were it not for the other difficulty noted above would be
be much more widely useful in Mendelian work than is actually the case.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 333
C. With 4 9 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fL,l,. Fils.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
(CIDS STATE EE a ae meena hice 53 63 I
| BEPOMALR EE I SAREE Hee 49 6.5 1.6
Mean winter production of 2 2
iin incicanedl CIASS sncoocoaes 44.60 eggs 8.00 eggs 0 eggs
ID Vitihnes 2S mdicated to be or class:A — jl, Beal.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsenviedee rhe tng aah yeecee 3 3 (0)
EMIS IIC ELE ON Anon eta fehl a2 seo 3 © )
Mean winter ege production of
Ceo F in indicated class... ..-- 45.33 eZZs 7.33 eggs 0 eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Olservede srt ey ale 123 153 4
IBA SODNOCTIAO) ices Cope reel ae iE TT.05 in 4.35
Mean winter production ...... 53.58 eggs 7.60 eggs 0 eggs
The agreement between observation and expectation is plainly
very close here. The three fecundity classes are represented
and in proportions as near to those indicated by hypothesis as
could be expected, considering the numbers involved.
B.P.R. 8 566. Indicated constitution = fl:Lo. flils.
This bird was used in the breeding pen in the season of 1910,
having been hatched in the spring of the previous year. His
sire was 6 D556, a class 4 male to be taken up later, and his
dam a class 2 female. His breeding history was as follows:
Matings: A. With 5 OF indicated to beotclass © == plye. we ule
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
le uVCU mmvini ckeie ats ccs noe 4 8 2
[BS 9OCHECE RARSN OO RE Ee 5.2 7 1.8
Mean winter ege production of
PPminiadicated: class) .4..... 35.00 eggs 20.50 eges 0 eggs
334 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
Bu Wath 612 2 indicated tomberoh class12 = flybar le 1,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
ObsenviedP ete et ke oe Wea, 9 6 )
IDEA NAR ATI eres nh 3 Mun ote ia Ri eles 7.5 )
Mean winter eges production of
Se bbl ihaxahieaweGl CIA cose site 50.44 eggs 11.83 eggs O eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsenvediy ats ee eae: cee 12 14 2
EE DOCHE Une tia Re aarti ey estes TEU, T4.5 8
Mean winter production ...... 45.69 eggs 16.70 eggs 0 eggs
Here again the agreement between observation and expecta-_
tion is very close, quite as close as could be expected with the
numbers involved. The mean production of the 4 birds in the
“Over 30’ class in the A matings is low.
BP.R. § D35. Indicated constitution = fLils. fli.
This bird was one of the original males with which the pres-
ent breeding experiments were started in t908. ‘The only thing
known about his ancestry is that he was the son of a hen laying
200 or more eggs in the year. He got only a small adult female
progeny, and was used as a breeder only one year. His breeding
record follows.
Matings: A. With 4 9° 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fhi,.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observieduastsestas waceeeen he F 3 5 I
VEER NACUAG a “An eho aNG Obes MC EE 34° 4.5 ie
Mean winter production of 2? @
i nGlicatieel CASS oocoscanoe 58.67 eggs 15.20 eggs O eggs
B. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 3 = flil. Fhh.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed wee ee eer en Wee 2 5 (0)
ISGRNGGHOON: shee Cla dh Golee wind ten ob 2.6 3.5 0.9
Mean winter production of 2 @
im shoalteanieal CASS ooo oaanovc 37.50 eggs 14.60 eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 335
Cee Wirien se nidicated to bevot class) 40— 72h. FLL.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@rSetwedinres scp eee 2 2 (0)
of BEDOCHG| eta em oe sata 2 Zz 0
Mean winter production of 2 2
nm taghicaieél CASS sonceoococ 40.50 eggs 23.00 eges
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
ODSetvied iy ante ot) washes 7 12 I
IELEDOCUAG has Se Oe PP ee as 8 10) 2
Mean winter production ...... 47.43 eggs 16.25 eges 0 eggs
_ While the families in this case are small, the evidence of seg-
regation in about the expected proportions is clear.
B.P.R. 8 556. Indicated constitution = fl:Ls. fhi..
This male was hatched in 1908 and used in the breeding pens
in 1909. He proved a good breeder and got a fairly large num-
ber of adult daughters which were tested in respect to fecundity
in the laying year 1909-10. As noted above he was the sire of
class 4 ¢ 566. ‘The breeding history of ¢ 556 follows.
Matimgs:.A. With 4 Q 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fil.
? Progeny
Winter Production; Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Wsenvied: shoes ce chews 8% 10% 4
FEE VACUOCM CO OE 8.6 I.5 2
Mean winter egg production of
all daughters in indicated
CAS GMa a Weiss RMes cig Suen ecietets 43.75 eggs 19.60 eggs 0 eggs
V. With 9 2 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L,. FL,I..
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Clo Se CI IRRS a Teer Ae 10z 102 )
Ic DGSHGG) Ms BORE PR Oe 10.5 10.5 O
Mean winter egg production of
all daughters in indicated
SEIS: eat Se Oe ate oN 47.00 eggs 10.60 eggs
3360 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1i2.
All 2° Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenviedas sisciew a min eee se 19 Bi 4
HE DEGLOU Le my Met Pe nae 19.1 Be 2.9
Mean winter production ...... 46.00 eggs 10.60 eggs 0 eggs
The agreement here between observation and expectation is
indeed remarkably close, and with a fairly large progeny.
Summary of results of all matings of class 4 males. Pro-
ceeding as before we may bring together here the results for
each particular gametic combination taking all individuals to-
gether. While class 4 males were not used as often in these
experiments as those of class 7, still the numbers involved are
sufficiently large to give quite definite evidence regarding the
segregation of fecundity factors.
TABILIE, 107
Showing the results of all matings of class 4 6 3 X& class 1 ¢ &
ee : Pll x Se PGE
NuMBER oF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER HGG PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS
Matines or Tuts Typr
| 'Total adult 2
cho foRe) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero | progeny
|
| iit | | Observed 21 ae 8 59
Hea | Expected 22.1 | 29.5 Volt
Mean winter egg production of all) | |
Q- © in indicated class.......... 48.85 eggs 16.34 eggs) » 0 eggs)
TABLE 18
Showing the results of all matings of class 436 3 X class 2 2 9
FLL. . flsl2 x fLiLe : JBibalb,
NuMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EaGc PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS
Marines or Tuts Typr
|Total adult 2
Je oxo) Class Over 30 | Under 30 | Zero | progeny
|
3 16 | Observed 21 16.5 0 38
Expected 19 19 0
|
Mean winter production of all 92) |
inbindicated classe jms ere tll oease eggs|16.69 eggs |
\
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Bez
TABLE 19
Saacving the results of all matings of ClaSS 4) or class 4-2) 2
FLL, _ fll <. fla. FLL
NuMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER Eca@ PRopucTION OF DAUGHTERS
Matines or Tots Typr
| | | Total adult Q
fotoh ieXe) | Class - | Over 30 | Under 30 Zero progeny
i} | |
2 + Observed 5 5 0 10
Expected 5 5 0
Mean winter production of all @ Q|
in indicated class..... iolaaioia soe 43.40 eggs'13.60 eggs
|
TABLE 20
Showing the results of all matings of class 4 36 & X all classes of 2 @
General Summary
Number oF INDIVID-_ :
UALS INVOLVED IN Winter EaG PRopucTION OF DAUGHTERS
MatTines or THis Typr
|
| ‘Total adult 2
loot | exe) | Class | Over 30 | Under 30 | Zero | progeny
4 43 | Observed 514 | 624 - 11 125
Expected 61.45 | 62.5 11.05
|
|
Mean winter production of all 2 9} |
imuinaveated Class!\....). 26-202 - 47.94 eggs)15.34 eggs| 0 eggs)
No closer agreement between observation and expectation
than is here shown could be expected. The results of the mat-
ings discussed in this section confirm completely the general con-
clusions reached above from an examination of the matings of
class 7 males.
Matinas of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 3.
Males of this class have a gametic constitution fli: fll.
That is, they are homozygous with respect to the second, or ex-
cess, production factor, and heterozygous with respect to the
first. Two males of this type were used in the experiments.
B.P.R. 8 65. Indicated constitution = flils. fhe
This male was purchased in 1908 from Mr. Wesley B. Bar-
ton, Dalton, Mass. Nothing is known of his breeding so far as
338 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
concerns fecundity, but in all probability no particular effort
towards breeding for high egg productiveness had ever been
made in the stock from which he came. He was bred as a
cockerel in the season of 1908 with the results set forth below.
Matings: A. With 1 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fl.
¢ Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 20 Zero
Observes Novite kell whee: FG T I
A DESIRE orien sn ea ema ree AO 6.75 2.25 0)
Mean winter production of all
Oy ini aindicated classy ses. 53.00 eggs 19.00 eggs O eggs
B. With 1 @ indicated to be of class 6 = f1,L.. Flys.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed) ea tue Oe 2 et (0)
EMG DCCIEOasreta Nee ean er ea DiS yn a GnG O
Mean winter production of all
SQ iim iiaaliomied, CASS 5.4565 37.00 eges 18.67 eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenvicdeamaesae cen arisen 9 4 I
EVA D CGC Ute wae ate en ha ees ona 9.25 4.75 6)
Mean winter production ...... 49.44 eges 18.75 eggs Oeggs
In this case, while the number of successful matings was
small, the families were relatively large. In the case of 2 366,
set down here as probably of class 6, it should be said that this
conclusion as to her gametic constitution is reached from a study
of her daughters’ and granddaughters’ behavior. Her own win-
ter egg record was 33, which on this view is regarded as a
somatic fluctuation from the Zi (Under 30) class.
B.P.R. ¢ 68. Indicated constitution = fl.ls. fll.
As in the case of ¢ 65 nothing is known regarding the
breeding of this bird, it having been purchased from Mr. Geo.
W. Hillson, of Amenia, N. Y., early in 1908. It was bred as a
cockerel the same season. The only matings to get adult daugh-
ters were those with class 1 females. The breeding history is
as follows:
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 339
Matings: A. With 4 9 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,0e2. Flik.
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@serere clip ae re tekraicl ccm teny since e 13 5 2
LEE NACHEGH aay oe RIN ere Li rah T5 5 )
Mean winter production of all
Pecein indicated classes: ssa: 50.00 eggs 25.20 eggs 0 eggs
The facts regarding the two zero birds here are of interest.
According to theory no bird of this class should appear from
any of these matings. One of these zero birds, E1g2, laid her
first egg March 4, 1909, and proved thereafter, during the re-
productive period (March 1 to June 1) to be a fairly good
layer, with a total production for the period of 51 eggs.
Her laying during this and the subsequent summer period
both 1n respect to its amount and its distribution, impresses one
as like that of a bird carrying J. rather than like that of a ‘gen-
etic’ zero winter layer lacking this factor. [ am of the opinion
that this was the case. This bird, on such a view, would repre-
sent an extreme physiological variant in respect te the beginning
of laying. While apparently bearing L, this factor did not come
to expression until much later than under normal circumstances.
The other zero bird was pathological in respect to her repro-
ductive organs. She never laid an egg and died July 16, 1900.
The autopsy record is as follows, plainly showing that the zero
record of this bird cannot be taken as any indication whatever
of her gametic constitution in respect to fecundity.
Autopsy of E 318, July 16, 19009. Body weight, 1730 grams. Hatched
March 31, 1908. Oviduct small: parts of it contained masses of hard-
ened secretion. Ovary with no large odcytes. One small yolk resorb-
‘ing. Body cavity filled with masses of hard yolk enclosed in peritoneal
sacs. Some of these masses were small and attached to mesentery.
Some were large. A large mass filled the dorsal part of body cavity
on left side pushing over by a neck and connected by this with a similar
mass on right side. This was partly hollow and in the cavity the sur-
face was covered with a fruiting ‘fungus resembling Penicillium. The
peritoneum covering the masses of hard yolk formed adhesions with the
viscera so that the intestine and oviduct were a bundle of adhesions
clinging to these yolk masses.
It is only possible to summarize separately class 3 ¢ matings
for class 1 females. his is done in table 21.
340 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Ig t2.
TABLE 21
Showing the results of all matings of class 3 6 3 X class r 2 Q
FLL. . flLL. X FLL, . Fhi,
NuMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WinteR EaG Propuctrion oF DAUGHTERS
Matines oF Tuts Tyrer
| Total adult 2
oles 2° Class | Over 30 | Under 30 Zero | progeny
2 5 Observed 20 | 6 3 29
|
Expected BLS | 7.25 0
Mean winter production of all 9 2
ria Thavelneeyieel CSIs 560560000 565 56.90 eggs|24.17 eggs O eggs
TABLE 22
Showing the results of all matings of class 3 3 & with 2 & of all classes
NuMBER OF INDIvID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WiInTER Eae PrRopucrion OF DAUGHTERS
Matines or Tuts Typr :
Total adult @
loket RON ri Class Over 30 Under 30 Zero offspring
2 6 Observed 22 9 3 34
Expected 24.25 DWH 0
Mean winter production of all 2 @ |
rin, roaveliesuneel GIES 5,555 555040gb ue 55.09 eggs/22.33 eggs O eggs
All matings of class 3 males are summarizeca in table 22.
The evidence for the segregation of high and low fecundity,
as measured by winter egg production is quite as clear from the
matings of class 3 ¢ é as from those of class 7 or class 4 3 6
previously considered. ;
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 2. Four
males of this class were used in the experiments. None of them
got a large number of adult daughters. It will be noted from
table 9 that males of this class (gametic formula fils. fale)
should produce daughters with winter records ‘Over 30’ and
‘Under 30’ in equal numbers regardless of the type of females
with which the mating is made. The only basis for classifying
the females in such matings is then the breeding behavior of
their progeny, and particularly their daughters.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 341
B.P.R. 8 32. Indicated constitution = fils. lal:
This male was hatched from Station stock in the spring of
1907 and bred in 1908. Nothing is known of his ancestry except
that his mother was a ‘200-egg’ hen. His breeding history
follows:
Matimys: A. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,.. Fhh.
° Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@irsenvie deve cee stays rvs es ee 4 3 O
BEC OCHEE ETO Nigra Bea nas ee 3.5 3.5 O
Mean winter production of all
Pe tneimcicated Classen er. 52.50 eggs 14.33 eggs
(BPR. 6 57. Indicated constituion = fliLs fla.
This male was purchased from Pine Top Poultry Farm, Hart-
wood, N. Y. in 1908 and bred as a cockerel that year.
Matings: A. With 2 2 @ indicated to be of class < = fL,L,. FL,h.
=
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@losetve diiiae fm. eentahsanens 2 I (9)
Ec hacicih Gate ee eee Th 7s fo)
Mean winter production of all : :
Pain indicated class: <5... 38.00 eggs 24.00 eggs
B. With 2 2 2 indicated to be of class 3 = fL,),. Fills.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
OjSemnvedie ane it ee 4 3 oO
IESE DOCUGT Fame toe O en Oe 3.5 3.5 O
Mean winter production of all
2 © ia siaahieanedl CASS seu5oe 62.75 eggs 23.00 eggs
All 2? Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
‘CLIDSICTAY GIG len eee Eee ea 6 4 0)
IED OCUGGIIT Soe ORation iale nic 5 5 fo)
Mean winter production of all
2 2 in indicated class ...... 54.50 ees 23.25 eggs
342 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
Baie dé M7.) lndicatedaconstinution:——) yj aliss jae
This cockerel was hatched in 1907 from a .‘200-egg’ mother
and was bred in the spring of 1908.
Matings: A. With 2 2 @ indicated to be of class 3 = fLib. Fil.
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
ODS Ere Cie iene, sede one 3 3 (e)
BER DAC ZO ASB alg au fis berHine 3 Pl 8 O
Mean winter production of all
2 2 in indicated class ...... 47.00 eggs 12.33 eggs
B.P.R. 6 70. ‘This cockerel was purchased from Mr. M. L.
Chapman, Farmington, Conn., and used in the breeding season
of 1908. Nothing is known if his previous history.
Matings: A. With 3 @ 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L,. FL,l.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed iermewse sce ee at 4 5 0)
IDEA NAGHEGS oro A ess eLeea Sei aelat 4.5 4.5 O
Mean winter production of all
CeO Pinenncicakedaelassy meer 68.25 eggs 19.00 eggs
‘Bee Wathe2eeeeeincicated tobe voneclass 3p—=syleqlewe ler
¢ Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
OPservedainw soe cescaee opetens 2 I )
J DEPT OICUEO MI Raa Aire oye Othe 1.5 Tage a)
Mean winter production of all
© 2 in indicated class ....-.. 51.50 eggs 25.00 eggs
All 9 Progeny.
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed ernie sae ators sence 6 6 9)
EMA DOGT EON ae Cant By Sen eee dante 6 6 O
Mean winter production ...... 62.67 eggs 20.00 eggs
Summary of results of all matings of class 2 maies. he
summarized results of the above matings are set forth in table
22
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 343
TABLE 23
Showing the results of all matings of class 2 6 3 X class 2 2 9
Flas. fla << fLsL.. FLLL
NuMBER OF INDIVID-
WINTER EGG PRopuUCTION OF DAUGHTERS
UALS INVOLVED IN
Matines or Tuts Typr
Total adult 2
lotto °° Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero progeny
2 5 Observed 6 6 (0) 12
Expected 6 6
Mean_winter egg production of all ;
© @ in indicated class.......... 58.17 eggs/19.83 eggs
TABLE 24
Showing the results of all matings of class 26 6 X class 3 2 9
peglha ° foLoalls << eile . lbs
NuMBER or INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN _ WINTER EGG PRoDUCTION OF DAUGHTERS
Matines or Tuts Typr
Total adult 9
loflot oe} Class Over 30 Under 30 Zero progeny
3 6 Observed 9 7 0 16
Expected 8 8 0 !
Mean winter production of all 2 9
in indicated class.........:..... 55.00 eggs/18.71 eggs
TABLE 25
Showing the results of all matings of class 2 6 3 X all classes of 2 2
NUMBER OF INDIVID-
UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EGG PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS
Matines or THis Typr
Total adult 2
foot | °° Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero progeny
at x! th hese ee
4 13 Observed 19 16 (0) 35
Expected UH 17.6 0
! — —
Mean winter production of all 9 9
in indicated class........... ..../55.47 eggs|/18.31 eggs
344 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012.
It is clear that the four class 2 males produced a progeny
generation, which, though relatively small in absolute numbers,
agrees very closely in respect to its gametic distribution with the
expected results.
Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class 8. Males
of class 8 are homozygous with respect to the absence of the
nrst production factor, and heterozygous for the second, their
gametic formula being fhL:. fll... But one bird of this type was
used in the experiments.
B.P.R. & 26. Indicated constitution = fhle flik.
This was one of the original stock in 1908. Nothing further
is known of his breeding than that he was the son of a bird that
had laid 200 or more eggs in her pullet year. His dam must
have been of class 1, since a class 2 9 could not produce a class
8 6. Male 26 was bred as a cockerel in 1908 with the follow-
ing results:
Matings: A. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L. fh.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 -Under 30 Zero
@bsenviedittansacwcnen matte 23 Oz 5
ERA AGE COkeMn. tartrate tens ah 4.25 8.5 4.25
Mean winter production of all
2 © im inmmalieeeecl CASS 5.5¢55000s 35.00 9.890 eggs 0 eggs
B. With 5 2 2 indicated to be of class 4 = fl. FL,I..
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 20 Under 30 Zero
Obsenviedvr Nays i. 4 seated er. 6 Or). (0)
EP CCUCO MER a viieciats sear t erste 6) 6 O
Mean winter productions of all
© 2 im indicated class! 2-...- 69.00 eggs 15.83 eggs
All 2 Progeny.
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observiedliieetvrn. «enn nome 83 i5z 5
ILA AGU OMNIA Olttcnd Olotia UeteIIo OS Ue 10.25 14.5 4.25
Mean winter production ...... 60.50 eggs 12.26 eggs 0 eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 345
One of the five females (2 397) of class 4 actually laid 31
eggs in her winter period and hence was literally an ‘Over 30’
bird. There can be no doubt, however, that this record is
merely a fluctuation, and that 2 307 is really a class 4 bird of
the constitution indicated. ‘This is shown by her progeny.
Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class 1. Males
of class 1 are extremely interesting both from the theoretical
and the practical standpoint, since they are homozygous with
respect to the presence of both fecundity factors. In conse-
quence, all the daughters of any male of this class, regardless of
the females with which he is mated, should be high producers.
In the course of the experiments here under discussion only one
male of this type has been used in the breeding pens, and owing
to an unfortunate accident he was available for breeding only
during a single season. This 4 no. 550 was a remarkably fine
and vigorous bird. He was easily the best bird, in respect to all
fancy and utility points, out of the hundreds of cockerels raised
the same year. He produced by the mating of a class 3 ¢
(Gaye) pO00, supra) and a classa 9. That is,
(G68) fLLe flies X fll, Fl, (@C161)
v
$550
flrls flaLs
This is a particularly interesting pedigree to anyone acquaint-
ed with the practical breeding and breeders of Barred Plymouth
Rocks in this country, because, as already pointed out, 3 68
was purchased from Mr. G. W. Hillson, of Amenia, N. Y.
Now it is generally supposed. and indeed has been stated by
Mr. Hillson in his advertising, that his stock was founded from
Mr. E. B. Thompson’s ‘Ringlet’ strain, a stock very well known
for quality in color and barring, but not commonly believed to
be of any particular value for utility purposes. Yet here we
have produced from this strain a male bird of the highest pos-
sible utility value, namely one that gets high-producing daugh-
ters regularly and without fail, regardless of the females to
which he may be mated.
The breeding history of ¢ 550 is as follows:
Matings: A. With 5% 9 9 indicated to be classes 1 or 2=fL,l2 Fly
Onin, PL ls.
346 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
B. With 42 ¢ 9 indicated to be of classes 3, 4, or 6 = fL,b. Fil, or
Pal, Ll, Oe alle, JEUbly. y
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30. Under 30 Zero
ODServiedint wea Metres cee 168 3 I
TER DECI COON MAN way te hates eae Ones 18 ) O
Mean winter production of all
OPO in medicated class! 65 4. BINH egosiai wt | 0 eggs
‘See p. 312 for explanation of the convention of dividing the birds
which lay exactly 30 eggs in the winter period.
The one daughter (F379) with the zero record was evidently
abnormal in respect to her reproductive organs. During the
last days of September and early October she began and kept
up for a period of over a week daily visits to the nest (cf.
section on “Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males with
Barred F: females”) This is normally a sure indication of ap-
proaching laying. Further, birds which begin in this way not
only are precocious in laying but make high winter records.
This bird, however, stopped at once, and neither visited a nest,
nor laid until late the next spring and then laid only a few
eggs. There is little doubt that in this case the hereditary basis
for high production was present (L:L.) but failed of expression
for purely physiological reasons. Unfortunately no post-mortem
examination of this bird was made, the fact of her abnormality
not having been recognized until too late to make such an exam-
ination possible.
It was unfortunate that ¢ 550 could not have been used dur-
ing several breeding seasons. Even with the limited progeny
actually available, however, the contrast between this bird and
the others which have been discussed abeve is sufficiently strik-
ing.
