ee aKa Seema or rohan caaia easton eis > oS or Ze Zee Genes SS iow Ie cs, LIBRARY OF THE FORTHE ~“& s PEOPLE ~4 < FOR Sri ~ EDVCATION © a) To O =| “edah pagd Er \ Holmes Hall, 1888. Holmes Hall, 1899. Holmes Hall, 1904. Holmes Hall, 1913. TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THT Maine Avricuttural Experiment Station ORONO, MAINE 1913 STATE OF MAINE. IQI4 MUEEUM (AOU ‘MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE Organization January to June, 1913. nies Ke (4.64 3/0 z THE aaa COUNCIL. PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, DIRECTOR CHARLES D. WOODS, President Secretary CHARLES L. JONES, Corinna : : A Trustees FREELAND JONES, Bangor, \ Ee ae : JOHN M. OAK, Bangor, ] ; JOHN A. ROBERTS, Norway, EUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, ROBERT H. GARIDNER, Gardiner, State Pomological Society RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop, State Dairymen’s Association WILLIAM H. DAVIS, Augusta, Maine Livestock Breeders’ Association . WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Readfield, Maine Seed Improvement Association Commissioners of Agriculture State Grange AND THE HEADS AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS. THE STATION STAFF. CHARLES: D: WOODS, Sc) Dy Director ADMINIS- BLANCHE Patchs, Bull 220: (Me: Agr. Exp.) Sta: CHANGES IN STATION STAFF IN 1913. April 1, Dr. Charles E. Lewis, Associate Pathologist, re- signed to go into farming. May 1, Mr. Walter Anderson, Poultryman, resigned to go into farming. May 1, Miss Estella Morrison, Computer, resigned. July 1, Miss Helen W. Averill, Assistant Chemist, resigned for a year’s rest on account of her health. April 1, Mr. Harold G. Gulliver, B. S. (Cornell) was ap- pointed Scientific Aid in the field experiments at Highmoor Farm. May 1, Mr. Frank Tenney was appointed Poultryman. July 1, Miss Hazel F. Marriner, B. A. (Maine) was ap- pointed Clerk in the Biological Department. September 1, Mr. John Rice Miner, B. A. (Michigan) was appointed Computer in the Biological Department. XV1 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. HOLMES HALL (EXPERIMENT STATION BUILDING} The Maine Fertilizer control and Agricultural Experiment Station was established by the Maine legislature of 1885, which appropriated the sum of $5,000 a year for its maintenance. No provision, however, was made for a building for its accom- modation. Although it was established as an independent insti- tution, the trustees of the State College offered it quarters. The Board of Managers gladly accepted the offer. A laboratory was provided in Fernald Hall and an office in Wingate Hall—the wooden building, since burned, which stood where the present Wingate Hall is located. This State Station was maintained until the passage by Congress of the Hatch Bill in 1887 plac-d at the disposal of the University the sum of $15,000 annually for the maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station, after which it was discontinued. The increase in the funds available for the support of a sta- tion permitted a considerable increase in the staff of investiga- tion, and a consequent increase in its work, which made in- creased laboratory and office facilities imperative. To meet this demand, it was decided to erect a new building for the exclu- sive use of the Station, to be located upon the slight elevation to the east of Coburn Hall, one of the very best sites upon -he campus. This building was constructed in 1887. It was built of brick with granite trimmings, and was two stories in height, with a one-story ell. In 1899 the building was enlarged by add ing a wing to the south side, thus providing much needed space for food laboratories and the director’s office. In the latter was placed the greater part of the station library of about 1,700 volumes. In accordance with the plan when the building was enlarged in 1899, a wing was added on the north side in 1903. This addi- tion restored the symmetry of the building from the front. The structure thus completed was in the form of a rectangle 46x82 feet with a reentrant angle at the southeast corner. This north wing was used for a time as a recitation room by the Col- lege of Agriculture. With the passage of the Adams Act in 1906 the increase in the staff necessitated the Station occupying the whole of the building. PUBLICATIONS. XVil In 1913, still in accordance with the plan adopted in 1899 the reentrant angle left when the addition was built on in 1903 and a two-story front porch were built. Pe he appearance of the building when first erected and as changed by the subsequent additions is shown in the plates. The arrangement of rooms as they now are is shown in the diagrams on pages xvili-xx. The building is 46x82 feet, two stories high, with a high basement and a large attic. On the first floor are five chemical laboratories, two entomo- logical laboratories, and two plant pathology laboratories. On the second floor are four offices, occupied by the director and the administrative assistants; laboratories and offices of the biologists, a seed laboratory, a photographer’s laboratory and dark room. The basement contains two chemical laboratories, three plant pathology laboratories, rooms for the gas generator for the grinding and preparation of samples and for storage. The large attic is used for the storage of samples, supplies, and extra copies of publications by the Station. The building is heated by steam, lighted by electricity and supplied with gas. The total cost of the building was about $23,000. In connection with the basement on the south end of the building is a greenhouse used by the plant pathologists and entomologist. The increase in the work and force employed in the Station necessitated the removal of the Station library to the Univer- sity Library in the summer of 1913. The additions in 1903 gave a dignified building designed and erected for agricultural investigations, and it seemed to the Trustees of the University eminently fitting that it bear the name of one of the most eminent pioneers in agricultural science,—Dr. Ezekiel Holmes. This honor is more deserved since Doctor Holmes nearly 70 years ago urged the entablish- ment in Aroostook County of a “state experiment farm” and it was largely through his efforts that the Maine Legislature of 1885 established the Maine State College as a separate and independent institution. Holmes Hall was formally dedicated on May 25, 1904. 3 XVil1 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. e anoyurr-t y OF 2bossoy HHI eal ett 1 == as machi a 1 5 Up 4 Bea ———— l Re a =) ee 37 Fé. 6 to 12 Plant Pathology baFt. dn — = j2 —) 22Ft 6 in Ui || 3 | 48 Ft. HOLMES HALL, BASEMENT PLAN 1 to 4 ‘Chemistry PUBLICATIONS. X1X ¢ > Plant Pathology / and 6 ntomology ~4 4 4 8 and o I HOLMES HALL, FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1 to 5 Chemistry MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, SOO HOLMES HALL, SECOND FLOOR PLAN 8 to 13 Biology 4 to 7 Administration 2 Seed laboratory 1 and 3 Photography BULLETIN No. 209. NEW MINERAL, FERTILIZER-* Chas. D. Woods. For the past three years a material called at first New Eng- land Mineral Fertilizer and later New Mineral Fertilizer has been extensively advertised in New England. This advertis- ing is of the persuasive kind and has led and may lead to still further sales at about three quarters of a cent a pound of a material which in its composition is exactly what they claim it to be, ground rock. It is this likelihood of the money of the farmer going to the coffers of the company for a material that is nearly destitute of available plant food that makes necessary the publication in the following pages of a matter that were it not for the persistent advertising might be disposed of in two pages or less. In their advertising the Company keeps within the existing laws of this State. If a bill aimed against false and misleading advertising that is now being considered hy the Maine Legislature should be enacted into law it is possible that something might be done. But that 1s doubtful, for their ad- vertising is ingenious and guarded. For example. they com- pare the analysis of the ground rock they call New Mineral Fertilizer with the analysis of a soil that produces good crops and point out the resemblances. They do not dwell upon the differences. They have the same kind of testimonials from users that are so familiar to the reader of patent medicine ad- vertisements. But many have found the use of the goods dis- appointing with results similar to those here reported. Such instances are not reported in the company’s advertisements. * This experiment was planned by the writer. The field work was executed under the direction of Mr. Sinclair. The notes were taken by Mr. Bonns. 2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. In 1910 the New England Mineral Fertilizer Company regis- tered New England Mineral Fertilizer in Maine under the fer- tilizer law. The following is quoted from the annual report of the fertilizer inspection for 1911 :* “NEW ENGLAND MINERAL FERTILIZER. Occasionally during the past 25 years there have been zealous advocates of the use of ground rock as a fertilizer. Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks by the slow processes of time. Dreamers, and it is to be earnestly hoped their dreams may some time come true, have in their imagination seen the stone walls that encumber so many New England fields con- verted by mechanical and chemical processes into forms avail- able for the production of fruit, grain, hay, roots and tubers for the food of man and other animals. In 1909 the American Health Association of Clifton, New Jersey, published a most remarkable 100-page pamphlet entitled “The Fertility of the Soil and Life or Death. A Treatise on the Use of Lava and its Influence on the Evolution of Plants, Animals and Men,” by the “Professor of Polaric Nutrition at the Divine Science University.’ After a number of pages which are apparently designed to befog the mind of the reader, several different brands of lava such as the Mount Pelee Brand, Mount Vesuvius Brand, the Coma Brand, Chimborazo Brand for Trees, the Etna Brand for Sandy Soils, are exploited. In most of the descriptions it is ingeniously suggested that these various brands of lava be used in connection with barnyard manure or else upon rich soils. The Department of Agriculture of the American Health Association were willing to part with these brands for prices varying from $15.00 to $30.00 per ton, f. o. b. Passaic, New Jersey. In 1910 the New England Mineral Fertilizer and Chemical Company of Boston, Mass., were licensed to sell in Maine New England Mineral Fertilizer which was guaranteed to contain : no nitrogen or ammonia, a trace of available phosphoric acid, * Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Official Inspections 20. January 101T. NEW MINERAI, FERTILIZER. 3 a trace of total phosphoric acid and a trace of potash. When the application for the license was received, the question naturally came up as to whether such a material could be li- censed under the fertilizer law of the State. The law applies to “any material used for a fertilizing purpose, the price of which exceeds ten dollars a ton.” As this was quoted at $15.00 a ton in carload lots and $17.00 per ton in less than carload lots, it seemed to come within the definition of the law. It will be noted that the goods make no claim for the presence of plant food as obtains in ordinary fertilizing materials, and as is con- templated by the law. They have apparently issued a good deal of descriptive liter- ature. In these publications considerable reference is made to the work of the “Professor of Polaric Nutrition at the Divine Science University,’ although he is not given his official title, so far as noted, in the publications of the New England Mineral Fertilizer Company. ; There are probably no claims made for the composition of these goods that are not borne out by fact. They do, however, make claims for the performance of this so-called fertilizer many of which are contrary to exact experiments that have been obtained with this class of materials. It is not a new thing to attempt to fertilize land with ground rock. Feldspar which con- tains a large amount of potash has been used repeatedly in sci- entific experiments with no substantial results. It is impossible to quote at any length from the absurd literature which is used in advertising these goods. One claim—‘“No fear of burning the plants with this fertilizer’ —is probably correct. The writer has no knowledge of the sales that were made in Maine in 1910 of these goods with the single exception of a lot which was sold to Mr. A. J. Orf of North Bradford. When Mr. Orf received the goods he wrote to the Experiment Station about having them analyzed. He was informed that no doubt the goods would carry what they claimed to—that is, not any of the ordinary plant food materials, but would contain an abundance of the constituents.of rocks quite similar to those present in his field. On receipt of the letter from the E.xperi- ment Station Mr. Orf was naturally indignant with the company and wrote them a strong letter. They, however, persuaded him to make a trial of the Mineral Fertilizer and he wrote them 2 4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. in October, enclosing a slip taken from the Bangor Commercial, showing that he had taken the first premium on pumpkins and cucumbers at the Charleston Fair, grown by the use of New England Mineral Fertilizer. Naturally the company were elated at this testimony and sent to the writer a series of letters, in- cluding the one which he had written Mr. Orf, which they pro- posed to publish to show the value of the New England Mineral Fertilizer and the ignorance of Experiment Station people. On receipt of this communication the writer at once wrote Mr. Orf asking for particulars as to soil, methods of treatment, etc., and also asking the best way to get to his place in order that the land where this marvel was produced might be seen. October 21 Mr. Orf wrote that he grew the pumpkins and took the prize at Charleston. These were grown “on New England Mineral Fertilizer with a light coat of manure.” He also says: “My potatoes I say nothing about, only ten bushels from two rows 25 rods long.” And again: ‘The company wants me as an agent but I won’t swindle the public.” Further on he says: “You will see by my letter that it is no use to come up here.” As stated above, it is lawful so far as the fertilizer law 1s concerned for this company to sell this material under the claims that they do that it is free from nitrogen and contains a trace of the two other constituents of commercial fertilizers that are required by law to be stated on the package. If the fertil- izer law were as broad as the food and drug law these goods would be mislabeled if accompanied by such statements as are made in the literature which these people distribute. In toro the Experiment Station had about three acres at Highmoor Farm on which oats were grown without fertilizer. The object of this was to test the natural uniformity of the land and see how well it is suited for plot experiments. It is planned in 1911 to use a part of this field in an experiment to test the Mineral Fertilizer on potatoes and corn. Six-tenths of an acre will be set aside for this purpose and laid out into six plots. Two of these plots will be unfertilized, two will be fertilized with Mineral Fertilizer in accordance with the direc- tions for the particular crop to be obtained from the New Eng- land Mineral Fertilizer and Chemical Company, one of the re- maining plots will be fertilized at the rate of 1500 to 1800 pounds per acre with a high grade fertilizer, and the other plot NEW MINERAL, FERTILIZER. 5 will be fertilized at the rate of eight cords of manure and 500 pounds of fertilizer to the acre. One of the unfertilized plots will be planted to sweet corn, the other to potatoes. One of the plots manured with Mineral Fertilizer will be planted to sweet corn, the other to potatoes. ‘The plot with 1500 to 1800 pounds of high grade fertilizer will be planted’ to potatoes, and the one with manure and fertilizer to sweet corn.” PLANNING THE E.XPERIMENT. Prior to the publication of Official Inspections 29 correspon- dence was begun with the New England Mineral Fertilizer and Chemical Company relative to the experiment outlined in the preceding paragraph. Under date of January 2 the presi- dent of the company wrote: “Yours of the 23rd at hand. We are more than pleased to know that you have concluded to give us a fair show. We shall ship you free of cost whatever amount of fertilizer you desire for this experiment. The same will be identical in analy- sis with the product which we are to put out the coming sea- son. You stated in your letter that you wished to make an experiment on six plots. All that we ask is that you use an equal number of pounds of our fertilizer in competition with the best fertilizer that you can get on the market.” January 3 the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station wrote the New England Mineral Fertilizer and Chemical Company as follows: “Your letter of January 2 is at hand. In the proposed test of Mineral Fertilizer we shall use the equivalent of 360 pounds of a high grade fertilizer carrying 4 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 7 per cent of water solu- ble potash. We will use the same amount of Mineral Fertilizer or any amount which you will suggest. When you get ready to send the New England Mineral Fertilizer please ship it to the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Monmouth, Maine, and notify me at Orono of the shipment. I note your offer that vou will furnish this New England Mineral Fertilizer free. We, however, are ready to pay for it. Kindly send bill when the goods go forward to me here at Orono.” 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I013. February 27, 1911, the president of the New England Min~ eral Fertilizer and Chemical Company again wrote as follows: “We are shipping you, as directed, 100 pounds of our Min- eral Fertilizer. After reading your very flattering remarks on v’ur fertilizer in Official Inspections 29 we have concluded that it would be advisable for this company to send a representative to see this fertilizer applied. So if you will inform us when you are ready to make your test we will send a man to see the fertilizer put on and we will also send a man at ditferent peri- ods during the season so that we may stand at least a small show of getting fair treatment.’ Much of the remainder of tne letter is personal abuse and the following is the only part which bears upon the proposed experiment as it indicates that they knew when they sent the too pounds of fertilizer for the plots exactly what was to be used on the other plots. “It is very self evident from the tests which you lay down in your bulletin which you are going to make with this Mineral Fer- tilizer and the quantity of what you call high grade fertilizer and the large quantity of stable manure, together with the large amount of chemical fertilizer that you intend putting against this worthless, good for nothing, ground rock which in your judgment is poorer than ordinary dirt, that you are afraid of some of the statements which you have made otherwise you would not wish to corral a large percentage of the fertilizer in your vicinity to dope up your soil for fear that you would be beaten in the coming test which you say you are going to make.” March 7 this letter was acknowledged as follows: “Your letter of February 27 and 100 pounds of your fertil- izer received. I will notify you as far in advance as I can of the time of the experiments with potatoes and corn on which Mineral Fertilizer is to be used will be stated. There will have to be two different plantings, as the potatoes will have to be planted earlier than it is safe to plant corn with us. The farm is open to visitors at all times and you or your representatives will always be welcome.” May 23 the following letter was written to the New England Mineral Fertilizer and Chemical Company: “T have to leave to day for a week or ten days absence. The plots have been selected for the experiment with the New Eng- NEW MINERAL, FERTILIZER. i, lana Mineral Fertilizer and !aid out and full directions have been left relative to the plans with Mr. Bonns, our horticultur- ist, who is at Highmoor Farm, and Mr. Sinclair, the superin- tendent of the farm. The plots will probably be planted during my absence, and you will be notified as far in advance as prac- ticable of the exact cate when the planting will be done.” All six of the plots were planted on May 30 in the presence of a representative of the company. At that time the represen- tative claimed that not a sufficient amount of Mineral Fertilizer was being used, and this matter was pointed out in a letter from the company under date of June 2. Under date of June 5 the following letter was sent to the New England Mineral Fertilizer Company : “Your letter of June 2 is at hand. We will gladly use all the New England Mineral Fertilizer on the plots where we are using it that you desire to be added. When I wrote you De- cember 23, 1910, outlining the experiment I thought that we would make a tenth acre of each plot and, therefore, asked you to send the needed amount of New England Mineral Fertilizer to fertilizer one-tenth of an acre of potatoes and one-tenth of an acre of corn, asking that it be shipped to the Experiment Station at Monmouth. We received from you one bag which contained considerably less than too pounds. You did not send any directions for its use but said that you would have eeGepreschtative present at the time of planting. ~. ~~ .* + * We will add any further amount of your fertilizer on the plots on which it is used that you may wish to send to the Experi- ment Station at Monmouth. My thought in the letter of De- cember 23 was to have you fertilize the plots which were to be grown with the New England Mineral Fertilizer exactly as you wanted them. Jn the last sentence of the first paragraph of your letter of June 2 you say ‘It seems to me that the test which you are giving our fertilizer is extremely unfair.’ I have compared the report of your representative with your letter of December 23 and do not see wherein they differ in any essentials with the exception that the size of the plots was changed to one-twentieth of acre instead of one-tenth of an acre, as originally planned. If the unfairness consists in using a too little amount of the New England Mineral Fertilizer 1 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Ig1t3. do not feel that we were to blame for that and we are ready to correct it in any way that you suggest. If there are other particulars in which the experiment seems to you to be unfair I would be glad to have them stated in definite form. I had supposed that the plans of the experiment were agreed to by your company.” Under date of June 8 the company wrote: “Yours of recent date received, and in answer will say that we doubt very much if it would do any good to put on Min- eral Fertilizer this late in the season to the plot of ground in question at the experiment farm unless we had plenty of rain. We note that on Plot D you have used 60 pounds of Armour 4-8-7 in the drill and intend to apply 30 pounds more later, making go pounds of what you call high grade fertilizer. Now against this plot you have used only 40 pounds of our Mineral Fertilizer and we think that this is hardly a fair test consider- ing in your estimation that Mineral Fertilizer is poorer than or- dinary soil.” The letter then proceeds to make similar com- parisons on other plots, and concludes: “We think this is a very unfair test. However, it is too late to make any changes and we will have to await the results.” June 10 the company were written as follows: “Your letter of June 9 is at hand. Frankly I do not like its tenor. It seems to me to be an evasive letter. December 1910 I wrote you outlining the experiment which I planned to put in effect provided you desired to have it carried out. ! wrote you at that time exactly how much fertilizer we intended to use on the plots that we were going to fertilizer with commercial fertilizer and farm manure. The experiment was planted ex- actly as outlined there, with the exception that we used one- twentieth acre plots instead of one-tenth acre plots, as outlined in my letter of December. Relative to the amounts of the Min- eral Fertilizer which were to be used, that was left, as you will find in that letter, entirely to your discretion. I told you that there were to be two tenth acre plots. I asked you to furnish Mineral Fertilizer enough for those plots. You sent too pounds in a bag which was rather loosely woven so that some of it sifted out in transit. We also took a pint out of the bag for the purpose of chemical analysis. We applied all of the fertil- izer which you have sent to the two plots of one-twentieth NEW MINERAL FERTILIZER. 9 acre instead of the two plots of one-tenth acre each, as origi- nally planned. If there was not as much Mineral I[ertilizer used as you desired upon the plots it seems to me that the fault is entirely with you. We were ready to apply the fertilizer in any amount which you furnished us. As to your contention that it is too late to apply fertilizer at the present time, that is absurd. Corn is just barely pushing through the ground and had made practically no growth as yet. The same is true of the potatoes. You will note that we are planning to add extra fertilizer to the plots which were planted with chemical fertil- izer and farm manure.” No reply was received to this letter and on September 8 they were written that in the near future the crops would be ready for harvesting, and that if they cared to send a represen- tative | would be glad to arrange to be there with him. By later correspondence it was arranged that the crops stay in the field and that the representative of the company should be present Wednesday, September 20, at the harvesting of the potatoes and the corn. At the time when the representative of the New Mineral Fertilizer Company was present at harvesting he said that in his judgment altogether too little Mineral Fertilizer was used, that while he recognized that the company was at fault in this matter it was through their misunderstanding, he supposed. He had nothing to do with the planning of the experiments originally, or the passing upon the experiment as outlined. It was arranged with him that the results of the present sea- son (1911) should not be published, that we would repeat the ex- periment on exactly the sanie land again on 1912, that they were to furnish what Mineral Fertilizer they wanted to be applied either in the fall or in the spring as they deemed best. Under date of October 10 Mr. Yoden, representing the New England Mineral Fertilizer Company wrote: “At the suggestion of Doc- tor True | am going to ask you if it will be agreeable to you to increase the number of plots in the Mineral Fertilizer experi- ment. 1 would like to have you try the experiment on nine plots of potatoes, and the same on corn. Some of these plots we would like to be used with Mineral Fertilizer in connection with stable manure. We will tell you just what amount of manure and fertilizer we would like to have you use if you 10 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IO13. decide to increase this experiment. If this increase is agreeable to you I will have sent to you the fertilizer necessary, also in- structions as to how we would like to have this used. If the experiment cannot be increased I will send you the necessary fertilizer for the two plots where we had the experiment this year.” October 11 the company was written: ; “Mr. Yoden’s letter of yesterday is at hand. I would be glad if he would outline more in detail the experiments as he would like to have them 1f we could increase the number of plots from OstO Sin No reply was received to this letter and November 1 atten- cion was again called to the letter of October to. The follow- ing letter was written in reply; under date of November 2: “In answer to your letter of November 1 would say that I would advise that you increase the number of plots to give a more thorough trial of the fertilizer.” The letter was signed by Mr. McCrellis, per Mr. Gooch. November 4 we wrote in reply declining to increase the num- ber of plots but said “Kindly send at your convenience to the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Monmouth, Maine, as much of the fertilizer as you wish to have used on two twen- tieth acre plots, one-twentieth to be planted to corn and the other one-twentieth to be planted to potatoes.” No reply was received to this letter and under date of April II, 1912, they were again written to reviewing the whole cir- cumstance, asking them to send the fertilizer, and stating: “If I do not hear from you by April 20 I shall consider that we can use the plots that have been reserved for this experiment for other purposes and that you do not wish to continue the experi- ment.” This was the end of the correspondence with the company. Tur EXPERIMENT. The soil in the field selected for this experiment was medium light rocky loam from which all of the stones had been removed. The subsoil was firm and compact and well retentive of moist- ure. It had been in grass and orchards for a number of years- NEW MINERAL, FERTILIZER. AGA It was plowed and kept in clean culture and seeded to oats in 1910 without the addition of any fertilizer whatever. The object was to test the uniformity of the soil and see if it was adapted to a soil test experiment. The yield of oats was about 30 bushels per acre. The part of the field selected for the ex- periment was divided into six plots, 62 1-2 feet long and 34.8 feet wide, each plot containing 2175 square feet. The field all had a gentle slope towards the west. The soil was as uniform as it was practicable to select. Commencing from the south the plots were numbered, A, B, C, D, FE, and F. Corn was grown on Plots A, B, and C, and potatoes on Plots D, E, and F. Plot A. was fertilized with one-fourth cord of manure and 25 pounds of 4-8-7 fertilizer. Plot B was fertilized with 45 pounds of Mineral Fertilizer. Plot C was a check without fertilizer. Plot D had 90 pounds of a 4-8-7 fertilizer, 60 pounds of which was applied at planting and 30 pounds later. Plot E had 43 pounds Mineral Fertilizer. Plot F was a check without fertil- izer. The plots were manured and planted on May 30. The corn was about 18 inches in a row and the rows 36 inches apart, 12 rows in each plot, and five kernels to the hill. The pota- toes were 12 inches in the row, rows 32 inches apart, with 13 rows to the plot. The corn was cultivated and hoed seven times between June 17 and July 11. The potatoes were cultivat- ed six times between June 16 and July 11 and were sprayed five times between June 30 and August 17. June 9 the potatoes were coming about equally on all the plots, and the corn was coming slowly. The corn appeared on Plots B and C a day or two earlier than on A. June 15 Plots B and C had slightly better growth and stand than Plot A. July 3 flowering was beginning on all the potato plots. A had a good growth, B and C noticeably less than A, but were about equal. D had a good growth, E and F less than D and about alike. July 13 A had an excellent growth, B and C were alike but less than A by an estimate of 60 per cent. D had excellent growth, E, and F similar to the conditions of B and C. July 26 to July 31 A tasselled out and on August 3 and 4 silked. On August 3 and 4 B and C were beginning to show tassel spikes. August 14 B was tasselled out and on August 17 the pollen was ripened. 12 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. The yields were as shown in the following table: Table Showing Yield of Corn. Plot. Fertilizer. Hills. Plants. Total crop Cormjem ear pounds. pounds. A Manure 264 871 450 284 B Mineral AI2 1253 145 Be AG None 424 1318 175 ie Table Showing Yield of Potatoes. Plot. Fertilizer. Hills. Merchantable Culls pounds. pounds. D Commercial! 499 310 26 E Mineral 670 210 55 F None 635 229 46 It will be noted that the plots which contained Mineral Fer- tilizer yielded in each instance somewhat less than the plots without fertilizer. The differences, however, are too slight te be attributed to the use of the Mineral Fertilizer. The results in this particular experiment, with the amount of fertilizer usec show that there was no appreciable beneficial results trom the application of Mineral Fertilizer on this soil and with these two crops. The company’s claim that not enough Mineral Fer- tilizer was used may be valid. They, however, were informed of the nature of the experiment and were asked to send the amount of Mineral Fertilizer that they wished to be used on two tenth acre plots. The amount sent was used on two twen- tieth acre plots. Their. failure to send any fertilizer for the repetition of the experiment in 1912 would seem to indicate that they were content with the delay of a year in the publica- tion of the results of this trial and did not care to have their fertilizer tested against commercial manures. BULLETIN No. 210. SPRUCE BUDWORM.* (lortrix fumiferana Clemens. ) OnsAe JOHANNSEN, For the past two or three years the spruce budworm has proved the most serious pest of the spruces in Maine. It ap- pears to be a native of this country for it is here that the species was first described in 1865 and there are accounts of the rav- ages of an insect believed to be this as early as 1807. It is at present widely distributed over eastern Canada, northern Eng- land, New York, Vancouver, and Manitoba. The fact that the insect chiefly attacks the buds and new shoots makes its pres- ence in timber lands a serious problem. HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION. The earliest account we have of the appearance of what is believed to be this insect, is given by Professor Packard in the Fifth Report of the U. S. Entomological commission, p. 835, which reads as follows: “From Rev. Mr. Kellogg we learned the following interesting facts regarding the appearance of the similar, most probably the same species of caterpillar, even upon the same farm that was ravaged in 1878, early in this century. According to Capt. James Sinnett and Mr. John Jor- dan, of Harpswell, the spruces of Harpswell and Orr’s Islands were destroyed in 1807. Captain Bishop, whose son made the statement to Mr. Kellogg, cut down the dead spruces on these islands and worked *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 63. I4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. six weeks boiling the sea water with fuel thus obtained, in order to make salt. This was during the embargo which led to the war of 1812 with Great Britain. It is interesting to note that the budworm in 1878 appeared on the same farm on which the spruces had been destroyed by a worm in 1807, or about 80 years previously.” Of course we do not know that the insect referred to in the foregoing account is the spruce budworm, but it is extremely probable. The first authentic knowledge we have of this species came with a publication of the technical description in 1865 by Mr. Brackenridge Clemens of Easton, Pa., who described it from specimens received from Virginia. In 1869 Mr. C. T. Robin- son redescribed a brown variety under the name Tortrix niqri- dia believing it to be an undescribed species. The specimens were obtained from Ohio, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. ° It was not until the late seventies and early eighties that the insect again came into prominence because of the great damage it caused to the spruces along the coast of southwestern Maine. Professor A. S. Packard in the Fifth Report of the Entomo- logical Commission (1890) gives us an excellent account of this outbreak and we can do no better than quoting from his work. Einage nay ane Veticare From inquiries and field work carried on in June and July 1883, in different parts of Maine, we have little doubt but that the destruction of spruces and firs along the coast of the State was mainly due to the attacks of this insect. “The different climatic causes alleged to destroy forest trees in general, would, in the present case, have injured pines and hardwood trees as well as spruces and firs, and the destruction would have been general; whereas the trees have been killed by a caterpillar which is not known to live upon pines nor any trees but spruce, fir, and occa- sionally the hemlock and larch. Individual trees, or clumps of trees, were attacked, whether in high and exposed situations or in hollows; occasionally from such centers the worms seem to have increased and spread from year to year, until all the trees in localities several square miles in extent were killed. Moreover, as we have seen in the case of the attacks of larch worms, the defoliation of spruces and firs repeated two and perhaps three summers is sufficient to either kill the tree out- right, or so weaken it that bark-boring beetles can complete the work of destruction. We are now inclined to the opinion, then, that the Bud Tortrix is the sole or at least the main cause of the destruction of spruces and firs in Cumberland, Sagadahoc and Lincoln Counties, Me., and that by their attacks they render the trees liable to invasion by hosts of bark beetles. SPRUCE BUDWORM. 15 “We next visit Harpswell Neck, and found from our own observation and by inquiry from others that a large proportion of the spruces and firs for a distance of about 10 miles have died within about four years. The pleasure of driving over this picturesque road, with its striking northern harsh and wild scenery and frequent glimpses of Casco Bay, in former years greatly enhanced by riding through bits of deep, dark spruce forests, has been not a little marred by the acres and even square miles of dead spruces, stripped of their dark sea-green foliage, reduced to skeletons, and presenting a ghastly, saddening, and de- pressing sight, which border the road. And, indeed, one may travel through the spruce forests of the coast from Portland to Rockland and meet with similar sights. “We visited late in August, in company with A. G. Tenney, Esq., the farm of Mr. William Alexander, passing, before reaching the road leading to his house, an area of several acres from which the spruce growth had been cut off in consequence of their widespread destruction by insects. Mr. Alexander informed us that the spruce trees were, in his opinon, killed by small caterpillars which have been at- work for five years, but which were most destructive in 1879. These caterpillars he described as being the young of a small brown moth which laid its eggs in autumn; the caterpillars hatching from them were not inch- worms, but when fully grown the body tapered towards both ends, and were about three-quarters of an inch long, and were most destructive June 20, when they are seen among the buds at the ends of the branches, where they draw the leaves together, eating the buds and not the leaves. He had also seen borers in the trees, but he thought the death of the tree should be attributed to the bud-worms rather than to the borers. As will be seen further on, a number of caterpillars were found by us late this summer feeding upon leaves of the spruce and fir, but the worm observed by Mr. Alexander was probably one of the leaf-rolling caterpillars, a species of the family Tortricidae. A number of spruces and firs with their leaves still on but of a bright red, were observed scattered along the roadside; but no signs of leaf-worms or borers were observed in such trees, although the dead, leafless trees were infested with bark-borers. “T was informed by the late C. J. Noyes, Esq., of Brunswick, who was a summer resident at Merepoint, that in June and the first week in July, 1878, the spruces and firs were attacked by great numbers of ‘little measuring worms, like the currant worm in shape’, which eat the buds at the ends of the branches; since 1878 they had mostly disap- peared, and in the summer of 1881 he had noticed only four or five. “From Harpswell Neck we traced dead spruces and firs around to West Bath, where extensive forests had been destroyed and numbers of dead hemlocks were observed, while the wood was attacked and the bark undermined and perforated by Buprestid borers, bark borers, and the pine-weevil (Pissodes strobi). We have nowhere seen hemlock trees, which are more exempt than any other coniferous trees from the attacks of insects, so much infested. 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. “The death and destruction of spruce forests were reported to us at Rockland, Me., and at Calais, Me., the destruction having been observed by Mr. Sewell at the latter town in 1879. From these facts there is good reason to suppose that perhaps a third of the spruce and fir forests from near Portland to Calais have been destroyed by insects, most of the work of destruction having been accomplished four or five years ago, during 1878-70. “Similar damage has been done at points ten or twelve miles from the sea and in the interior of the State. The injury was especially noticed in North Topsham, near the Bowdoinham line. According to the statements of Mr. Willis, the agent of the Feldspar works in North Topsham, forwarded by Dr. C. A. Packard of Bath, Me., the spruces were in 1879 attacked by borers and also by small caterpillars, ‘not measuring worms’ (probably like those observed by Mr. Alexander at Harpswell.) The trees thus defoliated leaved out, becoming green again; and in 1880 and 1&81 the evil seemed to be diminishing, as has _been noticed at other places. “Further facts regarding the extent of the ravages of the spruce bud-worm. in Maine.—The following facts regarding the extent of the ravages of this caterpillar on the coast of Maine were gathered during the summer of 1883, and for want of space omitted from the report published in that of the Entomologist of the Department of Agricul- ture. “The westernmost locality at which the spruce bud-worm was ob- served was on Peak’s and other islands in Portland Harbor, the spruce not extending in any great quantity west of that city. The spruces about Sebago Lake were also destroyed by this worm or a similar caterpillar, in 1878, as we are informed by Rev. Mr. Kellogg, a Mr. Townsend being his authority. Around the shores of Casco Bay and on many of the islands, especially Birch Island, Orr’s Island, Jewell’s Island, and Great or Harpswell Island, also on Harpswell Neck, Mere Point, Prince’s Point, as well as other peninsulas extending into Casco Bay, wherever the spruces and firs grow thickly, extensive areas of these trees were observed; also similar masses of dead spruce were ob- served along the Maine Central Railroad, from Portland to Brunswick, and thence to Bath; also on the shores of Cathance River, at and near Bowdoinham, Me. Wherever the fiords or narrow bays and reaches extend inland, in Cumberland and Sagadahoc as well as Lincoln Coun- ties, the spruce and fir forests clothing their. shores had been invaded by this destructive caterpillar. Wherever the spruces were abundant on the Kennebec River, below Bath, particularly on the eastern side, at and near Parker’s Point, and also at and west of Fort Popham, there were extensive patches of dead spruces. Similar but smaller masses of dead spruce were observed along the steamer route from Bath to Boothbay Harbor, at and to the eastward of Southport; none were observed on Mouse or Squirrel Islands. In the course of a journey, at the end of July, from Brunswick along the coast to Eastport, we were oS ie <— (os ett eal pe 7, ie SPRUCE BUDWORM. 177, able to ascertain the eastern limits of the ravages of this worm. Sev- eral clumps of spruces which had just died were seen on the Knox and Lincoln Railroad before reaching the Wiscasset Station. At Waldoboro, southeast from the station, was an extensive area of dead spruces which presented the same characteristic appearance as in Cumberland County, and for two or three miles beyond Waldoboro there were to be seen large masses of dead spruces and firs. Beyond Warren no dead spruces were to be seen; none were observed about Rockland, Camden, Blue Hill, or the Islands of Penobscot Bay; none on Mount Desert, or on the islands from Mount Desert to East Machias, nor on the road from East Machias to Lubec, although the predominant growth is spruce. No dead spruces were to be seen about Eastport, nor along the railroad from St. Stephen’s to Vanceboro and thence to Bangor. From personal observation and inquiry it is safe for us to report that east\of the Penobscot River, in eastern Maine, south of Aroostook County, there are no areas of dead spruce. Returning to Brunswick from Bangor, the characteristic patches or large clumps of dead spruce and fir were not seen until we reach a point south of Richmond, and near Bowdoin- ham, on or near tide-water on the Cathance River. The general ab- sence of any extensive areas of dead spruces around the Rangeley Lakes and the White Mountains has already been referred to in our report. It thus appears that the injury from this worm has _ been confined, at least south of Aroostook County, to an area on the coast extending from Portland to Warren, and extending but a few miles inland from the sea to tide-water. “The injury resulting from the attacks of the bud caterpillar are characteristic, as we have stated, the trees: dying in masses or clumps of greater or less extent, as if the moths had spread out from different centers before laying their eggs and the caterpillars, hatching, had eaten the buds and leaves, and caused the trees to locally perish. From all we have learned the past season we are now convinced that the spruce bud worm (Tortrix fumiferana) is the primary cause of the disease on the coast. As remarked to us by the Rev. Elijah Kellogg, of Harpswell, Me., who has observed the habits of these caterpillars more closely than any one else we have met, where the worms have once devoured the buds the tree is doomed. This, as Mr. Kellogg re- marked, is due to the fact that there are in the spruce but a few buds, usually two or three at the end of a twig; if the caterpillar destroy these the tree does not reproduce them until the year following. If any one will examine the buds of the spruce and fir they will see that this must be the case. Hence the case with which the attacks of this caterpillar, when sufficiently abundant, destroy the tree. We have not noticed that the spruce and fir throw out new buds in July and August after such an invasion, the worm disappearing in June. On the other hand, the hackmatack or larch when wholly or partly defoliated by the saw-fly worm (Nematus) soon sends out new leaves. By the end of August we have observed such leaves about a quarter of an inch 2 18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10913. long. In the following spring a larch which has been stripped of its leaves the summer previous will leave out again freely, although the leaves are always considerably, sometimes one-half shorter. Now, if any one will examine the leaf buds of the larch it will be seen that they are far ‘more numerous than in the spruce and fir or other species of the genus Abies, being scattered along the twig at intervals of from a line to half an inch apart. Hence the superior vitality of the larch, at least, as regards its power of overcoming or recuperating from the effects of the loss of its leaves in midsummer. Besides this, the bud worm of the spruce and fir is most active and destructive in June, at the time the tree is putting forth its buds, while the hackmatack, which drops its leaves in the autumn, has become wholly leaved out some weeks before the saw-fly worms appear. For these reasons, while the spruce and fir usually die if most of the leaves and buds are eaten after the season’s attack, the larch may usually survive the loss of leaves for two seasons in succession. : “In addition to the facts regarding the great abundance of the bud worm we may cite information given us by Prof. L. A. Lee, of Bowdoin College, who observed the bud-worms in June, 1880, upon the spruces at Prince’s Point, Brunswick, and had no doubt but that they were sufficient to cause the death en masse of these trees. In 1882 we visited the locality, and many of the trees had been cut down for fuel......... te “During the season of 1886 and 1887, as in 1885 no traces of the caterpillars or moths of Tortrix fumiferana, formerly so destructive to the firs and spruce, were discovered.” For a period of 25 years there was no reoccurrence of any serious injury caused by this insect, and it was not until about 5 years ago that we again find them beginning to be trouble- some. . Dr. Fletcher records them from Manitoba in 1907. In July t909 myriads of the moths were noticed in western New York, many gaining entrance into houses and barns, where the females unable to find a suitable place for the deposi- tion of eggs laid them upon window sills and casements. Thou- sands found their death in the arc lights of the streets. In Canada, Dr. Hewitt states that in 1909 the larvae were defoliat- ing considerable areas of balsam and spruce in the upper Gatineau region about 100 miles north of Ottawa. ‘They are carried considerable distance by the wind and this method of disposal accounts for the rapid spread of the insect. During the succeeding years the insect has spread over a wide territory covering southeastern Canada east of Lake Huron. southward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastward to Nova Scotia, all of northern New England and northern New York. In Canada SPRUCE BUDWORM. 1g there are in addition several infestations in more western locali- ties as in Manitoba and Vancouver, while in the United States in Philadelphia in July rg11 the moths were so abundant that according to the daily papers street car traffic was suspended on one occasion owing to the moths upon the tracks. Dr. W. E. Britton (Twelfth Report, 1912) states “In Connecticut I have never seen them as abundant as they were the past season.” According to the observations of Dr. Packard the infestation of 30 years ago in Maine was practically confined to the coast region westward of the Penobscot river chiefly in Knox, Lin- coln, Sagadahoc, and Cumberland Counties. The present out- break covers a much wider range for we have records of the occurrence of the caterpillars from Aroostook, Penobscot, Pis- cataquis, Hancock, and Waldo counties. In the vicinity of Cas- tine, on the shores of Penobscot Bay and in the Moosehead lake region the insect was first reported in 1911, and though in all probability it occurred in various localities the previous year no reports were received at this Station of its occurrence in 1910, in Maine. The following extract from a letter of July 5, 1911 received from Mr. F.. L. Dean of Greenville Junction gives an idea of the situation in that locality. “We think the worms. have all transformed to pupae, and most of the pupae have hatched into moths which are getting to be very numerous in the woods now. As nearly as we can learn the infested region is from the East Outlet of Moosehead Lake to Township No. 4. Range .6, B. K. P. W. K. P. We have not heard of any of the worms north of Moose River. We cannot say how far south they are, but the center of the infestation seems to be in the vicinity of Parlin Road. The worms have been working on all sizes of spruce and fir trees and we think they have worked more on the fir than on the spruce. The worms have eaten this season’s growth and the small trees from which the entire season’s growth has been stripped are apparently dead.” HABITS AND DESCRIPTION. The first intimation that we usually have of the presence of the spruce bud worm is in the late spring or early summer when we see the trees by the roadside as well as in the woods look as if a light fire had passed through them. ‘The little caterpillars feed upon the needles of the new bud or terminal 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. shoots. They gnaw the base of the needles, separating them from the twig, spinning them together by means of the silken thread they secret. The larva thus forms a loose shelter, mov- ing about in the space between the twig and the loosened nee- dles and bud scale, and not, like many leaf-rolling caterpillars, living in a regular tube. he seriousness of the attack of this insect upon the conifers lies in the fact that the caterpillar feeds upon the buds and new growth, not turning its attention to the older growth until the young needles are entirely con- sumed. A recurrence of the attack for two or three consecu- tive years in severe infestations would cause the death of the iT ees The trees which are liable to attack are firs, spruces, larch (or tamarack,)* hemlock and white pine. According to obser- vations made by Mr. Wm. C. Woods in the region about Houl- ton, the firs are most susceptible. In woods where white, red and black spruce occur, the first mentioned is chiefly affected. At Houlton the larches were also injured. ‘Our own observa- tions made in the vicinity of Orono, Castine, east shore of Pen- obscot Bay and Seal Harbor on Mt. Desert Island confirm _those of Mr. Woods. On estates where the Norway spruce is found it vies with the white spruce in susceptibility to attack. The injury to the trees is most conspicuous about the time the larva is full grown, that is about the middle of June in the vi- cinity of Orono. At this time the fragments of the leaves left by the worms and the frass are quite conspicuous, and at a dis- tance trees which are seriously affected appear as scorched by fire (Fig. 8). Late in the season after the emergence of the moths, winds and rains have removed loose dry leaves and frass so that the tree, unless the old foliage has also been eaten no longer presents so desolate an appearance. The caterpillar (larva) begins feeding when growth starts in the spring becoming full fed between the first and middle of June. (Fig. 5). They are then about four-fifths of an inch long, of a reddish brown color, and have small light yellow warts on each segment of the body, the sides of the caterpillar are light in color. Sometimes they have a slightly greenish *Often though erroneously called the Juniper in Maine. SPRUCE BUDWORM. 21 tinge. About the middle of June they transform to brown chrysalids (Fig. 6) inside the loosely made shelters. In a week or ten days the small grayish brown moth (Fig. 7) emerges from the chrysalid dragging the empty case practically out of the larval shelter. The moths may be seen on the wing from the middle of June until toward the latter part of July. Though the moth is prettily marked with brown and black, the scales which adorn the wings are very easily rubbed off so that the insect when caught frequently appears to be of a uniform yellowish gray. Shortly after emergence the moths deposit their peculiar pale green scale like eggs in small oval patches (Fig. 4) on the sides of the needles, and they are not conspicu- ‘ous. About Orono the eggs were deposited early in July hatch- ing in a week or ten days. By July 27 nearly all ege masses examined were empty. It is said that the larvae feed on the terminal shoots of the branches for a short time before hiber- nating, and that they pass the winter as a very small caterpillar in a little shelter constructed near the bud. Extended search in the vicinity of Orono, by several experienced observers, and at Castine, Harborside, and Seal Harbor on Mt. Desert Isl., by the writer failed to reveal a trace of the young larvae. As it is certain that the young larvae do hibernate their disappearance this season in these localities seemed almost inexplicable. The only reasonable explanation which we have to offer is that the little caterpillars immediately after emergence were eaten’ by small spiders which were very abundant upon the spruces and which were seen to feed upon them on several occasions. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF EGGS, LARVA, PUPA AND ADULT. Egg. (Fig. 4) Pale green, scale-like, broad, flat, beneath, moder- -ately convex above, cval cylindrical, finely but irregularly granulated. The shell is thin, and at first very soft. Length 09 to 1.4 mm.; ‘breadth 0.8 to 1 mm. The patches about 3 mm. in diameter, and com- posed of as many as thirty eggs. ‘The eggs overlapped each other irreg- ularly, leaving about a third or fourth of the surface of each egg exposed. “Larva, first stage. When first hatched the young caterpillar is uniformly pale peagreen, with a yellowish tint. Head dark brown, but the cervical shield pale amber, with two dark dots on the hinder edge; -hairs nearly half as long as the body is thick; length 2.5 mm. At this 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. time the young worms are very active, letting themselves down by a thread as readily as when fully grown. “Larva before last molt. Body not quite so thick as full-fed worm; more uniformly rust-red brown; the piliferous warts duller in color, sometimes not much paler than the rest of the body towards the head, though higher and more distinct towards the end of the body. Head black and prothoracic shield black, the latter pale on front margin; no well-marked, broad, lateral, yellowish-brown band. Length 12 to 13 mm. “Larva (full-fed). Body unusually thick and stout, tapering grad- ually from the middle to the end, and slightly flattened from above, as usual; head not quite so wide as the body, of the usual form, dark, almost black-brown, but lighter than before the last molt, mouthparts dark, with paler membranous rings at the articulations; antennae with the terminal joint black. “Prothoracic shield pale brown, paler than the body, with a pair of, dark blotches on the hinder edge in the middle, and other scattered, smaller, dark, irregular blotches, of which two are situated in the middle of the front edge, the latter pale whitish. Body rich umber- brown, diffused with olive-green, especially on the suttres; with very conspicuous and showy, large, whitish-yellow, piliferous warts, forming flattened minute tubercles, with a dark center from which the hair arises. On the top of the second and third thoracic segments is a transverse row of four warts on each segment; on the upper side of the abdominal segments are four warts arranged in a short trapezoid; they are far apart transversely, but unusually near together antero-posterior to the body; on the penultimate segment is a median, broad, light-yel- lowish spot on the hinder edge of the segment: a large, round, convex area, forming the supra-anal plate, from which arise about six fine, long pale-brown hairs. Anal legs spreading, with two or three piliferous callosites; the terminal segment and anal legs concolorous, with an ir- regular, broad, pale-yellowish lateral band reaching to the prothoracic segment, and slightly tinged with ferruginous. In this band, on the side of each segment, is a pale-whitish, flattened wart, directly in front of and adjoining the spiracle; along the narrow, lateral, fleshy ridge on each segment is a long, narrow, pale-yellowish wart. Beneath dull, livid greenish, with (on each segment) a transverse row of four bright- yellowish warts, concolorous with those above; the two inner ones are ~ minute, the outer ones much larger. Thoracic legs black-brown; the four pairs of abdominal median legs are pale, almost whitish; all the hairs are fine and light-brown in color, and one-half as.long as the body is broad. Length 19 mm. “Pupa. Body very thick, the thorax especially unusually swollen; the body, soon after’ changing. pale horn-colored, striped with brown; an- tennae and legs dark horn-color or dull tan-brown; wings pale, with the veins dark; the thorax pale horn, spotted with dark tan-brown, with three irregular, dark, dorsal stripes; meso-scutellum and metanotum eS. hain ae q q : ‘ K. ‘ SPRUCE BUDWORM. 23 dark; abdominal:segments above, with two rows of stout spines; a lat- eral row of dark spots, and a medium spot on the two basal segments; similar spots on the succeeding segments lengthened and connecting the lateral spots. Beneath are two irregular rows of diffuse spots; the hinder edge of the segments darkened; the terminal segment uniform dark, shining, tan-brown, ending in a long, stout point, on each side of which are two tightly-curled spines, and two stouter but less curled larger ones at the end, arising from a common base. Length 12 mm. “Moth. {snOIVGIATA o}RIL “14INDS Eel ‘snoIvdlAIA 94v]e is ‘ 401091q ‘VV ‘g]2oS OWS 94} 0} UMEIP [[B “MINL4aYyJUDLOUD]? HY jo wuuoyuy “ey “SI —f — Sa ; APHID CONTROL. Shade or ornamental trees can be protected frequently from serious aphid attacks by keeping watch from year to year. This is especially desirable while trees are young. Later it is more difficult, but the dam- age is not usually as serious on large well established trees. From small or isolated trees the galls of gall forming species can sometimes be collected by hand before the aphides leave them. thus lessening the trouble in that vicinity for another year. Species inhabiting the trunk of large branches can be destroyed in great numbers by using a brush dipped in any of the spray solutions ordinarily used for aphides. Tips of branches bearing leaves which have been curled by aphides can be dipped into a tobacco decoction long enough for the solution to penetrate. Such a method as this is of course only applicable for a few treasured plants or small trees. In recent years tobacco extracts have rapidly taken the place of other sprays for aphides, and well informed apple growers are using them almost to the exclusion of other insecticides. It should be remembered that this is a contact insecticide and kills only the insects actually touched. It is, therefore, necessary to be very thorough in the spraying Formula—Tobacco Decoction. sRobaccomstems or tobacco: dustz.<. cs: toskes . 2 pounds. WYBUSIP 535-3 oe eae Baccano Ocean Eee et 4 gallons. Put the tobacco in the water, enough to cover, which may be either cold or hot. Place over the fire and when the water has reached the boiling point, remove some of the fire and allow the water to simply simmer for fully one hour, when the liquid is ready to be drained off, diluted to the above proportions and applied. Boiling violently drives off the nicotine. If whole-leaf tobacco is used, prepare as above, using one pound of tobacco to each four gallons of water. No lime or other alkaline substance should be added to the tobacco while cooking. Apply at once or within a few days after making, if: possible. Certain reliable extracts such as “Black Leaf,’ “Black Leaf 40,” and “Nikoteen” are on the market and can be secured through local drug- gists. The Black Leaf preparations are manufactured by The Kentucky Tobacco Product Company, Louisville, Ky., and are carried by the Col- lins Hardware Company, 97 Friend St., Boston, Mass. Nikoteen is manufactured by The Nicotine Manufacturing Company, St. Louis, Mo., and can be secured from Joseph Brick & Sons, 47-54 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Q2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. Directions for use come with the products. There is nothing to do in the preparation of these extracts except to stir the contents of the can before pouring out any quantity for dilution. In most cases one gallon of the Black Leaf will be found sufficient for each seventy gallons of water. But if in the treatment of any louse this does not seem suf- ficient it may be used in proportion of one gallon to sixty or sixty-five gallons of water. ‘Careful sprayers have usually succeeded in killing plant lice with this preparation in the proportion of one gallon to each one hundred gallons of water. Thoroughness of application is of as much importance as the strength of the material used. Nikoteen is a more concentrated abstract, 1 part being used with from 400 to 600 parts of water. Black Leaf 40 is a concentrated solution of nicotine-sulphate and is widely and successfully used in large western orchards, at the rate of I part to 700 or 800 parts of water. It is the common practice to add soap,—whale oil soap or good laun- dry soap at the rate of 2 bars to 50 gallons. This is to lessen the formation of drops, causing the spray to cover surfaces more in the form of a thin film. Better success is obtained by some by using a little lime instead of soap, the inert solid in suspension aiding the extract to ‘“‘wet” and “stick” to the bodies of the aphids. For this purpose I pound of stone lime, slaked and strained into 50 gallons of tobacco extract as prepared for application, is sufficient. When other plant enemies besides aphids are present “Combination sprays” are frequently successfully applied. Self-boiled lime-sulphur (8-8-50 cold) may be used adding 1-70 of its volume of Black Leaf. On the same basis Black Leaf may be combined with Bordeaux (5-5-50) or with lead arsenate or with both together when foes combine against one kind of plant. FOOD PLANT CATALOGUE OF THE APHIDAE OF THE WORLD. Part [I.* EpitaH M. PatcuH. SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY. POPULUS. Poplar. Aspen. P. alba L. (canescens). White Poplar, Silver-leaved Poplar. Chaitophorus populi (Linn.) Pass. (Myzaegirus Amyot), (Arctaphis populi Walker). Buckton, 2, p. 142. Cladobius populae Kalt. (Aphis) Macchiati, 1883, p. 260. ’ Guercioja populi Del Guercio. Mordwilko, 1908, p. 361 (9). Lachnus longirostris Fab? Passerini, 1860, p. 38. Lachnus longirostris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 92. Lachnus longirostris Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 562. Pachypappa vesicalis Koch. Cholodkovsky, 1901, p. 293. Schizoneura tremulae DeGeer. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 561. P. angustifolia James (laevigata). Chaitophorus populicola Thomas. Hunter, 1go1, p. 88. Pemphigus populi-monilis Riley. ‘Cowen, 1895, p. 116. P. balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac (1911). Aphis populifoliae Davis, 1910. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 82. Chaitophorus populicola Thomas. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 78. Melanoxantherium bicolor Oestlund. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 85. Pemphigus balsamiferae Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), p. 8. Pemphigus gravicornis Patch. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 75. Pemphigus popularius Fitch. Jackson, 1908, p. Iot. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Jackson, 1908, p. 193. Pemphigus populiconduplifolius ‘Cowen. Gillette, 1909a, p. 355. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 76. Pemphigus populiglobuli Fitch. Jackson, 1908, p. 197. Pemphigus populimonilis Riley. Essig, 1912, p. 707. Patch, 1913, Brleame i pais Pemphigus populiramulorum Riley. Jackson, 1908, p. 2009. Pemphigus populitransversus Riley. Jackson, 1908, p. 207. Pemphigus populivenae Fitch. Jackson, 1908, p. 195. Stagona vesicalis Rudow. Rudow, 1875, p. 240. * Papers from the ‘Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 66. For Part I see Bulletin 202. 94. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10913. P. berolinensis. Pemphigus bursarius 1, (lactucarius Pass) (pyriformis Licht.) Tullgren, 1909, p. 122 i P. canadensis. Pemphigus filaginis Boyer. (gnaphalii Kalt) (prociphilus gnaphalii Koch) (Pachypappa marsupialis Koch) (ovato-oblongus Kess- ler). Tullgren, 1900, p. 136. P. candicans Ait. Balm-of-Gilead. Aphis candicans Fitch. Monell, 1870, p. 26. Chaitophorus candicans Thomas. Hunter, 1901, p. 87. Melanoxanthus salicis Linn. Cowen, 1895, p. 117. P. deltoides Marsh. (monilifera) (angulata) Cotton-wood, Necklace Poplar. Arctaphis sp. Cooley, 1912, p. 89. “New Aphis of \Cottonwoods.” Chaitophorus populicola Thomas. 1879, p. 104. Chaitophorus populifolia Fitch (stevensis Sanborn). Sanborn, 1904, p. 36 and 1906, p. 225. : Chaitophorus populifoliae (Fitch). Hunter, 1901, p. 88. Melanoxantherium salicti Harris. Weed, 1801, p. 290. Pemphigus betae Doane. Gillette, 1912, (24th Rept. Exp. Sta.) p. 28. “On ‘Cottonwood.” Pemphigus bursarius Linn? Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 78. Pemphigus oestlundi Cockerell, 1906, p. 34. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Sanborn, 1904, p. 20. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Jackson, 1908, p. 193. Pemphigus populiconduplifolius Cowen. Jackson, 1908, p. 217. Pemphigus populitransversus Riley. Sanborn, 1904, p. 22. Pemphigus populitransversus Riley. Jackson, 1908, p. 207. Pemphigus pseudobyrsa Walsh. Jackson, 1908, p. 199. Phylloxera popularia Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 266. (In galls of Pemphigus transversus Riley). Phylloxera prolifera Oestlund. Oecestlund, 1887, p. 17. (In galls of Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch). P. Fremonti S. Wats. Chaitophorus populicola Thomas. Williams, 18901, p. 9. Melanoxanthus salicti (Harris). Williams, 1801, p. 9. Mordwilkoja oestlundi (Cockerell) (Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh) Davis, 1911, p. 4. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Williams, 1891, p. 9. Pemphigus populimomilis Riley. Davidson, 1910, p. 374. Pemphigus populiramulorum Riley. Jackson, 1908, p. 209. ' Pemphigus populitransversus Riley. Williams, 1801, p. 9. Pemphigus pseudobyrsa (Walsh). Williams, 1891, p. 9. Phylloxera prolifera Oestlund. Williams, 1891, p Thomasia populifoliae (Fitch). Essig, 1912a, p. 716. P. grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Aphis populifoliae Fitch. Thomas, 1879, p. 102. Aphis (Dactynus) populus-grandidentata Raf. Rafinesque, 1818. APHID PESTS OF MAINE, II. WILLOW FAMILY. 95 Chaitophorus populi (Linn). Hunter, tgor, p. 88. Chaitophorus populifoliae (Fitch) “= C. populi (Linn.)?” Oe6est- lund, 1887, p. 30. P. nigra L. Black Poplar. Anuraphis populi Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910). Redia VII, p. 208. Aphis populi 1. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 561. Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch. Passerini, 1863, p. 58. Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch., Pass. Buckton, 2, p. 135. Chaitophorus lyratus Ferrari. Del Guercio, 1900, p. IIo. Chaitophorus nassonowi Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 410. Chaitophorus populi (Linn) Pass. (Myzaegirus Amyot) (Arcta- phis populi Walker). Buckton, 2, p. 142. Chaitophorus versicolor Koch (Aphis populi var. Kalt) Ferrari, 1872, p. 76. Lachnus viminalis Boyer. (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 80. Pemphigus affinis Kalt. (Thecabius populneus Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74. , Pemphigus bursarius (L.) Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 561. Pemphigus bursarius Hartig. (Eriosoma populi Mosley) (Aphioides bursaria Rondani). Buckton, 3, p. 118. Pemphigus filaginis Boyer (gnaphalii Kalt.) (Prociphilus gnap- halii Koch) (Pachypappa marsupialis Koch). (ovato-oblon- gus Kessler). Tullgren, 1909, p. 136. Pemphigus spirothecae Koch (affinis Koch) (Puceron de peuplier Reaumur). Buckton, 3, p. 122. Pemphigus spyrothecae Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 39. Pemphigus tortuosus Rudow. Rudow, 1875, p. 248. Pemphigus vesicarius Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 76. Stomaphis bobretzkyi Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 411. Stomaphis longirostris (Fab.). Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia Veps 3445 Thecabius populneus Koch. Koch, p. 295. Thecabius populneus Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 562. P. pyramidalis Salisb. (italica Duroi) (dilatata), Lombardy Poplar. Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch. Kessler, 1882, p. 37. Chaitophorus nassonowi Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 410. Chaitophorus populeus (Kalt.) (Lachnus punctatus Burm?) (Cladobius populeus Koch). Buckton, 2, p. 137. Chaitophorus populi (Linn). Pass. (Myzaegirus Amyot) (Arctaphis populi Walker). Buckton, 2, p. 142. Cladobius populea Kalt. (Aphis.) Ferrari, 1872, p. 76. Drepanosiphum smaragdinum Koch. Koch, p. 205. Drepanosiphum (Aphis) tiliae Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 56r. Pemphigus affinis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 561. Pemphigus bursarius Linn. Reaum (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 83. Pemphigus bursarius MHartig (Eriosoma populi Mosley) (Aphioides bursaria Rondani). Buckton, 3, p. 118. (ele) MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. Pemphigus filaginis Boy de Fonsc. gnaphalii Kalt.) (Proci- philus gnaphalii Koch.) (Pachypappa marsupialis Koch) (ovato-oblongus Kessler). Tullgren, 1909, p. 136. Pemphigus glandiformis Rudow. Rudow, 1875, p. 247. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Jackson, 1908, p. 193. Pemphigus protospirae Licht. Tullgren, 1909, p. 155. Pemphigus spirothecae Pass. (affinis Koch). Tullgren, 1909, p. 161. P. tremula TL, Aphis populi tremulae Ascanius. Hagen, p. 440. Asiphum populi (Fab.) Koch. Koch, p. 246. Asiphum tremulae DG. Tullgren, 1909, p. 66. Chaitophorus populi (Linn.) Pass. (Myzaegirus Amyot) (Arctaphis populi. Walker). Buckton, 2, p. 142. Chaitophorus populi (Linn.) (Ch. tremulae Koch). Koch, p. 9. Chaitophorus versicolor Koch. Passerini Flora. Pachypappa lactea Tull. Tullgren, 1909, p. 72. P, tremuloides Michx. (trepida). American aspen. Aphis populifoliae Davis, 1910. Patch, rg13, Bul. 213, p. 82. Aphis (Dactynus) populus-trepida Raf. Rafinesque, 1818. Chaitophorus brunert Williams. Williams, 1910, (1911), p. 26. Chaitophorus delicata Patch. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 8o. Chaitophorus populicola Thomas. Gillette, 1909a, p. 388. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 78. Cladobius beulahensis ‘Cockerell. Cockerell, 1904, p. 263. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Hunter, 1901, p. 78. Pemphigus? rileyi Stebbins. Stebbins, 1910, p. 9. P, trichocarpa Torr. & Gray. Chaitophorus populicola Thos. (?). Essig, 1909, p. 98. Chaitophorus salicicola Essig. Essig, 191Ib, p. 534. Eichochaitophorus populifolii Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 715. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Essig, 1912a, p. 712. Pemphigus populimonilis Riley. Gillette, 1909a, p. 356. Pemphigus populitransversus Riley. Davidson, 1910, p. 372. P. sp. Aphis populi-albae Boyer. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Byrsocrypta vagabunda Walsh. Walsh, 1862, p. 306. (migrants “on various forest trees”). Chaitophorus albus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899 (1901), p. 4r0. Chaitophorus populifoliae Fitch. Davidson, 1910, p. 375. Cladobius longirostris Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, (1901), p. Ants Cladobius rufulus Davidson. Davidson, I910, p. 375. Lachnus -longistigma Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 31. Pemphigus borealis Tullgren. Tullgren, 1909, p. 146. Pemphigus immunis Buckton. Buckton, 18096, p. 51. Pemphigus infaustus Ferrari. Lichtenstein, 1885 (“var. de P. spirothecae Pass.”). APHID PESTS OF MAINE, II. WILLOW FAMILY. Q7 Pemphigus lichtensteini Tull. Tullgren 1909, p. 151. Pemphigus napaeus Buckton. Buckton, 1896, p. 50. Pemphigus oestlundi Cockerell. (P. vagabundus (Walsh) of authors). O6cestlund, 1887, p. 22. Cockerell, 1906, p. 34. Pemphigus populi Courchet. Courchet, 1881, p. 46. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch (betae Doane?). Clarke, 1903, p. 248. : Pemphigus spiriformis Licht. Zodlogical Record, 1886, p. 319 (misprint for pyriformis). . Pemphigus tortuosus Rudow. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Pemphigus varsoviensis Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 4IT. Schizoneura passertnii Signoret. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Schizoneura populi Gillette. Gillette, I901, p. I. Thecabius (Pemphigus) affinis Kalt. (ranunculi Kalt.). Tullgren, 1909, p. IIO. SALIX. Willow. S. acuminata. Lachnus viminalis (Boyer) Pass. (salicis Shaw?) (salicis Cur- tis?) (saligna Walker). Buckton, 3, p. 57. S. alba L. (vitellina) White Willow. Aphis populea Kalt. (Lachnus punctatus Burmeister). Kalten- bach, 1843, p. 117. Aphis populea Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 561. Aphis salicis Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 586. Chaitophorus saliceti Schrank (Aphis). Macchiati, 1883, p. 261. Chaitophorus salicti Schrank (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 77. Chaitophorus smitheae Monell. Monell, 1870, p. 32. Chaiophorus viminalis Monell (7). Weed, 1888, p. 133. Chattophorus wvitellinae Schrank (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p: 76. Cladobius populae Kalt (Aphis). Macchiati, 1883, p. 260. Cladobius steinheili Mordwilko. - Mordwilko, 1899, p. 350. (? on Salix alba). Lachnus longirostris Fab? (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 81. Lachnus longirostris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 92. Lachnus longirostris Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 562. Lachnus viminalis Boyer. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. Del Guercio, 1907 (1908). Redia V, p. 345. Melanoxanthus salicis (Linn.). Williams, 1891, p. 27. Melanoxanthus smithiae Morell. Williams, 1891. p. 27. Myzus ribis Linn. et auct (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 62. Siphocoryne capreae (Fab.) Pass. (pastinacae L.) (A. aegopodii Scop) (R. capreae Koch) (R. cicutae Koch) (A umbellatarum Koch). Passerini, 1863. p. 52. Stomaphis longirostris (Fab.) (Aphis Fab.) (Phylloxera- Boyer) (Lachnus Passerini) Del Cuercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V, pp. 259. 344. 98 Ss. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow. Aphis salicicola (Thomas). Cowen, 1895, p. 121. . babylonica L. (annularis) Weeping Willow. Aphis capreae Fab. (A. aegopodii Scop.). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 100. Aphis saliceti Kalt. Passerini, 1863, p. 37. Aphis vitellinae Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. Chaitophorus viminalis ‘Monell (?). Weed, 1888, p. 133. Rhopalosiphum salicis Monell. Monell, 1879, p. 27. . laevigata Bebb. Chaitophorus salicicola Essig. Essig, 191tb, p. 534. Fullawaya saliciradicis Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 716. Macrosiphum laevigatae Essig. Essig, 1911b, p. 540. Micrella monelli Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 715. Symdobius salicicorticis Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 715. lapponum L,. Chaetophorus salicivorus Passerini. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 213. lasiolepis Benth. Micrella monelli Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 715. . longifolia M. (interior) Sand Bar Willow. Chaitophorus nigrae Oestlund. ‘Cowen, 1895, p. 117. Melanoxanthus salicis (Linn.). Williams, 1801, p. 27. . lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Chaitophorus viminalis Monell (?). Weed, 1888, p. 133. Melanoxanthus salicis (Linn.). Williams, 1891, p. 27. Siphocoryne (Rhopalosiphum) salicis (Monell). Odcstlund, 1887, p. 70. . macrostachya Nutt. Symdobius macrostachyae Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 715. Thomasia crucis Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 716. . nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Chaitophorus nigrae Oestlund. Oestlund, 1887, p. 4o. Rhopalosiphum salicis Monell. Monell; 1879, p. 27. . nigricans Sm. Chaitophorus capreae Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 136. Chaitophorus salictti (Schrank) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 60. Cladobius populea (Kalt.) Koch. Passerini, 1863, p. 56. . purpurea |, Purple Willow. Chaitophorus salicivora Walker? Passerini, 1860, p. 37. Chaitophorus salicivora Pass. (salicivora Walker?) Passerini, 1863, p. 58. Lachnus viminalis Boyer. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. . repens L, Chaitophorus hypogeus Del Guercio. Schouteden, 1906, p. 213. . caprea |, Aphis alterna Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 43. . Aphis capreae Fab. (A. aegopodii Scop.) Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 100. APHID PESTS OF MAINE, II. WILLOW FAMILY. 99 Aphis populea Kalt. (Lachnus punctatus Burmeister). Kalten- bach, 1843, p. 117. Aphis saliceti Kalt. Buckton, 2, p. 53. Aphis salicis Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 586. Aphis secunda Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 44. Chaitophorus capreae Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 137. Chaitophorus salicivorus (Walker) Pass. Buckton, 2, p. 135. Lachnus viminalis Boyer. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. Del Guercio 1907 (1908) Redia V, p. 345. S. cinerea L. Aphis saliceti Kalt. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910) Redia VII, p. 297. Chaetophorus salicivorus Passerini. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 213. Chaetophorus salicti Schrank. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 213. Lachnus viminalis (Boyer) (Aphis saligna Sulzer, Walker, p. 959). (A. salicina Zett.) (A. salicis Curtis) (Lachnus dentatus Le Baron) Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V,.p. 345. Melanoxantherium sp. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 215. S. cordata Muhl. Chaitophorus cordatae Williams. Williams, I910 (1911), p. 27. Chaitophorus viminalis Monell. Williams, 1910 (1011), p. 30. S. daphnoides Vill. Lachnus viminalis (Boyer) Pass. (salicis Shaw?) (salicis Cur- tis?) (saligna Walker). Buckton, 3, p. 57. S. discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Aphis (Siphonophora) salicicola (Thomas) Monell. O6estlund, 1887, p. 63. S. fragilis L. (Russelliana). Crack Willow. ‘Aphis vitellinae Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. Lachnus viminalis Boyer. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. S. glaucophylla. Chaitophorus n. sp. Sanborn. Sanborn, 1904, p. 34. S, speciosa, Aphis spectabilis Ferrari. Ferrari, 1872, p. 64. S. triandra L,. Aphis vitellinae Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 58s. S. viminalis L. Osier. Aphis saliceti Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 64. Del Guercio, Redia Wales pan207) Aphis salicti Kalt. Theobald, 1911-12. Cladobius populca (Kalt.) Koch. Passerini, 1863, p. 56. Lachnus longirostris Fab.? (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 8r. Lachnus viminalis (Boyer) Pass. (A. saligna Walker?). Pas- serini, 1860, p. 64. (dentatus Le Baron) Del Guercio, 1907 (1908), Redia V, pp. 281, 345. Melanoxanthus salicis (Linn.). Buckton, 2, p. 23. S. vitellina L. Aphis populea Kalt. .Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 561. Cladobius populea (Kalt.) Koch. Passerini, 1863, p. 56. lOO MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. Lachnus longirostris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 92. Lachnus longirostris Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 562. S_ sp. Aphis amenticola Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 586. Aphis cicutae Koch. (capreae Fab.) Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. Aphis gracilis Walker. Walker, 1852, p. 1040. Aphis saliceti Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 585. Aphis saliceti Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 586. Aphis salicicola (Thomas) Monell (A. brevifurca Monell MSS) Monell, 1870, p. 24. Aphis salicicola Thomas. Gillette, 1910, p. 403. Aphis salicina Zetterstedt. (Chaitophorus?) Tullgren, 1909, p. 6. Aphis pilosa Haldeman (A. salicis?) Hunter, 1901, p. 102. Aphis spectabilis Ferrari (? amenticola Kaltenbach). Schoute- den, 1906a, p. 228. Aphis truncata Hausmann. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Chaitophorus populeus (Kalt.) (Lachnus punctatus Burm?) Buckton, 2, p. 139. Chaitophorus salicicola Monell. (Lachnus_ salicicola Uhler?) Thomas, 1879, p. I05. Chaitophorus salicis Williams. Williams, 1801, p. 27. Chaitophorus viminalis Monell. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 80. Chaitophorus sp. Davidson, 1909, p. 301. Cladobius rufulus Davidson. Davidson, 1900, p. 300. Lachnus dentatus Le Baron. Weed, 1800, p. 117. Lachnus salicellis Fitch (1. salicicola Harris?). Thomas, 1870, D. 110. ; Lachnus saligna Walker. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Lachnus viminalis (Boyer) (LL. dentatus Le Baron). Oe¢estlund, 1887, p. 32. Macrosiphum laevigatae Essig. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 84. Melanoxantherium antennatum Patch. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. Melanoxanthus bicolor Oestlund. Weed, 1801, p. 290. Melanoxantherium flocculossum (Weed). Gillette, 1909a, p. 385. Melanoxantherium salicis (Linn.). Gillette, 1909a, p. 387, Patch, TOMS, Biuilw2rzap: os: Melanoxantherium salicti Harris. Patch, 1913, Bul. 213, p. 86. Melanoxanthus salicis (Linn.). Weed, 1890, p. II5. Melanoxanthus smithiae (Monell). Gillette, 1909a, p. 387; Patch, LON) Bule2is a parco: Myzus achyrantes Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 71. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Nectarophora californica Clarke. Clarke, 1903, p. 254. Phylloxera salicicola Pergande.. Pergande, 1904b, p. 260. Phylloxerina salicis (Licht.) CB. Borner, 1909b, p. 60. Pterocomma pilosa Buckton. Buckton, 2, p. 144. Siphocoryne aegopodu Scopoli. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Siphocoryne salicis Monell. Weed, 1893, p. 207. Siphonophora salicicola Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 193. Fig. 46. 130. MAINE AGRICULTURAL WXPERIMENT STATION. 1973. 87.5. If therefore, the coefficients of Table 1 are plotted the result will be the maximum limiting curve of inbreeding. ILLUSTRATION IJ. Parent X OFFSPRING BREEDING. The next illustration of the application of coefficients of in- breeding will be the general case of back-crossing, that is the mating of parent X offspring. The values of the successive coefficients for parent * off- spring breeding for 16 ancestral generations are given in Table 2. ‘TABLE 2. Values of the Successive Coefficients of Inbreeding in the Case of Continued Parent X Offspring Mating. CoEFFICcIENT oF|Ancestral Generations) Numerical Value of INBREEDING. Included. Coefficient. Zo 1 0) Zl. 2 25 Z2 3 50 Z3 4 68.75 Za 5 81.25 Zs 6 89.06 Z6 7 93.75 7 8 96.48 Z8 9 98 .05 Z9 10 98.93 Z10 11 99.41 Zi 12 99.68 Zi2 13 99.83 Zl3 14 99.91 Z14 15 99.95 Zl5 16 99 .97 By comparison of this table with Table 1 it is evident that while the increase in intensity of inbreeding is not so rapid in the first few ancestral generations by this parent x offspring type of breeding as with the brother X sister type, by the time the roth ancestral generation is reached the values are, for practical purposes, the same. IntustrRATIoN II]. THe PrpicREE oF THE JERSEY Cow, Brss WEAVER (155121).* Leaving now the hypothetical cases we may consider some pedigrees of actually existing animals. For a first illustration of this sort the Jersey cow Bess Weaver may be taken. Her pedigree through four ancestral generations is shown in pedi- gree table II. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF INBREEDING. 121 PEDIGREE TABLE II. o | % No. 35913 of No. 26271 J No. 14207 & vs Alphea’s Stoke Pogis ® Juno’s Stoke Pogis Ba No. 14436 fe) Sisera’s Stoke | Carlo’s Juno | Pogis | 7 | is No. 37346 2 No. 18811 “Ep Duchess Stoke Pogis iS) Sisera mH No. 6246 & Edith Darby (o} — RD No. 79860 ° No. 19350 oA No. 10469 | Regal Koffee | 2 Patrick Fawkes eae No. 21574 Q | Kermesse o Baltimore — S No. 17900 ie) No. 3286 fot of Champion’s Son 2 Avoca 2nd A cS} No. 17769 g > a Avoca a oO | = | ‘ n € n Ot No. 35913 ¢ No. 26271 fot No. 14207 fot a} 8 x x Alphea’s Stoke Pogis Juno’s Stoke Pogis No. 14436 | Sisera’s Stoke x Carlo’s Juno Pogis : —— No. 87346 Q No. 18811 rot x x Duchess Stoke Pogis oe Sisera o No. 6246 3 x Edith Darby CE | Sa SS eee ES as | & | No. 1266269 | No. 36382 3 | No. 19350 o | 80 9) Patrick Fawkes | ow General Kelly | No. 95606 | ae) Balm mh Oe Kate Weaver a ee No. 95606 Q No. 7056 Ya} loa America’s Champion va lars Balm = 6 iS No. 95605. _ Q Zita Maid of Gilead 2nd | In the twelfth ancestral generation the theoretically possible number of different ancestors is 4096. In a relatively long pedigree, such as arises in dealing with registered cattle, it would obviously be an extremely tedious business to determine the value of qg by direct counting, as has been done in the preceding simpler illustrations. The calculation of the coeffici- ents of inbreeding may be greatly simplified in the case of long pedigrees by a system of counting which makes the line of * The illustrations from actual pedigrees used in this abstract are not the same as those used in the complete paper. The two illustrations here given are chosen because of their probably greater interest to the Sta- tion’s constituency. 132 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION: I912- descent the unit rather than the individual. This system is used in the above pedigree as an illustration of method, al- though only 4 ancestral generations are here considered. While each individual animal which is eliminated because of previous appearances in a lower ancestral generation is marked with an X, those at the apex of a line of descent are marked with a cross’ within a~circle. ‘These latter are all that need to be counted directly. Their elimination automatically eliminates their own ancestors. Thus the bull Sisera’s Stoke Pegis first appears in the second ancestral generation as the sire of Davy Stoke Pogis. He next appears (here marked with a cross within a circle) in the same generation as the sire of Peg Weaver. He will, by the general rule for coefficients of in- breeding, not be counted as a “different”? ancestor the second time in this generation. But this automatically eliminates his two parents in the third ancestral generation, his four grand- parents in the fourth generation, and so on until in the twelfth generation 1024 ancestors of Sisera’s Stoke Pogis will be so eliminated. The same consideration applies in every other like case. Practically then the method of dealing with a pedigree of this sort is first to go through and indicate in a distinctive way every primary* reappearance of individuals. Then form a table on the plan of Table 3, the character of which is so obvious as not to need detailed explanation. This table is to be read in the following way: Because of the reappearance of Sisera’s Stoke Pogis in the 2nd ancestral generation Bess Weaver has 1 fewer ancestors in that genera- tion than she would have had in the entire absence of inbreed- ing; 2 fewer in the 3rd generation and so on. ‘The totals of the columns of this table are the values, for each generation, of Pno+1 Ta haecial * By “primary” reappearance in the pedigree is meant a reappearance as the sire or dam of an individual which has not itself appeared before in the lower ancestral generations. Thus Patrick Fawkes makes a primary reappearance in the fourth ancestral generation as the sire of General Kelly, a bull which is not found in any generation below the third. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF INBREEDING. ~1[33 TABLE 3. Working Table Used in Calculating the Coefficients of inbreeding for Pedigree Table II. ANCESTRAL GENERATION. | ANIMAL. a reall 2). 3. 4, | Sisera’s Stoke Pogis............... 1 2 4 | Patricks Hawkesilor-)erajeiaiers yore shes) e)/+H> - - tae ABS silimipsetaentcanerarenwevenernteney oer ca aa area - - 1 “Mary Sia Ay Biogen Sia Bed oo 1 2 6 in (i). These totals, multiplied by 100, have then merely to be divided by p,,, in order to obtain the successive Z’s. The whole operation may be very quickly carried out. It is not necessary, in fact, to fill out the whole of the later columns of the table, the entries may be cumulated. For the present pedigree we have Zo = 0, as always* 100 (1) Z1 == ———— = 25% 4 100 (2) ZL: = ———— _ = 25% 8 100 (6) Zi — amy a 97/2 16 From these values it is seen that in the first four ancestral generations the cow Bess Weaver is 37.5 percent inbred. This is a perfectly definite figure, directly comparable with similar constants for other animals. Of course, if we were to go back more generations we should find Bess Weaver still more inbred, that is, the coefficients would grow larger with each case of the mating of relatives. Since the case is cited here merely for illustration of method, four generations only are considered. * The apparent paradox implied in the fact that Z must always be zero, or in other words that in the first ancestral generation, considered alone, there is no inbreeding will be cleared up, if it strikes the reader as paradoxical, by a reconsideration of the general principle numbered 5 on p. 127. The point of course is that it is impossible to say whether the parents are or are not related to one another until something is known of their parentage, or in other words, until a second ancestral generation is considered. 134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL HXPERIMENT STATION. IQI%. ILLUSTRATION IV. THE PEDIGREE OF THE JERSEY Cow, FiccIs 20th or Hoop Farm (1903060). Figgis 20th of Hood Farm (190306) is a cow which, in official test for advanced registry, produced as a two year old 437 lbs. 14.4 oz. butter fat. This is a high record. The com- plete pedigree of this animal has been worked out for 12 ances- tral generations, and the coefficients of inbreeding calculated. Twelve generations cover practically the whole of the known pedigree of this cow. On account of its great length it is impossible in the space here available to reproduce this pedi- gree. Nor is it necessary. The inbreeding coefficients in a quarter of a page give more clear and definite information regarding the amount of inbreeding practised in the breeding of Figgis 20th than could any visual inspection of the pedigree itself. Furthermore the list of names in Table 4 shows just what animals appear more than once in the pedigree, and how frequent are their reappearances. Table 4 is precisely the same sort of table for Figgis 2oth that Table 3 is for Bess Weaver. In dealing with this and all other pedigrees it is assumed, in the absence of information on the point and the impossibility of acquiring any, that any imported animal for which there is no further pedigree, was not inbred to any degree whatsoever. This is probably not often strictly true, but, on the other hand, some assumption must be made, and this puts all individuals on an equal footing. It is in accord with the principle laid down earlier (p. 127) that in pedigree analysis all individuals must be considered to be unrelated until the contrary is proved by the evidence of their ancestry. After all, the only thing we can possibly measure is the inbreeding shown in the recorded pedigree. All that happened prior to the beginning of the record must be a matter of assumption. The same assumption should, however, be made for all cases. What this assumption really means practically is that, in all cases of analysis of actual pedigrees, which are bound after a time to come to an end, the values of the coefficients of inbreeding obtained are lower linut- ing values. ‘They signify that the intensity of inbreeding in a particular case could not have been Jess than that indicated; it THE MEASUREMENT OF THE {NTENSITY OF INPREEDING. 135 may have been more. Whether it was or not is not a question open to scientific determination but only to speculation. From this table the following coefficients of inbreeding for Figgis 2oth are easily calculated. Ai == (0) Z1 == 0 Za 2.50 Percent Lis 2 SOc LONE SO uy Lis == KP OOh to Lis OO OP Lijr SesO7h Lis OVO Ora Za 3/99 at Z0 = 38.48 3 Zi 2oic7, te These coefficients show that Figgis 20th was at least 38 1-2 percent inbred. That is, she had rather less than two-thirds as many different ancestors as she would have had in the event of no inbreeding whatever. It is further clear that most of this inbreeding took place in the fourth and earlier ancestral genera- tions, chiefly in the fourth, fifth, and sixth generations. Comparing Figgis 20th with Bess Weaver we see that the latter is practically as much inbred in the first 4 ancestral gen- erations as Figgis 20th is in the first 12. Considering in each case only the first four ancestral generations the figures show that, within these generations, Bess Weaver is exactly 3 times more intensely inbred than Figgis 2oth. THE RELATION OF COEFFICIENTS OF INBREEDING TO THE HEREDITARY CONSTITUTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL. What, if any is the relation of coefficients of inbreeding to the zygotic constitution (i. e., the hereditary make-up) of the individual? Do the coefficients tell us anything regarding this matter? (Schizoneura lanigera) Enitu M. Patcu. White masses looking like patches of thick mold often occur on apple trees, especially about pruning wounds or other scars on the trunk and branches and upon water sprouts. Beneath this substance are colonies of rusty colored or purplish brown plantlice known as “woolly aphids” on account of the appearance of white covering which is, however, really composed of waxen filaments. The species is common in Maine on hawthorn, mountain ash, and Baldwin and some other varieties of apple. It is one of the migratory aphids and passes part of its life cycle upon the elm**, as is explained in the following treat- ment. It should not however, be confounded with those woolly aphids found upon aldert and maplet, as the woolly aphid of the apple cannot live upon those trees. HABITS AND GENERAI, Discussion. The woolly aphid occurs upon the apple as a bark feeder and is found upon branches, roots, and tender places on the trunk. These insects are covered by a white flocculent waxy secretion given off as fine filaments through pores in the skin *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 67. =r here are other elm aphids belonging to this same genus which do not migrate to apple. In order to avoid confusion those are treated in a separate bulletin soon to be published by this Station. tPemphigus tessellata (aczrifolii.) tPemphigus tessellata (acerifolii) and Pemphigus aceris, 174. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I0913- and their colonies are thus readily detected by the masses of white “wool” which renders them conspicuous. Figs. 68, 69 and 78. On the roots its attacks induce enlargements and in the creases of these malformations the root form occurs in clus- tered masses. The injury to the trees i's due both to the suck- ing up and exhaustion of the vital plant juices and to the poisoning of the parts attacked, as indicated by the consequent abnormal growths. Fig. 77. The damage is particularly serious in the case of nursery stock and young trees and is less often important after the tree has once become well established and of some size, though it may be troublesome then, too. Where this insect is abundant all the roots of:a young tree to the depth of a foot or so become clubbed and knotted by the growth of hard fibrous enlargements with the results in a year or two of the death of the rootlets and their ultimate decomposition with subsequent disappearance of the galls and also of the aphids, so that after this stage is reached the cause of the injury is often obscure. On the trunks the presence of the aphids results in the rough- ening of the bark or a granulated condition which is particu- larly noticeable about the collar and at the forks of branches or on the fresh growth around the scars caiised by pruning, which latter is a favorite location. On the water shoots, they collect particularly in the axils of the leaves, often eventually causing them to fall, and on the tender growth of the stems. The dam- age above ground, even when insignificant, is useful as an indi- cation of the probable existence of the aphids on the roots. A badly attacked tree assumes a sickly appearance.and does not make satisfactory growth, and the leaves become dull and vel- lowish, and even if not killed outright it is so weakened that it becomes especially subiect fo the attacks of borers and other insect enemies. The common forms both on the roots and above ground are wingless aphids, not exceeding one-tenth of an inch in length, of a reddish-brown color, and abundantly covered, especially in - those above ground, with a flocculent waxy secretion. Fig. 74. In August and later, among the wingless ones, winged females appear in abundance. Fig. 73. They are little, clear-winged aphids which look nearly black unless carefully examined when WOOLLY APHID OF THE APPLE. 175 the abdomen is found to be dark yellowish red or rusty brown. These are the fall migrants that leave the apple and seek the elm before giving birth to the generation of true sexes,—minute, wingless, beakless creatures, the female of which deposits a single “winter egg” within a crevice of the elm bark. I have not yet observed under out-door conditions the return of the fall migrant to the elm, but I have repeatedly during two years observed the spring migration from elm to apple and mountain ash and the subsequent development of the summer colonies so that there is no doubt that the species returns to the elm for the deposition of the winter egg. The flight of the fall mi- grants away from the apple is apparently a common observa- tion of all who have studied this species either in this country or abroad, with the exception of a statement* that in South Africa, lanigera does not produce any alate forms at all in the fall. Where woolly aphid colonies are very thick, the true sexes and the winter eggs are sometimes found upon the apple tree. That such occurrences are accidental seems probable as fall migrants of most species will occasionally dispose of their pro- geny before reaching the appropriate winter host. A record of such an occurrence is to be found in the Report of the Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture for the year 1879 by J. Henry Comstock. On page 259 of this Report, Dr. L. O. Howard recorded his observations made in a little orchard of Russian apple trees then on the grounds of the Department of Agricul- ture at Washington, his statement concerning the winter egg being as follows: “The winter egg was found on several occasions during the winter in crevices of the bark over which a colony had been stationed during the summer. It was a rather long ovoid, measuring .322 mm. (.125 inch) in length and was very similar to the winter egg of Colopha ulmicola (Fitch), as described by Riley in Bulletin No. 1, Vol. VY, Hayden’s Survey. “This egg was laid, as Professor Thomas supposes, by a wingless female, differing from the ordinary agamic form to a certain extent. These females we only know from finding their skins around the winter egg, since they often die without depositing it. The males we have not seen.” Mr. A. C. Baker of the Bureau of Entomology wrote me (Nov. 20, 1912): “I found that when the colonies are very thick the alate forms often stay on the apple and-I have found on one tree a number of *Moore: So. Af. Ag. Journal. Sept. 1912, p. 428 176 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. winged ones with the abdomen shriveled as it is after producing sexes. I saw some sexes crawling up and down the small twigs and though I have not yet seen any eggs which they laid they no doubt would lay eggs. On one occasion I found sexes on an apple leaf which had fallen to the ground.” That such occurrences are not a part of the ordinary life cycle is indicated by the usual wholesale flight of the fall mi- grants.* On the elm the stem mother, which hatches from the over- wintering eggs sheltered probably in rough crevices of the bark, appears early in the spring and may be found in Maine before ~ the middle of May stationed on the partly opened ieaf buds. The beak punctures on the rapidly expanding new: leaves cause an unevenness of growth which forms a protection for the aphid. By the last of May the earliest of these wingless stem mothers are mature and found in the deformed elm leaves (Fig. 70) producing the next generation. ‘The antenna is shown in Fig. 79. These nymphs, like the stem mother, are a wingless form and they become fully developed about the tenth of June. They have wax glands, of the type shown in Fig. 72. Their progeny are the third generation and attain wings. These winged aphids are known as the springs migrants. It takes three weeks or slightly more or less, beginning about the twentieth of June, for all the individuals of this third gen- eration to get their growth so that the migration covers a con- siderable period. The deserted rosette or leaf cluster at this time looks like Fig. 71. During this time these winged aphids may be found alighting on the leaves of apple, mountain ash, and hawthorn. They creep to the under side of the leaf and remain there while they give birth to their progeny (i. e., the fourth generation). These young, before they feed at all, crawl «1904. Alwood, Wm. B. Circular in Relation to Some Injurious Insects and Plant Diseases. Special Bulletin (C. P. C. 45), Va. Exp. Sta. 1908. Gillette, C. P. Notes and Descriptions of Some Orchard Plant Lice, of the Family Aphidide. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. I, pp. 306-308. 1909. Borner, Carl. Kaiserliche Biologische Anstalt fiir Land-und Forstwirtschaft, August. 1913. Reh, L. Der Praktische Ratgeber im Obst—und Gartenbau, February 2. WOOLLY APHID OF THE APPLE. 177 to the stem of the water-shoots, or to some tender place on the bark often near a pruning wound, and there start the colony on the summer host plant. Such a young colony shown in Fig. 78, was on a mountain ash in Orono of which I kept a record during the season of 1912. The main trunk of this tree was dead nearly to the ground, but 12 vigorous shoots had grown up measuring about 5 feet each. On June 28 this mountain ash had about 150 woolly masses of nymphs grouped on the stem at the leaf axils. ‘These nymphs ranged from very tiny ones to half grown insects, none being mature at that date. One such woolly mass contained 155 individuals of various sizes. (See Fig. 78). On the ventral surfaces of the leaves of this mountain ash were stationed many elm leaf migrants producing there their broods of nymphs which could be seen, with the hand lens, to be augmenting the woolly masses on the stem. Collections of these migrants thus stationed were made as follows :—July 2, 88 migrants; July 3, 211 migrants; July 5, 92 migrants ; July 8, 54 migrants; July 9, 80 migrants; July 10, 33 migrants: July 11, 14 migrants; July 12, 3 migrants. Only living individuals were collected, dead ones being brushed off and discarded in the counts. Microscopic examination showed them to be identical with winged forms collected in elm leaf. Two large elm trees with leaves well stocked with this species stood about a rod distant.* In this connection it may be of interest to record a forced migration test. On June 21, 1912, I placed several hundred elm leaf migrants at the base of water shoots of an uninfested mountain ash on the Campus. As the migrants are much more docile about sundown than earlier in the day this was done about 7 P. M. They moved but little, most of them creeping to the ventral side of a leaf and remaining there; and during the night producing nymphs which sought the leaf axils of the water shoots so that by the afternoon of June 22, the tiny nymphs had already fed enough and secreted enough white wax to give the typical “woolly” appearance to the young colonies These and the progeny thrived on the mountain ash in a perfectly normal way. On June 17, 1913, a laboratory cage check was started with migrants from an elm rosette. The winged forms ready to desert the elm leaves were caged with a seedling mountain ash. Their progeny settled in woolly masses on the stem of the seedling and are shown in Fig. 60. By July 2 these had matured and were producing young which in turn had matured and were producing nymphs on July 26. This third moun- tain ash generation (sixth generation beginning with the stem mother) proved too much for the little seedling which was so nearly dead by August 10 that the last of the aphids perished at that time. Hes Eccuicusly, recorded in Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 5, No. 5; 1912. 178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. The elm leaf aphid which has been here under discussion as migrat- ing to apple, mountain ash and hawthorn is the common elm leaf species making a leaf cluster or “rosette” (Figs. 70 and 71) on the American elm, composed of terminal leaves more or less bunched together. ‘This species is found in Maine, Missouri, Colorado.and doubtless all the way between. Like other aphids it is fluctuating in its abundance, being conspicuous everywhere some years and comparatively rare during other seasons. Fig 67 shows a different type of leaf deformation common on elm which is designated as “leaf curl’ or “roll”. Three different species of aphids belonging to the same genus (Schizoneura) produce this type of pseudogall in America.* One of these elm leaf curlers migrates to apple; another appears to be the English species which migrates to the roots of currants and gooseberries; and the destination of the third is at present unknown. The second and third species will be treated in further detail in a separate bulletin, this paper being con- cerned only with the elm-apple aphids. : Whether the leaf curler which migrates to apple is a distinct species from the form which inhabits the rosette, I am not at present prepared to state. The apterous viviparous generations have the same general type of wax glands (Fig. 72), the winged generations accord in char- acters. : It seems quite possible that under different conditions (as weather or the size or position of the leaf attacked) that the same species might produce two types of elm leaf deformation. However that may be it was Missouri migrants from such leaves as the one shown in Fig. 67 that gave me my first successful transfer test under control condi- tions. Through the kindness of several southern entomologists, elm leaf curl in considerable abundance with winged forms ready for migration was secured in May, 1912, thus lengthening the season for purposes of experimenting. These migrants, as previously explained (Science, Vol. 36, pp. 30-31), were caged over apple seedlings greenhouse-grown for the purpose, the seeds having been planted in December 1911 and Jan- uary 1912. A few very successful colonies of woolly aphids were thus established on apple seedlings by the progeny of the elm migrants, the earliest of which was one started by migrants received May 12. (Fig. 68). The fall migrants of this colony were mature and taking flight September 20-23. So far as I am at present able to judge, the progeny of these migrants from leaf curl and the progeny of migrants from rosette both look and behave identically alike. Certainly if they prove to be distinct it will *Since Bulletin 203 went to press last vear, significant collections both from Maine and other parts of the country have come to my at- tention which have added much to our knowledge of these species con- cerning which much still remains to be learned. WOOLLY APHID OF THE APPLE. 179 be a difficult problem to decide which is lanigera! The other two leaf curlers, however, are certainly distinct. There are apparently 3 summer generations of progeny of the elm leaf migrants upon the apple in Maine,—two apterous gen- erations followed by a generation part of which. the fall mi- grants, become winged and leave the apple and part develop into apterous forms and remaining on the apple give birth to nymphs which while still young seek protection at the base of the tree for the winter and are known as the hibernating nymphs. It is the function of the migrants to seek the winter host and there give birth to the true sexes. These are the tiny yel- lowish brown egg-laying females and the still smaller pale yel- low males. Both sexes are wingless and with rudimentary mouth parts which are apparently functionless. One compara- tively large yellow egg occupies nearly the whole abdomen of the female and with the deposition of this the cycle of the spe- cies closes,— or begins. It is too complicated a performance to follow easily but the outline on page 182 will be useful as a summary. Such a cycle with the annual migration to and from the apple with the elm serving as host for the first three spring generations is undoubtedly typical for lanigera. The hibernat- ing nymphs which remain protected about the crown of the apple over winter and ascend to tender places on the bark be- fore feeding in the spring give what looks like a “closed cycle” of apterous viviparous females persisting on the apple. How long such a colony could maintain itself on the apple without fresh material from the elm I do not know.* I am certain that in Maine the natural enemies of the woolly aphid would cut its career short and that it would not assume the status of a pest of consequence if it did not shift its food plant. As it is, a two days quest in the vicinity of Orono early in September 1913 failed to locate a single colony which was not well nigh demolished by Chalcid parasites and the colonies of *We have an exact parallel in Pemphigus tessellata or the woolly aphid of the alder with a cycle including a spring migration from the maple leaf to alder and a fall or return migration to the maple and also a generation of hibernating nymphs remaining under leaves about the base of the alder during the winter and ascending to the stem before feeding in the spring. 180 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. Ig12 met a similar fate the preceding year by virtue of Syrphus maggots. Lady bird beetles are also very active some seasons. While in the elm leaf this aphid is preved upon by Syrphus maggots, Capsid bugs and lady birds. As if the hibernating nymphs were not enough to bewilder ~ one, the case of the woolly aphid of the apple is still further complicated by the root colonies which although hidden in their operations really are often much more pernicious than the colo- nies on trunk and branches. These root colonies ordinarily re- main underground all the year round, apparently until the roots become too badly demolished for feeding purposes. ECONOMIC STATUS. The danger from the woolly aphid is greatest to nursery stock and young orchards. Mr. Marlatt (Journal of Ficonomic Entomology, Vol. 4, pp. 176-117) in recording the use of Ameri- can-grown apple seedlings says:—‘‘Mr. F. W. Watson, of To- peka, Kans., in an article in the National Nurseryman for Janu- ary, 1910, p. 437, on ‘American-grown Apple Seedlings’, states that from twenty to forty million of American-grown apple seedlings are used in this country every year, the production of about a dozen nursery firms. ‘The bulk of the seed used comes from France, and therefore is of the same stock as the imported French seedlings.” Mr. Lohrenz (1911) in recording observations on two-year- old nursery stock made at three nurseries containing respectively about 30,000; 45,000; and 300,000 trees, states that he found from 20 per cent to 25 per cent of the trees infested by the woolly aphid. . In circular No. 20, Bureau of Entomology U. S. Department of Agriculture (revised edition 1g08) the woolly aphid of the apple is characterized as “one of the worst enemies of the apple.” Mr. Alwood (1904) of the Virginia State Crop Pest Com- mission in his excellent account of this insect states “On nursery stock the woolly aphis is a most serious pest, and under some circumstances it ruins a large percentage of the apple trees in the nursery.” WOOLLY APHID OF THE APPLE. 181 On page 5 of Bulletin 133 of the Colorado Experiment Sta- tion the following statement is made: “Tf Colorado orchardists should vote their opinion as to what ought to be called the worst orchard pest in the state, it is very doubtful whether the codling moth, or ue woolly aphids, would carry off the honors.” Although it would be easy to compile testimony of this char- acter against the woolly aphid as an enemy to young apple trees from numerous and widely separated parts of our country, they would be chiefly a repetition of what has already been said. During those seasons when the species is abundant it is also a serious pest on American elm. Some springs in the vicinity of Orono practically every branch of many trees is tipped with an unsightly cluster of deformed leaves or “rosette” gall. Such an infestation, to say the least, mars the beauty of a large tree and is a heavy handicap for a young one. 122 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI3. LIFE CYCLE OF WOOLLY APHID OF APPIJ_E. 2 (Exclusive of root forms.) ELM: Primary Host. EGGS. (Under bark all winter) STEM-MOTHER. (first generation in leaf. Apterous viviparous females). SECOND GENERATION. (apterous viviparous females in leaf) SPRING MIGRANTS (third generation. Migrate to apple Alate viviparous). Migrate to elm FALL MIGRANTS. APPLE: Alternate Host. NYMPHS. (Hibernating young, mi- grating to trunk or branches in early spring) SEVERAI], GENERATIONS. —_ FOURTH GENERATION. (apterous viviparous females). FIFTH GENERATION. (apterous viviparous females). APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS (Alate viviparous PARTHENOGENETIC parthenogenetic females, mature ? FEMALES, mature in Aug.-Sept. Aug.-Sept. APTEROUS OVIPAROUS FEMALES AND APTEROUS MALES. EGGS. (under bark all winter). sexuparae. ) HIBERNATING NYMPHS (protected during winter about crown of tree). WOOLLY APHID OF THE APPLE. 183 STRUCTURE KEY. Woo.ity APHID oF APPLE. A. Apterous forms. Antennae without annulations. B. Females. C. Viviparous. D. Antenna typically 5-jointed, Fig. 79. Wax glands not of type shown in Fig. 72. First spring generation hatched from over-wintering egg and found in elm rosette early in Atti etiesceveennscsreushe. syste rare ae Raves See nstare sianera ts Stem Mother. DD. Antenna 6-jointed. Fig. 80. Wax glands as shown in Figs. 72 and 80. Progeny of stem mother developing in rosette ATMO sephora eee ee acolo os Second Elm Generation. DDD. Antenna 6-jointed. Fig. 82. Wax glands of same type as those shown in Fig. 72. On apple bark or water shoots Se eae RO arerrn uae ura tcalian, eeu aly Summer Generations. DDDD. Structure about as with summer generations. On apple HOOtS all@times\ sOnmeyeatee cic ye Root Generations. DDDDD. Young born late in fall and living over winter about crown of tree, apparently without feeding until spring, when they ascend to apple bark and attain BCITAe ORO WiEMren se seers reece Hibernating Nymphs. ICC. Oviparous. Antenna 5-jointed, Fig. 75. Minute beakless form which deposits the over-wintering egg. Rarely seen but easily obtained by imprisoning fall migrant in vial.. True Female. BB. Minute beakless form smaller and more slender than true female. Antenna 5-jointed. Fig. 76. Rarely seen but easily obtained by imprisoning fall migrant in vial...... True Male. AA. Alate forms. Antennae with annulations. B. Antenna typically with III as long as or longer than IV+-V-+VI. VI typically without annulations. Fig. 81. Developing in June- July in elm rosette and migrating to apple, hawthorn and mountain ash: Progenitor of summer generations............. G8 EE OCR ETOH RoR RAO HBR OniCis nine Mrmmds cata ine Spring Migrant. BB. Antenna much as in spring migrant, though usually shorter. VI typically with 2 or more annulations. Figs. 83, 84, 85. Devel- oping in fall in woolly colonies on bark of apple, hawthorn and mountain ash. Fig. 73. Progenitor of true males and REMMI S team tags custeietane ae) cien\'s)s, Jen ole /ee epeh ate AeelseeyeMeters ome Fall Migrant 184. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1013. HABITAT KEY. Wootty APHIDS oF THE ELM. Those species not migrating to apple are to be treated in a separate bulletin but a key is given here to aid in distinguishing the woolly aphid of the apple from the other elm species with which it may easily be confused in the spring of the year. A. (Conspicuous woolly colonies on bark of Ulmus americana. Throughout the summer on young elms. No alternate host known. se Widely distributed in Americas: 6 aeme se see S. rileyt. AA. Spring generations in elm leaves, causing various types oi de- formation. B. Large baggy gall on Ulmus campestris. Alternate host unknown. European species. Taken in Connecticut in 1913...S. lanuginosa. BB. Terminal leaf cluster or rosette (Figs. 70-71 on Ulmus ameri- cana. Spring migration to apple, mountain ash, and haw- hawthorn. Maine to Colorado: Ce BBB. Leaf curl or roll type of deformation. C. Leaf roll as shown in Fig. 67. Wax glands of apterous genera- tions and antennae of winged generations apparently the same as those of the rosette dweller. Spring migration to apples wRecondedvasiyet only: fromthe southticas. ce eree ee BR tt ge nr ai S. lanigera (americana in part, of authors). CC. Leaf roll of Ulmus scabra and U. campestris. Antenna of winged generations with V and VI without annulations. Spring migration to gooseberry and currant. European species. In America found in California, Oregon and Maine (C1OT3)) a occanic tee eter. S. ulmi (fodiens). CCC. Leaf roll of Ulmus americana. Second apterous spring gen- eration with wax gland distinctly unlike those of Fig. 72. Spring migrant with antenna typically with III not longer than IV-- V-+ VI. Alternate host unknown. Maine ton Calitonniass lace ccc: S. americana in part, of authors. WOOLLY APHID OF THE APPLE. 185 PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. The foregoing account of the habits and characteristics of the woolly aphid will suggest certain measures to control it. The protection of seedling apples from infestation by the woolly aphid while still in the nursery has heretofore been an exceedingly difficult matter it would seem from the amount of infested stuff that is yearly condemned. But with the knowledge that the source of danger lies in the migrants from the pre- viously unsuspected elm leaf, it is seen to be possible to control the nursery stock by establishing nurseries at a safe distance from susceptible elm trees or clearing out the elms from the vicinity of large nurseries. As there are many places in the country where the elm is not at all abundant this would often be entirely practicable and where so would be the simplest and most effective method of protection. As it is the seedling trees that are most susceptible to injury and when attacked most seriously damaged by the woolly aphid a method of protection for the young trees while in the nursery is the most desirable. The raising of the elms and apples in the same nursery is thus seen to be a hazardous proceeding and should be avoided. Again young orchards of clean stock set in parts of the coun- try where the elm is not grown should be successfully protected by excluding elms from the choice of shade trees. Indeed, the matter of alternate hosts of the aphid enemies concerned should always be borne in mind in planning the trees for an estate, and only one of the two hosts necessary for the life cycle of a migratory aphid planted, where the pest is a serious one. It is desirable that data concerning the relative susceptibility of different varieties of apple should be accumulated with a view to using the more resistant for root stock, if otherwise practi- cable. In dealing with infested apple trees the aphid masses on trunk and branch present no especial difficulty, and can be very readily exterminated by the use of any of the washes recommended for plant-lice, such as tobacco decoction, kerosene emulsion, a strong soap wash (Formulas a, b, c, d), the only care necessary being to see that the wash is put on with sufficient force and thorough- ness to penetrate the covering and protecting cottony secretion. If the wash be applied warm, its penetration will be consider- ably increased. 186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. An August spray to kill out colonies before the migrants fly and the hibernating young are produced is particularly desirable. The much more important root teeders, however, are more difficult to reach and exterminate. The common recommenda- tions are of applications of strong soap or tobacco washes to the soil about the crown, or soot, ashes, or tobacco dust buried about the roots; also similarly employed are lime and gas-lime. Badly infested nursery stock should be destroyed, since it would be worth little even with the aphids removed. Some nurseries are said to make a practice of “puddling” roots of infested stock, that is packing mud about the roots to conceal their condition. Before purchasing puddled nursery stock, the buyer should insist that the mud be washed off thoroughly so that the roots are exposed for inspection. Proper cultural methods can hardly be overestimated in their value as a protection of young trees, as neglected orchards not only suffer heavily but serve as a breeding ground, dangerous to the neighboring trees. FormurA A—Topacco Drcoction. Mobaccon stems) Otatonaceo! AuSt 1.11 eiies reise 2 pounds Waterss ata not ce es aetna PN eye vale eNOn gets cae 4 gallons Put the tobacco in the water, enough to cover, which may be either cold or hot. Place over the fire and when the water has reached the boiling point, remove some of the fire and allow the water to simply simmer for fully one hour, when the liquid is ready to be drained off, diluted to the above proportions and applied. Boiling violently drives off the nicotine. If whole-leaf tobacco is used, prepare as above, using one pound of tobacco to each four gallons of water. No lime or other alkaline substance should be added to the tobacco while cooking. Apply at once, or within a few days after making if . possible. Certain reliable extracts such as “Black Leaf,” “Black Leaf 40,’ and “Nikoteen” are on the market and can be secured through local drug- gists. (The Black Leaf preparations are manufactured by The Ken- tucky Tobacco Product Company, Louisville Ky., and are carried by the Collins Hardware Company, 97 Friend St., Boston, Mass. Nikoteen is manufactured by The Nicotine Manufacturing Company, St. Louis, Mo., and cam be secured from Joseph Brick & Sons, 47-54 N. Market St., Boston, Mass.). Directions for use come with the products. There is nothing to do in the preparation of these extracts except to stir the contents of the WOOLLY APHID OF THE APPLE. 187 can before pouring out any quantity for dilution. In most cases one gallon of the Black Leaf will be found sufficient for each seventy gal- lons of water. But if in the treatment cf any louse this does not seem sufficient it may be used in preparation of one gallon to sixty or sixty- five gallons of water. Careful sprayers have usually succeeded in killing plant lice with this preparation in the proportion of one gallon to each one hundred gallons of water. Thoroughness of application is of as much importance as the strength of material used. Nikoteen is a more concentrated abstract, I part being used with from 400 to 600 parts of water. Black Leaf 40 is a concentrated solution of nicotine-sulphate and is widely and successfully used in large western orchards, at the rate of I part to 800 or 900 parts of water. It is the common practice to add soap,—whale oil soap or good laun- ’ dry soap at the rate of 2 bars to 50 gallons. This is to lessen’ the formation of drops, causing the spray to cover surfaces more in the . form of thin film. Better success is obtained by some by using a little lime instead of soap, the inert solid in suspension aiding the extract to “wet” and “stick” to the bodies of the aphids. For this purpose I pound of stone lime, slaked and strained into 50 gallons of tobacco extract as prepared for application, is sufficient. ForMULA B.—KEROSENE EMULSION. TBlavedh: Shoei weiaae Aah ae et re itis I CNIE ey inn A antes 1-2 pound iBroniktiavess NWRTiee Bh Mn dead ceo bebo dounane amo anno aTor 1 gallon IN GINOSEINE |G oeg A am Aarne Aenea RGIS HO ap Maneun 8 Ans ies ana a 2 gallons To prepare dissolve one-half pound. of soap in one gallon of soft water by boiling; when well dissolved and still boiling hot, remove from the fire and add two gallons of kerosene, and agitate at once as briskly as possible. The emulsion is more readily made if the kerosene first be heated by immersing the vessel containing it in a larger vessel of boiling water. Never heat the kerosene over a direct fire. If large quantities are being made, a good way to emulsify is to use a force pump and spraying nozzle and pump the mixture as forcefully as possible back into the vessel containing it. If the emulsion is prop- erly formed, the whole mass will appear much like whipped cream and will mix readily in water without a film of oil rising to the top. As soon as emulsified, add twenty-seven gallons of water and use at once. This will make thirty gallons of the mixture, and such an emul- sion will be one-fifteenth oil (or a 7 per cent emulsion). This is the strength ordinarily used for the destruction of insects upon plants. For larger or smaller quantities, prepare in the same proportions. Sometimes the emulsion is not perfect and a little oil rises to the top. In such cases, if the last in the barrel or tank is pumped out upon the 188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10913. foliage, it is likely to burn it. So it is advisable, unless the emulsion is of good quality, to throw out the last few gallons, making no use of it. It is best to dilute and apply kerosene emulsion as soon as it is pre- pared. Avoid using alkali or any hard water in making the emulsion, as it will cause the oil to separate and rise to the top. Any clean, soft water will usually give good results. ForMuLA C.—MIsciBiE OILs. There are several miscible oils upon the market which may be added directly to water forming a milky emulsion at once. Jn the preparation of any of these, such as “Scalecide,’ or “Target Brand Scale Destroyer” or “Killoscale,’ add the oil directly to the water with a little stirring. One gallon of the miscible oil in 30 to 50 galions of water will make a . mixture, which in most cases will be strong enough to kill plant ‘lice, if thoroughly applied. ForMULA D.—WHALE-OIL oR Fisu-o1r, Soaps. The so-called whale-oil or fish-oil soaps which are quite extensively used for the destruction of plant lice, will usually be effective if thor- oughly applied in the proportion of one pound of the soap to each six or eight gallons of water There are numerous brands of these soaps upon the market. Among those that have been used quite successfully are Good’s Whale-Oil Soap and Bowker’s Tree Soap. In recent years tobacco extracts have rapidly taken the place of other remedies for aphids, and well informed apple growers are using them almost to the exclusion of other insecticides. It should be remembered that this is a contact insecticide and kills only the insects actually touched. It is, therefore, necessary to be very thorough in the spraying. Fic. 67. Southern leaf curl, migrants from which colonized apple seedling shown in accompanying figure. Fic. 68. Seedling apple, photographed July 23, 1912 to show colony of woolly aphids which are.the descendants of migrants from elm leaf curl (Fig. 67) received from Columbia, Missouri, May 12, 1912. Fic. 69. Seedling mountain ash photographed June 25, 1913 to show colony of woolly aphids which are the progeny of migrants from elm leaf rosette caged with mountain ash, June 17, 1913. Two apterous generations matured on this seedling, but the third generation proved too much for the little tree which was so nearly dead by August 10 that the last of the aphid colony perished at that time. The antenna of one of the winged progenitors of this colony is shown as Fig. 81. Fic. 70. Young rosette photographed June 6, 1913. Small picture at right. Fic. 71. Old rosette photographed July 17, 1913. B Cc D Fic. 72. Dorsal wax gland of rosette aphid, second generation. A&B, a pair on head. C&D, a pair on prothorax. Notice that the sections are not uniform in numberas is often the case. Fics.73 and 74. Woolly Aphid. Winged and wingless forms. Greatly enlarged (After Marlatt.) Female, Male. Fics. 75 and 76. Mature sexual individuals of the Woolly Aphid,—the oviparous female and male. Keal size shown in circles at right of figures. (After Alwood.) Fic. 77. Apple root, showing knotty growth caused by Woolly Aphid. Fic. 78. Nymphs of the Woolly Aphid, Schzzoneura lanigera on water shoot of mountain ash, Pyruvs americana,—the immediate pro- geny of migrants from elm leaf rosette. Photographed at Orono, June 28,1912. Enlarged. Antennae of Woolly Aphid. Fig. 79—Stem mother from ro- sette June 5, 1913 (33-13); Fig. 80—Second generation, from rosette June 12, 1913; Fig. 81—Spring migrant from rosette and progenitor of summer generations on Pyvas (57-13) ; Fig. 82—Apterous vivipa- rous form on apple bark (98-08); Fig. 83—Fall migrant from apple (115-06); Fig 84—Fall migrant from the bred colony shown in Fig. 68 (9-12 sub 1) ; Fig. 85—Fall migrant from Crataegus. BULLETIN No. 218. TABLES FOR CALCULATING COEFFICIENTS OF INBREEDING.* RAYMOND PEARL AND JOHN Rice MINER. In two recent papers from this laboratory** a method of measuring the degree of inbreeding exhibited in a particular pedigree has been described. This method consists in the deter- mination of coefficients of inbreeding, which are quantities defined by the equation ti Pn+1 where Zn denotes the coefficient of inbreeding for any particu- lar ancestral generation 1; p,,, the maximum possible number of different ancestors in the preceding generation; and q,,, the actually realized number of different ancestors in that gen- eration. It is believed that this method of measuring inbreeding may be of a great deal of practical value to the stock breeder in his study of pedigrees. If this is to be the case, however, it is essential that the computation incident to the application of the method be reduced to the smallest possible amount and the sim- plest terms. In order to attain this end the accompanying ta- bles have been prepared. In the paper referred to above a very simple method was described for finding the values of the successive (p, ,, —@ ,4,) quantities. This consisted in the formation for each pedigree studied of a table in which each primary reappearance of an animal was listed for the generation in which it reappeared, to- (i) *Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. No. Git, peeseaol Rea A. Contribution Towards an Analysis of the Problem of Inbreeding. American Naturalist, Vol. XLVII, pp. 577-614, 1913. —The Measurement of the Intensity of Inbreeding. Me. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 215, pp. 123-138, I9QI3. 192 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. gether with an automatic elimination of such animals’ ances- tors in earlier generations. This method leads to the formation of such a table as the following for the Jersey cow, Figgis 20th of Hood Farm (copied from Bulletin 215, p. 136.) AV ACB IU ie Working Table for Calculating the Coefficients of Inbreeding of Figgis 2oth. ANCESTRAL GENERATIONS. ANIMAL. | 3 4 5 6| 7 8 9 | 10 | 11 } 12 Sophie's Tormentor............... 1} 2| 4) 8 16] 32] 64) 128) 256) 512 Idaisi StokewPocisha ee ee - - 1 2 4 8) 16) 32) 64| 128 Catonoeie eerie ge eb ee enim - = i 2 4 8} 16) 32) 64] 128 RosabellevHudsons se sen e - - 1 2 4 8} 16) 32] 64| 128 Heh edivie ies yaa ep ina eee otal — - = 1 2, 4 8| 16) 32) 64 Young Iain Cyn Cees ne anc neue - -| - 1 2 4 8] 16) 32) 64 StokepRo rises cess ietianeie es - -| - - 1 2) 4 8} 16) 32 Mat) Oran erny tsa ea Reni —-}| -}; -| - 122) 54 See so Ord Mis carey sani porno Ge Acre eeen - —} = - 1 2 4 8] 16) 32 Oren Cones aie gona a aulnaies ney - - - - 1 2 4 8} 16) 32 Oonant esta. sii eee UNS - — - - iL 2 4 Sif aGiiaes2 Wandscerinae ee cee ee - - - - 1 2 4 8} 16) 32 Optimus Se ean che ei Ca — - = - 1 2 4 8} 16) 32 Jersey Bull of Scituate............ aia le a 2 Al Bl 1G) 3 Oboes came tees MA CA ALR = - = — | 1 2 4 Si 6 s2 WiGHO? ISIS Sonus boda eee ocue a - - ~ - ~ 1 2 4 8} 16 Lord Rissa ras MUG ek eia pena eae = - - -{[ - 1 2 4 8| 16 WAQUOVE TEU) Wiss dca koeaue oda bec - —-{| =|] = - 1 2 4 8| 16 TOxb UT yee RTs Moss ial Nel iat Cee 1 2 4 8| 16 Generaliscotty an nln ene - ~ =| =] = 1 2 4 8) 16 IRN Dale es aa RE ae TE ee - — —-}; —-|] = 1 2 4 8} 16 WK) OP ao. de a aba bao como ah OE = Se = - 1 2 4 8) 16 NKOSI cre als exe Menu orn ermine Siees ehh ee Ba Sy 1G Sin@harlestyaee sate ee - = - - - 1 2 4 8} 16 Heros ieee oh Ares Ma Dene ac ila Sal Gee oly eae ae We a A So 1B Clement 22 e3 ea em on isn Nea -}| -| -| -] - ia BI A ee Ss keaay anon ocon laren ae ema eras a = - = = = 1 2 4 8 Muar yg Mie rsy aie On een Mayenne Nein - - - - - = 1 2 4 8 IE am CV esi sre eniay entre te CPI Rese ENN ~ - - - = = 1 2 4 8 Sini@harles yin ae enpe one - - - - - - 1 2 4 8 Mary slowndes cujacbisciet eee - - = - - - 1 2 4). 8 MA CLOT cerns cert rere ern ee = - = = = = 1 2 4 8 ROLOMACH says eG ee ae - - 1 2 4 DSplendide capa eee oon wae ne = - = - = —- - 1 2 4 POEM ADD Tale hia Ge ay yy MIN RR aarp ee - - - - - = - 1 2 4 Saturn see pees hea a meen - - - =} = - = 1 2 4 PUT Gass atest eco atts uae ee eee cee - - = -—|; - - — 1 2 4 Countess’. 22.7 -% SEIS UME GHGRSE eae SSS Soe oa 1 2 4 DickiSwivellens: Jima ei tee - - eli c= - - 1 2 4 Countess sienna anita aba OREN ils ee We ee See eh ee Rain toners aac cio heii ee ee - -| - -; - = = = 1 2 Comus dO Sistine mens eseetae spies Rar me eee ee ils Gomis iy einai aria ea alba eens ere eaiget - - - SU ~ = = il 2 StyClement es eae ea eee - = - =e = = = 1 2 Major eOlOn oo.U OOOO Do Ola d6.010 o'9 J = = a Sr iil aa a i = il P) Zar Beri aaah ene ne CA ape ke pe eee , - - = Si) = = = = 1 2 Counibesay Hits ieee Semen ee } — - = Sle ee = = = 1 2 Dick Swivellerse. eee eee - = - -| - = - - 1 2 OVC rsa cura Sere bento take Pee } = - - = = = = = 1 2 ID YEW OE Rp eras ESN enter Ones moe Rees ORT ES = = = Se Sify = = = 1 Custardun seer aieu cre tr hone gram ae - - - = = as = = 1 HIME OI, bans oacevbood sd coves = - - = = -| - = = 1 Splendensi# 8 tice Meee eee - = = = = SS = = 1 Pho talseih scien soap le ee 1 2 7| 16} 41) 92) 191] 389) 788)1580 TABLES FOR CALCULATING COEFFICIENTS OF INBREEDING. 193 The totals of this table are the quantities (p,,,—q,.,) of (i). To get from them the successive values of Z it is necessary only to divide by p,,,- It is obvious from equation (1) that (p ,,, —q,,, ) must in practice always be something less than p ,,—1. Further- more p,,,, , the maximum possible number of ancestors in*any generation, presents a definite series of values, namely the successive powers of 2. If then there were available tables which would give for each successive value of p,,, , the quo- tients obtained from dividing each integer smaller than p,,, by this same quantity, evidently the value of Z for any partic- ular case could be read off from the table, without the necessity for any arithmetical work whatever. The tables accompanying this paper are of just the sort described. For the first ten ancestral generations, beginning with the second, all possible values of 100( Pp4+1—Qn+1) Pn+i are tabled, to 3 places of figures. The arrangement of the tables is as follows: In the right hand columns are the successive value of (p,,, —9 4, )=4.* These columns are headed A. The values in the 4 columns of the tables correspond to the “Totals” of such pedigree elimina- tion tables as is shown above in Table 1 for Figgis 2oth. Over against these 4 columns are given the corresponding values of the coefficient of inbreeding Z. EXAMPLE SHOWING Uss& oF TABLES. We may take, as an example to show the method of using these tables, the case of Figgis 20th, for which the pedigree elimination table has been given above. We see that in this case the first entry is for the third ancestral generation and is 1. Turning to the table for the third ancestral generation we find that for d=1,Z=12.500. Thus we may write at once, Z2=12.500. For the fourth ancestral generation the total is 2 From the table for this generation it is seen, on the second line of this table, that Z=12.500 when 4=2. Hence, Z:=12.500. *Used merely for convenience to save printing the longer expression. 194 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. The total for the fifth ancestral generation of Figgis 20th is 7. In the corresponding table we find for A=7, Z=21.875, or Zi—Die oy ioe The total for the next (sixth) ancestral generation is 16. The table for this generation gives for d=16, Z=25.000, or Zs= 25.000. The total of the next generation is 41. For 4=41 the seventh generation table gives Zs=32.031. For the eighth ancestral generation the total is 92. The table for this generation shows that when A=92, 2:=35.938. The total for the ninth generation is 191. For A=191 the ninth generation table gives 7s=37.305. For the tenth generation the total is 389. The last of the tables gives for d=389, 2>=37.988. INBREEDING COEFFICIENT TABLES. SECOND HIRD FOURTH FIFTH ANCESTRAL || ANCESTRAL || ANCESTRAL | ANCESTRAL GENERATION.||GENERATION.||GENERATION. GENERATION. eerie | Pe ge =O Pn4i— 37 | { A Z A Z A Z A Z A Z 1) 25.000 1) 12.500 1| 6.250 1] 3.125 16} 50.000 2) 50.000 2) 25.000 2) 12.500 2| 6.250 17| 53.125 3} 75.000, 3) 37.500) 3) 18.750 3| 9.375 18} 56.250 s x 4| 50.000, 4) 25.000 4) 12.500 19} 59.375 E = 5| 62.500 5) 31.250 5| 15.625] 20) 62.500 2 b 6| 75.000 6| 37.500 6| 18.750|| 21] 65.625 i eae 7| 87.500) 7| 43.750 7| 21.875|| 22) 68.750 3 Be les Z 8) 50.000 8| 25.000|| 23] 71.875 z E alles = 9| 56.250 9| 28.125]| 24] 75.000 z Se is 10| 62.500 10| 31.250|| 25] 78.125 - eral es = 11| 68.750 11] 34.375|| 26] 81.250 a eae zi 12| 75.000 12| 37.500|| 27| 84.375 =| ee ae al eee - 13] 81.250 13| 40.625|| 28] 87.500 ee a | al weil 87 500 14| 43:750)| 29/ 90.625 fi if = = || 15] 93.750 15| 46.875|| 30] 93.750 1 TABLES FOR CALCULATING COEFFICIENTS OF INBREEDING. 195 Sieh El SEVENTH ANCESTRAL ANCESTRAL GENERATION. GENERATION. Po Py 128 Z A Vi Z A Z | A | Z | \| | 1 1.562} 51; 79.688 1 781) 51) 39.844 101; 78.906 2) 3.125])| 52) 81.250 2; 1.562) 52| 40.625} 102) 79.688 3| 4.688)| 53| 82.812) 3) 2.344} 53| 41.406 103, 80.469 4| 6.250 54| 84.375 4) 3.125) 54| 42.188 104, 81.250 5| 7.812 55, 85.938 5 ees) 55| 42.969 105| 82.031 Gi OnS75) 56| 87.500! 6| 4.688} 56| 43.750 106| 82.812 7| 10.938] 57| 89.062) 7| 5.469} 57| 44.531 107| 83.594 8} 12.500 58) 90.625 8| 6.250} 58| 45.312 108, 84.375 9| 14.062) 59| 92.188} Sle O31 59) 46.094 109| 85.156 10} 15.625 60) 93.750) 10 er 60| 46.875 110| 85.938 11) 17.188)| 61} 95.312 11] 8.594) 61] 47.656|| 111} 86.719 12) 18.750} 62) 96 875) 12 9.375 62| 48.438 112) 87.500 13| 20.312! 63) 98.438] 13) 10.156 63) 49.219 113| 88.281 14) 21.875|| = =| 14} 10.938 64} 50.000 114| 89.062 15| 23.438) = 15) 11.719) 65| 50.781 115| 89.844 16| 25.000 - = 16) 12.500) 66| 51.562 116 90.625 17| 26.562 - = 17| 13.281] 67| 52.344 117) 91.406 18] 28.125 - = 18| 14.062) 68) 53.125 118} 92.188 19| 29.688 - = 19| 14.844 69| 53.906 119} 92.969 20} 31.250 =) = 20| 15.625 70| 54.688]; 120) 93.750 21) 32.812); —- = 21) 16.406 71| 55.469 121) 94.531 22) 34.375|| — = 22| 17.188 72| 56.250 129) 952312 23] 35.938 - = 23) 17.969 73| 57.031 123) 96.094 24} 37.500 - = 24) 18.750 74| 57.812|| 124) 96.875 25| 39.062 - = 25| 19.531 75| 58.594|| 125) 97.656 26| 40.625 = = 26| 20.312 76| 59.375 126| 98.438 27| 42.188 = = 27| 21.094 77| 60.156 127| 99.219 28] 43.750 - = 28] 21.875) 78| 60.938 a = 29] 45.312 = = 29; 22.656 79| 61.719 - = 30] 46.875 - = 30| 23.438 80} 62 500 - | - 31| 48.438 - = 31| 24.219 81| 63.281 - = 32) 50.000 - ~ 32| 25.000 82) 64.062 33] 51.562 = = 33| 25.781 83| 64.844 = = 34| 53.125 - = 34| 26.562 84| 65.625 = - 35| 54.688 - - 35| 27.344 85) 66.406 - = | 36| 56.250 - = 36| 28.125 86| 67.188]| — - 37| 57.812 - = 37| 28.906 87| 67.969 - - 38] 59.375 - - 38) 29.688 88] 68.750 - - 39] 60.938 - = 39| 30.469 89} 69.531 = = 40} 62.500 - = 40! 31.250 90| 70.312 - = 41} 64.062 = se 41| 32.031 91} 71.094|| — | = 42| 65.625 — | = «| 42) 32.812 92| 71.875|| — - 43} 67.188 =| = | 43) 33.594 93) 72.656 = - 44) 68.750 - es) 44| 34.375 94] 73.438 — | - 45) 70.312)| — = 5 | 35.156 O95 ae el9| in - | | 46] 71.875|| — — 46 35.938 96| 75.000 - - 47| 73.438|)} — = 47| 36.719 97| 75.781 — | — 48} 75.000)} — = 48 37.500 98| 76.562 ae = 49] 76.562|| — - 49| 38.281 99| 77.344|| — | = SO 78 125) = — 50, 39.062 100} 78.125 - - 196 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. BIGHTH ANCESTRAL €ENERATION: P41 250 A Z A Z A Z A Z A Z A 1} .391 51/19 .922]| 101; 39.453)| 151] 58.984|| 201] 78.516|| 251) 98.047 PA a tholl 52|20.312)| 102) 39.844|) 152) 59.375|| 202) 78.906|| 252] 98.438 3] 1.172]| . 53/20.703|| 103} 40.234|) 153) 59.766|| 203) 79.297)| 253) 98.828 4) 1.562); 54/21.094)| 104) 40.625)) 154) 60.156)} 204) 79.688]) 254) 99.219 5} 1.953)) 55)21.484/| 105) 41.016)/ 155) 60.547)| 205}; 80.:078)|| 255) 99.609 | 6| 2.344], 54@/21.875|| 106] 41.406|| 156) 60.938|| 206| 80.469|| — - 7| 2.734|| 57/22.266]) 107| 41.797|| 157) 61.328)|.207| 80.859 = = 8| 3.125)| 58)22.656]; 108} 42.188]| 158} 61.719|| 208) 81.250 = = 9} 3.516}| 59/23.047|| 109} 42.578)|| 159) 62.109|| 209) 81.641 = = 10} 3.906|| 60)23.438]| 110; 42.969|| 160) 62.500) 210} 82.031 = = 11) 4.297 61/23 .828]| 111) 43.359]| 161); 62.891)|| 211) 82.422 = = 12| 4.688]| 62/24.219]| 112) 43.750!) 162! 63.281]| 212} 82.812 = = 13} 5.078 63)/24.609)! 113) 44.141/| 163) 63.672)! 213] 83.203 = = 14) 5 469 64/25.000|| 114); 44.531) 164) 64.062)| 214) 83.594)| — = 15} 5.859 65/25.391)| 115) 44.922), 165) 64.453)) 215) 83.984)| — = 16| 6.250 66|/25.781)| 116] 45.312]! 166) 64.844/| 216) 84.375 = = 17| 6.641 67|26.172|| 117) 45.703|| 167) 65.234|| 217| 84.766 = = 18| 7.031 68/26.562|| 118) 46.094|| 168) 65.625]| 218) 85.156)| — = 19) 7.422 69|26.953|| 119) 46.484|| 169} 66.016|| 219) 85.547 = = 20| 7.812 70|27 .344'| 120} 46.875)! 170) 66.406)| 220) 85.938 = = 21) 8.203 71|27.734|| 121) 47.266]) 171} 66.797)| 221) 86.328 = = 22| 8.594 72/28 .125]| 122) 47.656]; 172) 67.188|| 222) 86.719 = = 23| 8.984 73/28 .516|| 123) 48 047); 173) 67.578)) 223) 87.109 = = 24| 9.375 74/28 .906|| 124) 48.438)| 174) 67.969); 224) 87.500 ae o 25) 9.766 75|29.297|| 125! 48.828!) 175) 68.359)|| 225) 87.891 = = 26/10 .156 76|29.688]} 126; 49.219]] 176) €8.750|| 226; 88.281 = = 27/10 .547 77|30.078)| 127) 49.609)| 177) 69.141]| 227) 88.672 = = 28/10.938 78|30.469|| 128} 50.000]| 178] 69.531)) 228) 89.062 = = 29/11 .328 79|30.859|| 129] 50.391]|} 179) .69.922|| 229) 89.453 = = 30)11.719 80/31.250|| 130) 50.781\| 180) 70.312), 230) 89.844 =_ = 31)12.109 81/31 .641|| 131} 51.172)| 181} 70.703)|| 231) 90.234 = = 32/12 .500 82/32 .031)| 132| 51.562)| 182) 71.094|| 232) 90.625]| — = 33/12 .891 83/32 .422]| 133} 51.953|| 183) 71 484 233; 91.016 = = 34/13 .281 84/32 .812|| 1384) 52.344|) 184! 71.875)| 234) 91.406 = = 35)13 .672 85/33 .203|| 135) 52.734|| 185) 72.266)| 235) 91.797)|. — = 36/14 .062 86/33 .594|| 1386} 53.125|| 186) 72.656)| 236) 92.188 = = 37|14.453 87/33 .984|| 137] 53.516|| 187) 73.047|| 237| 92.578 = = 38/14.844|| 88/34.375|| 138] 53.906} 188] 73.438]| 238) 92.969)) — = 39}15.234)| 89/34.766|) 139) 54.297|| 189} 73.828)| 239) 93.359) — = 40|15.625 90/35.156|| 140} 54.688|| 190) 74.219)) 240); 93.750)) — = 41/16 .016}| 91/35.547|) 141) 55.078}| 191] 74.609)| 241) 94.141); — = 42)16.406)| 92)/35.93 142) 55.469)} 192) 75.000|| 242) 94.531 = = 43|16.797|| 93)/86.328]| 143) 55.859)| 193) 75.391}| 243) 94.922)| — - 44)17.188 94/36.719|| 144) 56.250)] 194) 75.781)| 244) 95.312)\) — ie 45117.578)| 95/37.109|| 145) 56.641]| 195) 76.172|| 245) 95.703 = = 46/17.969|}| 96/37.500|; 146] 57.031|| 196) 76.562); 246) 96.094) — = 47|18.359|| 97/37.891|| 147) 57.422]} 197| 76.953]| 247) 96.484)) — = 48])18.750|) 98/38.281)| 148) 57.812|| 198) 77.344|| 248; 97.875) — = 49|19.141/|| 99/38.672]| 149} 58.203]} 199) 77.734|| 249) 97.266) — = 50/19.531|| 100/39.062|| 150} 58.594|| 200| 78.125); 250| 97.656) — = TABLES FOR CALCULATING COEFFICIENTS OF INBREEDING. 197 NINTH ANCESTRAL GENERATION. (Daren 512 nape TSE Ts | |) =. z iH eae i | A Cie ie Al Z | A Z A Wy A DG A Z | 1 195|| 51} 9.961|| 101] 19.727]) 151 29. 492]| 201) 39.258)| 251| 49.023 2} .391|} 52/10.156|| 102) 19.922!) 152} 29.688] 202) 39.453|| 252] 49.219 3] .586]| 53/10 352) 103] 20.117]| 153]. 29.883]] 203) 39 648|| 253) 49.414 4) .781|| 54/10.547|| 104; 20.312]! 154) 30.078]| 204) 39.844)| 254| 49.609 5| .977|| 55|10.742|| 105) 20.508|| 155} 30.273]| 205; 40.039)| 255) 49.805 6| 1.172|| 56/10.938]| 106] 20.703|| 156) 30.469'| 206] 40.234'| 256) 50.000 7| 1.367|| 57|11.133]| 107| 20.898] 157) 30.664,| 207| 40.430)| 257) 50.195 8] 1.562|| 58/11.328|] 108] 21.094]! 158} 30.859] 208} 40.625|/ 258) 50.391 9} 1.758|| 59/11.523)| 109] 21.289]| 159] 31.055]| 209] 40.820)| 259; 50.586 10) 1.953}| 60/11.719]| 110) 21.484), 160] 31.250]) 210/ 41.016} 260) 50.781 | | | | 11) 2.148]| 61/11.914|) 111) 21.680]| 161) 31.445]| 211) 41.211|| 261] 50.977 12] 2.344] 62/12.109|| 112) 21.875]| 162] 31.641]| 212) 41.406|| 262] 51.172 13] 2.539]| 63/12.305]) 113] 22.070|| 163] 31.836]) 213) 41.602|| 263] 51.367 14| 2.734]| 64/12.500/|| 114] 22.266]| 164] 32.031|| 214) 41.797|| 264) 51.562 15| 2.930|/ 65/12.695) 115) 22.461], 165) 32.227) 215) 41.992 265| 51.758 16| 3.125]| 66|/12.891|| 116] 22.656|| 166] 32.422|/ 216) 42.188|| 266] 51.953 17| 3.320|| 67|13.086)| 117] 22.852]| 167] 32.617|| 217) 42.383]| 267) 52.148 18] 3.516|| 68/13.281|| 118] 23.047]|| 168] 32.812]| 218] 42.578]; 268] 52.344 19| 3.711]| 69|13.477|| 119] 23.242)| 169] 33.008]| 219] 42.773|| 269] 52.539 20| 3.906]| 70)13.672)| 120] 23.438!/ 170] 33.203|| 220| 42.969)| 270| 52.734 21| 4.102|| 71/13.867|| 121| 23.633|| 171] 33.398]| 221) 43.164]| 271) 52.930 22| 4.297|| 72|14.062|| 122) 23.828]| 172) 33.594|| 222) 43.359]! 272) 53.125 23| 4.492|| 73)14.258]| 123) 24.023]| 173) 33.789|| 223] 48.555|| 273) 53.320 24) 4.688]| 74/14.453]| 124) 24.219]| 174] 33.984|| 224) 43.750|| 274) 53.516 25| 4.883)|° 75|14.648]| 125) 24.414]| 175, 34.180]| 225) 43.945)| 275| 53.711 26; 5.078|| 76|/14.844/| 126] 24.609|| 176| 34.375|| 226) 44.141]! 276} 53.906 27| 5.273)| 77/15.039]| 127| 24.805|| 177) 34.570]; 227) 44.336|| 277| 54.102 28| 5.469|) 78/15.234)| 128) 25.000|| 178) 34.766]| 228) 44.531|| 978] 54.297 29| 5.664]| 79/15.430|| 129) 25.195|| 179] 34.961]; 229) 44.727|| 979| 54.492 30) 5.859|| 80/15.625|| 130) 25.391]/ 180) 35.156|| 230) 44.922/| 280) 54.688 | | | 81) 6.055|) 81/15.820|| 131) 25.586|) 181) 35.352|| 231) 45.117|| 281| 54.883 32) 6:250|| 82)16.016]| 132) 25.781|| 182) 35.547|| 232) 45.312]) 282) 55.078 33) 6.445|| 83/16.211|| 133} 25.977|| 183) 35.742|| 233) 45.508/| 283) 55.273 34| 6.641|| 84)16.406|| 134) 26.172|) 184) 35.938|| 234) 45.703/| 284) 55.469 35) 6.836|| 85/16.602|| 135] 26.367]| 185) 36.133]| 235] 45.898|| 285) 55.664 36) 7.031|| 86/16.797|| 136) 26.562)| 186) 36.328]| 236| 46.094|| 286| 55.859 37| 7.227|| 87\16.992|| 137| 26.758|| 187| 36.523]| 237) 46.289!| 287) 56.055 38| 7.422|| 88|17.188|| 138] 26.953]| 188| 36.719]|| 238|- 46.484|| 288] 56.250 39| 7.617|| 89|17.383)| 189} 27.148|| 189] 36.914/| 239] 46.680|| 289] 56.445 40) 7.812]| 90)17.578|| 140| 27.344|| 190) 37.109|| 240} 46.875|| 290| 56.641 41) 8.008]| 91)17.773]| 141] 27.539]| 191) 37.305|| 241] 47.070|| 291| 56.836 42) 8.203]| 92/17.969)|| 142) 27.734|| 192) 37.500|| 242) 47.266|| 292) 57.031 43) 8.398]| 93)18.164)| 143} 27.930]| 193) 37.695] 243) 47.461]| 293) 57.227 44) 8.594/| 94/18 .359|| 144) 28.125]| 194 7.891|| 244) 47.656|| 294] 57.422 45) 8.789|| 95/18.555|| 145) 28.320)| 195) 38.086|| 245) 47.852|| 295) 57.617 46| 8.984|| 9618 ee 146] 28.516]| 196} 38.281]| 246]. 48.047]|] 296) 57.312 47| 9.180 97|18 .945|| 147/ 28.711|| 197| 38.477|| 247| 48 .242!| 207/ 58 008 48) 9.375]; 98/19.141)| 148] 28.906]! 198} 38.672|| 248] 48.438]| 298] 58.203 49 ae 99/19 336) 149} 29 102|| 199) 38.867|| 249} 48.633]| 299] 58.398 198 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. NINTH ANCESTRAL GENERATION. (Coneluded. ) Patt 344 A Zi | A | Zi A Z | A | Z | A | Z | | | 301 58.789|| 351 68.555| 401/ 78.320) 451 88.086) 501] 97.852 302) 58.984/| 352) 68.750/| 402| 78.516|| 452) 88.281|| 502} 98.047 303| 59.180|| 353) 68.945|| 403) 78.711|| 453) 88.477|| 503] 98.242 304) 59.375|| 354) 69.141 | 404, 78.906| 454, 88.672)| 504) 98.438 305} 59.570|| 355) 69.336|| 405| 79.102|| 455) 88.867|| 505] 98.633 306) 59.766|| 356) 69.531] 406) 79.297)| 456 89.062)| 506] 98.828 307| 59.961)| 357| 69.727|| 407| 79.492|| 457| 89.258|| 507| 99.023 308} 60.156|| 358) 69.922)| 408) 79.688 458) 89.453|| 508| 99.219 309; 60.352)) 359) 70.117|| 409) 79.883) 459) 89.648|| 509} 99.414 310| 60.547|| 360) 70.312); 410) 80.078 460) 89.844|| 510} 99.609 311| 60.742|| 361! 70.508|| 411| 80.273|| 461) 90.039|| 511] 99.805 312/ 60.938]/ 362, 70.703), 412) 80.469) 462) 90.234|| — - 313] 61.133|| 363) 70.898|| 413) 80.664); 463) 90.430 - 314} 61.328|| 364; 71.094|| 414) 80.859|| 464) 90.625|| — - 315| 61.523|| 365] 71.289|| 415| 81.055|| * 465) 90.820)| = - | 316| 61.719]| 366] 71.484|/ 416| 81.250)| 466) 91.016|| — - 317| 61.914|| 367/ 71.680|| 417| 81.445|| 467| 91.211|| = - 318] 62.109|| 368) 71.875|| 418| 81.641|| 468] 91.406|| — = 319] 62.305|| 369] 72.070|| 419] 81.836|| 469) 91.602|| — - 320| 62.500 uae 72.266|| 420) 82.031)| 470] 91.797/| —- = 321) 62.695|| 371) 72.461|/ 421) 82.227|| 471| 91.992|| — - 322| 62.891|| 372) 72.656|| 422/ 82.422|| 472) 92 188i; — - 323| 63.086|| 373) 72.852|| 423/ 82.617|| 473] 92.383|| — = 324| 63.281|| 374) 73.047|| 424) 82.812|| 474) 92.578/| — - 325| 63.477|| 375] 73.242|| 425/ 83.008|| 475) 92.773/| — - 326| 63.672|| 376| 73.438/| 426] 83.203|| 476; 92.969)| - — — 327| 63.867|| 377) 73.633|| 427| 83.398||_ 477| 93.164|| — - 328| 64.062/| 378] 73.828|| 428] 83.594|| 478) 93.359]| .— - 329| 64.258|/ 379] 74.023|| 429] 83.789|| 479] 93.555|| — - 330| 64.453}, 380) 74.219]; 430] 83.984)/ 480) 93.750] — - 331| 64.648|| 381] 74.414|| 431] 84.180|| 481| 93.945)) — - 332| 64.844|| 382) 74.609|| 432| 84.375|| 482) 94.141|/ — - 333| 65.039] 383] 74.805|| 433] 84.570|/ 483| 94.336|/ — - 334] 65.234|/ 384) 75.000|| 434/ 84.766]; 484| 94.531|| — - 335| 65.430|| 385] 75.195|| 435) 84.961] 485) 94.727|/ — - 336, 65.625|| 386] 75.391|| 436] 85.156|)| 486/ 94.922); — - 337| 65.820)| 387] 75.586|| 437| 85.352!| 487| 95.117|| — = 338| 66.016|| 388] 75.781|| 438] 85.547|| 488} 95.312||. — - 339| 66.211|| 389] 75.977|| 439] 85.742)| 489] 95.508]| — - 340) 66.406], 390] 76.172|/ 440] 85.938|! 490) 95.703)| — - 341| 66.602|| 391] 76.367|| 441| 86.133|| 491| 95.898|| — - 342| 66.797|| 392| 76.562|| 442) 86.328|| 492) 96.094|| — = 343; 66.992|| 393] 76.758|| 443] 86.523|/ 493) 96.289]/ — = 344| 67.188|| 394| 76.953|| 444] 86.719|| 494) 96.484|) — - 345| 67.383|| 395} 77:148|| 445) 86.914|| 495) 96.680|| —- - | | 346| 67.578|| 396| 77.344|| 446] 87.109]| 496] 96.875|| — - 347| 67.773|| 397| 77.539|| 447| 87.305|| 497| 97.070|| — = 348| 67.969|| 398| 77.734|| 448] 87.500|| 498] 97.266)| — - 349| 68.164|| *399| 77.930|| 449) 87.695|| 499] 97.461|) — - 350| 68.359|| 400] 78.125|| 450) 87.891|| 500) 97.656); — - a | TABLES FOR CALCULATING COEFFICIENTS OF INBREEDING. I99 PON Ey ANCE Ss RAL CEN RATION: Pp) —=1024 A | Z | A | Z | A | Z A Z | A | Z | A Z | l | l ( 1) .098|} 51) 4.980) 101 9.863|| 151, 14.746), 201) 19.629|| 251) 24.512 2) .195|} 52) 5.078)| 102 9.961|| 152} 14.844)) 202) 19.727), 252) 24.609 3) .293| 53) 5.176 103, 10.059|| 153) 14.941), 203; 19.824)|| 253) 24.707 4} .391)| 54, 5.273)| 104; 10.156); 154) 15.039)| 204) 19.922/) 254) 24.805 5| .488]) 55) 5.371)}| 105 10.254)| 155) 15.137]| 205) 20.020)| 255) 24.902 6| .586|| 56) 5.469| 106 10.352|| 156) 15.234) 206) 20.117) 256) 25.000 7| .684|| 57| 5.566)| 107; 10.449)| 157) 15.332), 207| 20.215|| 257) 25.098 8} .781|| 58) 5.664} 108 10.547|) 158} 15.430)) 208| 20.312)| 258) 25.195 9) .879)| 59) 5.762)| 109 10.645)| 159) 15.527)! 209) 20.410|) 259) 25.293 10) .977|| 60) 5.859 | 110, 10.742|/ 160) 15.625) 210) 20.508) 260) 25.391 | | 11| 1.074 61) 5.957] 111\ 10.840)| 161] 15.723) 211| 20.605| 261] 25.488 12} 1.172|| 62) 6.055) 112 10.988)| 162) 15.820)| 212) 20.703|| 262); 25.586 13) 1.270]] 63) 6.152); 113) 11.035/| 163] 15.918)| 213} 20.801|| 263) 25.684 14) 1.367|| 64) 6.250|| 114 11.133); 164| 16.016), 214) 20.898]; 264) 25.781 15] 1.465)| 65) 6.348) 115 11 230) 165) 16.113]) 215) 20.996]) 265) 25.879 16] 1.562|| 66) 6.445) 116 11.328)} 166) 16.211}; 216} 21.094|| 266) 25.977 17) 1.660'| 67) 6.543) 117) 11.426)| 167) 16.309]| 217); 21.191|| 267) 26.074 18) 1.758); 68) 6.641'| 118: 11.523)) 168); 16.406|]) 218; 21.289]| 268) 26.172 19} 1.855|| 69] 6.738] 119 11.621)| 169} 16.504) 219) 21.387|) 269] 26.270 20} 1.953]| 70) 6.836) 120 11.719)} 170) 16.602)! 220); 21.484)| 270} 26.367 | | | Be 21; 2.051 71\ 6.934) 121 11.816)) 171) 16.699)) 221) 21.582)) 271) 26.465 22) 2.148)| 72) 7.031) 122; 11.914)]} 172} 16.797|| 222) 21.680|| 272} 26.562 23) 2.246) 73 | 7.129) 123. 12.012|| 173) 16.895)| 223) 21.777|| 273) 26.660 24| 2:344|| 74] 7.227\| 124 12.109!| 174! 16.992)| 224) 21.875|| 274) 26.758 25| 2.441 75| 7.324|| 125) 12.207| 175| 17.090)| 225) 21.973|| 275) 26.855 | | | | Ti 26| 2.539|| 76) 7.422)| 126} 12.305)} 176) 17.188) 226) 22.070|| 276: 26.953 27| 2.637|| 77| 7.520]| 127) 12.402)) 177) 17.285)| 227) 22.168) 277) 27.051 28) 2.734|| 78) 7.617)| 128) 12.500); 178} 17.383)| 228) 22.266) 278, 27.148 29) 2.832/| 79) 7.715]| 129] 12.598]| 179) 17.480)| 229) 22.363)| 279 27.246 30 2.930) 80, 7.812)| 130) 12.695) 180} 17.578)| 230) 22.461) 280, 27.344 31} 3.027|| 81) 7.910]; 131) 12.793)| 181) 17.676)| 231) 22.559] 281) 27.441 32} 3.125)| 82) 8.008); 1382) 12.891|| 182) 17.773)| 232] 22.656| 282 27.539 33| 3.223/| 83) 8.105)]) 133) 12.988)) 183). 17.871|| 233) 22.754) 283° 27.637 34/ 3.320)| 84) 8.203/| 134) 13.086|| 184) 17.969|| 234) 22.852] 284 27.734 35| 3.418 85) 8.301}) 135) coeeee 185) 18.066)} 235) 22.949] 285 27.832 | 36) 3.516 86 8.398 136) 13.281); 186! 18.164)|| 236) 23.047)| 286) 27.930 37| 3.613|| 87| 8.496|| 137; 13.379}| 187] 18.262)) 237) 23.145 | 287 28.027 38] 3.711|| 88) 8.594)| 138) 13.477|| 188} 18.359]| 238) 23.242] 288 28.125 39) 3.809'| 89) 8.691]| 139} 13.574|) 189) 18.457)| 239} 23.340 | 289) 28.223 40| 3.906)| 90) 8.789] 140) 13.672|| 190) 18.555|| 240} 23.438 | 290) 28.320 41| 4.004| 91| 8.887|| 141) 13.770] 191| 18.652)| 241] 23.535| 291 28.418 42) 4.102|| 92) 8.984) 142) 13.867|| 192 18.750|| 242) 23.633 | 292 28 516 43) 4.199|| 93) 9.082]| 143) 13.965)| 193) 18.848]} 243} 23.730] 293) 28.613 44| 4.297|| 94) 9.180]| 144) 14.062) 194| 18.945)| 244] 23.898 | 294 28.711 45} 4.395) 28) 9.277 es] 14.160}; 195) 19.043)| 245) 23.926); 295, 28.809 | | ] =. 46) 4.492)| 96) 9.375|| 146] 14.258|) 196] 19.141)| 246} 24.023] 296) 28.906 47) 4.590)| 97) 9.473]! 147, 14.355), 197 19.238) 247) 24.121)| 297; 29 004 48) 4.688)| 98) 9.570]| 148; 14.453|) 198] 19.336/} 248] 24.219| 298, 29.102 49) 4.785)| 99/ 9.668|| 149} 14.551|| 199} 19.434|| 249) 24.316] 299 29.199 50| 4.883)| 100) 9.766 me 14 648)/200 19.531|| 250| 24.414!) 300; 29.297 | | | 200 TENTH ANCESTRAL GENERATION. =T1024 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. A 301 29. 302\29. 303/29. 304 29. 305|29.7 306 29. 307|29. 303 30. 309/30. 310 30-2 311/30 -2 312/30. 313/30. 314/30. 315 30. 316/30. 317 30. 318 31 055)! 319/31 .12 320) 31 -: 321/31 -: 322/31. 323/31: 324,31. 325)31 . 7: 32631. 327/31 .934 328/32 .0: 329/32 .12 330/32 . 2: 331/32 32 332 |32 .422) 333|32 . 52 334\32. 335|32.7 336/32. 337/32. 339/33 - 341 33-5 342/33; 343 33. 345/33. 347 33. 349/34. 350|34. A SISTA Weoted CWCOwwence ww So OOSTNISINI (Continued. ) RRRRE RRR BUBEB BEART LIIG TAK BEETS Sees TABLES FOR CALCULATING COEFFICIENTS OF INBREEDING. 201 TENTH ANCESTRAL GENERATION. (Continued. Pry = 1024 et : : —— : 1} | | | alzia|z | 7 igen CAS a7 AVA of Zea VALS eZ 601/58.601|| 651/63.574|| 701! 68.457|| 751 73.340|| 801) 78.223) 851] 83.105 602/58 789|| 652/63 .672|| 702| 68.555|| 752) 73.438], 802| 78.320, 852| 83.203 603|58.887|| 653/63.770|| 703| 68.652|| 753) 73.535|| 803) 78.418)| 853] 83.301 604|58.984|| 654/63.867) 704| 68.750|| 754| 73.633|| 804) 78.516] 854| 83.398 605/59.082|| 655/63.965)| 705| 68.848|| 755) 73.730| 805) 78.613) 855| 83.496 606/59.180|| 656/64.062|| 706] 68.945|| 756) 73.828] 806) 78.711, $56] 83.594 607/59 .277||. 657|64.160|/ 707| 69.043|| 757| 73.926] 807| 78.809) $57| 83.691 608|59.375|| 658/64.258|| 708| 69.141|| 758, 74.023] 808] 78.906] 858] 83.789 609|59.473]| 659/64.355|| 709] 69.238|| 759| 74.121|| 809] 79.004] 859] 83.887 610|59.570|| 660/64.453| 710 69.336|| 760 74.219) 810 79.102! 860] 83.934 | | 611|59.668]| 661/64.551| 711} 69.434|| 761| 74.316] 811| 79.199] 861| 84.082 612/59.766|| 662\64.648| 712| 69.531|| 762, 74.414] 812| 79.297) 862| 84.180 613/59 .863|| 663/64.746|| 713] 69.629|| 763| 74.512) 813) 79.395] 863) 84.277 614|59.961|| 664/64.844|, 714] 69.727)| 764, 74.609] 814 79.492| 864) 84.375 615/60 .059|/ 665/64.941, 715| 69.824)| 765) 74.707] 815 79.590) 865| 84.473 616/60 .156|| 666/65.039| 716] 69.922|| 766| 74.805] 816 79.688] 866] 84.570 617/60 .254|/ 667/65.137|, 717] 70.020|| 767| 74.902] 817) 79.785|| 867| 84.668 618|60.352|| 668/65.234! 718] 70.117|| 768 75.000) 818 79.883] 868] 84.766 619|60.449|| 669/65.332) 719) 70.215) 769| 75.098) 819 79.980) 869 84.863 620/60 .547|| 670/65.430|| 720, 70.312|| 770| 75.195 820 80.078 870 84.961 | | | 621|60.645|| 671/65.527|| 721) 70.410)| 771) 75.293) 821' 80.176) 871, 85.059 622|60.742|| 672/65.625|| 722) 70.508|| 772| 75.391|/ 822| 80.273)| 872, 85.156 623|60 .840|| 673|65.732|| 723) 70.605|| 773| 75.488) 823) 80.371)| 873 85.254 624/60.938|| 674/65.820|| 724] 70.703|| 774| 75.586 S24 80.469 874 85.352 625/61 .035|| 675|65.918|| 725) 70.801|| 775| 75.684) 825 80.566|| 875 85.449 626|61 .133|| 676 66.016) 726| 70.898|| 776] 75.781| 826] 80 664|| 876 85.547 627|61.230|| 677\66.113|| 727| 70.996|| 777| 75.879) 827| 80.762| 877, 85.645 628/61 .328|| 678/66.211|| 728] 71.094|| 778| 75.977) 828) 80 859|| 878 85.742 629|61 .426|| 679/66.309) 729) 71.191|| 779, 76.074, 829 80.957|| 879 85.840 630/61 .523|| 680 66.406), 730, 71.289) 780 76.172, 830 81.055, 880 85.938 631/61 .621/| 681/66.504|| 731] 71.387|| 781, 76.270) 831) 81.152), 881, 86 035 632|61.719|| 682/66.602|, 732) 71.484|| 782; 76.367 832) 81.250), 882| 86.133 71.582|| 783) 76.465|) 833) 81.348) 883) 86.230 | 2.363 || 82.129 891 87.012 | 742, 72.461) 792) 77.344), 842, 82.227| 892) 87.109 643/62 .793)|| 693/67.676|| 743| 72.559|| 793| 77.441)| 843, 82.324) 893 87.207 644/62 .891)| 694/67 .773|| 744) 72.656|| 794) 77.539/| 844) 82.422!' 894, 87.305 645/62 .988|| 695|/67.871); 745) 72 754\| 795| 77.637)| 845) 82.520) 895 87.402 | | || | | 646/63 .086|| 696/67 .969|| 746) 72.852|| 796] 77.734|| 846; 82.617) 896) 87.500 647/63 .184|| 697/68 .066|| 747) 72.949)| 797! 77.832|| 847) 82.715) 897) 87.598 648/63 .281|' 698/68 .164|| 748, 73.047) 798) 77.930] 848) 82.812} 898 87.695 649/63 .379|| 699/68 .262|| 749| 73.145)| 799] 78.027)| 849! 82.910] 899! 87.793 : 78.125 850 83.008} 900; 87.891 202 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. TENTH ANCESTRAL GENERATION. (Concluded.) Przy = 1024 ow oo ID 00 00 0 00 oF “Isl ea Nejiie) Ww 0 NES coco =) oo a [OnGOk Nejc) Over SSD Oo WwW pw t Ouvdr “10 Oo 00 CO Ne Wejie} Over 00 00 oo CO oll eed KS) oo 1D Wejie} G0 00 Who Ss NW le) =) (Ye) oo 00 “I =~] (=) We) oo AMS We) i bo rar = We) o © We) Ww for) oO i) We) (0°) Lia Wie) lor) (=>) We) ms —_ S (=) We) We) 00 Ou w Or co a Ne) oa) Ne) ~I cs for) Ne) rs tis © bo _ Qo GO co (or) co Wo} ns for) i) Ne) Ne) re} ims co a] Oo ba | i=) = j=) a We) Ve} ie) or paar i} ve) bo w oO (=) — w | We) ns 00 Ne} bo SI ea) Ne) a C2) co org i=) bo 2 i=) - oO Ne) oo) Ke} i is D> a ee i=) aw) wo Ne) © Ne} o to BULLETIN No. 219. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF CERTAIN DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF EBUSARIUM. CHARLES E.. LEwIs. The genus, Fusarium, contains a very large number of species. The descriptions of many of these are very incomplete, fre- quently, being based on the examination of a single collection of material. Since cultural studies of certain species have shown that the same fungus may show quite different characteristics when the conditions for growth are changed, the validity of many of the species is called in question. For example, in cer- tain species of Fusarium starting with material from a colony from a single spore it would be possible by growing the fungus on different culture media to bring about differences as great as thos which have been used in the separation of species. In many cases, in those forms which are parasitic, the occurrence of a Fusarium on different though closely related hosts has been considered sufficient reason by certain writers for describ- ing the fungus on each as a different species. A good illustra- tion of this is found in the fungus causing the scab of a number of cereals. It was described under a different name on each host but the work of Selby and Manns * has shown that the same fungus causes the disease in several hosts. This was determined by growing the fungus from each host in culture, comparing the cultures and making cross inoculations. It is probable that careful and extended cultural studies together with inoculation experiments will greatly reduce the number of species. One great difficulty lies in the incomplete descriptions which make it impossible in many cases to deter- * Selby, A. D., and Manns, T. F., Ohio Expt. Sta. Bul. 203, p. 231, 1900. 204. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913- mine whether the fungus which is being studied has been described. In some cases, an investigator after making an extended study of a species of this genus has described it as new because of the impossibility of placing it among those already described and at the same time has pointed out the pos- sibility that it may have been incompletely described under another name. These new species however in which the descrip- tions take into consideration the characters of the fungus under different conditions of growth make it possible to determine with a considerable degree of certainty whether a fungus which is being studied agrees with the description or not. In some cases the account of the study of a species may become so extended as to make it difficult for the reader to pick out the most important points. It would be very desirable if each per- son who works with a species of Fusarium would either keep the fungus in culture or would send a culture to a laboratory which would keep it growing so that others who desire to do so may obtain it for comparison. In the study of this genus, the comparison of species grown side by side under the same conditions is very desirable. Interest in the genus has increased with the knowledge that a number of very important plant diseases are caused by species of Fusarium. ‘There can be little question that with further study it will ‘be found that some of them which have been regarded as saprophytes are parasites which cause a considerable amount of damage to living plants. Owing to the difficulty in determining the species and the amount of cross inoculation work which should be done in-order to determine the extent of the parasitism of each, a large amourt of study is necessary in order to come to definite knowledge in regard to the character- istics of each and its importance as a cause of disease. On account of the lack of knowledge of the diseases caused by species of Fusarium in Maine, although such fungi were frequently encountered in the examination of diseased plant tissues, it has seemed desirable to make some study of the forms isolated from different hosts and to test their pathogenicity by means of inoculation experiments. In the study of the fungi responsible for the decay of Maine apples, two species of Fusarium were isolated from decaying fruit in 1908. These fungi were grown in pure culture and STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 205 were tested to determine the extent to which they would cause decay of ripe apples. It was found that each of these caused rot and at about the same rate as some of the well known apple decay fungi which were being studied at the same time. Not much work was done with these fungi-'until the next summer when green apples were inoculated and a decay was produced in each case. The decay of the green fruit was regarded as better proof that they are parasites than the rot of the ripe fruit because a number of fungi are able to grow on ripe apples which cannot attack green fruit. The organisms were re-isolated in pure culture in a sufficient number of cases to make sure that the decay was caused by the fungus with which the apple was inoculated. These strains were designated Fusarium I and Fusarium II from apple, or F land F Il. (See list on p. 222). In looking up the subject, no reference was found to any report of a Fusarium decay of apples in America but it was ‘found that Osterwalder * had studied and described such a decay in Europe. The fungus which causes the rot enters the apples through the blossom end and grows down into the cavity around the seeds spreading from here into the surrounding tis- sues. The tissues become light brown in color and bitter to the taste. Osterwalder studied the fungus not only as it occurs in nature but in culture on a number of media and describes its charac- teristics in some detail. He regarded it as a new species, F. putrefaciens. Inoculations were made on both apples and pears and it was found that when the fungus was placed in wounds it caused decay, but attempts to produce infection through tiie uninjured epidermis resulted in failure. Only one such apple rotted and this rot was caused by another fungus, Cephalothe- ciunt roseum Cda. The review of this article in Experiment Station Record, Vol. XVII, p. 50, says: “The author claims that the fungus is iden- tical with that reported by Eustace as Cephalothecium roscum which causes a rot of apples. He agrees with Eustace? and * Osterwalder, A. Ueber cine bisher unbekannte Art der Kernohstfaule verursacht durch Fusarium putrefaciens Noy. spec. Centrabl. Bakt. Zweite Abt. 13, 207-213; 330-338, 1904. ft Hustace, H. J., N. Y., State Sta. Bul. 227, 1902. 206 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1T3. others on the ability of this fungus to cause a rotting of the fruits in this way refuting the claims of a number of European investigators.’ The writer did not find anything in Oster- walder’s account to indicate that he regarded F. putrefaciens and C. roseum as identical. In connection with the fact that C. rosewm was isolated from an apple which decayed after inoculation with the Fusarium, the status of C. roseum as an apple decay is discussed but this is followed in the next para- graph by a discussion of the species of Fusarium which have been described from apple fruit with the result that it was decided that the Fusarium which had been studied should be © regarded as a new species, F. putrefaciens. Owing to the similarity of the decay found in Maine to that described by Osterwalder and the fact that one of the fungi, F I, found here seemed to agree rather closely with the descrip- tion of F. putrefaciens, a culture was secured from Dr. Oster- walder in July, 1909, and has been grown on the same media’ since that time for comparison with the species isolated in Maine:* Some slight differences have been observed in cultural characteristics chiefly in the red color of the mycelium. ‘The red color is much brighter in the Maine form than in the Euro- pean on the same medium under the same conditions. Inocula- tions of apples showed that F. putrefaciens and the similar form from Maine caused decay of fruit at so nearly the same rate that one could not be regarded as a more active cause of decay than the other. Each year since 1908 a considerable number of apples have been found in which a Fusarium was causing decay. The Fusarium rot is easily distinguished from the other common apple rots in its later stages when the mycelium has grown out through the lenticels and has partially covered the surface of the apple. This aerial mycelium is white at first but soon takes on some red and yellow color. In the early stages it is not always possible to distinguish this rot from those caused by other fungi. The decayed tissues are light brown in color and are bitter to the taste. The skin of the apple is darker in color than in the case of apples rotted by Penicillium but not so dark as with Sphaeropsis or Glomerella. * See foot-note p. 254. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 207 Fusarium may attack the apple fruit in 2 ways. Both of the species isolated in 1908 were first found growing in wounds on the surface of the fruits. Associated with them were other fungi, part of which proved to be parasites and part saprophytes when inoculations were made into apple fruits. Later each of the two species was found growing in the cavity around the seeds and spreading into the surrounding tissues to cause decay just as Osterwalder described for F. putrefaciens. In such cases the fungus enters the seed cavities through the canal which extends down from the blossom end and which does not become closed in some varieties. Apples which appear sound may show when cut open a growth of mycelium around the seeds. If such apples are kept in cold storage, the fungus cannot grow but when the apples are subjected to a higher temperature for sev- eral days the mycelium spreads into the surrounding tissues causing the loss of the fruit. Either F I or F II may be respon- sible for such decay. As will be shown later Fusarium forms from a number of sources are capable of causing rot of apple fruits upon inoculation but these two species are the only ones which have been found to occur on the fruit in nature to such an extent as to cause much loss. A third form was isolated from a decaying apple in 1909 but has not been found again. While these species of Fusarium are to be regarded as causes of storage rot of ripe apples, that part of the infection which takes place through the blossom end probably occurs in most cases ‘before the apples are placed in storage. In some cases, infection through wounds may also occur before harvesting as in apples injured by insects or by hail. Wounds caused by rough handling also serve as a place of entrance for these as for other rot fungi. In a few cases green apples on the tree showing growth of Fusarium on wounded places have been found. Fig. 105 shows the appearance of such an apple. The fungus was isolated from this apple and has been grown for more than two years in comparison with Fusarium I with the result that the two strains are regarded as belonging to the same species. This has been isolated a number of times from apples. In one lot of Milden apples which were under observation in 1912 mycelium of a Fusarium was found in the core in many cases. Later an attempt was made to isolate the fungus from each of 20 of the apples which were either partially or wholly decayed and in | | 208 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. OWES which the rot appeared to be caused by a species of Fusarium. Small pieces of decayed tissue were removed from the inner part of each apple and placed in plates containing 10 c. c. of prune agar. From 15 of the 20 apples pure cultures of Fusarium were found. ‘The plates from the other apples showed a growth of Fusarium but there was also a growth of other fungi. Trans- fers were made from the plates to tubes and the growth on various media agreed very closely with that of F I. Tests were made of ten of these strains which proved that each was capable of producing decay in apples of three varieties, Baldwin, Mann and Bellflower. One strain was used in making inoculations of apples of each of the following varieties: Rhode Island Green- ing, Baldwin, Gano and Northern Spy, with the result that decay was produced in all. F I grows readily on a large number of the culture media which are in common use in growing fungi for study. On ster- ilized bean pods, potato, carrot, turnip, and beet cylinders in tubes, a rather large amount of white aerial mycelium is pro- duced within 3 to 5 days after transfers are made if the cultures are kept at a favorable temperature for growth. Usually within 5 days, red color begins to appear in the mycelium near the cul- ture medium. In a few days, this covers the whole slant in vegetable cylinders and becomes a very bright red. When the cultures become older there is some yellowish and greenish yel- low mycelium. This was especially noticeable on ‘beet cylinder cultures three weeks old. In cultures grown under favorable conditions, great quantities of spores are produced. In young cultures spores of many shapes and sizes are found. ‘These include as one extreme one- celled spores, about 8 microns in length, which have usually been designated microconidia and as the other large, 5-septate spores, 52 microns in length, which have been called macroconidia. In older cultures of this fungus when the conditions of growtn are favorable to their development, orange colored masses of spores are produced. ‘The spores found in these sporodochia are more uniform in shape and size than those found in the young cul- tures, as shown in Figs. 86, 87 and 88. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 209 Appel and Wollenweber * regard these as normal spores while the spores of various shapes and sizes are regarded as abnormal. They base much of their classification of species on the shape and size of the spores produced in sporodochia. According to their account the sporodochia are produced readily when fully developed normal spores are transferred to sterilized plant stems in tubes. If on the other hand, mycelium is transferred there is growth of much more mycelium and the sporodochia do not develop so readily, if at all. The writer is able to confirm this from the results of work with certain strains of this species from apple. Sporodochia appeared in the cultures and when transfers were made from these to potato cylinders the whole slant became covered with an orange colored mass of spores, after a few days’ growth. On the same date transfers were made using material from the aerial mycelium from the same tube with the results that in the cultures from this source mycelium began to develop at once giving a growth so different in character from that which developed from spores that the two sets of cultures might be classified as belonging to different . species or even genera if the classification was based on these ~ cultures alone without regard to their origin. F II from apple agrees in certain characteristics with F I. On the same culture media the two fungi give a somewhat similar appearance. Both produce an abundance of white aerial mycelium although the amount is slightly greater in F II. The red color is the same in the two forms and differs from that in the cultures of F. putrefaciens, F XII, sent to me by Oster- walder when all are grown on the same medium. In F. putre- faciens the red color is not so bright but seems dull in compari- son and it extends to the aerial mycelium to a greater extent than in F I and F II so that there is not so much contrast between the white aerial mycelium and the red color next to the medium. This difference has been noted many times. F II can be readily distinguished from F I by microscopic examination of the spores. In the former, an additional type of spore is found. These spores are obovate to pyriform in shape, the obovate spores usually being one-celled and pyriform spores * Appel, O., and Wollenweber, H. W. Grundlagen einer Monographie der Gattung Fusarium (Link). Arbeiten aus der Kaiserlichen Anstalt fur Land-und Forstwirtschaft. Band VIII, Heft I, roro. 210 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. 2-celled. Very frequently in cultures 2 to 4 weeks old the spores of the obovate type in this fungus are about equal in number to those of the septate Fusarium type while in the same cultures when a few days old a much smaller proportion of obovate spores is found. This is especially striking when the spores are sown in prune agar plates. The young colonies begin to produce spores of the septate Fusarium type in 3 to 4 days but if the cultures are allowed to continue their growth for 3 to 4 weeks large number of spores of the obovate type are produced. Figs. 89 to 93 show the different forms of spores which are found in cultures of this fungus, F II and F IV being strains of the same fungus. The obovate spores are as a rule about 8 microns in diameter, the septate vary from II to 4I microns in length and from 2.75 to 5.5 in width. ‘They are one to 5-septate and may be straight or curved. According to the system of Appel and Wollenweber the spores which occur in the young cultures on agar are to be regarded as abnormal. The first thought to occur on finding spores of the obovate and pyriform types in cultures which in other respect are so strikingly similar to typical cultures of Fusarium is that the cultures must not be pure. Plating out and starting from colo- nies which had developed from single spores gave cultures which produced the different types of spores. Moreover, it is possible to find spores of the long type and of the obovate type cut off from the same conidiophore so that one is forced to the con- clusion that the extremely different forms belong to the same fungus. In the first examinations of fungi of the type of F II found in connection with studies of decaying apples, the writer felt no hesitancy in referring the fungus to that genus on account of its striking similarity to other species of the genus. Later when it was found that the obovate, pyriform, and septate spores belonged to the same fungus the question of its proper classi- fication became more difficult. Of the many species of Fusa- rium, the writer found none which was described as producing spores of such a strikingly obovate form. However, it is to be remembered that only a comparatively small number of the species of Fusarium were described from material which had been under observation in culture for a long enough time that all of the spore forms could be taken into consideration. For STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 2Z2ITI ‘example material of F II collected as it occurs naturally in decaying apples may show in some cases practically all spores of the septate Fusarium type while in other cases the obovate spores predominate. A description of the fungus which took into consideration either of these conditions without regard to the other would not be complete. Soon after it had been determined that the different spore forms belonged to this fungus, the writer read Stewart and Hodgkiss’* account of the Sporotrichum Bud-Rot of Carnations and the Silver Top of June Grass. Stewart isolated a fungus from decaying carnation buds, studied it in culture and carried on inoculation experiments in which he proved that it caused the rot of the buds. Diseased buds were sent to Dr. Peck who described the fungus as a new species, Sporotrichum antho- philum. Some time before this, Stewart had found a similar fungus associated with the silver top of June grass which Dr. Peck had named Sporotrichum poae. ‘The descriptions of both species were based on material as it occurs in nature. When Stewart grew the fungi from the two sources in culture, it was found that they gave exactly the same kind of growth on a number of media. Both were characterized by the production of a large amount of white aerial mycelium and by red color next to the medium. The spores in both were obovate to pyri- form with occasional septate spores of the type of Fusarium macroconidia. By means of inoculations, he showed that the fungus isolated from June grass would also cause the rot of carnation buds and therefore concluded that the two species, S. poae and S. anthophilum should be regarded as one species which should be called S. poae because that species name was used earlier than the other. The writer was impressed by the striking similarity of the carnation bud-rot fungus and the fungus from apples which has been referred to as F IJ. The fungus from apples agrees with the description of the one from carnations and June grass in its rapid growth, production of a large amount of white aerial mycelium, production of red color on a number of media and in * Stewart, F. C., and Hodgkiss, H. E. The Sporotrichum Bud-Rot of Carnations and the Silver Top of June Grass. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Technical Bulletin No. 7, 1a08. 212 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913: the spores which vary from the obovate type of Sporotrichum to the septate type of Fusarium. ‘The chief difference which is to be noted is that the fungus studied by Stewart is described as producing a predominance of spores of the obovate to pyriform type while in the fungus isolated from apples in Maine the type of spore which predominates varies with the age of the culture and with the conditions of growth. In response to a request for cultures of the carnation bud-rot fungus for comparison with the apple fungus, Stewart replied that after the completion of their studies the cultures had been allowed to die. Some of the old cultures had been saved, how- ever, and these were sent. While the writer did not have the opportunity to see this fungus alive and growing under the same conditions as the fungus from apple, there seemed little reason to doubt that the two fungi were very closly related. The pro- portion of obovate spores seemed greater in the old cultures which were sent by Stewart than in old growths of the apple fungus. The fact that so few spores of the septate type were found caused Stewart to regard the fungus as being more prop- erly classified in the genus Sporotrichum than in Fusarium, although he points out that no other species of Sporotrichum is described as having septate spores. At about the same time that Stewart was studying the carna- tion bud-rot Heald * was investigating a similar disease in Nebraska. In Heald’s first account of this disease published in Science? a species of Fusarium was regarded as the cause of the rot but in the later publication the causal fungus is con- sidered to be Sporotrichum anthophilum. Later in this paper data will be presented which will show that the fungi encoun- tered in the two cases were not necessarily the same. The writer determined by means of inoculation experiments that certain typical species of Fusarium can cause rot of carnation buds so that it is not impossible that Heald was working with two differ- ent fungi. On the other hand the bud-rot fungus may have shown a large proportion of septate spores in one case and of * Heald, F. D. The Bud Rot of Carnations, Neb. Expt. Sta. Bul. 103, 1908. tT Science, N. S., 23 :620, 1006. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 213 obovate spores in the other. The illustrations of the fungus in the later publication show no septate spores of the Fusarium type. The writer tried to secure a culture of the fungus but it was no longer available. Dr. Heald kindly offered, however, to examine cultures of the apple fungus ahd give his opinion as to its identity with the one which he had studied in connection with carnation bud-rot. After growing the apple fungus for some time he reached the conclusion that it was very similar to his carnation bud-rot fungus and should probably be regarded as belonging to the same species. Soon after noticing the similarity of the carnation bud-rot fungus and the apple rot fungus which had been designated as F II, inoculation experiments were begun in which the one from apple was tested on carnations in order to determine whether it would cause bud-rot. A detailed account of the inoculations and the results is given later in this paper. Here it is sufficient to say that as the result of these inoculations it was found that not only F II would cause the rot of the buds but that what appear to be closely related fungi isolated from other hosts can also produce the same disease. It was also found that certain typical species of Fusarium were capable of causing the destruc- tion of the buds. Fungi of the same type as the carnation bud-rot organism seem to be quite widely distributed in nature. The question of whether these are to be regarded as strains of one species or as closely related species is a difficult one. A fungus which is very similar to the one associated with the carnation disease was isolated from an ear rot of corn in Illinois and described by Burrill and Barrett.* This fungus which they called Fusarium I from corn produced a large amount of white aerial mycelium which later shows red color next to the culture medium. It was described as producing spores of two kinds, obovate to pyriform microconidia and septate macroconidia of Fusarium. In the fall of 1910 the writer asked Dr. Barrett if it would be possible to obtain a culture of this fungus for comparison with the apple decay fungus. At that time the cultures had been bundle nand barrett, J.D: Lanvkots of Corn, Ll. Expt Sta: Bul. 133, p. 86, 19c0. 214 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. allowed to die in the Illinois Laboratory but Dr. Barrett offered to look over material of the apple fungus and give his opinion as to its identity with the corn Fusarium I. Later, in the fall of 1911, Dr. Barrett again secured cultures of the corn Fusarium and after growing it and the apple fungus for some time under the same conditions sent a culture (carried in this laboratory as F XXXVI) to the writer with the opinion that the, two should be regarded as. distinct. Examination of material from young cultures of the corn fungus shows that it produces a much greater proportion of obovate spores than does F II from apples. In this it agrees more closely with the carnation bud-rot fungus than do the forms isolated from apples. In December, 1912, the writer made some study of the fungi associated with the cecay of ears of flint corn in Maine. On some ears obovate spores were found and on others septate Fusarium spores. Cultures were made with the result that two strains or species were secured one of which, F XLVIII, pro- duces large numbers of obovate spores with occasional septate spores while the other, F XLIX, produces many septate spores with a much smaller proportion of the obovate form. ‘The first of these fungi agrees closely with the one secured from Illinois while the other seems to be identical with F II from apples, showing that this may also occur on ears of corn. ‘Since in the culture studies the two strains have been found to require the same conditions for growth it is probable that both occur fre- quently on moldy corn. Not enough work has been done to determine which is the more common in Maine. To determine this would require a large number of isolations of the fungi from different sources and their comparison in culture. On account of the fact that no difference can be noted in their effects on corn the value of this work would be questionable. In connection with this study, the writer has isolated fungi from a number of sources for comparison with F II from apple. In this way a considerable number of strains have been secured. Some of these have proved to be typical species of Fusarium, while a number although showing certain characteristics of Fusarium have been found to produce spores of the obovate type. In many cases these forms cannot be distinguished from STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 215 typical species of Fusarium until a microscopic examination is made of the spores. In May Ig10 a diseased potato was sent to this laboratory by Dr. G. E. Stone of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. When material from the diseased surface of the tuber was examined septate Fusarium spores were found. Cultures were made from these and the fungus which developed, F IX, pro- duced an abundance of spores of the obovate type such as had been found in F II from apples. Early in the study of this it was noted that while the growth of mycelium was very similar and the spores identical in shape and size to those of the fungus from apple the proportion of obovate spores was much greater in the potato fungus. With the latter, the septate spores were pro- duced in the young colonies when obovate spores were sown in agar plates but when aerial mycelium began to develop the obovate spores were produced in greater numbers than the sep- tate. In September 1910 a fungus, F VI, was isolated from diseased ears of sweet corn. The same fungus has been found on sweet corn a number of times since, but it is probable that the total amount of loss caused by it is small. It agrees very closely in its characteristics with F [X described above from potato. A fungus, F XIII, isolated from diseased heads of sunflower, Helianthus annuus 1, shows the same characteristics as F II from apple. While in older cultures it produces large numbers of obovate spores there are always present a good proportion of spores of the septate Fusarium type. This fungus causes a com- plete decay of sunflower heads and destroys the seeds. Upon inoculation the sunflower fungus was found to cause a rot of carnation buds and 47 of the 71 buds inoculated were destroyed. In June and July, 1911, a number of grasses on the University grounds and farm at Orono showed silver-top. These grasses were examined from time to time in order to determine whether the fungus which Stewart found associated with the silver-top of June grass in New York occurred in Maine and if it did occur to isolate it from as many different grasses as possible for com- parison with similar fungi from other sources. On June 7, 50 culms of June grass, Poa pratensis, affected with silver-top were examined and only one was found which showed the spores of a fungus. These spores agreed in size and 210 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. appearance with those of Sporotrichum poae. Dilution plate cultures were made and in three days colonies had developed which were producing spores. ‘These were of both the one- celled, obovate and the septate types. Transfers were made from the colonies in the plates to sterilized bean pods in tubes. When the growth on bean pods was examined three days later it was found that large numbers of the obovate spores had been produced and only a small proportion of the septate type. It will be seen that this fungus, F XXIV, agrees very closely in its characters with Sporotrichum poae as described by Stewart. It also agrees closely with Barrett’s Fusarium I, F XXXVI, from corn from Illinois and with one of the fungi isolated from potato, F IX, and one from sweet corn by the writer, F VI. The fungus was tested on carnation buds by inoculating 24 buds of the Enchantress variety and 22 of these were destroyed. After about 2 weeks, June grass was again examined. This time a large number of plants showed the presence of the fungus on the injured culms. The mites which Stewart and Hodgkiss found associated with the fungus were also found here.* The explanation of the common occurrence of the fungus at this time in contrast to its rare occurrence 2 weeks earlier is found in the fact that the second examination was preceded by a period of rainy and cloudy weather which was favorable to the growth of the fungus. Fowl meadow grass, Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. which had been injured by the grass thrips was examined June 28 and showed the presence of a fungus which seemed to be identical with the one from June grass, F XXIV. On July 7 a rather large number of plants were examined and the fungus was found to be of frequent occurrence. Dilution plate cultures were made, F XX VII, and later material was transferred from colonies to tubes of various media where the growth was so nearly the same as that of the June grass fungus that one could not be distinguished from the other. * Cary, see pp. 100 and 112 of the 18th Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, attributes the “silver top” of Jnue grass and certain other grasses in Maine to the grass thrips Anapho- thrips striata Osborn. Material examined during different seasons showed both the mites and the thrips associated with the diseased plants. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 217 In the same way material was examined from plants of red top, Agrostis alba L., F XXV; timothy, Phleum pratense L., F XXVIII; and quack grass, Agropyron repens (L,) Beauv., F XXVI, which had been injured by the grass thrips. In all of these, the fungus was found and isolations were made in each case. A fungus, F XXX, showing the same characteristics was also found associated with silver top of timothy collected in Indiana in July 1911. Another, F XXIX, a typical species of Fusarium was also isolated from some of the diseased culms from Indiana. An ornamental grass, Phalaris arundinacea L. var. picta growing on the University campus also showed the presence of the fungus with obovate spores on the shrunken culms which had been injured. The fungi isolated from these different grasses have the same cultural characters. When they are grown side by side on the same medium, it is impossible to distinguish one from the other. They also agree very closely with the one from potato, F IX, described earlier in this paper, with the fungus from sweet corn, F VI, and with Barrett’s Fusarium I from corn, F XXXVI, from Illinois. Some work has been done to determine the relation of these fungi to the carnation bud-rot by means of inoculations of carnation buds. It will be remembered that Stewart produced bud-rot of carnations with the fungus isolated from June grass and from these results reached the conclusion that the fungus from June grass and the one from carnation buds should be regarded as one species, a conclusion which no doubt is correct. In the inoculation work carried on by the writer, there has been wide difference in the results obtained with the very similar fungi from different sources. With the fungi from June grass, F XXIV; red top, F XXV, and quack grass, F XXVI, the proportion of decayed buds was so great as to lead to the conclusion that if the decay of carnation buds is taken as a standard by which to measure their relationship, they would be regarded as one species. Some of the fungi which seem identical with the one from June grass, F XXIV, in cul- tural and morphological characters did not cause a rot of carna- tion buds. These include the fungus from fowl meadow grass, F XXVII, Barrett’s corn Fusarium I, F XXXVI, and the fungus with obovate spores from potato, F IX. On the other 218 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. hand a number of cultures of typical Fusarium which could not possibly be considered as belonging to the same species as the fungi with obovate spores have been found to cause rot of car- nation buds upon inoculation. It would seem that a number of species can cause carnation bud-rot but that what appears to be one morphological species isolated from different host plants has certain strains which cause the rot and others which do not. The fungus from fowl meadow grass seems identical with that from June.grass yet it failed to attack carnation buds of the same variety that were destroyed by the June grass fungus. F II from apple and the sunflower fungus, F XIII, caused rot of the buds which was exactly the same in appearance as that caused by the June grass organism although they differ from it in the production of a much larger proportion of septate spores and might possibly be regarded as belonging more properly to a different species. Fusarium putrefaciens, F X11, and F I from apple caused rapid decay of carnation buds and there is no ques- tion but that these are typical Fusarium forms. In the course of this study species of Fusarium have been isolated or secured from a number of different sources and have been carried through periods of growth on the same media as the forms with obovate spores for comparison. Cultures of two species of Sporotrichum, S. roseolum Oudem. and Beyer and S. bombycinum (Corda) Rabenh. were secured from the Asso- ciation Internationale des Botanistes and these have been carried in culture for more than two years. These species bear little resemblance to the fungi with obovate spores which are under consideration as they produce almost no aerial growth on any of the media on which they have been grown. ‘The writer has had little experience with the genus Sporotrichum, never having grown but one other species in culture but after growing several fungi of the same general group, if not strains of the same species, as the carnation bud-rot fungus in comparison with a number of typical species of Fusarium, some of which resemble that fungus in certain characteristics, and taking into considera- tion that Sporotrichum is a genus characterized by producing one-celled spores while Fusarium is a genus in which different types of spores are produced in a given species under different conditions of growth, it would seem that this group of fungi STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 219 should be considered as more closely related to Fusarium than to Sporotrichum. Cultures of the fungus which has been called F II from apple showing both obovate, one-celled spores and septate spores were sent to Dr. Peck in March, 1910, together with a letter calling attention to the similarity of the apple fungus to that causing carnation bud-rot and to the fact that in the cultures of the fungus from apple large numbers of spores of the septate type were present. In replying Dr. Peck stated that in describing the fungi from June grass and carnation buds only material as it occurs in nature was examined. For that reason only spores of the obovate type were observed. Dr. Peck also said that he knew of no genus which would properly include a fungus with spores of both the Sporotrichum and Fusarium types. It may be possible that the fungi with these two kinds of spores con- stitute a group of species which should be placed in a new genus. It is well known, however, that many species of Fusarium pro- duce in culture large quantities of spores of such shape and size as to place them in other genera if the classifications were based on these spores which are usually called micrononidia. The writer believes that the obovate spores in the group under con- sideration should be regarded in the same way that the small spores of a Cephalosporium type are regarded in certain species of Fusarium and that the fungi with obovate spores agreeing in other characteristics with Fusarium can safely be included in that genus. As has been stated, a number of typical species of Fusarium have been carried in culture side by side with the fungi already discussed and used to some extent for comparison with them. F. roseum Lk, F XVIII, was isolated from scabby wheat which was kindly sent to the writer from Ohio by Dr. Thomas Manns, then of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.* This fungus produces a large amount of white aerial mycelium with bright red color next to the culture medium. In appearance the cul- tures closely resemble those of F II from apple but microscopic _examination shows that the wheat scab fungus produces very few spores in culture and none of these are of the obovate form. * See foot-note p. 254. 220 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. In September 1910, a Fusarium was found on glumes of wheat in Maine. The fungus, F VIII, was isolated and has been found to agree in cultural characters with F I from apple. There is less aerial mycelium than in F. roseum, F XVIII, secured from Ohio and spores are produced in large quantities in sporodochia. These masses of spores are orange colored. When apples were inoculated with this fungus it caused as much decay as F I from apple. A fungus, F XX XI, isolated from summer squash in the sum- mer of I91I agrees somewhat closely in cultural characters with F II from apple. There are, however, a very small proportion of spores of the obovate type. The spores agree in appearance with those of other fungi which have been described in this paper. This fungus produces such a large proportion of septate spores that it would seem that its classification should be based on these rather than on the obovate spores. It is difficult, how- ever, to separate the fungi which produce spores of these types and place all which show a large proportion of septate spores in the genus Fusarium and those which produce a smaller propor- tion in another genus. A species of Fusarium, F XL, was found causing rot of squashes in storage in December, 1911. This fungus produced much white aerial mycelium with red and yellow color near the medium. ‘The decaying tissues of the squash took on a bright red color. A fungus, F XVII, similar to the one from squash was iso- lated from ears of yellow dent corn from Indiana. The growth of this fungus agrees very closely wih that of the one from squash when they are grown on the same culture medium. The corn fungus grew rapidly and produced the same effects on squash as the squash fungus when both were used in making inoculations. Neither of these strains has produced many spores in cultures. A fungus which agrees in cultural characters with F. oxy- sporum as described by Smith and Swingle * was secured from two sources, Ohio, F XVI, and Vermont, F XV, and these strains have been grown on a number of media.? * Smith, Erwin F., and Swingle, Deane B., Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin 55, 1903. 7 See foot-note p. 254. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 221 A fungus F VII isolated from diseased cucumbers in Maine has agreed closely with these fungi in its growth. This was strik- ing in the experiments testing the effect of different amounts of several acids on growth. In each case these 3 strains were able to grow in media containing larger amounts of acid than any of the other 21 strains used in these tests. Two other species of Fusarium have been obtained from diseased cucumbers. One of these, F XX, shows some blue color in the mycelium while in the other, F XIX the mycelium remains white. All of these strains from cucumber produce large numbers of chlamydo- spores in the cultures. These chlamydospores may occur singly or several may occur together in the hypha. Two strains from tomato, F XXI and F XXII, and one from squash, F XXIII, agreed closely with the strain from cucumber in which the mycelium remained white. In addition to the forms from potato which have been men- tioned four others have been isolated. One of these, F XXXVIII, which was isolated from sporodochia on stems has shown the same cultural characters as F I from apple, and the fungus, F VIII, isolated from wheat in Maine. When apples were inoculated with the potato fungus, rot followed. ‘The other three fungi illustrate very well the fact that a number of species of Fusarium may occur in stored potatoes and that some of these species.can be easily distinguished form one another by their growth on a few culture media. One of these forms, F XXXIII, showed blue color of mycelium, one red, F XXXV, and the other white, F XX XIV, when grown on potato cylinders. These fungi have been under observation for two years and have not shown variation from these colors except in the case of the red which has not been uniform. Each summer for the past three years specimens of China aster, the stems of which were affected with a fungous disease, have been sent to this laboratory. In each case cultures have been secured by taking material from the inner part of the stem, using sterilized instruments. The cultures secured from differ- ent sources give evidence that the same fungus, F XIV, is responsible for the disease in different localities. The fungus shows a small amount of white aerial mycelium and no color has appeared in the cultures. The spores are mostly of the non- ——— 222 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. septate type but occasional septate spores are seen. Chlamydo- spores occur in the cultures. No inoculations have been made on China asters. F XIII. 18 DUIVE F XVI. LIST OF ORGANISMS STUDIED. Fusarium I from apple fruit. Fusarium II form apple fruit, produces obovate spores. Fusarium III from apple fruit. Fusarium IV from apple fruit, produces obovate spores. Fusarium from ears of sweet corn from Orono. This did not produce obovate spores. Fusarium from ears of sweet corn from Monmouth, Me. This produces many obovate spores. ; Fusarium isolated from decaying cucumber. Closely resembles F XV and F XVI from potato. Fusarium isolated from diseased wheat collected in Maine. Fungus with obovate spores from potato. Isolated by Dr. W. J. Morse from a potato tuber sent from Massa- chusetts by Dr. Geo. E. Stone. Fusarium from Red Astrachan apple. This fungus is identical with F II. Fusarium isolated from a green apple which was decay- ing on the tree August 1, 1910. This fungus is appar- ently identical with F I. F. putrefaciens Osterwalder.* Culture secured from Dr. Osterwalder in 1910 and carried in culture since that time in comparison with the Maine forms. Fusarium from sunflower. Isolated from decaying head of sunflower from garden in Orono. Fusarium from China aster. Isolated from stems of diseased plants sent by Mrs. E. 'C. Bodman of Seal Harbor, Maine. September, rIgro. Agrees closely in cultural characters with F. orysporum* as described by Smith and Swingle. This strain was secured from Vermont through the courtesy of N. J. Giddings. A culture of this fungus which was isolated from inter- nal tissues of potato tuber from Sharpsburg, Ohio, was secured from Dr. Thomas Manns. Fungus seems identical with F XV. * See foot-note p. 254. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 223 Bev: F XVIII. F XIX. F XXI. 1.008 EF XXIII. F XXIV. eg XXV. XXXVI. XXVIT. leah: testo teg| ileal XXIX. F XXX. 15 20.0.8 F XXXII. F XXXIII. XXVIII. Fusarium from yellow dent corn. Isolated from decay- ing ear of corn sent from Indiana. January, 1911. F. roseum Lk.* Isolated from diseased wheat which was secured from Dr. Thomas Manns then of the Ohio Experiment Station. Fusarium isolated from decaying cucumber. This fungus differs from F VII in that the mycelium remains white in old cultures while in F VII it takes on some purple color on certain media. Fusarium isolated from cucumber by Dr. W. J. Morse. Grows slowly and produces less aerial mycelium than XIX. Shows some blue color in old cultures. Spores are mostly 3-septate. Fusarium from tomato. Isolated from decaying tomato. Similar in cultural characters to F XIX. Fusarium from tomato. tical with F XXI. Fusarium from squash. Isolated from decaying squash. Very similar in cultural characters to F XXI. This strain seems to be iden- Fungus isolated from June grass which showed silver top June, 1911. This fungus is identical in cultural characters with the one which Stewart isolated from June grass and which he regarded as identical with the carnation bud-rot fungus. Fungus isolated,from red top which showed silver top, 1I9git. Identical with F XXIV. Fungus isolated from quack grass, IQII. Fungus isolated from fowl meadow grass, IQIT. Fungus isolated from timothy from Maine, July, 1oIt. Fusarium from timothy from Indiana, 1911. This is a typical species of Fusarium and does not show the obovate spores. Fungus with obovate spores from timothy which showed silver top. From same lot of material as F XXIX. F XXX is identical in cultural characters with the forms isolated from the different grasses in Maine. Fusarium isolated from summer squash, July, 1911. This fungus produces a small proportion of obovate spores in cultures. Fusarium isolated from diseased stem of garden pea, Jnalyay OTe Fusarium in which the mycelium takes on a blue color. Isolated from potatoes in storage, IQTT. * See foot-note p. 254. 224. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. F XXXIV. Fusarium with white mycelium from potato. From same lot of potatoes as F XXXIII. F XXXV. Fusarium in which the mycelium takes on red color. Isolated from the same lot of potatoes as F XXXIII. F XXXVI. Fungus secured from Dr. Barrett from Illinois. This culture was a later isolation which Dr. Barrett re- garded as identical with the fungus described as Fusarium I from corn in Illinois Bulletin 133. F XXXVII. Fusarium from Milden Apple. Culture from a strain isolated by M. Shapovalov, November, 1912. This fungus is identical in cultural characters with F I. F XXXVIII. Fusarium from potato stems. Culture started from sporodochia on stems, September, 1912. There was no evidence that the fungus was growing as a parasite. This strain shows cultural characters identical with F I and it also caused rot of apple fruit upon inocula- tion. ; F XXXIX. F, vasinfectum var pisi Van Hall. Culture secured from Centralstelle fiir Pilzkulturen, September, 1912. 1B Oy Fusarium from decaying winter squash. This fungus which was isolated December, 1911 shows strikingly: different cultural characters from F XXIII as F XL produces much white aerial mycelium with red and yellow color near the medium. i i Xa Ve Fusarium from China aster. Isolated from diseased stem of ‘China aster sent from Winter Harbor, Maine, in 1908. F XLV. Fusarium from China aster. Isolated from material from Seal Harbor, Maine, August, Io11. iE XE: F. niveum Smith. Culture secured from Kral in Feb- ruary, IQIO. F XLVII. Fusarium strains a, b, c, d, and e. All seem to be the same species as F I unless it is e. Isolated from de- caying Milden apples December, 1012. F XLVIII. Fungus with obovate spores from flint corn. Same | cultural characters as F XXXVI. Isolated from de- caying corn from Winslow, Maine, January, 1913. POX EX Fusarium with small proportion of obovate spores. Isolated from same lot of corn as XLVIII. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 225 CULTURE, STUDIES. On account of the fact that certain species of Fusarium show very different cultural characteristics when grown under dif- ferent conditions, it is difficult to compare the forms from different sources unless they can be grown on the same medium under the same conditions, ‘The desirability of growing the fungi which are to be compared on a number of culture media should be readily apparent. In this work comparative studies were begun with the forms isolated from apples and later other fungi were included so that with most of the media forms from 24 sources, F I to F XXIV, were grown on each medium at the same time. ‘This number was used in comparing the effect of different sugars and acids on growth and also in the studies in which fermenta- tion tubes were used. In all of the work reported here, each form was grown on at least two tubes or plates of the medium and in many cases this was repeated several times. Cylinders of vegetables, as potato, turnip, carrot and beet are very satisfactory media for the growth of species of Fusarium. When potato cylinders are prepared in the same way from time to time and the cultures are kept under the same conditions in other respects there is very little variation in the appearance of the mycelium of a given strain. The writer has observed no striking changes in the cultural characters of certain species of Fusarium which have been grown upon this medium with frequent transfers for four years. ‘The species of Fusarium are usually regarded as - very variable, but what have been considered as variations can probably be explained in every case as responses to changed conditions. , Some of the most important characters to be made use of in comparing representatives of this genus are: mycelium as to amount of aerial growth and color, presence or absence of chlamydospores, shape and size of conidia, and with those forms which are parasitic, the extent of the parasitism should be determined by means of inoculations. Owing to the incompleteness of many of the published descriptions, these characters have little value in placing forms in the described species. The amount of aerial growth and the 226 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. color of the mycelium may be very different in sets of cultures of the same fungus on different media. A species which on one medium may show much bright red color of the mycelium next to the substratum and extending to the aerial growth may show little or no red color in cultures of the same age on another medium. In this same fungus, other conditions may lead to the production of still other colors: On the other hand there are certain species in which the mycelium remains white what- ever culture medium is used. In regard to color, it is not suf- ficient to state that a form shows a given color without giving some account of the conditions under which this color was produced. In cultures of a given species, the spores may show differences in shape and size. For this reason the measurements of spores as they are usually given in descriptions of species may apply equally as well to the spores of another. Any description of a new species of Fusarium should be based on cultural studies extended enough so that the characteristics which are brought out by growth under different conditions can be taken into consideration. There are some media, however, which do not have much value in furnishing characters of growth which can be used in the separation of species of this genus. In these studies con- siderable work was done in comparing the growth of species from different sources on media which contained different amounts of sugars and acids. In general, the conditions which are favorable to the growth of one species seem to be favorable to others. For example, the amount of a given acid which when added to a 2 per cent dextrose broth renders the medium so acid that one of the forms which has been tested will not grow prevents the growth of all. The only exception to this was with the strains F VII, F XV, F XVI, which grew in media which contained enough acid to prevent the growth of other species. The following account gives the cultural characters of a number of forms on different media. GERMINATION OF SPORES. The species isolated from apple were studied in hanging drop preparations of the spores and this taken together with observa- tions of the germination of the spores of other species in agar STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 227 plates gives the basis for the statement that Fusarium spores germinate very readily when they are placed under favorable conditions for growth. Frequently, in cultures where there is a large amount of moisture present, spores germinate soon after they are produced. Spores of F I from apple, taken from a culture three weeks old on turnip cylinder, were placed in a number of hanging drops of a decoction of apple wood at 4 P. M. The next day at 8 A. M. nearly all of the spores had germinated and in some cases the germ tube had branched. Other cultures were made in the same way at 9 A. M. and when these were examined at 4.30 P. M. all stages of germination were found. In some spores, the germ tubes grow out from the end cells in the direc- tion of the long axis. In other cases, the germ tubes grow from the sides of other cells, the end cells being empty of contents. Fusions frequently take place between the germinating spores as shown in Fig. 94. Spores of F II from apple taken from a bean pod culture three weeks old were sown in hanging drops of apple wood decoction at 10:30 A. M., At 2.30 P.M. the greater part of these spores had germinated. The next day at 2 P. M. con- siderable mycelium had developed and many spores were being formed. Most of these were of the long septate type but some obovate spores were seen. Spores of F III from apple were sown in hanging drops at 9.15 A. M. At 4 P.M. many of these spores had germinated. As a rule the germ tubes grew out from the end cells in the direction of the long axis of the spores but in some cases the germ tubes developed from the sides of other cells. Spores of F IV from apple, a fungus identical with F II, were taken from an agar plate culture and sown in hanging drops of 2 per cent saccharose broth where they began to germi- nate in 4 to 5 hours. ‘The large septate spores germinate in the same ways that have been described for spores of the other species from apple. The small non-septate spores germinate after a little longer time than the large septate ones. They may or may not become septate before germination. The mycelium developed rapidly so that at the end of 24 hours a branched growth had formed from a single spore. After two days 228 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. conidia were being produced. ‘These were mostly of the obovate and pyriform types, although the long type were not rare. Cross walls were not seen in the long spores until after they had separated from the conidiophores. Spores of F 1V from apple, the greater part of which were of the obovate type, were placed in hanging drops of distilled water, potato broth, and dextrose broth at 3.30 P. M. At 8 A. M. the following day many stages of germination could be observed. The obovate spores become somewhat swollen and put out as a rule a single germ tube which soon branches. ‘The spores sown in distilled water germinated well but the growth was soon checked while the mycelium in the broths made good growth and spores were formed. GROWTH ON VEGETABLE CYLINDERS. Cylinders of vegetables in tubes make excellent media for the growth of the mycelium of species of Fusarium. At the present time the writer has strains from 50 sources representing, how- ever, a smaller number of species, all of which grow well on cylinders of potato, beet, turnip and carrot. These media ani especially the potato are used for keeping the stock cultures ard, in addition to this, series of cultures of the different strains have been made in which a number of the fungi are grown on the different vegetables at the same time for comparison. Potato Cylinders. All of the strains of Fusarium which have been isolated here have been grown on this medium. ‘The amount of aerial mycelium and the color which develops are of value in placing the forms from different sources in iarge groups. Part of these have produced a large amount of white aerial mycelium with bright red color next to the potato, others have shown a white mycelium with no other color except some browning in old cultures, while others have developed blue color. The following fungi have shown a bright red color on this medium. F I, F II and F IV from apples together with a number of other isolations from apples which proved to be identical with one or the other of these, all the forms with obovate spores which were isolated from various hosts, F roseum,* F XVIII, from wheat sent from Ohio, another Fusa- * See foot-note p. 254. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 229 rium, F VIII, isolated from wheat grown in Maine, 2 strains, F V and F VI, from ears of sweet corn collected in Maine and another from yellow dent corn from Indiana, F XVII, one from decaying winter squash, F XL, and one from summer squash, F XXXI. This color usually appears in 3 to 7 days after the transfers are made when the cultures are kept at room tem- perature and exposed to the light from a North window. Species of Fusarium from the following sources have been carried in culture on this medium for almost three years and have always shown white mycelium: One species from cucum- ben EH XIX: two strains from tomato, F XXI and F XXII, probably one species; one from squash, F XXIII; three differ- ent isolations from diseased stems of China aster, F XIV, F XLIV, F XLV, and one from decaying potato, F XXXIV A species from stored potato, F XX XIII, and one from cucum- ber, F XX, have produced blue color. Beet Cylinders. ‘This medium was favorable to the growth of all the species of Fusarium which were tested upon it. In general the growth on beet is very similar to that on potato with possibly a little more red color in those species which pro- duce it. F [I from apple nearly covered the slants after 4 days growth. One tube showed bright red color at the surface of the liquid and extending up along the glass where the cylinder was in contact with the wall of the tube. There was also some red color over the surface of the slant. The other tube did not show quite so much but there was some mixture of red and yellow. One week later there was little difference in the appear- ance of the 2 tubes. When the cultures were one month old septate spores were found which measured 4 x 25 to 41 microns. In the tubes of F I] from apple the white aerial mycelium almost filled the space between the slant and the wall of the tube and extended 8 mm. above the top of each slant at the end of four days. Red color showed at this time on the surface of the medium and was especially bright where the cylinder was in contact with the wall of the tube. The amount of aerial mycelium was greater with this fungus than with F I. One week later the red color was becoming dull and some yellow had appeared. There was a small amount of browning in the aerial 230 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. growth. When the cultures were one month old examination showed the presence of spores of different types. The most abundant were obovate in shape and about 8 microns in diameter but there were many septate spores 4 to 5.5 x 14 to 20 microns and consisting of 2 or 3 cells. ‘There were also non-septate spores of the shape that usually occurs in cultures of Fusarium. No long septate spores were observed at this time. F III from apple does not make as great a growth on any medium which has been used as the other forms from apples. On the beet cylinder cultures four days old, the mycelium cov- ered a little more than one-half of each slant. There was very little aerial growth and this was white in color. No red color ever appeared in these cultures; although elsezistcallly a little red color has been observed on other media. The growth of F IV from apple was identical in appearance with what has been described for F II. Spores of the same type were found in the cultures. Another fungus, F X, which was isolated from Red Astra- chan apples which were decaying around the core had exactly the same cultural characters on this medium as F II. The fungus, F XIII, from sunflower heads produced the same amount of aerial growth, the same colors and the same types of spores as the strains with obovate spores from apples. Strains of a fungus from potato, F IX, and sweet corn, F VI, which produced both obovate and septate spores with a pre- dominance of the obovate type were grown on this medium and gave cultures which in color and amount of mycelium agreed quite closely with the forms described above from apples and sunflower. Comparisons showed, however, that the cultures from apple and sunflower produced a larger proportion of sep- tate spores than the similar fungi from other sources. The mycelium of F. putrefaciens,* F XII grown over the entire surface of the slants when the cultures were 4 days old. Not so much aerial mycelium had developed as in the forms with obovate spores but about the same amount as in F I from apple. The color differed from that in the Maine form, how- ever, the red and yellow of the European fungus being dull in comparison. The dull red color extended to the aerial mycelium * See foot-note p. 254. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 23I to a much greater extent than in any other fungus in this set of cultures. In cultures one month old large numbers of spores were found. These varied from non-septate spores 8 microns in length to spores 47 microns in length with 5 septa. ‘The spores of this fungus are very similar to those of Fusarium I from apple. A strain of Fusarium, F XI, which was isolated from an apple which was decaying on the tree August 1, 1910, and another, F VIII, isolated from wheat collected at Orono in September, 1910, were so similar to Fusarium I from apple when the three fungi were grown on beet cylinders that they could not be distinguished when placed side by side. F. rosewm, F XVIII, from wheat produced a luxuriant growth of white aerial mycelium and bright red color developed next to the medium. There was slightly more aerial mycelium than in the cultures of the fungi with obovate spores. Careful examination of material from these tubes showed only a few spores. | A fungus, F XVII, isolated from decaying ears of yellow dent corn sent from Indiana produced a growth very similar to that of F. reseum but there was some yellow color as well as red in the fungus from corn. The species of Fusarium from cucumber, squash, and tomato grew well on beet cylinders but the amount of aerial mycelium was small in comparison with that of the forms which have been described and the color was white. The 3 strains from cucumber seem to be distinct species although they agree closely in certain characters. One strain, F VII, has agreed closely with F. oxysporum, F XV and F XVI, from potato. On certain media this fungus has produced some purple color. Chlamydospores were formed in the cul- tures on beet cylinders and the conidia were of the one-celled type for the most part. One of the other strains from cucum- ber, F XIX, has agreed with this in spore characters but the color has remained white except for some brown in old cultures, The third form, F XX, produces less aerial mycelium than the others, the conidia are mostly three-septate and chlamydospores occur in the cultures. ‘The first two forms would seem to be closely related to each other and to F’. oxysporum as described 232 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. by Smith and Swingle while the third should be placed in another group of species. One Fusarium with white mycelium from squash, F XXIII, and the two strains from tomatoes, F XXI and F XXII, have resembled very closely in their growth the species from cucum- ber in which the mycelium remained white. These fungi in addition to chlamydospores produced larger rounded cells with a small amount of contents. ‘These cells were as much as 30 microns in diameter in some cases. Carrot Cylinders. ‘The growth on this medium was so nearly identical with that on beet cylinders that the details will not be given. The most striking characteristic was the early develop- ment and brightness of the red color in those strains which have been described as showing this color on potato and beet. ‘There was much red color on this medium at the end of 3 days. Turnip Cylinders. All of the fungi made a good growth on this medium. There was not so much development of the red color on turnip as on potato, beet and carrot. Microscopic examination showed that the spore production agreed with that on beet. Synthetic Agar. ‘The species of Fusarium studied produce a good growth of mycelium on this medium which is prepared according to the foliowing formula: IB CSENOS Cy ih rtea acs nomen Sanaa Ia ween eae SO mace IFSC LOTME Ree eaeeen tent cece reat ate eee age 1) JNaaioOANGboa: ANAS Ge cue nos oeeno on eo NOSE POtassiumaeMitratet ce wistas tee eee eee Boe Maeniesitinaestllip naensen sienna ere 2a Potassium imonopmosp mate tesa. ae Pe Caleiutmeehloridessayete 4 cine eae Oxia UND cl Te We esicreet cos Ay nt cma ont on wean ents 20 Distilledmwaterrege he vom eer 1000 ¢. Cc This agar was titrated and made neutral with NaOH but it was found that upon sterilizing changes took place which ren- dered the medium somewhat acid. However, the medium which has been treated in this way with NaOH is more satisfactory for the growth of fungi than the same medium without this treatment. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 233 The fungi were grown both in Petri dishes which contained 10 c. c. of the medium and on slants in tubes which contained 5 c.c. The appearance of the growth of a number of the fungi in Petri dishes is shown in Fig. 95 to 104. The development of red color was held somewhat in check on this medium in that it did not appear so early nor spread so rapidly as in the growth on some other media. F 1 from apple spread rather rapidly, so that at the end of one week the mycelium had reached almost to the edges of the plates. The amount of aerial growth was less than in F II from apple. Viewed from the under side there was some yellow color and some red, but 3 days later the red color had increased so that one of the plates showed red over more than one-half of the under surface. Large quantities of spores were produced and when these were examined on the tenth day they were found to range from small one-celled to 5-septate spores 55 microns in length. © F II from apple made a very rapid growth on synthetic agar. At the end of one week the Petri dishes, which were almost IO cm. in diameter, were filled with white aerial mycelium. Viewed from the under side both cultures were slightly yellow- ish and one showed some reddish color at the center. When the cultures were 10 days old both obovate and septate spores were found in large numbers. More than one-half of these were septate. All of the strains with obovate spores from various sources have been grown on this medium. They have all agreed in the production of a large amount of white aerial mycelium and in showing some red or yellow color on the under side. The forms from apple and the one from sunflower have differed from the others in the production of a larger proportion of septate spores, but in other characters could not be distinguished from the other strains. In the young cultures, F. putrefaciens, F XII, showed about the same amount of white aerial mycelium as F I from apple. When the cultures were one week old the mycelium took on a yellow color. The Fusarium which was isolated from an apple which was decaying on the tree, F XI, the one from wheat collected at Orono, F VIII, and F I from apple made a very similar appear- 234° MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. ance on this medium, adding to the evidence that these strains belong to one species. All produced about the same amount of white aerial mycelium and all showed some yellow and con- siderable red color when the plate cultures two weeks old were viewed from the under side. F, roseum. F XVIII, from wheat made a rapid growth and the Peri dishes were completely filled by the white aerial mycelium when the cultures were 5 days old. Later a small area which showed red color appeared at the center of each plate. A small number of septate spores were found in these cultures. The forms from cucumber, F VII and F XIX, squash, F XXIII, and tomato, F XXI and F XXII, produced a rather large amount of white aerial mycelium. ‘The one species from cucumber, F XX, which has been referred to as making less growth than the others on other media did not spread so rapidly in the plates as the others and could easily be distinguished from them. ‘The culture of this fungus is shown in Fig. 104. All of the forms from cucumber produced chlamydospores. ‘The Fusarium, F X1V, F XEIV and F XEV> tromiChne aster made a good growth ‘but only a small amount of aerial mycelium developed. The color was white throughout. ‘The spores were nearly all of the small one-celled type. Prune Agar. ‘The prune agar used in this work was prepared by making a decoction from 6 large prunes for each 1000 ¢. ¢. and adding 2 per cent dextrose and 2 per cent agar.) lipaas been found that when too many prunes are used the agar becomes soft and that the use of a small enough number of prunes to give a solid agar makes the medium too poor in food for good growth of fungi. It was thought that adding 2 per cent dextrose to the agar containing the decoction from 6 prunes in 1000 c. c. would overcome both of these difficulties and the results have been fairly satisfactory. Species of Fusarium grow readily on this agar but do not produce aerial mycelium to such an extent as on synthetic agar. Prune agar is a favor- able medium for the production of red color in those species which are characterized by the development of that color. Fusarium forms I, II, and IV from apples spread rapidly over the plates but showed only a small amount of white aerial STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 235 growth. Red color appeared at the center of the plates in 3 to 5 days and a little later the whole of each plate showed deep red, when viewed from the under side, except for a little yellow in F J. In the plates of F II and F IV the small amount of white aerial growth produced large numbers of spores of the obovate type. When these spores were sown in other plates of prune agar the young colonies first produced long, septate spores and later, on the aerial growth, large numbers of obovate spores developed. F III from apple developed no aerial mycelium on this medium. When the cultures were 3 weeks old many spores were being formed. These were aggregated in a number of little masses surrounding the center of each plate. The large hyphz showed some yellow color. All of the fungi from various sources which have been described as producing obovate spores agreed quite closely with what has been described for the similar strains from apples. Some of these did not produce as large a proportion of septate spores as the strains from apple but all did produce septate spores in young colonies when the obovate spores were sown in plates of prune agar. This has been observed so frequently in forms from different sources as to give evidence that the development of the different types of spore depends to a large extent on the conditions of growth. F., putrefaciens, F XII, differed very much in its appearance on this medium from the other apple fungi. No red color devel- oped but instead many of the large hyphz showed a deep yellow color. ' The Fusarium from wheat, F VIII, which has ‘been referred to as giving a growth identical with that of Fusarium I and other strains from apple gave further evidence of this relation when grown on this medium as the growth was very similar. F. roseum, F XVIII, made a rather rapid growth so that 3 days after the transfers were made the colonies were 2.5 cm. in Giameter. At that time the central part of each colony was deep red, the color extending out a little more than one-half of the distance from the center to the edge of the growth. At the end of one week, the mycelium covered the entire surface of each plate and showed a deep red color identical with that in the 230 MAINE-AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. forms with obovate spores. Careful examination failed to show the presence of spores. The forms from cucumber, tomato and squash produced only a small amount of white aerial mycelium. One of the species from cucumber, F VII, agreed with cultures of F. oxysporum, F XV and F XVI, from potato in showing at the center of each plate an area of reddish purple color. All of the species from cucumber produced chlamydospores on this medium. F. oxysporum, F XV and F XVI, from potato made good growth on prune agar but did not produce much aerial mycelium. When the cultures were one week old, the center of each plate had taken on a reddish purple color for an area of about 4.5 cm. in diameter. At three weeks old, the dark reddish purple color had spread over the entire surfaces of the plates and a small amount of white aerial mycelium had developed. Examination showed large numbers of one-celled spores. Mate- rial from near the center of one plate showed chlamydospores. Prune Decoction. This medium was prepared by cooking 6 large prunes in a part of the water, filtering the decoction and making up the filtrate to 1000 c. c. The fungi were grown in tubes containing 5 c. c. of this material. All of the forms which were tested made some growth but this was not a favorable medium for normal development. The mycelium spread through the liquid and in many cases formed a pellicle on which a small amount of aerial mycelium developed. Material from cultures of different ages was examined and it was found that few spores were produced and that these were abnormal as compared with spores of the same fungus grown on more favorable media. Sugar Broths. In order to determine whether the growth in media containing different sugars would bring out character- istics which might tbe used to assist in classification, beef ex- tract broths were prepared each of which contained one per cent of a different sugar and each of the strains, F I to F XXIV, was grown in the different media at the same time for comparison. ‘The sugars used were dextrose, saccharose, lac- tose, and mannite. It was found that all the strains made good growth of mycelium in each broth but that dextrose and sac- charose gave better growth than the others. None of the cul- STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 237 tures gave a normal development of spores. The conclusion is that the use of sugar broths has no value in the classification of these fungi. GROWTH IN FERMENTATION TUBES. All of the 24 strains which were used in the other culture work were grown in fermentation tubes. Each fungus was grown in two tubes for each medium and the following media were used: one per cent dextrose, saccharose, lactose and man- nite broths, and 5 per cent glycerin broth. None of the fungi grew in the closed end of the fermentation tube in any of these broths and none produced gas so the fermentation tube proved to be of no diagnostic value. RELATION OF GrowtH To ALKALI AND ACIDS. One per cent dextrose broth was used as the basis for the media in testing the effects of different strengths of alkali and acids upon the growth of strains from 24 sources. It was found that all of these fungi made good growth even when large amounts of NaOH were added to neutral dextrose broth. At — 60 of Fuller’s scale only a little difference could be noted when the tubes were compared with cultures of the same age growing in the neutral broth. When larger amounts of NaOH were added, the growth was less so that at — 100 a distinct difference could be noted in the amount of growth as compared with the check cultures. There was a small amount of growth in all of the tubes at — 150 NaOH but no growth took place when the medium was made — 200 of Fuller’s scale. Not enough difference in the growth of the different forms in rela- tion to the alkalinity of the medium could be observed to be of value in the separation of species. In determining the amount of acid which prevents the growth of Fusarium, the acids used were hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, lactic, oxalic, and formic. Normal solutions of these acids were prepared and these were added to neutral one per cent dextrose broth in sufficient quantity to make the medium of the desired acidity. ‘The same fungi which were used in the other culture work were grown in the media which were the same except for the amount and kind of acid which had been added. Two tubes 238 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. were used for each fungus with each strength of a given acid. The amount of an acid which prevented the growth of one of the fungi had the same effect on the others except for the strains, F VII, F XV and F XVI, which grew in media which contained sufficient acid to prevent the growth of the others. Hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids were unfavorable to the growth of all the forms when added in sufficient quantity to make the broth + 20 of Fuller’s scale. At + 4o the growth was very much checked and at + 50 there was no growth. With lactic acid, there was a small amount of growth up to + 100 of Fuller’s scale but above + 60 the strains of F. oxysporum showed better growth than the others. Oxalic acid checked the growth at + 40 and there was very little growth of any strains. except those of the F. oxysporum type at + 60. At + 80 no other forms showed growth. With formic acid all of the tubes showed a small amount of growth at + 20, at + 30 there was very little growth and no growth in any at + 4o. ; GrRowTH IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE. There was very little growth of any of the 24 forms, F I to F XXIV, when transferred to potato cylinders and kept at a temperature of 5° C., or below. At 15° C. there was sood growth but not so much as at 20° to 25° C. When cultures were placed in the incubator at a temperature of 30° C. the growth was not so rapid as at 20° to 25° C. At 33° C. it was less than at 30°, and those forms which produce a bright red color at lower temperatures showed a rather dull red and in a part of the forms yellow instead of red. At 37° C. none of the strains showed growth at the end of one week but when after that time the cultures were removed from the incubator and kept at room temperature most of the fungi made good growth. GROWTH FROM O1p CULTURES. Growth from old cultures has been reported for a number of species of Fusarium. By making transfers from time to time it was found that cultures of the species isolated from apples in Maine and also of F. putrefaciens, F XII, on bean pods, apple wood, and potato cylinders were alive after a period of 18 STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 239 months in which the cultures became dried out at the tempera- ture of the laboratory. TESTS OF PATHOGENICITY. APPLE INOCULATIONS. Apples have been inoculated with each of the species of Fusarium isolated from apples and also with strains from other sources and it has been found that those isolated from apples and some of the strains from other host plants cause decays of the fruit which are equal in amount and very similar to the rot caused by F. putrefaciens, F XII, which has been used for com- parison. While these fungi are not so active as causes of decay as the apple rot fungi Sphaeropsis and Penicillium, yet they are capable of causing complete destruction of apples when the con- ditions are favorable for their entrance and growth. October 28, 1908, five apples were inoculated with material of F I from a pure culture. The fungus caused a distinct decay and was re-isolated in pure culture from the rotted tissues. December 5, 1908, five apples were inoculated with material from a pure culture of F II from apple. The fungus soon showed evidence of growth and at the end of five days each apple showed a small decayed area at the point of inoculation. After two weeks the rot had spread to include an area which was from 1.5 to 2.5 cm. in diameter. Pieces of the decaying tissue were removed with a scalpel which was sterilized by flaming and each piece was placed in a Petri dish which con- tained 10 c. c. of prune agar. The fungus grew cut from the tissues in each case and examination proved that the growth was identical with that of the fungus which was used in making the inoculations. The decayed tissue was quite bitter to the taste. Ten green apples were inoculated August 10, 1909, with mate- rial from a pure culture of F J. At the end of 4 days an area about 6 mm. in diameter surrounding each point of inoculation was decayed and some white mycelium had developed. The rot spread slowly but at the end of one month the apples varied from one-half to two-thirds decayed. The diseased tissue was light brown in color, soft, and bitter to the taste when held on 240 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. the tongue half a minute or more. Plates were made and the fungus was re-isolated in pure culture from the decaying tissues. Sets of 4 Bellfower apples were inoculated January 4, 1910, with each of the following fungi: F I, II, III and IV from apple, F XV from potato, and F XIV from diseased stem of China aster. After 6 days all of the apples which had been inoculated with the Fusarium forms from apples and with F XV showed decay. The decayed area was about one cm. in diameter in each case and no difference could be noted in the rot caused by these fungi. The fungus from China aster did not cause rot of apples. The appearance of some of the inocu- lated apples is shown in Figure 111. As much difference could be noted among the apples inoculated with a given fungus as among those inoculated with the 5 fungi from different sources.- The taste of the decayed tissue was slightly bitter in all of the apples except those in which the decay was caused by F XV in which no bitter taste could be detected. August 19, 1910, 6 green apples were inoculated with each of the following fungi; F I, II, and III from apples, F XII, received from Europe, as F. putrefaciens, and what was called F. oxy- sporum from each of 2 sources, F XV and XVI. On September 1 all the apples showed some decay ‘but in some cases the amount differed considerably in the 6 apples inoculated with the same fungus. F II caused less decay than the other fungi in this set of inoculations. Figures 108 to 110 show the appearance of the rot on a part of the apples. Fusarium forms from 16 sources, including strains, F 1, F U, F III, F XI, and F XII, from apple, F IX, from potato, F VII, and F XX, from cucumber, F XXII from tomato, F V and F VI from sweet corn, F VIII and F XVIII from wheat, F XIII from sunflower, and F XIV from China aster, were used December 9, 1910, in making inoculations of Greening apples. All made some growth at the points of inoculation but this variety seemed to be resistant to the attack of these fungi and only a small part of the apples showed much decay. ‘There was considerable difference in some cases in the amount of decay in different apples inoculated with the same fungus as has been noted in other sets of inoculations. In this set of inoculations, some of the fungi from other host plants caused as much decay as fungi which had been isolated from apples. It was found ay: STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 241 that the Fusarium isolated from wheat, F VIII, and which agreed closely with F I from apples caused a distinct decay of these apples. A Fusarium isolated from cucumber, F VII, and which agrees closely with the strains carried as F. oxysporum from potato caused as much decay of apples as any fungus which was used in this set of inoculations. Green McIntosh apples were inoculated August I0, IQII, with strains of Fusarium, F I to F XXVI. The fungi made some growth of mycelium at the points of inoculation but did not spread into the green fruit to cause much decay. September 1, 1912, Duchess apples were inoculated with strains of Fusarium from 34 sources. Observations from time to time for one month showed that all of these fungi made a little growth but that none of them caused much rot. January 9, 1913,,one Mann apple and 2 Baldwins were inocu- lated with material of each of 7 strains of a fungus, F XLVII, of the type of F I from apple. Each strain was isolated from a different decaying Milden apple. One week after inoculation there was a decayed region about I.5 cm. in diameter at each of the two points of inoculation on each Mann apple. Little difference could be noted in the decay caused by the different strains. ‘The decay spread more slowly in the Baldwin than in the Mann apples. One month after inoc- ulation the Mann apples were almost entirely rotted while the Baldwins showed decayed areas 2 to 3 cm. in diameter. January 17, 1913, Bellflower apples were inoculated with 40 strains of Fusarium isolated from different sources. One week later all of the fungi showed some growth at the points of inocu- lation. The strains of F XLVII from Milden apples caused decay more rapidly than any of the others. Later observations showed that strains of this fungus whether isolated from apples, wheat, or potato caused more decay of apples than any other forms used. The forms with obovate spores from various sources did not cause nearly so much decay in this set of inocu- lations as the fungi of the type of F I from apple. There was in some cases considerable difference in the amount of decay in different apples inoculated with material from the same cul- ture. The results of the inoculation work would seem to justify the conclusion that a number of species of Fusarium may cause ) 242 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. decay of apple fruit but that strains of one species are more actively parasitic than the others. INOCULATIONS OF PEARS. Three pears were inoculated September 16, 1909, with mate- rial of F Il from apple. The fungus spread rather rapidly through the tissues and caused the complete decay of the pears. The mycelium of the fungus grew out over the surface forming little tufts. August 16, I910, 3 green pears in each case were inoculated with F I, II and III from apple and with F XII, the organism carried as F’. putrefaciens. Eight days later each of the pears showed a decayed area about one cm. in diameter. F XII and F I grew out around the points of inoculation producing myce- lium of a dull red color. F II and III showed white aerial mycelium at the points of inoculation and Fusarium II was pro- ducing large numbers of spores, most of which were of the obovate type although some septate spores were observed. One month after the time of inoculation the entire surface of each pear inoculated with F XII or with F I was covered by myce- lium which showed red, yellow and white colors. These two fungi gave a very similar appearance on the decaying pears. Fig. 112 to 114 are illustrations showing the extent of the decay 17 days after the time of inoculation. Potato INOCULATIONS. Potato tubers have been inoculated a number of times with each of the Fusarium forms isolated from apples as well as with forms from other sources. The potatoes were inoculated by making a small injury with a sterilized needle or scalpel and placing in this a small amount of fungus material from a pure culture. The inoculated tubers were kept in closed glass jars at the temperature of the laboratory. Nearly all of the fungi made some growth at the points of inoculation but this did not spread into the uninjured tissues to cause decay. Surface injuries to the potato tuber soon become dried out and covered by a corky layer which prevents the entrance of the mycelium unless the tubers are kept under conditions of considerable moisture. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 243 CUCUMBER INOCULATIONS. Species of Fusarium have been isolated from decaying cucum- bers a number of times at this laboratory. In order to deter- mine the extent to which these species and others would cause decay, cucumbers were inoculated with ,material of the forms isolated from cucumber, F VII, F XIX, F XX, squash, F XXIII, China aster, F XIV, sweet corn, F VI, apple F XII, and F If. All of these fungi caused a rapid decay. The appearance of 2 of the inoculated cucumbers is shown in Figs. 117 and 118. INOCULATION OF CARNATION Bubs. Owing to the similarity in cultural characteristics of the fungus with obovate spores from apple and the carnation bud rot fungus described by Stewart and Heald, it was decided to test the apple fungi on carnation buds in order to determine whether or not they would cause the bud rot. Later, the work was extended to include fungi from a number of other sources, a part of which were typical species of Fusarium. Four varie- ties of carnation were used,—E;nchantress, Windsor, Gomez and Lady Bountiful. All of these, except the Gomez, were suscep- tible to the attack of part of the fungi which were used in mak- ing the inoculations. ‘This variety proved to be very resistant and only a very small per cent of the Gomez buds were injured by any fungus which was tested. The Enchantress was used to a greater extent than either of the other varieties in comparing the amount of injury caused by different fungi. All of the inoculations were made in the same way. A small injury was made in the side of the bud with a sterilized needle and a small amount of material from a pure culture was pushed in through the opening. Usually this material consisted of both mycelium and spores. Ina few of the earlier experiments, the plants bearing inoculated buds were placed under bell-jars so that the buds were in a moist atmosphere favorable to the growth of the fungus. This procedure was followed for only a very short time as it was felt to be desirable to test the fungi under greenhouse conditions rather than under the abnormal conditions of a moist chamber. The detailed account of a number of inoculation experiments follows. In the first part of the work only a small number of 244. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. plants were available so the number of buds used in the earlier experiments was necessarily small. Two buds of the Enchantress variety were inoculated March 4, 1910, with material of the apple fungus, F IV. The plants were placed under bell-jars and were kept covered for three days. At the end of this time it could be noted that the fungus was making some growth at the points of inoculation. The buds did not increase much in size and 12 days after inoculation the calyx of each bud appeared somewhat discolored. One bud was examined and it was found that all parts inside the calyx were destroyed by the fungus. When material from the decayed petals was teased out on a slide and examined with a micro- scope, spores of both the obovate and septate types were found, although the number of either kind was not great. ‘The outer covering of the other bud was removed with instruments steril- ized by flaming and the inner decaying part was placed in a tube containing 5 c. c. of sterile distilled water. White aerial mycelium grew out from this and the second day large numbers of spores were being produced, a part of which were obovate and a part of the long septate type. After 5 days the mycelium formed a thick red pellicle over the surface of the water. The white aerial mycelium was bearing many spores of the obovate and pyriform types which agreed in size with the spores of the carnation bud rot fungus. April 21, 1910, 3 Enchantress buds were inoculated with F IV from apples. One of these buds was removed and exam- ined 4 days later when the fungus showed only a small amount of growth. ‘Two days later one of the other buds was examined and it showed that the fungus was making considerable growth in the tissues. April 29, 8 days after inoculation, the third bud was examined. All parts inside the calyx were destroyed and spores of the fungus were found. It is probable that if the first 2 buds had not been examined until 8 or 10 days after inocula- tion they would have shown a greater amount of decay as the fungus was growing in each at the time of examination and it has been found that about 10 days are necessary under favorable conditions for the complete destruction of the buds. On account of the similarity in cultural characteristics of the fungi with obovate spores and certain species of Fusarium it was decided to test a number of fungi which gave evidence of STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 245 being typical species of Fusarium to see if these alsu would cause decay of carnation buds. April 20, 1910, 3 buds of Enchantress were inoculated with F I from apple and check punctures to which no fungus material was added were made in 2 buds. Five days later one of the buds, which was large at the time of inoculation, had opened and showed no decay. April 27 ‘both of the others showed all inside the calyx destroyed and large numbers of spores of the fungus used in making the inoculations were present. One of the check buds was entirely open April 30 and showed no decay, the other opened a few days later and showed no injury from the puncture. Since F I had caused decay another typical culture of Fusarium later found to be identical with F I was tested. April 28, 4 small ‘buds were inoculated with F III from apple. One week later one of these was examined and it showed a small amount of decay of the petals and stamens. May 9 two other buds were examined and they showed more decay than was noted in the one examined May 5. When the last bud was examined, May 11, the interior was badly decayed. May 5, 1910, 4 buds were inoculated with F III. May 16, 3 of the buds were badly rotted while the fourth remained healthy. Five Enchantress buds were inoculated with F IV May 5 and were all badly rotted one week later. Three buds inocu- lated with the same fungus May 18 were decayed at the end of one week. May 12, 1910, 2 Enchantress buds were inoculated with each of the fungi, F I, Il and IV, from apple. All of these 6 buds were destroyed by the fungi within 10 days. F XII, the organism carried as F. putrefaciens, is in every respect a typical species of the genus. July 11, 1910, 26 En- chantress ‘buds were inoculated with this fungus. Eight days later, 21 of the buds were badly rotted. Material from a part of these was examined and septate spores of the Fusarium were found with no evidence of the presence of any other fungus. July 26, 1910, 12 buds were inoculated with F XII and punc- tures were made in 13 buds to serve as checks. The injuries to the check buds were exactly like those in the others except that no fungus material was placed in the wounds. Examination 11 246 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. days later showed that all of the 12 inoculated buds were ruined by the fungus while the 13 checks were opening and showed no bad effects from the punctures. F II from apple was used in making inoculation of 42 Enchantress buds July 11, 1910. Eight days later, 34 of these were badly decayed, 4 showed a small amount of injury and 4 were not damaged at all by the fungus. Eight buds were inocu- lated with F II July 26, 1910, and 11 days later all were rotted while one bud which had been punctured as a check had opened to a perfect flower except for the place broken by the puncture. F XV from potato was used in making inoculations of 30 Enchantress buds August 18, 1910. None of these buds decayed. September 14, 13 buds were inoculated with the same fungus and 6 of these showed a small amount of rot, although the fungus did not spread through the tissues so rapidly as the dif- ferent strains from apples. August 26, 1910, 25 buds were inoculated with F IV and all of these rotted. September 15, 1910, 18 buds were inoculated with F I and 30 buds with F III from apple. Of the 18 buds inoculated with F I, 11 decayed and of the 30 inoculated with F III, 20 decayed The fungus, F XIII, with both obovate and septate spores from sunflower was used October 17, 1910, in making inocula- tions of 18 buds of Enchantress. Two weeks later 10 of the 18 buds had been destroyed by the fungus. The Gomez variety was found to be very resistant to the fungi which caused a rot of Enchantress and other varieties which were used in later experiments. Fourteen Gomez buds were inoculated August 26, 1910, with F I from apple. When these were examined 18 days later only one had rotted. September 30, 1910, 37 Gomez buds were inoculated with the fungus, F XIII, from sunflower. Only 4 of these buds showed rot after 17 days. F II from apple was used in making inoculations of 95 Gomez buds November 3, 1910. Observations from time to time indicated that the fungus was not causing decay and that the buds were developing normally. When a careful examination was made November 21 it was found that nearly all the buds had opened into perfect flowers. A few were slightly injured but none ‘badly rotted. - STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 247 In rgr1 tests were made of part of the fungi which had been used in 1910 on 2 other varieties of carnation, Lady Bountiful and Windsor, and a number of fungi which had not been used in IQIO were tested on these varieties as well as on Enchantress. May 4, 1911, 37 Enchantress buds were inoculated with F II from apple and punctures were made in 22 buds as checks. May 22, 20 of the inoculated buds showed decay and one of the 22 checks had become infected and was also rotted. May 24, 1911, 30 Enchantress buds were inoculated with F II from apple and 37 with the organism carried as F roseum, F XVIII from wheat. Three buds of Lady Bountiful and 5 of Windsor were inoculated with F II from apple. June 6, 10 days after inoculation, 24 of the 30 buds inoculated with F II showed rot, all of the Lady Bountiful had rotted, 3 of the 5 Windsor had decayed. Of the 37 buds inoculated with F XVIII, 25 were destroyed by the fungus. June 12, 1911, 24 buds were inoculated with material of the fungus, F XXIV, from June grass from a bean pod culture 3 days old, 22 buds with material from a potato cylinder culture 5 days old of the fungus, with obovate spores, F IX, from potato, 15 buds with material from a potato cylinder culture 5 days old of the fungus, F XIII, from sunflower, and check punctures were made in 10 other buds, June 21, 9 days later, 22 of the 24 buds inoculated with the fungus from June grass were decayed and all of the 15 buds inoculated with the fungus from sunflower were destroyed by the fungus. None of the 22 buds inoculated with the fungus from potato and none of the Io checks showed any rot. The fungus, F XXVI, isolated from quack-grass was used July 7, 1911, in making inoculations of 7 Enchantress, 6 Lady Bountiful and 12 Windsor buds. July 21, 6 of the 7 Enchan- tress, 5 of the 6 Lady Bountiful and 10 of the 12 Windsor were rotted. Examination of material from some of these showed the presence of many spores of both the septate and obovate types. Eleven Enchantress, 7 Lady Bountiful and 12 Windsor buds were inoculated July 25 with material of the fungus, F XXV, from red top. Two weeks later, 8 of the 11 Enchantress, 5 of the 7 Lady Bountiful and 9 of the 12 Windsor were decayed. 248 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. The fungus from fowl meadow grass, F XXVII, which is identical in appearance in culture with the fungi from the other grasses was used September 27, 1911, in making inoculations of 16 Enchantress, 6 Lady Bountiful, and 6 Windsor buds. None of these ‘buds decayed. The fungus, F XXX, isloated from culms of timothy collected in Maine was used August II, 1911, in making inoculations of 3 Lady Bountiful, 2 Enchantress and 15 Windsor buds. Ten days later 2 Lady Bountiful, 1 Enchantress and 7 Windsor buds were decayed. Great numbers of spores of the obovate form were found but there was no evidence of the presence of any other fungus. November 21, 1911, 27 Enchantress, 15 Windsor, and 7 Lady Bountiful buds were inoculated with F IV from apple. Two weeks later, 22 of the Enchantress, 7 of the Windsor and 5 of the Lady Bountiful buds were rotted. ‘This fungus had been carried in culture for about 2 years but still remained actively parasitic. The fungus from corn, F XXXVI, which was designated Fusarium I by Burrill and Barrett was received from Dr. Bar- rett in November, 1911. December 13, 7 Enchantress, 6 Lady Bountiful and 8 Windsor buds were inoculated using material of this fungus from a potato cylinder culture 12 days old. None of these buds decayed. The results of the rather large number of inoculations with fungi from different sources would indicate that a bud rot of carnations very similar to that described as due to S. poae may be caused by a number of different fungi some of which at least are typical species of Fusarium. A number of fungi which produce obovate and septate spores and agree in cultural charac- ters with the carnation bud rot fungus were tested and most of these caused the rot. Three strains which appear to be very closely related to the carnation bud rot fungus in morphological and cultural characters failed to cause the rot. ‘These were the fungus isolated from potato tuber, F IX, the one from fowl meadow grass, F XX VII, which is identical in appearance with the strains from the other grasses and the fungus from corn sent from Illinois by Dr. Barrett. Whether the failure of these fungi to cause the rot was due to the conditions at the time of inoculations or to the fact that these strains were not pathogenic aa STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 249 to the carnation bud might be open to question. However, this point seems to have been determined rather definitely by inocu- lating a number of buds of the same variety with very similar fungi from different sources at the same time. The experiment of June 12, 1911, will illustrate this. The fungi used were the strain from June grass, F XXIV, which seems to be identical with S. poae as described by Stewart, the fungus with obovate spores from potato tuber, F IX, and the fungus from sunflower, F XIII. The material for all of the inoculations was taken from young actively growing cultures. Nine days after inocula- tion 22 of the 24 buds inoculated with the fungus from June grass and all of the 15 buds inoculated with the sunflower fungus were decayed. None of the 22 buds inoculated with the potato fungus showed any rot. Since the carnations were all of the same variety, Enchantress, and the different lots were growing side by side in the greenhouse, the fungus from potato had the same conditions for the attack of the buds as the other 2 fungi and the only conclusion which the writer can reach from the results is that the patoto fungus is not parasitic on carna- tion buds. ‘This fungus resembles the carnation bud rot fungus more closely than do a number of other fungi which caused a rot of the buds. The fact that 2 other strains which are so like the fungus from June grass that it is impossible to distin- guish cultures of one from the others failed to cause the rot of the buds would seem to indicate that certain strains are unable to go from one host to another. The most striking example of this was the fungus from fowl meadow grass, F XXVII. This fungus seemed identical in cultural characters with the strains from other grasses and yet it failed to cause the rot of carna- tion buds while the other strains caused the rot in a rather large proportion of the inoculations. In his first account of carnation bud rot, Heald regarded a species of Fusarium as the cause of the disease. In his later publication, the fungus described was identicai with the one described by Stewart as Sporotrichum poae and it was regarded as S. anthophilum which Stewart proved to be the same as S. poae. The inoculation experiments reported in this paper prove conclusively that a number of typical species of Fusarium cause a rot of carnation buds upon inoculation. Therefore, it is possible that Heald worked with different fungi, one a typical 250 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. Fusarium and the other the fungus with both obovate and sep- tate spores, or it may be possible, as Stewart believed, that Heald’s fungus showed at one time a predominance of septate spores and at another time of obovate spores and in that way led Heald to classify it at one time as Fusarium and later as a Sporotrichum. | | The writer has found 3 types of fungi capable of causing the rot: first those with a predominance of obovate spores, as in the fungus from June grass, F XXIV; second, those which produce large numbers of both obovate and septate spores as in F II from apple and the fungus from sunflower, F XIII; and, third, certain typical species of Fusarium which produce no obovate spores as F I from apple and the fungus carried as F. roseum, F XVIII, from wheat. From the results of his inoculation experiments and culture studies Stewart concluded that his carnation bud-rot fungus, the fungus from June grass, and Heald’s carnation fungus were identical. This conclusion is probably correct, yet attention should be called to the fact that emphasis should be placed on the cultural and morphological characters as well as on the results of inoculations because it has been shown that a number of species which are quite dis- tinct in morphological characters may cause the rot of the buds. The fact that a number of species or strains from different sources may cause the rot makes the question of control a more difficult one than it would be if only one fungus were responsible for the trouble. Heald regarded the bud rot as serious only in neglected houses while Stewart reported cases in which con- siderable loss occurred in houses which were well cared for. The fact that the fungi which cause the rot attack no other part of the plant than the interior of the bud would seem to indicate that in order to reach this part the fungus would have to enter through a wound in the calyx. In the greenhouse where the inoculation experiments reported in this paper were carried on, decay of buds which had not been inoculated was of very rare occurrence. In a very few instances, check buds in which punctures had been made were attacked by the fungi. The writer believes that as a rule in houses where every precaution is taken to remove and destroy material which might carry infection and where good conditions for growth are maintained there will be little trouble from the attacks of these fungi. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 251 When it is considered that a vast number of spores may be produced on one diseased bud the necessity for great care in this work becomes apparent. SUM MARY. Species of Fusarium occur on a large number of host plants. A part of these fungi are destructive parasites. Owing to the confused condition or the classification of the species of this genus it is frequently difficult to distinguish a parasitic species from a saprophyte which has some similar characteristics. In many cases the same fungus has been described under a number of different names. In order to compare the fungi from differ- ent sources, it is necessary to grow them in culture under the same conditions. However, there is a wide difference in the value of different media for this purpose. Liquid media and agars give an abnormal growth as compared with the growth of the fungus on more favorable media such as cylinders of vege- tables and other plant parts. Wollenweber.* considers stems of plants the best medium for normal development of species of Fusarium. In order to determine the extent of the parasitism of a given species it is necessary to carry out inoculation experiments. In some cases the same morphological species occurs on more than one host plant and it is only by inoculations that the question can be answered as to whether the strains occurring on one host can cause disease in another. Two species of Fusarium have been isolated from Maine apples and it has been found that each of these is capable of causing decay. One of these, F I, agree quite closely with the organism received as F. putrefacicns, and which was described by Osterwalder as a cause of apple decay in Europe. The same fungus was isolated from diseased glumes of wheat, F VIII, and from potato stem, F XXXVIII. These strains also caused rot of apple fruit upon inoculation. One of the species, F II and F IV, from apple produces obovate spores similar to conidia of Sporotrichum in addition to typical septate Fusarium spores. This fungus resembles very closely in cultural characters the fungus which was described as the cause of a rot of carnation * Wollenweber, H. W. Sttdies on the Fusarium Problem. Phyto- pathology 3 : 25, 1913. 4 252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. buds under the name Sporotrichum poae by Stewart. The chief difference is in the larger proportion of septate spores in the apple fungus. Similar strains have been isolated from a num- ber of other hosts. All of these except one strain from sun- flower, F XIII, and one from ears of flint corn, F XLIX, agree closely with the carnation bud-rot fungus in the proportion of septate and obovate spores. ‘The strain from apple and the one from sunflower cause a rot of carnation buds which is identical with that caused by a strain from June grass which appears to be identical with the fungus described by Stewart. The writer believes that all of the strains which have both obovate and septate spores mentioned in this paper are closely related and that they constitute a group of species, each of which has strains occurring on a number of hosts. These fungi seem to be closely related to Fusarium in cultural characters and in being parasitic on plants. The chief difference between the form from apple and the one from June grass is in the proportion of septate spores. A fungus from summer squash, F XX XI, pro- duces a few obovate spores in culture but the proportion is much less than in the form from apples. Thus there can be built up a series extending from strains in which most of the spores are of the septate Fusarium type with a few obovate spores to those with a small proportion of septate spores. Such a fungus as the one from summer squash would seem to be properly classi- fied in the genus Fusarium but the other forms with the two types of spore are so similar to this one in cultural characters that all seem so closely related as to comprise a group. It may be possible that this group of species should be placed in another genus but after growing certain strains in comparison with species of Fusarium for a long period of time on a number of culture media the writer believes that the fungi with both sep- tate Fusarium spores and obovate spores show closer relation- ship to Fusarium than to any other genus. Inoculation experiments proved that strains of the fungi with obovate spores from a number of hosts as well as certain typical species of Fusarium cause a rot of carnation buds which seem identical with the disease described by Stewart and by Heald as due to Sporotrichum. Since the inoculation experiments show that not all the species or strains are confined to a single host plant in their parasitism, a large amount of work in cross STUDIES OF DISWASK PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 253 inoculation experiments will be necessary in determining the extent to which each species may cause disease. CoNCLUSION. Plant pathologists have felt the need of’a comprehensive piece of work in which species of Fusarium from a large number of sources would be grown in culture under uniform conditions so that their classification could be based on the characteristics brought out in the cultures. In 1910 the first part of a mono- graph of this genus, based on this method, was published by Appel and Wollenweber.* By their methods of culture, what they consider normal development is secured and cultures from different sources can be compared. Later, in the winter of 1911, Dr. Wollenweber came to this country to study American forms. Realizing the importance of this work, the writer turned over to him transfers from cultures of 35 strains from various sources in February, 1912. These are being studied in culture according to Dr. Wollenweber’s methods and it is expected that matters of interest in regard to their classification will be included in a part of the monograph to be published later. It was hoped both by Dr. Wollenweber and the writer that part or all of the strains would be classified in time so that the names could ‘be included in this paper, but on account of other work only a limited amount of time could be given to these cultures and for that reason Dr. Wollenweber made only a pre- liminary report on the classification of a part of the fungi. APPENDIX. Shortly after Dr. Lewis severed his connection with this Station Dr. Wollenweber made a more detailed report of his conclusions with regard to the relationship of the cultures of the various strains of Fusarium which had been received by him from Maine. Since Dr. Lewis’ paper had been written up largely from the standpoint of the data obtained from his own studies and independent conclusions it would, in a measure, destroy its individual value as well as tend to obscure the important feat- ures of Dr. Wollenweber’s report were the latter to be incor- * See foot-note p. 200. 254 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. porated within the body of the former. Moreover to do this would necessitate making an entire recast of the article which for several reasons is impracticable and would lead to still farther delay in publication. Therefore, it seemed best to include this report in the form of the following tables, along with certain explanatory matter and comments, as an appendix to the original paper. Attention is called to the fact that Dr. Wollenweber has deter- mined the species without knowing the results of Dr. Lewis’ studies on their pathogenicity. Only a list of the hosts from which the species were isolated was furnished when the original pure cultures were delivered to him for determination. As will be seen in the discussion following the table most of the species are already described or have been mentioned in the literature upon the subject. In case complete descriptions are lacking he will include them in his monograph or some other publication in the near future. He has very kindly consented to this pre- liminary publication of the names previous to the final and more complete description. However characters considered to be important for the differentiation of new forms and new combi- nations have been furnished by him and are briefly discussed in the following pages. List oF SPECIES oF FUSARIUM AS DETERMINED BY Dr. WoLLENWEBER.T 1a 1171 F. pirinum (Fries) Sacc............. Apple fruit IBS ALE 172) Pa Wenanthimsace (Sa valence - + 12 JOG TW 36 E. MDURUVI Po vie econ |e ens eee eee ! 1p IAW LAGAN CHG IVE Dan ae Py. rey re eee ees 5 - Zn AWE Sweet corn Fal Alo) JA, HHOGIE (APEC) Sm Whobscoesoasesuduc ig a t In the above list the Roman numerals preceded by the letter F designate the names under which the different strains or cultures of Fusarium are carried in this laboratory. The second and third columns give Dr. Wollenweber’s serial, laboratory number and _ his -determina- tion of all the cultures sent him, with two exceptions, F X and F XI. The last column gives the source from which each culture was obtained. Those marked (*) were not sent to him. Attention is called to the fact that F XII, F XV (including F XVI), and F XVIII, received by and carried in this laboratory as F. putrefaciens Osterwalder, F. oxysporum Smith and Swingle, and F. roseum Lk. and referred to by these names throughout his paper by Dr. Lewis are designated as F. pirinum (Fries) Sace., F. orthoceras App. and Wr., and F. reticulatum Mont. by Dr. Wollenweber. STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. 255 F VII WACO) Ls OUMOET OS: NDDs We NNitss Goce bo eoobe Cucumber F VIII L272 CLO GION ND Dae Gu NNT ts epsierereleyeterae si Wheat F IX TZUN SEs SMOLIN eA a eee Oe on le RO Ceioe Potato tuber 15) De 1252 @Notdetenmined)) seer ace Apple fruit F XI 1253 @Notadetenmminedesseeeacssse ee ee 4 F XII TABS Jes DULL. \ bo bende boot ATR ara end Si avec ss i F XIII 1A) We «OCA Me Sesh Dieticis GOs oloia chake crn niacicron Sunflower F XIV WB Ire Coolnmanoms N\Nitsosaceoqndc5onons (China aster F XV IME IR OPVOLORUS. doa nbdncds4¢00000b0000GC Potato tuber F XVI AD Jey OPM NOES \eeidiacg oe doe roa ot aoe tS a F XVII 27 OME AISCOLO Ys Vials MUGINES Mes SVT ace: eit: Dent corn F XVIII W272) IF TAUMCNeay nD “INUCinG bg blog don abae Gobo OOO C Wheat F XIX WARIO) | URL, TAUMCOUOMIND. son sdaan posing oon be sou o% Cucumber F XX 120i) HE varguilaceunm (CHinles ih 3Sace a. ac. e i F XXI ales WIE COUN DOHET, ly SDooe oeiboc oa oooseunoooeeos Tomato DOME F XXIII AAG) Eh AON UGUHTO: ia HAlg A 5 6 GIdlG DAG Bob Eo ode Bie Squash F XXIV TW AAOYS) 23) Rae FOXOT ON ec heen po Pia yas ena ae ens June grass F XXV TE © Rane ape PO Celanese lisesi te areal seacoast Ne een ceRS IS ays Red top F XXVI WAGG" ss.) NOVI OL CREATE NOME rere ea NE IE Quack grass F XXVII IZOT APOE ns ace iielMerine cae Fowl meadow grass OXON SHR 20 2a Whee PO Me. pierces ceteris cisaacedlcls dene centre caer Timothy F XXIX WAM. 12. OMCHOMMID © bab aoc nese cool cob coos BF XXX 202 Mes O CU OMMRI nar oRe Rts care eaonmuny aoe ORL URE: A F XXXI DOOR LMCI OM UIE sera cret cher exercpercictonars Mancues Summer squash F XXXII WANG) 181, WORM OCARUS: deco tony adas vane Carden pea stems Peele 91244 “Fersolan (Mart) App..& Wie... .. Potato tuber F XXXIV TAS IB COLON LULOHS” neeoonbe baa bocdis Oat se 3 F.XXXV AAO tel AMON Hc O meOe otc G Bm Bice se OOO eo caa e % F XXXVI TAAL A Rice NOVO Cou eased Tay UAT SE pe areURl nae rene ere ee Dent corn *R XXXIVII Apple fruit *F XXXVIII Potato stems I DOOEIDSE (Received as F. vasinfectum var. pisi van Hall) exes L257 NCUINOTAUHE CONV. SI), ACEH. oe sve ae Squash Vi China aster == lel" DIE VE rf s ela) DIE NV/AL (Received as F. niveum Smith) 1) CID WAHL Apple fruit. A) DIL AVAIEIE Flint corn “1 SILAS < of ‘According to their relationships Dr. Wollenweber has ar- ranged these species in sections of the genus as follows: Section Martiella: F. solani, F. argillaceum. Section Elegans: F’. orthoceras, F. conglutinans, F. citrinum. Section Discolor: F. discolor var. majus, F. culmorum, F. reticulatum. Section Roseum: F. pirinum, F. metachroum, F. helianthi. 2560 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. Section Sporotrichella: F. poae. Dr. Wollenweber makes the following comments with regard to certain species. “F. culmorum \W. G. Smith is identical with F. rubiginosum App. and Wr. F. citrinum is a new species, differing from F. orthoceras App. and Wr. mainly in the absence of a blue color but the pres- ence of a citric color of the mycelium thallus grown on sterilized potato tuber. F. discolor var. majus is a variety of F. discolor App. and Wr. having larger conidia and a higher average septation. This variety needs further study as well as F. argillaceum, F. reticu- latum, F. pirinum and F. helianthi. The latter species described as F. roseum var. helianthi ‘by Saccardo is interesting by the presence of a pyriform microconidial stage, which shows some relation to the corresponding stage of F. poae. The rest of the species have been partly described in Appel and Wollenweber, Grundlagen einer Monographie der gattung Fusarium, 1910, and partly by the latter author in ‘Studies on the Fusarium Problem.’ Phytopathology, 1913. In this latter paper the sections mentioned above are given with the excep- tion of Sporotrichella, which might be provisionally established for species with small globose to pyriform but also sickle- shaped, septate conidia of the type of F. poae (= Sporotrichum poae).” In studying the combined results of these investigations two interesting facts are presented. First it is apparent that in some instances quite a number of different forms or species of Fusa- rium have been found associated with the diseased tissues of the same host plant, and second that some are quite omnivorous in their habits and occur upon several hosts. Since the great majority of the species of this genus are saprophytes or are at most wound parasites these observations are by no means new or novel. However, these facts may be of considerable impor- tance from an economic standpoint and they are much more apparent when the strains of Fusarium studied are arranged in the form of a host index and in the form of a list which gives the number of different hosts from which the same strain was isolated or in which it was found capable of causing disease upon inoculation. bo or sl STUDIES OF DISEASE PRODUCING SPECIES OF FUSARIUM. Host INDEX. Apple fruit, (Pyrus malus 1.) F. pirinum, F. helianthi (sub var.) China aster, (Callistephus hortensis Cass.) F., conglutinans. Dent corn, (Zea mays L.) : F. discolor var. majus, F. poae. Flint corn, (Zea mays L.) F. poae, (F XLVIII and XLIX, not studied by Dr. Wollenweber). Sweet corn, (Zae mays L.) F. poae. Cucumber, (Cucumis sativus L.) F. orthoceras, F. reticulatum, F. argillaceum. Fowl meadow grass, (Poa triflora Gilib.) F. poae. June grass, (Poa pratensis L.) F. poae. Quack grass, (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) F. poae. Red top, (Agrostis alba L.) F. poae. Timothy, (Phleum pratense 1.) F. poae, F. reticulatum. Pea, (Pisum sativum L. F. orthoceras. Fotato (Sclanum tuberosum LL.) F. poae, F. orthoceras, F. solani, F. conglutians, F. helianthi, F XXXVIII. (The latter not studied by Wollenweber but according to Lewis is identical with F. p:rinwan.) Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) F. helianthi Winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) F. reticulatum, F. culmorum. Scnflower (Helianthus annuus L,.) F. helianthi Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) F. citrinum. Wheat (Triticum sativum Lam.) F. metachroum, F. reticulatum. List oF SrEcrEs Givinc Hosts rrom Wuicu THEY Were IsoLATED AND SUMMARY OF INOCULATION TESTS. F. argillaceum (Fries) Sacc., from cucumber. Produced decay of cucumber on inoculation. F. citrmum nova species, from tomato. F. conglutinans Wr. from china aster and potato. Caused decay of cucumber but not of apple fruit (?). 258 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. F. culmorum (W. Sm.) Sacc., from winter squash. Caused decay of cucumber fruits. F. discolor var. majus nova var., from dent corn. F. helianthi Sace. (sub var.) from apple fruit, potato, summer squash and sunflower. Produced decay of carnation buds, also fruits of apple and pear. Negative results with strain from apples on potato tubers. F. metachroum App. and Wr., from wheat. Caused decay of apples. fF, orthoceras App. and Wr., from cucumber, pea and potato. Positive results from inoculation of apple and cucumber fruits, negative upon carnation buds. I’. pirinum (Fries) Sacc., from apple fruit. (F XXXVIII from potato considered identical with F. pirinum by Lewis.) f Positive results from inoculations upon apple and pear fruits and carnation buds. Negative upon potato tubers. F. poae (Peck) novum nomen, from dent, flint and sweet corn, fowl meadow grass, June grass, quack grass, red top, timothy and potato tuber. Positive results from the inoculation of carnation buds with the strains from June grass, quack grass, red top, and timothy. Negative results upon carnation buds from the strains from fowl meadow grass, dent corn and potato. Strain from sweet corn caused decay of cucumber fruit. F. reticulatum Mont., from cucumber, wintér squash and wheat. Positive results from inoculation of carnation buds and cucumber fruits. F. solani (Mart.) App. and Wr., from potato. The object of the summary of the inoculation tests is simply to assemble in condensed form the more important data secured by Dr. Lewis regarding pathogenicity and align it as far as possible with the names of the different species to which Dr. Wollenweber has referred the various strains of Fusarium under consideration. Mention should be made, however, of the fact that with the possible exception of F. conglutinans all of the strains studied produced some decay of some varieties of apples. However, only those which gave constant and marked positive results are so credited in the summary. ‘The details of the inoculation tests will be found on pages 239-251. W. J..M. ed . Fic. 86. Spores of F I (/. pirinum) from Fic, 87. Spores from a strain of F Fic. 88. Spores of F Ill (/% piri- 2 I (4. pirinum) isolated from Milden num) from apple, from a potato agar apple, from a potato agar plate culture 3 weeks Z old. x 480. apple. Spores from sporodochia from plate culture 3 weeks old. x 480. a young bean-pod culture. x 480. Fic. 89. Obovate spores of F IV (7. helianth?) from apple, showing the manner in which they are formed. From a hanging drop culture in one per cent saccharese broth. x 480. Fic. 90. Spores of F IV (/% felu- anthi) from apple, from a prune agar culture 5 days old. x 480. Fic. 91. Spores of F IV ture 3 weeks old. x 480. ( anthz) from a potato agar plate cul- L. heli- Fic. 92. Germinating spores of F II (7. helianthi) from apple after 4 to 6 hours in hanging drop of apple wood decoction, Obovate one-celled, pyriform 2-celled, and septate spores of the Fusa- rium type are shown. x 480. Frc. 93. Germinating spores of F IV (/. helianthz) after 5 to 7 hours in one per cent saccharose broth. x 480. Fic, 94. Germinating spores of F I (/ firinum) showing fusions after 24 hours in hanging drop of apple wood decoction. x 480. Fic. 95. F Il (4%. Aelianth7) from apple. Culture 4 days old on synthetic agar. Fic. 96. F NIIL (4. helvan‘hz) from sunflower. Culture 4 days old on synthetic agar. Cun rages nah "4 Fic. 97. F XXIV (4. foae) from June grass. Culture 4 days old on synthetic agar, Fic. 98.. F XX VI (/. poae) from quack grass. Culture 4 days old on synthetic agar. Fic. 99. F XXVIII (#. poae) from timothy. Culture 4 days old, on synthetic agar. Fic, 100. F IIU(%. pzrznum) from apple. Culture one week old on synthetic agar, Fic. 101. F Il (% elzanthz) from apple. Culture 5 days old on synthetic agar. Fic. 102. F 1 (F. pivinum) from apple. Culture one week old on synthetic agar. Fro. 103. F XV (&% orthoceras) from potato tuber from Vermont. Culture one week old on synthetic agar. This fungus was carried as /. oxysporum Fic. 104. F XX (& axgillaceum) from cucumber, Culture one week old on synthetic agar. hic. 106. F ILL (4. pzrinum) on apple. ‘Fic. 105. Fusarium as it occurred Fic. 107. on green apple on tree. Fusarium decay in core of apple. Fic, 108. Green apple 38 days after Fic. 109. Green apple 38 days after Fic, 110. (erecta apple 38 days after inoculation with F I (7. pzrinum). inoculation with F XII (/. pirinum). moe auon wah be VF vorheceras); which is referred to in the text as & Oxy Sporum. Fic. 111. Bellflower apples inoculated with 3 with F ILI, 4 with FIV, 5 with F XV, Fusarium. 1 with F I, 2 with F II, Fic. 112. Pear inoculated with F I WG) ear nocul ated vita) iG. 114. Pear inoculated with cul- (Gap) om apple. Il (7. halianth?) from apple. ture received from Osterwalder as & putrefaciens (#. pirinum, according to W ollenweber), Fic. 115. Carnation bud-rot produced by inoculation with F II (£. helianthi) from apple. Fic. 116. Carnation bud-rot produced by inoculation with culture received as /. putrefaciens. (F. pirinum, according to Wollenweber), Fic. 117. Decay of cucumber Frc. 118. Cucumber inoculated produced by inoculation with F IT with F XIII (7. helianth?) from (F. helianth7) from apple. sunflower. BULLETIN No. 220 WOOLEY NEEDS Oly dues. Eee Eprtu M. Patcu. Since the publication of Bulletin 203 about one year ago, the elm aphids belonging to the genus Schizoneura have been mak- ing such rapid history that that publication is not only out of print but also out of date. It is the purpose of Bulletin 217 and the present paper to bring together what information I have on this group of elm aphids, more as a report of progress in order to clear away certain previous confusions than as an attempt at a complete treatment. I have received very considerable aid in this study from entomologists in widely separated parts of this and other coun- tries and express my appreciation of such help in general rather than in specific terms, not from any desire to assume credit for data worked in accordance with suggestions from others but in order that no one else need find himself made responsible for the manner in which these fragments are presented. While it is to be regretted that we have not the total stories of all the species discussed it seems wise to bring the account up to date, trusting that the missing links will be forthcoming sometime, somewhere. The present discussion takes no account of such species as have as yet been collected only in the far West as those can most fittingly be introduced by the entomologists who have been observing them at close range. Among the points of specific value in separating these aphids are the antenna of the stem females with especial reference to * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 68. 260 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. the relative length of the joints, the wax glands of the apterous generations other than the stem mother, and the antennal char- acters of the winged females. The habitat and the species of the elm concerned are also of much significance. The text figures of antenne in this bulletin are all drawn to the same scale. WooLtLy APHID oF ELM Bark. (Schizoneura rileyt.) It is not uncommon to find the trunks and branches of young elms with tender places in the bark closely packed with colonies such as are shown in Figure 140. That Riley was correct in describing this as a distinct species a further acquaintance with the aphids leads me to believe. The stem mother has joint III of antenna conspicuously shorter than those of the “leaf roll” or “rosette.” ‘The wax glands of the second generation are of a type similar to lamigera but with a tendency to a larger central area. The antenna of the winged forms has joint III with the annulations less symmetrical than the other elm Schizgoneurans, and the grooves between the annulations are of more varying depths. There are several matters of biological interest in connection with this aphid which set it apart from any other species I know at present. Wuinged forms are developed both in June and in August, but both are developed on the elm. Whether they have lost their function as migrants altogether, whether they simply take wing to other elms, or whether there is a kink in the total life cycle of this insect which we have not yet learned, I do not know. On September 23, 1908, I made a collection of apterous vivi- parous forms which gave birth to the true sexes. As in this genus, so far as I know, the mothers of the sexual generation are in other cases winged this seems peculiar. Individuals were inclosed in vials with bits of cloth and the records carefully taken so there could have been no mistake. The minute apterous oviparous females are born with a beak which is lost with the molt. They have a 5-jointed antenna. Total length of body 0.8 mm. This form lays but a single egg. ART se me WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 201 The apterous males are but 0.55 mm. long and their bodies are slender. ‘Their antennz and legs are relatively much longer than those of the female. Antennz are 5-jointed. Mature male without beak, this being lost at molt. Described from specimens taken September 23, 1908. Maine collection number, 89-08. Antennal drawings of different forms are given here for comparison with the other species. EES ee eye Fig. 119. The antenna of the stem mother of rileyi is dis- tinguished at once from those of the curl and’ rosette dwellers by the difference in length, it being much shorter in this species. It is normally a 5-jointed structure but there is frequently a clear spot in III as shown in this figure which seems to be a vestigial indication of another joint. (52-13). a ee mee Fig. 120. Evidently a part at least of the second generation “become winged as winged forms are present by the middle of June at which time the stem mother is still actively producing nymphs. The antenna of the pupa is given in this figure. (7-08). It is characterized by a rather short bulged IV. Fig. 121. The antenna of the spring winged generation is characterized by having wider spaces between the annulations on III than is usual for the curl and rosette dwellers, and with less symmetry as to the antennal grooves. Annulations are com- 202 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. mon on VI. The antenna of this generation is practically the same in appearance as that of the fall winged generation. (7-08). ep cena Ea Fig. 122. The antenna of an apterous viviparous form giving birth to the true sexes. (89-08). The relative length of the joints are approximately the same as those of the pupa. The following collection notes are perhaps worth keeping as a part of the discussion of this species: Aphid 69-05. September 2, 1905. Present in great numbers in woolly clusters along trunk of small elms at Orono. Apterous viviparous form and nymphs. ‘This material was determined by Mr. Pergande as Schizoneura rileyi during the winter of 1905-00. Aphid 95-06. August 4, 1906. Orono. Apterous and alate forms present on trunk of young elm. Aphid 7-08. June 16, 1908. Woolly mass on trunk of small elms. Winged viviparous forms just developing from pupe. Aphid 89-08. Sept. 23, 1908. Orono. Apterous viviparous forms in woolly bunches on trunk and branches of young Ulmus americana, causing knotty growth. The progeny of these apter- ous forms were the true sexes,—apterous oviparous females and apterous males. Eggs were plentiful under the bark. ‘Aphid 52-12. June 14, 1913, ©rono. ‘Colomies)imptender places on trunk of young elms (Ulmus americana). Stem mothers, nymphs and pupe. BIBLIOGRAPHY .* 1868. (1869). Eriosoma ulmi Riley; Rept. Ins. Mo. I : 123, 124. Account of work and original description of winged fornis and young lice. Remedies. 1876-1879. Schizoneura rileyi Thomas. Trans. Ill. Hort. Soc. 1876, p. 191; id. Rept. Ent. Ill. 8 : 136, 137, 1879, nom. nov. for Eriosoma ulmi Riley. Systematic discussion and description of work. Description of insect quoted from Riley. 1885. Schizoneura rileyi Lichtenstein Monograph (528). 1885. Schizoneura rileyi, Forbes. Rept. Ent. Ill. 14 : 114. * No attempt has been made to give a complete bibliography for any species in this paper. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 263 1888. Schizoneura rileyi Lintner. 3rd Report, p. 125. 1890. Schizoneura rileyi, Packard. Fifth Rept. U. S. Entom. Com. Wash. Original description of insect quoted. 1897. Schizoneura rileyi, Lintner. 13th Report, p. 374. Mere mention. 1901. Schizoneura rileyi, Hunter. Aphid of N. A., p. 84. Bibliography in part. : 1905. Schizoneura rileyi, Felt, N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir 8: pp. 172, 192. Brief description of work and remedies. 1909. Schizoneura rileyi, Gillette. Journal Ec. Ent., p. 357. 1910. Schizoneura rileyi, Patch. Bul. 181, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1910. Schizoneura rileyi, Williams. The Aphididae of Nebraska, p. 20. 1910. Schizoneura rileyi, Davis. Journ. Ec. Ent. p. 413. 1913. Schizoneura from elm bark. Patch Annals Ent. Soc. America. PiaterZa igs) 10). 20: 21, 22: A New Exim GAL FoR AMERICA. Schizoneura lanuginosa? A gall unlike any I have seen before was sent me last August from Connecticut by Doctor Britton. It was deserted and brown and dry, but as Figure 139C will show it resembles the pictures by Buckton of Januginosa so closely that it seems prob- able that it is that species. The gall was apparently an out growth from the twig at the base of the petiole, resulting in the extreme dwarfing of the nearest leaves. It is figured here merely to call attention to the occurrence of such a gall in New England in hopes that specimens may be collected earlier an- other season before the migrants have taken wing. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schizoneura lanuginosa Htg. 1841. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Hartig, Versuch einer Ejinteilung der Pflanzenlause. Germar’s Zeitschr. f. Entomologie, Bd. III, DemsO7. 1843. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Kaltenbach, Monogr. d. Fam. d. Pflan- zenlause p. 170. 1857. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Koch. Die Pflanzenlause, p. 264, Fig. 330, 340. 1863. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Passerini, Aphididae italicae, p. 70. 1881. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Buckton, Monogr. of Brit. Aphides, Vol. Tips TO4e PI CLX. Eig. 5-10: 1885. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Lichtenstein, Monograph (324). 1887. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Horvath, Math. term. ert. V pp. 130-136. 204. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. 1893. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Rey, Exchange, p. 62. 1900. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Del Guercio, Prosp. dell’ afidofauna italica, Nuov. relaz. Ser. I, 2, p. 104. 1909. Schizoneura lanuginosa, Tullgren, Aphid. Stud. Uppsala. p. 170, Fig. 83. 1909 (1910) Schizoneura lanuginosa, Henrich, Die Blattlause der Umge- bung von Hermannstadt. Erm Roserre or Lear Custer APHID. Schizoneura lanigera (americana in part of authors). This aphid and the next succeeding are treated in Bulletin 217. I do not know whether the two are distinct, but from the appearance and the behavior of the summer generations of both on Pyrus and the antennal characters of the fall migrants do not feel that there is any basis of separating them except as to the nature of their elm habitat. The antenna of different generations of the rosette aphid, (Figs. 123 to 128) together with some details as to wax glands (Fig. 143 D. J. K.) are given for comparison with the other elm aphids. This migrates normally to Pyrus in Maine the spring migrants from the elm leaves settling on the under side of the leaves of mountain ash and apple, and their immediate progeny creeping to stems of water shoots or tender places in the bark before feeding. Such normal out of door colonies which were watched carefully during their origin are shown in Fig. 78 in Bulletin 217 of this Station. I have also reared the progeny of the spring migrants on mountain ash in confinement, such a colony being shown in Fig. 69 in Bulletin 217. It is abundant in both Maine and Colorado and doubtless all the way between. La) Oe Gee Sees Figs. 123 and 124. Antenne of stem mother from rosette. The antenna of this form is normally 5-jointed with a trans- WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 2 Cot parent place varying in shape and size on III that seems to be a vestigial indication of another joint. Indeed 6-jointed antennz for this form are by no means rare and it sometimes happens that a specimen will have one 5-jointed antenna and the other distinctly 6-jointed. (33-13). | (ORIEN oor caer Fig. 125. The antenna of the rosette aphid, second genera- tion, apterous viviparous. (33A-13). ‘Typically this has III as long as or longer than 1V-+V-+VI, and in this respect resem- bles the antenna of the winged form of this species. Fig. 126. Antenna of spring migrant from rosette,—one of the collection whose progeny colonized the seedling mountain ash as shown in Bulletin 217, Fig. 69. (57-13). Figs. 127 and 128. Antennz of spring migrants from rosette collected July 10, 1912, from under side of mountain ash leaf in the open where they were settled and producing progeny. (See Fig. 78, Bulletin 217) Ordinarily VI is without annula- tions but these sometimes are present as is shown in Fig. 128. (60-12). \ \ Sinn Fig. 129. Antenna of fall migrant collected from hawthorn, Crataegus.. (114-06). 266 MAINE AGRICULTURAL IXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. Fig. 130. Antenna of fall migrant collected from mountain ash. Pyrus sp. Typically VI is with two or more annulations, but these are sometimes lacking. (63-11). 1870. 1897. 1904. 1000. IQIO. IQ12. 1QI2. 1913. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schizoneura americana, Riley, (in part?) Bulletin. U.S. Geol. & Geograph. Survey Vol. V, No. 1, “the deformation assumes various distorted shapes, sometimes involving quite large masges of the leaves.” f Schizoneura americana, Gillette. (in part?). Bul. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric. 9, pp. 78-79. “The attack begins with the open- ing of the first buds, when the little, wrinkled clusters of leaves begin to appear from the terminal buds of small twigs upon the trunk and large branches of the tree.” Schizoneura americana, Gillette. (in part.) Bul. A. E. S. Colo. 47, p. 35 and Fig. 32.: “The Elm Leaf-cluster Gall. (1900). Schizoneura americana, Harvey, Bul. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. No. 61, p. 32. Figure. Schizoneura americana, Lugger (in part). Bul. No. 69. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Id: 6th Ann. Rept St. Ent. of the St. Exp. Sta. Univ. of Minn. p. 169. “If at all numerous they can greatly deform the ends of the twigs, where all the leaves are curled, forming a mass of sickly, yellowish leaves.” } Schizoneura americana (in part). Sanhorn, Kansas Aphid. p. 25. “When numerous they give the leaves a whitish appearance and cause the terminal ones to bunch together, which gives the lice more protection.” Schizoneura ulmi (americana). Gillette. Jour. Ec. Ent. Oct. Fig. 16. Antenna. Schizoneura americana (in part). Patch. Bul. 181. Me. Agr. Expo tay kuioa noi Schizoneura lanigera (americana). Patch, Woolly aphid migra- tion from elm to mountain ash. Jour. Ec. Ent. pp. 395-308. Figure 2. Schizoneura lanigera (americana in part). Patch. Bul. 203. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Schizgoneura sp. Gillette. 25th Ann. Rept. of the Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 30, “the form producing the rosette like cluster of leaves at the tip of elm twigs.” Ears: WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 207 1913. Schizoneura sp. Patch. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. Figs. 68 to 82. 1913. Schigoneura lanigera. Patch. Bul. 217. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Figs. 69, 70, 71, 72, 78, 79, 80, 81. SouTHERN EM L&eAF Curt. Schizoneura lanigera (americana in part of authors). My acquaintance with this form is limited to material sent me from the south the spring of 1912. JI am not sure of the species of Ulmus it was taken on, but think it was americana. Photographs of the curl and the woolly colony on apple, bred from migrants of this form are given as Figures 67 and 68 of Bulletin 217. Fig. 131 represents the antenna of the fall migrant (sexu- para) of the same bred colony. (9-12 sub. 1.) It will be seen that this has the same characteristics as the corresponding form taken on Pyrus or Crataegus out of doors as shown in Figures 129 and 130. It is smaller than many of the out door grown individuals but the overstocked and dwarfed little seedling on which it developed may well be responsible for the size of the insects which were reared through the several generations from the spring migrants in confinement on the same potted apple in confinement. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1912. S. lanigera (americana), Patch. Science Vol. 36 pp. 30-31. 1912. S. lanigera (americana). Patch. Journal Economic Entomology Vol. 5, p. 306. (first paragraph of page). 1912. S. lanigera (americana), Patch. Bul. 203. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Top of page 237 and Fig. 448. 1913. S. lanigera (americana). Patch. Journal Economic Entomology. Vol. 6, pp. 316-318. 1913. Schizoneura. Patch. Annals Entomological Society America. Vol. 6, Plate 24. Fig. 11 and Plate 25. Fig. 27. 1913. S. lanigera (americana in part). Patch. Bul. 217. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Figs. 67 and 68. 2608 MAINE AGRICULTUKAl, EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q1%. NORTHERN CuRL OF AMERICAN ELM. Schizoneura americana in part, of authors. The popular name here applied to this species may be unfor- tunate as the same insect exists also in the south, but it is apparently the most common aphid in the northern states inhab- iting the roll or curl type of leaf deformation on Ulmus ameri- cana. The stem mother matures in Maine early in June, in the young roll. (Fig. 139A) At this time she is somewhat powdery but if removed from the curl and examined in sunlight with a lens her body is found to have a distinctly greenish cast. When mounted alive on a slide in balsam there is no dark reddish stain though the balsam may be slightly yellowed. This species may be distinguished by these signs from the rosette dweller which shows distinctly reddish in the sunlight and stains the balsam a deep red when mounted alive. Figs. 132 and 133 show the antenna of this form which resem- bles that of the rosette species closely. Indeed the antennal joints of the first generation of both these species vary enough in different individuals to make this structure of little value in separating the curl and the rosette species in this stage. (32-13 and 32A-13). The second apterous generations however, are readily distin- guished by their wax glands, those of this curl dweller being arranged in an irregular rather elongate mass and not placed about a clear central area as in the case of the rosette dweller. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 209 Fig. 134. The antenna of this generation is 6-jointed and distinguished from that of the rosette dweller in having II] typically shorter than IV-+V-+VI. (32A-13.) This generation matures about June 17 in Maine. Whether the migrant generation maturing late in June are altogether the progeny of the second apterous generation or in part the daughters of the stem mother I do not know. My field observations lead me to think that part of the progeny of the second apterous generation desert the elm leaves and settle under the scales of the elm bark in tender places on the trunk and there subsist as bark feeders in woolly colonies but less conspicuous and more hidden than rileyi. At any rate such bark colonies occur here in Maine for which I can not otherwise account. The fact that the stem mother is still actively giving birth to nymphs for some time after the second apterous generation become mature and are producing young complicates the case considerably when an attempt is made to sort out the young. Figure 139B shows an old roll just deserted by the migrants. CI oe Fig. 135. The antenna of the spring migrant. It is typical for this structure to have III shorter than IV-V-++-VI and VI subequal to or even longer than V. The length of VI, however, is variable in Maine material and is apparently ordinarily a little shorter than with the same species as it occurs in the western states. The number of annulations on III is also subject to con- siderable variation. ‘The antenne of those individuals develop- ing in leaf curl late after the leaf becomes less sappy are likely to differ very strikingly from those developing earlier in the season both in total length of antenna and in the number and distribution of the annulations, as is illustrated in Annals Ento- mological Society of America, Vol. 6, Plate 24. Figs. 2, 6 and 7 are all drawn to the same scale. Figs. 6 and 7 represent the antenna of individuals collected July 23, 1912 for comparison with specimens, Fig. 2 which developed June 30 in the same leaf rolls. ‘The difference in the tofal size of the antennz and in the 270 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. number of annulations of the big thrifty early ones from the juicy leaf and the last individuals to develop in the drying roll would seem suggestive of the physiological effect of the habitat on the size of the individual and the character of the antenna. (68-13. ) The migration of this winged generation from the leaf curl is a matter of frequent record and easy to observe. Where it goes and what the food plant of its summer progeny is still unknown. During 1912 a few individuals of this species were taken in the open on Pyrus leaves together with the rosette dweller, but a further acquaintance with the elm Schizoneurans leads me to believe that they had merely alighted there accident: ally on the way to their proper host. A fall migrant is found on the elm whose antenna accords with that of the spring migrant of this species and is probably the return migrant. Neither the spring nor fall winged forms have the antenna of Janigera and the wax glands of the second generation distinguish it from that Ulmus-Pyrus species. Ss BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1879. Schizoneura americana in part. Riley. Bul. U. S. Geo. and Geo- graph. Survey, Vol. V, No. 1, pp. 4-9 and Plate I and Fig. 2. description of seven generations on elm. Riley evidently in- cluded both the rosette and roll species under one name as his followers have for years. Whether he included more than two species it would be difficult now to ascertain. His figure of the antenna of the winged form with VI long and heavily annulated is evidently either an error or else this represents some elm Schizoneuran not at present known. 1879. Schigoneura americana in part, Thomas (in part). Report of the State Entomologist Ill. VIII, p. 202. Quotes Riley’s description. 1887. Schizoneura americana, Oestlund, O. W., (in part). Aphid. Minn. p. 27. Description of winged form and pseudo gall. 1890. Schigoneura americana Packard, (in part). Fifth Rept. U. S. Entom. Com. p. 279. Extract from Riley Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. V, No. 1. 1897. Schizoneura americana, Gillette, C. P., (in part?). Bul. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric. 9 (n. s.): 78-79. Description of work. 1900. Schizoneura americana, Lugger, (in part). Bul. No. 69. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Id. 6th Ann.,Rept. St. Ent. of the St. Exp. Sta. Univ. of Minn. pp. 168, 169. Fig. 148 after Riley. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 271 1901. Schizoneura americana, Aldrich. Idaho Agric. Ex,. sta. Feby. Bul. 26, pp. 20-22. Records summer and fall (return) migra- tion and describes true sexes. Suggests that alternate host plant may be grass. 1902. Schizoneura americana, Weed, 'C. M. Bul. No. 90. N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 37. Brief account and photograph of curled leaf. 1902. Schizoneura americana, Cook, M. T. Galls and Insects Produc- ing Them. Ohio Naturalist. Vol. II, No. 7, p. 265 and Fig. 12. Discussion of structure of gall. 1904. Schizoneura americana, Sanborn, ‘C. E. (in part). Kansas Aphid pp. 25-26. 1904. Schizoneura americana, Cooley, R. A. t1oth Ann. Rept. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 43-45. Records this insect as a decidedly obnoxious pest in some parts of Montana on Ulmus americana. 1905. Schizoneura americana, Felt, E. P., (in part). N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir 8: pp. 172, 177-178. Description of leaf curl, and life history adapted from Riley. 1909. Schizoneura ulmi L. (americana Riley) Gillette, C. P. (in part). Journal Ec. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 356. 1910. Schizoneura americana, Patch, Edith M. (in part). Gall Aphids of the Elm. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 181, pp. 223-235. 1910. Schizoneura americana, Williams, T. A. (in part). The Aphidide of- Nebraska, p. 16. 1913. Schizoneura americana, Gillette. 25th Ann. Rept. of the Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 30. “the leaf-rolling form” distinguished from “the form producing the rosette like cluster of leaves at the tip of elm twigs.” 1913. Schizoneura sp. Patch. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. Figs. I to 7. 1913. Schizoneura americana in part, of authors. Patch. Bul. 217. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 184. Habitat Key for Woolly Aphids of the Elm. ELM-CurRANT APHID OF EUROPE. Schizoneura ulmi (fodiens). There is apparently little doubt that the literature for ulmi in Europe is as mixed as that for americana in this country, both being what is known as composite species. What ulmi of Linn. was is perhaps past finding out but however that may be that species which migrates to Ribes where it was known as fodiens evidently has as good a right to the name as any, and most of the recognizable figures are those of the Ulmus-Ribes species. That the life cycle of this leaf roller of elms (Ulmus scabra, U. campestris, U. racemosa and perhaps others) includes a resi- dence on the roots of currants or gooseberries has been definitely | | | | | | | | ’ 272 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. established for Europe. Although the life cycle has not yet been followed through in America, specimens which I have seen collected from California, Oregon, Maine (1913), and Ontario (fall migrants, 1913) are, I believe, identical with wlmi (fodiens) of other countries and will doubtless prove to have the same cycle here. As will be seen from figure 138A and B the roll caused by ulmi is of the same type as that caused by americana, and as both species extend from Maine to California it is not unlikely that they have been confused in our literature. So far as I know at present S. ulm from Ulmus americana is not recorded nor S. americana on the species of elm accepted by S. ulnu, but this whole question needs further study. The first collection of this species made in Maine was at Bath June 23, 1913, when a box of the leaves containing stem mothers, pupz and migrants were received with the statement that more than a bushel of such leaves had been taken from a Camper- down elm (Ulmus scabra Mill. var. pendula). Another collec- tion from the same place was secured July 8. On August 31, 1913, while in Bar Harbor I collected curled leaves from an English elm (Ulmus campestris) which con- tained molted pupal skins, the antennal structure of which proved the work to be that of ulmi. No live specimens were present, of course, at that date. The infested elm, though a good sized tree, had hardly a normal leaf. However much alike their rolls look the insects inside are readily distinguished in all their stages. Fig. 136. The antenna of the stem mother. It is at once distinguished from that of the corresponding form of the other species treated in this paper by the very much abbreviated termi- nal joint. Fig. 137. The antenna of the spring migrant is strikingly different from any other elm species known to me. The annu- " J WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 273 lar sensoria are broad, the hollows between them deep, and they occur only on III+I1V. III is nearly twice IV-+V-+VI in length. The terminal sensorium of V is more or less circular and fringed. In this respect it resembles the corresponding sensorium on the apterous forms of our other elm species whose winged forms have, however, lost this character, their terminal sensorium of V being apparently only a modified annulation a little broadened or otherwise irregular in shape. 1857 1879. 1880. 188r. 1881. 1806. 1906. 1909. 1912. 1913. 1870. T908. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schizoneura ulmi, Koch. Pflanzenlause. Fig. 337, 338. Schizoneura ulmi, Courchet. Schizoneura ulmi, Kessler. Neue Beobachtungen und Entdeckun- gen an den auf Ulmus campestris . vorkommenden Aphiden- Avtigi Wen UMM iit ag eebe Schizoneura ulmi. Buckton Monogr. of Brit. Aphides. Vol. III. MOC Viil and (GLX, 4 Ficsir=A: Schizoneura fodiens, Buckton. Monogr. of Brit. Mondeo Vol. EEC Vile ic. 6-12) Schizoneura fodiens, ‘Cholodkovsky. Aphidologische Mitteilun- gen. Zool. Anz. N. 520, p. 508-513. Schizoneura ulmi (fodiens), Schouteden.. Cat. des Aphides de Belgique. Schizoneura ulini (fodiens), Tullgren. Aphidologische Studien I. pp. 163-169 and Figs. 78-82. Schizoneura ulmi (fodiens), Theobald. Journ. Econ. Biol. Vol. VII, No. 3, pp. 111-115. Figs. 13 B and C and 14. (Fig. 13 A is evidently not ulni-fodiens). Schizoneura ulmi (fodiens). Reh, L. Handbuch der PAanzen- krankheiten von Prof. Dr. Paul Sorauer, Dritter Band. Die tierischen Feinde. Bearbeitet von Dr. L. Reh. Schizoneura ulnii, Courchet. ‘Etude sur les galles produites par les aphidiens, Mem. de. l’acad. Montpellier, p. 99. From description of antenna, evidently not ulmi (fodiens). Schizoneura ulmi, Okajima. Contribution to the Study of Japa- nese Aphidide. Reprint Bul. Col. Agr. Tokyo Imperial Univ. Vol. VIII, No. 1. Plate II, Fig. 2. This is not ulmi (fodiens). III is shorter than IV+--V+VI. V is at least twice IV in length and annulated. This antenna has much the same pro- portions and characters as Theobald ror2, Fig. 13 A and may possibly be the same species. 274. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. FOOD PLANT CATALOGUE OF THE APHIDAE OF THE WORLD. IPyaae JOULE Epita M. Patcu. MYRICACEKEAE. SWEET GALE FAMILN: MY RICA. M. Gale L. Sweet Gale. Aphis myricae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 622. JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY. CARYA. (Hicoria) Hickory. C. alba (L.) Koch. Mocker Nut, White-heart Hickory, Monelha maculella (Fitch) (?). Gillette, 1910, p. 368. Monellia marginella (Fitch). Gillette, 1910, p. 368. Myzocallis (?) caryaefoliae (Davis). Gillette, 1910, p. 360. Phylloxera caryae Fitch. Hunter, 1901, p. 70. Phylloxera caryaeavellana Riley. Hunter, 1901, p. 70. Phylloxera caryaefallax Walsh. Thomas, 1879, p. 164. Phylloxera caryaefallax Riley. Williams, 1891, p. 15. Phylloxera caryaefoliae Fitch. Hunter, 1901, p. 71. Phylloxera caryaeglobuli Walsh (D. hemisphericum Shimer) Hunter, IQ01, p. 71. Phylloxera caryaegummosa Riley. Hunter, 1901, p. 7I. Phylloxera caryaescissa Riley. Hunter, 1901, p. 71. Phylloxera caryaesepta (Shimer). Hunter, 1901, p. 7I. Phylloxera (Pemphigus) caryaevenae Fitch. Hunter, 1901, p. 71- Phylloxera (D.) conica Shimer. Hunter, 1901, p. 71. Phylloxera depressa (Shimer). Williams, 1801, p. 15. C. cordiformis (Wang) K. Koch (amara Nutt) (minima) Bitter Nut or Swamp Hickory. Lachnus longistigma Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 31. Monellia caryella (Fitch) Oestlund (A. punctatella Fitch) (A. maculella Fitch) (A. fumipennella Fitch) (A. marginella Fitch). Oecestlund, 1887, p. 45. Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch. var magna Shimer. Pergande, 1904b, p. 246. * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 69. For Parts I and II see Bulletins 202 and 217. | WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 275 Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch (D. caryaemagnum Shimer). Hunter, 1901, p. 70. Phylloxera conica Shimer. Pergande, 1904b, p. 226. Phylloxera (Dactylosphaera) foveata Shimer (“forcatum” and “foreatum” by misprint). Pergande, 1904b, p. 209. Phylloxera globosa Shimer. Pergande, 1904b, p. 238. Phylloxera globosa var. coniferum (Shimer). Pergande, 1904b, p. 238. Phylloxera (D.) spinosa Shimer. Hunter, 1901, p. 72. C. glabra Will (Hicoria glabra) Pignut or Broom Hickory. Aphis caryae Harris. Harris, 1841, also Flint ed. 1862, p. 238. Phylloxera caryaecaulis (Fitch). Pergande, 1904b, p. 244. Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch (Dactylosphoera subellipticum Shimer) (D. caryaemagnum Shimer). Hunter, 1901, p. 70. Phylloxera caryaefoliae Fitch. Pergande, 1904b, p. 195. Phylloxera caryaeglobuli Walsh (D. hemisphericum Shimer). Hunter, 1901, p. 71. Phylloxera caryae-ren Riley. Pergande, 1904b, p. 257. Phylloxera caryaesemen Walsh (D. globosum Shimer). Hunter, IQOI, p. 7I. Phylloxera caryae-semen (Walsh). Pergande, 1904b, p. 213. Phylloxera (Dactylosphoera) caryae-septum (Shimer). Pergande, 1904b, Pp. 194. Phylloxera c-septum, var. perforans Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 194. Phylloxera foveola Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 200. Phylloxera (D.) gibbosa Shimer. Hunter, 1901, p. 72. Phylloxera pilosula Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 203. C. illinoensis K. Koch. (Hicoria olivaeformis). Pecan. Callipterus caryae Monell. Monell, 1879, p. 31. Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 248. Phylloxera notabilis Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 235. Phylloxera sp. Hunter, 1901, p. 75. C. ovata (Mill) K. Koch, (Hicoria alba Nutt). Shell-bark or Shag- bark Hickory. Phylloxera caryae-fallax Riley. Pergande, 1904b, p. 214. Phylloxera caryae-globuli Walsh (hemisphericum Shimer). Per- gande, 1904b, p. 223. Phylloxera caryae-gummosa Riley. Pergande, 1904b, p. 239. Phylloxera caryae-scissa Riley. Pergande, 1904b, p. 220. Phylloxera (Dactylosphoera) caryae-septum (Shimer). Pergande, 1904b, p. 104. Phylloxera depressa (Shimer). Pergande, 1904b, p. 208. Phylloxera intermedia Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 199. C. porcina Nutt. Lachnus caryae (Harris). Hunter, 1cor, p. &5. C. tomentosa Nutt. (Hicoria tomentosa). Phylloxera caryae-avellana Riley. Pergande, 1904b, p. 228. Zs 7 cS MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. Phylloxera caryae-caulis Fitch var. spinosa Shimer. Pergande, 1904b, p. 244. Phylloxera caryae-scissa Riley. Pergande, 1904b, p. 220. Phylloxera (Pemphigus?) caryaevenae Fitch. Pergande, 1904b, p. 240. Phylloxera deplanata Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 205. Phylloxera perniciosa Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 251. Phylloxera picta Pergande. Pergande, 1go4b, p. 198 Phyilloxera rimosalis Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 217. Phylloxera symmetrica Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 230. Phylloxera symmetrica var. purpurea Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 233. Phylloxera symmetrica var. vasculosa Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 233. Callipterus caryae Monell. Monell, 1879, p. 31. Callipterus caryaefoliae Davis. Davis, 1910a, p. 1608. Longistigma (Lachnus) caryae (Harris) Wilson. Wilson, r909c, Dugo5: Phylloxera caryae-globosa Shimer. ‘Thomas, 1870, p. 162. Phylloxera (D.) depressa Shimer (D. coniferum Shimer). Hunter, 1901, p. 72. Phylloxera georgiana Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 2409. Phylloxera minimum (Shimer). Pergande, 1904b, p. 210. Phylloxera spinuloides Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 248. Phylloxera subelliptica (Shimer). Pergande, 1904b, p. 250. Schizoneura caryae (Fitch). Thomas, 1879, p. 141. JUGLANS, ‘Walnut, T. californica Wats. Monelha californica Essig. Essig, 1912, Aphid. So. Cal. X. p. 770. J. nigra L. Black Walnut. Lachnus longistigma Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 31. Monellia caryae (Monell). Gillette, 1910, p. 367. Monellia maculella (Fitch) (?). Gillette, 1910, p. 368. Schizoneura caryae (Fitch). Williams, 1801, p. 26. J. regia L. English Walnut, J. sp. Callipterus caryae Monell. Davidson, 1909, p. 301, “on English Walnut.” Callipterus juglandicola Koch. Essig, 1900, p. 52. Callipterus juglandis (Frisch). Ferrari, 1872, p. &t. Chromaphis juglandicola (Kalt.). Gillette, 1910, p. 367. Lachnus juglandis (Frisch). Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 97. Pterocallis juglandicola (Kalt.) (Lachnus Kalt.) (Aphis Walker) (Callipterus Koch). Buckton, 3, p. 34. Ptychodes juglandis (Frisch) (Aphis) (Lachnus) (Callipterus) Buckton, 3, p. 41. Aphis juglandina Walker. Walker, 1848a, p. 335. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. ‘\) N N BETULACKAE. BIRCH FAMILY. ALNUS. Alder. . glutinosa (L.) Aphis alni Fab. (nicht A. alni Schrank) (A. maculata Heyden). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 138. Callipterus giganteus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1899, p. 474. Pterocallis alni (Fab.), Pass. Buckton, 3, p. 32. . incana (L.) Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Callipterus giganteus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1899, p. 474. Pemphigus tessellata Fitch (acerifolii Riley). Patch, 1908, p. 484. Vacuna alni (Schrank) Pass. (V. betulae Kalt.) (Glyphina betulae Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 84. . rhombifolia Nutt. Euceraphis flava Davidson. Davidson, 1912, p. 4c6. Myzocallis aini (Fab). Essig, 1912, Aphid. So. Cal. X, p. 767. . rubra Boug. Lachnus alnifoliae Fitch. Williams, 1801, p. 5. Pemphigus tessellata Fitch (Chermes alni Kalm). Hunter, 1g9or1, p. 79. asp: Aphis alni Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 620. Aphis alni Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 620. Aphis bifrons Walker. Walker, 1848a, p. 444. “On alder?” Callipterus (Pterocallis) alni Fab. Davis. 1¢10b, p. 41%. Glyphina alni Schrank. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Lachnus alnifoliae Fitch. Thomas, 1879, p. 118. Essig, 1912, Aphid. So. Cal. X, p. 773. Pemphigus alni Provancher. Kirkaldy, 1906, p. 15. Pterocallis maculata Heyden. Lichtenstein, La Flore. BETULA. Birch. B. alba L. (papyracea Ait) (pubescens Ehrh) (papyrifera Marsh). Paper, Canoe or White Birch. Aphis antennata Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 115. Aphis betularia Kalt. (A. tuberculata Heyden). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 120. Aphis comes Walker. Walker, 1848a, p. 258. Aphis nigritarsis Heyden. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 135. Aphis quadrituberculata Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 134. Callipterus betulicola (Kalt.?) (C. betulae Koch). Buckton, 3, p. 16. Callipterus betulaecolens (Fitch) Monell. Davis, 1909a, p. 30. Callipterus oblongus Heyden (Aphis oblonga. Heyden) Del Cvercio, 1900, p. III. Chaitophorus betulae Buckton (?). Gillette, 1910, p. 367. 278 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. Chaitophorus betulinus van der Goot. Van der Goot. I912, p. 278. Glyphina alni Schrank’ (betulae Kaltenbach) (betulina Buckton). _ Schouteden, 1906a, p. 192. Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer (Hormaphis papyraceae Oestlund) Oestlund, 1887, p. 20. Symdobius oblongus (Heyden). Patch, 1910b, p. 245. Symdobius oblongus Heyden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 210. Vacuna betulae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 177. , alpestris Fries. Hamamelistes betulae Mordw. ‘Tullgren, 1909, p. 58. . fontinalis. Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch). Gillette, 1910, p. 371. Euceraphis betulae (Koch). ‘Gillette, 1910, p. 371. Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer. Gillette, 1909a, p. 353. . nigra L. ‘River or Red Birch, Calaphis betulella Walsh. Walsh, 1862, p. 302. Hormaphis (Brysocrypta) hamamelidis Fitch (Hamamelistes cornu Shimer). Pergande, 1901, p. 8. . tremula. Callipterus carpint Koch. (A. coryli Kalt?). Buckton, 3, p. To. isp: Aphis antennata Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 610. Aphis betulae Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 609. Tullgren, 1909, p. 4. Aphis (Callipterus) betulae Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 610. Aphis betulicola Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 600. Aphis betulina Walker. Walker, 1852, p. 1039. Host plant not given. Aphis callipterus Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 360. Aphis comes Walker. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 610. Aphis impingens Walker. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 610. Aphis inhaerens Walker. Walker, 1852, p. I04T. Aphis nigritarsis Heyden. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 600. Aphis quadrituberculata Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 609. Bradyaphis antennata —. Mordwilko 1899, p. 407. Callipteroides betulae (nigritarsis). Mordwilko, 1899, p. 407. Callipterus betularius Kalt. (A. tuberculata Heyden?) (A. antennata Kalt?) (betulae Walker). Buckton, 3, p. 14. Callipterus tuberculata Heyden. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Chaitophorus annulatus Koch. Koch, p. 8. Chaitophorus betulae Buckton. Buckton, 2, p. 140. Chaitophorus tricolor Koch. Koch, p. 10 (A. betularia?). ?Eriosoma imbricator Fitch. ‘An insect closely allied to E. im- bricator abundant on birch in Maryland in October.” Glover, 1877, p. 39. Eriosoma tessellata Fitch. Glover, 1877, p. 39. Glyphina betulae Kalt. Tullgren, 1900, p. 48. Glyphine betulae Heyden (‘Vacuna alni Pass.?) (Tremulinax Amyot). Buckton, 4, p. 18. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 279 Hamamelistes betulae Mordwilko. (Mss. correction of Cerata- phis betulae Mordwilko). Mordwilko, 1899, p. 973. Hamamelistes (Tetraphis) betulina Horvath. Kirkaldy, 1906, pe 17 Hamamelistes~ spinosus Shimer (Hormaphis papyraceae O6est- lund). Pergande, 1901, p. 25. Symdobius oblongus (Heyden). Mordwilko, 1809, p. 400. Symdobius oblongus Hevden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 210. Vacuna betulae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 610. CARPINUS, MHornbeam. C. Betulus L. Callipterus carpini Koch. (A. coryli Kalt?). Buckton, 3, p. 19. Callipterus coryli (Goetze) Koch. Buckton, 3, p. 18. Myzocallis coryli (Goetze) Pass. (A. avellanae Schrank) (C. coryli Koch) ((C. carpini Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 55. CORYLUS, Hazelnut. C. Avellana L. Callipterus carpini Koch (A. coryli Kalt.). Koch, p. 216. Callipterus coryli (Goetze) Koch. (Myzocallis coryli Pass.) Buckton, 3, p. 18. Myzocallis coryli (Goetze) (Callipterus carpini Koch). Ferrari, 1972; p. 75. Myzocallis coryli (Goetze) Pass. (A. avellanae Schrank) (C. coryli Koch) (C. carpini Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 55. Myzus tetrarhoda Walker (Aphis) (Siphonophora rosarum Koch) Ferrari, 1872, p. 61. Siphonophora avellanae (Schr.) Koch (coryli Mosley) Buckton, iis jibe TO Siphonophora avellanae Koch. (A. avellanae Walker). Pas- serini, 1863, p. I2. Cc. sp, Callipterus (Myzocallis) coryli Goetze. Davis, I910b, p. 417. OSTRYA. Hop Hornbeam. QO. virginiana Mill. American Hop Hornbeam, Leverwood. Siphonophora sp. (“apparently identical with S. geranii Oe6est- lund”). Osborn and Sirrine, 1893, p. 236. BPAGACEAR. BEECH FAMILY. CASTANEA. Chestnut. C. dentata Marsh. Chestnut. Calaphis castaneae (Fitch). Gillette, 1910, p. 368. Callipterus castaneae Fitch. Thomas, 1879, p. 114 280 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. C. pumila Mill. Chinquapin. Callipterus quercus Kalt. Buckton, 3, p. 22. C. sativa Mill. (Castanea vesca). Aphis castanea-vesca Haldeman. Hunter, 1go1, p. 95. Callipterus castaneae Buckton. Buckton, 3, p. 26. Dryaphis longipes (Dufour) (Pterochlorus Passerini) (Lachnus Buckton) (Dryobius croaticus Koch) Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V, pp. 277, 345. Phylloxera (Chermes) castaneae Haldeman. Pergande, 1904b, De 250: Phylloxera sp. Hunter, 1901, p. 74. FAGUS. Beech. F. grandifolia Ehrh. (ferruginea) (Americana). Pemphigus iambricator (Fitch). Weed, 1803, p. 302. Pemphigus wmbricator (Fitch). Jackson, 1998, p. 189. Phyllaphis fagi Linn. Gillette, 19e9a, p. 385. Phyllaphis fagi (finn)?. Weed, 1893, p. 302. F. sylvatica L. (sylvestris). Pemphigus fagi Koch. Passerini, Flora. “ Phyllaphis fagi Linn. (Lachnus fagi Burmeister). Buckton, 3, p. 38. Phyllaphis fagi Linn. Gillette, 1909a, p. 385. Pterochlorus roboris Linn. (? fasciatus Burmeister) (exsicator Altum). Schouteden, 1906a, p. 208. F. sp. Aphis pallipes Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 360. Chermes fagi Kalt. MHartig, R., 1880, p. 156, and Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 631. Lachnus exsicator Altum. MHartig. R., 1880, p. 151. Lachnus fagi Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 631. QUERCUS, (Pasania) Oak, Q. acuta Thunb. Trichosiphum kuwanea Pergande. Okajima, 1908, p. 2. Trichosiphum pasaniae Okajima. Okajima, 1908, p. 5. Q. Aegilops L. Vacuna dryophila (Schrank) Kalt. Passerini, 1863, p. 83. Q. agrifolia Nee. Schizoneura querci Fitch. Davidson, 1910, p. 374. Q. alba L. White Oak. Lachnus quercifoliae Fitch. Hunter, 1gor, p. 85. Myzocallis (?) sp. Gillette, 1910, p. 360. Phylloxera querceti Perg. Pergande, 1904b, p. 265. Phylloxera rileyi Riley (Licht. mss). Pergande, 1904b, p. 263- WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 281 Q. bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Callipterus discolor Monell (Myzocailis bella Thomas) (Myzo- callis quercicola Thomas mss.) (CC. asclepiadis Monell?). Hunter, I90I, p. 90. Callipterus discolor Monell. Monell, 1879, p. 30. Callipterus punctata Monell. Monell, 1879, p. 30. Phylloxera rileyi Lacht. Hunter, 1901, p.’ 72. Q. cerris Linn, Q. Phylloxera spinulosa YVargioni-Tozzetti. Zoological Record, 1875, Bee SHEA. Psylloptera quercina Ferrari. Ferrari, 1872, p. 86. Pterochlorus longipes Leon Dufour (Aphis) (roboris Boyer) (Dryobius croaticus Koch). Ferrari, 1872, p. 82. Dryaphis cerricola Del Cuercio. Del Guercio, 1997 (1908) Redia V, Dp. 345- Dryaphis roboris nigra Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V, p. 345. coccifera L. Phylloxera quercus Boyer, Buckton, 4, p. 50. Q. coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak, Callipterus bellus (Walsh) (C. walshii Monell). Hunter, 1901, p. &o. . cuspidata Thunb. (Pasania cuspidata Oerst.) Trichosiphum pasaniae Okajima. Okajima, 1908, p. 5. Trichosiphum tenuicorpus Okajima. Okajima, 1908, p. 4. . dentata Thunb. (daimio.) Phylloxera querceti Pergande. Pergande, 1904b, p. 265. . Douglasii Hook and Arn. Callipterus quercus Kalt (?). Davidson, 1910, p. 376. . Farnetto Tenore (pannonica). Phylloxera querceti Perg. Pergande, 1904b, p. 265. . Ilex L. Evergreen Oak. Aphis rumicis Linn. (fabae Kirby) (genistae Scop.) (ulicis Fab?) (Euphorbiae Kalt?) (dahliae Mosley) (Cinara rumicis Mosley) (Rumicifex Amyot) (CGenistifex Amyot). Buckton, 2, p. 84. Callipterus quercus (Kalt.) Koch. (Myzocallis quercus Pass.) Buckton, 3, p. 22. Dryaphis ilicma Del Guercio. (Aphis ilicicola Boisduval) Del Guercio, 1907 (1908), Redia V, p. 345. Dryaphis iliciphila Del Guercio. (Aphis ilicicola Boisduval) Del Guercio 1907 (1908) Redia V, p. 345. Dryobius croaticus Koch (A. roboris Walker not Linn). Buck- ton, 3, p. 76. Phylloxera coccinea Kalt. Passerini, Flora. Phylloxera florentina Targioni. Buckton, 4, p. 71. Phylloxera quercus Boyer. Fusclimi, 1906 (1907) Redia IV, p. 361. Vacuna dryophila (Schrank) Kalt. Passerini, 1863, p. 83. 282 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. Q. imbricaria Michx. Laurel or Shingle Oak. Callipterus hyalinus Monell. Monell, 1879, p. 30. Q. Kelloggii Newberry. (Quercus californica.) Callipterus quercus Kalt. (?). Davidson, 1910, p. 376. Davidson, 1909, p. 302. Q. lamellosa Sm. (imbricata). Callipterus hyalinus Monell. Clarke, 1903, p. 249. Q. lobata Nee. Callipterus quercus (?) Kalt. Davidson, 1909, p. 302. Q. macrocarpa Mx. Bur Oak, Overcup or Mossy-cup Oak. Callipterus bella (Walsh). Williams, 1801, p. 10. Callipterus discolor Monell. Weed, 1888, p. 131. Callipterus discolor Monell (Myzocallis bella Thos.). Oecestlund, 1887, p. 41. Callipterus punctata Monell. Williams, 1801, p. 7. Chaitophorus spinosus Oestlund. Williams, 1801, p. 7. Phylloxera querceti Perg. Pergande, 1904b, p. 265. Schizoneura querci (Fitch). Williams, 1801, p. 7. Q. marilandica Muench. (marylandica). \Black Jack or Barren Oak. Lachnus longistigma Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 31. Q. obtusiloba Michx, Phylloxera rileyi Riley. Pergande, 1904b, p. 263. . phellos L. Willow Oak. Phyllaphis niger Ashmead. Hunter, 1901, p. 84. Q. prinus L. (Chestnut Oak. Callipterus? quercicola Monell. Monell, 18709, p. 31. Chaitophorus quercicola Monell. Monell, 18709, p. 32. Q. pubescens, ‘2) Phylloxera coccinea Heyden. Lichtenstein, 1876, p. It. Phylloxera quercus Boyer. Buckton, 4, p. 50. Q. Robur L. (pedunculata Ehrh) (fastigiata DC.) (sessiliflora). Abamalekia lazarewi Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1905 (1906) Redia III, p. 360. Callipterus querceus (Kalt.) Koch. Buckton, 3, pp. 22, 26. Dryaphis minor Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V, D. 345- Dryobius roboris (Linn.) Koch (Lachnus fasciatus Burm?) (Cinara roboris Curtis) (Lachnus roboris Kalt.) (Dryaphis Amyot). Buckton, 3, p. 73. Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia Vip: 273 Lachnus longipes (Dufour) (A. roboris Boyer not Linn) (Pterochlorus longipes Rondani). Buckton, 3, p. 61. Lachnus quercus (L.) Kalt. (A. fusca Geoffrey) (Phylloxera longirostris Boyer). Passerini, 1863, p. 65. Lachnus roboris Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 677. Myzocallis insignis Ferrari. Macchiati, 1883, p. 260. Myzocallis quercus (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 54. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 283 Phylloxera acantho-chermes ‘Kollar (sub. Acantho-chermes quer- cus). Buckton, 4, p. 68. Phylloxera coccinea Kalt. (Vacuna coccinea Heyden) (Ph. quercus Boyer). Passerini, 1863, p. 84. Phylloxera coccinea Heyden. Buckton, 4, p. 68. Phylloxera coccinea Heyd. (quercus Boyer ). Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 677. Phylloxera coccinea Heyden (quercus Balbiani nec Boyer). Schouteden, r906a, p. 101. Phyllexera corticalis. Kalt. Buckton, 4, p. 68, and Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 677. Phylloxera punciata Lichtenstein. Buckton, 4, pp. 68, 45. Phylloxera punctata Licht. Lichtenstein, 1876, p. 12. Phylloxera quercus Boyer (coccinea Passerini nec Heyden) (Bal- bianii Lichtenstein). (florentina Targicni-Tozzetti) (Lichten- steinit Balbiani) (signoreti Targioni-Tozzetti). Schouteden, 1906a, p. I9I. Pterochlorus longipes (Dufour) Pass. (A. roboris Boyer) (Pt. roboris Rond.) (Dryobius croaticus Koch). Passerini, 1863, DaO7: Pterochlorus longipes Dufour (nec Buckton!). (roboris Boyer) (croaticus Koch-Buckton) (? riparius Snellen van Vollen- hoven). Schouteden, 1906a, p. 208. Pterchlorus roboris Linne. (? fasciatus Burmeister) (exsiccator Aitum). Schouteden, 1906a, p. 208. Schizoneura lusitanica Horvath. Horvath, 1go8, p. 132. Stomaphis quercus: (Linn) Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V, D. 344. Thelaxes dryophila (Heyden) Westwood (Aphis dryophila Ratz). (Vacuda Amyot) (Cinara quercus O. Mosley) Buckton, 4, p. IO. Vacuna dryophila Schrank (quercus Mosley) (quercicola West- wood) Schouteden, 19c6a, p. 192. Vacuna dryophila Schrank (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 85. . rubra L. Red Oak. Callipterus bellus (Walsh). Od6cestlund, 1887, p. 44. Callipterus quercifolii Thomas. ‘Thomas, 1879, p. 113. Myzocallis bella (Walsh). Cillette, tg10, p. 368. Myzocallis walshii (Monell). Gillette, 1910, p. 368. . serrata Thunb, Trichosiphum kuwanae Pergande. Pergande, 1906, p. 200. Trichosiphum pasaniae Okajima. Okajima, 1908, p. 2. . sessilifolia Blume. Lachnus quercus (U.) Kalt. (A. fusca Geoffrey) (Phylloxera longirostris Boyer). Passerini, 1863, p. 65. Phylloxera florentina Targ.-Toz. Lichtenstein, 1876, p. 12. . suber. Dryaphis minor Del Guercio. Del Cuercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V, D. 345. 2 84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPWRIMENT STATION. IQ13. Tavaresiella suberi Del Cuercio. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910) Redia Wap a 2or7. Q. virginiana ‘Mill. (virens), Live Oak. Lachnus quercicolens Ashmead. Hunter, 1901, p. 85. Q. undulata Torr. Q. sp. Schizoneura querci (Fitch). Hunter, 1901, p. 84. Acanthochermes quercus (Kollar) CB. Borner, 1gogb, p. 60. Aphis annulatus Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 360. Aphis hirticornis Walker. Walker, 1848a, p. 447. Aphis quercifoliae Walsh. Walsh, 1862, p. 208. Aphis quercus-monticula Haldeman. Haldeman, 1844, p. 168. Aphis suberis Vavares. Schouteden, 19006c. Callipterus ? quercicola Monell. Monell, 1879, p. 31. Chaitophorus quercicola Monell (Callipterus quercifolii Thomas) (Chait. spinosus Oestlund). Davis, 1910b, p. 415. Chaitophorus spinosus Oestlund. Oestlund, 1887, p. 38. Drepanosiphum? (Aphis) quercifeliae . (Walsh). ‘Thomas. Thomas, 1870, p. 79. Dryobius longirostris Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 19c9, p. 85. Lachnus allegheniensis McCook. McCook, 1877; p. 274. Lachnus (Dryobius) croaticus Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 677. Lachnus fuscus Geoffrey. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Lachnus longirostris Fab. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Lachnus (Callipterus?) quercifoliae Fitch. ‘Thomas, 18709, p. 118. Longistigma (Lachnus) caryae (Harris). Wilson, 1909a, p. 385. Morttsiella (Phylloxera) corticalis (Kalt.) C. B. Borner, toogb, Dy Ome Myzocallis bella (Walsh). Thomas, 1879, p. 106. Myzocallis quercea (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 55. Myzocallis quercus Kalt. (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 75. Pemphigus pedunculi Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 367. Phylloxera bipunctatum Licht. Lichtenstein, 1874, p. CCT. Phylloxera coccinea Heyden. Borner, 1909b, p. 62. Phylloxera-Foaiella (Borneria Grassi et Foa; nec. Willem, nec Axelson) danesii Grassi et Foa. Borner, 1909b, p. 61. Phylloxera foae CB. Borner, 1900b, p. 62. Phylloxera glabra Heyden. Borner, 1909b, p. 62. Phylloxera scutifera Signoret. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Phylloxera spinulosa Targioni. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Phylloxera-Acanthaphis Del Guercio (Hystrichiella 'CB). spinu- losa Tg.-Tz. Borner, 1900b, p. 62. Schizoneura querci Fitch. Davis, 1910b, p. 413. Schizoneura querci Fitch. Thomas, 1879, p. 139. Stomaphis quercus Reaum. (Puceron de Chene Reaum) (A. quercus Linn) (longirostris Fab?) (Lachnus quercus Kalt.) Buckton, 3, p. 64. | WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 285 Stomaphis macrorhyncha Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1894 (1805), p. 405. “auf eichenrinde.” Vacuna dryophila Schrank. Tullgren, 1900, p. 41. URTICACEAE yNIE ai EyAVill ye ARTOCARPUS. A, integrifolia L. Greenidea (Siphonophora) artocarpi Westwood. Schouteden, 1905, p. 183. CANNABIS. Hemp. C, sativa L. Aphis sativae Williams. Williams, 1910, p. 57. Phorodon cannabis Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 60. HUMULUS., Hop. H. hepulus L, (neomexicanus). Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashmead, in part) (citrulli Ashmead) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, p. 314. | Aphis humuli Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 534. Myzus phenax Cockerell. Cockerell, 1903b, p. 115. Phorodon humuli (Schrank) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 18. Phorodon humul (Schrank) Pass. (A. pruni Scop) (A. humulifex Amyot). Buckton, 1, p. 167. MORUS. Mulberry. M. sp. Aphis mori ‘Clarke. . Clarke, 1903, p. 251. PARIETARIA. Pellitory. P. effusa, Aphis urticaria Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 60. P. officinalis L. Aphis scabiosae .Kalt. (A. chloris Koch?). Buckton, 2, p. 55. Aphis urticae Fab. (urticaria Kalt.) Macchiati, 1883, p. 258. P. sp. i i Aphis parietariae Licht. (ined). Lichtenstein, La Flore. PLANERA,. Planer Tree, P. sp. Schigoneura lanuginosa Hart. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. 286 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. ULMUS. Elm. . U. americana L. ‘American or White Elm. Callipterus ulmifolii Williams. Williams 18o1, p. 26, 1910, p. 2, “previously described by Monell.” Callipterus ulmifolii Monell (ulmicola Thos.). Oecstlund, 1887, p. 42. Callipterus sp. Sanborn. Sanborn, 1904, p. 42. Callipterus n. sp. Sanborn. Sanborn, 1904, p. 41. Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) Monell. Patch, 1910a, p. 197. Pemphigus walshii Williams. Williams, 1910 (1011), p. 16. Schizoneura americana Riley. Patch, 1913, Bul. 217 and Bul. 220. ' Schizoneura lanigera (americana in part). Patch, 1913, Bul. 217, Ds HSH) IBbUL AAR. py Alea. Schizoneura rileyi Licht. Williams, 1891, p. 26. Schizoneura rileyi Thomas (Eriosoma ulmi Riley). Patch, 1910a, p235. 101) Buls 217, 1p. 184 and Bulk 220, sp) 260! Tetraneura graminis (colophoidea Monell) Monell. Patch, 19T0a, p. 208. U. campestris L. (suberosa) English Elm. Callipterus elegans Koch (Lachnus platani Kalt.) Koch, p. 213. Schizoneura lanuginosa Hartig. (A. ulmi Boyer) (Mimaphidus ulmi Rondani). ’ Passerini, 1863, p. 70. Patch, 1913, Bul. 217, p. 184, Bul. 220, p. 263. Schizoneura ulmi (Linn. (fodiens Buckton). ‘Tullgren, 1909, p. 160%. Patch ror Bul 2075 paaeH. Bale spy c2zar. Tetraneura (Byrsocrypta) pallida (Hal.) Del Guercio (A. alba Ratz) (T. alba Kessler) (P. pallidus Buckton). Tullgren, 1900, p. I85. Tetraneura ulmi DeCeer (coerulescens Mordwilko nec Passerini) Schouteden, 1906a, p. 200. Tetraneura ulmi CGeoffr. (? Pemphigus coerulescens Pass.) Tullgren, 1909, p. 180. U. fulva Michx (pubescens Walt.) Slippery or Red wlm. Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh. Patch, 1910a, p. 220. U. montana With. Scabra Mill. (Camperdown pendula). Scotch or Wych Elm. Schizoneura ulmi Linn. Connold, 1902, p. 245. Patch, 1913, Bul. 217s pe Ved, Bulls 2208 py 2716 Tetraneura ulmi (Linn.). Patch, 19to0a, p. 210. Tetraneura ulmisacculi Patch. Patch, 1910a, p. 216. U. racemosa Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm. Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) Monell (eragrostidis Middleton). Patch, 1910a, p. 204. U. sp. Georgia ulmi Wilson. Wilson, I9II, p. 65. Lachnus platani Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 540 WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 287 Lachnus ulmi (Linn.) Thomas, 1879, p. 119 “error for Schizo- neura ulmi (Linn.).” Myzocallis ulmifolii (Monell). Gillette, 1910, p. 360. Pemphigus pallidus (Haliday) (P. albus Licht.) (ulmi Licht?) Buckton, 3, p. 127. Pemphigus ulmi Licht. Lichtenstein, 1880, pp. 1-5. Schigoneura compressa Koch. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Tetraneura alba Ratz? (Schizoneura compressus Koch) Kalten- bach, 1874, p. 540. Tetraneura rubra Licht. Lichtenstein, La Flore. URTICA. Nettle. . dioica Pursh. Stinging Nettle. Aphis tertia Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 45. Aphis urticae Fab. (urticaria Kalt.). Ferrari, 1872, p. 65. Aphis urticaria Kalt. Buckton, 2, p. 51. Siphonophora pisi (Kalt.) Koch (A. ulmariae Schrank) (onobry- chis Boyer) (lathyri Walker). Buckton, 1, p. 135. Siphonophora urticae (Kalt, Schrank) Koch. Buckton, 1, p. 144. . gracilis Ait. Siphonophora pisi Kalt. Williams, 1801, p. 18. . holosericea Nutt. Macrosiphum pisi Kalt. Davidson, 1909, p. 304. . urens L. EaSP: Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 19. Aphis urticae Fab. (urticaria Kalt.). Macchiati, 1883, p. 258. Aphis urticaria Kalt. Buckton, 2, p. 51. Siphonophora carnosa Buckton. Buckton, 1, p. 145. Siphonophora urticae (Kalt., Schrank) Koch. Buckton, 1, p. 145. Aphis lami Koch. Koch, p. 85. POLYGONACE AE. BUCKWHEAT FPAMILY. ERIOGONUM., . alatum Torr. Aphis eriogoni Cowen. ‘Cowen, 1895, p. 110. . umbellatum Torr. . Sp. Aphis eriogoni Cowen. Cowen, 1805, p. 1109. Nectarophora martini Cockerell. Cockerell, 1903a, p. 171. POLYGONUM. (Persicaria) Knotweed. . aviculare L. Aphis ? polygoni Macchiati var. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 226. Aphis polygoni Walker. Walker, 1848c, p. 2240. P. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. Pemphigus betae Doane. Jackson, 1908, p. 218. Phorodon galeopsidis Kaltenbach. Theobald, 1011-12. Schizoneura cornt (Fab.) (S. venusta Pass.) (EF. fungicola Walsh) (FE. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas). Hunter, IQOI, p. SI. Sipha polygoni Schouteden. Schouteden, 1907, p. 265. . Hydropiper L. Common \Smartweed or Water Pepper. Phorodon galeopsidis Kalt. (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 60. . hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper. Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. 103. . incarnatum Bll. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1g09b, p. 124. . lapathifolium L. Aphis galeopsidis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 484. . laxiflorum. Aphis galeopsidis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 484. . mite Schrank (dubium). Phorodon galeopsidis (Kalt.) Pass. (Walker ex parte). Pas- serini, 1863, p. 10. . Muhlenbergii S. Wats. Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. 103. . pennsylvanicum L. Aphis sp. Williams, 1801, p. 16. Schizoneura corni (Fab.) Williams, 1910, p. 10. . persicaria L. Lady’s Thumb. Sp. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. 104. Aphis maidis Fitch. Williams, 1&o1, p. 16. Aphis rumicis Linn. (fabae Kirby) (genistae Scop.) (ulicis Fab?) (euphorbiae Kalt.?) (dahliae Mosley) (Cinara rumicis Mosley) (Rumicifex Amyot) (Genistifex Amyot). Buckton, 2epode Aphis transiens Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 44. Phorodon galeopsidis (Kalt.) Pass. Buckton, I, p. 173. Schizoneura corn (Eab.) Williams, 1910, p. 19. Siphonophora cerealis Koch (Aphis cerealis Kalt.) (A. avenae Walker non Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. II. Siphonophora dirhoda Walker. Buckton, 1, p. 133. Siphonophora granaria Wirby (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot) Buckton, I, p. 116. Siphonophora polygoni Buckton. Buckton, I, p. 123. Siphonophora polygoni (Walker). Thomas, 1879, p. 62. Amycla albicornis Koch. Koch, p. 305. Aphis polygoni Licht. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. Schizoneura panicola Thos. Hart, 1891 and 1802, p. 87. - WOOLLY 4 APHIDS OF THE ELM. 289 RHEUM. R. Rhaponticum L. Rhubarb. Aphis rumicis Linn. Fab?) (euphorbiae Mosley) (Rumicifex p. 82. Aphis rhei och? R. sp. Aphis rhei Koch. R (fabae Kirby) (genistae Scop.) (ulicis Kalt?) (dahliae Mosley) (Cinara rumicis Amyot) (Genistifex Amyot). Buckton, 2, Theobald, 1911-12. Koch, p. 127. UMEX. Dock. R. acetosa L. Garden Sorrel. Aphis acetosae Buckto1 1. (molluginis Koch?). Buckton, 2, p. 81. Aphis rumicis Linn. Thomas, 1879, p. 88. R. acutifolius, Aphis rumicis Linn, Walker, 1850a, p. 18. R, altissimus ‘Wood. Pale Dock. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Aphis maidi-radicis Fo Aphis rumicis Linn. R. conglomeratus Murr. Williams, 1801, p. Io. rbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Williams, r&g1, p. Io. Aphis acetosae Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 510. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 18. R. crispus L. Yellow Dock. Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. In part) (citrulli Ashm.) (cucumeris Forbes) Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Sanborn, 1904, p. 47. Aphis rumicis Linn. Aphis rumicis Linn. Fab?) (euphorbiae Amyot) (Genistifex Nectarophora tabaci Pergande. R. obtusifolius L. (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, p. 313. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. (fabae Kirby) (genistae Scop.) (ulicis Kalt?) (dahliae Mosley) (Rumicifex Amyot). Buckton, 2, p. 83. Pergande, 1898, p. 300. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 18. R. occidentalis S. Wats. Pemphigus betae Doane. Davidson, 1909, p. 2099. R, pulcher L. Aphis rumicis Linn. Macchiati, 1883, p. 257. R. venosus Pursh. Aphis rumicis Linn. Williams, 1801, p. 10. R, sp. Aphis carbocolor Gillette. Gillette, 1907a, p. 301. Aphis malvae Walker. Aphis ochropus Woch. Feb. Aphis relata Walker. Aphis rumicis? L. (eu Mysus persicae Sulzer. Buckton, 2, p. 43. Theobald, 1913, Journ. Bd. Agr. Vol. 10. Walker, 1849c, p. 44. onymi Fab.). Hayhurst, 1909b, p. 08. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 36. 290 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. CHENOPODIACE AE! GOOSEFOOT BA MAENG ATRIPLEX. Orach. A. babingtoni. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Theobald, 1613. Journ..Bd. Agr. 19. Feb. A, canescens James (Obione tetraptera). Aphis tetrapteralis Cockerell. Cockerell, 1902. A. hastata L. (latifolia.) Aphis atriplicis Linn. (A. chenopodii Schrank) (A. atriplicis Pass.?). Buckton, 2, p. 88. Aphis papaveris Fb. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 260. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 19. A. hortensis L. Aphis rumicis Linn. (cracae Linn.) (fabae Scop.) (genistae Scop.) (acetosae Linn.) (euonymi Fab.) (papaveris Fab.) (hortensis Fab.) (viciae Fab.) (chenopodii Schrank) (thlaspeos Schrank) (armata Hausm.) (laburni Kalt.) (dahliae Mosley) (viburni Scop.). Hunter, 1001, I. 104. A. littoralis. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Theobald, 1913. Journ. Bd. Agr. 19. Feb. A. patula L. (angustifolia) Aphis atomaria Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 50. Aphis atriplicis L. (Chenopodii Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. 47. Aphis atriplicis L. (Uraphis-Hayhurstia atriplicis Del G.) Hay- hurst, r909b, p. 88. Aphis chenopodi Schrank (A. atriplicis Linn ist nicht A. atrip- licis Fab.). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 107. Aphis papaveris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 508. A. portulacoides L. Aphis atriplicis Linn. (not Buckton). Theobald, rori-12. BETA. B. vulgaris L. (maritima) ‘Cultivated Beet. Aphis atriplicis L. (Uraphis-Hayhurstia atriplicis Del G.) Hay- hurst, 1909b, p. 88. Theobald, 1911-12. Aphis brevisiphona Theobald. Theobald, 1913. Journ. Bd. Agr. Vol. 19. Feb. Aphis chaerophylli Koch? Theobald, 1911-12. Aphis cucumeris Forbes. Williams, 1891, p. 6. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. Aphis papaveris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 510. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 10. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 36. Nectarophora erigeronensis Thomas. Hunter, 1901, p. 114. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 291 Pemphigus betae Doane. Jackson, 1908, p. 218. Pemphigus betae Doane. (populicaulis Fitch?). Clarke, 1903, p. 248. Siphonophora pisi (Licht.) Williams. Williams, 1801, p. 6. Smynthurodes betae Westwood. Kirkaldy, 1906, p. 9. Trifidaphis radicicola Essig. Essig, 1912a, p. 699. CHENOPODIUM. Goosefoot. C. album L. Lamb’s Quarters. Pigweed. Aphis atriplicis L. (Uraphis-Hayhurstia atriplicis Del Guercio) Hayhurst, 1909b, p. 88. Theobald, 1911-12. Aphis atriplicis L. (chenopodii Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. 47. Aphis chenopodii 'Cowen. Cowen, 1895, p. 119. Aphis gossypii Glover ~(citrifolii Ashmead. In part) (citrulli Ashmead) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, D. 313. Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. IOI, 103. Aphis papaveris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 260. Aphis rumicis? l, (euonymi Fab.). Hayhurst, 19090, p. 98. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 36. Pemphigus betae Doane. Gillette, 1909a, p. 354. Pemphigus lactucarius Pass. (Amycla fuscicornis Koch). Buck- LOWS 3 .eD: 125. . anthelminthicum L. Wormseed. Aphis gossypui Glover (citrifolii Ashm. In part) (citrulli Ashm.) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, p. 313. . hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Williams, 1801, p. 20. Theobald, 10913. Journ. Bd. Agr. Vol. 19. Feb. Aphis rumicis Linn. Williams, 1891, p. 20. . murale L. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Davidson, 1912. p. 408. . polyspermum L. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Davidson, 1912, p. 408. Aphis atriplicis Linn. (not Buckton). Theobald, 1911-12. . vulvaria L. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Theobald, 1913. . urbicum. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Theobald, 1913. - Sp. Aphis atriplicis Linn. (A. chenopodii Cowen). Gillette, rote, p. 405. Aphis chenopodii Schrank. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Aphis (Amycla) fuscicornis Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 342. Aphis ochropus Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 505. Aphis rumicis Linn. Thomas, 1879, p. 88. 3 292 MAINE AGRICULTURAL KXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1T3. SALSOLA, Saltwort. S. Kali L. (Tragus). Common Saltwort. Aphis arundinis Walker. Buckton, 2, p. 112. Aphis rufula Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 47. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. SPINACIA. S. oleracea Will. Spinach. S. sp. A, Sp. A, Sp. Aplus gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. in part). (citrulli Ashm.) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, p. 314. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 10. Aphis brassicae Linn. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. Aphis papaveris Fab. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. j Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH FAMILY. ACHYRANTHES. Myzus achyrantes (Monell) (M. malvae Oestlund). Oestlund, 1887, p. 74. Myzus persicae Sulzer (Siphonophora achyrantes Mon.?). Gil- lette and Taylor, 1908, p. 34. ALTERNANTHERA. Myzus persicae Sulzer.. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. AMARANTHUS, Amaranth, A. graecizans L. (albus L.) Tumble Weed. Aphis papaveris Fab. (thlaspeos Schrk.) (aparines) (fabae Scopoli) Ferrari, 1872, p. 71. Aphis sp. Weed. Weed, 1888, p. 125. A. hybridus L. Green Amaranth, Pigweed. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. A. retroflexus L. Green Amaranth, Pigweed. Aphis gillettei Cowen. Cowen, 1895, p. 120. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Vickery, I910, p. 102. Tetraneura phaseoli (Pass.). Essig, 1900, p. 75. Trifidaphis (Pemphigus) radicicola (Essig) Del Guercio. Essig. 1909, p. 75. Tychea phaseoli Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40. WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 293 A. spinosus L. Thorny Amaranth. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. 102. A, sp. Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. In part) (citrulli Ashm.) cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, p. 313. Myzus achyrantes (Monell). Williams,. 1891, p. 5. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. lresine, I. Lindeni Van Houtte (Achyranthes). Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. NMCWA GINACKEAE YS FOUR O'CLOCK .BAMILY. BOUGAINVILLAEA. B. brasiliensis Willd. Aphis papaveris Fab. var. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910) Redia VII, p. 207. OXYBAPHUS. (Allionia) O. linearis (Pursh) Robinson. (Allionia linearis) (angustifolius). Aphis oxybaphi Oestlund. Oe¢cstlund, 1887, p. 62. O. nyctagineus (Michx). Aphis oxybaphi Oestlund. Williams, 1801, p. 20. AIZOACEAE. MESEMBRIANTHEMUM. M. sp. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch (persicae, Purceron du pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis) (floris rapae Curtis) (dubia? Curtis) (vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisduval) (persicae Pass. not Boyer, not Sulzer, not Kalt.). Buckton, 2, p. 17. Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, La Flore. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. “PINK PAMILY. Arenaria. A, peploides L. Aphis aucta Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 33. 294 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. CERASTIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed. C. arvense L. Field Mouse-ear Chickweed. Aphis cerastu Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 58. C. triviale Link. Brachycolus stellariae Hardy. (holci Hardy). Buckton, 2, p. 148. CUCUBALUS. C. sp. Aphis lychnidis Linn. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. DIANTHUS, Pink. D. Caryophyllus ‘L. Phorodon cynoglossi Williams. Williams, 1910, p. 88. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schr.) Koch. (persicae, Puceron’ du pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis (floris rapae Curtis) (dubia? Curtis) (vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisduval) (R. persicae Pass.)- Buckton, 2, p. 17. Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (dianthi Schrank) (A. vulgaris Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A. dubia Curtis) (A. vas- tator Smee). Passerini, 1863, p. 20 and Passerini, Flora. D. plumarius L. Aphis subterranea Walker. (A. carotae Koch).. Buckton, 2, p. 38. D. prolifer. See Tunica prolifera Scop. LYCHNIS. (Agrostemma) Campion. L. dioica L. (diurna). Red |Campion. Aphis lychnidis Linn. Buckton, 2, p. 74. Aphis plantaginis Schrank (A. dauci Fab.). Kaltenbach, 1843, Pp. 59. Aphis plantaginis Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 56. L. divaricata Reichb. (vespertina). Aphis lychnidis Linn. Buckton, 2, p. 74. L. Githago L. (Agrostemma Githago L.) Siphonophora cichorii Koch. Buckton, 1, p. 164. L. Viscaria Linn. Aphis lychnidis Linn. Buckton, 2, p. 74. SILENE, ‘Catchfly. S. italica Pers. Myzus lychnidis Koch (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 61. S. latifolia (Mill.) (inflata Sm.) (cucubalus Wibel). Bladder Campion. Anuraphis lychnidis (Linn). Del Guercio, 1909 (1910) Redia Wail pse20 76 WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 295 Aphis cucubali Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 772. Aphis silenea Ferrari. Ferrari, 1872, p. 72. Hyalopterus melanocephalus Buck. Buckton, 2, p. 117. Myzus lychnidis Koch (Aphis). Ferrari, 1872, p. 61. Pemphigus inflatae Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910) Redia VII, p. 208. Spergula Spurry. . maritima With. ® Aphis cardiva Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 32. . arvensis Linn, Corn Spurry. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. STELLARIA. (Alsine) Chickweed. . aquatica (L.) Scop. (Cerastium aquaticum). Aphis nasturtii Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 57. - graminea L. Brachycolus stellariae (Hardy) Buckton (A. holci Hardy). Buck- ton, 2, p. 148. Macrosiphum stellariae Schrank. ‘Theobald, 1911-12. . holostea L. Aphis pisi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 60. Brachycolus stellariae (Hardy) Buckton (A. holci Hardy). Buck- ton, 2, p. 148. . (Alsine) media (L.) ‘Cyrill. ‘Common ‘Chickweed. Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. In part) (citrulli Ashm.) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?) Pergande, 1895, p. 313. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Sp: Aphis cerastii Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 60. TUNICA, . prolifera Scop. (Dianthus prolifer.) Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY. PORTULACA. ‘Purslane. . oleracea L. Common Purslane. Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. in part) (citrulli Ashm.) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1805, p. 313. ?Aphis gossypii Glover. Fullaway, 1900, p. 30. Aphis laburni Kaltenbach. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910) Redia VII, Ds 20%: to OV 9 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI3. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 19cgb, p. 124. Aphis portulacae Pass. (Ined.) . Lichtenstein, Flore Supple- ment. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910) Redia VII, p. 297. Myzus portulacae Macchiati. Macchiati, 1883, p. 280. NYMPHABACEKAE. WATER LILY FAMILY. NELUMBO. Sacred Bean. N. lutea Willd. Yellow Nelumbo, Water Chinquapin. Aphis nymphaeae Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 20. NUPHAR, N. luteum, See Nelumbo lutea. NYMPHAEA. Yellow Pond Lily. N. alba L. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13. N. lutea. Rhopalosiphum nympharae (1,.) Koch (A. butomi Schrank) (R. najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. N. odorata Dry, (\Castalia) Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. (Aphis aquaticus Jackson). Davis, I910a, p. 245. RANUNCULACEAE, CROWFOOT FAMILY: ACONITUM. Aconite. Monkshood, A, Cammarum L. Myzus junackianus Karsch. Karsch, 1887, p. XXI. A, Napellus L. Aphis napelli Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 15. AQUILEGIA. Columbine. A. canadensis L. ‘Wild Columbine. Aphis (Adactynus) aquilegia-canadensis Raf. Rafinesque, 1817. A. vulgaris L. Garden ‘Columbine. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. Hyalopterus aquilegiae Koch. Koch, p. 19. Hyalopterus aquilegiae-flavus (Iittel) (Aphis) (flavus Schou- teden) (aquilegiae Koch) (trirhoda Walker). Hayhurst, 1909a, Date? Hyalopterus equilegiae Koch. Koch, p. 1G. Hyalopterus aquilegiae-flavus (Kittel) (Aphis) (flavus Schonte- den) (aquilegiae Koch) (trirhoda .Walker). WHayhurst, r1909a, (Ds any WOOLLY APHIDS OF THE ELM. 297 Ayadaphis flavus Kittel. (aquilegiae Koch) (trirhodus Walker). Schouteden, 1906a, p. 230. Hyalopterus trirhoda (Walker) Pass. (H. aquilegiae Koch). ‘Buckton, 2, p. 115. A. Sp. Aphis malvae Walker (A. malvae Pass. not S. malvae Pass.) Buckton, 2, p. 43. CALTHA. Marsh Marigold. C, palustris L. Aphis calthae Koch. Koch, p. 48. Theobald, 1911-12. CLEMATIS. Virgin’s Bower. C. Flammula L. Aphis clematidis Ferrari. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 140. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. Myzus varians Davidson. Davidson, 1912, p. 411. C. recta L. (erecta.) Aphis clematidis Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 5. Cc. Vitalba L, Aphis clematidis Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 5. Aphis urticae Fab. (urticaria Kalt.). Ferrari, 1872, p. 65. Aphis vitalbae Ferrari. Lichtenstein, La Flore. C. sp. Toxoptera clematidis Del Guercio. Phillips and Davis, 1912, p. 8. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. D. sapellonis. Aphis rociadae Cockerell. Cockerell, 1903b, p. 115. RANUNCU LUS. ‘Crowfoot. R, acris L. Tall Crowfoot or Buttercup. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis ranunculi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. Io. R. bulbosus L. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercup. Pemphigus ranunculi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. ro. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch (persicae, Puceron du pecher, Morren) (rapae Curtis) (A. floris rapae Curtis) (dubia? Curtis) (vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisduval) (Rh. persicae Pass.) Buckton, 2, p. 17. Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A. vulgaris Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A. dubia Curtis) (A. vastator Smee). Passerini, 1863, p. 20. R. californicus Benth. Pemphigus (californicus Davidson) (ranunculi Davidson). Dav- idson, I9I0, p. 373 and I9Q1I, p. 414. Essig, 1912a, p. 703. —_—— 298 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. R. = Flammula L. Smaller Spearwort. Thecabius (Pemphigus) affinis Kalt. (ranunculi Kalt.). Tullgren, 1900, p. ITO. . muricatus L. Aphis ranunculi Kalt. Macchiati, 1883, p. 257. . sardous 'Crantz (hirsutus). Aphis dianthi Schrank, Walker, 1850a, p. 304. . repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis ranunculi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. Io. Thecabius (Pemphigus) affinis Kalt. (ranunculi Kalt.). Tullgren, 1909, pp. IIO-IIT. . sceleratus L, Cursed ‘Crowfoot. Rhopalosiphuim nymphaeae (.) Koch. (A. butomi Schrank) (R. najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. . velutinus ‘Ten. Myzus ranunculi Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1900, p. I5TI. Pemphigus ranunculi Kalt. Passerini, Flora. Trama ranunculi Del Guercio (radicis Kaltenbach?) (flavescens Koch?) Del Guercio, 1907 (1908) Redia V, pp. 248, 344. . Sp. Aphis ranunculina Walker. Walker, 1852, p. 1046. THALICTRUM. Meadow Rue. . minus L. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis thalictri Koch. Kach, p. 81. . polygamum Muhl, Tall Meadow Rue. Mysus thalictri Williams. Williams, 1910, p. 60. . revolutum DC. (purpurascens L.) Myzus thalictri Williams. Williams, 1891, p. 17. Nectarophora purpurascens Oestlund. Oestlund, 1887, p. 81. . sp. Aphis thalictri Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 6. MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. LIRIODENDRON. Tulip Tree. . tulipifera L. Macrosiphum liriodendri (Monell). Davis, 1909a, p. 36. Macrosiphum liriodendri var. rufa (Monell). Davis, 1909a, p. 36. MAGNOLIA. . grandiflora L. Aphis magnoliae Macchiati. Macchiati, 1883, p. 254. Fic. 138. A, work of .S. 2/2, whole leaf involved. B, work of S. ulmi, half leaf involved. Left hand shows under surface of leaf, right hand shows upper surface. Maine specimens. Fic. 139. A, work of S. americana in part of authors, young roll containing stem female. B, same species, old roll just deserted by mi- grants. Maine specimens. C, S. danuginosx? Comnecticut specimen. S. viley7. Fig. 140. Fic, 141. A, S. w/mz, wings of spring migrant, (89-13). B, S. Zaz7- gera, wings of fall migrant (9-12 Sub. 1) reared on apple, the spring pro- genitors being migrants from elm leaves. C, S. rzlevz (7-08). Fic. 142. A, S. americana in part, of authors. Wings of migrant from “roll” like Fig. 139 B. (68-13). B, S. lanigera (americana in part of authors). Wings of spring migrant from elm “rosette” like Fig. 71 in Bulletin 217. C, S. danigera wings of fall migrant from mountain ash, Pyrus sp. (63-11). Fic. 143. Wax glands of Schizoneura. A—H, abdominal glands. I-K, head glands. A, S. danigera (9-12) reared on apple from elm leaf progenitors. Band C, S. riley, pupal glands. D, S. daxigera, second gen- eration from elm “‘rosette.” E, S. /axigera, pupafromapple. F, S. rzleyi stem female (52-13). Gand H, S. americana in part. (20-13) wax glands of stem female from roll like Fig. 139 A. G, lateral aspect, H, dorsal aspect. 1, same species as Gand H stem female. J, S. /anizgera second generation from “rosette.” Kk, S. danigera stem female from “ rosette.” BULLETIN 221. iMmeCONSTANTS FOR NORMAL VARIATION IN THE FAT CONTENT OF MIXED MILK.’ By RAYMOND PEARL. The fundamental variation constants of characters which are to be the object of genetic study are certainly highly desira- ble, if not absolutely necessary. On this account the constants to be presented here have been worked out, in connection with the studies of the inheritance of milk production now in prog- ress in this laboratory. It is expected that from time to time further reports will be published recording normal variation constants for other elements of milk and of milk production. The present paper deals with the variation in fat content, both absolute and relative, of the mixed or composite milk pro- duced by a large herd of cows. It is, of course, a well known fact that the fat content of the milk of any individual cow fluc- tuates, within usually rather narrow limits, from day to day. Sometimes the range of such variation in the performance of a single cow may be very wide. An example of this has recently been furnished by Fraser* in which he cites the case of a cow on an official two-day test, where, within a period of 48 hours, the butter fat varied from 2y/eDeG centyto 6.7 per cent, and the absolute amount of butter fat from .o8 to .9 of a pound. The causes of such fluctuations in the fat content of the milk from an individual cow are various. Many of them be- long in the general category of immediate environmental cir- cumstances, including such things as kind and amount of food, *Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station, No. 57. *Fraser, W. J. Variation in Milk Yield, Breeder's Gazette, Vol. LXIV, p. 562, 1913. 300 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. weather conditions, etc. In addition there are undoubtedly many internal factors involved, such as, for example, the ner- vous condition of the cow, the general state of metabolism, etc. There is a widespread belief, which has indeed found its ex- presson in legislation, that in spite of the variation in the milk of the individual, if all the milk of the cows of a large herd be put together and thoroughly mixed, the resulting compo- site will not vary significantly from day to day in its fat con- tent. It seems to be a matter of considerable importance, as a basic datum in milk production studies, to know the actual facts regarding the daily fluctuations in fat content of the mixed milk of a large herd. The problem has recently been studied by Klose’ for a herd ~ of 70 cattle at the Milchwirtschaftliches Institut in Proskau. Only rather crude and inadequate statistical methods are use:l by Klose in the analysis of his data. Under these circum- stances, and because of the valuable character of the raw data which are fully given in the paper, it has seemed desirable to apply biometric methods to these figures with a view to get- ting an accurate and trustworthy measure of the degree of variability shown. It is the purpose of this paper to present the results of such an analysis of Klose’s data. It may be said briefly that the records analyzed come from a herd of 70 animals (breeds not specified) and cover the milk of 30 consecutive days in each of four periods of the year. The cows were milked three times a day, morning, mid-day, and evening, and a separate record kept of the milk from each milking. The data include the following items; (a) The weight of milk produced at each milking, in kilograms: (b) the specific gravity of the milk; and (c) the fat percentage of milk. All of these figures are given for the three milkings of each day separately, and then for the total milk of the whole day. The four periods chosen for the records comprised practically the calendar months of March, May, July and Oc- tober. The reason for choosing these particular months was to get the greatest possible contrast in regard to feeding and “Klose. Untersuchungen tber die taglichen Schwankungen im spezi- fischen Gewicht und im Fettgehalt der Milch einer grdsseren Herde. Milchw. Centralbl.-Milch-Zeitge. Jahre. 42, pp. 385-392, 1913. NORMAL VARIATION IN FAT CONTENT OF MIXED MILK. 301 environmental conditions, During each of the months of March and July there was no change in the character of the food or the method of handling the animals. But in March the cows were in the barn (that is stall fed) all the time, whereas in July they were on pasture continuously. May and October repre- sent months in which there were marked changes in the feed. In the course of the month of May the cows were put on pasture. In the month of October they were partly stall fed and partly on pasture, and other changes were made in the ra- tion as well. In this way a contrast was afforded between the months of uniform feeding and months of varying feeding. The details as to the actual feed used may be found in the original paper. From the data described the constants of variation given in Table 1 and 2 of this paper have been calculated, under my direction, by Mr. John Rice Miner, the staff computer of this laboratory. The constants were calculated directly from the raw data without grouping. In one case, namely the evening milk during the month of May, it is evident that there are some errors in the records as printed in the original paper. Some of these are clearly typographical. Such we have been able to correct from internai evidence in the paper itself. Even after this partial correction, however, there are evidently still feft some undetected errors, either in the original determina- tions of the fat percentages, or in the recording and printing of these. The variation shown in the milk of this milking in per cent of fat is so very much greater than that of any of the other data, that it can only mean some uncorrected error. In the case of the absolute amount of fat, the errors in per cent are apparently compensated for to a considerable degree (ch: Table 2). In the case of variation in fat per cent the variation constants for the evening milk of May are given first for the data exactly as they stand, and then for the data after correc- tion of the obvious errors. 302 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. TABLE 1. VARIATION CONSTANTS FOR FAT PERCENTAGE. Standard Coefficient of Monta. Milking. Mean. deviation. variation Mianchiea sn. Mornin panei iene 2.717+.018 0.1494: .013 5.487+ .479 : Mid diay Ae ae eter 3.210+ .020 .166+ .014 5.156.450 IOKcrebvayers se nln ho oboe one 2.922= .015 125-001 4.295+ .374 Motalidayeremiemnas cana 2.916+.015 .126+.011 4.311+.376 MEK Aid ai 6 aolo Morning easton eerie 2.002. OF 0.136.012 4.899+ .427 Mine olay Anew aun stare 3.215+.017 .138+ .012 4.292 .374 Evening (as given)...... 3.318.088 .3805= .027 9.195= .808 Evening (partially correct- C56 Dae Meee rateg a tent aE 3.352+ .030 . 246+ .021 7.354 .644 Motalac ayaa are 3.031+.013 .103= .009 3.408+ .297 July SIMOrming Sar peyieticdrcr serie 3.092+ .021 0.168+ .015 5.415+ .473 IN bye Ko ee tH) 2 otnialeic-oc ain olan 3.162+.017 also Ole 4.257+ .371 IDicuanbavers ono yew rBio ty 3.448 .024 .197+ .017 5.722.500 Motaladiayenuasneresen 3.196.013 . 104 .009 3. 238+ .282 @ctober ae Norninoer ieee ar 3.305+ .023 0.184+ .016 5.573+.487 IMBC Ns ninco ook on beae 3.570.019 . 156+ .014 4.364.381 IONE OSA Solo ae don Bice Bases (PAL .168+.015 4.695+.410 MOtalad avis eye: 3.445+ .016 slates (obit Be MV Se Bal TABLE 2. VARIATION CONSTANTS FOR AMOUNT OF FAT. Standard | Coefficient of MonrTu Milking. Mean Deviation. variation. Marchprisee Mornin caer ens ease 6.205+ .069 0.560+ .049 9.019=.792 Mic dlanyeneiem i rincmeioe ceo 5.634+.108 .876+.076| 15.548+1.387 Bivening senna eene 3.910 .092 745+ .065! 19.059+1.719 Ahotalidary ae eas inuarse 15.691+.210| 1.701+.148 10.843+ .995 IMME Vio ako doe Morning sentence tere 8.159 + .089 0.723+ .063 8.859 .778 Mad dl any esate -nesioire 6.592+ .109 .8838+.077| 13.395+1.187 Veni gape Me teas tou: 4.810+ .084 .680+=.059| 14.1389+1.256 Mo tailedaryAe eeu ras 19.494=+ .247 2.005=2175 10.287+ .905 dt gala cuales illo shat ainlcaW ae abc 7.904+ .098 0.797 + .069 10.082 .887 LMivd danaseaman 6.276+.073 .595+ .052 9.481+ .833 IDApehabayers Sola CN 5.034 .070 .568= .049 11.279+ .995 Motalidayn es en el Oe 2S3i=en ola SZ Bilss calGays} 9.132.802 Octobermiess|Mornninon serves ee 8.286.071 0.579 .050 6.990+ .612 IMM GKo Ko Fest rh bY ane TRE nN 5.958 .079 644 .056 10.811+=.953 Hivening naman crianiou 4.658+ .092 749+ .065| 16.080+1 .436 Motalidayeas eae all pel Sn OS Ooh Oi 1.602+.139 8.458= .742 ‘From these tables the following points clearly appear: Il In general the percentage content of fat is lowest in the morning milk. The fat percentage is higher in the other two NORMAL VARIATION IN FAT CONTENT OF MIXED MILK. 303 milkings of the day, and usually is highest in the evening milk. although the month of March forms an exception to this rule. That this diurnal change in percentage fat content is significant is shown by table 3, which compares the differences with their probable errors. TABLE 3. SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MORNING AND EVENING MILK IN MEAN PERCENTAGE OF FAT Difference between mean fat |Difference divided by its Monta. percent of morning and probable error. evening milk. Vitae ees asis\cre ieee occa eleven 205+ .023 8.9 May (as given)............ 546+ .042 13.0 May (partially corrected)... . 580+ .034 17.6 LUBE 4 5. & Oe a OE eee $o05-=7 032 11.0 Octobertew cen mean £267.03 8.6 The probability that the percentage fat content of the even- ing milk is really higher than that of the morning milk is obviously so great as to amount to certainty for all practical purposes. This result agrees with the findings of Richmond.’ 2. Without exception the absolute amount of fat is greatest in the morning milk, least in the evening milk, and interme- diate in amount at the midday milking. This, of course, means that the amount of milk produced in the long interval between milkings is greater than in the short intervals. The differ- ences are large and significant. 8. The difference between morning and evening milk in percentage fat content is significantly sma!ler in March and Octo- ber, than in May and July. Owing to the uncertainty respecting the May evening milk constants stress cannot be laid on the very high difference in that month. July, however, shows the same relation, though to a less marked degree. It would on general grounds be expected that this difference would be greater on pasture than on the more exactly controlled stall feeding. 4. Taking into consideration the total day’s milk it is seen that the percentage fat content rises steadily from March through October. The milk of this herd was a little over one- half of a per cent richer in fat in October than it was in March. “Cf. Analyst, Vol. 37, pp. 208-302, I0T2. 204 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. This was not due to a progressively diminishing flow. The greater part of this increase in mean fat percentage occurred between July and October. This would indicate that pasture conditions (not necessarily feed alone) were a significant factor in producing the result. 5. The greatest absolute mean fat production per day was in May. There is, however, no significant difference in this respect between May, July and October. The influence of pasture conditions in stimulating the flow seems clear here. 6. Turning now to the variation constants, we note first that, contrary to common opinion, the percentage fat content of the mixed milk of a large herd exhibits a considerable vari- ation from day to day. The standard deviations and coethcients of variation for this character in every case are more than 10 times as large as their probable errors. Certainly they cannot be considered insignificant. 7. The milk of this herd was most variable in percentage fat content in March and October and least variable in May and July. But none of the differences are significant in comparison with their probable errors. In general, it appears from these data that the degree or amount of daily var’ation in the per- centage fat content of mixed milk is not significantly affected by such changes in feed and other conditions as are here involved. 8. The absolute amount of fat produced per day is roughly about twice as variable (compare coefficients of variation) relatively as is the percentage fat content of the milk. This result is of particular interest in relaticn to the rather wide- spread view that the variations in fat percentage of milk are to be accounted for in the main by fluctuations in the water content. It should be remembered that the result here set forth is for the mixed milk of a whole herd. 9g. The relative variation in absolute fat produced, as meas- ured by the coefficient, decreases steadily from March on through October. The amount of this decrease is, however, rather small, and in the extreme case is not certainly signifi- cant in comparison with its probable error. 10. There is no indication that the milk of any particular milking of the day is, either absolutely or relatively, signifi- cantly more variable in percentage fat content than the milk NORMAL VARIATION IN FAT CONTENT OF MIXED MILK. 305 of any other milking of the day. The total day’s milk is. as would be expected, relatively somewhat less variable in fat per- centage than the milk from any single milking. 11. In absolute amount of fat, the evening milk is rela- tively much more variable than the morning’s milk. The mid- day milk occupies an intermediate position in this respect. This result would appear to indicate that during the night, when the cows are at rest, fat production in the udder is a more uniform process from cow to cow and from day to day, than during the day time when the cows are in some degree active. _ While the foregoing constants and their discussion were ob- tained primarily for their significance in connection with further scientific studies, it is clear that they have some points of practi- cal interest to the farmer selling milk to the creamery, to the creameryman buying milk, and to the dairy inspector enforcing a minimum fat content milk law. 300 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. fl) A PEDIGREE SYSTEM FOR USE IN BREEDING GUINEA-PIGS AND RABBITS/ By Frank M. SurRFACE. For use in experimental breeding an adequate yet simple method of recording pedigrees is indispensable. Further, to one who has once used pedigreed material for physiological ex- periments the advantages of such material are very evident. In many of the delicate biological reactions for which small mammals are extensively used it is often clearly evident that all animals do not-react alike. In many cases it can be sup- posed that such idiosyncrasies are a matter of heredity. Accu- rately pedigreed material will often aid in solving otherwise very puzzling results. On the other hand, experimental breed- ing is just beginning to recognize the heritability of physiologi- cal characters. ‘The keeping of accurate records for a period of time will undoubtedly throw much light upon this phase of heredity. With this two-fold object in view the writer recently devised a system of pedigree and other records for use with small mammals. These records have been in use for a number of months and their adequacy and simplicity have been clearly demonstrated. It seems not unlikely that a description of these methods may be of interest to investigators in several fields. The chief requirements of any pedigree system are (1) accuracy, anid (2) simplicity. This simplicity should include a minimum of operations in recording an animal and an easy ac- cessibility to all the data for any individual. So far as my *Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station, No. 58. The experiments reported in this paper were carried out while the writer was connected with the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. SYSTEM USED IN BREEDING CUINEA-PIGS AND RABBITS. 307 own experience goes, these requirements are best met by a sys- tem similar to that described some years ago by Dr. Pearl and myself for use with poultry. Methods involving the same fundamental principles have also been described by Cole’ for use in pigeon breeding. ‘ MARKING THE ANIMALS. The chief factor in establishing a reliable pedigree system is to mark the animals in such a way that there is no danger of mistaking them. About two years ago I corresponded with a number of breeders and laboratories using small mammals in an attempt to find what means were used for marking these animals. For physiological experiments it seemed to be almost universal to rely upon a description of color markings or in the case of solid color animals to mark them with spots of various anilin dyes. These together with cage records constitute the chief means of distinguishing the animals. A number of ex- perimental breeders rely upon various combinations of punch marks in the ears to distinguish individuals. None of these systems is satisfactory. Color markings, even conceding that two animals are not marked alike, require a considerable amount of time to compare the marks of the animal with the description. Any system of ear punches or anilin spots necessitates access to a key and again requires time and energy to decipher their meaning. Further, the combina- tions of punches and spots are quite limited so that it is very difficult to run a continuous series for any considerable number of individuals. Besides, dyes are not permanent and the ears are likely to be torn or pierced in fighting and so give trouble in reading the numbers. Undoubtedly the most satisfactory method is to have a metal tag or band bearing a stamped number, in which case there can *Pearl, Raymond, and Surface, F. M.—Appliances and Methods for Pedigree Poultry Breeding, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 159, pp. 239-275. 1908, Cf., also Zeit. f. Biol. Tech. u Method Bd. 1, pp. 285-295, 1909. *Cole, Leon J.—Methods of Keeping Pedigree Records in use at the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station. Ann. Rpt. R. I. Exper. Station, 1908, pp. 317-324. 308 MAINE AGRICULTURAL ISXPERIMENT STATION. I913- be no mistake, and the time and energy required in reading the record are reduced to a minimum. After a considerable num- ber of experiments and many inquiries | obtained an ear tag made by T. Cadwailader at Salem, Ohio. for use with rabbits. Subsequent experiments have shown that this tag can be used very satisfactorily with guinea-pigs. A slightly different form might very well be adopted to use on even smaller mammals. Fic. 144. Ear tags described in text. The character of this tag is seen from figure 144. A small chick punch, such as can be obtained from any poultry supply house, is used to pierce the ear. The tag is then inserted and the points spread. Fic. 145. Showing ear tags in place. Figure 145 shows the ear tag in place on a young and an adult guinea pig. The tag does not inconvenience the animal SYSTEM USED IN BREEDING GUINEA-PIGS AND RABBITS. 309 in any way and if properly inserted they do not tear out. Ii desired the tags may be used in duplicate, one in either ear. In our first experiment with this tag on guinea-pigs we made the mistake of putting it too close to the head and bending the points too far back. If these points are pressed too firmly against the skin they often cause a slight irrigation which may end in suppuration. In a few cases such tags were lost in the course of three or four months. However if the tag is placed just outside the heavy cartilage in the ear and the points are not pressed down too firmly we have never had any trouble of this kind. The difficulty would be entirely eliminated if the points of the tag were made a little longer. The young guinea-pigs are so well developed at birth that they can be labeled at once without causing them any inconvenience. As a matter of fact, however, we find it more convenient to have the attendant place the pregnant females in separate cages a few days before parturition. [le can then mark on the cage the date of birth and the number of young. About once a week we can then go through and label the young and make the necessary records. This involves but very little time and trouble. In the case of rabbits it is better to let the young get three or four weeks old before labeling them. Since the principal object in growing guinea-pigs at the Ken- tucky Station was to furnish a sufficient supply for physiologi- cal and bacteriological work it was necessary to handle them by slightly different methods than are used by the experimental breeder. Most of the breeding is done in pens rather than in hutches. It has been found that better results are obtained if not more than 6 or 7 females are mated with one male. The pens are sub-divided by removable partitions into small areas about 2x4 feet. One male is kept in each of these pens andthe females are placed in them, together with their young as soon as these latter have been tagged. When the young are about three weeks old they are removed to separate pens and the sexes separated. One pen contains surplus males which may be desirable for use in breeding. Two or more larger pens 4x4 feet), contain the surplus animals for experimental purposes. The sexes are separated, except that one male is placed in each pen of females so that if any females should: remain long enough to bear young the pedigree system will remain intact. 310 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. PEDIGREE RECORDS. For the pedigree records printed loose leaf sheets of uniform size (5x8 inches) were used. These sheets are made by the J. C. Moore Co., and are adapted to their type of binder. The sheets are readily removed or inserted when desired but at other times they are securely held in place. For the pedigree records proper, two forms are used. ‘These are known respectively as the “Individual Description Record” and the “Mating Record.” Date VARIETY ANIMAL No. Date oF BirTH Sex Out oF MATING No. Exper. No's Autopsy No. FINAL DisPOSITION MATING NOS. RESULT CoLor Soup DOMINANT CotorR Coat SMOOTH ROUGH LONG SHORT Eyes Nose R. Ear -LEar INDIVIDUAL DESCRIPTION R. F. QUARTER EAE: R.H. L.H. R. SIDE L. SIDE Rump Fic. 146. Description sheet for guinéa-pigs. Figure 146 shows, in facsimile, the individual description sheet used for guinea-pigs. At the top of this sheet are spaces for the date on which the description was made, the variety, if it is a pure bred animal, and the animal number which is the one on its ear tag. The date of birth, sex and the number of the mating from which it came are also given. Additional spaces are provided for the numbers of the experiments in which the animal may be used and for its autopsy number or final disposition if it does not come to autopsy. On the lower portion of the sheet there is, on the left, a list of coat and color characters which it is desired to record. On the right is a space for stamping the outline figure of a guinea SYSTEM USED IN BREEDING GUINEA-PIGS AND RABBITS. 311 pig. On this outline the limits of the principal color areas are marked. This is a great aid not only to the accuracy of descrip- tion but also to the ease in referring to an animal’s characters. Finally in the center of the sheet there are two columns in which are recorded the matings in which this animal enters and a brief summary of the results of each. This sheet thus pro- vides a brief but relatively complete history of the individual. If it is desired a record could be made of the number of the pen or hutch in which each animal is kept. This would often be a convenience in locating a particular individual. It involves the additional trouble of making a record every time an anima! is transferred from one pen to another. So far we have not found this record necessary. It should be said that the numbers are given the animals in a continuous series approximately in the order of their birth. The ear labels are purchased already numbered and for con- venience in reference are used in consecutive order. No attempt is made to make the number show the pedigree. This is estab- lished through the “mating number” described below. ‘The description sheets are arranged consecutively in the book. Thus if we should pick up guinea-pig number 124 we simply turn to page 124 and find the description and other data concerning this animal. The pedigree and breeding history of the individ- ual are found by reference to the mating number from which it came and to the matings into which it enters as a parent. Matinc REcorD. The key to this pedigree system is the “mating number.” Every time a particular male and female are placed together an arbitrary number is given to that mating. These mating num- bers are assigned in a continuous series in the order in which the matings are made. ‘he “mating number” in itself is no indication of the pedigree but is simply an index by which the pedigree can be determined. Printed sheets similar. to those described above are used for the mating records. A fac- simile of one of these sheets is shown in figure 147. 