Doubtful cases. In 1908 a Barred Plymouth Rock ¢ no. 61
was successfully mated with 3 9 9. ‘The winter production —
records were as follows:
Mothers winter production Daughters winter production
COPD 79 oe endeneso I over 30 Owunder 30 © zero
* © D168 Over 30 2 over 30 10 under 30 1 zero
2 Doo Under 30 2 over 20 5 under 30 © zero
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 347
The case is a difficult one, because of the behavior of certain
of the daughters in subsequent matings. The most probable in-
terpretation of the facts is that ¢ 61 belonged to class 4, and
that D168 is a @ of class 1, but that in certain of her daugh-
ters bearing L2, this character did not come to full expression,
giving a winter record of under 30. ‘Three of the ro daughters
of @ D168 recorded as “Under 30’ laid 25 or more eggs in the
winter period. If we suppose these to be really L: birds, we
should then have the following gametic distribution of 168’s
daughters.
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsenvedeer. ioe 5 7 I
EM GCGLC Un Whe aie uses cite te 4.5 6.5 2
This is as closeas could be expected.
Female Doo may be of either class 3 or 4. The data at hand
do not enable one to determine with certainty between these
possibilities. Female Dr57’s only daughter left no adult
offspring, and therefore it is not possible to make any conjecture
as to her constitution, beyond the fact that she was probably not
of class I or 2.
In the case of a number of males the families of adult daugh-
ters obtained were so small in size as to make impossible any ac-
curate determination of the gametic constitution of tle mothers
used. All of these cases are here grouped together in one table.
TABLE 26
Showing the results in respect to fecundity of daughters from pure
Barred Rock matings in which the families were too small in size or
number to permit classification as to gametic constitution
| DauGHTERS’ WINTER PRODUCTION
ot No. or 2 9 MatTEp pes ns one
/ Over 30 Under 30 Zero
60 5 6 4 1
16 2 4 1 0
5 2 3 1 0
11 14 14 11 | 1
527 5 4 4 0)
555 8 5 8 (0)
551 11 9 8 1
MOUSE. s/s! 47 45 eG 3
5
248 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
It will be seen from this table that these families had on the
average fewer than two adult daughters each, too small a num-
ber with which to work. This makes clear again the difficulty
with which one has always to contend in practice in work with
fecundity, namely that of getting even reasonably large families
of normal adu/t daughters. One hatches a large number of
chicks in order to supply thieves, crows. rats, hawks, etc., and
finally get a small number of adult females available for the
study of fecundity. Fecundity in fowls is not, as has been
pointed out before, in all respects an ideal character for the
investigation of the laws of inheritance.
Summary of results of all pure Barred Rock matings
The data presented in detail in this section of the paper, which
deals with the matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males and
females inter se, would appear to demonstrate the following
points.
1. ‘That there is a definite and clean-cut segregation (in the
Mendelian sense) of high fecundity and low fecundity, the char-
acter ‘fecundity’ being here measured by winter egg production.
The mode of inheritance is such as to indicate that winter egg
production depends upon two separately inherited physiological
factors. The presence of both of these factors (L. and Lz) is
essential to a high fecundity record. The second factor Le,
without which high fecundity never appears is inherited in a
sex-correlated manner, such that it is never borne in the same
gamete that carries the female sex-factor F.
2. That the things segregated are perfectly definite and dis-
tinct. This is shown by the mean or average production records
of the birds falling into the several fecundity classes. The birds
bearing the factors for high fecundity have mean winter produc-
tion records ranging from two to five or six times as great as
the mean production records of birds lacking these high fecun-
dity factors. Such differences as these do not depend upon re-
fined statistical analysis for their detection and appreciation.
While by no means all the possible gametic combinations in
respect to fecundity within the Barred Rock breed have yet been
made, still the range covered by the data given above is fairly
wide. All classes of females except the zero producers (class
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 349
5) have been repeatedly tested in the breeding pens in various
different combinations. The zero winter producing females
have been fairly often bred, but the difficulties of getting chick-
ens hatched within the necessary time limits and in sufficient
number to get adult daughters for fecundity work have been
too great for the available resources. Of the nine possible types _
of males six have been tested in various combinations.
It may fairly be said, I think, that in its range, its quality and
its amount, the evidence from the pure Barred Rock matings, as
set forth in the preceding sections, is sufficient alone to demon-
strate the Mendelian inheritance of fecundity in the breed of
fowls. If, however, the principles set forth above for Plymouth
Rocks are true, they ought to apply, in general at least, to other
breeds of fowls and to crosses, with, of course, possible limita-
tions and modifications in particular instances. It is desirable,
therefore, to examine the results regarding the inheritance of
fecundity in other breeds and crosses. This we may proceed to
do.
Cormsh Indian Game matings
The strain of Cornish Indian Game fowls used in these expe-
riments is characterized, as has already been pointed out, by
very poor egg production. There is no evidence that any of
the individuals, either male or female, ever carry the second
fecundity factor [.. These birds therefore represent the ex-
treme condition in the wav of low fecundity as compared with
the Barred Plymouth Rocks.
The Cornish Indian Game is an old breed and if one may
judge from poultrymen’s accounts, there certainly have existed
in the past, and probably exist now strains of birds belonging
to this breed which are fairly good layers. Such strains, which
are in marked contrast to the one here used, undoubtedly carry
in some combination, the second fecundity factor [,. There is
nothing extraordinary, or contradictory to the results of the
present paper, in such a fact (if it be a fact). Indeed it will
be shown, in a later section of this paper, how it has been possi-
ble experimentally to form synthetically high laying Game hens,
1.e., to put the factor ZL. into their hereditary constitution (cf.
section on /: matings ).
350 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I09Q12.
Owing to limitation of space and for other reasons it has not
been possible to carry on the fecundity studies with this breed
on anything like the same scale as with the Barred Rocks.
Therefore the numbers here dealt with will be smaller than in
_ the previous section. They will be sufficient, however, to indi-
cate clearly the hereditary constitution of the material. Of the
possible types of C.1.G. ¢ 4 in respect to fecundity as set forth
in table 7, two (class 2 and class 3) have actually been used
im pure Comushameavinesc(her CalkCn cia Clk Erno).
Matings of a Cornish Indian Game male of class 2 (table 7).
This ¢, no. 558, was hatched in the spring of 1908 and used to
head a pure Cornish pen in 1909. His breeding record indicated
that he was of class 2, with a constitution f/Jl. fli. His breed-
ing history was as follows: !
Matings: A. With 5 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 (Tabie 8) = flik.
FL yl,
9 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed ivy ee ae T 9 )
ERP COLGM aa na Maa ie eae 0 Ta (0)
Mean winter production of au
2 2 in indicated class ...... 37.00 eggs 8.50 eges
B. With 2 9 2 indicated to be of classes 2 or 3 = fll, FL,I. or fLih.
Fils
9 Progeny
_ Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenveditepuciec. et nccvecumeress a) 5 3
IDERVOCTAG hese Ue On ao So O 6 2
Mean winter production of all
2 © isa shachieawedl ClAES .a.55¢ 8.00 eggs 0 eggs
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production ° Oucr 30 Under 30 Zero
Observedves ee. eet wees I 14 3
TERT AenT AON Wns ss epee tare BEE 0) 16 2
Mean winter production ...... 37.06 8.36 eggs 0 eggs
The one bird recorded here as ‘Over 30’ laid but 37 eggs.
Her progeny show clearly and unmistakably that she did not
bear Ls. That is to say, her record is a somatic fluctuation above
the 30 limit, and has no gametic foundation. ‘The agreement be-
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 351
tween observation and expectation on a gametic basis is really
perfect for mating A. ‘Taken as a whole the facts speak for
themselves. ‘The contrast with the results of Barred Rock mat-
ings is striking.
Matings of a Cormsh Indian Game mule of class 3 (table 7).
Male no. 578 was hatched in 1909 and used in the breeding
pens the following year. His breeding record shows that he
was homozygous with respect to the absence of both fecundity
factors, having the constitution fll. fhl. He then belongs to
class 3 of table 7. His breeding record is as follows:
- Matings: A. With 4 2 indicated to be of classes 2 or 3 = fh . FLal
or flals Fi,ls.
9 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 20 Under 30 Zero
@ setae disse aes cena el uel I 9 8
JPME DOCU NMEA Resa ede anata aint ) 9 9
Mean winter production of all
2 @ in indicated classes .... 39.00 eggs 13.1] eggs 0 eggs
B. With r 2 indicated to be of class 4 = fi,l. Fil.
9 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
WW Served es Fe pies ny Rasta ae 0 (e) 4
[ESE DOGT At Meo Salts te e ) H
Mean winter ege production of
all 2 2 in indicated class ..... 0 eges
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
inser veda: cs 5. ihe snooty I 0 T2
. LEE DOGO arte he eae ie ER i) 9 1?
Mean winter production ...... 39.00 ges 13.1T eges Oeges
Here again as in the previous case the single ‘Over 30’ record
is a somatic fluctuation, without gametic significance. Leaving
this cut of account, or rather putting it in the “Under 30’ class
where it belongs, the agreement between observation and ex-
pectation is very close.
252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912,
Summary of results of Cornsh Indian Game matings
Summarizing all pure Cornish matings which invelved 2 3 ¢
amd 20 ¢ 2 (G.1.G. ¢ x CLG ©) we have the fcllowime
results :
All 2 Progeny.
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bservedin y Mae Ae eee 2 23 15
ECP CGLED tam ener UA Winey 0 25 TS
Mean winter production ...... 38.00 eggs 10.22 eges 0 eggs
Counting the two ‘Over 30’ records as somatic fluctuations
belonging gametically to the ‘Under 30’ class the agreement be-
tween observation and theory is perfect. This it is seen that
the same hypothesis which has been shown te account for the
inheritance of fecundity in the Barred Plymouth Rock breed
characterized in general by relatively high egg production, also
accounts perfectly for the inheritance of this character in the
entirely unrelated Cornish Indian Game breed, which is charac-
terized by relatively poor egg production.
Reciprocal crosses of Barred Plymouth Rocks and Cornish In-
dian Games. F1 generation
In connection with studies of the inheritance of plumage
patterns’ and colors extensive experiments in crossing these two
breeds have been carried out (cf. 40, 41). The results of these
experiments in respect to fecundity form a crucial test of the
validity of the Mendelian interpretation of the data from pure
races set forth in the preceding pages. If the interpretation
which has been given is correct it should account for the obsery-
ed results in the /1, /: and subsequent cross-bred generations.
Should it fail when subjected to this test, it would necessitate its
acceptance with great reservation, if at all, for the pure races.
On the other hand, agreement of the results from these cross-
bred matings with those obtained from the pure-bred would
afford the strongest confirmation which it is possible experimen-
tally to obtain of the essential soundness of the general conclu-
sions reached.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Bo8
Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males and Cornish Indias,
Game females. ‘Two different males were used successfully” in
matings of this sort. Both of these birds were of class 7, having
the gametic constitution fiL:. file, One of them ( 8 554) was
used in a number of pure B.P.R. matings with results already
discussed in a previous section.
Matings of B. P. R. -6 559. Indicated constitution = fly.
fll. i
Matings: A. With 9 Cornish 9 @ indicated to be of classes 2 or 3
PR or fll. Pll,
@ Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 .Under 30 Zero
Wisenvieds satan aatra ans ee 18 17 2
HEM VEGLEM: ye ak ela esscpo ies vee 18.5 18.5 )
Mean winter egg production of
alll 2 2 ic iinGkicawe! Class 5. 46.38 eggs 15.00 eggs 0 eggs
If we suppose the two zero birds to represent somatic fluctua-
tions the agreement between observation and expectation is
very close. Both these zero birds were late hatched and all the
facts regarding them indicate that they carried /., but for phy-
siological reasons did not bring it to expression.
B. With 1 Cornish 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fll . (Iba.
@ Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@isenvedia snetecm, state ose 5 I )
VME GTCOs oa st hclas ci setcnsrueceke 6 0 6)
Mean winter egg production of
all 2 2 of indicated class .... 42.75 eges20 eggs
There is little doubt about this mating being of the type indi-
cated, in spite of the one bird laying ‘Under 30.’ Her winter
record was 20 eggs and she was a late (June) hatched bird.
She probably carried LZ, but this cannot be positively asserted
because no male bird from her was mated. Only in this way
could the point be settled.
“7.e., got adult daughters.
354. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IOi2-
All 2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observed sien apenas mnmE 23 18 2
EPPO ClO dS. a, cae es pane rey 24.5 18.5 0
Mean winter production ...... 46.09 eggs 15.22 eggs 0 eggs
Matings of B.P.R. 8 554. This male has been shown above
from his mating with Barred Rock females, to be of class 7 with
the gametic constitution fhL», fll. He was successfully mated
with one Cornish Indian Game @ of class 2. From this mating
we have
@ Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Olisenvedweny i eneyn ee oe en! I 3 (0)
LEE INAG NEUSE aes toehen Teen kak age 2 2 0
Mean winter production ...:.. 49 19.33 eggso eggs
Putting all the results together we have for all matings of
DBI IRE (OV MC IG a he
9 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Observe dior teianmenen ian cn: 24 21 2
TPA PC CLO UES euch aati sneer c es 53 26.5 BO 6)
Mean winter production ...... 46.22 eggs 15.86 eggs 0 eggs
We see here the same agreement between observation and
expectation which has appeared in the previous cases with pure
matings.
Attention may next be turned to the reciprocal cross.
Matings of Cornish Indian Game males and Barred Plymouth
Rock females. Four different Cornish males were used in these
matings and got adult daughters. Their breeding histories fol-
low.
Matings of C..G. @ 558. This bird was used in pure Cornish
matings and there shown to be of class 2 (C.I.G.) with constitu-
tion fL,l. fll. His breeding history in producing F.. females
was as follows:
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN* DOMESTIC FOWL. 355
Wonmosc oN. \Waithe2) B: Pick: 2 2 indicated to be of class 1 = £2£,2,.
FI,
@ Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
L@n Serviedss 2 lai cratmly oma A 14 2
IT SS DCU ee eee es AI SR Rec a) 15 5
Mean winter production of all
2 © ina iinchicawedl Class, 645500 51.75 eggs 15.70 eggs O eggs
The four birds with ‘Over 30’ records are apparently out-
standing exceptions. It should be noted that these birds came
from mothers whose gametic constitution was of the general
type Li. Lx, This would seem to suggest that in this case the
presence of L, in the mother, even though it did not pass to
tny of the F-bearing gametes, nevertheless in some manner or
other modified the 1: in these gametes so that a higher produc-
tion in the progeny resulted. In other words. these cases sug-
gest ‘intra-zygotic influence’ of the gametic factors upon one
another, such as is frequently suggested by the conditions ob-
served in heterozygotes, and lately has been discussed by Daven-
pommion7) and Wanehlin (23) The winter records ot these
four birds are to be regarded as wide fluctuations, since when
bred they gave no indications of carrying F2.
B. With 1B. P. R. @ indicated to be of class 3 = fal. Fhh.
@ Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@servediows wr. ae weak nA etc a) 3) I
BES DOCH: Mg geeks Ae io oe eOn O 3 I
Mean winter production of 9 @
imnadiGated: classiest saci 4% 6.00 eggs 0 eggs
All 2 Progeny.
Winter Production: Over 20 Under 30 Zero
(ID ASKS 4 17 3
[El 5 ECHO har Cee eee ee fo) 18 6
Mean winter production ...... 51.75 eges 14.00 eggs 0 eggs
Matings of C1I.G. 8 557. Indicated constitution: class 3
WenLG: oO == fle. file.
350 MAINE AGRICULTURAL LXPERIMENT STATION. IQT2.
Matings: A. With 6 B.P.R. & @ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,Ln.
BIL.
@ Progeny
Winter Production: Quer 30 Under 30 Zero
ODS er V.cclp wesc ene, ees oie 0) 17 fe)
Neb NCTM HCH ms mane Ne APNE AUN ARNE 0 17 )
Mean winter production of 2 9
Hm timGbicawedl ClASS oooc050506 12.88 eggs
Bay With) 1 BabaRe Ovindicared sone oteclasswi—— pn ayaa
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
@bsetaviedists) were och eater seg ) I (e)
DEATH AGS lene Racin oR raze SE 0 it (6)
Observed winter production ... 10 eggs ©
9 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 3 Zero
Observed Bem tee corte (0) 18 (0)
BEE PACED so aeb5 0008s ac Fear Op cae col O
Mean winter production ... 12.72 eggs
The accordance between observations and expectation here
is perfect.
Maung of CI.G. 6 520. Indicated constitution: \ class72
Matings: A. With 1 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fl. ~
9g Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Obsenveditereaccaar ceria I I I
IDES ABAD) Sn Go Betis a aera Gre aD ) 2.25 0.75
Observed winter production ... 46eggs 13 eggs oO eggs
This mating by itself is, of course, without any particular sig-
nificance.
B. With 6 2 9 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,1.. FJ.,L.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 20 Zero
Observed (x aes eee eae aie ae 5 12 (0)
IER AG ACOM: cin Gea tots Ger aero 0 17 oO
Mean winter productions of all
© 2 in indicated class ....: xe: 41.60 eggs 11.07 eggs
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 257
Here, again, as in the case of ¢ 558 there are seen to be
several birds with winter records of over 30 eggs, when none is
expected.
C. With 3 2 2 indicated to be of class 7 = FLL. FE Walla
2 Progeny
Winter Production: : Over 3 Under 30 Zero
Oibeereecln waaay teen cole I 3 2
[EPRAGICOI® A see ae ae ee 0 3 3
Mean winter production of all
2 © iim machen Class 55500 - 45 eggs 13.00eggs 0 eggs
All 2 Progeny.
Winter Production: Qver 30 Under 30 Zero
Winservedi Naren. actus eysiet a 16 3
ESC DEGHAD ee Ske eae Eo 0) 22.25 3.75
Mean winter production ...... 42.71 eggs 12.00 eggs 0 eggs
The seven birds with records “Over 30’ belong gametically to
the “Under 30’ class, and their records are somatic fluctuations.
This is shown both by their history and by their behavior in F2,
all having been bred. oe
Matings of C.I.G. & 578. This male has been shown from
his matings with pure Cornish females to belong to class 3 of
CLG. 3 8 (= fl. fle). His matings with Barred Rock fe-
males are as follows:
Matings: A. With 2 B.P.R. ¢ 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,Lo.
Jee
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
O@bsenved’S 52.52. aces Sosice ee (a) 3 )
ACCC Mg os al ets ee hs es ) 3 )
Mean winter production of
MATONAELS | sedan sca e elec seete ie 6.33 eggs
B. With 1 @ indicated to be of class 4 = fll. FL jh.
2 Progeny
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Wace mviede vy os ch eich ecco wsiocs I 4 0)
ERAN EGLG Up Roepe aatslsrei aves ete as 0 5 O
Mean winter production of
daughters in indicated class 42eggs 11.00 eggs Oeges
358 MAINE AGRICCL TURAL ESPERIM ENT SPATTON: IQ12.
All 2 Progeny.
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30. Zero
Ojnevereietalia costresg teen aeuahy alam i 7 (0)
LEESON! Vane eia eluate. eee @ 8 0
Mean winter production ...... 42 eges 9.00 eggs
There are no data from which to make sure whether the one
bird with an ‘Over 30’ record represented a fluctuation from the
“Under 30’ class. It probably did, but this cannot be positively
asserted.
Summary of all F: matings
Putting together the results of the matings of all Cornish
Indian Game males with Barred Rock females, we have for the
actual observations :
2 Progeny—Raw Data
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
Gn Sravie dite icee meus ena al 12 58 6
EDR GLCO eam tae SLI eT ss: 0 66.25 9.75
Mean winter production ...... 45.67 eggs 12.16 eggs 0 eggs
In view of the fact that the 11 of the 12 birds with ‘Over 30’
records represent somatic fluctuations from the “Under 30’
class it is desirable to present another summary table in which
the progeny are distributed in accordance with their garetic
constitution.
2 Progeny on Gametic Basis
Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero
(LL) (Liles) (Lh)
ODSeRvedi ot cis ee cate rs T 60 6
IPE DOCUAC ots SAG EOD. OQ) = 60.25 975
The contrast between these distributions and those of the reci-
procal cross discussed before is very striking. Taken together
these reciprocal crosses support strongly the general hypothesis
of fecundity inheritance here being tested.
Matings of the second cross-bred (F:\ generation
The F: birds discussed in the preceding sections were mated
in all possible ways inter se and with the parent forms. - The
results of these matings will be discussed in the present section.
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWHE,. 359
At the outstart it should be noted that in spite of the fact
that as many F. birds were hatched and reared as the available
facilities would permit, nevertheless, the number of adult daugh-
ters available for fecundity study is small in case of some of
the matings. ‘There are several reasons for this. Besides the
obvious one such as mortality, depredations of thieves, hawks,
crows, rats and the like, there is another important but not so
obvious one. This is the failure or great difficulty experienced
in getting certain of the F: cross breds to grow into normal, full-
sized, healthy adult birds. After rather wide experience in
handling cross-bred chicks, | am convinced that certain gametic
combinations which are to be expected on Mendelian theory, and
can be produced in the expected numbers in the breeding pen,.
are nevertheless physiologically abnormal or unsound. Such
birds do not make a normal growth, but in spite of the best
care and attention grow up into stunted weaklings, which always
show, both in their structure and their physiological economy,
the effect of this retarded, abnormal development. I am further
convinced that this result is primarily due to the hereditary
constitution of the individuals in question. Certain combina-
tions of hereditary factors do not produce physiological sound.
and vigorous zygotes.
Of course, there is nothing novel in such a result. It is of a
piece, for example, with the parts respecting the relation be-
tween hereditary constitution and physiological vigor in maize,
which have been so clearly set forth and analyzed by Shull
(45, 40, 47) and East (9g). Other examples of the same phe-
nomenon might be cited. ‘The whole phenomenon is precisely
what would be expected from Johannsen’s general conception of
inheritance and ontogeny (22).
This relationship between hereditary constitution and physio-
logical constitution or normality takes on particular significance
when one is dealing with fecundity. As has been pointed out
earlier in this paper: one cannot expect to get a normal somatic
expression of the hereditary constitution in respect to fecundity
unless the bird is a physiologically normal, well-developed indi-
vidual. Stunted, under-developed, or physiologically unsound
birds will lay but very few if any eggs, regardless of what fe-
cundity factors it may carry. A marked difference is here ap-
-
parent between structural and physiological characters so far as
360 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912.
the study of inheritance is concerned. A definite structure
either is or is not present in the zygote, however weak physio-
logically the individual may be. But if the general capability
of an organism with respect to the transformation of matter
and energy is markedly reduced, then all physiological charac-
ters will be affected, and fail to reach complete normal expres-
sion.
In the study of cross-bred poultry I have found pure extract-
ed whites from crosses involving originally two heavily pigment-
ed parent races to be conspicuously good examples of the phe-
nomenon under discussion. It is only very exceptionally, in my
experience, that such white birds are physiologically normal.
Indeed because of this fact it is only with the greatest difficulty,
and after many failures, that I have been able to get such ex-
tracted whites to breed, and thus form a pure white race. If the
hens lay eggs, which some do not do, they are usually either
infertile, or else all the embryos die at an early stage. These
facts have some bearing on the popular belief of animal breed-
ers that whites in general are delicate in constitution and hard
to rear. This belief is so well known that it is not necessary to
cite in detail references regarding it in the literature.
As a consequence of the above considerations, I have felt
justified in leaving out of account, or rather in considering apart
from the others, a few of the F» individuals, in all some 7 out
of over 200 F: birds all told. Jn each case these birds were
physiologically abnormal, and obviously so to the most casual
observer. The fact that they did not lay was no criterion what-
soever of their hereditary constitution. In order that there
might be no possibility of unfairly influencing ratios by leaving
these birds out, the whole families (usually of two or three in-
dividuals only) to which they belonged have heen rejected. As
a matter of fact whenever one individual in a family is physio-
logically abnormal in this way all the other members will usually
show the same condition in greater or less degrees.
In the Ff. generation following the reciprocal crossing of
Barred Rocks and Cornish Indian Games there are a number of
possible matings. The nature of these matings and the results
as to color and pattern have been discussed in another place
(41). That paper may be referred to in case one is not clear as
INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 361
to the nature of the matings. The different matings will be dis-
cussed in the following order.
PC COUnOn I: PoRG di Cr Exe) x fa9 Olsbarred
and non-barred.
Pea wo acouron ClLGy 6 xX Buksken 9) be eS 4 © = = Z
\ :
|
166; 125) 108 22 5 96 73 38) 3) 2) 649) 109
|
OFFICIAL INSPECTION 36.
7
Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in
LDH I
Kinp oF SEED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES.
NaMEs OF WEEDS. - Oe SI esi tet 8 eal g
SS ae ie ti
ROR ee, Se eel ncsk | pleecien lit eel ant ies salu as
OP ee OES as 10 ee aa
Se es (EE ep ey See Pe
el Se Soh ey ee | SS | lel) |S
Number of samples examined...... 61; 44) 12 1) 64) 21 2) 15 4| 1
American pennyroyal......... Wenn 1 1) = = — = = - eileg®
American wild mint...............| = = = = 6 2M se - = =
SATIMVATOMP TASS Ace. fase Gane eyes raat 3] = = = = = = Woo =
IBIGbeMISWeEUM = . sch. Se. ces clas re NS — - = - = - = = IN =
parE GIO SS. 8 cis oils ee ee GIS a ree see
LBA: THELATENID / oie, Silt Aer ne EE IILs ana 1) - = - 9} - 1; - Feil ee
Bractediplamtaim )..0 056.65 bse es wiles 5] = = = = B= = = | a
@rmeclaphistle a vccccs. ci s4 dea anne = 5 1 1]Jo-.) -] =] = L =
(CEATENWEIRY a neh Nee Oe eee er - = = = = = = = =
(Cavfhieitigy 4.5) ..n Seka On oe eae ne 1; - = - = - — 1} = =
(Cline LOel Ss ‘a \o 5 CLAUS Ere em BH = = =
AGinicOTyete ees sales SATs AEN ME 1 ee - 1} = = = = =
Commronmmallow: ele: ela 4| = = = = - = = = =
Common nightshade.............. 2 = = = = = = = =
E@OMMECOCKI GH: nisi iene sie A eine a la. — — =— - - - = = = =
ME OTMATINAV AVEC 0g fcc seo ie ke hon = - = = 1) o= = = = ==
ROD OMS Hale sare sols esse santa cals 3 Woy = Pa CU pes
NAIC) CULO Gees fi ialecsrciepatlh ws vol isiel sows [eee - - - 2) - | 1} = = =
Dorel: oo 6 0 no ee DERE aed Osean mene ene 39) 22 OW 8) = 1 Wo= il
DPM REI hea ine tui soe ef gw a = = = = SO lend PN = sen ayn
HAVENS PEIMTOSC.. 0-6. ce ce ees 1 1} —- = 40 1; - - les
alpetlaxi oi. « daly ously tna io tee = 11) =} = Ths =| = = =
ool oe a eh aie eee pes
PASCO OCERWS wiiyi hfe ble viniw eas 6) = = = = - - - = =
Fowl-meadow grass............... - - - - | 3 1} - = = =
MGOSELOO Mom oka Alt y es lahhs en yas TAY) ASH ay | 40 i) Oia
Green foxtail Shy peices aie Ae it GL onlpoeeaes 6 Gli = 11) = = ING =
*Found in sample of vetch.
8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. | IQI2.
Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in
1911—Continued.
Kinp or SEED anD NuMBER OF SAMPLES.
qi eee
: $ (ees |
K &p | 80 |
Names OF WEEDS. B 3 2 | 2 2 | g
8 5 co in > s | &
Be) 8) 8] Ble |e sarees
<| S| 2] 2) 3] S| e|-B) 214
yp fil) state Se eete blew ni ete Gap
ae) 4) se] O| S| &|] 4] og) el ec
eal alle Wane es sie ange ee oa. 4 1 2 es 3) = = = =) =
lied gemmustand sets ke en = 3) - VP 15) =) Se Se
Ibaghigya, mOBWNOY 555s 6hsnoaeesoesses =| =) = = = = =| = il}. =
ARTO tH ETASS He sorely 3] - = = iy oe - - 1) -
adyAsetinimlb eeerare renee see 15| —- 2) —-} = - — 12 2) =
Marshvelden tes trac susscticns ey shen WS ho) Sto aS loa yj} H=) =) =
Miaryiweediviel an. cclae: eae omen ts 3 ay) Th) deal) - - = -
IMEI Gee Rie Sethe es cages yee ic. yatta = = = = 2 3] — = = =
Motherwortee ies eee eee = =| = = Il = et oS
Mothemaull eine emis ee = = =) = 12 Go =) os Sa ae
Mouse-ear chickweed.............. 1 3, =) =) = 14 Whos = | =
Miustarditiins tohci auth comelile a Aen aco s Bi aay = Syl a In
Night-flowering catchfly........... 11) 39 1) - 3]; = — =) = =
Old-witch grassh.\t.p ences ee LON 4) 2 S18) 7s aS
Paspalum setaceum............... 2) - = - = = = = = =
Pennsylvania persicaria........... - — - - — - - - 1) -
IPeppergrass! stasis tier ct ie sine - 5) = - 29 6) = = = =
Pig weed aOR eee ee eee tle oe 2 BI) = - 2) - = | i = =
Pimpennelinsee eae. cee eee - - = ab 1) = = = = rs
Plater rae eee Nac pes pace bee ocr enn. = B= = 2 TN = = = =
Burslaneic: Aoyama wel Meee weeks == = =| = BN) = =) al lies
Rar wiced Seite a) aes ubiigs es roe See 10; — 1} - = = = 5 3) =
TRIAS Pp DEEN cire hie hse eat ome - — — - THs _ = = =
Rat’s-tail fescue grass............. = — - - - 3; = = = =
RID EEASS Hina el ae enero cis oe 36 5 3] = 4 iy = = = =
Rugel’s plantain........... IS 28 6 6 1; 41 4) - 1; - =
Seager oeraeine 2 ees ole tae 1 P| = 43; 18 Vee = =
Sheepisorrel es hee eee ee PALS 37h Sy) = 18| ° 9 2 3 = =
Shepherd!’s' purse. ...504.....2.-.5 ~ 1; - - 2 4) — - BE fhe
Sr ea
OFFICIAL INSPECTION 30.
9
Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in
r911—Concluded.
Kinp or SEED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES.
.
ra | ow |
a | a |
. mH | mH |
g | oo | sy) |
is © | ® |} | S
el} © 3 | a
NAmMEs: OF WEEDS. : : EN ees a | Teva ote fs
Sh ee) et) 3 =| ees 80
Bel a | SST aS ets 3
as “4 3 P) HR
alee teas ss0 dtc es Hest acess, |S
a4 g 3 i} = a2 =) a) fe|
ee eh) ae niet |e
Y Cel Gs} met 4
ala) a/ 0] &; &| S| e] &] o
Slender erabgerass................. 10 1} - - : sot ilar 5) =
SMT ASICIUREE Mra iele Bicts s.sece ae aetSl a 4) = = - =| = = - 3| =
SWINE os oe Gn ae eee ne - 1} - 2! - 1} - - -
pDitenmipe=wieeden esr k cca Meee a aces = ho te — 1 | - = - - -
Virginia three-seeded mercury...... een ee - - | = = 1; - -
VME VeRVAUA Sos. a vale s soca cine = = - - 1} = - = - -
\AVIG| CERO aes ee TERR ee eee He 5) = = = = = = = = =
| |
AVVitl lama eT s: 5 .eileie tie vo erorn ce eyeete,« - -|} - - 3) = = —-| - =
Wormseed mustard............... i) = | = = 3) = = ios =
SYED OWA OES Cree Fk, Sieve UAE = = | = = i) Bit) = - - =
Be llowadaisyay piasiinc cic cena. = foes [ =) =| sor -6) —{ =.) = fo
Nellowatoxballe ces. cies eis we vedio ees 3 = | 14 4; —-
RYE MOTO CK rei este. Liaise esse pug mity sass = 1} | = = =
Wellow-wood sorrel............... = =| = Aes ~ = = =
|
A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined im IQTT.
NOMENCLATURE, GRAy’s MANUAL, 17TH EDITION, 1908.
Common NAME.
American pennyroyal
American wild mint
Barnyard grass
Bitter sweet:
Black medick
Blue vervain
Bracted plantain
Canada thistle
Caraway
Catnip
Charlock
Chicory
Common mallow
Common. nightshade
Corn cockle
Screntiric NAME.
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.
Mentha canadensis (L.). Brig.
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.
Solanum duleamara L.
Medicago lupulina L.
Verbena hastata L.
Plantago aristata Michx.
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
Carum earvi L.
Nepeta cataria L.
Brassica arvensis L.
Cichorium intybus L.
Malva rotundifolia L.
Solanum nigrum L.
Agrostemma githago L.
1O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1i2.
A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 19t11—
Concluded.
NOMENCLATURE, GRAy’s MANUAL, 17TH EDITION, 1908.
Common Name.
Corn mayweed
Crabgrass
Dandelion
Doek
Ergot !
Evening primrose
False flax
Five finger
Flax dodder
Fowl meadow grass
Goosefoot |
Green foxtail
Heal-all
Hedge mustard
Indian mallow
Knot grass
Lady’s thumb
Marsh elder
Mayweed
Mint
Motherwort
Moth mullein
Mouse-ear chickweed
Mustard
Night flowering catchfly
Old-witch grass
Pennsylvania persicaria
Peppergrass
Pigweed
Pimpernel
Plantain
Purslane
Ragweed
Raspberry
Rat’s tail fescue grass
Ribgrass
Rugel’s plantain
Sedge
Sheep sorrel
Shepherd’s purse
Slender crabgrass
Slender paspalum
Spiny sida
Spurge
Tumble-weed
Virginia three-seeded mercury
White vervain
Wild carrot
Wild madder
Wormseed mustard
Yarrow
Yellow daisy
Yellow foxtail
Yellow rocket
Yellow-wood sorrel
ScrentTiric NAME.
Matricaria inodora L.
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Taraxacum officinale Weber.
Rumex Sp.
*Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.
Oenothera biennis L.
Camelina microcarpa Andrz.
Potentilla monspeliensis L.
Cuscuta epilinum Weihe.
Glyceria nervata (wild.) Trin.
Chenopodium album
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.
Prunella vulgaris L. i
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.
Abutilon theophrasti Medic.
Polygonum aviculare L.
Polygonum persicaria L.
Iva ciliata Willd.
Anthemis cotula L.
Mentha Sp.
Leonurus cardiaca J. —
Verbascum blattaria L.
Cerastium vulgatum L.
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.
Silene noctiflora L.
Panicum capillare L. |
Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.
Lepidium virginicum L.
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Plantago major L.
Portulaca oleracea L.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
Rubus idaeus L.
Festuca myuros L.
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago rugelii Done.
Carex, unidentified.
Rumex acetosella L.
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.
Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler.
Paspalum setaceum Michx.
Sida spinosa L.
Euphorbia preslii Guss.
Amaranthus graecizans L.
Acalypha virginica L.
Verbena urticaefolia L.
Daucus carota L.
Galium mollugo L.
Erysimum cherianthoides L.
Achillea millefolium L.
Rudbeckia hirta L.
Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.
Oxalis corniculata L.
* Sclerotia of the fungus.
OFFICIAL INSPECTION
36.
II
Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer,
and the results of the analysis of official samples taken in
IQOTI.
: eS
| PuRITY. IMPURITIES.
(og
eee sg
5 Peels
: | u
| Kinp or Seep, Name anp Town or DEALER. | ie | Si
i) SpeciaL Marks. } 3S | | |
a & cine eanes b
. | oO
g Re ee ere
2 3 5 ¢ a 6
R Seite Se sey fe
r |
|
ALSIKE CLOVER. % % % % %
Wm. F. Chick, Bangor. : |
6851 aS AN Si cee me aiane = le abrriesctan seetber wont soak hoa oe ie 96.1) 96.3), 0.8) 2.7) 0.2
6852 D. B. Alsike clover.......... Soh cote ech ay Rae Day 99.2) 9950) 0.4) O.5) 0.1
A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton. ;
6893 Ace Alsikelo 7) Yo lot S643. 0.5 even ee. oe 97.0) 96.8) 0.6) 2.1) 0.5
6894 Globe Alsyke, 98 %, lot 86134.............. CIO} M3.) Ose) 1B OB
George B. Haskell Co., Lewiston.
6827 XOWOXGAlsikce (Globe) crs Sake ek ee ee 98.0] 98.7) 0.2) 0.9) 0.2
6828 XexarAlsilcen (Ace) SGll02)02-) ee ene Tee 95.0) Qo.) Osa! BG One
6829 M Alsike (Kaiser) 86105. ...5..........5... 92.0) 91.2) 0.7) 6.7) 1.4
Osear Holway Co., Auburn.
6854 ‘*Bell’’ Alsike..... shige Sites ean anes. ety eat O70! GHog Weil! Bow) O.&
6872 “‘Bell’’ Alsike. Shippers’ test 97%........ 97.0) 96.9; 0.9} 2.0) 0.2
6925 | A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast.
PANIIT Creep erent Satine cnn MOA Ropeey unatis aREE NOR dela 6 Fal 99.0} 97.8} 0.5) 1.2} 0.5
RED CLOVER.
Wm. F. Chick, Bangor. RY
6850 Pansy. Medium Cloversormecnneen cer cedeee 99.2) 98.5) 1-0) 0.3) 0:2
A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton.
6895 Globe Medium Clover, 99%, 76896.......... 99.0) 99.6) 0.3) —- 0.1
6900 Ace Medium Clover, 99%, 77042............ CSO] Coa Mev Wo) (Oe:
George B. Haskell Co., Tewiston. ;
6824 XXX Red Clover (Globe) 76896............ 99.0) 99.7) 0.2) O.1) —
§825 XX Red Clover (Ace) C76893.............. 99.0) 99.2} 0.5) O.1; 0.2
6826 xX Red Clover (Kaiser) 76843............... 86.0) 97.2) 1.0) 0.8) 1.0
Oscar Holway Co., Auburn.
6836 GloberR= Clover) lots70952 oe. nee 99.0 99.8) 0.1] O.1; —
6839 ECMOOVED Ot CGorece ts) aiaucicualsbalsra aust ciaye 99.0) 9956) 0. 2)) 0.1) On
6840 FVECRGLOVer NOt OO me cies otis ay arenes 99.0) 99.2) 0.6) O.1) O.1
6871 ““Bell’’ Clover, shippers’ test, 99%.........| 99.0) 97.8} 0.8} 1.0) 0.4
G. F. Rowe, China.
6923 Ace Brand Red Clover, C77071............. 99.0) 98.8) 0.9} 0.1) 0.2
|
MAMMOTH CLOVER. |
Wm. F. Chick, Bangor.
6848 Bmme Mammoth Clover...:...0...-.5..1e0. 99.6) 99.3) 0.5) O.1) O.1
63849 Db eviarmmovnuClowers «ance sass selva aie. 99.8) 99.4; 0.4) O.1} 0.1
: A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton. |
6898 Ace Mammoth Clover, 77049.............:. 99.0/ 99.2} 0.5} O.1) 0.2
6899 Globe Mammoth Clover, 76965.............. 99.0) 99.7) 0.1) 0.2) —
[2
MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
1912.
Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer,
and the results of the analysis of official samples taken in
r9ri1—Concluded.
PURITY IMPURITIES.
S| ‘
: 3S 5
ca Bras
= |Kinp or Seep, Name anp Town or DEALER. = i Fe Sg
3 SprciaL Marks. ® xe | |
iS 8 s a un
8 8 = 5 @ 3
A) ESM [eet Cu eae
Ee B ive. | Sial canmme
n GS eS ek
HUNGARIAN. |
Wm. F. Chick, Bangor. :
6846 Je linayorsh isha Bien, © ouebearn oi Gigiges-erdialo eearolo ces cree c 98.6} 98.4) 0.7) —- 0.9
6847 DS hbbatersholchols ecm O Rie Re DRE NE EOE mcrae 98.0} 97.1} 0.3) —- 2.6
E. P. Ham, Lewiston. |
6866 leistone) laktnoEEyBeVO aooonoucuennpeoouentooc. 97.0) 98.9) 0.5) —- 0.6
| Osear Holway Co., Auburn.
6837 lahuryerneena, horn SOROS .obachbosoncodosecance 96.0) 99.3) 0.1) —- 0.6
:
| Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portland.
6924 | Hungarian, lot 50, car 3768, O.S. No. 1..... 98.0) 9852) 021) 102 as:
REDTOP.
iE. P. Ham, Lewiston.
6869 | ancy Red eG parr vaesork caren ates eer cnee 92.0) 84.8) 18.0) 1.0) 1.2
George B. Haskell Co., Lewiston.
6830 X Redtop (Massabesic) R. J.62............ 90.0} 89.7) 5.9) 2.4) 2.0
Osear Holway Co., Auburn. ~
6842 PAN CN A VEO MLO Pieris ietvesve sislstacsyeere sreneromeeteeaewe ree CBO Pets Gatsii Ol] 1 oss
6855 TGReVG lt Noy yt sil Bie oe ela Ate Umea i cor eR ela SPE 90.0) 91.4) 7.7) O.4) 0.5
6873 ““Mart’’ Red Top, shippers’ test, 92%....... 9270): 95) (Gerd) 0 On| penlaeon
TIMOTHY.
3 A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton.
‘6896 Globe Timothy, lot 69962 R................ 99.0) 99.6 0.2} O.1) O.1
6897 Pine Tree Timothy, lot 61276............... 99.0} 99.5) 0.2} 0.2) O.1
E. P. Ham, Lewiston. ;
6863 SOLBUING deae oe head hited do commnuee oo Gb ds co 99.0} 98.9] 0.7) 0.38) O.1
6864 SaVieribestra. lum otbyaeee eerie nici 97.0) 97.7; 0.6} 1.3) 0.4
6865 bx) Van 2d Bit oaKouH ohizeerpreae tie eto clctrao ate cretion coer io 98.0) 98.1) 0.5) 0.9} 0.5
George B. Haskell Co., Lewiston.
6823 Mimo ihyA(Bison)) wlolla2 eee ate te 96.0} 97.1; 1.0}; 1.6) 0.3
Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. ;
6834 AM revo on eis big: Dralie sis oiothony Bomod.oGodoaa Gb 99.0} 98.9} 0.4) 0.5) 0.2
6835 TimothyAyiGlobei, O91Gi.. 1. serosa ae 99.5} 99.6} 0.2) 0.1) O.1
6836 shimo thy seem bisonee OLS Oljeet neni 97.0) 9852) O57 Sal Ona)
6841 Timothy Em eer ee a eyeya ei systsvercieterorotertene cnete 99.0} 99.6; 0.2) 0.1; O.1
Oscar Holway Co., Auburn.
6936 INO2 450 Mingo thy een ise. os cl cisreialnesvavere vereievenerene 98.0} 98.9} 0.5} 0.5} O.1
John Watson & Company, Houlton.
6926 Rennie Timothy, T3514, T3516............. 99.0) 99.3) 0.5} O.1; 90.1
|
| JAPANESE MILLET.
Johnson Bros., North Berwick. .
6929 Vapaneser Mallet cililesieee atic ate iene 97.0) 95.2} O.1; —=- Ami
February, 1912
MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE.
CHAS. D. WOODS, Director
ANALYSTS
James M, Bartlett Herman H. Hanson
Albert G. Durgin Royden L. Hammond
Alfred K. Burke
INSPECTORS
Elmer R, Tobey Albert Verrill Edgar A. White
Official Pnspections
ot
CARBONA®ED BEVERAGES.
During the summer of I910 an investigation of the car-
bonated beverages, or bottled sodas, sold in Maine was made
and the results reported in Official Inspections 27. During the
season just passed this study was continued and the findings
are contained in the following pages. |
A list of the bottlers of soda waters in Maine and the results
of the examination of their products appears on page 20.
Samples from all but four of the 51 mantfacturers were ana-
lyzed and three of these exceptions are reported in Official
Inspections 27. The one whose goods were not examined was
not bottling at the time of our visit.
The samples were all examined for saccharin and artificial
colors and special examinations were made on many of the
goods which bore fancy nanies. Tests were made in some
cases for alcohol and in others for different preservatives. In
the cases of goods carrying saccharin prosecutions were com-
menced and in all cases the dealers have plead guilty and the
cases have been settled by the payment of a fine.
14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12.
A larger portion of the manufacturers than last year were
found to be using only the seven permitted dyes for coloring
purposes. In all of those cases where dyes not of the permitted
seven were found present the goods were carefully examined
for poisonous materials but none were discovered. .
A sanitary inspection was made of all premises where possi-
ble.
In Publication 425 of this Station, The Requirements Under
the Law Regulating the Sale of Foods, the following definition
of carbonated beverages is given: |
143. Carbonated beverages. The standards for carbonated
beverages, root beer and similar beverages have not yet been
determined upon. For the present these goods may be sold in
Maine under the following general regulations. Goods true to
name need no label, either bottled or sold at fountains. Ben-
zoate of soda may be used in bottled goods if its presence and
amount are declared on the label and at fountains if conspicu-
ous signs are used declaring its presence and amount used.
For the present cream soda, sarsaparilla, root beer, birch beer
and ginger ale may be sold without statement that they are
artificially colored and flavored. If benzoate of soda is pres-
ent it must be declared.
In Food Inspection Decision 135 the use of saccharin has
been prohibited in foods entering interstate commerce after
July 1, 1911) In consideration oi the fact that muchyor ste
bottled soda for this season’s trade has already been put up and
supplies and labels already purchased, the sale of carbonated
beverages containing saccharin will be permitted in Maine until
January 1, 1912, provided the presence of saccharin is plainly
stated on the label. ©
SACCHARIN.