312 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I0913. PATE PARENTAGE Our ees Matin No. — ANIMAL DATE OF ENTERED IN No. BIRTH MaTiNG Nos. 5 REMARKS MATING RECORD Fic. 147. Mating record sheet. At the top of this sheet there is space for the date on which the mating was made; a record of the individual numbers of the male and female entering into this mating and the mating number. Below are spaces for recording each offspring. The number, date of birth and sex of each offspring are entered at the time the young animal is given its ear tag. Spaces are also provided for giving references to its subsequent history. Guinea-pigs have from one to four or more young in a litter. If the same mating is continued we stamp below the number of the last offspring the date at which the female was again placed with the male and the subsequent litter is recorded below. If the female is mated with another male this mating receives a new number and is recorded on another page. All the mating numbers of any individual are recorded on its description sheet. still born or aborted offspring are recorded with the date and sex but are not given individual numbers. The mating sheets are arranged in the binder in consecutive order so that if we are referred to mating number 79 we can at once turn to this page. SYSTEM USED IN BREEDING GUINEA-PICS AND RABBITS. 313 INDICES. The above two record sheets are all that are necessary in this pedigree system. However it is convenient to have at least une index. This is an index to the matings into which any ani- imal has entered. For this the numbers of the animals are stamped in consecutive order in alternate columns on loose leaf sheets. When any animal is mated the number of this mating is entered opposite the number of the animal. Thus we can see at once all the matings into which an animal has entered without having to look up its individual description sheet. For some purposes it is also convenient to have an index showing the mating from which each individual arose. Neither of these indices is necessary for the completeness of the record. The operation of this pedigree system may be illustrate] by an example. Thus we may pick up the guinea-pig bearing the number 231 on its ear tag and we wish to know its family and breeding record. We first turn to page 231 of the individual description book. This gives the animal’s description, sex, date of birth, etc. The description can be verified, if we wish, by glancing at the marks on the outline figure (cf. fig. 146). This page also shows that this animal came from mating number 81 and that it has entered twice in mating number 114 and once in mating number 147. On page 81 of the mating book are given the numbers of the parents of this individual as well as its full brothers and sisters. The more remote ancestors may be traced through the parent numbers. On pages 114 and 147 of the mating book will be found all the offspring of this indi- vidual as well as the numbers of the individuals with which it was mated. If any of these offspring have been mated, such mating numbers will appear in the proper columns on these pages. In this way the grandchildren and more remote off- spring can be traced at once. Reference to the experiment number and autopsy number makes the record complete at every point. The operations in describing and recording an individual are relatively simple. Several cross references must be made but this involves but little time. The indices mentioned above aid in the ease with which this can be done. 314 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. 1 ON THE ABILITY OF CHICKENS 1@DiIeE Sa SMALL PIECES OF ALUMINUM? By Maynie R. Curtis. It is a matter of common observation that chicks will peck at, and sometimes swallow, small pieces of bright metal. If these have sharp points or corners, they may puncture the wall of the alimentary tract allowing the escape of some of the con- tents into the body cavity, and may thus indirectly cause peri- tonitis. Among the several cases of peritonitis in the Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station flock in the last five years four have been observed where at autopsy a sharp metal article was found still protruding from the puncture it had made in the gizzard wall. The articles were a small nail, a tack, a pin and a piece of steel watch spring. In these cases it was the sharpness of the metal which caused the difficulty. However, on account of the interposition of the gizzard a bird is less able to pass out a large indigestible article than is an animal which masticates its food. Such an article which is too large to pass through must either remain in the gizzard or must be ground up or dissolved by the digestive fluids. The purpose of the present note is to record some observa- tions on the fate of certain pieces of metal which when swal- lowed by chickens cause no disturbance in their physiological processes. The pieces of metal were aluminum leg bands. They were practically pure aluminum showing only the slightest trace of iron.’ *Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station, No. 59. *It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. James M. Bartlett, Chemist of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, for the inalysis on which this statement is based. ABILITY OF CHICKENS ‘IO DIGEST PIECES OF ALUMINUM. 31 5 When chicks are taken from the pedigree incubator baskets at this Station each one is banded with an aluminum band. This is a flat strip of metal with rounded corners which is bent into a ring around the chick’s leg. As the bird grows this ring is enlarged from time to time, but when the chick is six to eight weeks old it has outgrown this band altogether and is then rebanded with another type of aluminum band. This sec- ond band is adjustable. The portion of the band not used is snipped off. The size of these snips varies greatly with the size of the chickens’ legs. As the chicks are rebanded the dis- carded bands and snips are dropped on the range. It is not unusual to see chickens pecking at them. Figure 148 shows at the top a random sample of fifteen snips cut from the second bands and at the bottom two of the discarded first bands. The one of these to the left is opened out flat and the one to the right is bent double. It may be seen from this figure that the snips are narrower than the bands. Fic. 148. Shownig band snips and whole chick bands. August 6, 1913, a fine strong Barred Plymouth Rock pullet, normal in all respects, was killed for material. In the gizzard 2 316 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. contents of this bird a bright glimmer of metal was noticed. The whole gizzard contents were then examined and found to contain fourteen aluminum leg bands or pieces of leg bands. A photograph of these is shown in Figure 149. They are in varying stages of dissolution and it is not possible to tell accu- Fic. 149. Partly digested bands and snips from gizzard of B. P. R. 9. rately how many bands the bird had swallowed, as it is probable that in some cases two or more of the pieces are from the same band. Some of the fragments are undoubtedly snips. The number swallowed may be conservatively estimated as four bands and six snips. One band is still all together but is nearly separated at one point. Other pieces are very small and thin. Some have holes through them. The dissolution has evidently been accomplished by a combination of the mechanical grinding ‘of the gizzard and the action of the hydrochloric acid of the ‘gastric juice. The outer surfaces of the bands are covered with fine scratches while the inner surfaces show fewer scratches and more evidence of solution. After careful cleaning this entire collection of bands weighed 0.857 grams. The mean ABILITY OF CHICKENS ‘TO DIGEST PIECES OF ALUMINUM. 317 weight of one band as it comes from a chick’s leg is 0.2545 grams. The mean weight of a snip (calculated from the fifteen snips shown in Figure 148) is .o421 grams. The weight of five bands and six snips would be approximately 1.2705 grams. The difference between this and 0.957 or 0.31360 would be a cough estimate of the loss due to the digestion of the metal. This is a loss of 24.69 per cent. This case shows that a chick may pick up a considerable quantity of aluminum and use it somewhat as it does grit, gradually wearing and dissolving it away until it becomes small enough to pass out with the feces. Aluminum is soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. A leg band placed in a .5 per cent solution shows hydrogen bubbles on the surface, although the action is not very rapid. Further the aluminum salt formed (aluminum chloride) is non-poisonous. If the metal swallowed were not attacked by the gastric juice it would still be worn away by the grinding action. On the other hand if it were attacked and the resulting salt were poisonous (as for example zinc chloride) the result might be death from poisoning. Two further questions suggested themselves. One was: how long had it taken the bands to reach their present state of decomposition’ Secondly: was the swallowing of the bands a personal idiosyncrasy of this individual bird? There are, of course, no data on the time the bird began to swallow bands but the rebanding of the chicks in that yard was begun the first of June or about nine weeks before the bird was killed. Therefore, some of the bands may have been in the giz- zard for that length of time, but not longer. Since the observation of the above case the gizzard contents of six other normal, healthy birds of approximately the same age as this bird running on the same range have been examined. Five of these contained no leg bands. One contained the bands and parts of bands and snips shown in Figure 150. There are probably fewer bands and more snips in this case than in the other but the process of dissolution has evidently advanced farther and it is even more difficult to tell how many there are. The number swallowed is estimated as one band and ten snips. The weight of these at the time of swallowing would have been 0.6755 grams. Their weight after removal 318 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. from the gizzard was .301 grams. That is, the loss was .3745 grams or 55.44 per cent. It thus seems evident that birds possess a considerable indi- viduality in regard to the tendency to swallow pieces of bright Fic. 150. Leg bands and snips from gizzard of B. P. R. 9. metal, since with equal opportunity only two of the seven birds examined had swallowed leg bands. However, in a care- ful search of the yards where the rebanding had been completed several weeks before, a single snip and very few first bands were found. While it is possible that some of them were completely buried in the dirt, the soil in these yards is very hard and it is probable that most of them had been eaten by the chicks. BULLETIN 222. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. For many years the meteorological apparatus was located in the Experiment Station building and the observations were made by members of the Station Staff. June 1, Ig11, the meteorological apparatus was removed to Wingate Hall and the observations are in charge of Mr. James S. Stevens, pro- fessor of physics in the University of Maine. The instruments used were at Lat. 44° 54 2” N. Lon. 64° 40 5” W. Elevation 135 feet. The instruments used are the same as those used in preceding years, and include: Wet and dry bulk thermometers; maxi- mum and minimum thermometers; rain-gauge; self-recording anemometer ; vane; and barometer. The observations at Orono now form an almost unbroken record of forty-five years. STATION. I0913. RIMENT NPE 4 i; RICULTURAL AG Ek 4 4 wy) MAI? 320 | | PSCS| PLEP| SOFSs PIE OIFF L808! cree] Sectl 68ch 60r| S69F| .Z1z9 | OTT |: at L 61 9 L rail G ST cI LT 66 6 8 9 L Or ZI Or Olesen 8 | I | POST II ST 9 LT FL L GT 8 OT 9 F 06 €°9T iy ZL°0 | 61°0° | eg 9°CT € Fe jeseeie Ol os | Sez maec tet era ane epoca asus eran oe eb Rs 6 ZI ¢ 9 9T Gee | Seay cI 8 8 It GT ee EF S928= 4109S a SS |0G8 = ere Pees Opscke wos Ce IC Ce oor | 118 Ge Cec O Cohen Cpa yecee GiGi 1 OSnGea a Geren cg’ TERN ree | i OUR He US°Gy |L6°1G (09°%E |PS° Sh \EG¢°-2¢ |2%°S9 |1zZ 29 |s0°29. |sg-ze OF 109°8¢ | lcy-cp | 1°8% | 9-OF | GPS | 8:9 |%:S9 | 6°29 | €-19 Log Cpe eG eee | ie Gee 26 6c | Fe SF re 92 6 ie 1¢ 99 LL 06 | & 16 18 6L Gs eg eles : Sl Rees Sle peers Soe | | | | a So |Z S) Zz fo) a) eel tener! Reger = + | & 8 | og ES 3 Roe ece 5 See hs & S = Cems entesiue|a. tO) Bin aes ee eee a en S : ¢ Sie lees Eee 3 as 4 | : 2 + 2 Sy e o | z | a Ed | 5 | 5 cosh, Owee ot 81 9 8 ZI g 1G 2 | OGG FI SSI 2 8 & 90°F (ee. HR 81 |1¢°9T OT OLS 6I- g- Lg S¢ Se 5 a 5 “ANIVI) FO ALISUGMAIN() AHL LY AGVIN SNOILVANASAHGC ‘sI16l UOX AAVWAWANNS TVOIDOTOUOELYN So[lUl UL PUIM JO JUDWIAOU [v40 7, “-ssABp Apnoyo jo soqunyy Bye See sABp Iiey JO. 1equin yy ae ae RD sABp IeaTD JO ~4gaquInNy ‘sueod CH UI [[BF MOUS UBATY Seis Sarees SOUDULUL [eye MOuG ee eae ee SLOUL TORTOsetO uoneqidioaid YIM SAGP JO IequINN, “ -sieed CP Ul UONBydweld Uva "* “so OUl UL UOVyTdieI1d [vqO 7, “-saBod CF UL aIN}BIoduls, uveyy |Ezeeermsenre rete: d1N}BIVdUldy UBITT 9IN4B1IGUIIY YSAMOTT joo sce ss gingeredure, Jsay stp] “EL6L REPORT OF TREASURER. 321 REPORT OF TREASURER POR BISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 10913. Hatch Adams General Inspec- RECEIPTS. fund fund. account. tions. FB enoxacin ee a #$6 ,993 98 Treasurer of United States.......... $15 ,000 00 $145 ,000 00| Scns Oita ea erie era cer bee SAID Sc etd eB CREO LIC OES RSC Cica (Ea I aia er Mer Ise ace een PPrractac more | 9 ,000L00 Synlleey, aretha is Pe ey eat ene ie ao Nera ste Ai end mC PLE aDalie? WO) 18 Foy ie ai Sha eee PATA SISSCC Sere a crcl e Cease ete ete karts cee eaeabay tee Ao aM Sem tusetyey syelieers dad] e Se couenoure Seer eke 13 ,039 24 pore test ater cwerabe ysuatenactauee) aie $15 ,000 00 $15 ,000 00|$11 ,410 95) $29 ,033 22 DISBURSEMENTS. SEIGIICS Aah Maio ce ea icigicnd a oi Diaeieta | $5 ,149 $1/$11 ,Od1 27 $1,418 35) $13,664 48 itaa lh ot =) See eee ee neg pi een | 3,663 41 130; 7A 2 475 Ole er taee MDL GatMONSeeaten eee teretch tery cence | CDI On Sepeiupen ste eller en [nee st seats arate [EStbswenatig Sit sya Postage and stationery............. | 497 65 48 75 106 99 665 23 Bright and express. ¢c0...50 sel ee ee BE 821 < i572 836 39) 143 65 Heat, light and power... 2. - 2.25.2 | 271 81 181 04 247 10| 241 81 @hemircalisuppliesi.) sa shee cies wie soils 185° 33} 4 22 5 61 637 06 Seeds, plants and sundry supplies... . 736 14 491 15) 1,667 27 64 78 RICE GUIIZELS et atta sratol-pasevecu oaicte s/n is | OUSAOS |e bedsores nce 2B OO eee uae aban ache ID Srer Te hig aS ey oe cis Pane Pa rica JO02 -OOhi ae Okt.43 TS DA teen pete Sig ILiloraniny 2 aos care eao co comic Od oe 739 91 82 27 CASS (heh hia Sans base Tools, implements and machinery... . 502 12 187 39 58 53| Lee ne astro he Furniture and fixtures.............. 91 68 40 60 50 396 17 Selentihe Apparavus, sr. s n seis cee en | 3 00 HUZESA Wie ernclerrns 123 04 NOI eERStOC Ketiertca)oneloversiets ctohsvscs fe ietsv/2)s | 98 27 97 00 (opi /ipe 0) Ienganameys Coedien es MPraveling, EXPENSES... less eles.s sae wees 212 99 463 16 SHS 2 ,632 87 Contingent expenses..... Ose ieee, lgeisacownpollosceasan ae 91 72 79 47 STU UIME.SiMm alateaccs Uaioe sPanuehs cee chap cte 187 18 278 65| 1,312 99 2 ,843 98 Deficit June 30, 1912 rath abate ails ss Vartan re ANEW Sy pene Me GUS ZS8 lhe trees Balance ine SOraos eer ne Neh ATS Oe 1,483 88| *7 540 68 MODAL aA ss ray verona reste royale teens fae 000 00 $15 :000 00)$11 ,410 95| $29 ,033 22 * The large balance is due to the fact that fees are paid in advance for the whole year and the State year ends December 31. The classified report does not include $1,000.00 paid for services and feeding stufis in poultry investigations by the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, an appropriation of $4,500 from the State for printing Station publications, nor $863.25 expended for Animal Husbandry investigations in anticipation of the receipt of the appropriation from the State. NED Ik Xe PAGE Alumintims digestibility aby «Chickens <2 cseer a oe ee eee 314 EXpanitele see huma rhe rain ae war wee sete iaee tae ae eee ee 27 CHO ys entre ome Mater arma Tranter Mea tae RUMEN Rg ON IR cet 27 Apidae: toodsaplanitucatalo siege messing stm eine ears ree ete ea 93, 274 Aipliidberco mtr ole ais Baie oe ars Chis MSI HON Sar ante nn alr a ee Regen 91 DEStS Osea Wait eae e ae ape eee nun etal, Hie e ibd an Dune ere an 73 WOOL hy Olpitliemap ple yy simescernteaenc rc: ba inp Sees mcr te eet 173 Aphids, preventive and remedial measures ..7....0...000..0.. 185 ADTs HpOpP Ul iO tae Wiser et pera ene ser yuo ta yee AN Gag ean ere 82 SallTGH COI auras wea oh orig ape aaa She pity le ey CIEL arg ane SI Apple sim © Cull atiOm Sra spae epee erates eee eee ete ee kas wel eee 2390 orchards -sprayinoeexperilmlenise Wetter lk cnet 57 Arsenate 4ofeleadwasvaterune1crdewiis i ars ee are oe eats 69 Arsenicals in combination with lime-sulphur ............... 70 Arsenite, Ofezinc cas sam: 1lSeCtiClde wuss snamenis cee eee nineee 71 [BONO ay, One Oulline IWdasMiner eeebecesu sa cee obSH WAG aE Sectuc ee - IO! Breeding guinea pigs and rabbits, pedigree system ........ 306 Cephalothecmmnoseunnee see sere eto ae eee ree 205 Chaitophorussdelicatasm 22 ns sis orton hen ae eam eee ene 80 DOD UlvC ol aesee ts ey pee ae VS oe ce hen ert ee 78 NAnoaUbnicHhiowiren aoa MONS e eeareimty Men eiet LANs dion aw aul cate as co Chickens ability, ico) digests aluminum eye rete 314 C@oehicients! tom imibre edie ae ene sree cece eters octet eee 191 Conoblastaytumieranaen asa eee eee 27 Crematony tor. deadmpoulisnyieteya ete sees ere) noel eae ene 143 Disease producing. species, on “HuSariuml jis tte ee eer 203 Barly, biishty or spotatoes: asst: aamee ie ase ia DIM NAN oie he 37 Egg, how the white is made ..... aR, esa Boe ato, Ada ia Ha a pa eee ieee 161 leant preaaulllly sravenen, ion. VNIUOKeNCA) wins h ois knee demons CSM boe es dde bo c 263 FOS EEL seed pln pst eee tte ieee th pele nent Aare cde Cok ey ace ep ce me 254 UGTA OMt Heap LLC aah ee oops cepa enero el oleae hep ine ar A) ewe siren 277 Epinotiapiceatoliamal yes oe oes tere ein eter ode nee 34 Be pitrimer CUCUIMETIS) wey. s ie ciate ety nearer eee 27 PE piunus MNO mMin ate Noi. wis cnet acre eke cic era aa tee 27 iBeormiyie) | \bUlehni wa Ease aida Bel ha ao Bo Woes ola cia c.0 m0 0 25 IRENE Gosmucime One snbo:cxGl aniihice "Che 4 aes ayo GNoawennsctoe Sercldaamroc 209 Reed trough for poultnye assem toe Eee erie tenet 151 Bleavheetlevandwearlya blister meccsscss wees roiiees o etee 25 Food plant catalogwe of the “Aphidae wy. ae eee alec ata 03, 274 Fungicide experiments with orchards ...............+.-.---- Hy INDEX. 323 Saga CLINE IStUGIES 415 ccercicicieaccia > veici alas batstakcctele 4 a 225, diseasei producing yspeciesis. aaa. cseiis dee ss aoe 203 SemMMMAMOn) Ole SPORES seem eee cece sarees Meter reread 225 Show bean detemp erauliie premiers nek aericedtecceaa iar 238 SLOW MM iy TeRMEMtAatlon -tUDES, amy) cisieysler aici to esis ORG, MNOStH ATG Cxce tars pl teuseta cists BAe SB Ett Oe thaac a erase ROE 257 list of species determined ........... ies oR Ase) ty ks 254 ORV SPOGUM cite sera oeeaee Ay os Aas Guia Aah he Fe ae aa 220 MUU sHeTa CHOMS AM acy eater rants Scere) im MeN DLIGN MEDAN ay 205 Gelationvotwalkaliraridpactds ii.2 tise ste avariie 2) Akee des 237 HESUSHEO ee) ALMOST Clnyjaleraciere tices eee Eis see canes 239 Guinea pigs and rabbits, methods of marking .............. 307 pedioneewnecond Sierra e711 310 ‘Atala’ Ctoleietaal crea) attete aie tem pce tk Neg Real tecren se em moNrr Dra eS, jf 38 PLDESCEMSI Mata ds eR a: okens Meee eet Tee Rae 38 Stem Ol Ub AReae me reise Ney erate esc mena cca ean ae eS ana geal Neck ReMi 30 IFIGn inehalONTe. Sele atone GiroeKeres ao omula waieicaid om bo Lou oe nop Don as TAA Vales LEServablOnerandn Seas Newel stale. I11 Miinnecdine. ncalcwlationilom ).COemGleNtS 4:5: 40c..eeeei nae) oe ee 127 TOs Coeicient, tables varccrat - Sa ERCES Oke tne eo 154 iio OXON 5 ld oo Coe am ete RRR Ii staat Se Mood ¢ 108 MEASMGEMLEN EmOLRCeSmCeyraeeti eda lense eetees «che 125 SORIA ada Saat ora dinlyls Walla brd 123 MOC AtOnse Oe CAnNAM ON DU EShenetme eis tent eee. mirage ane ak 243 CUCUMBERS): tere enya te Lneie ie Be epee nba ste 243 Deatoug ay act SEEN 0 SOM HUE CO DELI 242 DOLALO CSoe ep meeuet arene cp onaseeua vsiarch tat Rsvousdelsts lor epaveNeleT o/ oko 242 niseotsmmnecorded: son poOtaton vase cise Weysics Gry ie beaeie nS Seas eile Ae 51 Kerosene, emulsion: tor woolly aphides .... 7.5085. 2icnee ence 187 Weadeninsenateston. sprayinem orchards: 2+. = anciondee ees oeea ee 50 “L(GEIP CMGI CTR h woh eee ee aca an eae naira ey Poet AP Cee Te 264 Mame-sulphur for spraying orchards \..........2.... Saya aT 58 SOMES pNdOjoLeie GLU UHMOSne eS WAG cod oe O eGo ood 68 WEE DoKcaleeibbe Tomb aubine yn Wok Soo wo abo So OGeaooOneor 60 IMACOGTpIabiC: JR WeHhEVS. Bhs dae na omue Ss Seeeon De sens co NbOoseor 34 Melanoxantherium-. antennatiwiil.).°- cir «ices cusetoe elie. al ees 87 BICOVO Reinert coal soe oR OU Hal 35 CHL hr boone py OHA EO ce RHA hier cd tule tee 88 San bite secevaereaiashe: oo icncedane Guenai once tecterees Be &9 SFanvid MNCa sn ents MCAT G OCIS Sere ee Sion 8&6 IMR OCORMS | GhWorSKCollOhe as bere sd oe 806 soo ede wmode sd micin 27 IMIG errbIS. NERO FTICUG, Spee aoe ran oak 6 donmaouddodumul au oecuper BF NilkevrariatOnncOnStamts -il fat iCOMLEMt vac lelciei sy ssleje scree) 200 IMAGAG EN! AiGrcHAhVAS CPD ss Reena cio bio: c AO EL OMe cB oree oe i INIGISOSAUIEL” HOBOS: Gig ees ee RISB cable Diab Ure Hee CES CORO Oe 27 MewabnolandeVimeral Hertilizer. day seo. anv oats sialele 9 = ¢ 2 324 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1013. News inineraltertilizer: ssn hecho org ene eee eee eee ean plot experiments @xchard: spraying. exmeniments -e ss aes ae Pedigree system in breeding guinea pigs Pemphigus bursarius gravicornis POpwlicaril ys eee ev Ney te ee oak ee eae oan Ea trea ae populiconduplitoliunsos sss sees See eee POpulimornilisi... cose ee ee Phyoadeuon:plesiusm@acsc arm cmccciere Manic l eee soya anes Pini plarcO1nguisitOngs eee ak Lo eee ae ee INNGUISItOR see es hos IR ae Oe nS SO Nee Vea i aa Onitariou wy ah aed se sie ae UN aa ed ee Ny osrioeee S ae eae Replat ap lide we sts cee sam ates ieeiegiis ini areas pase eae POnizOmeiSensy lata vere ilk hee ee seers Ras hese rs bibliography nccease eran eae se aa eee COMEROLE ysis ah torelenn pean, wc aii reas habits: andsdescription: ea. ener ose eee histonyz-and! distribution e. 5 see ee hOstesplamts Ace aie sic is ane oe ere PaaS COSIS eI air eatin Vmeaniun ae pe areal HEMICUTES set A hn Pacts Sie Soe get ee FESTO ED OISOMS hss trace cet at eae LiSt On ANSeCtS OCCURING One cn ee eis eis regs Poultry. breeding, «constitutional vigor 2.555. es ee recognition of individuality .............. Teer cabk nop leod a Se nearer een Win nae Teun Gianni Wiel fiend bcc jRCISe EA OLDE te ee aes dics trial dos Ginga deta cera c. 5 c eaie(ernlg HOYOS MLOleG Nim MRM a se hee Deena mie wine ahiow o> NOUSIT Sine eee ra ae Ce Recep c ee. atl eC naan Reena ae shall pye(o1eXa Wh oycaee acee e eens ea Wet EDR Ge Ae Ol hs aM cua near ates Kee pIN@ sDIOlO Oy. Oils er rss cee s eee tstl epee baenet importance of good stock ..............--- MEN UEEAl ia SalaIblOs sae sa eRe Ad ea bo GS SEs onoe HES uN eeo Sor ASME MOONS as aS boos beac d sone maag rod eneadouno on i AVEC tis Valteay pICeAe lal west (ieee iat Dit yon ade heen ened cite cies este RWhOgas ACanaGenSisn: ois vy ec rice eeee sey e eorene Salicaceae, species affected by aphides ...........:..-......:. Solineaovavbora + yonomiechey 4 deh sgoo se sodeeuedeseronom pean os dese lamioera Hace ox Ulicny ae ee lant cimOsay se fyi. eer oe eee emer leeee crm ieee al (nisl MM pes Siete iG cose oma ote cies he dd cia cece oho oie EbROBMN EN CEN pene tel Gry oipta lg oro mio acm aig 0 Southern velmmealeatecutslesmescna co meiaieee ae tat peewee te eit 375 | PAGE i UAVS AYO) DY OUURBE EO Mecaey «eas eg eta mt aU AA I a 215 . DOI Dy Cin rape Nee ere ys tee ete ne ees te See 218 ( POACa Reese austere setts cere Tee TO CO RAEN ST AOA 2iI Re: TOSCO LT 4 eee ERS ee Oe aU Rin Nees Ae 218 SMiinecmeiect Onfoliage iar teens oem ee te en 63 + DEST cedars tte SN ee as le sane! a er Ra a 65 experiments s-withmorchandsee wee es oe eae 57 Semicoubudworm,. bibliography 22s. akiesh hel. ed 31 f habits «and description... 22sec es ee 19 4 HistOmy atid sdistrapitiomaaem ses oe ee 13 j Maitinalis COMtL Oa tas his ee eet Canes ns Gee 2A ; REMEGIAltateaSlineSes jars. ened ea oo eee 28 : PEAdae AMM RS! “cae, nts cee Be yeh ore PHORM an. oe de 32 p Miobaccoy decoction’ for aphides 2.2.2. .22.2.52.2...0.. SSSA 186 Tortrix fumiferana ........ PR pe tay) epee eceny eum Gia 13 Vegetable cylinders for Fusarium cultures ................... 228 Snatematlecoap atoruaphidesmcees.. 912 raceme on hk 18S RNiiouewaniardi pests) rh Ges ew os ea tat, Seyler he oe 73 Muillows> species ‘affected by aphides ...:2..--520<25..0s2 20300. 03 PMogthgeapiid Biles 5 rs) . Cratiesclb ica d 7s Z ; 5 he | Ws) | g 2 Giles 3S o al a q ) 2 g 2 9 a | € 5 RMA sce ab He) ° a | a= = itn eacics g = eft eiipl ss g & ya ae | Ge = fs Sich ae 5 5 Se ieecsp ose 3 SHE dhe foe aT sete] sks ths fs ha Meeys i fame let eS ey p lses ih iS) lh ne Z | | | | i | | f . 258)h 2061 4192/) e12\1:8| 2147 110 53 eee? ama ‘ 3) 993] 285 — ! ———— 4 A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 1912. NOMENCLATURE, GRAY’s MANUAL, 17TH EDITION, 1908. Common Namn. Ameriean pennyzoyal Apetalous peppergrass Barnyard grass Bird’s foot trefoil Black medick Blue field madder Blue vervain Bracted plantain Canada thistle Catnip Cat’s ear Charlock Chicory Cin quefoil Clover dodder Common chickweed Common mallow Common nightshade Common speedwell Corn mayweed Corn spurry Crabgrass_ Crane’s bill Dock Evening primrose Ergot False flax *Sclerotia of the fungus. ScreENTIFIC NAME. |Hedeoma pulegioides (I..) Pers. Lepidium apetalum Willd. | ‘Lotus corniculatus L. ‘Medicago Jupulina L. \Sherardia arvensis L. | Verbena hastata L. |'Plantago aristata Michx, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. |Nepeta cataria L. |Hypochaeris glabra L. |3rassica arvensis L. |Cichorium intybus L. 'Potentilla canadensis L. |\Cuscuta epithymum Murr. 'Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Malva rotundifolia L. Solanum nigrum L. |Veronica officinalis L. ‘Matricaria inodora L. ‘Spergula arvensis L. ‘Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. \Geranium maculatum L. Rumex Sp. |Oenothera biennis L. |*Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Eebinochloa crusgalli (L). Beauv. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 46, A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 1912— Concluded. Common NAmMe. Screntiric NAME. Field penpergrass Five finger Flax dodder =| Fowl-meadow grass Goosefoot | Green foxtail Heal-all Hedge mustard Knot-grass Lady’s thumb Mayweed Mint Moth mullein Mouse-ear chickweed Mustard Night-flowering catchfly Old-witch grass Ovoid spike rush Ox-eye daisy Ox-tongue | ai Pennsylvania persicaria Penny cress Peppergrass Pigweed Pimpernel Plantain Purslane Ragweed Ribgrass : Rugel’s plantain Sedge Sheep sorrel Shepherd’s purse Slender crabgrass Slender paspalum Spiny sida Sprouting crabgrass Spurge Sunflower Tumble-weed Virginia three-seeded mercury Wall speedwell White vervain Wild buckwheat Wild carrot Wild madder Wormseed mustard Yairow Yellow daisy Yellow foxtail Yellow rocket Yellow-wood sorrel Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Cuscuta epilinum Weihe. Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. Chenopodium album L. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Prunella vulgaris L. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonum persicaria L. Anthemis cotula L. Mentha Sp. Verbascum blattaria L. Cerastium vulgatum L. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Silene noctiflora L. Panicum capillare L. Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) R. & S. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Picris echioides L. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Thlaspi arvense L. |Lepidium virginicum L. /Amaranthus retroflexus L. |Anagallis arvensis L. |Plantago major L. |Portulaca oleracea L. |Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. |Plantago lanceolata L. |Plantago rugelii Done. Carex unidentified. /Rumex acetosella L. ; \Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler. Paspalum setaceum Michx. {Sida spinosa L. ‘Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Euphorbia preslii Guss. Helianthus annuus L. Amaranthus graecizans L. Acalypha virginica L. Veronica arvensis LL. ‘Verbena urticaefolia L. |Polyzonum convolvulus L. /Daucus carota L. i\Galium mollugo L. |Erysimum cherianthoides L. Achillea millefolium I.. /Rudbeckia hirta L. Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. |Oxalis corniculata L. | 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in IQI2. Kinp oF Snep AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES. ie! aoa aan a ag es SEY. mn | | a aes. | # | ppc ie sp ed S FA NAMES OF WEEDS. ON Gils 3 é & ce Alle ee ; eis a | } > = Dad q S | iv) S | | el 2) | 8) 2) 6] 2) es Sip sie asec eel et Peay 87) cd 1 |b FI S = Sela) Oe g| @&] s Si 2) s| 8) 8) Sie ieee fa <| 3; 0] @ pa} eer CS | | | Number of samples examined...... S5 Nes Urol ol beg 5h ee es ease 7 4 | | American pennyroyal............. 1} - — —| = — - - — — Apetalous peppergrass............ 1| - - i - - = - = lspheinyeNel fC oo uc ooiasobOROUE —}| = - —| — — ~ 5 = iBirdysmootstretoleeeeeree eee tee 6 H = Blackemedick: annie eae aor eS tale 1) - = - | 1} = iBluecheldimadderke- seep ese 2 } = BUSH Vervalnis se acres rcs ieee cyege oir 2) — — ~ 2 = Ye = Bracted plantainssen taeeee eee 3 1 = Canadarthistlese s-peeterer oe — 4| — = 1} = - S| ees eae Castanea s syteyiersces eis) pale as ere 1] - - - 1) - - == Gatisicar ao) tae ee Peet a) Charlock 32 eee eee i} = Oiileiniss casopounccugcvns cao nec 4, - - ~ - ~ — = ae eas Ginquefoilet io ae ce re eee - - = = 1 | + Cloveridod Gers sone ee naan - = Common chickweed........::....- - 2 Commontmallow-seaeee ee sees 1} - | yee - Common nightshade.............. 2 = Common speedwelle ee ae ase ee =) 1} = - 1 Uhh ee == = + Cormymayiweedinnsse ee eee - = — = COEDS DULL see ee eae ~ = —_ - Crabprass eae tact ees hs Mean ee 1; = 1, - 1} — - a 2) = Cranesibillnee rene eee 73 a IDOL aie eee eee e eG id cucer aes cia 18} 18 1; = 6) - = 2| 1 2 HW VeningiprimMTOse-m sae eee ~ AL eet - | leo ea eoey Ao eae Yea tsee ta ; = - - - 3] 10). = 1) = = Malse fax! ae earei oeee eee hee eleeee ikea oll =| = Rield pepperetass-se ceoeee cee ceo: 2 Bivestin gers ean aera eon ape ne — Fie - 24 2) = —f = = Hilasdod dere so ene sees 3 Fowl-meadow grass........-.-..... |= = = 1 3 Gooseloots oe So ee oe 4 7) - - 12) — =i BW = Greensfoxtail ia ene ee 13 9 1 - 12} — - 12 B= Healal lee aac ore eae eee arene: ; 10 45 — - 4{ — - ~ = = Hedeemustard’- sete eee - - - _ 4; — t= = = KN Ot erassie Mien deer ne ee 1 1) - - - ~ — | 2 adyzsuthumbrcmiwee coer 2 1 6 By) = May. weed ect een Cee ee - 4, — 1 4, — =| We = fr = | | * In lawn mixture. + In white clover. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 46. $) Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in 1912.—Concluded. Kinp oF Srep anD NuMBER OF SAMPLES. 2 z | km | a ene g lice | 3 Names orf WEEDS. : pl ceondk tent 5 a SHE eee on} | 2 | I fell Gehecsht f eon &0 Pee eae A 9 SS) Be} se ol | ) CH te) Ss a Gill ae a Ke) Fon GuOu le EC SOR ates al niow eet hve ehll i ss eh es cert Wes Nee Pe) ste) sts MR ast o ee 8 3 AS o S | 2 Hai BH Pa ee Open Rae SS) | | etienenl | | iNfinyscise, lle ee ae el oe ee el eT else Mapes ee) te MWotherimileinie cee selec. strc keys -| = — - 3 3) °- | Sse alias | | | | Mouse-ear chickweed. ............ —| if - sU ceae2) cara hcl Oo (I MINIS banaue eaiclat sissies eyebesatlat ye ali 1} - = Si salt esau ete = Night flowering catchfly........... Gif 210) = eae) eee le | Sole = Oldewitchierassiiaia one eee alo 1 2) - iE sal} 4 DSA tig 2 |e Ovordespikkemushyinjjeeie tls soe i: - - -| - 2) - - ~ SPS OXACVENAAISY ete tercivora cle wees ce see - AL ee - - ei i | | | | Ox-tongue...:...... eon oa INE eer Beets Fes See met ered ek nt Pennsylvania persicaria... ....... -| - -| = - - = | 1 Sis | | {pleeievth/ OED oa pe OOM EEG ae 0.60 | fe ol haa peE E a —~| =| -] = IRE DELELASS HERE eieicb cone renee hee PAS SH ie eet 25) - PN | - = TERI le = Sod Sra Ue eterno eR RAIS SH) cali] jos 2): = - | 2 1) = LeNfasyoyenaVel |S crstyst cen ee eee ree 1; - — aio = alm Wei | = = | | IPT bisdiciin, Oe a6 ches eames eee are =| 47 -| - 2 6 1} - |) JETER) ET AVOE ino eRe aI Rees sid bes el kaart ts Sr =| = = =| TRE Kaa ciao aand 8 BORGO eee EIR ta eae alpen | eee an G |e Riborass eee ihe ey Science eae 2.6 ee |e - 3) = 1] a is = Buecelessplam tain as ser cysclen sleet 13h EO Lj2= 16 vil eh ea eh = (SO To 5 Biter CRORE RC ee ee Tal 5} -— | = 21> 11} 3h alo 2 | PSHEEDESOLTIC ema eirsyen eicieioine eis 3). 20 1} - 24 4 1}. = | - 2 ishepherds purse: o.. sagse sees =aAil 4 lean 2) = Dy EN - MlenderacrabeTasss. .. cs. eke aes 1| el ee | - = - Ze MACY ine Slender paspalumes jss% 2 ssn SU irl bo | -} -!| =} =} -]}] =] - TSJOHIEN IA KSICG a lees amie teat ie ere a em Sh jes | - as | a 1 - Sprouting crabgrass. ............. Wy = | - | - = - - - - PS DULE SMT Aenea il ben pey or eee ra venues Til fsate = oo ee = a = POLNMOWEL bare so cisco Ctiesig bee -| - - - | - ~ - = - - Mlumibleweed is. cu.lvcrrs's siete se cieclee = - — -| = - - - 1 - Virginia three-seeded mercury...... 1} = = = - = - > Weegee iWiallWspeedwelll se Ps) jst diecast eRe Naneccna y a yo—-}| =] -}| -} = BVVIDIGENVerValn)-/282.0 5c) oleh cie ss cteelse } —] = - - 2) - ~ - - = | | AWaldibuckwiheabi:/522¢ .Je jc crac Yee] a Fe Re es DSc a ce ol oa 3 lea AWA CAITOLE Ne eta terclacelemte mac 7 thw - - - - ~ - ~ | | | AWaldlamadden: ei iris 5). chsctec sie «cre Rebar? ated est hee 1} = - - = = jWormseed’ mustard..)..5:.......- - 2) -| = 1) = - PAR adel rae BYLAT RO Wistereteer mets een ioe eaten tiie eels | = else ete O) et ee =| = Wellowsdsisysmneriiiece wininene) } =} =} =] = Gea le mYellowstoxtanluanin cc cen ater orale 1; - ~ | - ~ - ~ 11 6) = Biellowsrockethress spar. oe ee as fin Sie bors 2) - - - - = iYellow=woodisorrel!: 7.26 fe). c hae - [ices Pp - — = = + {n white clover. t In Alfalfa. IG MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of analysis of official samples taken im 1912. | | Puriry. | IMPURITIES- ea |. : Bed es r| ‘Kinp or SEED, Name anp TowN oF DEALER. < | e S 3 Specrat Marks. } ae | | qd fk | oS my b a geet ial Kase A a 3 2 Festa ston oe g 2 = | rox} | 3 | 5 K pat = | ZS | {o) | rs} i ° | | ALSIKE CLOVER. Conall Yo | To \ So ao | Aroostook Co-operative Co., Presque Isle. | 7054 Alsike sUn es tiene yoncieeseioe i ne ea bees ee 99.0| 98 e| 02 | ORE OE2 P. E. Craig, Ashland. | ; 7089 Beat vAisikes2 0 see eee Ps ies ROE - 87.9] 1-9] 8.2)" 2.0 H. A. Gagnon, Van Buren. i 7086 Alsike clover; ot 16642. (2.02.0es)2 2 -2t 2 oe =| 91 6|) 1:9) daa) ates | H. W. Greeley Co., Oakland. : | 7075 S. H. & C., Keystone Fancy Alsike ........ 99.5} 99.5) 9.2) 0.2] O.1 | Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. | 7065 Atce} Grad evalsikeriwacuceacrila saree ee eae 97°50| 96-2)" 0232251 One. | A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. | | 7029 x pOLtEA ISI Kehoe ne Oe ees 98.0) 95.9) 1 0) 2.9) 02 Judkins & Gilman, Newport. WOSD al eH DONE PAIS lkemey mee ner sere recep cr ei een ata eee 98.0] 93.8) 1 -9| ew de Orc} L. N. Littlehale Grain Co., Rockland. | | HONGE| SEX porbeAlsike sear sees ee Sara eee 98.0) 91.2; 2 6 Sei One Shaw, Hammond * Carney, Portland. | (OMAR aI eeAlstke-wNOWTS(0 le eee eee nee ee anes -| 99 0} 98.8! 0.9) 0.3} 0.0 Frank S. Wingate, Hallowell. | 7078 Wan cyeAlsilzenWinti a Conc teaieiee tarps aie eente 98.0} 89.0] 1.3) 9.1) 0.6 | | RED CLOVER. | Aroostook Co-operative Co., Presque Isle. 7062 CloyerSeoul tee eee eee sate y ee eter aac ere 99.0} 98 9; 0.8). 0.2) 0.1 Caribou Grange Store, Caribou. | ZOSIe erRedicloversern eee A aVche patel areka TREE er EO e 98.0} 98.5) 1 2) 0.0; 03 PE. Craig, Ashland. | 7087 | HAC SNS Yeahed lovers acess ernie 98.0) 97.2) 1.6) 0.4) 0-8 | } EE. W. Fernald, Presque Isle. | 7049 Hancyicloveney ee coe to cetyl wo oere eres eae dee 99.5) 99.2) (0.6) O00) 022 H. A. Gagnon, Van Buren. | 7084 Redcloviersactr men Gerona trie eine aie - 954): 1491S dG ele | Osear Holway Co., Auburn. | l 7058 Cio 2aRedkcloviensericcycs Ce ee aero iar 99.0) 99.2! 0.1) O.1) 9-6 | A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. | 7028 | PanyAmerican RediC@lovers-25) eee oor. 98:0)995. 74,9 116) ale? | ale | Judkins & Gilman, Newport. 7033 Pan American Red Clover........-...-..-+-- (9820) 9528) sal Ono eel | Putnam Hardware Co., Houlton. | 7080 | Meditim) Clover siya: fy Gon Cee ee ee | 99.0) 97.2) 1-5) 0:4) OF9 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 46. I I Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of analysis of official samples taken in 1912. ~ —Concluded. Station number. IMPURITIES. 5 Kinp oF Seep, NaME anp Town oF DEALER. _; Fs cs Sprcrau’ Marks. & =e | 8 3 A avila ae te S) S = = | { HUNGARIAN. | | Osear Holway Co., Auburn. | Pun varias oO b SOI jeyaiery/eie| eters le cele) ye lees 96.0) 98.9} 0.2; 0.0 18 Gibney Eh eed bse eats eo Ath od oahu ers aeeoeath 97.0} 98 .5| 0.6; 0.0 A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. | | ERIN AT IAT es ey wey eee als sic otaya cieyaceke oi cea eee 99.5] 98.2) 1.3) 0.0) | | | j | Judkins & Bilman, Newport. | 15 aor ae N ath 2 5 aie ao Ope ania ECR om Sareea oie eae 99.0) 95.1) 28) 0.6 | Frank S. Wingate, Hallowell. | ee Hungarian 81410 & 8838 W. E.Co........... | 99.7] 96.5} 1.9) 0.1 | | | { REDTOP. | Osear Holway Co., Auburn. : jemepine iree Wed topee ic. rejransimiei eta resi boceeiear: WDA O OD ein G15 han Oe | A.A. Howes & Co., Belfast. | | | RB VEC LOD ee int neon ete aia lat eed oo ken aes tie 95.0). 94-2) 525) 0-4 | | Frank S. Wingate, Hallowell. | DAN CYVMRCAULOD stele ouctehe Saar ae ete a 96.0) 93.3) 6.51 0-0 | | TIMOTHY. | Aroostook Co-operative Co., Presque Isle. piimothyaimNecten i yeaa ict ene chines SOKO 22 ee OP sO ne | Caribou Grange Store, Caribou. | | INTRO dhe tee eg CS erry RO Ey DIS DIRS Ae 99.0} 99.0} 0.6) 90.2) P. E. Craig, Ashland. ATE Ta OK MENTS MPSTST AOS ce ear thehe a ER ep ee reg - .| 99.0] 99.3) 0.3! 0.2 | H. A. Gagnon, Van Buren. | SUMO LOA WOOT ee te a eer ees ane ae: - OO OFS] =. 0 mt Osear Holway Co., Auburn. Aimothy, kot NowO2135) v.uasn. ss shes ass: 99 0} 99.2).-0.5) O:1 ie bison limothy,suouNoso2d Olu. ocr sie 96.0) 98.0} 0.9) 0.6, | Pine Tree Timothy, Lot No. 62011. cay Seco 99 Y y226) O21 OFL | Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. | | »Gerele*” Timothy, Lot No: 62054). 02.2.5. .; 96.0) 96.3 70) fae sa teat | A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. | Pang Americans limothys saci eee 99 5| 99.3) 0.4! 0.2 | Judkins & Gilman, Newport. ipaneAmencanumotnye. es. sat) 4 eee eee 99).5| 98.7}; 0.6) 0.3 | | F. J. Parent, Van Buren. Lite (at tl ohio AES BCE as ot eh A Soa meg we = 99.2 OFS 022 JAPANESE MILLET. | A. A. Howes & Co.. Belfast. | apanescsrilletere caver nee ee eee | 95 COE TO S20 20} 92 Noxious—Foreign. a QO. osm ow iS) to lo Horo lor) iZ MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. HOOD AND DRUGYRROSECEAIONS: After due hearings it seemed the duty of the executive to bring prosecutions under the law in a number of cases. The following were settled as provided in the law out of court and in most cases before actual proceedings had been commenced. A number of cases are still pending. © List of drug and food cases settled zwithout trial on payment of penalty in the quarter ending December 37, 1912. Name AND Town OF DEFENDANT. NATURE OF COMPLAINT. Allen, Calvin W., Est., Brunswick..... Adulterated ammonia water. Too strong in gas- s eous ammonia. 4 : Brewster & Son, !E. A., Dexter....... Adulterated ammonia water. Too strong in gas- eous ammonia. Chaplin, Charles W., No. Windham....|/Misbranded butter. Short weight. Coffin, William, Brunswick........... ae erated clams. Contained excess of free lig- | uids. Haskell, Chas., Rockland............: peaarucrated ice cream. Below standard in milk at. Jones: Chasy bancoreee en eh asec pauiterated oysters. Contained excess of free liquids. JOrdany 9-192, SCALDOLOn ere eee ees cee Misbranded butter. Short weight. Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor.......|Misbranded butter. Short weight. Portland Creamery, Portland......... Misbranded butter. Short weight. : Prides Brose ontlan deer preset Adulterated sweet spirit nitre. Low in ethyl nitrite. Rondeau Bros., Lewiston... ......... \Adulterated Orange Julep. Artificially colored. SkillingBros:,,co-peortland fase) eos se jAdulterated sweet spirit nitre. Low in ethyl ; nitrite. Somoar Carbonating Co., Lewiston....|Adulterated soda Water. Contained dead fly. StroutwC@hasy bee Gerry aoe ate ener Misbranded butter. Short weight. Thomas, Philip, Rockland............ faerie’ oysters. Contained excess of free iquids. List of food cases brought in police court, dealer fined and placed on probation for six months, im the quarter ending December 31, 1012. NaME AND TOWN OF DEFENDANT. | NATURE OF COMPLAINT. Bercovitz, Joseph (Press & Potter), Portlands ec rae ee eee Exposing foods unprotected. Branz, Mrs. Jennie, Portland......... Exposing foods unprotected. Dalton, A. (A. Dalton Fruit Co.), iRortlandeesercancieeea es Exposing foods unprotected. February, 1913. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. ' CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett ' Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E, Sawyer Helen W. Averill Elmer R. Tobey Official Hnspections 47 BUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE INSPECTION. The law regulating the sale of fungicides and insecticides is new and is only coming to be fully understood. During the year 1912 a large part of the work of inspection has been in- structing dealers relative to the law and what they must do to conform with it. Nearly all of the dealers in fungicides and insecticides were visited by the inspectors during the year 1912, and many hundred letters were written regarding the law and its requirements. While much progress was made the law is still only partly understood. The need of the law is amply shown in the results of the first general and imperfect survey. The situation would be discouraging were it not for the fact that it is no worse than was the case with grass seed or feeding stuffs when the laws regulating those commodities were enacted. Under the law a fungicide includes “‘any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any and all fungi which may infest vege- tation or be present in any environment whatsoever.” I4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, I9Q13. The definition of insecticide is equally broad and includes “Paris green, lead arsenate and any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for preventing, destroying, re- pelling or mitigating any insect which may infest vegetation, man, or other animals, or houses, or be present in any environ- ment whatsoever.” Comparatively few analyses were made in 1912, but now that the law has been upon the statute books long enough so that people should be familiar with its requirements, more samples will be taken in 1913 and the requirements of the law will be more strictly enforced. With this, as with the other laws of which the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion is the executive, the attempt has been made to administer it in an educational way. Many abuses were found under the law and its need has been sufficiently demonstrated during the past year, No prosecutions have yet been made, but unless there is marked improvement it is feared that some may have to be brought in 1913. ARSENICAL POISONS. It is necessary that every insecticide containing arsenic carry in addition to the weight, a chemical analysis stating the mint- mum percentage of total arsenic and the maximum percentage of water soluble arsenic which it contains. Standards are fixed for Paris green following the Federal law so that Paris green is adulterated if it does not contain at least 50 per cent of arseni- ous oxide (As:O;) or if it contains arsenic in water soluble form that is equivalent to more than 3.5 per cent of arsenious oxide (As:Os) ; and in the case of lead arsenate it is adulterated if it contains more than 50 per cent of water, if it contains total arsenic equivalent to less than 12.5 per cent of arsenic oxide (As:Os) and if it contains arsenic in water soluble form equiva- lent to more than .75 per cent of arsenic oxide (As:Os). It is unfortunate that in the Federal Act the arsenic is stated in two ways: one in the form of arsenious and the other as arsenic oxide, because it makes it difficult to compare the strength of arsenate of lead, for instance, with Paris green from the analy- sis stated thereon. Inasmuch as the Federal Act requires the statement in the terms of arsenious oxide and arsenic oxide it OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 47. 15 has been held by the executive of the Maine Insecticide Law that the plainly printed statement of the chemical analysis in these terms conforms to the requirements of the law, although it would have been better if it could have been stated in terms of arsenic. A little more than 75 per cent of arsenious oxide is arsenic, and a little more than 65 per cent of arsenic oxide is arsenic. Paris GREEN. Several samples of Paris green were examined in 1912 and like all of the other greens which we have examined they carried more arsenious oxide than could be combined with the copper present. ‘That is, the total amount of arsenic exceeded in every instance the minimum required under the law. This follows, as pointed out in earlier publications, from the fact that white arsenic is the cheapest ingredient that goes into the makeup of Paris green, and hence the manufacturers will always use as. much of it as possible and still have a green of good color. The injurious effect to foliage resulting from the use of Paris green is due not to the arsenic that is in combination with the copper but the free water soluble arsenic. Under the statute a very liberal amount, equivalent to 3.5 per cent of arsenious. oxide, or 2.65 per cent arsenic is permitted in the case of water soluble Paris green. Ansbacher’s Paris Green was full weight, a half pound pack- age carrying 8.1 ounces. Its total arsenic was 42.75 or con- siderably in excess of the minimum; the arsenic in the water soluble form was 2.86 per cent, or .2 per cent in excess of the maximum allowed by the law. Herrmann’s Hi-Grade Pure Paris Green, made by Morris: Herrmann & Co., of Chicago, carried 42.82 per cent of arsenic and 3.14 per cent of arsenic in the water soluble form. It was, therefore, adulterated under the law because it contained too much free arsenic. The goods were full weight, as the half pound package contained 8.4 ounces of Paris green. The Lion Brand Strictly Pure Paris Green made by the Jas. A. Blanchard Co., of New York, was not registered; was short weight, a pound package carrying 15.1 ounces; and it carried 10 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. 4.25 per cent of water. soluble arsenic and hence would have been a dangerous Paris green to have used on foliage. These goods were shipped out of the State, and no case was made against the man handling them. Pfeiffer’s Strictly Pure Paris Green, manufactured by I. Pfeiffer of New York, was found to be full weight as the pound package carried 16.3 per cent ounces. It was up in total arsenic but it carried 4.65 per cent of water soluble arsenic which is equivalent to 6.15 per cent of soluble arsenious oxide, or nearly double the amount permitted under the law. Because of its high content of. water soluble arsenic it is an unsafe green to use on fruit trees or potatoes by itself, but applied with bordeaux mix- ture or slacked lime it would not burn foliage. C. T. Reynold’s Strictly Pure Paris Green, manufactured by F. W. Devoe & C. T. Reynolds, of New York, was full weight goods, a half pound package carrying 8.1 ounces. They, how- ever, carried 3.24 per cent of arsenic in the water soluble form, equivalent to 4.27 per cent of soluble arsenious oxide. No prosecution was brought for these goods in Maine, but under Insecticide Act Judgment No. 3, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, this company was fined for selling Paris green adulterated because it contained an excessive amount of water soluble arsenic. The Sherwin-Williams Strictly Pure Paris Green carried 2.49 per cent of arsenic in the water soluble form and was, therefore, w.thin the maximum permitted under the law. The goods were, however, short weight, as a pound package carried only 15.5 ounces. ‘This short weight seems to have been characteristic of this company’s goods: According to Insecticide Act Judg- ment No. 2, issued by the Department of Agriculture, under date of December 20, 1912, the court condemned 3000 cases of Paris green made by the Sherwin-Williams Company from 4 per cent to 13 per cent short weight. ARSENATE OF Leap PASTE. Arsenate of lead paste may carry not more than 50 per cent of water, and not less than 12.5 per cent of arsenic oxide, equivalent to 815 per cent of arsenic, and water soluble arsenic equivalent to not more than .75 per cent arsenious oxide, or .49 per cent arsenic. eile OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 47. oy, Grasselli’s Arsenate of Lead Paste. A one pound package and a five pound package were examined. ‘The one pound package was full weight, carrying 16.5 ounces. ‘The pastes themselves analyzed very much alike. They carried about ten per cent of arsenic and nearly three times the permitted amount of soluble arsenic, containing 1.28 per cent arsenic soluble in water. The Orchard Brand Arsenate of Lead, made by the Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md., was full weight, a five pound package carrying 89 ounces of lead arsenate. It carried about ten per cent of total arsenic and 1.18, or two and a half times too much water soluble arsenic. The P. W. R. Lead Arsenate Paste, made by the Powers- Weightman-Rosengarten Co., Philadelphia, was short weight, the one pound package containing 15.4 ounces. It carried about IO per cent of total arsenic and .92 per cent of arsenic soluble in water, or practically double the amount permitted under the law. New process Neutral Arsenate of Lead, made by the Sherwin- Williams Company was short weight, the one pound package having 14.2 ounces of lead arsenate. It just barely passed the requirements for the total arsenic, carrying about 8.25 per cent total arsenic. The water soluble arsenic was .51 per cent and practically the same as that permitted under the law. Swift's Arsenate of Lead, made by the Merrimac Chemical Co., Boston, was full weight, the one pound package containing 17.1 ounces of arsenate of lead. It contained about Io per cent of total arsenic and .63 per cent water soluble arsenic. The United States Department of Agriculture maintained successful cases against the Sherwin-Williams Company because of their lead arsenate containing less than the claimed total arsenic, and more than the minimum of the water soluble arsenic. Judgment was also found against the F. W. Devoe & C. 'T. Reynolds Company of Chicago, IIll., for lead arsenate which was deficient in total arsenic and high in water soluble arsenic. MIscELLANEOUS ARSENIC MA‘TERIALS. Watson’s Soluble Arsenoid distributed by John Watson and Company, Houlton was over weight. The two pound pack- age contained 2.6 pounds of the material. It was guaranteed to carry 40.4 per cent metallic arsenic in soluble form. It actually 18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. carried, hdwever, only 37.47 per cent. Because of the over- weight, the package actually contained .go pound metallic arsenic soluble in water. ‘T'wo pounds of the guaranteed composition would have carried only .81 pounds metallic arsenic. Orchard Brand Arsenite of Zinc Combined with Atomic Sul- phur, made by the Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md., was full weight, a five pound package containing 81.4 ounces of the material. According to the label the active ingredients should be, sulphur from 34 to 4o per cent, arsenic of zinc 25 to 30 per cent, soluble arsenic as metallic arsenic .08 to .4 per cent, water 42° to 52 per cent. The sample examined was) well within these hmits, carrying 40 per cent of water, 8.54 per cent of total arsenic, except that its water soluble arsenic was double the claimed amount, beitg .98 per cent. The sulphur was 36.6 per cent. Bowker’s Pyrox, made by the Bowker Insecticide Co,, Bos- ton, Mass., analysis claimed; lead oxide 17 to 21 per cent, cupric hydroxide 2.55 to 3.55 per cent, arsenic oxide 6.75 to 8.43 per ‘cent. equivalent to metallic arsenic 4.40 to 5.50 \per cent, water soluble arsenic none to .40 per cent, essential inert ingredients 61.12 to 69.30 per cent. The sample examined carried 4.98 per cent metallic arsenic and was above the minimum guarantee of 4.4 per cent. The package was full weight, containing 16.3 ounces for one pound. Cooper’s Sheep Dipping Powder, M. R. C. V. S. Chemical Works, Berkhamstead, England. Guaranteed to contain 16.7 per cent of metallic arsenic in water soluble form. On analysis it was found to carry 8.76 per cent of arsenic, equivalent to 36.25 per cent of arsenate of soda. As the goods carried 64 per cent of sulphur there was no possibility of their being as much metallic arsenic as is claimed. There was probably a mistake in calculating the formula in some way. ‘This would probably be an effective powder, but withall a rather dangerous one on account of the large amount of soluble arsenic which it carries. The I. X. L. Poison Fly Paper, claimed to carry 21.6 grains of arsenate of soda. The sample examined was approximately up to that, carrying 20.37 grains. Seibert’s Poison Fly Paper was guaranteed to contain 5 to 7 per cent metallic arsenic in the form of sodium arsenate. ‘The OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 47. 19 sample examined carried a trifle over 7 per cent of metallic arsenic in water soluble form. Rough on Rats, registered because of its claim for a roach exterminator was guaranteed to contain 56 per cent metallic arsenic. The sample examined carried a trifle more than that. The situation with regards the arsenical poisons is not as good as it should be, and shows full well the need of a law regulating their sale. While there is little trouble from their being deficient in arsenic, there is a large amount of trouble owing to the fact that the arsenic is poorly combined. ‘This is particularly true in the Paris greens. Although no prosecutions have been made in Maine the pres- ent year, dealers must be exceedingly careful in the purchase of arsenical goods that they get from the parties from whom they buy full guarantees that the goods are in conformity with the requirements of the Maine Insecticide law. Otherwise they run great risk of having cases brought against them. Nearly every arsenic compound, particularly those that are used directly in agriculture, were either short weight or con- tained too much water soluble arsenic or else were deficient in total arsenic. MiscELLANEOUS INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. Something over a hundred samples of fungicides and insecti- cides were purchased and examined to see if they were seriously different from their claimed composition. The law. does not require the disclosure of the formula except as the goods may carry arsenic or inert matter. All of these goods were examined for arsenic, and it is not very readily ascertained what materials might be classed as “inert.” A practical experiment with the materials, following directions, is better for that purpose than a chemical, or even microscopical examination. All of the sam- ples were examined for arsenic and were found to be free, or practically free, from that material. Some of them would seem to be of very little value as an insecticide from their general appearance and chemical composition. However, this matter was not tested out, but it is hoped that we will be able to make practical tests following the directions claimed for the various fungicides and insecticides in 1913. 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. THE FEDERAL Law. The Maine law in its requirements is based upon the national law. Arn insecticide that is in accord with the requirements of the National law and that is registered in Maine can be lawfully sold. The enforcement of the National law which has been well begun will materially aid in the enforcement of the law within this State. The following quoted from the Annual Report of the Insecticide and Fungicide Board of the U. S. Department of Agriculture about publicity under the federal law is encouraging in its bearing upon the sale of insecticides in this in common with other states. “The advantage of carrying on a campaign of education through which the trade, State officials, and the consuming pub- lic might acquire a familiar knowledge of the insecticide law, its purposes, and the methods of its enforcement has not been overlooked. Necessary information has been disseminated throughout the United States by means of form letters to State officials and dealers and by the distribution of copies of the law, regulations issued thereunder, and insecticide decisions, to members of scientific societies, official representatives of for- eign countries, and to those directly and indirectly connected with the manufacture and sale of insecticides, Paris greens, lead arsenates, and fungicides. Approximately 65,000 public docu- ments of the character above described have been distributed, while information has been further conveyed through the me- dium of press notices summarizing insecticide decisions and other matters of general interest. A voluminous correspond- ence has been conducted with persons who have been sufficiently interested in the law to make special inquiries. From the tenor of the correspondence received at this department and from the oral hearings which have been held it is evident that an over- whelming majority of the manufacturers, jobbers, and dealers of this country desire to conform to the provisions of the act and to accede to the opinions of this department respecting its construction. It is hoped, therefore, that the publication of the opinions and decisions of the department will give to manufac- turers the information necessary to enable them to comply with the law and thus avoid litigation.” | March, 1913. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E, Sawyer Helen W. Averill Elmer R. Tobey Official Jnspections 48 DRUGS | CONTENTS. PAGE | Inspection of Drug Stores and Analyses of Drugs..... 22 | JN SERVATIONADTEY SAUIY cy wee ter tie Nea apr te ont PRD we Pale ae Rac 22 | Plaine Cote TOXIC eM Meee crete tne MA aac oe ii eekla 24 | TOUTES SSO) LON ohay Neat sees onl Een Ser A Re 24 | Cri cemitlepmrer eer ee ei ce see erm oa et tak 24 | STOMA Ore INAS Cory TE dain irs ese WAN CNS Une al 26 bo bo MAINE AGRICULTURAL “EXPERIMENT STATION. “LOTS: INSPECTION OF DruG STORES AND ANALYSES OF DRUGS. During the year 1912 practically all of the drug stores of the state were visited and inspected. The reports of these in- spections are on file in the office. Almost without exception these reports show that first class sanitary conditions prevail in the drug stores of the State, behind the prescription counters and in the back stores as well as in the front, which is the only part usually seen by the customer. There are, of course, condi- tions which might be improved in some of these stores, for example, the method of cleansing and washing the glasses at soda fountains is not always the best. Occasionally a benzoate of soda card is not displayed at the fountain, and sometimes shelf bottles containing drugs are found without the percentage of alcohol appearing upon them. A number of samples of various kinds of drugs were col- lected and the results of the examination of these samples will be discussed in the following pages. AMMONIA WATER. Fourteen samples of Ammonia Water were collected during the latter part of 1912 in various towns of the State. The name “Ammonia Water” is recognized in the United States’ Pharma- copeeia as a synonym for Aqua Ammoniz which should contain IO per cent of gaseous ammonia. Another preparation of Am- monia recognized in the United States Pharmacopeeia is called Stronger Ammonia Water, which is a synonym for Aqua Am- moniz Fortior, and which contains 28 per cent of gaseous am- monia. A great deal of confusion seems to prevail in regard to these two preparations. Some druggists write us that they have practically no call for the weaker, or Ammonia Water, but that nearly all of the ammonia sold is the Stronger Ammonia Water. In some of the cases it develops, too, that not sufficient care is observed in the keeping of Ammonia Water, and as a result it deteriorates by losing Ammonia gas. Although in each-case Ammonia Water was called for, in a number of cases Stronger Ammonia Water or something approaching Stronger Ammonia Water was celivere’. In two of the cases noted the sample was OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 48. 23 marked upon the label “Stronger Ammonia” or “Aqua Ammonia Fort,” and while these cases were passed neither preparation corresponded to the exact strength of Stronger Ammonia Water which should carry 28 per cent of gaseous Ammonia. Solutions of Ammonia should be kept in a cool place in tightly stoppered containers. One preparation should not be sold for the other, and care should be taken that the preparations are ‘labeled according to the Pharmacopceia name. In the purchase of this as well as of other drugs a written guararitee should be obtained from the dealer, unless the goods are guaranteed under the National Food and Drugs Act and carry a serial number. The table which follows gives the results of the examinations of the samples purchased. Keeping in mind the fact that Am- monia Water should carry 10 per cent of gaseous Ammonia the table is self explanatory. Table showing results of analyses of Ammonia Water purchased im October and November 1912. Arranged alphabetically by towns. se ee: es Ai S 5 eo Town anp DEALER. z § @ 5 REMARKS. a Dn Saha: ] ] | 10921 Bridgton. FF. P. Bennett........... '25.67/256.7 |‘‘ Aqua Ammonia Fort.’’ HOS20tBrideton:— Dunn Bross)... 2:22 32.7 9.16 91.6 |*‘Aqua Ammonia.’’ 10914 Brunswick. C.W. Allen............ 25.58 255.8 ‘Aqua Ammonia.’’ Dealer fined. 10904 Dexter. E. A. Brewster & Son...... 24.47'244.7 Gaus Ammonia.’’ Dealer ned. 10917\Foxcroft. E. H. Nickerson........-. 7.01 70.1 \‘“‘Ammonia water.’’ 10923 Guilford. Genthner Bros............. 9.18 91.8 |‘‘Ammonia water.’’ 10991 Sanford. Demers Bros............. 25.48 254.8 |‘‘Ammonia water.’’ 10992 Sanford. Earle Drug Co., Inc....... 6.28 62.8 ‘‘Ammonia water.’’ 10990 Sanford. E.J.Morin..............20.90209.0 |‘‘Stronger ammonia, 28%.’’ LO989|Sanford: W. H: Wood:.%. 22... 2: 9.31 93.1 |‘‘ Ammonia water.’’ 10930 Skowhegan. F. W.Bucknam....... 3.51 35.1 ‘‘ Ammonia water.’’ 10932 Skowhegan. Sampson & Avore...... 25.37,253.7 ‘ “Aqua Ammonia.’’ 10974 Waterville. Daviau’s Red Cross IPH ATM aC yn ete nia eee 8.69 86.9 |‘‘Aqua Ammonia, 10%.’’ 10973 Waterville. Larkin Drug-Co........ 7.11, 71.1 \|‘‘Aqua Ammonia.”’ | 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. —I@13° HypROGEN PEROXIDE. Several samples of hydrogen peroxide obtained in various places, including department stores and ten cent stores, have been examined at various times. Practically all of these were found to contain acetanilid, but the presence of that drug was stated upon the labels. So far as examined these various sam- ples appeared to be either in accord with the Pharmacopeeia standard, or in accord with the claims made upon the labels. As hydrogen peroxide deteriorates with age only fresh stock should be carried, and it should be kept and dispensed strictly in accord with the recommendations and requirements of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. While all the samples examined have been passed, the public is advised to obtain hydrogen peroxide as also other drugs which rapidly deteriorate only from regular drug stores. FOWLER’S SOLUTION. Several samples of Fowler’s Solution were obtained because in other parts of the country drug officials had noted that this pre- paration was often found not to be in accord with the Pharma- copeeia standard. This preparation should contain, according to the Pharmacopeeia, one per cent of arsenious oxide. All the samples examined were passed, although two of them ran lower in arsenic than shonld have been the case. With the exception of these two samples all were as near the standard as a prepara- tion containing such a slight amount of arsenic could reasonably be supposed to run. GLYCERINE. According to reports from some drug officials glycerine sometimes contains arsenic. A number of samples of glycerine were therefore obtained in the various towns of Maine in order to see how the material was dispensed in this State. All samples were tested for arsenic and none was found. ‘The United States Pharmacopeeia states that glycerine should have a specific gravity of not less than 1.24 at 25 degrees C. The specific gravi- ‘ty of all the samples obtained was taken, and all were found to run above the standard, and all the samples were passed. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 48. Table showing results of analyses of samples of Fowler's Solu- tion purchased in October and November 1012. alphabetically by towns. | | | 23 Town AND DEALER. Rael cag | REMARKS. 10936) Anson. F. A. Mamtexesseescnescrs vere 0.97 97.0 Passed. 10906 Brunswick. P.J. Meserve.......... 1.10 110.0 |Passed. 10908| Brunswick. IF. H. Wilson.......... | 0.96. 96.0 IBaesedl 10929 Bucksport. REE OLOMEeL a lemiontaitien 0.95 95.0 ipassed 10983/Cormish. Geo. H. Parker........... | 1.02\102.0 |Passed. UNONGHoxeroft.; Cole'& Cow... sr ie 36: | 0.84 84.0 Passed. 10924 Guilford. Packard & Ross.......... 1.04 104.0 Passed. 11004|Lisbon. P.L. Cotton.............. | 1.06 106.0 Passed. 11003|Lisbon Falls. A.N. Beal........... | 0.84 84.0 Passed. 11002/Lisbon Falls. E.H. Webber........ 0.97 97.0 Passed. 10988 Sanford. IMESHE Goodwiner. seciece 1.01101.0 Passed. 10960 South Paris. A. E. Shurtleff Co...../ 1.02 102.0 Passed. Table showing the results of analyses of samples of Glycerine purchased 1n October and November 1012. betically by towns. Arranged alpha- a5 35> 2 9.5 Sai55) q “= {3 Town and DEALER. os REMARKS. On, a8 S| na Meo} << geno Garrat DTH HS LeVienSs en ane 1.250) None. | Passed. 10907\Brunswick. Drapeau’s Pharmacy... 1.256 None. Passed. | 10911|Dexter. Davis & Wright........... 1.254 None. Passed. 10918 Foxcroft. Wm. Buck & Co......... rt 2 None. Passed. loglolEryebure: ©). Ladd!:=...)...5.:: |1.248] None. Passed. "10935|Madison. HH: H.:-Haymnes::.:........ |1.253] None. Passed. 10934)Madison. E. W. Wright............ |1.248) None. ‘Passed. 10958|Norway. Noyes Drug Store......... 1.256! None. Passed. . | NOQSMINOLWaAVe By Ps Stone. snes cls oie 1.258) None. Passed. 10970 Pittsfield. Libby’s Pharmacy....... 1.256) None. Passed. 10931 Skowhegan. Fuller Drug Store, W. Gailiord seroprietor enn. een ene 1.248) None. |Passed. 10959 South Paris. Chas. H. Howard Co. . 1.257] None. Passed. 10961\South Paris. A. E. Shurtleff Co.....|1.246| None. Passed. Arranged 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. Sprrit oF Nitrous ETHER. As would be supposed from past experiences the situation with regard to the Spirit of Nitrous Ether, or Sweet Spirit of Nitre, is perhaps as bad as with any drug dispensed as a medicine. ‘The samples reported in the following table repre- sent, however, unusual conditions in that eight of the twelve were samples which were put up not by the dealer who sold them, but by manufacturers making a business of putting up drugs and extracts, and guaranteeing them under a serial num- ber. Most of these eight were goods which were evidently very old, as indicated either by the carton in which the goods were contained, or information obtained by following up the ship- ment. Although some of these were found to be seriously be- low, the standard, the dealers from the samples were taken were found in most cases to be entirely blameless in the matter as the goods were guaranteed and there were no statements on the labels as to when the goods were made or how long they should be kept. Of course, these matters were taken up with the manufacturers, and it is gratifying to note that in each one of these cases either the manufacture of the goods was discontin- ued, or a plain statement prepared to be placed upon these goods in future stating plainly the date of manufacture, and recom- mending that they should not be kept or used after a certain date. In two of the cases of goods guaranteed under a serial number it is noted that the dealers were fined. In these cases there were upon the goods plain statements that the goods could not be guaranteed after a certain date. The date of purchase of the samples was long after this, and therefore the manu fac- turers could not be held responsible and the dealer was clearly at fault. By taking up these cases in this way a great advance has been made as now probably all of the Sweet Spirit of Nitre placed _on the market by wholesalers, and guaranteed under a serial number, carries on the outside of the carton a statement of the date when manufactured and a limiting date after which the goods should not be used. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 48. iN) NI PREPARING AND KEEPING SWEET Spirit oF NITRE. If spirit of nitrous ether is prepared, kept and dispensed in accord with the following directions that were published in 1908 by the Executive of the Drug Law it will be of perfect strength. Concentrated nitrous ether. Purchase concentrated nitrous ether from a reliable house. If the label does not carry the U. S. serial number, obtain a written guaranty from the seller as to its strength. Buy in small sealed packages so that the spirit of nitrous ether made therefrom wili under ordinary conditions be sold inside of one month.* Preparing spirit of nitrous ether. ‘This may be prepared ac- cording to the U. S. P. Eighth Edition or may be made from concentrated nitrous ether. If the latter method is used, follow directions for preparation as given by the manufacturer as regards the proportions of concentrated nitrous ether and alcohol to be used. Thoroughly chill both the concentrated nitrous ether and the alcohol. Use a towel or other nonconducting material in handling the concentrated nitrous ether container. Do not pour t-rough the air more than absolutely necessary. Keeping spirit of mitrous ether. Store in small, amber colored, glass bottle, stoppered with tight fitting cork stopper. Do not use a ground glass stopper. Keep the bottle in a cool place. Room.temperature is not cool enough. Put the date of manufacture on the bottle. Do not sell after six weeks from preparation without testing strength by assay. If weak bring up to strength by adding con- -centrated nitrous ether q. s. and put new date on bottle. dt Put date of manufacture on bottle given to customer. * Concentrated nitrous ether in small-sealed tubes or other packages may be purchased and when added to one pint of alcohol will make a trifle more than one pint of spirit of nitrous ether of U. S. P. strength. bo (oe MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. A cautionary statement on the label of the dispensing bottle advising the customer of the volatile nature of sweet spirit of nitre and that it should be kept tightly stoppered in a cool place and not used more than 12 weeks after date of manufacture is advised. Table showing results of analyses of samples of Spirit of Ni- trous Ether (Sweet Spirit of Nitre) purchased in 1912. Ar- ranged alphabetically by tozuns. standard. Town AND DEALER. SE REMARKS. OOS MAmsSon abe vAcwNcmtenane. ena 4.57 114.25) Passed. 110470) Castine) = WeeAlaWalker=o2 seen 0.51 12.75 Dealer fined. 10453|iNewport. “lh. Buckley...) 5.22.05. 2.31 57.75 Dealer fined. 10952 Portland. Andrew Hawes.......... 2.86 71.50 Guaranteed under serial No. 85. 10947 Portland. Geo. W. Parker & Co..... 0.00 00.00 Guaranteed under serial No. 685. 10955) Rortlands PridesBrossn 7, aaa. 0.49 12.20 Guaranteed under serial No 1510. Dealer fined. 10944|South Portland. C. E.Cash........ 2.09 52.10 Guaranteed under serial No. 56. 10943|South Portland. C.E.Cash........ 4.11 102.70 Guaranteed under serial No. | 1510. 10942|South Portland. G. W.Cash........ 0.00 00.00 Guaranteed under serial No. 685. 10941 |South Portland. M.B. Fuller & Sons’ 0.01 00.25 Guaranteed under serial No.~ 685. 10946 South Portland. Skillin Bros....... 3.11 77.80 Guaranteed under serial No- 1510. Dealer fined. 10509|Winthrop. F.S. Jackson.........-. 2.25 56.25 Dealer fined. Both the spirit and the letter of the Maine Inspection laws demand freedom from adulteration and truthful labeling. April, 1913. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. , CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E, Sawyer Helen W. Averill Elmer R. Tobey , if , Official Mnspections 49 PROTECTION OF FOOD OFFERED FOR SALE. When the first Food Laws were passed there were in the minds of the people two distinct kinds of abuses to be cor- rected. One, the adulteration of foods with poisonous, harm- ful, and deleterious substances, and the other the substitution of inferior materials and the extravagant claims and false statements made upon the labels. One was a fraud against the health, the other against the pocket book of the consumer. Since that time, however, and comparatively recently, a third feature has come to be recognized under the Food Laws, and this is the question cf sanitation in connection with the ex- posure and sale of foods. This third feature is perhaps the most important point which can be considered under the Food Laws of this or any other state. The actual mixing with foods of harmful, deleterious and poisonous substances was comparatively rare and has been practically stopped; the use of extravagant and untruthful statements upon labels has been very much reduced, but unsanitary conditions have been and are a constant source of contamination. 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAw. In Section 119 of the Public Laws of 1911 will be found the following paragraph: “For the purpose of this act an article shall be deemed to be adulterated, in case of food, if in the manufacture, sale, distribution or transportation, or in the offering or exposing for sale, distribution or transporta- tion, it is not at all times securely protected from filth, flies, dust or other contamination, or other unclean, unhealthful or unsanitary conditions.” Rulings under this paragraph have brought about a change in the display of foods during the past eighteen months which is very gratifying to observe. It is, of course, true that violations may still be observed, but a won- derful change has occurred. Foods of various kinds includ- ing meat, fruit, berries, cooked foods, confectionery, shelled nuts and others are now being protected in a large proportion of the stores of the State as never before. Foods of various kinds which were formerly displayed upon the sidewalks ex- posed to all kinds of contamination have been taken within the store and placed in show cases and under glass coverings. This change has been accomplished by patient, persistent effort on the part of the executive, with little trouble. Great credit is due a large number of the dealers of the State who have manifested their appreciation of the necessity of better protec- tion of their public and who have expended in the aggregate thousands of dollars for new show cases and covers. NATURAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS OF Foops. In the consideration of the various kinds of food in con- nection with the paragraph quoted from the law it is noticeable that they fall naturally into three distinct classes which, of course, merge into-each other at various points. On the one hand there is that class which includes potatoes, turnips, beets and other vegetables which are always thoroughly washed and cooked before they are eaten. Also in this same class we find certain fruits like bananas and oranges naturally protected by an inedible covering which must be removed before the fruit is eaten. The natural protection of this class of food is apparently sufficient, and such foods may under the law be exposed for sale without further covering. Another class of OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 49. 