In Official Inspections 27 it was stated that saccharin would
be allowed in bottled sodas, provided its presence and amount
were stated upon the label. It will be noted that since that
publication was issued there Has been a decision under the
National Food and Drugs Act prohibiting the use of saccharin
in goods entering interstate trade. As it has always been the
policy of the executive of the Maine Food Law to make the
regulations under the State law conform, as far as possible,
with those under the National law, saccharin cannot now be
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. I5
lawfully used in foods or beverages whether its presence is
stated or not. This regulation went into effect January I, 1912.
The goods examined in 1911 might lawfully contain sac-
charin provided its presence and amount were stated upon the
label. One company was found to be using saccharin and
stating that fact upon its labels. Five different companies
were found to be using saccharin as an artificial sweetener and
not stating that fact upon the labels. In each one of these cases
the manufacturers were fined for the offence.
MISBRANDED BOTTrLEs.
In last year’s report upon this industry the subject of bottles
misbranded by having the names of different manufacturers
blown in the glass and being used promiscuously by any bot-
tler in the State was taken up at some length. It was there
stated that a reasonable time would be given for the bottlers
of the State to straighten out this particular matter. This
notice received some attention last season and several of the
bottlers made sincere attempts to use only bottles bearing their
own name or plain bottles. Others paid no attention whatever
to the notice and perhaps there were some who did not see it.
No prosecutions were made during the present season for this
kind of misbranding, but a vigorous campaign of- education
was carried on and it seems improbable that there is now any
bottler in the State who does not understand the necessity for
this ruling and the reason why it was made. As stated before,
it is a great injustice to a manufacturer of high grade goods to
have his bottles filled by makers of low grade, artificially
- sweetened and flavored sodas.
As a result of conferences held with some of the leading
bottlers of the State the people engaged in the bottled soda
industry have formed a bottlers’ association for the purpose
of mutual protection and improvement and with one of its
prime objects the regulation of this kind of misbranding. It
does not necessarily follow that a bottling firm cannot live up
to the requirements of the food law without joining this asso-
ciation, but membership in it is strongly recommended, as the
means adopted by the association seem to be the fairest and
easiest ways to correct the misbranding which is under con-
sideration. The following bottlers have joined this association
2
16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igt2.
and are evidently attempting to live up to its requirements.
The list was corrected by the Secretary of the Association in
January, 1912.
Copeland & Co., Bangor. Murdock & Freeman Co., Portland.
I. B. Burgoin, Fort Kent. ( lenwocd Spring Co., Augusta.
C. E. Odiorne Bottling Co., Bangor Bottling Co., Bangor. -
Portland. Pine Spring Water Co., Brunswick.
eshier Cutis DW exterman J. L. Spratt, Bangor.
Milo Bottling Co., Milo. Vincent Bottling Co., Auburn.
Geo. H. Tardif, Waterville. Ingalls Bros., Portland.
Cideon Mahew, Waterville. M. Rudman, Waterville.
C. E. Hevener, Rockland. Hartleb & 'Cheltra, Bath.
Mt. Kebo Spring Co., Bar Harbor. Wm. Palmer, Houlton.
John O’Reilly & Son, Skowhegan. W. A. Seekins, Pittsfield.
Bath Bottling Co., Bath. Belfast Candy Co., Belfast.
D. Ziter & Bro., ‘Caribou. Hanscom Bottling Co., Biddeford.
Rumford Bottling Co., Rumford. Dennis Bros., Cherryfield.
Tur Use oF MIsBRANDED BOTTLES.
So far as the Maine Food Law is concerned bottles having
names blown in the glass that are not those of the bottler actu-
ally putting up the goods may be used if the names and other
distinguishing marks blown in the glass are fully covered by a
label stating the name and address of the bottler actually put-
ting out the goods. Since bottled beverages are frequently put
on ice or in ice water for cooling before they are sold by the
retailer, the labels must be so firmly attached that they will
stand this treatment. The excuse that a bottle was properly
labelled when it left the bottling works will not be accepted as
a reason for passing goods that are in mislabeled bottles.
In this connection there is another important thing for the
bottler to notice. By a provision of law (Revised Statutes
Chapter 40, Sections 37-39) bottles and other containers with
the names of the owners upon them can be registered. There
is a punishment by fine or imprisonment or both for using
commercially in any way such registered containers, by any
person other than the one who has registered them.
With the double danger of an attached label soaking off or
using unwittingly a registered bottle there would seem to be
only one safe course for the bottler of beverages. Use only
bottles bearing his own name or plain bottles. To do otherwise
is dangerous.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 17
MISBRANDED SopDA.
One or two cases were discovered in which goods flavore1
with imitation flavors and colored artificially were labeled as
though the goods were real and not imitation. For example,
goods marked “blood orange” were found upon examination
to be artificially flavored and colored with a coal tar dye. One
case which seemed particularly flagrant was prosecuted and a
fine of $25 imposed. The other case of this kind was con-
nected with a saccharin case and was settled in connection with
the prosecution of that case. It is possible to make an orange
soda water from the reai orange extract and containing the
natural color and flavor, and in the labeling sharp distinction
should be made between these goods and goods which imitate
them by means of synthetic flavors and coal tar dyes.
ARTIFICIAL COLors.
As was stated at the beginning of this discussion, a larger
proportion of the manutacturers than last year were found
to be using the seven permitted coal tar dyes for this work. In
all cases where other than the permitted dyes were used care-
ful examination was made of the goods in order to ascertain
if any poisonous or deleterious materials were present. In the
goods examined no poisons were found and no prosecutions
were made in these cases. It is earnestly recommended, how-
ever, that wherever coal tar colors are used in bottled sodas
only one, or a mixture, of the seven permitted dyes be used.
‘These seven permitted dyes are made expressly for use in foods
and during the process of manufacture all poisonous materials
are carefully excluded. On the other hand there are hundreds
of coal tar dyes on the market which are made not particularly
for food work and which do contain traces of arsenic, or which
have been found to be poisonous in themselves. While the cer-
tified colors may be slightly more expensive than the uncertified
ones still the difference is so trifling that with the small amount
necessary for the coloring of bottled sodas the difference in
price is negligible. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to state that
should poisonous colors be found in food products prose-
cution would without hesitation be made.
18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9gi2.
ALCOHOL,
A much smaller percentage of the goods examined the pres-
ent year were found to contain alcohol than the goods analyzed
last year. In Official Inspections 27 it was stated that “the
flavor of some of these bottled soft beverages is dependent to a
more or less extent upon the amount of alcohol present, and a
constant use of some of these containing approximately one
per cent. of alcohol would quite readily be a means for develop-
ing a taste for alcoholic beverages.” It is to be regretted that
any of the bottled sodas carry alcohol to the slightest extent.
CREAM SODA, SARSAPARILLA Sopa, BirRcH, ETC.
No new regulations in regard to the labeling of goods known
as cream soda, sarsaparilla soda, birch, root beer, ginger ale, —
etc., have been made in this State and for the present they may
be lawfully manufactured and sold as in the past. It is under-
stood that investigations under the National Law have been
going on for some time concerning the composition of these
goods and the right to the use of some of the above names upon
the ordinary bottled soda waters. If new regulations are in the
future promulgated under the National law it is probable that
such regulations would be adopted in the enforcement of the
Maine law as it has always been the policy of the executive of
the State law to have Maine regulations and rulings conform,
as far as possible, with those under the National law so that
the dealers might have but one set of regulations by pee to
govern their manufacturing.
WATEREUSED IN BOLTTERD. SODAS:
In the examination of the bottled sodas thus far we have
made no bacteriaiological examination as there were so many
more obvious things that needed first attention. It is realized,
however, that this is one of the most important phases of the
work, and it is now planned to take up this important question
next summer. It is hoped to find the goods as pure in this
respect as it is possible to make them, but it is feared that some
may be found of inferior quality because of the contamination
of the water supply. It is well known that some of the manu-
facturers of bottled sodas in the State are using only the purest
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 19
spring water and that the preparation of their goods is carried
on with extreme care. Other manufacturers use local supplies
of various kinds, and it is feared that some of these may not be
properly safeguarded from possible pollution. It does not nec-
essarily follow that because spring water is used the finished
product is pure. Springs themselves may be contaminated in
various ways. They may be situated so that they receive sur-
face drainage, or they may receive contamination from ignor-
ant or careless people who use them as a source of supply.
And of course the purest water may be handled carelessly and
the finished product rendered unfit for drinking.
It has been considered by some that the process by which the
goods are charged with carbonic acid gas is a means of steriliz-
ation. Recent experiments in one of the western states do not
bear out this contention. And this fact should be borne care-
fully in mind that whatever contamination is present in the
water used will enter into the finished product for consumption.
If tap water is used from the town supply and there is sus-
picion that it is polluted in any way its use should be discon-
tinued. A water that may be used with comparative safety for
household purposes may be unsafe for soda water. Drinking
water may easily be boiled and thus rendered harmless, but
such measures cannot be taken with soda waters without de-
stroying their palatability.
SANITATION.
As was stated in Official Inspections 35, in a few of the bot-
tling establishments visited during the last season no attempt
at screening was found and during the summer months the
situation with regard to the presence of flies was very bad. In
some of the places the floors were dirty and the places were
very much cluttered with bottles, cases and barrels, and in one
case in particular the toilet facilities were not properly ar-
ranged.
It is the hope of the executive of the Maine Food Law and
should be the ambition of each bottler to have the bottled sodas
of Maine as pure as it is possible to make them, and to have
them put up under perfectly sanitary conditions. ‘Those of the
bottlers who are also interested in this subject are invited to
correspond with the Director with regard to any feature of the
business which in his mind is in need of improvement.
2G MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
1912.
Table showing results of analyses of samples of soda water Carbonated
Beverages purchased in summer of 1921, arranged alphabetically by
Rockland, Knox County Bottling Works
Rumford, Virginia Spring Water Co
*Rumford Falls, Murdock & F reeman
Rumford Falls, Rumford Bottling Co.
Skowhegan, John 0? Reilley & Son..
Man Buren Josie. Cyreenon ee ae oe
Waldoboro, IB AGIBOLES aah. some cae
Waterville, Gideon Mahew............
Waterville, Mineral Water Soda Co., M.
Radian So ees eee aotanae hate
Haverhill, Mass., ‘‘Granite State Spring
Water Ginger Aletr.. etes sak. hee
Up oaClubiGingeryAlege ote ee
[VO
towns.
= = e = a
ro)
oe
Ss
Name oF Town; BRAND, IF ANY, aes REMARKS.
AND MAKER. oe
rors
| Ag
| |
Auburn, Vincent Bottling Company =: 6|Passed.
Bangor, Bangor Bottling Works.. 8/ Passed.
Bangor, Copeland & Co.............. 4| Passed.
Bangor, F. E. Robinson.............. 7|Three samples paiteeed with saccha-
,, Zin, not declared.
BancorWJrevesRossaaaacaenietie eee 9|‘‘ Blood orange’’ soda misbranded. [Not
|. marked artificial color.
Bangor, J. L. Spratt.......... Aerevee eee 7| Passed.
Bath, Bath Bottling Co.............. 2| Passed.
Bath, Hartleb & Cheltra............. 3/Passed.
Belfast, Belfast Candy Co., Mayo &
White sence nadia see: 5) Passed. ;
Biddeford, Hanscom Bottling Co...... 9\‘‘Jersey Creme’’ contained trace of sac-
charin.
Brunswick, Pine Spring Water Co..... 1|Passed.
Calais, Beckett & Co..........:..00.. 4| Passed.
Caribou, EH. Ziter & Bros............. 1/Adulterated with saccharin, not declared.
Cherryfield, Washington County Bot- |
tling Co., Dennis Bros.............. 8|Passed.
Danforths Sam sROssiac naar. sersene ole tees. 5|Adulterated with saccharin, not declared.
Dexter, Leslie Curtis................. 11|Passed.
Eastport, Eastport Bottling Co., Frank
MAO charac ccotaic tens orsvetcreeeriere econ 4|Passed.
Hort Kent; EB: Burgoin... 21. 202..6- 4|Passed.
Freeport, Pinecroft Bottlery.......... 5|Passed.
Greatworks, B. F. Piers.............. 3|Passed.
Houlton, Wm. Palmer Bottling Co... 14/Passed.
Lewiston, Maine Bottling Co.......... 8|Passed.
Lewiston, Somoar Carbonating Co..... 6/ Passed.
Lewiston, Windsor Mineral Spring Co. . 3/|Passed.
iubec= Gs Mitchell Asus ee 4|Passed.
Millinocket, Millinoecket Bottling Co.... 7|Passed.
Milo, Milo Bottling Co............... 4) Passed.
Patten, Patten Bottling Co........... 2'Passed.
_ Pittsfield, Wm. Seekins.............. 2)/Passed. :
Portland, Ingalls Bros............... 9)° lersey Creme’’ contained trace of sac-
charin.
Portland, Murdock & Freeman........ 7|Passed.
Portland, C. E. Odiorne Bottling Co. 6| Passed.
Portland, Portland Bottling Co. 5) Passed.
Portland, Underwood Spring Corpora-
i (0) ORR a Geo nernas ere Wie Cems Sion 7|Passed. 5 ‘
Presque Isle, Presque Isle Bottling Co., 12/Adulterated with saccharin. Two bottles
‘De MichaudspMiort ec. se sees pe misbranded, not marked artificial color.
Prospect, Switzer Water Co. (P. O.
Stockton Springs))- 2 4525.40.26. ee. 7|Passed.
Rockland, (Ch Havener.. seen =e ‘ 7|Passed.
|Passed. Contained saccharin but were
properly marked.
Passed.
Passed.
| Passed.
| Passed.
Passed.
Adulterated with saccharin, not declared.
Passed.
Passed.
|Passed.
Passed.
Passed.
* Recently sreciased by the Rumford Bottling Co.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 21
Ick CreAM.
During the summer of 1911 about 80 samples of ice cream
were examined from the various dealers in the cities and towns
of Auburn, Bangor, Fairfield, Lewiston, Oakiand, Portland,
and Waterville, with the results given in the table on pages
22 and 23. Two prosecutions were made. In one case the
dealer was warned before the sample was obtained that the
£ rmula which he was using would not make a standard ice
cream and he was advised to change his formula. Some time
after an official sample was obtained at his place and it was
found to be but slightly over half the standard in milk fat con-
tent. The other case which was prosecuted seemed also a par-
ticularly flagrant one for the following reasons:
During the previous year two samples of ice cream from this
dealer both were found to be below the standard. He was
warned that his goods should be of better quality. He placed
the blame upon the person from whom he was _ obtaining his
cream. He was advised to obtain a written guaranty from this
person and take particular pains to get a better quality of cream
for his goods. The same conditions were found in the season
of 1911 and in correspondence it developed that no written
guaranty had been obtained, and that apparently no change had
been made in the formula or in the manner of making up the
goods. The case was therefore prosecuted and a fine paid.
In another case where prosecution was commenced the goods
from this same person had been analyzed the previous year
and had been found below standard. Before the case came to
trial, however, the dealer went out of business and moved from
the State.
There have been a number of cases develop during the past
two seasons’ examination in which it seemed apparent that the
dealers were not obtaining cream which contained the amount
of butter fat which they supposed they were getting. These
cases are still being investigated and this study will be con-
tinued another season and if it is found that either creameries
or dairymen are supplying dealers with cream below standard
and below the grade paid for such cases will be prosecuted
wherever found. In these as in all other matters were the work
of the Station and the Department of Agriculture touch we
have the fullest cooperation of Commissioner Buckley and his
assistants.
22
MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
1912.
Table showing results of analyses of samples of ice cream purchased in
the summer of 1911, arranged alphabetically by towns.
= |p
as TOWN AND DEALER. |.& 8 REMARKS.
2g 8
83 is
NA =o
9866|Auburn, Bumpus & Getchell....... 16 .0|Passed.
9863)Auburn, E. L. Fowles............. 14.5)|Passed.
9864 Auburn, E. A. Pettingill........... 15.3)|Passed.
9860|Auburn, R. A. Rounds............ 14.2)Passed.
9865|Auburn, Fred L. Ruggles.......... 16.4|Passed.
9862|Auburn, J. M. Stevens & Co....... 15.9|Passed.
9861|Auburn, L. E. Tarr.......... 16.1)Passed.
9788|Bangor, J. F. Boyd............... 13.0|Dealer warned. Geese from Geo.
E. Lufkin.
9913|/Bangor. Simon Belinian........... 15.0)Passed.
9786|Bangor, G. N. Brountas...... 3S 14.5)|Passed.
9782|)Bangor, Buckley & Preble......... 13.6 Dealerareued: Purchased from Harry
; itham
9916/Bangor, O. Blias.................. 7.8 Dealer fined.
10080|Bangor, Floros Bros.............. 14.1)Passed.
9914|Bangor, C. A. Fowler......./...... 12.7|Dealer warned.
10077|Bangor, C. A. Fowler..... le shen 12.5| Dealer warned.
9787'\Bangor, Frawley’s Pharmacy...... 17.0|Passed.
9785|Bangor, G. E. Lufkin..:.......... 13.8)Passed.
10078|Bangor,G. E. Lufkin.............. 13 .3|Dealer warned.
9781|Bangor, C. McKenna.............. 13.9) Passed. Purchased from Harry
| Witham. ;
9912|/Bangor, 8. Shiro.............:...: 17.4| Passed.
9789|Bangor, Caldwell Sweet........... 17.5) Passed.
9784|Bangor, C.S. Vafiades............ 15.0 Passed.
9909|Bangor, Wyman’s Drug Store....../| 11.5|Dealer warned.
9915|Bangor, Wyman’s Drug Store....... 13.4 Dealer warned.
10079|Bangor, Wyman’s Drug Store...... 13.5 Dealer warned.
9921 Hairtield’ ©, Mepelolty. oes a. = cteiet i 14.2 Passed.
9923) Fairfield, C. W. McClintock........ 14.4 Passed.
9922)| Fairfield, The Wilson Pharmacy... .|14.6) Passed.
9938) Lewiston, Babcock & Sharp........ 14.8 Passed.
9930| Lewiston, C. Biladeau............. 14.6) Passed.
9867|Lewiston, A. L. Grant............. 15.4) Passed.
9934| Lewiston, A. E. Harlow........... 14.7| Passed.
9935|Lewiston, Mrs. S. E. Holmes....... 15.6) Passed.
9868)| Lewiston, Lewiston Candy Kitchen .|16.7) Passed.
9936) Lewiston, Chas. Morneau, Jr....... 15.3) Passed.
9933|Lewiston, Geo. A. Ross...........- \17.5 Passed.
9937 Lewiston, P DK Saranmtose. setae 16.2/ Passed.
9932) Lewiston, Senith s Drug Store...... 14.8) Passed.
9869 Lewiston, Samuel Stewart SR a ta 14.8)Passed.
9931|Lewiston, H. F. Walker........... 115.9) Passed.
9917|Oakland, C. H. Martin............ 12.6|Dealer warned. Inspector called sec-
ond. time but found no ice cream
: being made.
9969) Portland, Deering Ice Cream Co... .'13.7 Passed.
10002) Portland, Hay'’s Drug Store........ \13.2) Passed with warning.
10008} Portland, Hay’s Drug Store........ 15.2 Passed.
9972|Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co... .|12.3|Dealer ‘warned.
10012/Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co... . 13.5|Passed with warning.
9976 Portland, AMAd, lebih. 5 Senco uoeods 12.4 Dealer warned.
10015 Portland, Abe labihayls ss soo eae gc 14.6 Passed.
9971|Portland, Leighton’s Store......... 10.9|Dealer warned. Purchased from C. G:
| Pooler. (See 10011.)
10011|Portland, Leighton’s Store......... 13.5 Bae) wih warning. Purchased from
ooler.
10000|Portland, I. F. Lord & Son........ 15.4)| Passed.
9975|Portland, O. S. Maxell............ 12.3/Dealer warned.
10014|Portland, O. S. Maxell............ 15.6) Passed.
9999|Portland, Wm. E. Murphy......... 13.8) Passed.
10001|Portland, Geo. E. Sawyer.......... 16.8) Passed.
9974|Portland, J. G. Sawyer............ 9.8)(See No. 10013.) |
10013|Portland, J. G. Sawyer............ 13.5)Passed with warning.
9997|Portland, Simmons & Hammond... .|14.1 |Passed.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 23
Table showing results of analyses ‘of samples of ice cream purchased .in
the summer of 1911, arranged alphabetically by towns—Concluded.
—————— = (2 SS SSE -25. 2.5 SSS ss
i 5)
a3 Town aNp DEALER. ee REMARKS.
‘EE ay
Ge = 5
na =z
9970)Portland, Smith & Broe........... 12.2|Dealer warned. Purchased from Pierce
Ice Cream Co.
10009|Portland, Smith & Broe........... 11.3|Dealer warned. Purchased from Pierce
Ice Cream Co.
9973|Portland, G. F. Soule............. 15.4| Passed.
9998|Portland, J. J. Thuss.............. 12.8/Dealer warned.
9996|Portland, West End Dairy......... 12.8|Dealer warned.
10007|Portland, West End Dairy......... 12.6|Dealer warned.
9813|Waterville, College Ave. Pharmacy..|10.1|/Dealer warned. Inspector made second
visit and found no ice cream being
| made.
9803|Waterville, Geo. A. Daviau........ 13.0|Dealer warned.
9807|Waterville, Pierre Fortier.......... 15.7|Passed.
9810|Waterville, W. A. Hager........... 17.1)Passed.
$808|Waterville, Hawker’s Drug Store. . .|17.7/Passed.
9814| Waterville, E. W. Luques.......... 19.9) Passed.
9802)Waterville, S. Paganucci........... 13 .9|Passed.
9812|Waterville, S. Paganucci........... 14.3|Passed.
9806) Waterville, J. D. Parents.......... 21.2|Passed.
9805)Waterville, A. J, Ponsant.......... 14.4| Passed.
9809) Waterville, E. L. Simpson......... |/12.8)(See 9918.)
9918/Waterville E. L. Simpson......... 13 .3|(See text.)
9804|/Waterville, Jos. Vantrosco......... 12.5|(See 9919.) :
9919)Waterville, Jog, Vantrosco......... 10.5|Prosecution commenced, but dealer
went out of business and moved
from the State.
9811}Waterville, Verzoni Bros.......... 16.9| Passed.
HEARINGS AND PROSECUTIONS.
Whatever the nature of the seeming violation of any of the
provisions of the laws regulating the sale of agricultural seeds,
commercial fertilizers, commercial feeding stuffs, drugs, foods,
fungicides or insecticides, hearings are appointed as directed by
the law. In the great majority of instances the defendant
either offers satisfactory explanation or gives assurance that the
public will be protected in the future. Whenever it seems that
the interests of the public can be equally served the cases are
passed without prosecution. In the execution of the laws far
more stress is laid upon educational than upon punitive methods.
No merely technical violations of law are followed by prosecu-
tions. When cases have to be brought they are usually brought
as civil instead of criminal prosecutions as in this way uncon-
tested cases can be more readily and speedily settled. It also is
often true that the case is not so serious as to justify giving the
24. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IOI2.
person a criminal record. By means of the hearings every
violation is investigated and the parties concerned have their
attention very plainly brought to the violations and the need
for reform. While a law without penalties would be impossible
of execution the hearing feature is proving to be an exceed-
ingly valuable provision, helpful alike to the executive and to
the trade, and hence is working to the interest of the public.
Most of the cases were settled without prosecution. The cases
that were settled by prosecution during the three months ending
December 31, 1911, are as follows: In each instance the accused
plead guilty and settled without the case being tried.
List of Cases Settled Without Trial on Payment of Fines in the Quarter
Ending December 31, rort.
NaME AND Town or DEFENDANT. | NATURE OF CoMPLAINT.
Bowley, J. P. & Co., Sanford........ \Misbranded pickles. Contained alum.
iBroreiphe so antorden ee ee 'Misbranded pickles. Contained alum.
Carl he OsDaCOme tenement es mi ne /Adulterated oysters. Contained added water.
Coffin, G. W., Mechanic Falls........ Adulterated oysters. Contained added water.
Cyrdire) ts Wane bureny serie ne. Mune erenelen bottled sodas. Contained saccharin.
Doughty & Jewett, Portland........ |Adulterated oysters. Contained added water.
liasTOP bane ores eee er ‘Adulterated ice cream. Low in milk fat.
Levesque, Paul, Lewiston........... Adulterated oysters. Contained added water.
McGary Bros., Houlton............. ‘Misbranded pickles. Contained Albina
Palmer Cash Market, Lewiston....../Adulterated oysters. Contained added water.
Presque Isle Bottling Co., Presque Isle Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin.
Robinson, he He. Bangors. sss. _ Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin.
| :
TROP [S}, [Bog IDEWAIOO 5 pO db ¢os sa ec od ‘Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin.
Simpson, E. L., Waterville......... _ Adulterated ice cream. Low in milk fat.
iter) ob LO nO Atl oO seiar ert: ‘Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin.
March, 1912
MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE.
CHAS. D. WOODS, Director
ANALYSTS
James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson
Albert G. Durgin ; ‘Royden L, Hammond
Alfred K. Burke
INSPECTORS
Elmer R. Tobey Albert Verril! Edgar A. White
Official SJnspections.
38
FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION.
The changes in the law which became effective July I, 1911, were
pointed out in Official. Inspections 32. This was mailed to dealers and
others likely to be interested.
Herewith are reported (pages 26-55) the analyses of samples ex-
amined during the year from March Iog11, and (pages 56-72) a classified
list of the feeding stuffs registered for sale in Maine before February
15, 1912. A few brands have been registered while the number was in
the hands of the public printer.
Especial attention is called to the fact that the law calls for the maxi-
mum percentage of fiber to be stated upon the package, and in the
case of compounded feeds the names of the materials of which they are
composed. These are important helps in the selection of a feed and
should be given careful consideration by dealers and feeders. In the
table giving the list of feeding stuffs registered these facts are set forth.
Copies of the requirements of the law, certifies for registering and
directions for sampling can’ be had on application. All correspondence
relative to inspection laws and their enforcement should be addressed
to Director Chas. D. Woods, Orono, Maine.
26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND.
* Source of sample.
Station number.
COTTONSEED MBEALS.
American Cotton Oil Co., N. Y. City. Choice Cottonseed Meal..........] D 2952
American Cotton Oi! Co., ‘
New York City.
Choice Cottonseed: Meal is a2) eee epee oer hl oe one lesen O 2991
H. F. Bridges & Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
Cottonseed iNeed ysnsy Nats rede yee dea nir sel esa Uae GAR Ue
slo\olelstste)
i
tw
ww
(ot)
F. W. Brode & Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
Dove Brand Cottonseed Meal..... Paseo > izalcos ok: ei Ginyghinis Yo a0 coe
\wleleje)slsle)o\ole)\e)sle)e)s)s)e)c[e)ele)e)e)s)e)=)~)
ie
Ww
©
F. W. Brode & Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
OmeBrandlCotionmseed@ Merl s-) fuerte) cartier eee ene
elelelslelelelelele)s)e)
wo
iva
ie)
or
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 27
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS.
j
PROTEIN. | Fat. Prone | Fan |] Fimen, | FIBER.
3
2 X i 2 3
3 = ek. g |
a o a ® a q ®
g 5 : a : a : q 243 2
ee ee | BG ale a | 8 | Be
8 i) ia 5 5 5 3 5 3 ae o
a = < m= o ry o os o ras || I=
i ! é
BO52 |e) = = 40.37] 41.00 = = = = = 0
2991| 7.63) 7.43/| 41.68] 41.00|| 7.39] 9.00|| 10.72] 10.50]] 25.15] 0
2850| = — = 41.06] 41.00 = 7.00|| — - = 0
4039) = = 41.25] 41.00 = 9.00]; — ~ = 0
4181) = = 41.43] 41.00 - 9.00 = .00 - 0
433 |e = = 41.18] 41.00 = 9.00 - 9.00 ~ 0
4954, — = 37.62] 41.00 - 9.00|| — 9.00 - 0
4265| 7.16] 7.33]| 42.25] 41.00]| 8.88] 9.00|| 9.74] 9.00]| 24.64] 0
4967| = = 41.50] 41:00 - 9.00]; - 9.00; —- 0
2863| — = 42.50] 38.62 = = = =, - 0
2883, — - 40.37| 38.62 = = = = = 0
2892; — = 39.75| 38.62: — 7.00 = = = 0
9894, — — || 38.06! 38.62 = 6.00 - - = 0
2895] — = 39.68] 38.62 — 6.00]| — = = 0
2996, — = 42.62] 38.62 - 6.00] — = = 0
2941) — = 39.50) 38.62 = 6.00 - - - 0
2949) — = 39.00] 38.62 - = = = - 0
4937| 7.60) 6.19]] 39.06] 38.62]! 7.95} 6.00] 11.80) 10.00|| 27.40] 0
4040} 9 — = 86.31] 38.62 = 6.00 = = = 0
4043; — = 37.50| 38.62 - 6.00 — | 10.00 - 0
4072) — = 40.12] 38.62 = 6.00|| — | 10.00 - 0
4113} — = 40.87| 38.62 = 6.00 = - = 0
4139} — = 41.00| 38.63 - 6.00 — | 10.00|| — 0
4162) — = 39.69| 38.62 = 6.00/| — | 10.00]] — 0
4190} - = 41.25] 38.62 = 6.00 = || 1@,@o)| = 0
4191; — ~ 39.50] 38.62 - 6.00/| — | 10.00 - 0
4200; — = 41.62] 38.63 - 6.00 = | 10.00 = 0
4218) — = 41.56] - = = = 0
4934| — = 37.50| 38.62 = 6.00 — | 10.00 = 0
4937; — = 40.00] 38.63 = 6.00/| — | 10.00 = 0
4957) — = 39.75, — = = = = = 0
4258; — = 39.50| 38.62 - = = = 0
4275; — = 39.87] 38.63 = 6.00 = || 1@,@0)|| = 0
4979, — = 38.31] 38.62 = = = = = 0
4980] — = 38.25] 38.63 = 6.00 = |) 1@.@o| = 0
4988] — = 38.62] 38.63 = 6.00 — | 10.00 = 0
Dea7\ = — |i 42.00) 41.00 = 6.00 = = = Q)
9852| — || 41.62] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
I869| = = || 41.94) 41.00 = 6.00 = = o 0
g875) = — || 40.192] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
SeRilie = — || 49.19] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
OERS os = 42.50] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
2886, — = 40.75] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
2887| = = 40.87) 41.00 = 6.00 = x = 0
2890] — = 39.43] 41.00]] — 6.00 = = = 0
9893, — — || 40.75] 41-00|| - | 6.00|| - = z 0
2896] — = 42.18] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
2898] — - | 40.62] 41.00 = 6.00 = = 2 0
28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND.
* Source of sample.
Station number.
Owl Brand Cottonseed Meal—Conecluded..............................
clefelelelelululelelululululelo\~el~=)vlolelulelololululololelelol=lelelelolulelololelelololololololol=
a
oa)
a)
Buckeye Cotton Oil Co.,
Cincinnati, O.
Buckeye Cottonseed) Meal oo. 7 ef .-h. hee seis © see GPa oaks eos isyare Sas ate
Sousseso
1)
(9.2)
ns
@
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 20
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS.
PROTEIN | | Fart. FIBER.
8
: 2 . . . o
€ 3 se} csi 2 a
=] 2) 2) o p=) Go}
ape : : Ell ge| 2
: 5 ; ES ®
eee le) Se le PE eR)
8 ie) G 8 5 5 5 3 5 es o
n = lem c) es o ey o Z5 =
2900 = = 42.50) 41.00 = 6.00 = - = 0
2904 = = 39.75] 41.00 = = - - = (0)
2906 = = 41.62) 41.00 = 6.00 = = - 0
2908 = = 42.31) 41.00 = = = = = 0
2910 = = 41.00} 41.00 = 6.00 - = = 0
2913 = = 42.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = a - 0
2915 = = 42.94] 41.00 = 6.00 = = - 0
2916 - = 42.25] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
2919 = = 40.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = = = (0)
2929 = = 44.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = a = 0
4017 9.18 6.50}; 42.25) 41.00 7.95} 6.00 8.05] 10.00}| 26.07 0
4053 6.33 7.99|| 41.00} 41.00 8.28] 6.00 6.33] 10.00]| 30.07 0
4115 = - 40.12} 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4137 = —- 42.50) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4141 = = 41.75; 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4146 = = 42.19] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4147 = — 39.56] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4153 = — 40.81] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4154 = —- 40.50) 41.00 = = = = = 0
4156 - - 41.87| 41.00 0
4157 = = 39.62] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4163 = = 41.94! 41.00 = 00 = 10.00 = 10)
4176 oa = 41.50) 41.00 = = = = = 0
4179 = = 42.18} 41.00 = = = = i 0
4180 = = 41.06] 41.00 = -00 = 10.00 = 0
4189 = = 41.50} 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4192 = = 42 .87| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4196 = = 39.37| 41.00 = 00 = 10.00 = 0
4201 = = 42.50 = = = = = = 0
4204 = = 42.93 = = = = aa = 0
4208 = = 43.00] 41.00 = 6.50 = 10.00 = 0
4213 = = 41.12] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4217 = = 41.37 = = = = = = 0
4222 = = 43 94] 41.00 a 6.50 = 10.00 = 0
4229 = = 43.25) 41.00 = = = = = 0
4238 = = 44 .37| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4240 = = 42.32 = = = os = = 0
4242 = = 40.75) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = =
4246 = = 44.25] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4247 = = 44,62] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0
4248 = = 42.36] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4249 = = 43.62} 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4250 = = 43.18] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4253 = = 44.00] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4255 = = 43 .37| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4262 = = 38.94] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4272 = = 42.06] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4274 = = 41.75] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4278 = = 43 .62| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
4285 = a 40.25} 41.00 = = = = = 0
4287 = = 43.50] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0
2818 - - 37.37| 39.00 = 6.50 = = = 0
2838 = = 40.87] 39.00 = 6.50 = = = 0
2844 - = 39.87] 39.00 = 6.50 = = = 0
2848 - - 37.18] 39.90 = = = = = 0,
2851 - - 35.56] 39.00 = 6.50 = — = 0
2869 = - 40.12) 39.00 = = = = - 0
2870 = - 38.56} 39.00 = = = = = 0
30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND.
*Source of sample.
Station number.
Buckeye Cottonseed Meal—Concluded...............................
slolelelololololololololelolelelololelelolelulelelelelo
nS
1)
oS
for}
T. H. Bunch Commission Co.,
Little Rock, Ark.
Old’ Gold! Brand ‘Cottonseed’ Meals: F256.) 25 eee oye]. oe nee
ou
i)
ie)
io)
wn
Chapin & Co.,
Hammond, Ind.
Green Diamond Brand Choice Cottonseed Meal.................... D 4103
8. P. Davis,
Little Rock, Ark.
Good Luck Brand Cottonseed Meal................. rack Arapce sg ake
BeEyvyoossooyyss
ns
a
Wo}
Humphreys-Godwin Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
Dixie Brand ‘Cottonseed \Meal’. 32... 2 deaekets Os ie ek ae eee ae
o
2836
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the in spector.
Station number.
Moisture.
Hoa tei ene th a ht ah a tai ee Th th ea
45
.98
Ce ST atthe Te Wei Cates CAE I be ot beet
ol)
Ash.
fia d hie tie hh dh eet dob aii tf thi tf ea
“|
fi the tp Whee [le fi esse th We
.O7
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38.
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS.
PROTEIN. | | Fat. | | FIBER.
3 3 3
o o oO
i) =} ° =) ° iS
ie oS cs i) Ey (o)
39.90) 39.00 7.56] 6.5 10.92} 10.00
38.40] 38.50 - 6.50 - -
40.25) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
42 .87| 28.50 = = = =
38.00] 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
38.25] 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00
44.12) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
37.93] 38.50 = 6.59 - 10.00
42.06! 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
37.50| 39.00 = 6.50 - 10.00
39.37; 39.00 = 6.50 = 10.00
38.50) 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00
40.31) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
43.81] 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
41.43] 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00
40.62) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
41.62) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
41.37] 38.50 = 6.50 —- 10.00
40.50) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
Al .00} 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
40.12) 39.00 = 6.50 = 10.900
43.12) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
41.87| 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
39.18] 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00
43.18] 38.5u - 6.50 - 10.00
43.12) 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00
42.12] 38.50 - 6.50 - 10.00
A212] 38.50 = 6.50]} — 10.00
40.69) 41.00 9.00 = =
39.56) 41.00 = 9.00 — =
38.87} 41.00 = 9.00 - 9.00
44.75) 41.00 - 8.00 - 10.00
44.06) 41.00 7.93} &.00 7.84} 10.00
38.81) 41 00 = 7.00}: - -
38.12} 41.00 = 7.00 - =
44,12) 41.00 = 7.00 = =
43.43) 41.00 = 7.00 = =
40.56) 41.00 7.69} 9.00)| 10.73) 10.59
38.75) 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50
40.50) 41.00 = 7.00 - 10.50
41.87} 41.00 = 7.00 - 10.50
41.94) 41.00 = 7.00 - 19.50
37.37} 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50
41.50, 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50
38.37) 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50
39.237) 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50
40.62} 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50
41.12) 41.00 = = - -
Nitrogen free
extract.
i)
-J
1)
me)
Ti ee es et te | Ue
26.07
Wo Thy
26.75
Se EA. Le Tet
31
CODD COCO OCOD OS O@SES9909E99005959099 Weed seeds.
ooo
(i=)
Ssocoosoooossosoceo
32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND.
* Source of sample.
Station number.
DixvevBrand Cottonseed) Mealec = +) sss erie ines ase eee iid |
\wlele)=le)sie)o)z\e\o)e)\~)~)e\e\~) =\e\o)e)=)vle)\~)elejle\o)\o)\e)s) s\e)=)e)=) ela) e)o)o)s)\e)~\=)0)
+
a)
So
DS
Keeton-Krueger Co.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Peacock Brand Cottonseed Meal..................... 000-22 eeeeee
whe)
>
Ie
q
qj
Kemper Mill & Elevator Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
GhoiceCottonseed@ Meal rc eee clea torus nes ete oe Tat eieseoniseetononsvaeees
slolels)
hes
pe)
ms
Memphis Cottonseed Products Co.,
Meniphis, Tenn.
Selden Cottonseed Micali ster ie.svoc crus stokimersuetslaeacnaror a iain cal aie ae
eo)
i)
©
=
“1
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O]were taken by the inspector
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 33
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS.
PROTEIN. Fart. | | FIBER.
Ae
2 \
a . . . o
E 3 cs] 3 g a
<0) (0) (3) CF ae)
; : Z Z eee lee
: : 7 4s
& 3 oS OE se oa
= a | 3 3 3 Ss 3 cS 35 d
5 n i) 3 S) =) (2) =) isk
a = < cs 5 & | =a | & il Bal &
|
2837 - - 40.81; 41.00 - = — = = 0
2853 = = 41.37) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = (0)
2864 - - 42.87) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = 0
2880 - = 39.18) 38.62 - 6.00. = = - 0
2891 = = 40.50) 38.62 - 6.00 - = = 0
2902 - = 42.00| 38.62 - 6.00 = = = (0)
2905 = = 40.87) 38.62); — 6.00 = = = (0)
2909 = = 41.31) 38.62 - 6.00) - = = 0
2943 = = 40.00) 38.62 = 6.00 = = = 0)
2944 - = 43.25) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = 0
2953 - = 41.62) 41.00 - 6.00} - = = 10)
2956 - = 40.69) 38.62 = 6.00) = = - 10)
2957 - = 39.62) 38.62 - 6.00| = = = 10)
4003 6.75 6.40)]| 42.75) 38.62 9.77) 6.00|| 7.02) 12.00)| 27.31 0
4059 = = 40.12) 38.62 - 6.00 = = = (0)
4062 = = 40.00) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = 0
4065 = = 40.81) 38.62 - 6.00 = = - (0)
4075 = = 39.56} 41.00 - 6.00 = = - 0
4084 = = 36.41) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0
4086 = = 39.19) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0)
4087 - - 40.00) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 - 10)
4092 = = 38.69) 338.62 - 6.00 = = - (0)
4099 - - 39.00) 38.62) - 6.00 - 12..00 = 0
4106 = = 40.68) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 - 10)
4118 - = 37.00} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0
4121 - = 38.62) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00, = (0)
4138 - = 43.56) 38.62)| - 6.00 - 12.00) = 0
4166 - = 40.19) 38.62 = 6.00 - 12.00) = 0
4167 - = 39.94) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00) = 0
4182 = - 42.32) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0
4183 - = 39.37) 38.62 - 6.00} = 12.00) = 10)
4198 = = 41.62) 38.62 - 6.00: - 12.00! = (0)
4199 = - 40.69) 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00) = 0
4202 - - 41.56) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00) - 0
4203 = - 38.00} 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00) = (0)
4207 - - 42.56) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00) - 0
4212 = - 38.76) 38.62 = 6.00 - 12.00) = 0
4214 - - 43.06] 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00} - 0
4216 - - 41.43) 38.62)| - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0
4230 - = 39.56) 38.62 - - - =| = 0
4236 - = 41.30] 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0
4243 - - 40.62) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00} =- 0
4256 - - 42.62) 38.62 - - - = | - 0
4269 - - 41.44) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00) = 0
4276 = = 41.50} 38.62 — 6.00 = 12.00) = 0
4282 - - 41.62) 38.62 = 6.00 - 12.00) - 0
4286 - - 42.62) 38.62)! - 6.00 - 12.00 = 0
4177 - = 41.25) 41.00 - 6.00 = 10.00} = 0
4289 - - 41.50} 41.00 - 6.00 = 10.00} = 0
4175 - - 41.36) 41.00 = 7.50 = 10.00 - 0
4178 - - 40.37) 41.00 = = = = = 10)
4184 - - 38.87) 41.00 = 7.50 = 10.00} = 0
4187 - - 40.31} 41.00 - 7.50 - 10.00 = 0
2917 - - 43.19} 41.00 - 6.00 - = = 0
—
34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. - IQI2.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
Ss
= 2
i=}
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND 2 a
Ey | See
(o} ~_
a | 8
* D
F. E. Morse & Co.,
Little Rock, Ark.
Golden Brand Cottonseed Meal............ 2. cece cece ecceceees Stetelie .O. 4028.
W. C. Nothern,
Little Rock, Ark.
Bee BrandliCottonseed!, Meals ok. = tei at lersvciameielolece shane arstetelereierete oO 4124
Cc 4223
O 4239
D 4241
Ozark Oil Co.,
Ozark, Ark. E
Medium Grade Cottonseed Meal............. 000 e ee eeeececeeteee.| O 4129
Roney & Hicky,
Memphis, Tenn.
Bure Ji Cottonseed: Mealztecicc.c hy osiare aese’s ecereraiie cicuswer teratere abaier a seiioleens D 2925
W. Newton Smith,
Baltimore, Md.
Choice Dirego Brand Cottonseed Meal...............2.eecececeeeees D 2857
D 2859:
D 2860
D 2861
D 2865
D 2866.
D 2868
J. E. Soper Co.,
Boston, Mass.
Pioneer Cottonseed!) Meal!) sieissvcsta-o s c.nreleisters soe seatete: ates tetera ola aie sible D (2845
tha aD) 2876
D 2899
O 4047
J. E: Soper Co.,
oston, Mass.
Saper‘s| Prime’ Cottonseed Meal: 7/5... 22 ces overt oes ere aioe O 4168
Southern Cotton Oil Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
Standard Grade Cottonseed Meal...............0 cee cece cece eces D 4279
COTTONSEED FEEDS.
Humphreys-Godwin Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
Creamo Brand Cottonseed Feed..........-eeccececcecceccceecees D 4133
: Oo 4169
D 4259
D 4271
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 35
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFES.
PROTEIN. | | Fat. | FIBER.
:
< i | a : 8 A
5 is 3 8 i 3
ql 3 2 g 2 gq. 3
F E RE UP ors eB cr BE st ae
3 a2} : g B g 3 | 8 as ®
8 ° a ° 3 ic) =} iS) 3 Ree] o
a = < so & = c) cs & il tag | oe
4028 7 ceil 6.75)|| 40.12) 41.00 8.93} 9.00 8.66) 9.00/| 28.238 0
4124, 7.25| 6.50|| 40.87| 41.00|| 7.93] 7.00|| 11.87] 10.50|) 25.58) 0
LORS = 39.50) 41.00); — 6.50|| —- | 10.00]| — 0
4939; — = 40.30] 41.00) — 7.00|| -— | 10.50||/ —- 0
4941; - = 40.12) 41.00) — 7.0 - | 10.50|| =- 0
4129 8.10 5.96|| 36.50 - 6.19 - 14.82 - 28 .43 0
2925 - - 41.25 41 .00 - 6.00 - - - (0)
2857 - - 41.75) 41.00 - 7.00 - = - 0
2859) — = 37.25} 41.00/| — 7.00|| -—- - - 0
2860 - - 38.25) 41.00 - 7.00 - - = 0
2861; — = 35.94| 41.00/| — 7.00|| — - - 0
2865| = 40.25| 41.00); — 7.00|| — — - 0
2866 - - 37.00} 41.00 - 7.00 - - - 0
2868 - - 40.75) 41.00 - 7.00|| <— - - 10)
2845 - - 41.00) 41.00 - 8.00 - - - 0
2876, — = 41.87| 41.00|| — 8.00|| — = - 0
2899 - - 41.87) 41.00 - 8.00 - - - 0
4047| 7.37| 11.45|| 42.25| 41.00|| 8.24! 8.00|| 7.56) 10.00|| 2.13} 0
4168 7.39 6.48|| 36.50] 38.50 7.92| 5.00|} 12.71 - 23.00 0
4279, — = 38.31] 38.62|| — = = = = 9
4133 - - 24.50} 22.00 - 5.00 - 22.00 - 0
4169} 8.02} 5.61|| 23.94] 22.00]; 5.60] 5.00|| 20.48) 22.00|] 36.35] 0
4259| — = 25.00| 20.00|| — 5.00]| — | 22.00]|/ — 0
4271 - - 26.00} 20.00 - -00 - 22.00 - 0
36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
Igi2.
Station number.
Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York City, N
New York City,
Corn Products eEnIne Co.,
New York City, N
Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York City, N. Y.