31 foods, the direct opposite of this, is that which has already been prepared for eating purposes, is not further cooked or washed, but is taken directly from the store or shop and placed in the mouth. This class includes among others all kinds of bakery products such as bread, cake, pies, doughnuts, cookies, crackers; all kinds of confectionery; sticky fruits such as dates and figs; soft berries like raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries; shelled nuts of various kinds including salted peanuts; popcorn, corn balls, and corn crisp under various names and in various forms; and other kinds of food, which should be protected adequately from all contamination when they are offered or exposed for sale. Between these two classes there is another intermediate class which has a natural skin or protection which should be either removed or thor- oughly washed before the food is taken into the mouth. In this class are such fruits as grapes, apples, pears, and plums which should never be eaten as they come from the store as the smooth and comparatively solid skin makes it easy for them to be prepared either by thorough washing or by removal of the skin. Until further notice, therefore, this middle class will not be required to be covered by glass or protected other- wise than by a mosquito bar or netting which should be raised sufficiently above the food so that flies cannot obtain access through the meshes. Cooxinc AFTER PURCHASE REDUCES DANGER. In the consideration of these different classes of foods the reader will bear in mind that in actual danger to the consumer there is a great difference between the foods which are already cooked and prepared for eating purposes, and those which after purchase must be thoroughly cooked. For example, the dried fruits like prunes, apricots and apples for aesthetic rea- sons as well as those which involve real danger should be protected in some way from possible contamination. At the same time it may be borne in mind that these foods are never eaten as they are purchased but they are always thoroughly cooked, and that this thorough cooking, of course, usually destroys the vitality of any disease germs which may be pres- ent. This is also in the main true of the cuts of meat which may be exposed. While the exposure of cuts of meats in the 32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. markets of the State is filthy, and disgusting still the actual danger to ‘be encountered in the meat is practically negligible when compared to a loaf of bread exposed without protection. Wuy SucH a Law ts NEcEssary. Some of the reasons for this paragraph on sanitation in the law and the regulations under this paragraph are here ex- plained. There are three particular reasons why a law protect- ing food materials from exposure is essential to public health. They are The Fly, Dust of Streets, and Man Himself. THE DANGEROUS FLY. The fly long considered a nuisance has now come to be rec- ognized as the most dangerous animal with which we come in contact. Breeding only in filth and excreta, obtaining its liv- ing alike from this filth and from foods intended for man, dividing its time, if not prevented, between the garbage can, the horse stable, the privy box, the milk pitcher, the sugar bowl, fruits, confectionery, and other foods which may be exposed unprotected, it has been demonstrated for a fact that the fly in the capacity of a disease carrier causes more suffer- ing than any other one factor with which the physician has to contend, and more deaths than war. The house fly is the one great factor in the spread of typhoid fever and may also at times carry tuberculosis, cholera, dysen- tery and summer complaint. When we realize that one single fly can carry upon its body millions of bacteria any one of which may be capable of causing disease the importance of keeping all foods covered and protected from flies ‘becomes at once apparent. These statements are not the result of imagination or theory, but of facts demonstrated beyond the possibility of a doubt. Example after example can be found in the records of the medical profession and the Boards of Health where epidemics of typhoid fever have been traced directly to the spread of the disease by flies. Only a few years ago an epidemic in Colorado in which fifty-five cases of ty- phoid fever occurred, causing three deaths, resulted beyond a doubt from a milk supply which was contaminated by germs conveyed from an open vault to milk by flies. Only last year OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 49. 33 in Newark, Deleware a severe epidemic of the same disease occurred which, according to the physicians and bacteriologists who studied the situation, was spread directly by the flies. Only recently it has been demonstrated that the stable fly which looks very much like the house fly is one of the impor- tant factors in the spread of infantile paralysis. DISEASE LADEN DUST. A second important reason for the covering of foods is the fact that the dust of the streets of our cities and towns is dangerous. ‘The composition of numerous samples of street dust has been studied and it has been found that this dust is made up of a great variety of materials. Ordinarily it com- prises particles of sand, ‘bits of straw, hairs, threads of wool and cotton, soot, decaying animal and vegetable matter, finely powdered horse manure, sputum from human beings, in which are recognized the germs responsible for tuberculosis, pneu- monia, influenza and other infectious diseases. Plaster, stone dust, cement, dirt from excavations, ashes, house sweepings, dried garbage, chimney soot, cinders, and almost every imag- inable kind of material that can be ground into a fine powder. Not only is the dust dangerous because of the pathogenic bacteria which are nearly always present, but because of the additional fact that the dust itself being composed of fine irregular, jagged particles is a severe irritant to the membranes of the mouth, nose and throat, and may of itself produce inflammatory conditions which are not only disagreeable in themselves, but which predispose these delicate tissues to the attacks of dangerous disease germs. While the organisms responsible for various diseases cannot as a rule long survive the drying out process which the dust undergoes it has been demonstrated that the germs of tuberculosis can live for a long time under very adverse conditions, and as a consequence the germs of this most dangerous disease are nearly always pres- ent in the dust of the city streets. Foods displayed upon the sidewalks or even in the store unprotected are unavoidably receiving the dust which blows in clouds with the almost con- stant winds or as it is shifted about by the draughts of open- ing doors and windows and the moving of crowds. 34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. DISEASE LADEN BREATH AND DIRTY HANDS. Perhaps the most important reason of all for the protection of food is not the possibility of contamination through the flies and the dust, but through human beings. It is a disagree- able fact that people cannot talk or laugh without spraying from their mouths fine particles of sputum. ‘These fine parti- cles float in the air and fall upon the foods which may be openly displayed. If the person in question happens to be suffering from any form of throat or lung affection ranging in severity from a slight cold to tuberculosis the germs of these diseases are spread broadcast over whatever may be in the vicinity. Physicians state that the germs of diphtheria are sometimes retained in the throats of patients for several weeks after apparent complete recovery. The danger from “typhoid carriers” is now too well known to necessitate fur- ther discussion of that subject in this connection. Of course it can never be demonstrated how large a proportion of the epidemics of colds, “grippes,”’ tonsilitis, diphtheria and such diseases have been brought about just exactly through these means. That such epidemics are spread in this way, however, is a fact beyond dispute. Aside from the contamination through the spray from the mouths of people suffering from diseases the exposure of foods unprotected is likely to lead to the handling of these foods by shoppers and prospective cus- tomers. An investigation a short time ago revealed the as- tonishing fact that out of every hundred people taken at ran- dom in towns and cities, upon the hands of from five to ten would be found the colon bacillus. Now this organism may not of itself be harmful, but its source is the intestines of man and other animals, particularly man. Its presence upon the hands indicates fecal matter. It can ‘be there from no other source. This investigation demonstrated the difficulty of keep- ing the hands absolutely clean, and further the importance of protecting food from the possibility of handling by customers. Such diseases as typhoid fever are spread only from con- tamination through fecal matter. Other diseases may be spread by the same means. The practice of handling various cuts of meat in the market, to determine their quality, the han- dling of bread in the bakery and the store in order to ascer- OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 49. 35 tain its freshness, the habit of sampling candy, salted peanuts, crackers, etc., becomes disgusting in the light of the facts re- vealed in this investigation. It is not only disgusting, but it is absolutely dangerous to public health. A short time ago in one of the five and ten cent stores in the State a man was observed wetting his finger in his mouth, placing his finger in the salted peanuts there exposed, and withdrawing those which stuck to the finger and eating them. The salted peanuts which did not receive enough sputum to stick to the finger, of course, were left for the next person to eat. The reader is asked to consider whether or not he would prefer to have the foods of this description which he buys in the future protected from the possibility of such a custom. At a food sale held in connection with a church fair not long ago bread, cakes, pies, cookies, doughnuts, candy, popcorn, etc., were placed upon tables in a crowded room with no protection whatever. People brushed against the food, handled it with their hands, talked, laughed, and coughed over it, and it was finally purchased and eaten among the various families in the town. As stated above it is unfortunate that it can never be known to what extent diseases are spread by these means. That they are spread in these ways is beyond dispute. Most DEALERS ARE READY TO COOPERATE. It is a pleasure to be able to say that almost everyone deal- ing in foods who is approached on this subject is ready and indeed glad to comply with the requirements for protection from every possible unsanitary condition. There are occa- sionally people who persist in violation, and even prosecutions may at times be necessary in order to bring about the desired changes. These changes and improvements, while apparently being occasioned by the requirements of the law, are really being brought about by a growing public sentiment occasioned by increasing knowledge, and which is in fact responsible for the passage of the law. It is not difficult to see that within a comparatively short time food which is prepared or exposed for sale under unsanitary conditions will be rare within the State. The shop-keeper who protects his food from possible contamination will not do so alone because the law requires it, but because the public demands it and will not buy his food unless it is protected. 36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS. The sanitation paragraph of the Food Law states that foods are adulterated if they are not at all times securely protected from unsanitary conditions. ‘The law does not state how this protection shall be brought about. Neither has it been thought best to make any rulings as to the exact methods for the pro- tection of the various kinds of foods. The following sugges- tions, however, are given for those who care to be advised and are important both for the dealer and the consumer. All foods of whatever class or kind should if displayed out- side the store be raised a sufficient distance from the sidewalk so that there will be no possibility of contamination from dogs. Foods of various kinds which have a natural protection or which from their nature must be washed, pared, and thor- oughly cooked before being eaten are thereby already protected from unsanitary conditions, and need not be further protected by any artificial means. Examples of this class are bananas, oranges, lemons, potatoes, beets, turnips, nuts in the shell, cucumbers, etc. A class of foods the direct opposite of the above should at all times be thoroughly protected by artificial means. This class includes, as examples, confectionery, sticky fruits like figs and dates, bakery products such as bread, cakes, pies, doughnuts, cookies, etc., shelled nuts, popcorn, corncakes, corn balls, all dairy products such as cheese, butter, milk and cream; and the most adequate protection of this class of food that occurs to the executive is by the use of glass cases. Such cases may be properly ventilated, or if necessary they may be refrigerated, but the protection should be absolute against the entrance of flies, dust, and any other possible contamination by dangerous disease germs. Another class of foods already discussed, which lies midway between the last two, consists in the main of such materials as apples, pears, plums, peaches, grapes, etc., which have a natural skin or covering which is easily removed and which should be either removed or thoroughly washed before the food is eaten. Such foods may until further notice be exposed for sale without covering other than a good quality mosquito bar or netting which should be raised sufficiently above the food so that flies can have no access through the meshes. May, 1913. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E, Sawyer Helen W. Averill Elmer R. Tobey Offictal Inspections 50 FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. In reporting the results of the inspection and examination of feeding stuffs for the fall, winter, and spring of 1912 and 1913 but little comment is necessary. The results of the analyses of samples taken are given in the following pages. The samples include those taken by the regular inspectors, also those sent to the Station by dealers and consumers. Protein was determined in all these samples. A complete analysis was made of at least one sample of every brand if an official sample was available. A complete analysis was not made of samples sent by correspondents. It is a matter for gratification that almost without exception the dealers of the State are working in hearty cooperation with the efforts of this Station to improve the feeding stuffs situa- tion in Maine. New brands of feeding stuffs coming into the State are almost immediately referred to the Station for ex- amination. Almost every shipment of concentrated feeding stuffs coming into this State is also immediately sampled and 38 MAINE AGRICULTURA1, EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. referred to the Station. This has resulted in a great improve- ment in the quality of the feeds which are sent to Maine. Occasionally brands of unregistered feeding stuffs are found on sale in the State. This usually comes about because sales- men offer their goods to the local dealers thinking that the companies they represent have already taken care of the re- quirements of the law. The local dealers do not at times give sufficient attention to the requirements for written guarantees to protect themselves in this respect, and it therefore sometimes happens that they unintentionally violate the law in this respect. Usually such brands are promptly registered by the manufac- turers or shippers upon our calling their attention to the over- sight. Dealers should always ascertain before purchase whether or not the brands offered for sale are registered in Maine, and a written guaranty should be obtained stating that the feeding stuffs in question conforms in all respects to the requirements of the Maine Feeding Stuffs Law. On the re- ceipt of every new shipment of goods the dealer should take a sample according to directions which are furnished by the Station, and send at once for analysis. During the past season there have been several occasions to refer the consideration of low grade goods to the Federal Board of Food and Drug Inspection for investigation under the National Law. Whenever a lot of goods which do not come up to the guarantees is found an official sample is obtained if possible together with papers to prove the interstate shipment. The results of the examination and these papers are at once referred to the Board of Food and Drug Inspection, and if the Board deems this important a case is commenced against the shipper. During the last season a number of cases, particularly of low grade cottonseed meal, have thus been referred to the authorities acting under the National Law. CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF FEEDING STUFF Law. Kinds of feeding stuffs coming under the law. ‘The law ap- plies to the sale, distribution, transportation, or the offering or exposing for sale, distribution, or transportation of all arti- cles of food used for feeding live stock and poultry, except hays and straws, the whole seeds, and the unmixed meals made OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. 39 directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat, flax seed and broom corn. The offals from the milling of wheat and the mixed meals, chops, etc., made by grinding two or more kinds of whole grains together come under the requirements of the law. The Brand. Every lot or package shall be plainly marked with: The number of net pounds in the package. The name, brand or trademark under which the article is sold. The name and principal address of the manufacturer or shipper. The maximum percentage of crude fiber. The minimum percentage of crude fat. The minimum percentage of crude protein. If the feeding stuff is a compound feed the name of each ing.edient contained therein. If artificially colored, the name of the material used for that purpose. If the feeding stuff is sold in bulk or put up in packages belonging to the purchaser, the seller, upon the request of the purchaser, shall furnish him with a copy of the statements named above. 5 All of the foregoing make up the brand and any difference in statement constitutes a distinct brand. Manufacturer's certificate. Before manufacturing, selling or distributing, a certified copy of the statements named shall be filed with the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Registration fee. A registration fee of $10.00 is assessed on any brand offered for sale, distribution or transportation in the State. If the sales of a brand be less than 50 tons, the feeding stuff may be reregistered without payment of fee. The filing of the certificate and the payment of the fee is required of only one person for a given brand. ° 40 MAINE, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. | MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. COTTONSEED MEALS. American Cotton Oil Co., New York City. | @hoice;CottonsceduMieallectsrcrcre Nee eal iene renee ty bee en 4344 4345 ele) Blakeslee, Harry J., Little Rock, Ark. @ldéReliableiGottonseed= Mea lest pees ser ep aer ns See ee senna 4612 4838 (exe) Brode & Co., F. W., | Memphis, Tenn. CubsBrandeCottonseedeMecallavstentineriee eae sonar eran eet eee ee | Brode & Co., F. W., Memphis, Tenn. Doves brand CottonscedeMeallimtan shies tee aa: yea eee genie sane iS) 4423 | 4300 4303 4304 4329 4333 4357 | 4365 4402 4407 4409 4420 4428 4429 4433 4440 | 4456 | 4560 4630 | 4667 4688 4693 4766 4767 4810 4858 wlelelelelele)elelelulelelelelelelelelele)\s)\e)=s)s) Brode & Co., F. W., Memphis, Tenn. Owl Brand High Grade Cottonseed Meal.........:.......5..-.28- 4309 4324 4326 4332 4336 4340 4341 4342 4348 4350 4353 4355 4356 4359 4367 wlelelelslelelelelslelelejele) * Samples murked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. 41 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. | || | PROTEIN. | Fat. | | FIBER. g | | | 1 | 2 | | | \| | (S) | | | | o |i 3 || | oo ee aliatcs Z 8 | 3 || 2 || | 2 a 9 2 : el eaeall woe cle eet aise dell ae, 2 $ : Red aatc tl enn Pore eeeiet [ett O38 z S ‘2 a 3 | ee Sey | eae |S 25 3 me) aS n (e) ] ° = || ° = ¥ ‘ss n a for) We) OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. 43 Station number. rare 69 O9 ox con grass iB WNwh dono i ts ww ps 4479, Moisture. SA UEUS OSU ISIS WSIS St eae eS EIS ett ita Dots Berta ae festa at ay 44 .58 = Ash. Cod Nate te Uae Se ea Wet Neth th ae SSC eis rahe tsa eet ahs That aa aa ian rea ea enapon 32 69 f=) (=) ej) r=) S Fat. Found. Lal ie (sl Bel fest holla beehive tieet alls te hatha ie) wo PEAR (=a eLLS Nl Uh We Ue pee STP tle hast he Fie lea i Lat Pett Vay WT Tee ata hod SST EAT OST 4 aa = TT Sat Test Js (Pose ea Fa Past end ed for) “I bo Guaranteed. D2 D2 D2 D2 D2. D2. D2 D2 D2 D2. D2. D2. D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 DDD. D2. D2. DAA HAHAAAAXARARAARAAARMRMRAARWRWAAMAMMMWMWAAARAAMRWAHARMARHAAO FIBER. Found. Guaranteed. PTs est apa See Sei het ht) be = 8.85) 10. = o ale Wah U 0S thee Tr hs) teh iy ah Apel etre th er hel eae pe ya _ j=) 10. 10. 13.27| 10. Nitrogen free extract. Poked elelah ons Teles iat te fs 121 23.60 VU ee ear es TS Tea Oe Te ae eT el ARS efeitos en aie yt} 30.80 Weed seeds. See eSeee see eeeseseeeeSeeoCoCSoSCSCSCSSSSSCSSCOSCOOSCOOCOOCOO COC OCOO OOO CO COCOCOCCCOO | | 44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 1913. at MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, O BuckeyesbrmelCottonseeds Meal sees ee se er Bunch Commission Co., T. H., Little Rock, Ark. OldiGoldiCottonseedsMealiie.8 see eee ee ee wlelejejleje) ejeleye)cl=lsjlejlelelelejlejejleje)sjelo)c)ule)clelelejejlejelelele)clelelejlolelelelelelslelelelelelelelele) els) 4315 4318 4319 4364 4369 4375 4378 4380 4382 4390 4391 4411 4412 4431 4439 4445 4452 4453 4457 4480 4483 4496 4505 4506 4508 4515 4529 4530 4543 4553 4554 4557 4559 4569 4577 4593 4596 4598 4603 4608 4615 4617 4618 4622 4661 4662 4666 4676 4682 4683 4695 4750 4753 4759 4820 4825 4847 4853 4292 4405 Station number. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. 45 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. | | PROTEIN. Far FIBER. || | i | 2 el d || 2 yi ee 5 cy : a : z @ 45 2 3 Wes ieee Wes V8 Slee he ee ae Cee ceuga Wigs ol een | Sail esa ase Mee ance n | =) | Pe ‘aL = edt ray o pi te os o ZS S | | | | zi Shee See SORS USS. 50|| |= 6250s = 110K OO = 0 —- | — |i 40/621 38.50) — 6.50! — | 10.00]; — 0 Se all 4OnSmsSe5ON 9 6250\\e— sas 0800)\eae— 0 = | = || 41.37] 38.50]| — 6. 50i —s Je 000|\se= 0 ee eee SOROS S505 mr 6-50l| = si 10xa0)||-— = 0 = iN es 38.87] 38.50 = 65504 2 = 10500 = 0 =: |) = || 40.18) 38.50) — 6.50|| — | 10.00]| —- 0 Semel PANES SSE 50 lin) f= 6.50 = 10x00 = 0 = = 40.00) 38.50 = 6.50 = 11000 = 0 a Fa NI Be ON Bish 1510) = 6550)! = | 10s00l|" == 0 = — || 39.62] 38.50|| —- 6E50i le se | S10) 00 ae 0 ee eee eS Olns Sea (|e 6 50||. = S10800||ea= 0 Sl NSO S7ilesS i 50a = 6.50 2 LONOOl nae ) See ee SA OM Si OSE SON = 6950 eee OF 00) liene = 0 ee 40.31 38.50 = 6.50 Se LOROO |e 0 = Salles O88 50\leae GESQi y=) h10,00]| ea 0 - Sal A0n37e88e50i| = 6550) |ea— 108001 0 = — || 38.93! 38.50 = 6250i| * = 1 10-00)" = 0 4 56|.38250 = 6.50) = | 10.00)| — 0 = | = || 38.93) 38.501} = GU5ONit Sel LOROO | ire = 0 - = || 38.43! 38.50 = 6:50]/ °*= | 12500|)* — 0 = — || 41.25) 38.00 = 6.00/} = | 10.00 = 0 - = || 37.62] 38.50]; — 6.50 = | 2800 = 0 - =- || 39.81] 38 50)! — 6250||e= SI10KO0 = 0 = - 39.43} 39.00]] — 6.50/| — | 10.00 = 0 7.36} 6.71|| 39.68] 38.50|| 7.88] 6.50] 13.04! 10.00]| 25.33] 0 - - 37.00! 38.50))° — 6e50||\we—e al i2e00 = ll 0 - | = || 36.94] 38.50 = 6.50 =| 02 OOlli= = lva0 = fil eee 39.5 | 38.50]; — 6.50||. — | 12.00 =| e0 = See E3922 74S Se 50) eas selGe50|It ale 100) |e se - - 39.06)°39.00|) = |6.50)/ “— | 1000)" .= 910 - - 39.94| 38.50 a) (Bxe0 S| TASC Hu os ee (0) - — || 40.71] 39.00]} - | 6.50 + LOFOO |e = 3 anO - - 40.59] 39.00]| — 6.50 £ SrO0i = | 0 - = 40.59) 39.00)| — 6.50 — | 10.00) =H 0 - - 39.00) 38.50, — 6850 |i O00 eee 0 8.34) 6.07|| 36.56] 38.50|| 7.26] 6.50)! 13.25] 10.00] 28.59; 0 - - 37s 75(-88. 501) = 6.50 SPOON ey So 10 - - 39.75] 39.00); — 6.50|| - | 10.00]|) -— | 0 - - 40.81) 39.00), — 6.50|| — | 10.00 =o nO) - = 40.52) 39.00|| — 650i = |} toro = 0 - - 41.15] 39.00]| — 6.50] - | 10.00)) - | oO - - 40.62) 39.00) — 6.50] — | 10.00)) - | oO - - 40.40} 38.50|| — 6.50 — | 12.00] = 0 - - 36.90] 38.50]| — 6.50 SE DOO) 0 - - 38.44| 38.50|| — 6.50 = | 10),00}|, = 0 - - 37.93] 38.50/| — 6.50 = ||| TOFOON = 0 - - 39.12] 39.00]; — 6.50 = 8.00|| — 0 - - 37.56| 38.50]; — 6.50 = | 10-00)), = 0 - - 34562380 50|lhei= 6.50 = LOMOO N= ) - - 36.38] 38.50]| — 6.50 — | 10.00)} — 0 - - 38.56) 38.50) — 6.50 == TONOOOn = 0 - - 37.47| 38.50|| — 6.50 = | 10/00}| = 0 - - 43-21-39) 00\|, = 6.50 = 8.00)| — 0 - = 38.68] 38.50]| — 6.50 Se | OOO) oS 0 - - 37.42] 39.00]| — 6.50 — | 10.00)} — 0 - - 39.81] 39.00|| — 6.50 —s OROON = 0 - = 39.24] 38.50]| — 6.50 - | 10.00; - 0 | - - 41.00} 41.00)| — 9.00 = Oxo 0 - - 42.12| 41.00/| — | 9.00/]/ - | 9.00]] -— 0 \ ! 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 8 fee a g oe 3 MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. 5 a S) q = S) 5 a * nD D 4475 Old Gold Cottonseed Meal O 4502 D 4523 D 4526 O 4535 O 4539 O 4635 D 4653 D 4654 D 4668 D 4755 D 4848 Bunch Commission Co., T. H., Little Rock, Ark. NemesBrand#PuresCottonseed *Mealeen ery vata ie eee uo O 4573 O 4645 D 4757 Chapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. + : Green Diamond Brand Cottonseed Meal...................00+000- O 4626 Dawass i Sik.: b Little Rock, Ark. GoodtiuckeBrand'Cottonseed WWiealls =i ccs estat cian a ee D 4307 D | 4334 D 4338 D 4354 D. 4387 Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. DixeBrandeCottonseedeMealneiiey st ee ee ee eee 4388 4389 wlelejelelelelelejsjejelelelelelelclolelelelelolulelelelelele) > eS) a) on 4415 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. 47 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFES. | | | PROTEIN | Far | FIBER. | B ae | | = | ) | | | a ; ah : a q ce} | os | rd | g a =) oO | Dien] oO Ce ge} 5 g eee if Aza sete Soa ree Reese a eae Soh Ve oe ha eee gee se ie | Se a eS eel s R a < Seen | ale aCe ie Oe eter ihe 4475 - - 42 .27| 41.00 - 9.00 - 9.00 - 0 4502 eO2: 6.65|| 438.12} 41.00 7.50} 9.00}| 10.57) 9.00]| 25.14 10) 4523 = = 42.5 | 41.00 = 9.00 = 9.00 = 0 4526 - - 40.68) 41.00 - 9.00 = 9.00 - 0 4535 - - 44.52) 41.00 - 9.00 = 9.00 = 0) 4539 - = 44.59} 41.00 = 9.00 = 9.00 = 0 4635 - - 41.34) 41.00 - 9.00 = 9.00 - 0 4653 - - 41.00} 41.00 ~ 9.00 = 9.00 - 0 4654 - = 41.03} 41.00 = 9.00 = 9.00 = 0 4668 = - 40.66) 41.00 - 9.00 = 9.00 - 0 4755 = = 44.06|} 41.00 = 9.00 = 9.00 = 10) 4848 - - 45.18) 41.00 - 6.00 - 10.00 - 0 4573 7.92 6.17]! 38.10} 38.60 7.44) 7.00}| 13.24) 12.00]| 27.13 0) 4645 = = 40.06} 38.60 = 7.00 = 12.00 = 0) 4757 - - 39.31] 38.60 = 7.00 = 8.00 - 0 4626 7.89 6.86|| 41.43} 41.00] 8.33; 8.00|| 10.00] 10.00} 25.46 0 4307 - = 43.56} 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 = 0 4334 - - 41.62} 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 = 0 4338 - = 43.25) 41.00 - 7.00 = 10.50 = 0) 4354 - - 41.25} 41.00 - 7.00 = 10.50 = 0) 4387 - = 41.12} 41.00 — 7.00 = 10.50 - 0 4302 - = 42.00} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = G 4320 - — 42.94) 38.62 - 6.00 _ 12.00 = 0 4328 - = 38.75] 38.62) - 6.00 = 12.00 = 10} 4331 - = 41.25} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4337 = - 43.12) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4343 - = 41.68} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4347 - = 42.06} 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4358 — - 40.75) 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 - 0 4362 - - 40.30} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4370 - _ 39.50} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 — 19) 4373 - — 41.00} 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4374 - - 35.50) 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 = 0 4379 7.01 6.40|| 34.06} 38.62]| 7.25} 6.00]} 15.05} 12.00|| 30.23 0 4381 - = 39.87| 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 - 0 4384 - - 41.87| 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4385 — = 39.31} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4388 - - 37.70} 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4389 - = 41.11] 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 7 0 4392. — = 41.56} 38.62 — 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4393 - - 38.81] 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 _ 0 4394 - — 38.25) 38.62 — 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4396 - = 42.25] 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 - 0 4397 - - 41.37] 38.62 — 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4398 - = 39.81! 38.62 — 6.00 - 12.00 = 0 4399 - = 40.88) 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 = 0 4400 - - 41.87) 38.62 = 6.00 - 12.00 = 0 4403 - - 40.37) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4404 - - 39.68} 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 - 0 4413 - = 38.42) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4414 - = 37.81] 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 - () 4415 - = 36.31) 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 - 0 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal > on — co elelelelelelelelele)ulelelelelele)=s)slelelelelelelslolelelelelelelelelelelulelels) is or ive) Wo) Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. HortatpBranduCottonseeds Mealleey crete reesei eee es ee arene Socls > D We) ms ~— is (0/2) (=) ins Imperial Cotto Milling Co., Chicago, Il. Imperial Cotton Brand Cottonseed Meal........0......0.--+5--00- Keeton-Krueger Co., Atlanta, Ga. Peacock Brand Choice Cottonseed Meal........:...::.--+se+++-0- D 4321 Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. Anchor Brand (Choice! Cottonseed) Meals aise Gn en oon: 4294 4301 whe) OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. 49 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. | | || PRrovTEIN. Far. | FIBER. ® | l : | ae q || Bee | og 2 - Fone ee | eee en eet em lesser sees eee | eee a ee | Be Be 8 D = Se ay SO cs S || & Oi ras | | J 4419| — - 39.43] 38.62 = Gz00 |e ae 1200) ee eO 442i; — = 37.78] 38.62 = 6.00|} —- | 12.00]| —- 0 4499| — = 38.75| 38.62|| — SOO eae |) NOOO. 2 0 4430| — - || °40.00] 38.62 = 6200) oe e12200/) == 0 A437 = = 41.87| 38.62|| — GAOO| ees 2800 he 0 4442; — = 39.18] 38.5 = 7.00|| - | 13.00|| —- 0 4458| — = 36.62] 38.62 = GHOON es a T2h00| = 0 4464 — eh |) 28) Feel SEY aD = GHOON es TOMOO NE = 0 4516) — = 41.06] 38.62 Sa GOO ee ll TANTO | 0 4517| —- - 38.31] 38.62 - | 6.00 - 12.00) - (0) 4518] — — || 40.93] 38.62 = 6200|s = eto oolles 0 4519) — - || 39.06] 38.62)| —- 6.00)| -— | 12.00]/ — 0 4524, — 5 Sl) SSG = CHOON = 2 OO Be 0 4528) — = 38.87| 38.62 = GHOO|| ene ee hel 200) ee 0 4533| —- = 39 .37| 38.62 - 6.00/| — S00 eee 4555, — - 39.24) 38.62 - 6:00|/| —" | -12%00l> =") 0 4556) - Sa 92 34888562 |i — 6.00|} -— | 12.00/] -—- ) 4558) — — || 39.43] 38.62 =| 6-00) =: | 12:00 = 0 4561; — Se 39837 38K6o = SAH) ess sD ayoylt Ss ) 4563] — e 285078 38"62(e val !GF00!|> sa latoNCOl|e = 0 4599] — S395 38e60| |) GxOO| eta sO AOO ee 0 4610] — = AN 1238 62llien) = GHOO! en OOO) eae = 0 4642; — 2 39.62] 38.62|| — 6.00] — 8.00|| — 0 4692) - = 38.44] 38.62)| — 6.00|| — 8.00} - 0 Mi a= = 38.56] 38.62/| — GHOO| ee 200s = fy) 4780; — = 39.74] 38.62|| — GxOO eR ees Ole 0 4790) - - 39.24) 38.62/| - | 6.00|| - | 12.00]) —- 0 ASO = = 38.68] 38.62 = G4O0ls i= 8/00ll) o= 0 4806] — = 40.06] 38.62|| — 6.00!| = 8.00|| - 0) 4809] — - || 39.16) 38.62 = 6.00 = SKoolae = 0 4809 = = 40.43) 38.62|| — 6/00| han 8.00|| — 0 AS4| = 41.49] 38.62/| — G100| es = |-1o Kool 0 4841, — = 42.12] 38.62 = 6.00|| — 8.00), - 0 4842| — = 38.93| 38.62 = 6.00] —- 8.00|| — 0 4844, — = 38.63| 38.62|| — 6200) | es 102 OOll aes eee 4845) — - 38.87) 38.62 - 6.00) — | 12.00 Shu) 4849] — = 43.06] 38.62|| —- 6X00 9128500 — nO 4855, — = ll STONES 862 = 6400 Sa a12200)h- = |eaO 4859| - = 40.46) 38.62 = 6.00|| -— OOH aap 00) 4470| 7.44) 6.28|| 38.62} 38.62|| 8.22] 6.00|| 11.10] 12.00)| 28.34) 0 | | 4658] - 39.21] 38.62// - | 6.00) - | 12.00/|/ - | Oo 4694 — = 39.24) 38.62|| = 6.00] — SOO! = 0 4708] -— S375 eS QnGo = OOo eel OOM aA 0) 4754, — = 37.19| 38.62 = (3010) 0 te SHOW eile: 4804, 8.25] 6.16]! 36.06] 38.62|| 6.45] 6.00|| 12.84) 12.00] 30.24) 0 | | | | | 4778| 7.71] 6.07|| 39.56] 38.62|| 6.42| 7.00|| 12.86] 12.00|| 27.35} 0 4700; - = ADMIN A TOO || a SH 00) ean 9.00)| —- 0 4851; — = 43.56| 41.00|| —- 8.00/| - | 9.00 = 0 } | | | 4321; — - 41.94) 41.00) - 6.00]} —- | 10.00 - 0 | | | 4294 - = 41.44] 41.00]| — 7e50\l ae tn |e OHOO| 0 AS Oil lee = 39.94] 41.00)) 750 || ote a LOROO| |e 0 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 7 2 a K q R=) a m q oo 3 MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPHR AND BRAND. = a B\ 36 S) 8 lee Anchor Brand Choice Cottonseed Meal D 4305 D 4308 D 4317 Memphis Cottonseed Products Co., Memphis, Tenn. : SeldensCottonseedsMeall iy. tesatirs clean aera a eeeicausvate a Joss Nee gran | D 4408 D 4465 Nothern, W. C., Little Rock, Ark. BeesBrand!CottonscedsMes ee yescresa cas Ga reemeee eee D 4756 Soper Co., J. E., a ~ Boston, Mass. | iPioneer. Cottonseed: Meallei say ui garni ever eer eac teen aes ns ey eee ta eae) 4295 D 4296 D 4297 D 4298 D 4312 D 4360 D 4363 D 4368 -D 4386 D 4481 D 4482 O 4537 O 4600 O 4624 D 4673 O 4791 O 4811 Soper Co., J. E., Boston, Mass. iPilerimyBrands Cottonseeda\lealyas wea ree erent ee ene D 4436 D 4507 D 4644 D 4655 Southern Cotton Oil Co., Memphis, Tenn. AurorasBrand: Cottonseed MeallSa ee aia eae ae D 4316 Wells Co., J. Lindsay, Memphis, Tenn. SunsbrandkCottonseeds Meanie pacee eaten eee ene eh ee D 4293 D 4346 COTTONSEED[FEEDS. Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. CreamoyBrandiCottonseed#Heedan te ce ene eee a cern D 4299 D 4306 D 4339 O 4774 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFES. | | Proren. IDG. FIBer. 5 2 ; seme fies | g Ge ae cohen ireeian | hee S 2 ee OO aac ae || eg 5 & Sie ee Ore ae a a | eae ll, Bei | tee 2 a ; =| 5 8 Au |} we Heh salle get gs 5B a 5 6 email aes tal ke a Seniietee Wryyes. | fess ea le epee ts = 4 i Poe toe Oe i lea Pal ss } | | | | | 4305, - | = 38.94] 41.00] - | .7.50|] - | 10.00] - 0 4308} —- | - || 39-94] 41-00]/ - | 7-50|/ - | 10 oo] - | 0 4317, — - 38.50| 41.00|/| -— | 7.50] -— | 10-00] - | o \| } | | 4408, - | = 40.40} 41.00]} - | 6.00]/ = | 10.00) - | MAGS pee | 40.81) 41.00|| — | 6.00)| — | 10.00}| — | | } | 4756 - 41.37] 41.00|/| - | 6.00) - | 10.00). — | es [ese eet 4295, - | - AL-37|41,00lf = 2 |--00l: =" |e 10. 00ll en 0 42996 - | - 41.18] 41.00/) —- | 7.00/| -— | 10-00]) — 0 4297, — - 41.94| 41:00|| — | 7.00]| — -| 10.00]| — 0 4298) — — || 42.25) 41.00|| — | 7.00)| - | 10.00]/| - 0 4312| — = 42.75| 41.00|| _-— | 7.00|/} — | 10.00]| —- 0 4360} — - 41.50] 41.00], — | 7.00||° — | 10:00, Bom ee!) 4363; — = 41.37] 41.00]/} —-— | 7.00}} — | 10.00)) — 0 Az68|— | Ale25 (E412 00||0- = [an 200| |e a AOSOON | eee axep eo =. |. 39.81| 41.00/] — | 7.00/| — | 10.00]| -—- 0 4481| — - 40.53| 41.00]| -— | 7.00|} -— | 10.00]| — 0 4489) — - 41.06] 41.00], - | 7.00) - | 10:00) - 0 4537; - - 40.06) 41.00} —- | 7.00); - 10.00 - 0 4600| 8.00). 7.07 40.84) 41.00) 7.83) 7.00) 9.57 10.00), 26.69] 0 TA - 9.65| 41.00/| — | 7. = 00, — 4673| — = 41.37| 41.00]/ - | 7.00]| — | 10-00) = 0 4791; — - 40.47| 41.00]]} -— | 7.00]| —- 10.00 = 0 481 = 4100) 41.00]| = | 7.00||° — | 10:00]; = 0 443e| — = 39:-50/(S8250|t, == (6.5200! = onl ator ool = 0 4507; - - 39.00 38.50)) — 5.00|/} -— | 10.00): — ) 4644, - | - 38.89] 38.50/| - | 5.00|/ - | 10.00), — 0 4655, — - 39:09} 32 50|| — | 5.00|| = | 10.00l| = |-0 | | iI | ae > «||| 41251441 -00|; — 4°-6.00|| = | 10 oo|| - | | | | | 4293, - 1 \39-50| 40 00H 7001/4 — 8 10.00}. — 4346 | 40.50) 41.00/ - | 7.00]| - | 10.00) — : T | ies ! | 4299 - - || 20.69] 20.00] - | 5.00|] - | 22.00] —- 4306 — — || 22.50] 20:00] - | 5.o0]] -— | 22:00] - 4339, - | — || 22/25] 20:00 aton lees lno2 wool. = 4774, 9.50' 4.37] 22.44) 20.00|| 4.21) 5.00|| 23.03] 22.00)| 36.45 52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL. EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. eB) le 5 eS He) n g oS 3 MaNUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. = a 3 E * mM GLUTEN MEALS. Corn Products Refining Co., | New York City. DiamondiGlutenr Mica lissy waite reek orice te ames oh Lassa NE een ERA en tdD) 4351 eps D) 4594 O 4747 GLUTEN FEEDS Clinton Sugar Refining Co., Clinton, Iowa. ChintoniGlutenvhee die rasa wexticnia ene nm gene nc Me Menara a ene D 4395 D 4477 Corn Products Refining Co., New York City. iButtalorGlutempMeecdey acne near ner oh ean Tan yee betel eign aeteee Poe eleje)s)=elele) is ts J (o'2) Corn Products Refining Co., New York City. Crescent GilutenvBeed Lyte ys seesnu Muti cary ah leg aes RR ae Wal scr ol Ve D oO nS w on iS) Huron Milling Co., | Harbor Beach, Mich. : Jenks?G@lutenwMeed eg eee Oe ae treme epee aiialpeg mela al dena Ae) 4733. Staley Mfg. Co., A. E., Decatur, Il. StaleyusiGlutensMeed han se sew en rain rie anki MEU nc urea caret erin Roel O 4487 LINSEED OIL MEAL. American Linseed Co., Chicago, Ill. inseed! ©ile Meal oes hese canes mie te aN a My notin, Ute tebe fog | 4500 American Linseed Co., Chicago, Ill. @OldsBrocess:OilsMeall ee eer inet jeer sins vette ae 50 ean Ob nS Rae O 4567 Major Co., Guy G., Toledo, O. OldeBrocessf Ole Meal tenes etre eae Pet aie eRe eee at er eXe)s) i ou or (=) OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. 53 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. | Fat. FIBER. | 5 | | || ES aera , athena 5 Be ee E i212 zg i SSeWalheny s cia | ae = Bee g lee el Se ee ee soe | Se) 2 de} a rss 3 | 3 3 3 Chia tet © eS ° D Sp ee ee ae 3 5 Be setae) o Dn = a ea as) | fy Si llcines o Zz % = | Ll Beenie | lo | | | 4351) — ET ell PADRES |s40200l|en sl 150 =~ |e 4 OO = al 0 4594) - — - 43.78) 40.00 - 1.50/) —- 4.00 = | 0 4747| 7.46) 1.22/| 40 9] 40.00, 1 10) 1 ay 3.13] 4.00|| 47.09) 0 | | | jl | | | I | | | | | ae 4395) - = || 25.00; 20.00} — 3.00]// -— | 8.00) = 0 4477) — = 26.53] 20.00|| “-~ | -3:00]// — | “8.00 0 | ! | | | 4463| 8.66| 3.76|| 25.78| 23.00|| 4.64| 2.00|| 6.25, 8.50| 51.91| 0 4401; — — || 26.50] 23.00]| — 2.00|| — 8.50) — 0 4406) — - 26.21) 23.00|| = | 2.00/) = 8.50} - = 0 4478) — - 27.06! 23.00] —- |-2-.00|| = 8.50} - = 0 4513) — Zi 20. 2593500). olin 200i la = 8.50) — 0 4616) — — || 25.49] 23.00; - | 2.00)| — 8.50) - 0 4813} — - 27.56] 23.00|| = | 2:00|/ — 8.50) — 0 || | | | 4352) — — || 26.62) 23.00/) = | 2.00] - | 8.50) = 0 | I} | 4733} 8.09) 2.58] 23.74] 23.00|| 4.67} “3.00|| 7.84). 8.00 53.08) 0 = | | | | | | | 4487| 8.25) 3.77|| 27.18, 23.00)| 2.97) 2.50|| 6.51| 12.00) 51.31) 0 | I | 4500 = = 36.81 36.00 = 4521 9.35 5.29|| 37.43) 36.00)| 2.92 .50) 33.52 O%F Re (=) (=) a ey ao ce) ~] 4567 8.90 5.17|| 34.03) 34.00)} 5.22 5.00)| 9.47) 8.00) 37.21! 0 4527 = = 30.88 30.00. = OOO] LOZO0O noe 0 4550 eat) 4.88]; 31.09) 30.00)} 6.16) 5.00 76} 10.00) 38.92! 0 4726 O79) 5.14/| 30.62) 30.00)} 5.84) 5.00]; 10.17) 10.00) 39.44; 0 54. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 2 fae ie E oo 5 MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. | 2 a eae ~~ aoe * m DISTILLERS GRAINS. Ajax Milling & Feed Co., New York City, N. Y. : BENG So BN a gs Saha ae ia ROR ar ne aso AO aS ote Hr a ON Ronde NaN O 4607 5 D 4643 O 4823 Bijes Co., J. W., Cincinnati, O. . OUTS x: Gal S i seeeice eet eee Se ae aati ree ea cate ee Saran O. | 4812 Griswold & Mackinnon, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Xt TarOodeDistillers( Grains aera cose ce nen ec eens oe ene O 4773 | WHEAT OFFALS, FEED FLOUR. Bav State Milling Co., Winona, Minn, Pureispringawheat hed dogek tours: Seco ae ve berries asta O 4703 Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, O. Garvan nl Seed DOSE OUT sae sets se oe ees ayie aeecne ralie eect tn aaa pee O 4568 Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. PalisburycS Nex aS ype keene vocie palais eneta eso ar ec mie tmeiaerdn lene noe Leoni is aie Rea O 4724 Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. . AdrianhRedsDor Blo uted soe. seu Me eee eee nee SEI eS eae ee O 4832 WHEAT OFFALS, MIDDLINGS. Allen & Wheeler Co., roy, O. eLrayan™ Void dling seen ctr Saccrsace rete eee nee ener ae eS O 4629 Ansted & Burk Co., - Springfield, O. | Wer Wiican eV LIMGs cl cll ira ers eer a ee tite ee actrees 4451 4625 4818 (eleje) Detroit Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. Micer! Pures WheatrMid dling sees se a sae a ee eek ae ee an ere een D | 4330 Edwardsville Milling Co., | Edwardsville, Ill. | | HWaAconWineg edt HorsewMid cilimiosis ae pele eminence ee leaptnc ti wears O 4549 Federal Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y. | GuckymwWanterse own Mid dling seine ct ere rir eau te ts oor neta itera eres ie) 4614 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 50. 55 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. | Far. | Fiser. | : = l| | gz H} | I moat eater Nests : Z | 3 3 || Sei | etapa! ie A a | g 2 |] Beste Sao We vo 5 3 | oenleray Wes | ssealac me Mi musth seo (ee Pe) % ; = | tag | nes eee | aes 5 ee wie 2 6 a rien eile era | ess Syl |e Seay ead er D pS ad ee ea | oS ro) | es o Zé = | | | | | | | i| I} 4607, 6.27) 4.09| 31.09 30.00, 13.85 11.00)| 13.82) 14.00) 30.82) 0 4643) - = || 31:15]-30.00]] - | 11 00)}1 — | 14-00]] ~ — 0 AEP R) ie —— || 31.68) 30.00)) — | 11.00)| — | 14.00) = 0 j | ese Gere 4812) 6.60 1.67) 31.56 31.00 12 56 12.00 17.30 13.00 30.61 0 4773| 6.28| 1.98 SB 30.00 11.22 10.00|) 15.65, 14.00}, 33.07, 0 ; | | f | | 4703) 10.72, 4.91) 18.00) 17.00, 4.75) 3.00) 2.05 3.00 59.57 0 | bee! | 4568, 10.56 1-.35)| 16.81| 16.19 2.42| 4.70) 1.61] 4.20) 67.25 0 i | | | | ; i | 4724) 10.88 3.57) 18.25, 16.00, 4.70, 4.50) 3.70| 4.00 58.90 0 | | || 4832) 10.27 3.94 20.06 17.00 6.24) 5.00) 3.46) 4.00 55.73 0 | ti } | t | | 4629 11.18! 5.38] 15.09} 15.00 4.21, 4.00 6.02) 6.00 58.13) 0 4451; 11.58| 4.74|| 16.12| 14.50| 4.51| 4.00|; 11.33] — | 51.73] 0 4625, 11.07| 4.55|| 16.49] 14.50) 4.28] 4.00|| 5.73] 7.50) 57.88! 0 4818, — - 16.75| 14.50!|- — | 4.:00|/|/ -— | 7.50). = | R = < cs S | ce & || S PASE Ge i | | | 4592| 9,87, 5.48} 15.84] 16.50|| 4.73) 5.00) 8.54) 8.00) 55.54) Few | | || | | | | | | ke 4633| 10.84| 5.71|| 16.71] 16.00|| 5.35) 4.00] 7.54| 10.50, 53.82 0 4725) = || 16:56] 15.00), - | 4.00] —- | 10:50) - ew | | | | 4604) 10.75 5.83, 16.12) 14.701 4.50| 7.50) 7.61 eu 55.19 0 | | | | | | | | | | 4566| 7.86| 5.36) 16.25) 16.50|| 4.44) 5.50| 8.42) 5.00// - | 0 4702| 10.68} 5.29) 15.10 16.50], 4.30 5.00} 8.19 5.00! 56.44) 0 | | | faezeanare | 4613) 9.78] 6.24!) 15.90) 15.00, 4.57| 3.00] 7.40) 9.00|| 56.11) 0 | | | | eas! imo |f 15263); 16200||) =) A S50} Ee OLOOl 2 LO 4634) 10.79| 5.23] 17.44] 16.00, 5.71, 4.50) 7.92| 9.00) 53.01| Few | | I d | | asta | 4460| 8.98] 4.10|| 11.03, 9.80]| 3.60! 2.75) 15.83| 14.00|| 56.45) 0 ASO ers al = ee 10: S1|-. 92 80|f <= el 2e75lh = 1-16 OOo =a Many 4514| = | 10.06} 9.80], -— | 2.75|| — | 16.001] — | Many | | : | | | i 4325; — = 22) AA| 7245100) sek] OO |e a MORO AR re 0 4444) 8.23| 5.77|| 24.06] 24.00|| 7.52] 7.00|| 8.86 9.00]! 45.56] Many BABS = = 25 1218245100) |S reese 00 | Iie ead | OA ON a ee 4534, — = 24768\) 24C00! |Z 00|I 2) O00) ae a atew: 4641| = PAL ANI SALOD| [sal 57 S00|| ea pee OO 0 4706, 7.53| 6.41] 25.09] 24.00|| 7.08] -7.00|| 10.62) 9.00|| 43.29] Few 4764, - = 24.06] 24,00]/ —' | 7.00/| ° — | 9.00|| | = | Few 4490} 9.95] 5.41|| 24.68] 25.00|| 5.76] 5.00|| 4.39, 5.00|| 49.91] 0 | 4450} 6.88] 5.38|| 28.37] 26.00|| 6.72| 5.50|| 9.30 10.00|| 43.35] Few 4e28 = — || 26.06} 25.00/| = | 5.50]/ - | 10.00)/ — | Few | | 4745 9.53] 7.58) 20.50) 18.00|| 5.05) 4.00|) 8.94 9.00)| 48.40] Few 68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. l | 3 (Grae {chia eS ee 8 a =) MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. a (ei! Og 8 ieee 3 es uy Quaker Oais Co., | Chicago, Ill. Ble Ribbons Wainy bec dls seraee ame on etea we ase hee ieee cee eee E30) 4639 | MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUND FEEDS. Protein 15-20 per cent. American Hominy Co., ¢ | Indianapolis, Ind. | | Homeoline Feed........... Beh ree ncn hae. Ae cake ra haan Aer yea ee be Des | -4310 Dickinson Co., Albert, Chicago, Il. ALT Feat Bays ease eco aap seas ee es eae seo bs ain ea pee case lee ae ag O | 4776 K. B. R. Milling Co., Marquette, Kans. BrantandawWihea tis Cheenin especies Se eons eee eee ey | O, | 4548 Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. | XUKoXe CometaWheat-Product)s..0 aca ene ene gents leer |= Olaa|ee4sau Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Schumacher Calf Mealeek. water sree ae mies seas: BoM rh ae ac Oa |i CEU ZFTL MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUND FEEDS. Protein 10-15 per cent. American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. VOT COMMECG eee cfr sa on Up MRS Rah rn ES eS aR naa iid) 4424 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. | Bulcecoseomimy; Heed tees ee ie aes Ac ad ae eae hee eA en era O 4 15 Buffalo Cereal Co., : Buffalo, N. Y. BuicecopHorsesHeeds wee eer ee Sees BG cahcaiteec epee Mi a gis er) 4714 Cox Co., Chas. M., Boston, Mass. WirthmoresHominy. 2055 nee ane ee ek ee aD 4349 lO) 4830 Cox Co., Chas. M., | Boston, Mass. | BWarthim/orens tockgieed ays a -etynin petri grea ttay oo tute re es anes nae seal fe sO) | 4711 Griswold & Mackinnon, | | St. Johnsbury, Vt. | | Xtragood Stock Feed....... Said conclicts v ie WAT Eats Mis wae Cream te rot | O | 4680 | | Haskell & Co., W. H., | | Toledo, O. | Haskell’stStock Peed)! mest ein anh nee ste elle lara on ecm ree war] al Oma EES lear) 4736 OFFICIAL, INSPECTIONS 50. ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. | PROTEIN. Far. FIBER. | a aQ = o q 3 ie J 2 a 5 o (han C3) a ao) e g Rees Bile pelos aallketseca se? & g Woe sy | 8 g Fs Bee | ais € 2 espe ees a 5 a 5 a eiiey 3 & 8 a || oO 5 © = © iS i> D = 5) 1 Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt. | EES COMES TELE Lae cere eocte ercceeabatsdticane Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland...... Tih | TT Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt. US -ONISYTI ATS eae ee ern ee A. Moreshead Portland........ 6 |None Brighton me OrCAn Ey Island Pond, Vt.| | | IE OME UL GOLe oe ere nition nie alan . A. Moreshead, Portland....... | tt TT Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt. | OBE ES ULLCT aerate rere ec che ichehal abs Ce HEKkulby, Sos -bortlandes:...6< .| 9 None Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt.|So. Portland Co-operative Store, ICME ME UU LET tisha ial era eacle ieeeret noe So-wkortlandecw eee ee oe 11 None Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt. | p GOQLIEY IBiiht Wes eee umlean a Oe aera en ei |Cummings Bros: bortlan dete sar SO iflgeleeatali Bretton. Creamery, Island Pond, Vt., | | OS (Ci=1Bs BAD ELIs) eae eae eR A SPT Rae |Ellery Starbird, Portland ....... 6 3 Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt.| | MOSES OES LET Neri commerce eyed eects: |W. E. Dyer, So. Portland........| 3 2 Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt. | CIBROMPD utter eae ee ee W.S. Jordan & Co., Portland... .| 14 14 Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt.) PO TEAC) TEND Riss oer ieaae nes ee en any oe i he ‘Cummings Bros., Portland ..... 30tT TT Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt.| | “Pure Creamery Butter C-B’’..... Cummings Bros., Portland.......| 60tt |None Corinth Creamery Assoc., E. Corinth,| | WIG ie Aid ch ca RES eta eae iP emis |HiJdeebeterss | Oronokiacys sacle clear On |INone Cudahy Packing Co., Kansas City, Mo. Arthur Davieu, Waterville ..... 5 None Fox River Butter Co., ‘‘Beechwood| | Greamenvsoutter erate eee iG. H. Philbrook, Portland....... 6 None Fox Riv er Butter Co., ‘“Meadow Gold| } Bittenawencaac ener soles ace |B. R. Jordan, Brunswick........ 5 |None Fox River Butter Co., ‘‘Meadow Gold | BUG beraasrateetais cas cnsve soheiso nents ae IB: Spaulding & Sons, Buckfield. | 5 |None Fox River Butter Co., ‘‘ Meadow Gold| | BS EG be Tate renege eyccsyensatoreyeeasier eectshon eat |E. H. Freese, Portland.......... 4 |None Fox River Butter Co., ‘ Meadow Gold) BUCCe Lae eee Oe E/E Ridlon-sPortlandssen eer | 3 |None Fox River Butter Co., ‘‘Meadow Gold TEU RU eT A esich Buc oe he Aleit area rast Meats Pelee get Hees tanbird se ortlancd smart | 1 |None Fox Riv er Butter Co., ‘‘ Meadow Gold, BUbtelwen niet leaskciochise rec Ne Seb urmahamsrortlandaileeieies | 2 |None. \N. S. Burnham, Portland Tt No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. tt See text. 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. ? g — ies as he ae) MaxkeER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. Bs iF = Es | 38 oO Ze | os Hillside Creamery, Bangor, Me. “Hil, | Sid es BULLET nie Enos (Hebe ipenmb ang Ore era ieee 5 |None. Hillside Creamery, Bangor, Me. “ Hill-| SIG ERB ULLC Ee ee eh aoa iors Beaulieu Bros., Oldtown......... 6 |None. Hillside Creamery, Bangor, Me. ‘' Hill- SId CY BULLEEs ee ee corel Cys RaceOronopmene ae nee 3 |None. Hillside Creamery, Bangor, Me. ‘‘ Hill- : SIGeUBINbte Ay oe ee ee iF. S. Jones & Co., Bangor....... 5 5 Hillside Creamery, Bangor, Me. “Hill SIERO UILLE LTA ene eclee ered (Spruce Bros. & Co., Milford .... Sais Hillside Creamery, Bangor, Me. “HL SIG ee BULLbE Dara eee eon W. L. Butterfield, Greatworks... 13 13 Lewis, Mears & Co., Boston. ‘‘Standard| : Wreamenyebubterag eric selene Geo. EK. Beauchesne, Portland .. 6 |None. Lewis, Mears & Co., Boston. ‘ Standard | Creamenrye Bublersca meets |N. Tetreault, Biddeford......... 9 1 Lewis, Mears & Co., Boston. “Standard | : Creamery Butter kee IF. Hi Verrill, Portland: 3. .\<.2 =. 5 1 Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor, Me.| HAKONeCOMDULICT eae ieee |W. D. Matheson, Bangor........ 3 fl Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor, Me.) x ONG) JEUGHIEIE ATS bob Gad oo apaoo iW. H. Tribeau, Hampden....... 4 |None. Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor, Me.) euarreorB uttersinimeyierete eke tr ieee (Gallagher Bros., Bangor......... 8 1 Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor, Me.) min cOpBuubeLauis eer ese jyamesil: Park;-Orono}.).)--1-)-\s)- 1 15 11 Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor, Me.| COMGINAOIBUNIEIE. ks Shoatosunoudooe Beaulieu Bros! Oldtownes. conc 6 5 Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor, Me.) ppKUNeCOPB Wtberee une se lee okeertrae Cie Page Orono 5 |None. Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor. Me.| eKcneosButlerzmaaerserac rier ewe & Carter, Brewer......... 1 !None. Maine Creamery Assoc., Bangor, Me.) | PALS) JEM ~ Soagéepecosoede ‘Lord Bros); PB an goremylcus eke 4 |None. New England Creamery Co., evermore! alls eri en Saeaimimccs cance tet Nap. L. Hereaux, Chisholm ..... 6 |None. New England Creamery Co., Livermore| Halist Mer eer atlanta IS seb lis Cantonmieeaeniaectrel-rn- 4 None. New England Creamery Co., Livermore | : RalissiMer ss Sikes ce bea eet Jes. BarkeryCantomereemicer elec: 5 |None. Oxford County Creamery ...........|, James N. Tubbs, Norway ..... 5 |None. 7 No briek considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL, (INSPECTIONS 51. - 83 Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. g | 2 3 2 | hs | , | 2 \4¢ | ag 58 MAKER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. | 5e a = | gi | Se | ae | 24 Poland Dairy Co., Poland, Me. ‘‘ Finest | Grade Creamery Butter’’.......... MpP i Hranks Bangor). 4. 40-24: 6 None Poland Dairy Co., Poland, Me., ‘‘ Finest j Grade Creamery Butter’’.......... Henry Gagnon, Biddeford....... 7 None Poland Dairy Co., Poland, Me. ‘' Finest | Grade Creamery Butter’’.......... J. A. Garneau & Co., Waldo..... 11 |None. Poland Dairy Co., Poland, Me. “ Finest) lee Grade Creamery Bubteriwy oe eee \Gautier Bros., Rumford......... 2 |None Poland Creamery, Poland, Me. ‘‘Shaw’s Sopvamibert Butter sta.ss ss ene es Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland...... 7 |None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. | ple O MES TAT Carey sgesote cts sseeielte eteres ok Ju@:1Collins:Portland =a. see. Sel 3 Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. MOMENI IEbeL Ty i ei uelioeiineina etal e: Cohens#Porblan dere) ae 5 g Portland ezcamery, Portland, Me. pepke COMES TATIC iG ettey yas eysinte ter ogls Syanine A. Menard, Biddeford .......... 8 |None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me.. - pepe“ (OMES TAT) Chgcey sos ease) eee Pep ee L. A. Talbot, Biddeford......... 9 \None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. PT BoA Oy oT Borage Wa (a LW a As tg i ee Rowe & Meserve, Portland...... 12 1 Portland VRC InETY Portland, Me. ape OPE ran ign inant ten ce ea ee ANG eloddseortlandess eee see 4 | 1 Portland SP neeTneLy Portland, Me. erH COREA Chic cge sie. aicde ee enone iste IC. H. Stowell, Portland......... 5 3 Portland EY Portland, Me. Em OMESTAT Clik seins ede ete L. J. Bettey, Westbrook ...... 7 |None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. See TaAnde ec 2 tna ay elie Nite NTS Tueker; Portland!) ©4222... 12 \None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. | *G TEAAC) Tepes Wao | de eye alee EN a ewe Callan weortlandiay “eee 9 |\None. Bowl aes camery, Portland, Me. lisse EOP DTan dike) ence mur weep o cat Henry F. Owen, Portland....... 13 None. Portland PRCATRELY, Portland, Me.. CLEA O! 1B ig nato Ide ere ase Ae eat a iota |W.S. Dunn & Co., Portland..... 9 ‘None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. | fNorthiStratford’”’..........0.... |W. S. Dunn & Co., Portland..... 1 'None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. Set OMB ran dus eis: ay. ic ae ee James DeWolfe & Co., Portland. . 3 None. perand Creamery, Portland, Me. MEECabrandei stun cote lychee M. J. Flaherty, Portland........ 5 4 Portland pe eamery, Portland, Me. eke OWE rear clare emergent fips Fahy M. J. Flaherty, Portland........ 3 3 7 No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. oe ee 84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. g ie se Es = fejre} ey | ae E Hea | &e Maxker, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. 58 z z = +S eof gk cra EB we | oS Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. Brand eeceetia eae eee iC. M. Bowker Co., Portland 4 1 Portland EC reaIB ry Co., Portland, Me.) SP ACP BTAN Ge teste ee ice \Smith Specialty Co., Portland 4 |None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. OP CiB ran dite ee ore eee ac pane |L. P. Senter & Co., Portland .... 7 \None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. | : SNOT UMS Ura ULOLG nie atelier lems Fred B. Estes, Portland......,.. 6 |None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. | Ee CRB TAN dee eee oe Fred B. Estes, Portland......... 5 4 Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. ei P= Oe Brand ier pcp cicte ree eel] lo. CeHlwellSPortland) = ssa 12 2 Portland Y Creamery, Portland, Me. oA EO Shyla aA AO See ce ca At (Tuttle Bross, Lortiand: an .eoeeee 6 |None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. Brand iwc tigi r tales alver: Albert Dingley, Portland........ 3 1 Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. sPlOs Brand rcer coor eee eae |A. C. Noyes, Portland ........ 3 |None Portland FRECATIELY, Portland, Me. | EPEC iS ran depen. wente te ean rea Ellery Starbird, Portland ....... 6 2, Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. pe Northestrattonc ces cin meme rasan |W.S. Bailey, Portland.......... 5 |None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. SB-CoB randy erste oar ter eae iE. F. Ridlon, Portland.......... 3 1 Portland BETTE Portland, Me. | | peAC Brander sot cies ne S. Burnham, Portland ...... 5 2 Portland Creamery, Portland, Me .|E. D. Leonard, Portland........ 2 1 Portland Creamery, Portland, Me Wise S. Starbird, Portland......... 2 ‘None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me .|A. F. Archibald, Portland....... 1 |None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me Ao ING feeMUle letoyadeyaxel 35 pialooods 1 None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. | Da eeA Oy Brand’ Lee enn Speget ieee Chain (om aie JohniSlimas? Portlandesss.eeeee 2) il Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. MME O) Bah aVe es eens Ak eae Cea Ne Wiiediucas Portland seer | 6 None Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. OPEC NB rand (2 eee Ree ape ai: A. J. Curtis & Co., Portland. .... 6. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. CIE AO J amehoeles 5 pes GA we Bo nig hae ee 8 D. A. Dufresne, Portland ....... 8 |None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me. eC iB rand: oes see pa ny ee John Quinn, Portland .......... 4 |None. 7 No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. ey: OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 51 85 Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. — ti a ele n | = ~ >) ; oun ~ ep Maker, AND BRAND IF ANY. Where Found. gs | 4 z de | 25 ee CESSES, Portland, Me. Ub BETO ABE halel e.cea Bare oiodd ekolole 6-0 CiGsd oO James J. McCartney, Portland... 9 |None. Portland nore ey Portland, Me. : ; Go |BLOG! TBingr aol 2s lee hc a cemeeorol coe BuO Patrick Bannigan, Portland ... 2 |None. Portland Renee ney Portland, Me. BLO Eval Was hao pee eee wD J. T. Dougherty, Portland....... 5 \None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me..... : | COTDLG) 18 yah avolywe aks ct sean ict eorG| Carl P. Christenson, Portland... .| 1 |None. Portland ree erys Portland, Me.... 40 BO) TB rgsaxe (tarry Sain ese eae mh ee "Littlefield & Co., Portland....... 8 |None. Portland Creamery, Portland, Me..... S51 P(O) ahah oWel' ey enone iia ions aco totale | ‘c. T. Swett & Co., Portland... -. 9 3 Se & Se lBenyzo eee eee pea dicade IF. W. Wentworth, So. Brewer.... 5 |None. Skowhegan Jersey Creamery, Skowhe-| | aia, WIG ae of pratt OIE a Frank E. McCullum, Waterville. .| 14 | 5 Skowhegan Jersey Creamery, Skowhe-| : rains NIST SR aia olen o eRpe er en mero |/Tondreau Bros. Co., Brunswick. . | 5 1 JOhnee Squire) dé COs: cise cies |S. S. Herrick & Co., So. Brewer. . 5 |None. John P. Squire & Co. “Arlington | Creamery Butter’ 2... 0..-.5---.- DyRooneywBrewers oe eece eee ee|| 4 2 John P. Squire & Co. “A rlington Creamery Butter” ............-.- |C. G. Hamilton, Orono.......... 2 2 Swift & Co. ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Cream-| Elym os mubergan rset atmo i inreue ciel Hee eterse OTONO) greiner yey trae | 5 |None. Swift & Co. “ Brookfield Extra Cream-| @ny BWI so dosetouaadownoupms| py MaTowebortlandie ssc ae 3 |None. Swift & Co., ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Cream-| Gimay IB SG ope ebouoo neuer eael|Op HM eParkerwPortlande:) serene « 6 |None. Swift & Co., * Brookfield Extra Gremm| ery TEVA Pose 200, SC eg Speen elec (0. ©. Elwell, Portland —....... | 3 |None Swift & Co., ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Cream-) | CLYR BUGLE Tiere. lip scusnsies es esas Hus. Mreeseyeortland:.. >= secs 4 2 Swift & Co., ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Cream-| enyvaBmtten es sone \cueateuce nts sua eee Ww allace Frank, Portland........ 5 |None. Turner Center Creamery, Auburn, Me.|chas. Champine, Waterville ...| 5 |None. Turner Center Creamery, Auburn, Me.|L. D. Snow, Brunswick.......... 4 |None. Turner Center Creamery, Auburn, Me. J. W. Cornish, Topsham ....... 12 |None. Turner Center Creamery, Auburn, Me.|C. E. Allen, West Minot ........ 5 |None. Turner Center Creamery, Auburn, Me.|C. C. Elwell, Portland ......... 5 |None. Guaranteed Pure Butter. | t No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. 86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1913. Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. ae iB iS 2 rah hing 52 MAKER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. 28 re] = dis) 5h - oO Ze | es Waterford Creamery Co., So. Water- ford., ‘‘Pure Creamery Butter’’....|Greene & Barrett, Portland ..... 14 5 Waterford Creamery Co., So. Water- ford, ‘‘Pure Creamery Butter’’..... Ree errowa SacOnsm cm acinar 7 |None. Waterford Creamery Co., So. Water- THONRG Leyte CH ncn risa eatesliN aval Drama ISI ary Greene & Barrett, Portland ..... 21 9 Yorkshire Creamery Co.............. James [. Park, Orono, Maine.... 5° Yorkshire Creamery Co...........-.. Roussin & Poirier, Biddeford..... None. Datry oR Country BuTrrer—Source Known. Geo. Adjutant, So. Windham........ A. G. Peabody & Son, So. Wind- nas ee eins Drees eae 5 |None. Mrs. K. C. Allen, Hampden, Me...... |\J. A. Stuart, Bangor............ 4 1 Harry Anderson, Brunswick......... W. F. McFadden, Brunswick..... 1 |None. Steve Anderson, Gorham............ S. F. Hopkinson, Westbrook..... 4 |None. Ed. Batcheldor, Corinth ............ ‘FE. S. Jones & Co., Bangor....... 6 1 Chas.) Berry; Raymond. 8.2520... Cornwall Cash Grocery Co., Port- Wot Pe aati ake seh Sinead altar miei 9 |None. Wi BE Bowens: Comishyys rn le sale H. H. Hickson Sons, Bangor .... 5 |None. W. D. Bowley, Scarborough......... V.T. Shaw, Scarborough. ..... 2 \None. Mrsiv See Brea, eee anton ich mics ciaciieioer Ic. F. Anderson, Bangor......... 5 |None. ¥F. B. Burnhan, Buxton Center...... lH. L. Starbird, Portland........ 3 |None. L. N. Burnham, Bonny Eagle ....... Ns Ch Mann), (Pontlande wae veac 12 |None. L. E. Burnham, Bonny Eagle......../W. S. Dunn & Co., Portland..... 3 |None. | L. E. Burnham, Bonny Eagle........ 'W.S. Dunn & Co., Portland..... 5 1 L. N. Burnham, Standish, Me........ |W. S. Dunn & Co., Portland..... | 8 1 CL wBurrell;sAmibhersteieni cscs en \J. F. Flemming, Bangor ........ 3 |None, C. J. Chandler, East Corinth......... hee E. McDonald, Bangor........ 5 |None. C. W. Chaplin, No. Gorham §........ hae P. Senter & Co., Portland..... 5 5 Wee ChipmansGrayncenhnia ssn tice. Jean derssdrao One peter 19 |None. Geo Clarkitieee vat: terany Mute en sic Amv ea |B. K. Meservey, Waterville...... & 1 Alfred Clifford, Brunswick........... H. T. Nason, Brunswick ..:.. None. Geo. F. Crockett, Durham........... B. R. Jordan, Brunswick........ 3 |None. t+ No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce . OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 51 87 Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. | cae MaKeER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. 23 Ad AN Pou Bie Bie | ee ! me, IMties IDEA DER ZARWI MINE I tos doen odann boo J. E. Hobbins, Biddeford ....... | 5 5 Davis Dow Co., Bridgton ........... J. H. Charles & Co., Portland....| 6 |None. L. Decker & Son, Hinckley.......... John Fitts & Son, Portland...... 6 |None. L. Decker & Son, Hinckley.......... J. EH. Flemming, Bangor :......- | 5 |None. Iu. Decker & Son, Hinckley......:... CAAMallss@ldtowais a seksi | 4 ‘None. L. Decker & Son, Hinckley.......... John Fitts & Son, Portland...... | 6 |None. L. Decker & San; Manekleysccsiscy asin HaRenRidion, vRortland eyes | Tf 2 EE Ce DowA Be radtordy werystaciocu sete: CSG; Hamilton, Orono! -):-/-1- . | 61 48 Ea OseDowspbradtordigccn cv eisciae cle a IC. G. Hamilton, Orono.........- 9 | 9 IDE (Ol, IDONyyedKolkolioh Masini o mooie Molo D Rearli@laric@OronOnsacieecer eee 10 10 Mr. Dow, West Levant.............. F.S. Jones & Co., Bangor....... 6 None Whe, DoT, Onteme: osc cc coe didion Sasa. W. O. Lutes, Stillwater.......... None Dow & Libby, W. Pownal........... CiwetHortonpbortlandss scl 9 |None Dow & Libby, W. Pownal........... Mrs. G. Reardon, Portland....... 20 3 Dow & Libby, W. Pownal........... Mrs. G. Reardon, Portland....... 16 |None CASE Mistslbevant vic alsiclot cus vcielerssercrene Lord Brothers, Bangor.......... 5 |None. Mr. Walter Emery, Standish......... ‘Butler & Barrows, Portland...... 4 |None Mr. Walter Emery, Standish......... ‘Butler & Barrows, Portland...... 6 |None CH wHoster) Mast:Corinth) 6). a... H. E. McDonald, Bangor........ | 6 |None MrstorsythyBradley® vies kicry-\-1oyoie- iF. CyBarton: Bradley ate a | 3 |None Sherman French, Levant............ I. S. Jones & Co., Bangor...... 6 | i Sherman French, Levant............ \Leighton’s Market, Bangor...... 6 [None 1D loa eyed Migohny qignse Bio stn eWavoutial anette tees tohe HE Mayol bittsheldi cic tease 2 |None CuAm Gerry) hs Corinthe ys ers acecicl \H. E. McDonald, Bangor........ | 4 |None I. B. Gilman, No. Gorham .......... [L. P. Senter & Co., Portland ... | 6 \None Mr. Gilsland, Falmouth Foreside..... lo. C. Elwell, Portland........... | 5 [None Mrs. Hamilton, Gorham............. A. G. Peabody & Son, 8. Windham) 4 4 Meri Grant eb radleynne)ciiieanciki iE. G@ Barton, Bradley., ti... -/-t. | 4 ‘None Richard O. Grant, No. Saco.......... ean IASG bb ys sacOmeice eee - | 2 |Noae Geo. Gray, Six Mile Falls, Me.........)W. L. Clark, Bangor............ | 4 iNone Mir Greener erases cuore sisnes arate testers \Hersom & Bonsall, Waterville ..| 8 | 5 Harry Griffin, Brunswick..:......... is. A. Walker, Brunswick........ | 3 None Tt No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. 88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION, 1913. Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. | eS ae tM oc MakKER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. ge a sh Mr. Hammond, E. Eddington........ A. F. Anderson, Bangor......... 4 |None D. W. Higgins, WE VAING Is Mie lever veneelens ord Bross Bangor see ae ee 10 8 J.C. Hodgkins, Hampden........... Lennan & Nickerson, Hampden. . 6 |None. Mr. Hayford, Hampden............. M. K. Pomery, Hampden........ 4 4 R. B. Jellerson, Goodwin’s Mill ..... Victor Beaudette, Biddeford..... 5 |None. R. B. Jellerson, Goodwin’s Mill ..... Andre Poirier, Biddeford........ 12 |None. Randall Johnson, Walnut Hill........ Paul Blumenthal, Portland...... | 8 |None. Sam Jordan, Scarborough, ‘Jersey | Buttery Geeincti cise mich nahalaeteheratee cae W.S. Dunn & Co., Portland..... 10 10 Sam Jordan, Searborough. ‘‘ Jersey BurtGerictstayecwn pense ious na etek core W.S. Dunn & Co., Portland..... 10 1 Chas. Kineaid, E. Brunswick ...... A. I. Snow, Brunswick. ’........ 4 |None. C. W. Kincaid, New Meadows ...... C. A. Pierce & Son, Brunswick... 6 |None. Wires 1G onked yes (CTAY <5 Goo.6.6 Dnlo. doses c i. Leighton, Portland.......... 5 |None. NAVA Hi Giro we Lets eta sec Pretec y Mbh ae he MORE CS og oe Robinson & Davison, Waterville.. 6 6 Edward Loring, Walnut Hill ........ J. M. Mulker, Portland ....... 18 |None. Mrs. Clem Lowell, Lee.............. A. F. Anderson, Bangor......... 8 |None. W./@. Luce, New Vineyard: 1.0.5.5. 523 J. M. Edwards & Son, Portland. . 6 5 Mri Mace @rrinig tome ais sen e D. Rooney, Brewer............. 4 |None. GeowMeans# Clintonieis eee sabes H. M. Bean, Clinton...... aortas 6 |None. Bramikal anc hieegmal nea nes eer en ar H. B. Blake & Co., Monmouth. . . 9 |None. CeMemMarshallBowdoingwsnee aaa \E. M. Alexander, Brunswick..... 3 |None. Frank Marston, Yarmouth ........|/V.B. Fuller, Portland........... 4 |None. BRE SEM ay orate nein ya tents wien ene haan Wi. ©; Blake; Portlande... 554.5. 10 None. Chas. McLaughlin, Rorhlandemecm ser Chas. Maloney, Portland......... 6 [None. Edward Merrill, North Saco......... John A. Libby, Saco............ 13 | 13 Nee Merrill 2B ixtonieaener seen B. L. Johnson, Portland ....... 14 14 HeNe Merrill) Buxtonsaeeee cence: Cummings Bros., Portland ..... 80 None. BENE Merrill Buxton wenseeen aeprae ae Browne & Bishop, Portland 12 5 JaCo Merrill St. Albansees-) eee aee HAY EalleyaeBancoripiscs 57a 3 None 7 No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 51 89 Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. MAKER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. isigniyare Woes eo asGeden vebopooooe Geo. Palmer, Levant...............- Mr. Parker, Cornish Mr. Pease, No. Parsonfield........... PAUP GAVE Ys 5 o)evaye. comics) ey eten stone eleneuseanees H.M. Peterson, Woodfords Sta...... Chas. Philbrook, Hampden Highlands. Mrs. Geo. Phillips, Hampden Perkins Creamery, Kennebunk....... PAM Eom EGA cl cilia. ogeiiaysssheetsteclione sees toysasts iG, IROISIS ebb oiens coo oeoomeolads Everett Rogers, Topsham..........- NVirsorerseLOpshamyy. vrs cites teste BrankeRowes Oakland..:...4¢< iss cm Geommlowe; hina .)- 2. omiciecite slscicyee GeomRiowe;n@hinayn!.) fans) specuchelo sie oo George Rowe, China). «2. .accs\. esis a Peterman OronOs eee itil cia HC Sanborn, Gorham)... 0220s... Mrs. Frank Sawyer, So. Windham.... Mire Sawyer iWin DUuxtOne nts. cle see Hye shan, “Lopshamery.). kes credincine. payers haws mLopsham. eats tase Witteleshermans Iibertyariace ests Shorey Bros., Eddington............ Geo. T. Libby, Scarborough......... Mr. Evans Libby, No. Saco.......... C. R. Smith, E. Exeter Uy IBS tSouhd Ue alae ooo ina ornE cam cc ata Atel tillson,eearkman’. . ju cree: se Mr. Sylvester, Scarborough.......... | | | |A. G2foddPortlandes: ss sere. | ees 2) fezte| ‘ eae wet Where Found. 25 | 2 a ‘sien I) Gre | | F.C. Webb, Brunswick......... 3 None RY Sedones)éz) Cos Bangor) desc. 9 5 West End Cash Market, Westbrook 12 |None. W. L. Wilson & Co., Portland 12 | 8 Bela: Craios Wiatervaillensyssiseis te. 8 | 3 C. O. Lund & Co., Portland 6 None. |A. Z. Cowan, Hampden......... 3 iNoos \W.H. Tribeau, Hampden....... 1 None. ‘Roussin & Poirier, Biddeford..... 6 |None. loity Market, Waterville..... aren 9 4 IF. Hy. Mayo; Pittsfield) ~.225.-)... 3 None |A. W. McMillen, Topsham....... 3 None iw. F. McFadden, Brunswick 4 None Collins’ Market, Waterville...... 7 \None ‘Harry Pomerleau, Waterville . ssi 6 |None lisobes & Pooler, Waterville...... 12 6 \'Gideon Mahew, Waterville ..... 6 3 IW. S. Averill, Orono........!... 1 ‘None IWirkievPillen Portland: vixeiecme 3 'None lA. G. Peabody & Son, 8. Windham 5 None WAC Lamb wPortland!: #287 eer. 3 Nowe iC. A. Lemieux, Brunswick ...... th 1 .|\C. A. Lemieux, Brunswick ...... 6 | 6 lA. EKA Ne eB ANP OLZ retell eee 6 |None t(Harlows Bross). Brewel .-.-ss.05 ss 8 INone \Fred N. Newcomb, Scarborough 11 |None [John A. Libby, Saco...........- 5 |None., [Fred McARrey IBanvonieeoteniee 5 [None G. A. Kennison, Waterville...... BS BePAC EL alley" Ban eoneninicie ee ei ein 3 |None. 3 |None. i { No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. go MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT3. Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. B BO | 26 ug | 99 MaxkeER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. 22 a. | Harvey Tarr, Brunswick............ lA. D. Snow, Brunswick......... | 4 None IN. 2 Dhuns,, Halmouthiy se sales ren ic. O. Lund & Co., Portland ....| 6 |None Roses Bushucks Weew gsr eee A. F. Anderson, Bangor......... | 4 |None. JeneouLts inbervalemrissetercrrtierl| r. G) Moran; Portland)=.. 52s. 7 |None Herbert Turner, Topsham........... IM. G. Powers, Topsham......... 4 |None AAS Mutble, Canmellesen newt aise icin is. Rudman Bancorenn neem I 220) ‘10 University of Maine: ssc q-mis- acer IE. He WihitesOrono- sen eree 4 |None PSL Rerum eae Oa F E. Mayo, Pittsfield .......... | 3 [None Lewis M. Verrill, W. Gray......-.... LW. Ca lamb; Portland: eee | 6 4 Frank Ward, Ea. Monmouth Se eae \c. A. Whitehouse, Monmouth... .| 6 |None Mr. Waterman, W. Buxton.......... iS. F. Hopkinson, Westbrook..... | 24 i7/ F. L. Wescott, Sebago Lake......... \Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland...... 11 11 Willis Wheeman, Standish ......... IN. S. Burnham, Portland ...... 4 |None. Willis Wheeman, Standish .......... N.S. Burnham, Portland ...... 18M fas iBred@Wicein slevants ae secre ly. F. Flemming, Bangor......... | vf 6 Osborne Woodard, Brunswick ...... i. T. Nason, Brunswick ...... 4 |None. Jack Worster, Carmel.......2..6.... . iH pHoleysBancora. Monee | 6 |None. Country oR Dairy Burrer—-Source Nor Known Notknownii eatin cit Mary F. Ayer, So. Brewer....... 2 |None i Rane ee tens ketenes Cr |V alliere & Baillargeon, Biddeford 6 |None os BAR eae Alera Rh ee aka ra ‘Joseph Beauchesne, Waterville. 8 3 " Paice niece Serre asec aa.0 'M. Belaire, Biddeford........... . 6 |None feral ito Valmet Coa. Leae teal ae |G: J, Blom, Portland = 22-4....: | 4 |None “ SSUTRR EAL at cata, ca ato |F. I. Brown, Readfield.......... | 5 |None AA rgb is Oke Gath eea Cea eh enMee Ata al Browne & Bishop Co., Portland. . | 12 |None. ~ SE Mae are eae En rete nT Otegnciere ‘Butler & Barrows, Portland...... | 5 |None ‘ REIN is sith sented some ealr chs hep ete ee cask Peter ‘Casseboom & Thompson, Saco. ..| 4 |None 3 SEEM notte Berard ans SR Gio enee JenbeaiCharlessebortlandeevse eer 9 6 = SLPS scat afc. al aire tualorete erenehe ree re eoavepe J. H. Charles, Portland..........| 6 6 { No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 51 —Continued. OI MakKER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. Number bricks weighed. +Number brieks short weight Sheed man sang Ole eit HE: EF. Cote, Waterville........... F. L. Daggett, S. Portland Albert Dingley, Portland........| WepHeD ows eBancoreevsc. ec sll Thoimnas Dyer, Portland......... William Emery, Saco......-...- Jeb oley ni ban Ore eebryerciosr Jeb oleyagam cory mesperaye ree eat ACEI Gilman, WieaZzleriryetefere lier IC. W. T. Goding, Portland oy OF Gould) Dixtieldie ie. -1cl-scmut- |E. L. Gove, Waterville.......... Scott Hefler, Portland........... | HL H. Hickson & Son, Bangor... | J. W. Hines, West Nerineton : | John E. Hobbins, Biddeford. .... | a. ihe Eorner, Portland (ays | W.. A. Johnson, Portland........ IR. ACS J Ones se onulandisess nee | iB. R. Jordan, Brunswick........ \Littlefield & Co., Portland....... |A. ID. Lovell, Portland.......... [bc leh Mayo; Pittsfield 2.2... 5.. John A. Moreshead, Portland... . IT. A. Moreshead, Portland....... iH. A. Morrison, Livermore Falls IE. H. Mosher, Belgrade......... |Oxford Market, Portland........ |M. Parent, Brunswick ......... i) Qn iL 6 Be BE OF A fe) 5 oO None. t No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. Q2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. Table giving report of butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. —Continued. jie ce ES a pore | 2 50 MakER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. Zs \etes a | Seo Se 3°95 ° | rae || as INOtRENO WME: c4 1s Abin em ore mee IC. Hy. Rarker Portland: ee 3 1 a Sci EESek rie Tne Mia ME Gels Chas. Pomerleau, Waterville.....) ial 5 = aera eevee Soe eC lPridesBros= Portland ans ee 3 |None ie MO Oe oe es ania IVs pee, lA. HS Purineton. NO: Jaya. ae4- ee 5 |None os Re EY Vet rciet sastine Sti Un taped meceere \‘Ray & Stevenson, Bangor....... 4 \None BOTY) ae i natin Roan ea Tee ‘Remich & Blow, Saco .......... 5 |None a TS NS ee ORT eerie as Cea as |W. E. Rideout, Bowdoinham.... 6 1 Si rca) etn ee RC lett AVN anes Aa ‘Frank Robinson, Hampden...... 4 \None a fe Sees Ci OP RET IND CwAS Rounds: borblandi yee 2 |None | i I Sete TE a ALON cor Ub on Dee ge Rounds & Stanton, Mechanie Falls AL! 1 ue Leta EO a Gc CAR IOS ERO a one Serunian-Amergian Co., Portland 3 None ORs COR EME. ON sh eran AU, Balaae ‘W. W. Small Co., Farmington 6 |None. oe CE Onda ER ee cone ers Cera VASES WelchasWoltoniessmeia teers 6 None DLA iW NDE ASN ce aaiNe Perel wba teat SS. E. Whitcomb Co., Waterville. . 6 4 i als Miche Ny nee as a es Cale ae ga ea Pope lA. A. Woodsum, Mechanic Falls 7 |None County oR Dairy BurTER FROM OUT OF STATE. Mr. Keating, New Hampshire........ |A. ©. Mann, Portland.......=.-. } 6 None. Vermont Dairy, Vermont,.........-.. |A. F. Archibald, Portland....... | 3 |None. C. F. Eddy & Co., Montpelier, Vt... . “ear ivan & Osgood Co., Portland, 30 9 Process ButtTer. Hannaford Brothers, Portland, Pe TOCeSS | Bilbbeleias ae eae A. F. Archibald, Portland....... | 1 |None. Swift & Co., Bangor, ‘‘Cold Rock’’..|F. W. Kyer, So. Brewer......... 4 |None. S. &.S. Co., Bangor, ‘‘ Process Butter’? D. W. Matheson, Bangor........ 4 |None. J. P. Squire, Portland, ‘‘ Renovated | IButterice eee eee eie ener ). J. Pelletier, Waterville........| 6 |None. | T No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. July, 1913. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartiett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E, Sawyer Helen W. Averill Elmer R. Tobey Offictal Hnspections 52 SEE D- INSPECTION. The first law regulating the sale of seeds was enacted by the Legislature of 1897. This was revised by the Legislature of 1905. This’ was again revised by the Legislature of I91I so as to conform with the requirements recommended by the Asso- ciation of Official Seed Analysts and agreed to by the Ameri- can Seed Dealers Association. ‘The chief requirements of the law follow. The full text of the law will be sent on request. THE CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE Law. The following are the chief points of the law and the rules and regulations for carrying out the law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds which, as directed by the law, the Director of the Station, has made. 1. Kind of seeds coming under the law. The law applies to the sale, distribution, transportation, or the offering or exposing 94 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. for sale, distribution, or transportation of the seeds of alfalfa, barley, Canadian blue grass, Kentucky blue grass, brome grass, buckwheat, alsike clover, crimson clover, red clover, medium clover, white clover, field corn, Kaffir corn, meadow fescue, flax, hungarian, millet, oats, orchard grass, rape, redtop, rye, sorghum, timothy and wheat for seeding purposes. 2. The brand. Each lot or package shall be plainly marked with the name of the seed and its minimum percentage of purity. 3. Mixtures. Mixtures must be plainly marked with the name of the seed and the percentage of purity. In case the mixtures contain seeds not included in 1 these need not be named. (e. g., a mixture consisting of half redtop, 90 per cent pure, quarter Kentucky blue grass, 85 per cent pure and the remainder seeds not named in the law, could be marked “Red- top 45 per cent pure, Kentucky blue grass 21 per cent pure.” The statement of the remaining constituents may or may not be named. ) 4. Adulteration. A seed is adulterated if its purity falls below its guaranty or if it contains the seed of any poisonous plant. 5. Misbranding. A seed is misbranded if the package or label bears ony statement, design or device which is false or misleading in any particular, or if it does not carry the state- ments named in 2. 6. Free analysis. Free analysis of seeds on sale in Maine will be made of samples taken in accordance with directions furnished by the Station. Samples not so taken may be refused examination. Blanks with full directions will be furnished on request. 7. Paid analysis. As an accommodation to residents of Maine samples of seeds not on sale in Maine will be examined at cost, and the results will not be published. The cost of the analysis of blue grass or redtop is $1.00 per sample and for other seeds 50 cents. Remittance should accompany the sample. 8. Written guaranty. No prosecution will lie against any person handling agricultural seeds provided he obtains at the time of purchase a written guaranty signed by the person resid- ing in the United States, from whom the purchase was made, OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 52. 95 to the effect that the seeds are not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of the Maine law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds. After a person has been notified by the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station that an article of agricultural seeds appears to be adulterated or mis- branded the written guaranty will not protect further sales. g. Hearings. The person who is believed to have violated the law regulating the sale of seeds will be granted a hearing at which he may appear in person or by attorney or by letter. The notice of the hearing will name the time and place of the hearing and a copy of the charge. Failure to appear will not prejudice the case. The hearing will be private and every opportunity will be given for explanation and establishment of innocence. If the time appointed is not a convenient one, post- ponement within reasonable limit will be granted. THE MaAINeE JOBBER AND THE SEED TRADE. For many years it was practically impossible for the Maine dealer in seeds, either wholesale or retail, to obtain seeds guaranteed as to their purity from without the State. The wholesale seed trade had assumed a position of non-guaranty probably unequaled in trade practice. If the same attitude had been assumed toward any commodity such as fertilizers, feed- ing stuffs or foods, the public would not have tolerated it. Because of education along the lines of seed purity and the enactment of laws requiring purity guaranty by so many states it is now more or less possible to purchase seeds from the large centers under a guaranty of purity. Nevertheless it is still advisable for the dealer importing into this State seeds for sale to observe the practice suggested by the Station five years ago. In brief this is as follows: When a car of seed is ordered forward, request the shipper to send a type sample of the car together with the name of the shipper, the kind of seed and its special brand, the guaranty they place upon it, the lot number and the car number. For- ward a portion of this type sample to the Station with remit- tance of one dollar for a sample of red top or fifty cents for other seeds to cover cost of analysis. The analysis will be 2 g6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. promptly made and results reported. As soon as the car is received in the State take a sample from not less than six packages and forward to the Station. This sample should be accompanied by the name of the shipper, the kind of seed, the brand, the guaranty, the lot number and the car number. ‘This will be regarded as an official sample and prompt, free analysis will be made and the results reported. In case of a discrepancy between the analysis of the type sample and the car sample the guaranty can be changed to correspond with fact, and a basis furnished upon which to make a claim against the shipper as to the quality of the seed. Tur SEED DEALER AND THE SEED DISTRIBUTOR. Most of the seed used in this State is bought by farmers locally. For the past few years complaints have been received by the Station from dealers in some localities that they were having what they considered to be unfair competition in the seed business from farmers, cooperative and grange stores, who acted as purchasing agents, taking the orders for seed and sending them nearly always to some out of the State seed house to be filled and shipped directly to individuals. It is perfectly lawful for a person within the State to act as pur- chasing agent for others and distribute seeds direct from the car without conforming to the requirements of the seed law. To buy seeds, deliver them and collect money at the time they are celivered is to put the seeds under the requirements of the State law and such a handler of seeds must conform to all of the requirements of the law. ‘To receive paid orders for seeds, have them shipped to one address, and delivered direct from the car or railroad station to the person who placed the paid order exempts the seeds from the requirements of the State law. How many seeds are purchased in this latter way it is impossible to estimate. ‘The farmer should however bear in mind that when he receives unguaranteed seeds he may be get- ting a very low grade seed instead of a seed equal to that sold at home and plainly guaranteed to be of a certain percentage of purity. In 1912 it was reported that some lots of these seeds arrived without any guarantees whatever upon them of the percentage OPEICEAT Ss INSPE CEIONS)~ (52. QO7 of purity. In 1913 a few lots of this seed from out of the State jobbers were found in the hands of farmers and retail dealers. Contrary to past reports this seed was all plainly guaranteed on bags and in some cases on bills also. In most cases it was either in accordance with guarantees or only slightly below. In the vicinity of Canton a man acting as pur- chasing agent ordered seed from N. Wertheimer & Sons of Ligonier, Indiana, and had them shipped direct to the con- sumers. The seed inspector drew samples of timothy, redtop and alsike clover from baggs received by a farmer at Canton Point. In each case the tags had printed on the backs: “Guar- anteed g9% pure. N. Wertheimer & Sons.’ By analysis the timothy was found to be 98.5 per cent pure, the redtop 95.8 per cent pure and the alsike clover 97.4 per cent pure. In another locality a cooperative association had seed from N. Wertheimer & Sons which were carried in stock and re- tailed. The lots carried were mammoth clover, alsike clover, timothy and redtop. The tags, except the ones of the redtop, had written on the backs: “Guaranteed 99% pure. N. Wertheimer & Sons.” The tags on the redtop had written on the backs: “Guaranteed 984% pure. N. Wertheimer & Sons.” Samples of these seeds were drawn and taken to the laboratory. By analysis the mammoth clover was found to be 99.4 per cent pure, the alsike clover 97.1 per cent pure, the timothy 98.6 per cent pure and the redtop 97.1 per cent pure. N. Wertheimer & Sons write that they did not intend to guarantee their redtops but their guarantees were based on analyses of samples at other seed laboratories. THE RESULTS OF INSPECTION. For several years the grass seeds on sale in the State have been inspected by the seed analyst. His experience makes it possible to tell by observation in most instances whether a seed is Or is not up to its guaranteed purity. In 1913 he visited 348 dealers and examined 1211 samples of seeds. The varieties examined are given in the table on page 99. Of all this large number of lots of seed he found only 9 samples that seemed at all doubtful as to their quality. On examination at the Station g8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1013. 4 of these were passed as being in substanital accord with the guaranty. All parts of the State were visited. The stock in the hands of dealers, large and small, were generally examined. Out of over 1200 samples only 5 were appreciably below the guaranteed percentage of purity. Not only were the seeds practically all up to guaranty but for the most part all of the seeds sold in the State carry a high percentage of purity. The improvement in the quality of seed used in Maine in the past fifteen years is as gratifying as it is marvelous. It is safe to say that no other State is uniformly using as good seed as Maine. In fact the wholesale dealers and cleaners of seed claim that if all the States were as particular in their demands for seed of high quality there would not be enough to go around. SEEDS SoLD UNLAWFULLY. A few instances of unguaranteed seeds on sale were found and 5 lots were sufficiently below guaranty to warrant taking up the matter of adulteration. After investigation it was found necessary to prosecute in a few instances. ‘The fines were paid and the cases are closed. At a store in Aroostook county seed was found which came from W. H. Small & Co. of Evansville, Indiana. The bags were all marked with guarantees of purity. A seed branded “Climax Alsike. Guaranteed 95 to 98 per cent pure” might be a little misleading to a purchaser as the high mark of 98 appears and yet the seed might only be 95 per cent pure. In fact it is not guaranteed to be above 95 per cent pure. A sample of this alsike was taken to the laboratory and found to be 93.5 per cent pure, which is below the guaranty. A dealer in the western part of the State had seeds which he bought from the Whitney-Eckstein Seed Co. of Buffalo, N. Y., and which at the time the inspector called were unguaran- teed. The dealer sent to the Station a price list from this seed house which had printed on it: “Increase your sales by han- dling our leading brands. Their purity is considerably above any legislative requirement.” This means nothing to the Maine trade as there are no standards. ‘The law simply requires that seeds shall be marked plainly with the names of seeds and the OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 52. 99 guaranteed percentages of purity. Since these seeds were not so marked they were not in accord with the Maine require- ments. Later the dealer received advice from the seed house that Pan American Red Clover would run 98 per cent pure, hungarian 97.5 per cent pure and strictly prime timothy 90 per cent pure. Samples of the seed were ‘drawn by an inspector and sent to the laboratory where the red clover was found to be 88.3 per cent pure, the timothy 98.6 per cent pure and the hungarian 95.5 per cent pure. The table (pages roo-102) showing the number and kinds of weed seeds found is based upon the examination made for deal- ers which are not here reported as well as upon a few official samples examined. Most of the samples here reported were drawn by the dealers. Table showing the result of the inspection of seed in lots at dealers in 1913. These seeds were all examined at the deal- ers to see if they were in accord with guarantees upon them. In doubtful cases samples were taken to the laboratory. Names orf SEEDS AND NuMBER OF Lots oF Eacu INSPECTED. = a= | : A a | | LA a | | 3 ° : E = Zz Z 5 ~ | # Y 5 2 Ki 2 5 Pe = o = KK o < | = = o oo} E & ae, LON CO) 2 S fy ee) LONG ee Sea ‘ 5 5 a} ° 5 g - fell) se q wo) PSE Mieke CARR a SW aeet Nee Be hs = 5 °° ° 5 S 5. >) n ro] irs o = rn = oS ) q ® 3S 2 a = a = 2 io) 2 oq o ~ gS of i= 5 =| = Fa Bcc eee So ose cele oS ol Si) Bale le Alc ealas =| a re is ® Z o oe Es! ° 5 & ia} < = iS) S fas a0) BB es) Na =< ml Z igre | ial 387| 245) 205 35) 1) 5] 183 93} 48 3} 2| 4) 1211] 348 | | | | | | | | | | | } [0D MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IO13: A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 1913. NOMENCLATURE, GRAY’S MANUAL,17th EDITION 1908. ComMMON NAME. Screntiric Name. American peunyroyal American wild mint Barnyard grass Rird’s foot trefoil Black medick Blue field madder Bracted plantain Bull thistle Canada thistle Catnip Common chickweed Common nightshade Common speedwell Crabgrass Crane's bill Dock Evening primrose Ergot False flax Five finger Flax dodder Goosefoot Green foxtail Heal-all Hedge mustard Indian mallow Knot grass Lady’s thumb Mayweed Mint Moth mullein Mouse-ear chickweed Night-flowering catchfly Old-witch grass Ovoid spike rush Ox-eye daisy Ox-tongue Pennsylvania persicaria Pepnergrass Pigweed Plantain Purslane Ragweed Ribgrass Rugel’s plantain Sedge Sheep sorrel Shepherd’s purse Slender crabgrass Spurge Tumble-weed Virginia three-seeded mercury White vervain Wild madder Winged pigweed Wormseed mustard Yarrow Yellow daisy Yellow foxtail Yellow rocket |Hedeoma prlesicd oe ) Pers. ‘Mentha canadensis (L rig. ‘Echinochloa crusgalli on ) Beauv. |Lotus corniculatus L. Medicago lupulina L. \Sherardia arvensis L. ‘Plantago aristata Michx. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. \Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. |Nepeta cataria L. ‘Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. ‘Solanum nigrum L. lv eronica Officinalis L. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Seop. Geranium macutatum L. Rumex sp. |Oenothera biennis L. '+Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. |Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ‘Potentilla monspeliensis L. lee scuta epilinum Weihe. ~heuopodium album L. Retaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Prunella vulgaris L. | ‘Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. /Abutilon theopkrasti Medic. Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonum persicaria L. /Anthemis cotula L. Mentha sp. Verbascum blatteria J.. (Cerastium vulgatum L. \Silene noctiflora L. |Panicum capillare L. Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) R. & 8. \Chry santhemum leucanthemum L. |Picris echioides L. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. |Lepidium virginicum L. [panies major L. Portulaca oleracea L. /Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaco rugelii Done. |\Carex, unidentified. ‘Rumex acetosella L. : \Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. ‘Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler. Euphorbia preslii Guss. Amaranthus graecizans L. Acalypha virginica L. Verbena urticaefolia L. \Galium mollugo L. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. iE rysimurio cherianthoides L. | Achillea millefolium L. Rudbeckia hirta L Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. +Sclerotia of the fungus. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 52. IOI Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in 1913. KInp oF SEED AND NUMBSR OF SAMPLES. 2 | 3 Names oF WEEDS. 2 E < | | B i Sale ean cee, Shins eyo HA | rare | neat mntegcas FSi eh al Mts bea | Number of samples examined... 31 23 8 41 9 7 American pennyvroyal............... i a = = = = = American wild mint................ = = = 1 = = - IDATIVATOACOTASS hyper eicierele)= Sore « | 3) = = - - - - 1 Birdusstootatretoils2.. 2.41 -ste ese | 1} = - = - - = - Bic kamedick#e pee mci oat ee eee | 2 18 20 - - - - - Bluetfeldsmaddery asc os a so oe We | = - = = = = Braccedeplantain= «55 ase cise vee 3| = | = P| oe = = - 1231) Were SO acre ae Ase nee ee it} = | ~ - - - — - peamadanthis tle. \.tds-asti.0: 2-1 a 1 2) - Nee ei a (CHITIN Dis wie eee Sate re ee eee - - | 1} — - - - - Common chickweed... .. ........ = 1 - Ne - - = Common nizhtshade............ 1 1| - - - - - ~ Common speedwell.............. = = | = aun Neko = = Wraberasseae Myce aes eA 1| = = IY = = 3 Graneysspilligey eee csscc crcl. cee CA ee Wh = = = = ID KOE) Kes. Spee eo cee ene he 13) ¢ 4 Ah) = = — PEM Sg TIM TOSC ose sft ie) 9s ee) af = | = = Gi = = = TDISELS bo. oS tb HERS HS cent See ate aera Sle = Seen ie ae) 9 = = TIGNES HESS opie cis rp eee Cee ae ate = | ala | a) - = - Bivenincern slay erent 1 3) =H 27 2) = - - Hila OA GET ares. ceases ore Cae Teac ei = = = = - Grooseloot yesh s ke Ace an nt Shively ihe |p rae 4 Greentfoxtarlis acc... aoe etter 25) 2 7 EAM - - 7 TESA UN ee Petal a letlge vem seonea haeea nl ect ea led vesmustard spo ao Seis cise ste - = 1%) 6) - = - Neadianimiallowseser eve cis cde eine = = =o | ~ = 1 INOW APRCR Gees CoCo ROAR OO GULL EEE | 6 - ~ | 1; - - ~ 1 liens hes) alidasnoh sanee came eA deoes sg}. = 6 - - ~ - Ey ‘ 102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I923- Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in 7913—Continued. Kino oF SEED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES. 2 a Bs | = oO AS | : NAMES OF WEEDS. 5 = | A : OS acre eres > g 5 es) o a ; irs 2 a 2, 5 cs) 2 = > 3 E 3 = a = ° = > ro) Fey | aan EPs se | sr |S co a Gs A=! (5) oa) rt 3 FS < | = a FS Na = x | | | i | Maryiwieed mati tetera aie eee 3 2 1| 9 Wo = = Mari Ey ee eu rae Serge erry eae Waar | = | Methimullems. cee peers ae Se a I oe H | } | | Mouse-ear chickweed............- = 8} -— | 2 3| cH ee! a | | | Night flowering catchfly.......... E 2) 19 it|[? = | a ee ell | | | | | | Oldewitchverasssacmecr eee ioe | 10) BS 2} 6 - - 1) 4 Oxvoidispikesrush eee ree ne eae - | - = ll ill > ht = | = | | | Ox-eyeld TiSVee ee ree ene — | ih S| ite = j= | = | | Oxztonzuerseresa oer 2) = =| - - - - | | Pennsylvania persicaria.......... a eae: - =e = - | - 1] = Peppererasseee een ee ye ae D) | = 37 ol sa 2s = Pigweed....... Spon encase Pee Mohan reas fete 1 2) — = ea tie 27 — = | | | Plantain yee sans Ga arceien tee tae tae = 2 4) Hes | = = | | | Purslaney trays ree tence ee ine | = 1} - 2) = 2} — - ARCO W.CC Magar ciate sea aie entuecsteeen a aoe 13) - Qos |= = i ss (BINS TASS Neyo Seis e ne ee ere eas 18 3 2 Gy = ot - Rugelusiplantain= sae rere recat: 19 7 Us 24 - - = - | Sed rei sien Aewsrvarcres cory Meme ererercpekciess - I i ie 17 6 Cle lc SHeeppeorre later mel eee 12s 22 9) 92) a Shepherdysipursen-ce os eee aes - 3; — 4) — I) = = slendericraberasshae ee eesti 9 1] renee | = = | 3 | SpuUTeeee ety sre at ones 3 1 3) = = = = = sRhumble=weed Nase crirares niet ear yj) - | = 2h) = = = = Virginia three-seeded mereury....... Sito 3, 1] - [| = Bail} Wihitenvencalmey tis here ais eee ys = = - = = Waldimaddersncecere cence coe = - il 1} - ~ = = Wangedipicweed hinge eters } = - | - = - | = i = Mormseedemustardiy sain ee lene - | 3 A - = DATO We teste te ice oe raat Ente dew ee ees - - 5 Qos = - Wellawidalsyiiate sessrice hae ne Ae | - - - 5 1 - = = | } } Vellowaloxtatle- epee int eee | THe 1] - a (ete - 6 Wellowsrocketiaee-rere aC Ee eee j | -- 2) - 1} - - = = OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 52. 103 Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of analysis of official samples taken in 1973. Station number. Kinp oF SEED, NAME AND TowNn OF DEALER SpectaL Marks. Central Maine Co-operative Association, Dover. | ‘* Alsike, N. Wortheimer & Sons’’............ Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston. ‘“*X XX Alsike, Choice No. SEGT 2H ee ee EreKeXeKoK Alsike NO: S661 77. 7. cies ieee S. Nightingale & Son, Fort Fairfield. ” “Climax Alsike 8005, 95 to 98% pure’’.......| L. Worden, eee Point. Be URIs 60, N. Wortheimer & Sons”? thereat RED CLOVER. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lew iston. ‘*XX Clover, Prime No. SEAS ee AA eps ee | “*XEXX Clover, Choice No. 78266”’........... fe KOXGXKEX Clover, -fUrity NO: 78290744. 5 js. . A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. nO hoOicenRedsClOVer ara: ise mei ueioe enya A. Smith, Litchfield. IREARCIOVE LE escre ohee at cle eres ee er cueraestee bee } A. Webster & Son, South Berwick. JPanpAmerican tved clover .+s:.2 sets oe HUNGARIAN. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston. leyatis) lsltnyaistil?: 4 Os gag anes ioo ob oobS enue F. A. Webster & Son, South Berwick. Hungarian SD fuctitebeyey ang tet ole oyaretN ate caahevon ents te eee } REDTOP. Central ee wee pop ere Association, Dover. ‘*Red Top, N. Wortheimer & Sons’’.......... Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston. OP). OO. Red Top sNON9209 4h a ee } BKeNOKeKG REC Lops NONO2Z0D8 21 een eee A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. melancye ied SLOpe terse dose ne ee Cee | L. Worden, een Point. Sra Top, No. 28, N. Wortheimer & Sons’’. Pouriry. IMPURITIES. ' feted, names st AN ee AG 5 oid 1 = ro | 2 = = o Stele 2 a | = fad, 24 > x“ =) (o) ie | ace o © | | Selly Pesala, | | | | | % %| %o) %) % 99.0| 97.1] 0.6) 1.6) 0. | | | - 97.5) 0.6 1-210: | 98.0 98.1) 0.1) 0.9] 0. | | | | | 25.0] 93.5} 1.8) 4.1] 0. | 99.0] 97.4| 0.6|- 1.5] 0. | 96.0| 96.7; 0.9] 0.6] 1 98.0| 97.9} 0.8] 0.2] 1. 99.0] 99.3) 0.5] 0.1] 0. 97.0| 96.2| 1.9] 0.6| 1. | - | 96.9] 1.0] 0.6] 1 | 98.0] 88.3) 2.3] 7.6] 1 al | erie 98.0 S74 OPS is0-0 lel | | | 97.5 95.5| 4.1) 0.0) 0. | li hack tsar 98.5| 97.1; 1.7] 0.6] 0 | 93.0 92.7; 6.0} 0.8 | j 97.0| 97.8) 1.9} 0.0 | | 96.2) 96.0] 2.8) 0.9) O | 99.0] 95.8} 1.8] 1.7] 0. ba | on 104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1g) T 1 Be Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of analysis of official samples taken in 1913— Concluded. PurRITyY. IMPURITIES. es l d : : oa! sh E a: g | Kinp or Seep, Name anp Town oF DEauerR.| . K fea } 3 Spectat Marks. 3 & | a : 2 arene & EI a abl) Ss ne) 3 i} ~ (=| on g 4 3 3 s i A M De = fo) qd 3S fo} mM oO & na q Z TIMOTHY. Central Maine oe erative Association, Dover. 7224 ‘“Timothy, ortheimer & Sons’’.0...5 0... 99.0} 98.6} 0.6) 0.6) 0.2 E. P. Ham, Lewiston. 7105 Se aneAMericaniebimOth yarn cielo 99.0} 97.4; O.8] 1.3) 0.5 Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston. 7121 se Sison dumothy.7NONOS40Se dennis once bie O70 981 a OR 5 a O kr 7125 Se RONG RG NGH ITN OLD YANO Oz OLD nee aararyrceneteienie 99.6} 99.7); 0.2 ail! A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. 7211 COIBENT une) AbbaaVenoh/? 4645 old cn oot lola cee cho uso 99.5} 99.4) 0.3) 0.2) O11 G. J. Kuhn, Waldoboro. 7106 imbanvAmenicanudimOthyanian ast scree aie tales 99.5) 98.7) 0.6) 0.4, 0.3 G. H. Ryder, Brooks. 7216 Sees Tia Ob liy aiken Seep ete te Ae EA RT are HALO 99.0 99.2) 0.3} O.1| 0.4 7217 SOAR naVenn an araesisieacstestmitietea anatase erectus UL teettEES| Up 99.0! 99.1; 0.3} 0.1) 0.5 H. A. Smith, Litchfield. 7207 MB eatoyrlent pier mane toler cae Cn hudan aN eee iets hee - 98.8) 0.6) 0.4) 0.2 H. A. Smith, Litchfield. 7208 PRAT CHiy gt Oe RA eee er Nie a Egat - 98.6; 0.8 2 7210 Dir ot hive me tos ay te tte ena rhc touted NG Ma - | 98.9] 0.6 A F. A. Webster & Son, South Berwick. 7232 SOS maKeld ay dermbooxsy Iieaoulany Mon oe iaaw odo. obo 56 90.0) 98.6) 0.4; 0.5) 0.5 H. L. Worden, Canton Point. 7239 Timothy, N. Wortheimer & Son.............. CEO) sea Osa Moe] Oat MAMMOTH CLOVER. Central Manie Co-operative Association, Dover. 7225 ‘“Mammoth clover, N. Wortheimer «& Sons’’ 99.0} 99.4) 0.2} O.1) 0.3 September, 1913. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Helen W. Averill Elmer R. Tobey Offictal Jnspections 53 PERTILIZER INSPECTION. The reports of the analyses of the samples collected by the inspectors of the fertilizers found on sale in Maine in 1912 are here published together with such other information as seems pertinent. CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE Law. The following are the chief points of the law and the regu- lations. The full text of the law will be sent on application made to the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. 1. Kind of materials coming under the law. The law ap- plies to the sale, distribution, transportation, or the offering or exposing for sale, distribution or transportation, any materials used for fertilizing purposes the price of which exceeds $10 per ton. 106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. The legislature of 1913 amended the fertilizer law so that after January 1, 1914, “Lime, marl or wood ashes intended for fertilizing purposes, and without regard to the price at which it is sold or offered for sale, shall be classed as a commercial fertilizer.’ All of the requirements and penalties relative to commercial fertilizers apply equally to lime, marl and wood ashes. For many years the sale of materials other than mixed goods was so small that no notice was taken of it. As time went on, however, with the propagation of the ideas of home mixing, the demand for chemicals increased. For the last few years the most common chemicals such as acid phosphate, ground bone, nitrate of soda and the various potash salts are regularly registered by the companies handling them. In the case chiéfly of companies manufacturing in the State it happens that other fertilizing constituents are sold in small amounts and primarily for experimental purposes. While the law is explicit there will until further notice, be no prosecutions made by the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the sale with- out registration of small amounts of these more unusual fertiliz- ing constituents, provided the company can show that these goods were sold in good faith for experimental purposes. Asa part of the indication that the goods were thus sold it should be explained to the customer exactly under what conditions the goods are sold; that they are unregistered; that they have not been or are not likely to be analyzed by the Director of the Maine Experiment Station and that the Director holds himself in no way responsible for the quality of these unlicensed goods sold for experimental purposes. Their sale is allowed because the Director does not regard it as the purposes of the law to either hamper ordinary business or hinder experiments on the part of the farmer. Whenever any goods thus offered experi- mentally come to be sold in considerable amount they must be registered the same as other fertilizing materials. 2. The Brand. Every lot or package shall be plainly marked with : The number of net pounds in the package. The name or trade mark under which it is sold. The name and principal address of the manufacturer or shipper. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 53. Oz, The minimum percentage of nitrogen, or its equivalent in ammonia, in available form. The minimum percentage of available phosphoric acid (solu- ble and reverted). The minimum percentage of total phosphoric acid. The minimum percentage of potash soluble in water. In the case of lime, marl and wood ashes each package shall, in addition to the above be plainly marked with: The minimum and maximum percentage of total lime (Cal- cium oxide. ) The minimum and maximum percentage of total magnesia (magnesium oxide. ) The minimum and maximum percentage of lime combined as carbonate (Calcium carbonate). The minimum and maximum percentage of magnesium com- bined as carbonate (magnesitm carbonate. ) The minimum percentage of lime-sulphur (calcium sulphate) in gypsum or land plaster. If a fertilizer (including lime, marl and wood ashes) is sold in bulk or put up in packages belonging to the purchaser, upon the request of the purchaser he shall be furnished with a copy of the statements named above. 3. Manufacturers’ certificate. Before manufacturing, sell- ing or distributing a commercia! fertilizer a certified copy of the statements named in 2 shall be filed with the Director of the Maine Experiment Station. 4. Manufacturers’ sample. When the Director shall so re- quest, the manufacturer shall furnish a sealed package contain- ing not less than two pounds of the commercial fertilizer. 5. Registration fee. A registration fee is assessed on any brand offered for sale, distribution or transportation in the State as follows: $10 for the nitrogen, $10 for the phosphoric acid and $5 for the potash contained or said to be contained in the fertilizer. The filing of the certificate and the payment of the fee is required from only one person for a given brand. 6. Registration may be refused or canceled. The Director of the Station may refuse to register any commercial fertilizer which bears a name that is misleading or deceptive or which would tend to mislead or deceive as to the materials of which it is composed. The Director also has power to cancel the regis- 108 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI3. tration of a fertilizer manufactured, sold, distributed or trans- ported in violation of any of the provisions of the law. 7. lleliviLeln\loleNaleleWsiollolin thin . Co.’s Northern Maine Potato Special . Co.’s Peerless Potato Manure . Co.’s Peerless Potato Manure aaa aaa i. Covsusweet' Corn Specials jas.ca. ss sober ciate Un Lee eee 9030 Ac sAc C2 CotisiSweetiCor™ Speciale nrc sac ce eee 2962|Bradley,s Alkaline’ Bone! withveotash = 5s s2can sorts ol ee eee eee oa AlkalinesBone with Lotashase eee eehnr oe ee oe eee 9408|Bradley‘s Complete Manure for Corn and Grain....5..:........2...00.025 se tee 2185|Bradley’s Complete Manure fer Potatoes and Vegetables.................-.-.--- ee ee Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables.................+.+-00- bo bo w SS P PPP PP bP PPP PEED PP Pe QQ 2492 Bradley’s Complete Manure tor Top Dressing Grass and Grain................-.:- 5184|Bradley;s:Complete: Manure with 10% Potash 242723. 5 55 93 eee 9943\iBradley;s Complete Manure with 10% Potash’... 592 325 1s 22 2c o ies eee 2050|(Bradleyzst Comebhosphates) snap sen concen enn ee ee eee D55|Bradleyas: Cormykhosphatetss anes ci tctache ee ele oe eiee cee ees eee eee DATiBradleysuburekagertilizerene eons jet een eee ee eee ee Cee een 21156) (Bradley{sMureka sb ertalizerytersyessy cet acess ate evel eerie eer eaees Cree oe 2494|bradley’s Hign Urade Potato and Root Special............-+-+0-2 02s eee e ee eee 2495) Bradley’s High Grade Potato and Root Special.............---- 1s sees eee eee 2239|\BradleysseNiagarayehosphateter merci seen cine errant ee eee iC Cee een 2159 Bradley se Niagara, Phosphatene sci oie iene aistosis eae ene iene ee eaten 2218 Bradley.s-eovatoyPertilizeriy.. sacs etass oe eee 2049|/Read’s High Grade Farmer’s Friend Super-Phosphate................000+-2000- 2086|Read’s High Grade Farmer’s Friend Super-Phosphate................2.+0+eeees 2048iReadisiRotatosMan ure eis Ace eo ite lene ie arccsuce data fe iene oeiv Icke) ucla ae Saas eae eae 2085|Readis;PotatovManuresn 7. cele tetctvalctstelei sced-ts tone aye) cs secs ve a bole ee ee | 2090|Read?s!Practicalseotato: special Hertilizer. .. 422 eee 2483 )\iRead:sistandard Super-Phosphateni.s . ay. si. sce ictseie sisi eraieisrocl isl cious oie eee 2089 ReadisiSurerCatchiWMertilizersaris 1s) te1shete wes cee HODR ASCO BRAMD SAS ANAM AOS fa MN NNNN MONA FO! NAR RHO! MMAR AAR BANA OA -atqnyosut SOMH DO - O19 M9 ORS HNOHR WK: BHD OGD: HOWHD OKO WANSCS WOK oatoRut sy ABAAAN ANION INH 10d oD TANH AMA MN ANN WAT: ANNAN AATN MMM ANN y SoCs | Sac ea cooc oc So SOO OSS ISIS) SISOS Sst SSC) OSS 5 SOOO) OOO) SOS) OOS) a 3 ‘aTqnyosut —OOS0S $19 -N ON HHO WOO ASHS 1» GOW SOnm-. minMM MOre WoMINn SONS e = Sena aks INADA oo NN IND 19000 SHO OD | SHAH HH ‘NA: HOO BAD - WMMN AND tOaA Bom & 50 REIN SISSY SIS) BS) ‘oO OCOnO ‘COS SOOO 1S). 6 ISOS) SOS, 5 COS COS COSS COS a (e) -atqnyos Sins Siesta) Oa EQ oHOOS OM -- HO. ODHO BOO. HNSOSD HOR DHDANSM MRS 7 Ash SOD GON Tar} ‘OH NMON WO: SSO! AMA BMN +) AHBH WN BABA GWM 19}BM SV ooo LO OO OO Lesion OO Comoor: SS! 63S SoS: SSSOS SOS SSSS SSS IN OnM IHWON MM WOM SDSOOCHD ANON OH. SCOHOMD OMD - SOHO SGHN SNON DON “eIUOWUUG SW mH OOM ‘AM Ord DHHAO HNBO MO. ARH DADO +: OHO An DMDHAN OO Ment CHS SS). SS SOSH AHSOH SOs: HOS MOCO: HOSS SCSOO SOSOSD oScS CONS Oe IDM MSM DOH. ANHO GOO. 1 Go O-.+ + HO SEO SOO = ‘oT VI} SY GOO SHOOT ee eH ONS NOr~: SHOR AM: SB CO COR econ : Bea ON : Solomon: SSO Non FHOSO: HOSS co: tte owt oe Ort oO. : osco HO BeHS GROSS CORN HOM WMOKH BOWMIN CNM MND BOHO NMOKRR GOH 2ots 2S NSNBD HONS SHH GH OHH BHOHH Boo Aris BOM SHSM GOt Sam Woo “roqumnu u0TyRyS AAS SNH AVS MVM VMAS COSS OFS San SANS SHAN ANA CHAN ANA ats AANN ANNAN AAN AACN AANN AANA AANTN ANN ANN ANNAN AANAN ANAN AANA | I22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1913. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE MARYLAND. 2316 TAU SOT be aye ae See ae ah Sea (es ee de ES ee 2298)\Bone: Bloodiand*Potashens: 22 te eae eee bon nee eo neneeae i 2292 Bone, Bloodiand “Potash’.a cae ie heise se eee 2 oo NB ee ee ee 2330| Complete Rotator ws. ar asee wa crm 2 icin Sietlnaiersys shee er 2312|Complete! Potato ns.- 05 sc cocci a Geers Oe eae revs Ia eae Oe Ae 2351 Corn! Grow Sr ewes sabes es wattaes at oe eee on eeleee ane. bles eae Bau cant fa fe ay eo 22011 Double Valuess2 ects «oa ee Behe ee & oe ct oe Seon Eee Cee eee 231 Double! Values ire ses) ote = alae « Sispasieie dec hye ae Meaeen MRE el aon ve a ei ore 2321S iE rit anGRoOot CLOp PS PEClalewe mises oe eae tee ere ee nee ee Aa lEigh Grad esROvatO nc Seecc Slessics oo tceecans acolo haere ead ar ohare a Wei ones cae) ee 2415 High Grade Potato........ neieinctnane. 4-2) a: ¥.e loioks, wletegeie Faake, cle Eee els Sao 2314)Wheat, Cormband Oats Specialioys-a ae e atin coe ele see Ee OE eee ATLANTIC FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 2459! Command! Grain oy ese ied la oe bes DRS PERE is inte on olor Un nT oe ae DLA 1 121-75 (sce ate REPRE aie BE ee aN PR ES Eco Ome Mob Oa eon Ese oc EOS EL-{-30 i Bee Sots Seine Eee EA GeO EAI Eee ad ee isc oo Sloe gokooo.a06 2398| Potatosertilizer © cei Som es ee eee ae DEST lin ical sen ee ee SE) SERS AN GEIS g GN Cea DABS MR Aletin Nee cite: Bitce oe BER eh RENE re tae one eee BAUGH « SONS CO., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 230LiBaugchs Aroostook:4-6-10) seat ae. ais see pen Oe oe Se See eee 2299 Baugh’s) Aroostook 43-7210 2225). 21s cht cse esis cists eae lee edstered sto ee eee 2255\BaughsvAToostook4-827)o5 2 chee. teraiine sem Sees aks tilere Oh etener odes ee eee 2320)Baughis AToostook/5-=S27)c. 15 siie = Soke eke Grease cyle 2, eo vais ep eren hey spaeh tenes ie ee 2296|'Baugh’spATOOStO OK: (5-82 752i raiteie sie ees Biel sania vel elnie ete acetone anaes 23 00iBaushisvAroostooky5-7o1 0s sete ee oe ee ee ee 2319 iBaugh's Aroostook /5=7-VOF a25 5 ochre fe ne cle eieii cree roe ote nls aero BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 2069 iBowker's) Blood) Bonevand Rotashes.) ba sl ae ee eee ee eee 2iiisiBowker:sblood= Bonevand hotashae. =. ose ree ee eo ee ee eee 2233||Bowkers i blood Bone andsbotashe)-). sens nee oe ce ae een ee eee 2033) Bowkeris, Bone‘and Potash, Square Brand: . 4.02: 4.140 --=/)-)\e- el eee 2447|Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and V ecetables, 23/1 <0 eee 2385] Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables Bigats Betes 2334|Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables........-..---.+------+-- 2103|iBowker's! Corny Bhosphates ar 52 yon sede eee Seen oe Soe a See eee ZG 7 Bowker's:CormyPhosphate. eyo ass oo ioe Noe eet coe. ee ee eee 2285|BowkerssHarlyseotatollanurener ce tee tee eee meee a tte b < ee ZIV4) Bowker'sibarly, botatoyMamune daciycss ei ceslcels ieeieineasee oie eit er Rer et eee 2084)Bowkeris)Harly, Potato pManurel sm) sas cee see eo seen einer ee ee are ieee eae 2104 'Bowkers:Barm and) GardenPhosphaite snc ce oe oes ode ZAG A BowkerisbreshiGroungds bones tere eciee erie sete ene Cn ee eee 2172|Bowker's HallvandsDrilljPhosphates- eee s ee aes oa ee Cee eee 2094|\Bowker’s Hilltand ()rill’ehosphates< ee eclae nie ae ia eee ect eileen 2284\\Bowker's) Market Garden Hertilizers.< -osclc= 2 seeiscie eres ele ee ie eels 2032) |Bowkeris | MarketiGardensbertilizer ene anon eneee nn eee 2290 1c 123 | Poras#H. “poop UBIENY) “puno,yT ooo eoOoo ooo bolt St oon ocd ae ae ooo oooo be al ad Nooo ae | “pooyUBIENy) Tota. *puno yy SH 0o S0kt &O0 ooo OD D> OD P= OD Ors Son aad mre OD P= OO Omorn OO Or OO ANLON rere NOOO rrr AD Ad LD AD Ag rug AQ AD a coon ooo cmc§c ooo e°o°o coococo b= i-I-li “poop UvIENr) Available a4 “punoy PuospHoric Acip. ‘alqnyjosuy OOM 19ND HON SHAH BAR SAH ORO O80 BOD 8. 46| NOS OD~O Ors Wood ieee lool at EO OME SO On Comm rrK~ oooS HS LOD SHS HOH RKO OInodo OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 53. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1013. NITROGEN. “aTqn[og *po90}yUBIenr) “puno gy ‘aTqnyposut OALJORUL SW AATIOR SY : “aTqnyos IOJVM SY aDdDS ROON Oor who) Cnn AAR OID ANH 1900 I~ OOD MN O00 ial ad MeO OOME~ HOO HOC ODO Ee OD ANN Geb omy) she MnO OH CoS CSOD MOD Wo ASH 6SH OS HHO HH OS — Ome Aig we Onn QUIN nme AHH OMA WH NAdticd maN did 71} 0.84| 8.46| 4| 1.05] 8.23| 5.7 | 5.1 3.46) 0.52) 7.21) Nor OKO Onn MANY Ato dANAN ; 1.65) 5.31) 1.42) 8.40) ~‘e[qnyosur CAO Sigg HAD S90 19000 ocr moO SSO ooo OM 19N0O Ond PMO OH DOA Snn COSOO coO So DRO aan CAAA Sa ie Kor kocior) SDS BOON onr dM sHtisi ooosed “RIUOTIWIR SW an me~E AKO MA ABO WHS SAN SOS SHO operqiu sy Cot HOW NHN “ToquUINU WOIYwIG oO ino AOS sH oon [=H 0oo Oo ono noo coon OA1wW9 ric BOD Anim One ek la) OD OD CY). NOD OD ANN ANN ANN 2317) 0.36) 2415) 0.3 2314) 0.1 2.0 TARP) cere laces 2.0 2.0 7.0} 10.20) 10.0 7.66 6.95] 7.0] 11.39! 10.0 9.010.18| 10.0) 2.73 | | 6.0) 6.0, 2.47) 5.39) 2.58) 8.74) 9.011.832) 10.0) 2.36 6.03) 1.65) 8.53, | | | | 2284] 0.84) 0.08) 0.94 0.76| 0.40| 3.02) 2.47) 1.67| 1.89 5.77 2.40) 2.47 | 2.25, 2.47) 3.83] 0.89| 6.06 1.18) 0.37) 0.47) 0.38) 0.76| 0.21) 0.39] 0.29] 1.65] 1.65) 4.67| 1.75] 7.87) 8.0 9.62| 9.0] 2.38 OFO7I 181 ONGG (62564) 525 4i7|n ee eain auras aces PAN ie serallep eee 2172) 1.03) 0.20) 0.31) 0.49) 0.45 2.48 2032] 0.14! 1.42] 0.03) 0.45] 0.21 2167) 0.58 2104)... 2094|..... 2103). 124 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1913. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. 2043|Bowker's Potato and) Vegetable Hertilizer..- 5... 22 «+25 222 ote oe ee eee O73 \iBowker:s) botato and. Vegetable Hertilizens.. 5.4.50. ones es ee eee Oe aoc 2099|Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate...........:...-.:+-.-.2.++++0222-=- 2168|Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate.....-.---------+--+--++-+++++eeereserare 2083|'Bowker’s Potash Bones. case are co nots15 son oie eas SOS ops ee a aes 2038|Bowker's Sure. Crop Phosphate «nace sone oe see elec eee ee eee 2082|Bowkeris: sure, Cropybhosphate = sno oes nee ono n e an eee eeee 3 2286|Stockbridse Manure Ac, toribotatoes-= 2 \sea ene e eee 2173|Stockbridze Manure: Ave LOL ROtALOeSs= Gee eee ee ee eee 2035|Stockbridze;Manure’ = Ator Potatoes! 4. he eee one oe ee 2287 | Stockbridge Manuren ib; cor eotatoest-ceen ose nea eee eee 2294 ‘Stockbridge Special Gain Manure for Corn and All Grain Crops............-- 2169 Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn and All Grain Crops...........-... 2282 Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables............... 2176 Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables..............- 2041)Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables............... 2068 Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables............... 2170\Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables...............- 2102 Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and Petes Oe srab hance air coe A baie rr errant EG era Minn come oo DOG Doe HOT 2034 Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forcing........... 2166 ‘Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forecing........... | BUFFALO FERTILIZER COMPANY, HOULTON, MAINE" 2431 Buffalo Farmers’ Choice (1-8-5) 2433 Buffalo Farmers’ Choice (1-8-5) 2519 Buffalo Farmers’ Choice (1-8-5) 2340) Buttalolbave-Pieht-Niness cece ogists be che on ee ee Cie On De eee 2344 BuftaionPive-Bight-Nines.. ost. qc. see plo ae een ele nko ni OO eee 2990 |(Buftalo Mive=Misht-seviernte:s seers ses see eee eee osteo eee oo basal Five-Hight-Seven.... .. ee ee EI Grob Oso oC 2289) Bullalothiour- Six lena veer se ear aie oi ee eee er opener Santee Fibre Eee 23855 BultalosPOur Six enter sk re ete ke ee egy ee tar ae ee 248 7\Bultalo Hours=might=Niness shots.) iss ele ccebelcie ss eee Cie cioirne ren Soe eae 2348 [pail Four}-Eight-Nine See sic cede dobeve SMe crane Geaile laste anette Ene a 2435) ‘Buffalo da Kod Op led at rol l=) c take Ren et ie ete enter I ROIS Nc oOo eGo ne FOC 2460|(BultalovRwo=Bightol won nist secs eres nt ae en ene ne ae 2450 (Buftalo Pw O- Bight lsw.O src) cr sece ore as SSeS eho even oies TESTS eI eee aa eee eee 2518 | Buflalovlwo=Nin e-Bivers: reve psctsmas essere roe rees aoo 2 O00 AaAOon AanNQo ooh . ite) mri oon oor ray a “‘puno,y Radon 60h O noo AMD NOOO Sam GHSG SOtis Od : S oon one OO LD 5 BROAD SoMmr CBP OOD CONK GBD ~KWOO GBOrrK wo : f—) Oreo anos 00 00 a = — x 3 snl on inamnl ae - cone! Qe Se F0 oD Renliea!) ous imi e ao eee tl — tli) Se. Seo OSS) OMoOCoOmMoOCOSomoO : : coo Sas Xe) oso ° eo | peor o 00000000 MOOD Newco WCC COON ‘SEY OOKR WOODO wr: : 5 wos Pon ICO OO Bes orn fe eS} 5 Roe : eee ° i SMSn 2B OAH DONO HIND EN Bt MHON ON... 7) JRSIg00l 9. = COCOIMs | amore a g | *puno yg lor) mA for) SS CoO oD oro ON ‘On oat lod pha mont Oma. - . Hid O28 Sonia er “ro n AVA NOOK coacis ti Ren gee ‘OM OOO~R WODD OO: : 5 oro * = 0000CO oor fo) zee —e es 3 / : o. 2. SSS ee ee See: = a “atqnjosuy COINcCI OS 1dN CO I=r oO SH SH coo OD ‘NAD AONH AON oO . .- : ld AN so HOS at™ SOI ein SS I ICIS AS) ISIS eT OOS “SE 8 S osco - fo oon Sei AMGBS Onan DOO ORS DONO «HN ABIOD BLO AD. - ; ont + tH i) -a]qnjog DAA cis HAN ISR OAH (Ot SOMO BRHAN OG: : : HAD 1+ ORS rom =LIDwAHAD ONAN 1918 SHH sid Mix Hooded NOM lod =. : OHO 1 + OOO HN OD : oe01s1d HHO “OO HHH OHH COS OOHt OCOODS QD :S 1D Sa) co EEN Loa ; poseJUBIeENr) ANSS AND SSE = COICO CACO, Sle rat NIC Cae HH SHH icc AQ Ss -AN Oe SShe ona eI ade Woe IAN Fd OHH AHH MOH ANNA OM 4 oN NAH aot ‘Ss = : ; : : ° SSNS MOOH “OOH HOOD SCHD OAD SGHOH BHD ef ECO MS el Ea CONS CO CN EI (00! a “puno,T AMOD Ao N80 OF ARN SHA BRO Wass Cas =H SocN 4 TION ON eee eno AN AAs OHA AHH MOHH ANNNN om Js = oo IN a OOOOH mtd — So SOnmNGO (Oreo o> ao AO ReRrK OOO NRO NE (14.45) 15.0]17.40] 17:0)... )...:- ‘aqqntog Drwsoor= woONt Aso ON RrATA HOW OMG OO PNR Onn HON FH ODO NOD wt. we Smet RAR DWHM CO Mistintsi diodes indie asic | ‘peojuviens Total. SOAR MMOD OYO SSsS SAR FSS AS sidicded rime NHN Or BBC MELO aaallbaoadlaocoslloastel oducalloses OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 53. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1913. NITROGEN. “e]qnjosut “a]qnjosut OATJOR SY Organic. oo CONN OOD Wr SARS SAA SSS AS Hitiodod HOO NHN MO DATJOVUI SY Peet CO MINS TIES ON 2558 oO P= 00 AD HCO ue OD HHSoS SOS SOS CO | 0.40) 0.32) 4.10) 4.10) 4.98) 0.61) 7.60} 8.0} 8.21 rete RHO FEO TS ARMOR O0OOC RHE OOD Meno SOS SOS So ‘aTqnyjos QAaoet O84 I0JeM SY “BIUOWIUIB SY ‘oy BIyIU SV Q oto Ko Horo wos nc | HOO mano Cnn HSS HO MAOtS PND NOW OO” ISLET Te AG oalleo.5u6||Geaodllanoo “equUINU 01}e4S 2468| 1.18] 0.20] 0.18 0.41] 0.22) 2.19] 2.47) 2.63] 1.20) 5.88} 6.0] 7.08) 7.0) 5.23 2326) 1.48) 0.88) 0.16) 0.41} 0.39} 3.32) 3.29) 2.47| 1.30] 6.26 2364 1.00) 0.54; 0.73) 0.64| 0.45) 3.36) 3.29; 2.19) 1.49] 6.02 2342| 2.13) 0.47) 0.44) 0.77] 0 35] 4.16) 4.11) 3.11) 1.58) 6.97 2362] 1.36) 0.84) 1.05) 0.53) 0.38) 4.16) 4.11) 3.51) 1.03) 7.39 PANE Soodllagoer PRY lsc dbollancon 2378 134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ13. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1913. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. E. W. PENLEY CO., AUBURN, ME 2306|'Penley:s(Au burn ice ae eh sale ie ee eee Sere Hes TS vet 2307) Penley’s'4-6-10)5 3 hice ee eo Pane Se al a on LS ee EEE Ere 2305|iPenley?s Seeding Down's.) -)) 2s -eiine sce anid seals a Ae ee ee 220 /Penley’s BG] Ole caus oh Penae Mie ere Nise cies ears) 15 /S ORO ORES En eee PORTLAND RENDERING CO., PORTLAND, ME. 2526 iBone; Dust Lanka ge sac ees eno ee ees sale we BORE ee nee oe 2475|PortlandvAnimal Wertilizersio 2... oats see ue cece Te inal Rieter oe ee 2477 Portland Animal *Mertilizer eco occ ae oe sus otee ei dera ook eter 2175|Portland Ground! BonevElouriss 3) isco ee ee ROLE eee 2478| Portland! Ground sBonesWlour se een he se Vereen ni ey eteee es tae eae ae 2476) Portland! Potato Growers ocala secs tec ee eee ee a he an Rie eee EP ING BONE FERTILIZER CO., READING, PA. 2345 Aroostook A. e 7 NaS). We ne ea Hae te en ri ne EEN PN a otAlG-g oid clu 5 wt 2456) roostook AlwAt INU SAL yeu goalie ay ashe ech aie sot es Ed th cfm te a ete a a 2346|Reading’s Potato SPOCIAL sa. fe oi dieeie ce ereie «iG es) ololey ais eietay ee DDE ee eS 2457)Reading's Potato: Special fais sisiie ostieiarii oie veils chee ieee ete Oe eee ROGERS & HUBBARD CO., MIDDLETOWN, CONN. 2503 Hubbard's ‘ ‘“Bone Base’’ All Soils-All Crops Phosphate ici.ic:od ee See 2508) Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base’’ All Soils-All Crops Phosphates si gs0 poe ee ee EEE 2402 Hubbard’s ‘Bone Base”’ CompleteiBhasphate: sas see Boe eee 2504 Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base’’ Complete Phosphate........ mE Arno cocOnS SCE 2393 Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base”’ Fertilizer for Oats and Top Dressing..................- 2407) Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base”’ Fertilizer for Oats and Top Dressing................... 2394) Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base”’ Fertilizer for Seeding Down and Fruit.................. 2397) Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base’”’ Fertilizer for Seeding Downrand Hruit:.. >see eeeE cee 2403 Hubbard’s “‘ Bone Base’ New Market Garden Phosphate.................-2.-0. 2505| Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base’? New Market Garden Phosphate................--++---- 2395|Hubbard:s)» Bone Base Potato Phosphates sas ssn loeb ene een eee eee 2398|Hubbardis) 7 Bone Basexsbotato Phosphates= sso. oneal eee eae 2396 Hubbard’s ‘““Bone Base’’ Soluble Corn and General Crops Manure................ 2406) Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base’’ Soluble Corn and General Crops Manure................ 2405| Hubbard's “Bones Base. soluble Potato Manures sso 2e 0 een eee 2404) Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base’”’ Soluble Tobacco Manure.............-.0.00eeeeeceeees 2507|Hubbard’s ‘‘ Bone Base’’ Soluble Tobacco Manure.................002ceeceereee | SAGADAHOC FERTILIZER CO., BOWDOINHAM, ME. 2192| Acid Phosphate sic aoisihe. os rte ean eee eine ee Ee eee 2198) Muriate eA J efoyrecic) «epee eet I te een Deer ge eRe eee baoocesc 2197\ Nitrate Of SOdasse cts ier, che tii seecer shot sks noo ate te aot eI Hi et naie ace eter so 2190| Sagadahoc Aroostook Potato) Manures 3 240...6% ses aie nhs col ee eee 2186|Sagadahoc: Dirigo Hertilizeriet eee sees ee eee Lee eee eee eee 2514|Sagadahoc)Hisher Hormulay 7-2 sn noe beie ee eens eee Lee eee Lee eee 2191|Sagadahoc:5-s:and- 7 Wertilizer-pomesee tonne eee eee eee eee 2303| Sagadahoc 5-8)and!7, Pertilizeri.niy eee ee eee ener Oe eee 2193) Sagadahoc/4-6)and 10) Hertilizer..cae eae eee eo ne eee eee 2302, Sagadahoc 4-6:and-10) Pertilizersci5.soenis cas cies Gee sae we Cee on nen Eee 2188 Sagadahoc’ High Grade!Superphosphate:4-2 6-52 a niacin eee eee 2200|Sagadahoc) Honeysuckle: Mertilizersook ne ee nee oe enon een eee 2502|Sagadahoc! Orchard: Hertilizerseeeico ceo eo oe ee ooo nee OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 53. 135 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1913. NITROGEN. PuospHoric Acrp. PorasH. "ane | Organic. Total. Available | Total. (3) ] sa) : = = Sleeps: S ° Ge ce ae! ae! Ay jh ke Shia Onesies g é 8 3 S a | + lines Ss iss 2 Si) 2 2 $ eg ane 8/25/25 \85 = 2 ae j a ; q = S PRO a (See laos Sty Jo (este ool el bea ee Pos ole) as 3 a 3 Ee 36 A 5 3 B 3 2 3 3 z 3 a om ° aI = = o}|2|<24/48i/4s/45| 2] o| 3] 8) e ol ae! o |] a] S : i | 2306| 0.88| 0.04 0.31 0.88 0.45 2.56) 2.47, 7.11) 1.021020 8.0 11.32! 90 4.67 4.0 2307| 1.36 0.10' 0.16 1.00 0.45) 3.07 3.29 5.12 0.96 8.55 6.0 9.51) 7.0) 10.68 10.0 2305| 0.46 0.04 0.17 0.36 9.26 1.29 1.03 6.44 0.6110.01 8.9 10.62) 9.0) 2.89 2.0 2304) 0.92 0.06 0 38 0.54 0.30 2.20 2.47 6.00 0.60 9.02 6.6 9.62) 7.0; 7.28 10.0 OLE ee aes ta Ee a) Gee od PGE 7h) Sean ee ol aeamal laenos TE yd by VG) | oe ho = DATS ences 1.43) 0.63 0.72) 0.26 3.04) 2.46) 5.58 3.11 9.92 8.013.03) 9.0 5.81 4.0 ZAG | 0.98 0.64 0.48 0.46 2.56) 2.46 6.62 2.0311.77 8.013.80 9.0) 4.48 4.0 PA WN eerie esetea 0.68 1.19 0.50 2.37) 2.48 EN eee 27.20) 23.0) . PZ EA Ee a (eae 0266/15 00)50282|" 2°48 | 2048 ee eee ena eee 26:48) 23-0) 22.2 Janes. AIG Ieens. 0.82 1.09 0.67 0.76) 3.34) 3.28) 3.67 2.78 9.05 - 6.0 11.83 eo 10.71 10.0 | DELS ae 2.71) 0.01) 0.52) 0.62) 4.18) 4.11 4.26) 1.96 7.80 8.0) 9.76 9.0! 7.04 70 2456 ..... 2.74 0.22) 0.79 0.32) 4.17) 4.11) 4.02) 1.95 8.18 8.010.138) 9.0) 7.45) 7.0 2346)... . 2.74 0.25 0.65 0.44 4.08 4.11 4.96, 1.17 7.76 7.0) 8.93; 8.0: 10.26 10.0 DAD IN ons - 2.33 0.25 1.01) 0.45) 4.04 ao 3.40 2.12 7.45 7.0 9.57 8.0) 9.92 10.0 2503) 1.99) 0.13) 0.20) 0.44! 0.35) 3.11) 3.30 5.31) 2.83) 9.13, 8.0/11.96; 9.0; 7.48) 7.0 2508} 2.24)... .. 0.48 0.41 0.28 3.41) 3.30 5.65! 2.11 8.50: 8.010.61) 9.0) 7.93 7.0 2402 0.62) 0.03)..... 0.36 0.53) 1.54) 1.50: 4.63) 2.30 7.60 7.0 9.90) 8.0) 6.15 5.0 2504, 0.62) 0.06 0.30 0.29 0.27 1.54 1.50, 3.94 2.78 7.43 7.010.21 8.0 6.05 5.0 2393| 6.76) 0.08 0.97 0.48 0.21 8.50 8.50..... 2.50 5.96 4.5 9.46 8&0 8.00) 8.0 2407) 7.24)..... 1.25) 0.50) 0.25) 9.24) 8.50°..... 3.43, 5.41 4.5 8.84) 8.0! 6.98 8.0 2394;..... 0.09 0.66) 1.04) 0.49 2.28) 2.20)..... 8.0410.54 6.518.58) 16.0 12.05 12.0 yi) | ee 0.18 0 55 0.94) 0.59, 2.26) 2.20)..... 8.19 9.72 6.517.91 16.0 12.00 12.0 2403 0.80 0.10 0 73| 0.33) 0.14, 2.10) 2.00, 3.84 2.04 6.48 6.0 8.47 7.0 11.20 10.0 2505! 0.78) 0.11)..... 0.60 0.52) 2.00) 2.00; 4.31 1.53, 6.84 6.0 8.37, 7.0 11.17 100 2395 0.88 0.10 0.30 0.49 0.33 2.10 2.00 6.00 1.90 9.14 9.01104 10.0 5.95 5.0 2398) 0.85) 0.08 0.23 0.48 0.44 2.08 2.00 6.59 1.54 9.66 9.011.20| 10.0) 5.85 50 2396! 1.38) 0.10, 0.11, 0.56 0.37 2.52) 2.50) 0.32 2.73 7.00 6.0) 9.73) 8.0) 9.25 8.0 2406 1.27 0.11 0.26 0.53 0.39 2.56) 2.50} 1.87) 3.00, 7.10 6.010.10} 8.0 9.14 8.0 2405) 1.77 0.42 0.90 1.32 0.69 5.10) 5.00) 2.44) 3.78 8.66 7.012.44) 10.0) 6.48 5.0 2404) 2.32) 0.26, 0.46 1.31, 0.71 5.06 5.00. 1.23; 2.90) 8.65) 7.0/11.55! 10.0] 10.77, 10.0 2507 2.14 0.15 0.81 1.00, 0.94 5.04 5.00! 1.12) 3.11 7.88 7.010.99 10.0) 12.20 10.0 PON PA pn Pel | A el lester be Faia ne al (ka es 12.55 0.5716.31 16.016.88 17 Sa a Seal risa LOR een eine ie Dyer oe Says ed ete ee elle oN a ates sa NC ee eel ech eae 51.56 50.0 PASTA ee ON ee oar 15.24 15 0) pte a) Poe BY OSE et Bono Como Soca beeartel aeae 2190) 0.48) 0.14) 0.13)......]..... 1.10 1.05) 6.79 0.4810.72 6.011.20 7.0, 5.32) 4.0 Zi86)=o- | (AU aeae 0.51) 0.80).1.32) 1.00) 7.40) 2.27|11.14. 5.0:13.41)' 7.0) 3.94 2.0 PASE Nhe EGS | eR I] (eee [etme Ad Va eae 7.90) 6.80)... 1.39| 3.51) 3.5) 4.90) 4.5) 10.21 11.0 2191, 1.91) 0.44 1.06 0.40 0.37, 4.18 4.12, 2.47 0.57 8.63 8.0 9.20 9.0) 7.77 7.0 2303) 1.95) 0.37 1.03 0.40 0.35) 4.10 4.12) 2.17 0.45 8.82, 8.0 9.27 9.0! 8.02 7.0 2193) 1.74, 0.40 0.22 0.51) 0.47 3.34 3.29 1.75 0.47 7.98 6.0 8.45 7.0) 10.56 10.0 2302 1.62) 0.34 0.31 0.50 0.41 3.18 oy 2.20) 0.59' 8.10) 6.0) 8.69 7.0) 9.53) 10.0 2188 0.54 0.30 0.13 0.25 0.18 1.40 1.50 7.13 0.6012.08 6.012.68 7.0) 4.01 3.0 SPL 1) I repel tear be SIRI bate! Ste er ee earn eats 7.55) 7.16} 3.0)14.71| 8.0) 5.25) 5.0 2502|0 os. | 0.14) 0.62; 1.33; 1.08) 3.17) 2.47 0.53 3.09] 4.24; 2.0) 7.35) 8.0| 7.07) 8.0 EE ere 13! MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1913. Station number. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Sagadahoei6-Gand)6) Hertilizen vance eri sis cree eee oe eee Sagadahoc Special Comm Mertilizery. 5.) 0s se esae deel see eee eerie Sagadahocispecialubotatomentilizerm +s scien crete sini oi elnino re terreno eee eee Sagadahoeci3-o1and ol OsHertilizer=-soase moe een ee Oo ee Cee Sacadahocsxexs ChemicalsBrande caer ener oe eee eee ee eee nee Sagadahoc WankeelMertilizeriteys irs creeps eae eee eee eee eee nee PROF. J. W. SANBORN, PITTSFIELD, N. H. Prof. Sanborn’s Chemical Fertilizer for Grass and Grain..................-.--- y Prof. Sanborn’s Chemical Fertilizer for Potatoes and Com.....................- A Prof. Sanborn’s Chemical Fertilizer for use in Hill & Drill......................- STANDARD GUANO CO., BALTIMORE, MD. BiluetibbonvRotatosManuresapemiescoec: pen cao enna an eee eee BluewRibbonw Potato Manure: ieiekees cit seen oienscs ta eter ae occas err Cee HMelipse, Potato Manure seis < icc Evaye-tanere vovercoue ke oie tone re ieee eee Maine Potato Growerie seine cvsciw cieracelereuerocnveyslaviohe laderstevere tier pie tetera I. P. THOMAS & SON, CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Marmers;.Umion offMainel5-5-de acre eeiien one enone nite en aes Farmers’ Union of Maine 5-8-7. Farmers’ Union of Maine 4-8-7... sees iHarmers/iUnion:of Maine i4-8=7ines scien oe conten cia eee nee eee Marmers7aUnion ofs Maine: 4-8-1 Os-eae en coi eee eon eee eee ee Marmers+ Union of) Maine:4-6-1 08 ee ros hes eee Cee a Cen eee Farmers? Union ofsMaine:4-6-110) ge ie Gee ee eee eee TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD. Complete Botator eee aes eres ioree ake eos Subiale Au Sue SiaVaeoe Sms Te ETN CITE eon Piruitiand Botators Qons sretcisicacsncsevels, oetepehonaceeCareien eee Soke eyes vores eet ee eee Pruit and Potato ue ac key seater bic ime eters io: ohieneGolohereoeste cel Gre ae eee eae UNION CHEMICAL WORKS, NORTH WALES, PA. Johnson Seed Potato Company’s Ideal Potato Manure (eens Brand)i= 3 ee eer Johnson Seed Potato Company’s Ideal Potato Manure (Planting Brand).......... WHITMAN & PRATT RENDERING CO., LOWELL, MASS. Whitman’ é&) Pratt)s) Potashy Specialerciimie cere cence la ereuchcvero cies sien Ne eo eeetemerseemene 137 f Fertilizer Samples, 1913. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 53. Analysis o Er KK) 1200 CxS), OC t Or} coco SCO eoo co Ke r—) ret “poo, UBIBNy) OnHcoO DOON + 00 IDC COO Ko oO i & s *puno yy Orr HOS Sa kOCE Sool 09 CO OD SH COSHH =cOIN Lone TAIN AID Oe ~o SH ou a COD cored 19 00 00 COCO COCO E0000 CoOh0d00 =CODSO 0000 «=> 0O 00 > oO 5 cae eee eee ee : 7S eee See Loe Ott COneo SOnst eo bos SHtRaD SNS IDIDSO HOD aH oO i) ‘eT qnyosuy ONO Reis Hi OS ~rAMN OF MOR ‘DADO LOCO tHO OO DS N pu MOS O18 ANC ocoscoo SO HHO oocoso ooo Onin HO oo nN Cha DOD AN Ont © m1 Sasn OES BRO a Rab oD ‘arqnyog maAm WON OD Hoteicd 00 AAD 1D aN wom mOoO~ 4 oO we) MAN MOS Noo OMias Ooo NNO 6MéeOO Midd tO ON tre a 5 5B “HOS ROSO MOO HHOO Ht DHS AAD BARD m0 neo 00 60 tS cil! poopuBIenry) ONS HO moo mANA mo ANT MANN ANNN NOOO we AN toa) rs HAN ASSO Hoo sitios iri coded sistodas opens Oa te Oror) ro) ~ >" So —= — = ee ee a — — ° OHN HN AHS O8f7“7-9%9 DOS BO OMNSS Ors Had OD oo —) a *punog SHEA CONGO AO SaQHtN GOS Woo S2S83 8no ARA AD TK) a HHN NSO LD ODA sosesod oH moO SHxtiosod oono Oda Wo Orion) oO *‘a[qnyjosut ogg: incl Sodio) “Sone MenW HNOo Mon ot an ont oO dATQORUL SV ler ox ed ~~ HAR AN wa lds OD «COO 19 oo x) 00 69 re) z S 3 : mor ort: oO ooocjor coer osS Se OOS) —l— fe) oo o a x) z : : : Oo om. oS SHO 10m 1900 Aro NOW SOS OO CONN 1D 2 a Rb Nee OH ma. at NMABS BA cae WOON OOD Oxo Ooo 1910 S & 50 at Vv SO S20 i) BOOS) Se GOS) Soon ooo coo nO oo aa) a o) : oO -o ON ok co THNMO O-. &e —e COMM OFO HOW MN WO wD ya 91 qnyjos © ico ACO Ais Bid © a ist AAMAS Waco Yas OA Se] oo TOPE SV So:o so Asoo oscoso oo aK) SSccoo ooo Sooo co oo S 3ags = 008 =H ENO OOOH NRO HRO SOHD AND RE “Oo Q: e) “RIUOWUIT SY HAT MSOS ooo HOH AD BAD WHAD SAO 6 AN A — ooo ooo ooo ANNAN FA ANN meno HOS coco xn a4 So COCO SHES SNH RH como : T af 1DQID6O (CONN coo OO Do oO “OP BIYIU SY SS pore ere Seen : SO OO SOS eaten aoc es eis ose % Ano BHO tri . mooo ooo ooo oo oo _ = —) Senn OQD SGOH ARDS QH HOS BAHMON Oh AQ~ Oa c-T--) 1 Bae ee See Sade Se wee Saee al SSn 58 se 8 AJOqUINU TOlPVYG AAN AAR AAA AAA AN AAA AANAN AANA AAR AR aN a 138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10913. RESULTS Oh SINS RE Cai@iNe A few years ago practically all of the fertilizer used in this State was distributed from a few large warehouses located at tide water. It was then comparatively an easy matter to sample — practically all of the different brands of fertilizers registered for sale in the State and obtain good representative samples from large lots by visiting these large warehouses. With the rapid increase in the use of commercial fertilizers there has come to the manufacturer a realization of the importance of the Maine trade. Within the last few years many new com- panies have come into the State and there is great competition among the agents of these companies. With this growth ‘in competition there has been an increase in the practice of selling goods in small lots directly to the farmers. At present a large number of the brands offered for sale are not stored in the State for any length of time, but are shipped in car lots and used within a few days after their arrival. These conditions have increased the difficulty in obtaining samples of all the different brands for analysis. A few-brands were registered, samples of which were not found by the inspectors. They are, therefore, not included in the tables. The methods used last year in determining the quality of the organic nitrogen entering into mixed goods were again used and the results are reported in the tables. It is to be remembered that these figures for inorganic nitrogen cannot be relied upon with the same certainty as those for nitrogen in the forms of - ammonia (ammonium sulphate for the most part) and for nitrogen in the form of nitrate. They are, however, of value in estimating the quality of the organic constituents of the fer- tilizer. They also have developed certain important facts to which attention was called a year ago. Manufacturers are still in some instances using very different sources of nitrogen in the same brand of fertilizer. It certainly does not seem to be unreasonable to insist that a high priced and high grade brand of fertilizer be as uniform in the forms of nitrogen that it carries as in its total nitrogen. For instance, it is believed to be necessary in this climate for the best results that a potato fertilizer contain about one-third of its nitrogen as OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 53. 139 nitrate. If much more is present it is liable to loss from leach- ing. If much less is present the plant will not have enough immediately available nitrogen. Most of the manufacturers do ' not appear to attach sufficient importance to this feature. They frequently substitute ammonium sulphate or organic nitrogen for nitrate nitrogen, seeming to have only the total nitrogen in mind. Even a cursory examination of the tables will show figures that bear out the above statement. This is as true of the high as of the low priced brands of fertilizers sold in the State. And also it seems to apply to a large number of the makers. It would seem that one should have the right to expect that the goods would be uniformly made and mixed. The variations in character of the nitrogen content seem to indicate that too little importance is attached by the manufacturer to the forms of nitrogen in a definite brand. Feeding stuffs are sold on a chemical analysis the same as are commercial fertilizers. In the case of compounded feeding stuffs the feeder has not been content with knowing the amount of protein, fat and fiber that the goods contain but he has insisted, and the law demands, that he be informed of the kinds of materials that enter into the compounded goods. he sources and the kinds of plant food entering into a fertilizer are as important to the planter as a knowledge of the kinds of mate- rials put into a feeding stuff is to the feeder of animals. The knowledge of such facts is often as important, and in special cases more important, to the planter than are the quantities of total nitrogen. The heavy losses in crop arising a few years ago from the use of a certain brand of fertilizer, that is no longer sold within the State, was due to the make-up of the mineral sources of nitrogen rather than to a shortage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. The chief reason for many planters using home-mixed goods is the knowledge they have of their com- position. Now that the attention of the planter is being called to these variations in the make-up of fertilizers he may demand changes in the fertilizer law so that the kind and amount of constituents entering into the manufacture of a given brand of fertilizer must be stated as part of the brand. It is largely up to the manufacturer to determine by ‘his practice whether legis- lation will have to be sought, in order to correct this serious I40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. defect at present in the manufacture and sale of commercial fertilizers. As will be noted from the tables, the analyses of the different brands compare very well with the guaranties. Practically every company shipping goods into the State is giving on the average more plant food that the guaranties call for on the whole. Occasional samples fall below the guaranty in one and some- times in two constituents. But there is no evidence to indicate that any company is doing other than trying to live up to the requirements of the law. The New Mineral Fertilizer Company have again registered the New Mineral Fertilizer which carries practically no plant food as contemplated by the law. They made a serious technical violation of the law by shipping to an Aroostook point about 600 packages, only one of which was labeled to show what the goods were. After investigation it was found that the person who had the goods in his possession at Houlton was under con- tract to store and deliver the goods but had nothing to do with their sale. As this person was apparently innocent of any wrong attempt, as the company had nothing to gain by this mis- branding, and on the assurance of the President of the New Mineral Fertilizer Company as late as August 2, 1913, that the Company had “not received $1.00 for any of our material shipped into Aroostook County,” and that it was the desire of the Company to comply in every way with the requirements of the law, the case was dropped. Field experiments by the Sta- tion with this so-called fertilizer are reported in Bulletin 2009, published in January last. October, 1913. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E, Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Offictal Hnspections 54 INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE: INSPECTION. The laws regulating the sale of fungicides and insecticides are broad and cover not merely materials such as Paris green, arsenate of lead, bordeaux mixture and similar materials used in agriculture, but apply equally to fungicides and insecticides that are used for other purposes. During the year the inspectors have made pretty thorough examination of the stock in the hands of dealers in various parts of the State and have purchased samples of large numbers of the registered insecticides. At this time only the analyses of those are reported which carry arsenic or else are more directly related to agriculture. It will be noted that not all of the speci- mens reported upon are in accord with the law. As the law is new and the makers are evidently attempting to conform to its requirements no prosecutions have been brought. 142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. ARSENATE OF LEapD PASTE. According to the law arsenate of lead paste is adulterated if: it contains more than 50 per cent of water; it does not contain arsenic equivalent to 12.5 per cent of arsenic oxide; and if it contains water soluble arsenic equivalent to more than .75 per cent arsenic oxide. Arsenic oxide contains 65.2 per cent metalic arsenic. Table showing results of analyses of arsenate of lead arranged alphabetically by manufacturers’ names. | | ' | E Big | Ne A? | g Ae lsec 2 | 5 Branp, Maker anp Prace, |'@ | 2 | a | 2 | a DEALER AND Town. OF) aS Ris|O 43| Remarks. | oS) Ey sg || fet) eye 5 a a We 4 O| hem Oo) oa =) 0 o|39| of do! ~ a=] -— ~ is] |Yo | 8 o.|8 | S1ss|eus| n | EQ\F2| F)aa|e aa! | 30147/|‘‘ Ansbacher’s Triangle Paste.”’ B. Ansbacher & Co., Haskell Implement & "Seed Co., Mewistonucemen cur manna. 1} 1,47.813.5| 0.4/Above standard. 30148 )|‘‘ Grasselli Paste.’’ Grasselli Chemical Co., Boston, | Mass. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., ie WAS tone eee ye ane 1|1.15/47.7/10.1] 0.3/Above standard. 30239 |‘‘ Hemingway’s.”’ \Contains too much Hemingway London Purple Co., water soluble INESYe arsenic. Hovey & Wilson, Eastport..... 1/1.03 48.0]11.0 0.6 30140/|‘‘Swift’s Paste.’ Above standard but Merrimac Gee Co., Boston. | 0.8 % below claim Kendall & Whitney, Portland. 1/1.10]43.0/11.7] 0.4] on package. 30119)‘ Paste.’’ Powers-Weightman-Rosengarten | Conforms with standard. Cook, Everett & & Pennell, Port- ERG oop ater emnay Aa er ee 2|2.05 30158 \*‘ New Process.’ Sherwin- Tee Co., Boston, | Mass. | 0. 5|Above standard. econ Philadelphia, Pa. | | 41.7 a 0.0 | R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor. . 1/1.03 49.1 9.8 30247 ‘‘ Orchard Brand StandardPaste”’ Contains too much water soluble ar- senic.Shortweight. Carries enough to- tal arsenic to off- set shortage 1 | weight. Unlawful. |Short weight but off- set by total ar- senic. Too high water soluble arse- | nic. Unlawful. Thomsen Chemical Co., Balti- more, Md. E. C. Milliken, Portland........ 1/0.90 42.111.2) 0. Go 30195 ‘‘ Orchard Brand SrandardPaste”’ | Thomsen Chemical Co., Balti- | more, Md. | Milliken & Philbrook, Portland.. 1\/0.90 40.711. 1 0.9 | OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 54. 143 Dry PowpbERED ARSENATE OF LEAD. Only one sample was found. ‘This was made by Corono Chemical Company and was found to weigh net 1.02 pounds and contained 0.3 per cent water, 21.10 per cent total arsenic and 3.30 water soluble arsenic. No standard’has been adopted for dry powdered arsenate of lead, but on the paste basis this was above the standard so far as total arsenic is concerned and car- ried an excessive amount of water soluble arsenic. Paris GREEN. According to the law a paris green is adulterated if: it does not contain arsenic equivalent to at least 50 per cent of arseni- ous oxide; and if it contains water soluble arsenic equivalent to more than 3.5 per cent of arsenious oxide. Arsenious oxide contains 75.8 per cent of metallic arsenic. In 1912 a sample of F. W. Devoe and C. T. Raynolds Com- pany’s brand of Paris green examined was full weight but car- tied water soluble arsenic equivalent to 4.27 per cent of arseni- ous oxide. This was reported in Official Inspections 47, page 16. After the statements of the results of the analysis the fol- lowing statement was made: “No prosecution was brought for these goods in Maine, but under Insecticide Act Judgment No. 3, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, this company was fined for selling Paris green adulterated because it contained an excessive amount of water soluble arsenic.” F. W. Devoe & ‘C. T. Raynolds Company through their attor- neys have called attention to the fact that Insecticide Act Judg- ment No. 3 is against Devoe & Raynolds Company of Chicago, Illinois, for the sale of adulterated Paris green branded “C. T. Raynolds & Co’s, Chicago, Established in 1754, warranted per- fectly pure Paris Green manufactured by Devoe and Raynolds Co., Chicago, Illinois.” This firm (Devoe and Raynolds Co.) were also prosecuted, per Notice of Judgment No. 5, for the manufacture and sale of adulterated and misbranded arsenate of lead ‘Made by Devoe and Raynolds Co., Chicago, New York and Kansas City.” In a letter to their attorneys F. W. Devoe & C. T. Raynolds Co. of New York, whose goods are registered for sale in Maine and which were found adulterated in 1912 and are passed in 1913 as being in accord with the Maine law, 144 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q13. say in part: “In the first place let us explain that the F. W. Devoe & C. T. Raynolds Company is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of New York. Devoe & Raynolds Company is an entirely separate corporation organized under the Jaws of the State of Illinois. We each have certain financial interests, one with the other. We do not, however, in any way dictate what shall be their business policy nor their manufac- turing methods.” Because of the similarity of the brand, of the analysis and of the name of the manufacturers, and that Devoe & Raynolds Company claimed to be in New York on their Arsenate of Lead label, the writer confounded the two concerns. ‘The facts do not warrant the statement given in Official Inspections 47, page 16, that an action was brought against the F. W. Devoe & C.T. Raynolds Company by the United States, and that such com- _pany was fined. The purpose of this paragraph is to retract that statement. Incidentally the writer is glad to note that this year C. T. Raynolds’s Strictly Pure Paris Green may by F. W. Devoe & C. T. Raynolds Company of New York is in conform- ity with the Maine Insecticide Law. The injurious effect to foliage resulting from the use of Paris green is due not to the arsenic that is in combination with the copper but the free water soluble arsenic. Under the statute a very liberal amount, equivalent to 3.5 per cent of arsenious oxide, or 2.65 per cent arsenic is permitted in the case of water soluble Paris green. Several samples of Paris green were ex- amined previous to 1913 and like all of the other greens which we have examined they carried more arsenious oxide than could be combined with the copper present. ‘That is, the total amount of arsenic exceeded in every instance the minimum required under the law. This follows, as pointed out in earlier publica- tions from the fact that white arsenic is the cheapest ingredient that goes into the makeup of Paris green, and hence the manu- facturers will always use as much of it as possible and still have a green of good color. It is gratifying to note the marked im- provement in the quality of Paris green in respect to its water soluble arsenic. Practically all of the greens made in 1913 carry less than 3.5 per cent water soluble arsenic. Most of the sam- ples reported in the table as having. an excess of water soluble arsenic were goods carried over from 1912. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 54. 145 Table showing the results of analyses of Paris Greens arranged alphabetically by manufacturers’ names. a ; { | Arsenoius oxide (As203) Branp, Maker AND PLACE, DEALER AND Town. Remarks. Weight found. Weight claimed. Ounces. Station number. Ounces. Soluble in Total Per cent. water. Per cent. 30150|‘‘ Ansbacher’s Paris Green.”’ | \A. B. Ansbacher & Co., N. Y.| Haskell Implement & Seed Co.,| | Mewistonr (yi aahe ee. 16| ale 7 Peo as2ln lsd 30235)‘‘Lion Brand Paris Green.’”’ | as. A. Blanchard Co., N. Y. | | E. W. Fernald, Presque Isle. 5 32] 34.3) 55.7| 3.96 30241|"‘Lion Brand Paris Green.” | | | Jas. A. Blanchard Co., N. Y. | f E. W. Fernald, Presque Isle. . OF xo Lao ee DONG aonOO 30118 ,C. T. Reynolds & Co.’s Strictly pure Paris Green.’ . Devoe & C. T. Reynolds mien: Ne Y- | Cook, Everett & Pennell, Port- | | iat sly oh ee ae ee 8} 8.9] 30166 ‘‘Herrmann’s Hi-Grade Pure | Paris Green.’’ | | Morris Herrmann & Co., N. Y. | Knowles & Dow Co., Bangor. . | 32) 30.3] 57.2) 6.50} 30238)‘‘ Herrmann’s Hi-Grade Pure | | 57.9 Paris Green.”’ Morris Herrmann & Co., N. Y,| Knowles & Dow Co., Bangor. al| SAN S24 a Diya 9] | 30245/‘‘Herrmann’s Hi-Grade Pure Paris Green.” | Morris Herrmann & Co., N. Y. | W. 2. Libby, Gorham........ | 16 eee GA lees Seal 30161/\‘‘Star Brand Paris Green.” | | Fred L. Lavanburg, N. Y. | C. M. Conant Co., Bangor..... | 1G GG 5 9)e1\| 30228 )\‘‘ Lucas Paris Green.’’ | John Lucas & Co., Boston. James H. Glenn, Caribou..... | 16} 16.0) 58.2 30208 |“ Pfeiffer’s Strictly Pure penis Green.’ | | I. Pfeiffer, N. Y. | | Unregistered. With- Mi. 10, Bragdon Paint Co., Port- | | | drawn from sale. Letra Sie be einer cua siete ayia HG) e621 565) 40/7) 30246 “ Pfeiffer’s Strictly Pure sees | | | Green.’ | | I. Pfeiffer, N. Y. W.F. Libby, Gorham........ | 16, 16.0) 55.2) 4.94) Unregistered. 30142|‘‘S-W Paris Green,’”’ See Williams Co., Boston,) iw) e cS bo 55.9} 2.90 Mas Kendall & Whitney, Port'and| 16 16.4 | 146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. ARSENITE OF ZINC PASTE. Sample found made by the Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md. Weight claimed 1 pound; 0.9 pound found. Carried 53.3 per cent water, 15.7 per cent total arsenic, 0.15 water soluble arsenic. dients. Claimed to carry not more than 55 per cent inert ingre- Found to be in accord with the law in that requirement, and also total and water soluble arsenic were within limits claimed on the label. It was short weight, however. Table showing the results of analyses of Bordeaux Mixture. 5 eaciia q Seales | : Liaise (tae cle aes = |Branp, MaKkER AND Puace, DEALER AND]. ° | Be) aS tes | as & Town. | gs BE || fer 2 @:| B.| & | Bs) Bs s =i | os | oe 83 | S| 25) 22868 a ~ nz, | Al Ealeos| = fa | Cts. Ozs., Ozs % % 11222 Biddeford, Andrews & Horrigan 1316.5) 15.0) 9.09)15.40 : 11246 Biddeford, F. F, Beauregard Co. 914.0 14.0) none 17.69 Warning short measure. 11220 Biddeford, Gartiand & Dunn....| 1321.6) 14.1/35.18)10.88 Adulterated, | dealer fined. 11223|Biddeford, John F. Hannaway.. 8)18.0) 17.0) 5.55|11.74 11244 Biddeford, G. A. Landry....... 10\16.0} 14.7) 8.12)18.55 11247|Biddeford, Jos. Menard......... 1314.0} 13.9) 1.0718.98 Short measure, dealer warned. _11243'\Biddeford, L. A. Talbot......... 1017.3, 14.416.7612.76 11005|Brunswick, Wm. Coffin......... 1016.8 10.636.57 17.73 Adulterated, } | dealer fined. 11095|Portland, Cobb & Trefethen..... 10}15.1} 13.3)11.62/13.19) 11212 Portland, W. L. Daggett & Co... 1016.3) 16.0) 1.84,/17.96 11091 Portland, Doughty & Jewett..... 10:16.8} 16.3) 3.32\14.91 11215| Portland, Doughty & Jewett...... 1015.7) 14.6) 7.00)15.36 11082|Portland, BE. C. Dyer............ 10|24.2) 21.3/11.98/14.55 11214|Portland, E. C. Dyer............ 1017.5) 14.9 14.85/20.42 11216)|Portland, Gem Market.......... 1315.0) 16.2)10.0017.24 11087|Portland, D. J. Hamilton & Co... 1017.3) 15.6) 9.44,21.82 11210|Portland, D. J. Hamilton & Co...| 1016.3, 15.0 7.69.23.88 11211 Portland, D. J. Hamilton &Co...| 10 15.7; 12.9)17.83)23.37 11085)|Portland, R. D. Hamilton Co.....| 14)15.8| 14.9) 5.21)18.43 11094'Portland, A. L. Littlejohn....... 1216.7) 16.0) 4.13,20.03 11084 Portland, Jas. H. McDonald..... 1015.1; 13.510.47/10.25 11092 Portland, Munjoy Fish Market.... 1016.0! 13.5 15.6210.65 11083 Portland, George Wilcox........ 1017.8) 15.9\10.7812.76 11088: Portland, George Wilcox........ 10|17.1) 14.6|14.59|18.97 11213)|Portland, George Wilcox........ 10|17.5| 16.5) 6.00/20.08 11090|Portland, A. H. Worden......... 13)12.7; 12.4) 2.44/16.73 11038) Rockland, H. L. Higgins........ 13,16.7| 12.6)/24.38) 8.58 * 11040 Rockland, Linscott’s Market... .. 10 15.2) 7.8\12.60, 8.50 11037|Rockland,Mason’s Park St.Market 1016.9) 10.041.13 8.68 * 11041)Rockland, Mason’sParkSt. Market 10/17.8) 7.7|56.65| 7.27 11039 Rockland, Thomas Fish Market 1217.2) 12.3|28.32, 8.49 * 11224 Saco, F.S. Wallace............. 13|16.0} 15.3] 4.37|15.62 11077 Sanford, H. A. Roberts......... = |13.9| 11.0\20.75|13.39 Dealers sample. aur orervalle: B. K. Meservey...... ‘3 = |11. * Hearings were appointed at which all Rockland dealers in clams were present. -O1, investigation and rulings given on page 152 followed. OYSTERS. The The situation as regards oysters has steadily and markedly improved during the past five years. Five years ago oysters not only carried large amount of free liquids but they had been “floated” in fresh water so that the dry matter of the oysters themselves was greatly reduced. On the average oysters have increased in price about ten cents per quart. than offset by the increased weight of oysters in a quart due to the less amount of liquids and water in the oysters themselves. But this is more 154. MAINE AGRICULTURAL, Results of EXPERIMENT STATION. m IQI2 and 1973. Tome: Examination of Oysters Purchased and Examin d ] | | Fee Seles, | 5 | a5 | s | a8 | Town and DEALER. | 2 =e eee | as | "9 | Remarks. ag | @ ;| ars) an 2 | Bed OF em nliler tind | Saul Be Hears SS SOR iy S| nA | [Aa Falboo| A | | | | | | | | Cts. Ozs. | Ozs. % % 10978) Bangor, Wilh x@larks a Gr sraee | PASS = = |12.96|18.58 10976 Bangor, Eureka Market. | 25) - = 9.45/17.59 10994' Bangor, Eureka IMG yece coca Dal = = |12.32/19.61} 10995|Bangor, F. F. Foster.. See OGL UNE tes = 4.20/18.61 10977) ‘Bangor, F. L. Frank &Co...... Al) 2 = |16.60/17.84|/Too much water | | Dealer warned 10997 |Bangor, IDS Iie EM aOys 55600), Pay) = = | 9.78]/15.34 10999|Bangor, Gallagher Bros.........| 25) —- > 7.30)15.52) 10979|Bangor, R. Hickson............ 25} = 8.28/19 .08) : 10975) Bangor, Chas. S. Jones & Co..... 25) - |30.18}12.83)Adulterated. | | |Dealer. fined. 10993) Revee Chas. S. Jones &Co..... 25 a = |11.35)/21.54| 10998) Bangor, EH MicDonaldie aan: |) 25) = 9.74)/14.81) 10996. ‘Bangor, D. J. McGrath.. -| 25) = - | 4.04 17.15| 10980) Bangor Wentworth’s Market....| 25] — = | 2.32/22.55) 11221! ‘Biddeford, J. B. E. Tartre. ...| 23/16.5| 15.8] 4.54]12.35| 11007|Brunswick, F.C. Webb.........| 25|17.2) 15.0/12.88/18.26| 10962 Lewiston, Harvey’s Miarkke tere. 20) —- | - 7.59/14. 70) 10963 Lewiston, Walker Bros.Co...... e020 |= — §20.69/17.10|Too much water | | | | | Dealer warned 11006|Lewiston, Walker Bros.Co...... | 20/16.9} 15.5/10.21|/19.80} 11102|Portland, Dennison & Partridge..| 23)18.6) 17.5) 6.01/20.54) 11101) Portland, Doughty & Jewett..... 20/17.8) 16.1) 4.22/20. 20) 11217 Portand, Gem! Market: 7. 205.5: 23/17.2| 16.0) 6.97|15. 76} 11105 |Portland Gribbin Bros.......... 23/16.0| 15.8) 1.56/21.70) 11099 Portland, D. J. Hamilton & Co... 2016.3 13.6|16.16)11.79)/Too much water | Dealer warned 11100|Portland, Jas. H.McDonald..... 23/20.3) 20.0) 1.47/18.82) 11093|Portland, Munjoy Fish Market...| 23)16.8) 16.6) 1.13/21.66) MY 11017) Rockland, Philip Thomas........ | 38/17.3) 12.0/30.76/23.06|Adulterated.% | | | Dealer fined. J 11250|Saco, Ha StaWiallacers sero eeass 25|/17.6| 16.9} 3.97/16.48) 11249'Saco, W. H. Whitehead......... 25)16.0) 15.4| 3.45)17.64) 10986 Sanford, Forbes Fish Market. ... | 20) - | = /17.15|13.89)/Too much water 10984/Sanford, Ideal Cash Market. 20) - - 8.79]17.85 10987| Sanford, Robert’s Market........| 20) 10.95)16.62) 11627! Waterville, CitysMarket eee 23/14.2 7.43/16.62) 11626) Waterville, H. J. Collins....e0--| 23/21.1 = 7.71|/14.86 11628|Waterville, E. L. Gove.......... 23|16.9| — 2.49)18. 28) 11624/ Waterville, Hersom & Bonsell. . 23/17.3 — |10.22)14.98) 10971) ‘Waterville, F, E. McCallum...... 23| - - | 9.50!21.00) 11623|Waterville, F. E. McCallum... 23/16.6 = 5.31/16.69 10972 Waterville, Robinson- Davison Co.| 20) — | = 6.70)18.45 11629 Waterville, Robinson-Davison Co.) 2315.8 = 5.78!16.59) 11622 Waterville, S. E. Whitcomb Co. | 23/16 .5) - a oaihe 36 SCALLOPS. Scallops as sold in the market consist of the large muscle that holds the two shelis together. The remainder of the scallop is thrown away as unfit for food. There are two species of scal- lop, the giant scallop which is the one that is fished in Maine waters, and the ordinary scallop of more southern waters. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 55. 155 No investigation of any amount has ever been made as to the methods of handling the scallop. As is to be noted from the table, there are large differences in the amount of dry solids in the scallops. Most of the samples which were examined had apparently been adulterated by soaking in fresh water. One of these samples, carrying more water than it should, was furnished the dealer by Simmons, White Company, large handlers of scallops in Rockland. This led to something of an investigation of the methods used by the fishermen in handling scallops. We were greatly assisted in this by the Simmons, White Company. The scallops grow in deep water and are obtained by dredg- ing. The Maine fishing grounds extend from Penobscot Bay east. As a rule the fishermen open and “cut” their scallops the night of the day of fishing. As soon as the scallops are “cut” the edible portion, or muscle is put in a tub with salt water. They are usually delivered to the shippers in this condition. When the shippers receive the scallops they pour them into wire baskets, resting on the scales and weigh them. Each wire basket has a mesh of nearly three-quarters of an inch. After the scallops are weighed they are usually washed with fresh water, by using a hose, from the city service. They are then allowed to drain and are put into galvanized iron pails which hold about ten gallons. Yo each pail about a gallon of sea water is added. ‘The scallops are left in these pails over night. In the morning they are poured into a tub which contains fresh water in order to give them a second washing. The scallops are bailed out from this tub into bags by the use of a dip net so that no water is bailed into the bag. This is usually done early in the morning. They are allowed to drain for an hour, are weighed, tied up and put into tubs containing chopped ice for shipment. The shippers claim that the scallop is covered with a slime and that it is necessary to thoroughly wash them in fresh water or else the scallops will not keep. They also claim that packing the bags in cracked ice is far better for the scallops than ship- ping either in closed tin vesseis with ice packed around them or in the so-called Sealshipt packages which are used for ship- ping oysters. 156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I913. The two last samples given in the table are scallops that never had fresh water near them. They, however, had been rinsed and probably soaked more or less in salt water. It is probable that Maine scallops treated as outlined above would carry not less than 20 per cent dry matter in the scallops, with an average higher than that figure. The sample of scallops, 11117 in the table, were,from south- ern waters and were shipped into the State. These had unques- tionably been soaked in water. The Federal authorities are now prosecuting the case. Results of Examination of Scallops Purchased and Examinid m I9QI2 and 1913. | | | | g 3 | AS na 2 g | [eo | eel ee §.8 Town AND DEALER. a 2 S| a8 a oI oS) Remarks. ree 2s) s8\oad| 8 | pe nGZ | | "A, Balbo & AS | | j 1 ] aie | | Cts. | Ozs.| Ozs. % % | 11089|Portland, W. L. Daggett & Co..| 25/15.8) 15.7/0.39 |26.04| L103 | Portland sh iC sDyertiea eee 25|24.1) 24.1) none/18.92| 11104)/ Portland, Gribbin Bros..........| 25/15.5) 15.1) 2.45)15.43) Probably | | | \soaked in | | | | fresh water. 11086) Portland, R. D. Hamilton Co... 25/14.8) 13.8) 6.68)/15.18) Probably | soaked in | | fresh water. 11119) Portland, Munjoy Fish Market...) 2514.4) 14.4 none |14.33)Probably | soaked in | | | | | | fresh water. 11106 Portland, Geo.C. Shaw Co...... 33)14.9| 14.0 6.04,16.38 Probably | |soaked in | | | |fresh water. 11117|Portland, Geo.C. Shaw Co...... 33/16.7) 14.3)14.32)13.75 Adulterated. | | Interstate ship- | | | iment. Case re- | | | ported to Fed- | eral authorities. 11201|Rockland, Simmons, White Co... 76-0) = 1.87|21.79) 45.9) = 1.30/22.66) TRAD o| ese, Simmons, White Co...) - (47 1-4-13) Gniversity of Maine. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, GRONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director. Methods of Poultry Management at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. (Revised to February, 1913.) RAYMOND PEARL, LThis publication is mailed free to residents of Maine. To others the price is twenty cents a copy.] CONTENTS. PAGE TER OCU CEIO TY cscs Bacar sists vation ie eee Sle eRe ences eae eRe mI 3 Poultry Hygienevand Sanitation.c...tis.. acto oe leone 3 Poultry House Hygiene and Sanitation...... EMI MaSIAS/ oc oc 4 Eby erento. Meedinig sins 2k 8 args acacs aoe clove el eect ase a ae 9 AB oye Cet ole Mar on ia a ela Mn acct ATI mame er eA Reon Alen Sled bo t 12 ESCO REUSE tylive. dong ace cele aON eee SER Se cre Se I NT aS ES 14 External aiParasites yas aea atic cio oe ee ene eee 5 ital Disposaleronme Deca diusBingd Shade crrestn ery eee eee 15 Tsolattonscok (orckmnessivec ene