Corn Products pons Ces
New York City, N
The Dewey Bros. Co.,
Blanchester,
Douglas & Co.,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Huron Milling Co.,
Harbor Beach, Mich.
E
a
g
3
m
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. 3
3
i)
n
e
GLUTEN FEEDS.
INEYS
Diamond Gluten Meal... .........0. ccc cece cece ccs D
American Maize Products Co.,
Cream of Corn Gluten Feed...........0..0ceceeeecees D
Buttalo Gluten eed yc 0 hacen et fh gen Seuaxt See D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
O
O
D
D
Crescent Gluten Feed.......... 00.0 cece cece eee eees O
“iPelcin (Gluten theed a cisie-< soe sis os oe mons Sei etal eehea O
Buckeye Glateat heed © aie lie. diene cher a one D
Cedar Rapids Gluten Feed..................-0ceeeee £
Jenks) Gluten Reed so s.2. Soclees ine « else crciels We bdaarennitors D
D
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector.
eS ee
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 37
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS.
{
PROTEIN. Fat. FIBER.
3
| : : | : 2 ;
3 5 3 3 & 3
| 3 § 3 $ a. 3
g 3 ct EE ees BP PE Ss
pues ie | 2 oe 2 si) 8) a Be) 8
na = (Clittnehe CREPES cag onc000s 900s 95S bb0Rc0s0GHu00ODeIGOGendOORN0000 O 4035
Dewey Bros. Co.,
Blanchester, O.
Cor! Threes" Grainsens 2k cess ec is Bee a eco Ole ea ee aoe eu O 4108
Griswold & Mackinnon,
St. Johnsbury, Vt. i :
Hxtra Good DistillersiGraimss...- since cls ce teieein aero aise elec wiciniele eae D 2942
WHEAT OFFALS, FEED FLOUR.
Gwinn Milling Co.,
Columbus, O ,
Gwinn's Red Doo Mlour yeas eres oe noi elon eee ee ee ee O 4006
: O 4073
Peninsular Milling Co.,
Flint, Mich.
GALT LOUIS ec pees ott cca temelcodtatajeae tones Sc etehe orteh erie elec net loke eter a Conlonesckesheae O 4067
oO 4090
Pillsbury Flour Mills Co.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Dest) lovin tarp, ©, ©, Gal DENI Auike ee aes Aone. Game HA lMIAtG cicr aoe ers tace Ora colG 6 O 2999
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector.
¢
er:
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 39
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS.
PROTEIN. Fart. FIBER.
2 }
5
2 . . . o
¢€ =} as] i} g x
=] 3) 7) o a 3
ee | ce ce | ee 8) Gl gel 8
5 6 a 3 5 5 = 3 Se leirecsaa lie
a = < & G) S o) & Oita si) oe
2918| —- = 34.13] 30.00) =. | 15.00)| = = = = 0
2966, 8.62| 7:16|) 31.75] 30.00]| 5.50| 5.00|| 9.83] 10.00|| 37.14] 0
2984, 9.38] 7.48|| 27.75] 30.00|| 5.78} 5.00)| 10.13] 10.00|) 39.48} 0
4185| - - 346951030500) ian ta fee 00 ate =e 10,00) 0
4174| 10.32] 5.42/| 37.50] 33.00|| 5.87) 5.00|| 8.30] 11.00|| 32.59) 0
2929) — = 30-37) 30.00|| = | 11.00\) = = = 0
4020} 6.72| 1.71|| 30.06] 31.00|| 12.47| 12.00|] 12.70] 14.00|| 36.34 0
4105, — = 31/30] 30.00|| “= | 11.00|| = | 14-00]| = i)
ALG = = 30.06] 30.00)| — - = = = 0
A0T = = 32.43] 30.00|/| — | 11.00) = | 14.00|| = 0
|
2994) 7.46] 4.08]| 32.12) 31.00|| 11.30] 12.00|| 12.09] 13.00|| 32.95; 0
4107} 5.61| 4.98|| 31.06) 31.00|| 12.59] 13.50|] 8.65] 8.50|| 37.11] 0
4035| 4.88] 6.28|| 33.31] 30.00|| 13.81] 10.00]/ 14.66 - || 27.06] 0
4108! 7.07| 1.62|| 31.56; 26.00|| 13.59, 9.00]; 11.70] 13.00|| 34.46] 0
2949) = = 29.25] 30.00/| —- | 10.00]) —- = = 0
4006} 10.95) 1.59] 14.63) - 2.93) — 0.92/09 =P 68n98i00 0
AGTS| 2 = = 17.25, — - - - = - 0
4067| 11.39} 0.89]| 12.94, - Detain i= O86 pill weno oO
4090| 10.90) 1.14/| 14.19 - 2738|) = Ose oe MCD hi
2999} 11.10! 2.30 19.13 15.00} 5.08} 4.50|| 1.83! 4.00]] 60.561 0
|
40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES,
Ss
Ey 5
i=
3 2
Cr g
rS) 3
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. © a
Biles
(o} ~
a |
* 7)
WHEAT OFFALS, MIDDLINGS.
Christian Breisch & Co.,
N. Lansing, Mich.
Winter Wheat Middlings alohenatctutioitels caneslarovate repent repekstecenore te svenmoetal raven vee O 4015
TRIESTE Milling Co.,
Duluth ;
Wheat Middlings............. Ic Parake Me La SLE DSR onaRe MSR ae AE eso gs abe ae O 4145
Goshen Milling Co., ;
Goshen, Ind.
SHO (ol bh aoa Warns eet ea eee ana ni ione TRNAS aie rnd et PAA. Uoivneta TA Sete een File D 2911
O 4032
Gwinn Milling Co.,
Columbus, O.
Gwinn’s Wheat Middlings. .... 00... cece ccc ccc cee een e eee ees O 4005
Minot Flour Mills Co.,
Minot, N. D.
Fancy 14 6-(6 Fo ) Do YEAS }eae ante Nene BON Sy a aa tne eRe LAUR El bade Up i O 4070
Pillsbury Flour Mills Co.,
Minneapolis, Minn. 5
Pillsbury/'s)Middlings\io.a% ccasterseste ice oetevske aol same tetra ovo evaroiens ei eres O 2969
Voight Milling Co.,
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Voichtisseure Middlin gsi: jai. ci6 oejeis sep ctuersie oe ete eran etter lelexeic iaye evo noes O 4024
Washburn Mills,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Standard! Mid dling ss 55 2) pasirsuale since haw Gust e are ahetorsenu cern esai ova ie esockicee O 2970
Atlas Flour Mills,
Milwaukee, Wis.
INJEC EEN Shime a CODA Ono onl. comuide pod OodeC.oU Sonoogounoss O 4031
Bay State Milling Co.,
Winona, Minn.
Winona Brany Lancy Hlaky,ay.i)sts cicieeeie eierciclote oli ioieisieiniorieroriee O 4085
Commercial Milling Co.,
Detroit, Mich.
HenkkrelisvBrame is Sarcevavaccteve a svatccs terete lai shoes verevere tia a auea eae eae eaten ons O 4150
Wm. A. Coombs Milling Co.,
Coldwater, Mich.
Winter Wheat Bran...... TPE ca Ary eee oA ES NEN arte Cited us Faltoes es Pe Aer O 4054
Flour Mills Co., Ltd.,
Canada,
Western: Canad a. Bran cs hicisrcatete (cies tanerete aosteleseue Gicbace olaus ene ie = toerstaveus O 4045
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector-
to
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 41
ANALYSES OF FEEDING: STUFES.
PROTEIN. | Far. FIBER. |
2 |
Q . . . o
g 3 3 os zg dj
= o 0) i) on us}
: g - = Sess | oS
iz ; ; : 8
Me oe a BOB ee |e | eel
S iS ‘ 5 5 3 see
Pee ee 1S | 27 Se - sé | 2k) es
|
l l #
‘ i}
- 4015} 10.34) 4.55|| 15.38] 15.60|| 4.71] 4.00|| 5.24) 4.60|/ 59.78! 0
|
4145) 9.76| 4.98]| 18.38) 16.25|| 5.57/ 6.00|] 7.93] 8.00|| 53.38] 0
2911; - - || 16.63) = - - - - - )
4032| 10.72| 7.35|| 16.50/ 18.00|| 4.31]. 5.00|| 4.44] 7.00|| 56.68] 0
Pec sal |
4005| 10.19] 3.08|| 16.13, 17.00) 4.93] 4.60|| 3.89) 6.00|| 61.78] 0
4070) 9.14) 4.31]/ 19.25) Bro Goa5| = || G82) oO
2969) 9.79 5.64 16.50) 15.00|| 5.45) 4.50/|. 9.00|° 8.00|| 53.62] 0
(ae | |
4024, 10.43} 4.23|/ 16.25) —- 4.60| - arid || BC
2970} 9.17| °7.19)| 18.13] 15.00||. 5.75) 4.00|| 7.24) 8.00/| 52.50; oO
|
| |
|
4031| 8.68) 6.43)| 17.06 oe 5.05} 3.50|| 10.94] 12.00]| 51.84) 0
| |
4085 9.85} 6.63]; 15.38) 15.00|| 4.73| 4.07|/ 10.94) 11.00) 52.47|/Many.
| | |
| | | |
| | if | | |
4150| 9.97) 6.34|| 16.69] 14.00]; 4.81| 3.00|| 10.02] 12.00)| 52.17(Few
| |
4054 pe 6.10)| 15.32] 14.00|| 4.00) 3.00|/ 8.85} -— || 56.30) 0
| | | |
4045 9.84 6.09|| 15.75) 16.82|! 5.36| 5.50|| 10.60] 10.86|| 52.36 0
42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND.
* Source of sample.
Station number.
Goshen Milling Co.,
Goshen, Ind. :
ASE ADs arson he atres a recive hae ei ot oC eke SRE ee Oe al) 1D)
Gwinn Milling Co.,
Columbus, O.
Gwannrs WiheatwB ramets, sre jes eroretoceis weer laraueiga) Saope ction tebe tetelece aieim scchetore O
Kelley Milling Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
JEWS WVU. WWVIOENE IBID 4 Go co Ga dos GonD ORNS oDON goo Ia Ooo SOURCE OSE O
Kemper Mill & Elevator Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
(DiamondvKewB raneis & stepson sea ears ee ete eae Ane SOS IGRI GISpe ae ee O
Maple Leaf Milling Co.,
Canada.
ORIN A IE. Sica gaot eno node oeD oS naEbanoo oo sD Moosugbeacedccgay O)
The New England3Flour Co.,
Powertul’standardvBransiaicrecce erick a cisielere cet teres e alsin nena O
New Prague F louring" Mill Co.,
New Prague, Minn.
Seal of Minnesota Bran, ve csscclsrcheusict cays: cteue ste es aoa Rey tore ie acehapes aie sieiene neta O
Noblesville Milling Co.,
Noblesville, Ind. ‘ mi
NSM Corse BraneureyWheat) Heed eeeeieieicie rien eee net O
Northwestern Consolidated] Milling Co.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
J UHR NACE IBV coos gcsnnsnas apace (suas wishaeemelatebacanel saoteaetss Secs: oueaiennines O
Ohio Cereal Co.,
Circleville, O.
Winter \Wihea tures <5 s\s-cye esate Stee eter or RACES Ter act eens ondorneens O
Pillsbury’s Flour Mills Co.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Pillsbury’s Wheat Bran......... SODA gAoPGoDAsHooAsoNBoOpSDOGHOEC Cc
Pillsbury’s Flour Mills Co.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Pillsbury Ss) Ta er ce eke oh eee cers eee oe ee iene eee rer ialens secrete O
Quaker Oats Co.,
Chicago, Ill.
Bel Comb rainiz, s Sescca ste cic estate ae ar eae SPT Tae TE aie bee Merc hctine Oo
Sparks Milling Co.,
Alton, Ill.
A TVA ofc Kol oie) bjs n0 ea eee ere ay en REY NRE Ben toy cl i atin yer HERE IO Cosco © O
David Stott,
Detroit, Mich.
Stottys ure) Winter Wiheste bs ram=erssrpsetniee creates is iieteisie ies irene O
Geo. Tileston Milling Co.,
St. Cloud, Minn.
Maney Bra es, .yeterereiec ss sieves tisucueronteer caters tetas hereto uhcachoece Rarerevacouetiet ec Oo
2912
4029
4140
4056
2983
2971
4149
4148
4007
4123
2889
2996
2989
4030
4013
4068
* Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were:taken by the inspector.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 43
ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFES.
PROTEIN. Fat. FIBER.
a
¢ | ‘ ; ® 2
3 | 3 3 % A 3
ae | eM caule et Wes ea Eisele
lepine 22 | 3 = Feiss g es || 28 | o
eh 1 | 5 - 8 | 3 S 3 S te} ley" | 3
SS iee| S a. fe) Sn ee 5 S 3 ah
lent. < & oi) oo G il ) Z 3 S
hee ee
| | | | |
BOM |= || G56) v= - - || =| = - 0
| | |
4029 9.25 5.72|| 17.00| 15.00| 3.95] 4.00|| 7.90| 8.00|| 56.18| 0
| cal \|
| | }
-4140| 8.92; 6.00/| 16.50] 15.00)| 4.46] 3.50) 8.85] 9.00/| 55.27| 0
| - | \|
4056] 8.74) 6.75|| 15.50) 14.50)| 4.23] 3.50|) 9.10) 9.50|| 55.68] 0
| \|
2983} 9.07| 6.02] 15.75) — Oa S|) Ooo) = 48.66} 0
|
2971; 8.94) 7.55|| 16.63] 14.00) 4.61] 3.50/) 10.35] 9.50/| 51.92) 0
| |
4149} 9.59} 6.64|| 16.25) 12.50|| 5.57| 4.00] 10.56] 12.05|| 51.39] 0
4148} 9.71) 6.60|| 17.00] 14.50)| 4.18] 3.70|| 8.50| 8.00|| 54.01] 0
|
|
| |
4007, 9.03) 6.64|) 15.88 14.00 5.38} 4.00|| 9.86] 11.00|| 53.21; 0
4123} 10.03) 7.40|; 16.88] 14.00|] 4.16] 4.00|| 9.77) 9.50/| 51.76|Few.
: |
2889) - = 14.38] 12.00] — 4200) = = 0
2996] 10.06 9.55|| 15.75] 14.50|| 5.24] 4.00|| 11.18] 11.00]| 42.27|Few.
| | | |
2989| 9.51) 5.53|/ 17,32) —- || 5.48) —- Oils) = yi) GRACO) (0)
4030| 9.00| 6.17|| 17.00] 14.00/| 4.57; 3.50)! 8.19) 8.00] 55.07; 0
| | |
4013/ 9.48] 6.40|] 16.38] 16.00|| 4.91| 4.00)) 9.07) — || 53.76 Few.
\|
é 1} |
4068, 9.88] 6.29|| 15.06) 14.50|/ 5.10) 4.00)) 10.84] 11.00)| 52:83 Few.
| |
44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.. IQI2.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES.
MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND.
*Source of sample.
Station number.
Geo. Urban Milling Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
R\,7() 6252) ip Boh ce: a hae CMA ae Pi eee Et a 2 LN a i a
Voight Milling Co.,
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Voight’s Pure Wheat Bran............ Seco! ote Wa We Omen
Voight Milling Co ,
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Wot ghit Saran cee srry s ecenshece Sue soars saehaleea cere ee ete ae ue en eet ene Beene
Washburn Mills,
Minneapolis, Minn.
@OarseWB ramen’ «ae seo eee cece Sicee eS ei ale Sean Caves Rlighe Stelios ta tics omega
4019
4025
4036
4002
WHEAT: OFFALS, MIXED FEED.
Acme-Evans Co.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
ACME RH CO ee roe Raia coe airauie vara vate cece ayer gale tartare talc enema EV ai ate ol Roce vane onoTemoEaie
Allen, Baker Co.,
St. Louis, Mo.
ApexahanceyaMallietuny Maxed) Heedmneecevsicmirciciccen aeiiccie scene
Amendt Milling Co.,
Monroe, Mich.
Winter Wheat Amco Pure Feed................ececereseees we
Ansted & Burke Co.,
Springfield, O.
Best Hlour Wim? tell) MixedeHeediera scce cece cee cnc see sere
Blish Milling Co.,
Seymour, Ind.
Blish’s Bull’s Eye Mixed Feed.......:.....-.0.ee-eceeeee Susans
Chapin & Co.,
Hammond, Ind. :
Vermont) Brand) Mixed/Fee) -%2:.0.c cies «ic 'srcleleleleleleleel sie eyeleles excleleileieie
Chas. M. Cox Co.,
Boston, Mass.
Columbia Mixed) Weeds 2 ie oieve ater pain creleirate te nstansbe ayer tii coecevs cape telco ehasotenerere
Wm. A. Coombs Milling Co.,
Coldwater, Mich.
Winter Wheat; Mixed Meed .:3) 2:04 ook oo lat nel ainliavere ie etedepeter vc lsletetenes
Chas. M. Cox Co.,
Boston, Mass.
Wirthmore’ Wheat) Heed 1. ccc .c acre
WH WANK HORS ~-S0 NON oD _ C
£ “puno Ta AGS GIR HOOD SHad IDM Bes Moo 2 aSS FOSK aS Ses Sas
ta SON Qi ANA NNW ANGS OM contd a O79 09 oD ssss OM~ tHe Nis
5 i =the eee = Ses
: SS SS. 55S SSSS SSOSS SSSSD SSD COS SSD Sooo oso SSssSo SS SSS SSO
=< peeyuereny) [BO Mo: DB BHOO GOEGGD SOrK~ KBD BAG HSS GAOra GO0 Krrr i656 oom BHO
A Ss . re are Se Eh ce
= fo) — = —-- — = — a a
ele OD rite - _— 1090 0019 1910 rd co SH SHO eri Oro os 8 Ome ence nN Seal 1D 19 10 co oon >
2 i= “puno,y ‘=r OID. 10 ONMN APASONGD Wows 05 Waist +03 aatciats OSS SSR Sm SS =ZS
DBS OD 182 SHOSD 23200 FAYE BH BABS aS sso Modoc 15 Sse ass
{) ; re . mere rei ae re ee a ame
FA SOT Te aa}ueren i—\— SS OOS, SOS SSS) SSS OSS S15) ososoe oss S999 SS SoS SSS
(o) re P r) On OO 1100 WOM BHWH ARDOD CHW WH Axicd WODH WDNMH CODD HH MOD SOM
is sy oa San
ft S "O00 AN eet Org TOON eK Hod OD ID Qo ARN OOMSO LN HOH ONE
To) S “punoy "ON Or - eH ONON WHOM MDMOMA Or ID rt oD o~ INA FAN EO ENT Ont
i <1 ~o0 Moo 130 OSO~ OEOH aac 0d §6cdad00 on OOr~r GOSS Win WOO Ha
56 = =
“mS OOM. 13D CNHR WARDSD Atr~o 400. 1g HO TT) HHO Minn LN COM WIND
*I9VWM Ul s[qnjos “Om TN. +0 CGOrFD MMS OHO Mp Foe HS Sat ATMOS Ore OND inh
sig cast 11S Cott Odd Wome Hid 1929.00 1d HS orion AS inindt ood
(NH DRO. C§HD ©O.AN OMOO BEER BOO ANN .-M OBMO OOO BARE AN ANN «. -o
. | :peoyuereny OOD NOs 10OO FO 1HDD ACOSO HWHtH NOS WAG 1S SAMS SSS ANH coco cococ S
a Sa ON F BN N ISS MANA ANNAN BNA COS TH NBAN ANN BDMAN SO SOS nN
iat € Soe Z 5 = = Som
° MOS INN “No OO -On OTOH OCOKoOr OSD MRS ar) OSS ONO OOD WON ©
a “punojy “SOTO NN - “HN 2D eID MOMOO DWH Na WO 4 MON MOMD AH Qi Oo
Sa NF ON AN tri MANA NNN AN dno 4 ANN MOAN FH One 1“
' OH Om sw oD OD rd “COND AAA + HRD “om HOO ODMON LR amc ave)
‘GQ B[LeAYV 1003H GoGo : 36 MOS SSS SASS Bo ans + DDD MOSH AD BAD a
Z Son An: THON SOM NAA ANNAN aH Ono ir Mon ANNN SO SSS 4
, “COO Colm. 2 104 HHO BIDHO MOD ANG Ara) ee HOD ADON HH WMD —
a ‘oy qnyosut "HOD DOD + 13 SIAN BOA SAWS WA riod “AN 1 WAN IQAMAN AT MAN a)
9 is OATJOBUL SV Ie) SS) 6 ‘So O+*OS SOSoOSD SOOO oS Sooo i SoSoSo Sooo SS OSS ir)
3 pests : a vee is S = TES oes a SoS oes :
J on “OM 190. 1 Ast CONN HON SH 000010 Pao) ORH MEAD HO MHA Aes)
is q “oT qnyOsut cast NM oH 10 NOD oOTINeD Pe I~ OO SOD MINN Siar) ANS SH CORDON AN ANS -H
%, 20 dATJOV SW 1S Se) 4 0S) S15 GSooom SSooe oS ooo i) Soo Sooo CSO SSO x)
fo) OO OO - »- OO O-MD DOMH ONO CO ricD00 art PENNS eENED LO COMO caps © Meal ESCO R= nec
*a[qnyos Ce hoe] Ort. ot wo moO ANCOO OD OD OD ri So ono Siar) oO) G ANS omom oe LOS Vs ha OSS
JoyeM SY oS SO: 1S S100 S999 9990 Eo Soo Tr) acco SoCo ooo :S
ee. “RO Ho . Ht Oedn OHHH ONTO sO OHO aac) SRH Moir mH NOt >
“BIUOUIUIG sy 269 00 SIN . of) co ole) 1D ON b= o> NESE SCN No 8 CON oN COND oD 2 > ON CO rd : Oe
‘ ‘OS HO: ‘So 9100 HOSS One Son ooo S SSS HSSSD CSO SOO: :o
ieee a +1310 SCS IE IGRI DG) RAIA DO Sdn 2 TSS, GEO LOM OLIN Igo) Tea aoe ona)
‘oyery1 SV tet} COM: Sf Sisa Liss SS :h Oe ISS Coo 00 60 SSD Seis sik whois 9 OS.
. tT — 2 iS SO'600 SO'900 SO:HS 165 SoS : SHS FHSS SO SOOO: cS
=e +OD1D
for Lotatoesh nes sere sete cc ects ete ene
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn & All Grain Crops................--
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn & All Grain Crops..................
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn & All Grain Crops..................
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes & Vegetables.................-.
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes & Vegetables..................
Ecce eneee Special Complete Manure for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and
\eqbiaolscinnis ee Eee ee avert Wn Ma BY Ss modo 6 wd ono
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and
WSO UMES! 5 f vevd Gah/e RS Sci vers ASIN opacities Uti lis aoc wenacnnste ee
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forcing...........
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forecing...........
Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forecing...........
Superphosphattes-watly 2 otasloy ye cere ete eye tete tee ie) ete/a Usha) tee
Superphosphate with Potash). 5). 2 Av sc celeste) oust» eiecse) sie teiee OC Ee eee
BUFFALO FERTILIZER CO., HOULTON, ME.
Buffalo: Marmer’s! Choices: cys. soos ecw Sees este iecailay so oeciaieel aS YeIe ce ane Te Tee
Buftalo*Hive-Hight-Seven'.\. .9)-5 56 oso aeieweree elensiss vunislasece cuoise aare ciel ere oe eee
Buffalo Pive-Bight-Nine@ os fces ho. - de sege en vie Hiei eons panete, sueaeialierebs) < Ja 6 che ener
Buffalo Rour-Sixs Dem. 25.05 Sse ice oss, Siores Sears syeicao evar ere bsteee sale ice eee eR eee
Buffalo Pour-Sixe Demis 5 oke Naif ten el she acd abate) created pcunas uel svayele ost Seine is Slee laa
Buffalo: Pour-Srx Tem fee ceric cc eae Scone oe ae ede = I. IIE ley seat none
143
s
*peojuerent
49.0
7.0
|| PorasH..
“punoq
9.90} 10.0.
7.09
3.0)/13.22| 11.0.
8.0
8.0/)10.97) 10.0.
ooo
24) 11.0)
69)
10.0)11. 48) 1
. | ‘:peoquvrensy
‘a
°
a “puno,y
2 ‘poojuvrens
fe)
oh
g *puno,y
<
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
*10}8M Ul 9]qQnTOS
4.86/10. 24) 10.0)12.79) 1
7.66/10. 18
|
|
“peoyuvireny)
Total.
“punog
-oqqerreay
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 42.
Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1912.
NITROGEN.
‘aTqnyosut
eATIOVUL SY
*orqnyosut
8AI}0B SY
Organic.
*aTqnyos
I9}8M SV
“eIUOULUIe SV
e721} SV
‘Iequinu u0r}21G
© *Doo
1862} 0.09) 0.
1912| 0.0
1524) 1.09| 1.12] 0.11] 0.54) 0.29] 2.88) 3.17) 3.29]|
1549| 0.15) 0.18) 0.02
1748) 0.10) 0.68).....
1739] 0.58) 1.82) 0.24) 0.38) 0.27) 8.02) 3.29) 3.29)| 7.59/10. 32) 10.0)11.06) 11.
1718) 0.88) 1.14) 0.08! 0.81) 0.39) 2.91) 3.30) 3.29
8.0.
7.75
1740| 0.62) 1.03) 0.24) 0.40) 0.22) 2.29) 2.51 2.47|) 9.01/10.31| 10.0/11. 42 11.0}| 7.49) 8.0
1590| 1.66) 1.45] 0.81) 0.50) 0.50] 4.42| 4.92| 4.94], 2.47) 7.19
7.0)/10.07) 10.0
7.0/|10.02) 10.0
7.0|/11. 28) 10.0:
7.0)|10.33| 10.0,
7.0|/10.13) 10.0
6.78) 9.88) 10.0/11.64| 11.0)
| 7.78|10.34) 10.
| 8.53/10.54| 10.
1.75| 6.66
|
1513) 0.63) 1.41) 0.36] 0.50) 0.38} 2.90) 3.28) 3.29]) 4.04) 6.87
3.20) 3.28]| 3.73) 6.48
3.28]| 4.47] 6.96
2.70) 2.47
4.32) 4.84) 4.94)) 2.34) 5.61
5.038] 5.12) 4.94)| 2.63} 3.89
/
1709) 0.85] 1.19) 0.05) 0.81) 0.30) 2.90) 3.20) 3.29], 4.10) 6.58
1860} 1.30) 0.18} 0.42) 0.76] 0.64] 2.66) 3.30
1866} 0.34) 0.10) 1.51) 0.72) 0.61] 2.67| 3.28) 3.28
1622) 1.60) 0.16} 0.22) 0.73) 0.49} 2.71
1710) 0.78) 1.22} 0.10} 0.40) 0.20) 2.50)
1711} 1.87; 0.87) 0.42) 1.16) 0.52
1746) 2.27) 2.13) 0.63).....|...4.
144. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1912
MANUFACTURER, PLACE OF BUSINESS AND BRAND.
Station number.
1629) Buffalo Fours-EFight-Nime....................-200000- y Eig eiata ao ospe-ea tap ane Reaatene
1627)'Buttalo-Grass: Top Dresser y 2,42)
5 boonacasenc 3 3
John P. Squire & Co., ‘‘Arlington
Bran dee ee co ccles tots Conran a eer eens He Je betersOronory- eerie 7 |None.
John P. Squire & Co., ‘‘Arlington
Brande ae ere pene a inane orto HK. J. Peters, Orono. .....-.-...: 2 |None
John P. Squire & Co., ‘‘Arlington
Bran Gir evar csi cee hic L ae eer E. H. White, Orono............. 4 |None.
Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘Brookfield/Knightville Grocery Co., South
Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... (PortlaniGresnciess cnc eeee: beeen 3 {None
Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘ Brookfield
Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... E. J. Peters, Orono............. 11 1
Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘ Brookfield :
Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... Rich & Heald, Orone........... 6 |None
Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘ Brookfield
Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... Skillin Bros., So. Portland....... 3 |None
S. & 8S. Co., Bangor, Me............. B. F. Piers, Great Works........ 6 |None
Turner Center Creamery............. W. Gray, Old Town............. 8 |None
Turner Center Creamery............. Fred T. Hall, Bangor........... 2 |None
Turner Center Creamery....... ifsic gua: Wm: Pratt, Farmington......... 6 |None
Turner Center Creamery............. Staples & Griffin, Bangor........ 3 {None
; Datry or Country ButTeER—Source Known.
Mrs. K. C. Allen, Hampden Highlands, | | |
IME Site een tebe arracie coteeoage tine nee ea eens J. A. Stewart, Bangor........... | 4) 2
Babb, Levant: Mees... een ‘Fred T. Hall, Bangor........... hemes | 3
Chester Baker, Orrington, Me........ G. W. Jordan, Brewer........... | 10 (None
F. H. Bickford, No. Dixmont, Me....|/F. H. Drummond, Bangor.......| 3 |None
|
Bert Black, Holden, Me............. iS JEG, Tele, Whee. ose eco cosa Papeete 7
Mrs. Boyce, Holden, Me.............| Had Pooler Brewer. soe eecee ae 9 il
V.S. Brown, West Levant, Me....... F,. H. Drummond, Bangor....... | 8 3
iBUberludsonsy iene eens H. E. McDonald, Bangor........ | 3 |None.
Carrabasset Stock Farm, North Anson,) |
(SY aks Nitin ae eR AY ave a a AAU Morses eB athens) n rae eres oars | 6 None.
W. F. Chute, Holden, Me............ |W. F. White, Bangor........... | 10 |None.
| 3. |None.
CAL Clarlk-sEloldenk Menem eres
lA. C. Moore, Brewer............
{
1
*No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 44.
Datry or CountTrRY Burrer—SourceE KNowN—CONCLUDED.
177
ee.
MAKER AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. | a3 ae
| Be | es
| | Ze | ea
ieeaeluley, Holden, Me. ...:..5...: |A. C. Moore, Brewer............ 8 |None
David Crockett, Durham, Me........ A Au Moore Bathe ree en dein 6 INowe
L. Decker & Son, Hinckley, Me....... CHAGMills Olds owns eee 10 2
L. Decker & Son, Hinckley, Me...... Old Town Tea Store, Old Town.. Th 1
A. A. Dority & Son, Charleston, Me..|N. H. Whitman, Bangor......... 3
BC Dow bradford, Me...5.....+.. \Cogdin Hamilton) Orono. o.s see 14 14
HE. C. Dow, Bradford, Me............ Cod tamil ton; Orono oe eee 22 12
E. C. Dow, Bradford, Me............ WE do ewes, Ona, sooccscascne 19 |None
Geo. Emerson & Son, Bangor, Me.....|C. H. Wood, So. Brewer......... 4 |None
PETC OMMESER NRW Ce holiev ele nise st vc) bie ew ences A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 4 |None
Walter Fickett, E. Orrington, Me..... INfs Jélo SEMI Bie Boos aoe soos 2 |None
C. E. Foster, E. Corinth, Me......... H. E. McDonald, Bangor........ 3 |None
PBIOSUCIES tet pelVevevc sis ele rie wieve ss aie xe wees A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 5 |None
Daniel Gould, So. Corinth, Me........ N. W. Whitman, Bangor........ 5 1
€. A. Guery, Hi. Corinth, Me......... Ter, 13, McDonald, Bangor........ 3 |None
iNew Domne sepa ciere Sieleieunieisalsie alee A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 4 4
Joseph John, Lee, Me........... Bit ere, Onan atcccondes sec: 8 1
Amos Johnson, Bucksport, Me... .|Danforth, Marsh & Co., Bangor. . 6 |None
Levenseller, Houlton, Me............ IDG do Jeterollen, IBM Pack boonuudoc 5 |None
O. F. Milliken, Scarboro, Me......... M. B. Fuller & Son, So. Portland. 2 |None
Alex. Murphy, Brewer, Me........... Danforth, Marsh & Co., Bangor. . a 1
Mrs. Chas. Page, Orono, Me Pees ah sii Ar thumb ace Orononeeeeisneiaicre 6 1
W. E. Rowell, Corinth, Me........... F. H. Drummond, Bangor....... 7 |None
C. Smith, Sebec, Me................ Geo. A. Chapman, Bangor....... 9 1
Henry Southards, Hudson, Me....... |Lunt’s Cash Store, Old Town....| 13 il
Tasker, Charleston, Me..:.......:... Wie sevierill Orononer ner ater 2 |None
Tescott, Hudson, Me........ Fv ateie vay ate AWG Sh Aiea, ONC, os ondcobous 6 |None
Morrentsy Halden; Me. ...00. 6.0.0.0. G. W. Jordan, Brewer........... a il
A. i. Ulmer, Holden, Me............ Grae Worden wb row enters. 9 |None
iWihitten/s; Saco, Me........5 06.05.55 Joel Bean & Sons, Biddeford..... 6 1
E. H. Williams & Son, Canaan, Me...|James Walker Co., Orono........ 13 13
E. H. Williams & Son, Canaan, Me...|James Walker Co., Orono........ 7 u
HE. M. Wilson, Kenduskeag, Me....... N. W. Whitman, Bangor........ 2 |None
John Woodard, Holden, Me.......... Eis J ROOler mE Lewelrmieiei deiiee 5 1
SYCIRISOA Spey ec, ailaiete levsraris bamineroveratee tn ale ee A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 6 |None.
*No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce.
178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
Dairy or Country Burrer—Source Nor Known.
BAG g
Mm =
ae ES
a q
q Q
2 ue
4 Oo
MAKER AND BRAND, rr ANY Where Found. as 25
pals ats
INO MRA OWI ee Ue ete eee ets, IE 'L. Alford, Old Town..... Rr a cee 5 |None.
se Pe diye awn cag hy ak Moe neg ke IN. L. Butterfield, Great Works..., 6 ‘None
¥ Par ante Ar SI eri) Nase eee 'M. B. Fuller & Son, So. Portland.. 2 | 2
UAV Orso h ce fen Semana Pe A ‘Fred T. Hall, Bangor........... Pet hae
oe Fe BSCE ieee aniane ter labeled ra, Aa 'P. A. Horn & Co., Stillwater..... 5 |None
a Tt ae'somloge coy ooMs canoe. |A. W. Joy Co., Bangor.......... 8 None
ae eee eR nee he Ere CHEV nMGcnO a Sauluciahtonabanoonr 4 |None
% Beas Moe Seett i WeaeARA trays CRRUAL RL meg: Old Town Tea Store, Old Town... 4 |None
ig info Dota ame phareS oer Ut ononre am Poca eats ‘old Town Tea Store, Old Town... 6 ‘None
|
oe Sth addr ahaa Paes pict gens eons |M. W. Sawyer, Milford.......... | 4 |None.
; |
‘< tee Al Nico ey dant AE teers on Se alae geda os Sawyer & Rand, Old Town...... Bt Nera, .
uo Sie Weare yi Npee ees Cot ah ke et oe Sonties IBS, Wiitewéls 5 55 edocos 5 i ae 1
Re pa Ro a Py et ai tee eae Oe ‘Staples & Griffin, Bangor........ [P= | 1
|
RENOVATED OR Process BuTTER.
INotuknOWwnee seers eee ocr ae ene BH. E. MecPheters, Great Works... | 5 |None.
sg a Sawyer & Rand, Old Town...... _ 4 |None.
|
*No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. ~
PROSECUTIONS.
After due hearings it seemed the duty of the executive to
bring prosecutions under the law in a number of cases. The ©
following were settled by compromise as provided in the law
out of court and in most cases before actual proceedings had
been commenced. A number of cases are still pending.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 44. 179
List of Cases Settled Without Trial on Payment of Penalty im
the Quarter Ending September 30, 1912.
NamME AND Town of DEFENDANT. Nature of Complaint.
Black bert, Dedham. .o....2.-086+ rani IShort weight butter.
Boucher, G. & A., Biddeford...... WSs A Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
Breton. Octave, Bath. .,.).0..s 0-6 oe ee Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
Corinth Creamery Association, Corinth. ./Short weight butter.
DoweeHe@. Bradtords.... sieht |\Short weight butter.
Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston) Unregistered insecticides on sale.
Paolino, Michael, Portland............. Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
DEI eho, Mast Machias: :¢...c... 0. |Misbranded grass seed. Not marked with
name or guaranteed percentage of purity.
Stone, HRC rebidrecombry.as ss oe sae aue ; |Misbranded grass seed. Not marked with
} name or guaranteed percentage of purity.
Men OO D., Bath. tc. care ee Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
Whomus Chas. 2: 'S., Portland.......... Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
Tibbetts, C. M:, Rockland......... eas: |Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
Urvanta Lunch, 8. W. Gordon, Prop.,
SSE CPR pce icin (sisusnelersi dle. s:sheosisne nue sae Adulterated icé cream. Below standard.
West End Dairy Co., Portland.......... Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
Zakamany oon, Portland. ....6. 6. ‘Adulterated ice cream. Below standard.
Cases Nor-prossep By County ATToRNEY Bares.
In addition to the above cases the ten Portland dealers named
below were arrested on criminal warrants for continued viola-
tion of the section of the Maine Food Law relating to protec-
tion from filth, flies, dust or other contamination:
Charles Hatzhelson, 81 Middle St., bread and fruit.
Harry Katz, 51 Middle St., bread and fruit.
Moses K. Serunian, 199 Congress St., fruit and pickles.
John Erlick, 247 Congress St., bread.
Samuel Elowitch, 445 Fore St., fruit.
Nicola Fraschia, 52 India St., fruit.
Alfonso Frallicciaradi, 42 India St., bread.
Jimmie Ross, cor. Middle and Franklin Sts.; also wagon at
cor. Congress and Pearl Sts., fruit.
Samuel Perlman, 42 Hampshire St., bread.
George Sandy, tor Portland St., fruit.
180 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
Each one of these men had been notified in regard to the
requirements of the food law concerning sanitary display. Each
one had in addition been notified by letter of warning that he
was violating the law, and each of the ten appeared to be a
persistent violator. Apparently no attention was paid to the
letters and notices delivered. | iz:
The executive of the Maine Food Law took these matters
up with County Attorney Bates of Cumberland County, explain-
ing to him the above facts and was told by the County Attorney
that because of the press of business it would not be possible
for him (the County Attorney) to give careful attention to
these cases at that time, but that he would have them brought
in the police court the next morning, have the cases continued
for ten days and then would give them his personal attention.
On this representation the cases were left in his hands. Upon
the next morning, however, when these cases were brought in
court County Attorney Bates appeared and nol-prossed the ten
without consultation with the executive of the Maine Food Law.
While these arrests and this procedure appeared to have no
immediate effect upon the display of foods by these men, shortly
afterwards foods displayed for sale by these ten men were
properly protected and, according to the reports of the deputies,
have been properly protected ever since.
APPEALED CASES.
In Bangor also four cases were taken up with the following
result:
ok Boye Main) Sty- thet
Floros Bros. (G. Floros and M. Floros), Main St., fruit,
Paul G. Martini, Central and Harlow Sts., fruit,
C. S. Vafiades, Main St., fruit,
were arrested on charges of violation of the section of the
Maine Food Law relating to protection from filth, flies, or other
contamination, fined $5 and costs each, and the cases were
appealed.
December, 1912.
MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
- ORONO, MAINE.
CHAS. D. WOODS, Director
ANALYSTS.
James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson
Royden L. Hammond é . Albert Verrill
Edward E, Sawyer Helen W. Averill ;
INSPECTORS | PB Seve
Elmer R. Tobey Edgar A. White . |
@fficial Mnspections
45 ;
CARBONATED BEVERAGES AND ICE CREAMS.
CONTENTS
| PAGE
Mamsenarec Beverages, Discussion. (20.066 esr ee es -182
@aaeodaied: Beverages, Analysess 0055.6 js 6 since ees ae 187
apeeeirecint OISCUSSION . oe OP a A On wnat 187
eer Cream, Analyses... ...’. BIE Siok SOMERS Sea ce Ae Sa 189
a ear 3 !
Greanamaised for Ice Cream, Discussion ....2. 0.0... 6 cence 1QI
Cream used for Ice Cream, Analyses...... Fe One Ras cater 192
182 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
CARBONATED BEVERAGES.
During the summer of 1912 the investigation of the car-
bonated ‘beverages manufactured and sold in Maine has been
continued. This work was commenced in 1910 and since the
first inspection of this industry much improvement has been
noted in a number of different ways. During the season just
passed not all of the bottling houses have been visited, nor have
the products of these houses all been analyzed, but only those
places located in towns that the deputies happened to visit and
those goods found during the course of regular inspection work
have been examined.
The regulations for this class of goods are the same as they
have been for several years, and are as follows :—
“No. 143. Carbonated beverages. ‘The standards for carbonated bev-
erages, root beer and similar beverages have not yet been determined
upon. For the present these goods may be sold in Maine under the
following general regulations: Goods true to name need no label,
either bottled or sold at fountains. Benzoate of soda may be used in
bottled goods if its presence and amount are declared on the label, and
at fountains if conspicuous signs are used declaring its presence and the
amount used.”
“For the present cream soda, sarsaparilla, root beer, birch beer and
ginger ale may be sold without statement that they are artificially col-
ored and flavored. If benzoate of soda is present it must be declared.”
In Food Inspection Decision 135, issued by the United States
Board of Food and Drug Inspection under the Food and Drugs
Act, saccharin was prohibited in food products entering inter-
state commerce. In accordance with the general policy of the
executive of the Maine Food Law, that the regulations in this
State conform as nearly as possible to those under the National
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 183
Act, the use of saccharin in foods was prohibited in Maine after
January 1, 1912. No saccharin has been found in any of the
goods analyzed the present year.
ARTIFICIAL COLORS.
All of the goods analyzed were examined in order to ascer-
tain the character of the color used. In an increased percentage
of the goods it was found that the manufacturers were appar-
ently using a color or combination of colors belonging to the
list of seven permitted dyes, there being only a few cases of
other kinds of color noted. in all cases where colors other
than the seven permitted ones were discovered the goods have
been carefully examined for arsenic, but in no case was any
‘present. In several cases natural fruit juices were apparently
used, as natural fruit pulp and fruit color were present in con-
nection with the coal tar dye.
ALCOHOL,
In none of the goods examined during the present year was
alcohol detected in any amount. This is an improvement over
the examination made during the last two years, as. in some
instances alcohol has been found in considerable amount.
MISBRANDING.
_ Three instances of misbranding have been detected and the
cases are now pending. In one case goods sold as “Orange
Julep” were found upon examination to be artificially colored.
No statement of artificial color was present either upon the label
or cap. Two cases of misbranding in which the bottler had used
bottles bearing upon them blown in the glass the names of other
firms have been found. Sufficient warning has been given in
regard to this practice, and in this connection attention is par-
ticularly called to Official Inspections 37, containing the results
of the inspection of carbonated beverages for 1911. On page
16 this kind of misbranding was particularly noted.
iS)
184 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2.
SANITATION,
Probably the worst feature in connection with the carbonated
beverages manufactured and sold in the State at the present
time is in connection with sanitation. One case observed dur-
ing the past summer, and not yet settled, was that noted in the
table which follows in which a dead fly was found in one of the
_ bottles. Too large a proportion of the bottlers of the State are
lax in their precautions against flies and dirt. In too many of
the establishments screening precautions are not adequate and
the cleansing and sterilization of the bottles before they are
filled is not thoroughly done.
In all of the establishments visited during the past summer
particular attention was given to the way in which bottles were
washed and sterilized before being filled. Some of the bottlers
were found to be thoroughly washing and sterilizing. In other
cases it was claimed that it was impracticable to do the work
in exactly the same manner as it was being done in other estab-
lishments. In this connection it is interesting to note what a
practical bottler has to say upon this subject, and a quotation
is given below from an address by Mr. A. J. Crowe, Hatties-
burg, Miss., given in October, 1912, at New Orleans before the
Twenty-fourth Annual Convention of the American Bottlers
Protective Association. The extract is taken from The Ameri-
can Bottler:
“Fivery bottle should be inspected over an electric light after it is
washed and filled. But to start at the first operation in the process of
cleaning bottles a plant should be equipped with a soaking machine
which carries the bottles through a ten-minute soaking in a hot solu-
tion of caustic soda, or some similar preparation that will thoroughly
and practically destroy all germs and filth. No soaker is complete with-
out a heating process, by which the caustic soda solution is always hot
when the soaker is being operated. For a small plant, where a larger
apparatus would be too expensive, or not practical for any reason, a
small, inexpensive double-jacket stove, connected by two iron pipes, will
do the work in a most satisfactory way, using coal as fuel, at a very
small cost. This soaking should remove the rust from the neck of the
bottle, and if it fails in this I would consider it a complete failure. I
object to any revolving wheel or drum soaker, from which the bottles
have to be removed by hand, because if a man’s hand can stand the
hot solution, the dirt and rust on the bottle necks and in the bottles
can pass through without being removed.”
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 185
“The soaker should be so constructed as to drop the bottles into a
container of clear running water, then the strong solution is washed off
so the bottle may be taken with a man’s hand.”
“Next the rinsing process should be done by some machine that forces
a revolving bristle brush up into the bottle, because at times bottles will
have hard-caked dirt inside that nothing but a brush will remove. Then
all bristle brushes are apt to shed bristles, leaving one or more in the
bottle occasionally, so it is necessary that the last process should be
one of rinsing with clear water forced up into the bottle while in an
inverted. position—some kind of spring rinser. This process, by care-
ful hands, insures a clean bottle now, but the bottle then has to be put
in a container or conveyer and carried to the bottling table. Of course,
they should be in an inverted position to drain all the rinsing water out
of. them, and great care should be exercised in the kind of conveyer or
container we use for these bottles after all of the care in getting them
clean. The mouth of the bottle may pick up a speck of foreign matter,
which will be washed into the bottle in filling and show up as a speck
in the finished product.”
“When we get the bottle, still clean, to the man who is to fill it, we
must use the utmost care to see that the man is clean and careful of
how he fills the bottle. He should never start bottling without first
having washed his hands and water should never be allowed to stand
in the crown container or the crown machine, for such water will soon
become dirty.”
“Tf we succeed in keeping out dirt this far, we must now see that
our syrup has been properly mixed’ and kept sanitary. That our water
supply has been properly filtered or distilled, which is better. Then we
must know that our carbonator has been blown out recently and that
the carbonated water is coming to the bottle pure and clear, and that
all tanks or reservoirs between the filter and carbonator are not al-
lowed to go too long without cleaning.”
“Next, we must see that the bottle caps or crowns have not been ex-
posed to the open air, where dust has accumulated on the cork, for it
will certainly wash off into the finished product if it is there. Now
we are ready for the bottle to be inspected over the electric light, as
explained above.”
“This should be done by an intelligent boy or man who can see dirt.
His eyesight must be perfect—he must be able to see and know dirt,
and be on the alert always—he cannot do his work mechanically and
get the necessary result. If the inspector finds a bottle that will not
pass the closest inspection it should be “culled” and destroyed. It is
better to lose a few bottles than a few customers. Keep one man as
inspector as much of the time as possible, and if a dirty product gets
by and you know of it place the responsibility, which you can do if only
one man has been doing the inspecting.”
“Be sanitary, and then let the public know it. Sanitary processes are
the best advertisements we can have.”
186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9giz2.
The attention of the trade is called in particular to the sani-
tary feature of the bottling business. Every bottler in the State
is on the mailing list to receive the publications of this Station.
Practically all of the bottling establishments in the State have
been visited by the deputies, and practically all of the bottlers
of the State have received letters and communications of vari-
ous kinds from this office. The Maine Food Law states that a
food is misbranded “if in the manufacture, sale, distribution,
transportation, or in the offering or exposing for sale, distribu-
tion or transportation, it is not at all times securely protected
from filth, flies, dust and other contamination, or other unclean,
unhealthful or unsanitary conditions.” This paragraph applies
as much to the manufacturer of bottled sodas as it does to the
baker of bread, and sanitary conditions must be maintained in
all establishments in the State where foods are manufactured,
stored, displayed or offered for sale. Bottling establishments
should be well lighted; well ventilated; they should be kept
clean and free from dust and cobwebs; flies should be excluded;
only the cleanest and best of materials should be used, includ-
ing the water, carbon dioxide, the syrups and flavors and colors;
empty bottles should be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before
being refilled; the caps should be kept protected from dust and
dirt; the labels and caps upon the bottles should tell the exact
truth about the goods inside the bottles.
SAMPLES REPORTED UPON.
The samples of carbonated beverages reported in the follow-
ing table have been examined for saccharin and none has been
found. All have been examined at to the nature of the color
present with the results noted above. Some have been examined
for alcohol, some for arsenic and some for various preserva:
tives and none have been found. All have been found to be in
accord with the requirements of the Maine Food Law so far as
our examination extends except the cases noted in the table.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 187
Table Showing the Results of Analyses of Samples of Soda
W ater Collected in Summer of 1912, Arranged Alphabetically
by Towns.
Town AND MANUFACTURER. ae Remarks.
aa
Na
Auburn, Vincent Bottling Co......... 4\Case pending. Orange%Julep misbranded
because of no statement of artificial
color.
Bangor, Bangor Bottling Co.......... 1|Passed.
Bangor, Copeland & Co.............. 1|Passed.
Bangor, F. E. Robinson.............. 1| Passed.
Bangor Oprath.. see ue ca ves ons 2|Passed.
Bar Harbor, Mt. Kebo Spring Water Co. 2|Passed.
Bath, Bath Bottling Co.............. 2) Passed.
Bath, Hartleb & Cheltra............. 2|Passed.:
Biddeford, Hanscom Bottling Co...... 3|Passed.
Brewer, Switzer Water Co............ 2|Passed.
Brunswick, Pine Spring Water Co..... 2|Passed.
Cherryfield, Washington County Bot-
iB EVare? (Ole), 4 GG cod Ghee uC RR IES enE ee 2)|Passed.
Dexter, Leslie Curtis.........:....... 2)Passed.
Eastport, Frank Malloch............. 2|Passed.
Greatworks, W. L. Butterfield........ 2|Passed. ¢
Lewiston, Highland Spring Co.......-. 1\|Passed. (Ginger Ale).
Lewiston, Maine Bottling Co.......... 3|Passed. i
Lewiston, Somoar Carbonating Co..... 4|Case pending: Dead fly in bottle. Adul-
terated.
Lubec, T. G. Mitchell................ 2|Passed.
Norway, A. J. Nevers................ 2|Passed.
Portland, Ingalls Bros............... 3|Passed.
Portland, Murdock & Freeman Co..... 5|Passed.
Rockland, C. E. Havener............. 3|Passed.
Rockland, Hewett Bottling Co........ 2\Case pending. Misbranded.
Rumford, Rumford Bottling Co....... 4|Passed. i
Rumford, Virginia Spring Bottling Co.. 2)Passed.
Skowhegan, John J. O’Reilley & Son.. 1)Passed.
Waterville, J. Tardiff & Son.......... 2\Passed.
ICE CREAM.
During the summer of 1912 a large number of samples of
ice cream were collected in various parts of the State. An at-
tempt was made to cover more thoroughly than ever before the
larger towns. More samples than upon previous years have
been examined. For the most part the larger manufacturers
have been found putting out a good grade of ice cream.
/
STANDARDS,
In considering this report it should be kept in mind that the
standard for ice cream is as follows:
“Tce cream is a frozen product made from cream and sugar, with or
without a natural flavoring, and contains not less than fourteen (14)
per cent of milk fat. A limited amount of gelatine, starch, eggs, or
other healthful food constituents may be added to ice cream without
188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2.
statement of fact, and such goods may be called Ice Cream provided
the required per cent of milk fat is maintained. If imitation flavoring
materials are used, the labei must state that fact, as in the case of imi-
tation extracts.”
“Fruit ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and
sound, clean, mature fruits, and contains not less than twelve (12) per
cent of milk fat.”
“Nut ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and
sound, nonrancid nuts, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent
of milk fat.”
“Tmitation ice cream. Frozen products which contain less milk fat
than the standards require, cannot be lawfully sold.as ice cream and
the word cream cannot be lawfully used upon the labels or in any way
in connection with such goods, unless it is qualified by some such words
as ‘imitation’ or ‘substitute’. Thus a frozen product similar to ice
cream or fruit or nut ice cream, except that it carries less milk fat than
the standards, may be lawfully ‘labeled ‘Imitation ice cream’, or ‘Ice:
cream substitute’. If an imitation ice cream contains imitation flavoring
matter, this fact must be plainly stated on the label.”
“At soda fountains, ice cream rooms, etc., if it is desired to sell frozen
products that do not conform to’ the standards for ice cream, conspicu-
ous signs showing exactly what is being served must be displayed and
orders for ice cream can not be lawfully filled by serving substitutes
without explaining what they are.”
“The regulation relative to ice cream and ice cream substitutes applies
equally to hotels.and restaurants. Al! statements upey ‘bills of fare, etc.,
must be in accord with the above.”
As in previous years it was found that in some cases low
grade ice cream was caused by using low grade cream in its
manufacture. People who make ice cream for sale should be
careful to obtain a written guaranty from the person from
whom they buy their cream certifying that such will be accord-
ing to a certain strength, for in this way only can the manufac-
turer be sure of getting a uniform material.
SAMPLES REPORTED UPON.
It will be noted upon an examination of the following table
that in a number of instances cases have been settled by means
of the payment of a fine. In other cases where the faults could
be traced directly to the cream used and the manufacturer could
fully satisfy the executive that all precautions had been observed
the case was passed. In many cases second samples were ob-
tained from the same dealer, and in such cases the dealer had
no warning or knowledge that the second sample was to be
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 189
obtained. The results obtained upon the second sample in such
instances had a ‘bearing upon the way in which the first case was
settled. In several cases the manufacturers of low grade ice
cream have promised not to make any more but to purchase
from reputable dealers whenever they have occasion to sell ice
cream in the future. In one case it will be noted that the sample
was sold as “vanilla ice cream substitute,” and was, therefore,
properly labeled.
Table Showing the Results of Analyses of Ice Cream Purchased
im the Summer of 1912, Arranged Alphabetically by Town
and Dealer from Whom Purchased.
a8 ee
Beir Town AND DEALER. 4 2 Remarks.
£3 mo
na =e}
10868)/Auburn, Round’s Restaurant...... 14.93) Passed.
10870, Auburn, Fred L. Ruggles.......... 15.26] Passed.
10869|Auburn, L. BE. Tarr............... 12.07|/Passed. Fruit ice cream.
10725|/Bangor, A. L. Boyd & Son......... 16 .05/ Passed.
10728/Bangor, G. N. Brountas........... 17 .76/Passed. :
10724|/Bangor, Buckley Drug Co......... 14.21|Passed.
10730|Bangor, C. H. Davis........... 10.80|/From G. BE. Lufkin.
10739| Bangor, Fifield & Co. (263 Main St. ) 9.75|See second sample.
10740|Bangor, Fifield & Co. (267 Main St.)| 9.74|/See second sample.
10882|Bangor, Fifield & Co. (263 Main St.)|14.16)]Passed.
10883|Bangor, Fifield & Co. (267 Main St.)|14.72|Passed.:
10728 Bangor, Floros Bros.............. .86| Passed.
10723|Bangor, Fowler’s Drug Store.. 3 .81|Passed.
10726; 'Bangor, Tn 123 Er eeey, Ree Wak siare, here .86| Passed.
10735|Bangor, Wm. M. George........... .12|Dealer promised to ike no more.
Case dropped.
10736|Bangor, L.H. Hamm............. 12.71\See second sample. From G. BE. Lufkin.
10880|Bangor, L. at 1BlGyoaaa eS oc. cee doen 15.02|Passed. From G. E. Lufkin.
10727|Bangor, G. E. Lufkin............. 11.96|See second sample.
10881|Bangor, G. i lUjubdlkerbais rs Wis Boteeo tele 14.76) Passed.
LONiBaneor, |S. Shira: 3.646460. vices 13.03|Dealer warned.
10737|)Bangor, C.S. Vafiades............ 14.52) Passed.
10729| Bangor, H. A. Witham............ 15.80) Passed.
10851|Bath, Octave Breton.............. 10.58)Dealer fined.
NOS4ai baths d. WM Clary. of cc. cece ee tee oe 14.27) Passed. ‘
10849|Bath, Bath Home Bakery......... 12.44|Difficulty apparently with cream.
Case dropped.
10848|Bath, Leonard & Mitchell.........|14.44) Passed.
10852|Bath, Swett’s Drug Store.......... 11.60) Dealer fined.
10850! Bath, Webber’s Drug Store........ 14.56) Passed.
10781| Biddeford, G. & A. Boucher.......| 7.20|Dealer fined.
10784) Biddeford, Thomas Christo........|15.90|Passed.
10779|Biddeford, P. Frediani............ 12.06|See second sample.
10865|Biddeford, P. Frediani............ 16.54|Passed.
10782|Biddeford, A. Mantis.............. 13 .39|Dealer warned.
10780 Biddeford, 1alp IDE Wicranthe epee aloo 15.24|Passed.
10783|Biddeford, E. Partigliani.......... 12.28|From P. Frediani.
10778|Biddeford, Geo. Vassill............ 14.46)Passed.
10799|Brewer, Willis G. Barker.......... 20.48}Passed.
10795|Brewer, Boynton’s Pharmacy...... 10.27|See later samples, also text.
10884|Brewer, Boynton’s Pharmacy...... 11.13)See later sample.
19025|Brewer, Boynton’s Pharmacy...... 19.04) Passed.
10796) Brewer, W. H. Croft.............. 13 .49|Dealer warned.
10793|Brewer, S. N. Dooey..:........... 18.91) Passed.
10794|Brewer, G. G. Hodgkins........... 13.18)Dealer warned.
6 ee ee ee ee SS ee ee en
I9Q0 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
1912.
Table Showing the Results of Analyses of Samples of Ice
Cream Collected in Summer of 1912, Arranged Aiphabonees.
by Towns—Continued.
Station
number
10801
10798
10800
10885
10797
10846
10845
10719
10716
10803
10805
10804
10871
10875
10872
10876
10874
10873
10771
10769
10768
10773
10774
10775
10770
10772
10802
10791
10700
10705
10760
10711
10690
10861
10940
10707
10709
10712
10717
10699
10788
10720
10706
10790
10691
10695)
10708
10789
10689
10696
10792
10698
10718
10765
10714
10719
10713
10701
10862
pp
eo
ey
Town AND DEALER. ny) 5 Remarks.
mH
= 3
Brewer, Merrill Drug Co........... 14.17|Passed.
Brewer, G. Myers................- 16.79|Passed.
Brewer, B. N. Rowe.............. 7.44|See second sample, also text.
Brewer, B. N. Rowe.............. 13 .75|Passed with warning.
Brewer, T. G. Seymour............ 14.20) Passed.
Brunswick, H. J. Given........... 9.85|Cream used apparently responsible.
Brunswick, F. EK. Hall............. 11.87/Cream used apparently responsible.
Cape Elizabeth, Anderson Bros.....|15.22)Passed.
Cape Elizabeth, J. W. Armstrong.. .|12.72 Brom West End Dairy Co., Portland,
e.
Ellsworth, C. H. Leland........... 17.17|Passed.
Hllsworth, H. W. Morey........... 17 .00|Passed. 3
Ellsworth, Mrs. Joseph Luchini.....| 9.27|/Misunderstanding regarding formula.
Lewiston, C. Bilodeau............. 15.96)Passed.
Lewiston, E. Gregoraky........... 9.77|\Case pending.
Lewiston, A. E. Harlow........... \14.76|Passed.
Lewiston, Kouranos Bros.......... 13 .27|Dealer warned.
Lewiston, Lewiston Candy Kitchen .|/13.86|/Dealer warned.
Lewiston, H. F. Walker........... |13 .66|Dealer warned.
Old Town, F. X. Boutin.:.......... 13 .47|Dealer warned.
Old Town, H. I. Goldsmith........ j11.45|/Nut ice cream. Dealer warned.
Old Town, Jordan Bros........... 11.21)Difficulty apparently with cream. See
other samples from same manufac-
turer.
Old Town, Morin Bre 0s DAA TRIES mee 16.08|Passed.
Old Town, W. C. Mutty........... 13 .65|Dealer warned.
Old Town, (Silwaten vee C. Sibley.|15.15|Passed. From Jordan Bros.
Old Town, L. Solomon............ 10.08|Misunderstanding regarding formula.
Old Town, Wan henry mmuertee oe 15.42|Passed. From Jordan Bros.
Orono, J. Edward Jordan.......... 8.02|See text.
Portland, J. F. Bennett........... 14.04|Passed.
Portland, Chapman & Wyman..... 16.16|Passed.
Portland, B..R. Cleveland......... 14.43)Passed.
Portland, Thomas Cristo.......... 2 .62|See text..
Portland, Dudley-Weed Drug Co 11.80/From West End Dairy Co. Manufac-
turers fined.
Portland, 8. Elowitch............. 11.16|From Geo. F. Soule.
Portland, B. Feldman............. 11.80/See second sample.
Portland, B. Feldman............. '15.53|Passed.
Portland, Nicola Fraschia......... 9.76|From B. Herberman, Portland.
Portland) Jake Gitlin eens 15.93)|Passed. }
Portland, Hammond Drug Co...... 13.02|Passed. Fruit ice cream.
Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co... .|/13.69|Dealer warned.
Portland, H. H. Hay Sons........: 16.66)| Passed.
Portland, DP bnltony ese 14 .36|Passed.
letormpepavel, Ik, Jd, Woiels 6 5 aq aeoe os don 19 .04|Passed.
Portland, O. S. Maxell............ 14.66}Passed.
Portland, E. C. McDonough........ 15.60| Passed.
Portland, Joe Menario............. 3.01/See text.
Portland: John@: @tisi...-aence.2 14.03|Passed.
Portland, Michael Paolino......... 3.76|Dealer fined.
Portland, Frank H. Power......... 13 .62|Dealer warned.
Portland) BD. Ricker). s0le fe 16.00)/Passed.
Portland, B. 8S. Rosenburg....,.... 11.51\/From West End Dairy Co. Manufac-
turer fined. ‘
Portland, B.S. Rosenberg......... 14.09|Passed. From West End Dairy Co.
Portland, Geo. E. Sawyer.....: A iticnea 15.39)Passed.
Portland, J. G. Sawyer. :...2.05 4% 11.01)See second sample.
Portland, J. G. Sawyer...........: 14.03|Passed.
Portland, Smith & Broe........... 14.30|Passed. From Pierce Ice Cream Co.
Portland, Geo. F. Soule........... 10.88)Difficulty apparently with cream.
Portland vANGaSpeare sine 14.12|Passed. 540.
Portland, John M. Stevens......... 13.67|Passed. Fruit ice cream.
Portland, H. L. Stimson..........% 14.87)|Passed.
OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. Ig!
Table Showing the Resulis of Analyses of Samples of Ice
Cream Collected in Summer of 1912, Arranged Alphabetically
by Towns—Concluded.
a8 | Ba
By Town AND DEALER. oo Remarks.
$3 35
Na =e)
10710| Portland, Chas. B. Thomas........ 8.61|Dealer fined.
10758)|Portland, John J. Thuss........... 17.92|Passed.
10721)|Portland, J. Vonyik............... 15.66] Passed.
10692)Portland, John Zakarian.......... 4.16)Dealer fined.
10826)Portland, A. H. Allen............. 11.21|Difficulty apparently with cream.
10827|Rockland, Chas. Haskell........... 9.68|From Mrs. E. W. Thurlow, Rockland.
: Manufacturer fined.
10825|Rockland, Walter Larrabee........ 14. 26|Passed.
10824)/Rockland, J. H. Meservey......... 10.06|Misunderstanding regarding formula.
10822|Rockland, Rockland Confectionery
(CLO RS eta Gre reuitra ines ie ernee SES eee 14.64|Passed.
10823) Rockjfand, C. M. Tibbets.......... 6.34|Dealer fined :
10828} Rockland R. J. Whitney.......... 7.24\Sold as ‘‘ vanilla ice cream substitute.’’
10776|Saco, J. Z. Beckwith.............. 13 .74|Dealer warned.
10777|Saco, 8. W. Gordon, Urvanta Lunch| 6.36)/Dealer fined.
10866|Saco, S. W. Gordon, Urvanta Lunch|13.38|/Dealer warned.
10829] Waterville, Lewis Facos:............ 15.81)|Passed.
10833) Waterville, W. H. Hager.......... 15.16] Passed.
10830) Waterville, Silvio Paganucci....... 18.91|/Passed. From Verzoni Bros.
10831| Waterville, E. L. Simpson......... 14.17|Passed.
10832|Waterville, Verzoni Bros.......... 14.27|Passed.
I
CEBAMIS USED IN TtE MANUFACTURE OF ICE
CREAM.
During the investigation of ice cream the present season the
cream used in its manufacture has also been investigated as
far as possible. This is particularly true of those cases where
the ice cream was found to be below standard. Where possible
in such cases the cream itself was sampled and in some cases it
was ascertained that the trouble of the manufacturer of ice
cream was apparently due to the fact that the cream used was
not as rich as it was supposed to be. A special law places the
standard for cream at 18 per cent milk fat. As has been
repeatedly stated to the trade, a cream of this strength used in
connection with the proper amount of sugar, flavoring, and a
slight amount of filler, will make an ice cream which carries
between 14 and 15 per cent of milk fat.
No attempts at prosecution have been made relative to the
samples of cream reported in the following table, although it
will be noted that a few are below the standard for cream. In
the table the figures given represent the cream which the dealer
was supposed to be buying and also the actual strength of the
cream determined by analysis.
192
MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
Table Showing Results of
IQI2.
Analyses of Samples of Creams
Purchased for Making Ice Cream, Arranged eS
by Towns and Dealer from Whom Purchased.
10684
~~
ol fal Ir
= Ro | _
Bo Town AND DEALER. Town AND PrRson FRoM WuHoM| S&S [34
2g DEALER PURCHASED. 3 a g °
he uw
BE as es
10687|Augusta, J. G. Johmson......... Winthrop, C. H. Higgins........ 22/21
10818)Bangor, Fifield Drug Co....... *..|Bangor, C. H. Morrison......... Thin
eream|16.78
10641|Bangor, C. S. Preble............ Bangor, L. E. Brown........... 40/40
10731,Biddeford, P. Frediani.......... Auburn, Turner Center Creamery
Association PII Ween ietise cer av eta nee 7 18}18.5
10732|Biddeford, H. L. Merrill........ Auburn, Turner Center Creamery
Association) sins aa-h eee 20/20
10864|Biddeford, H. L. Merrill........ Auburn, Turner Center Creamery
Aissociation\.)5 sence tae tee arene 20!20.8 -
10640|/Brewer, W. H. Croft............ Orrington, Norris Hillier......... 20/16.5
10926|Brewer, G. G. Hodgkins........ Bangor, Maine Creamery Assoc... 40/40
10679, Calais, ‘BL, IDs MiGKaiyic pisie chee oe Baring, J. E. Haywood.......... Cream |26
10836 Ellsworth, Mrs. J. Luchini....... Ellsworth, A. W. Maddocks...... Cream |23.5
10756, Portland, "Heseltine & Tuttle Co..|Portland, Maine Dairy Co....... 20/16.8
10821/Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co..|Portland, Portland Creamery.... 20/20
10754| Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co....... 18/18
10755|Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co........ 22/21
10763|Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co........ 18}17.2
10764|Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co........ 22/20.8
10702|Portland, Portland Creamery....|Various sources.............-.. 18/18
10697|Portland, Geo. E. Sawyer....... Portland, Portland Creamery . 18/18
10761 Portland, John G. Sawyer.......|Portland, Portland Creamery . 18/17.9
10820)Portland, John G. Sawyer.......|Portland, Portland Creamery . IMSL ZY 7
10694|Portland, Simmons & Hammond.|Islan d onde ites Savhton
CreamenyAcm. neon eres 18}19 .6.
10693) Portland, Geo. F. Soule......... Islan a pond, Vt., Brighton
Cream erystitusyacelnsoneoa cies: 18/17.8
10819} Portland, Geo. F. Soule......... Portland io siieendl Creamery.. 18/18.1
10757|Portland, John J. Thuss........ Auburn, Turner Center Dairying
Association ...........-.00000 20/20.8
10704|Portland, West End Dairy Co... Colepaco's N. H., Mohawk Dairy alate
Pa AS PSD a eR ier cto ate thc :
10877|Rockland, J. H. Meservey....... Source enone aes Seb 6 Pane — |45
10674|Rockland, E. J. Whitney........ Rockland, A. M. Mayo.......... Cream]}19.2
-10863) Bacon B W. Gordon, Urvanta
Hed arth 2 Seer eR RT Bek ee Portland, Portland Creamery . 18]18.1
10683 Wateuaille: E. L. Simpson....... Waterville, Shrewsbury Fa rm ;
Dany (Cowen ceen vices wate omens 20|18.5
Waterville, Verzoni Bros Waterville, Patterson Bros....... 22|22
Pr
i} 5
re
= bag