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THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Mame Aerieultural: Exp ina Mati

ORONO, MAINE

1920
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE

1920

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE

ORGANIZATION JANUARY To JuNE, 1920
THE STATION COUNCIL

PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, President
DIRECTOR CHARLES. D. WOODS, Secretary
ORA GILPATRICK, Houlton, | 3

FRANK E. GUERNSEY, Dover, \ Comariiices os,
CHARLES S. BICKFORD, Belfast, \ Board of Trustees
JOHN A. ROBERTS, Commissioner of Agriculture
EUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, State Grange
WILSON H. CONANT, Buckfeld, State Pomological Society
FRANK S. ADAMS, Bowdoinham, State Dairymen’s Association

LEONARD C. HOLSTON, Cornish, Maine Livestock Breeders’ Assn.
WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Portland, Maine Seed Improvement Assn.

AND THE HEADS AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS, AND THE
; DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

THE STATION STABE

CHARLES D. WOODS, Sc D. Director

ADMINIS- ESTELLE M. GOGGIN, Clerk
TRATION ‘) CHARLES C. INMAN, Clerk
| MARY L. NORTON, Clerk

JOHN W. GOWEN, Pz. D., Biologist

RAYMOND PEARL, Px. D., Collaborator

BIOLOGY % wiILDRED R. COVELL, Clerk
HELEN A. RING, Laboratory Assistant

JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S.,, Chemist

CHEMISTRY EDM RS Rei OR ED Yaa aaS= Assistant
(@ISVAIRP AN WABI Pier. (Ce Assistant

ENTOMOL- ( EDITH M, PATCH, Pu. D. Entomologist
OGY | ALICE W. AVERILL, Laboratory Assistant

su ( WARNER J. MORSE, Pu. D, Pathologist
ELANT - ) DONALD FOUSOM Pram Assistant
FATHOLOGY | SOLA, MORRIS: Laboratory Assistant
= ( JACOB ZINN, Acer. D., Assistant Biologist
AROOSTOOK ) & RAYMOND RING, A. B., Saienie Aid
FARM / WALTER E. CURTIS, Superintendent
HIGHMOOR ( WELLINGTON SINCLAIR, : Superintendent
FARM ) HUGH C. McPHEE, B. S., Scientific Aid

ROYDON L. HAMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
. ORONO, MAINE

ORGANIZATION JULY To DecemBer, 1920
THE STATION COUNCIL

PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, erecident
DIRECTOR CHARLES D. WOODs, Succ
ORA GILPATRICK, Houlton,

CHARLES FE. OAK, Bangor, Committee of

THOMAS E. HOUGHTON, Fort Fairfield, Board of Trustees

Commissioner of Agriculture

eoeeee ese eo ee eo ee ee ee ee ew

EUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, State Grange
- WILSON W. CONANT, Buckfield, State Pomological Society
FRANK S. ADAMS, Bowdoinham, State Dairymen’s Association

LEONARD C. HOLSTON, Cornish, Maine Livestock Breeders’ Ass'n.
WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Portland, Maine Seed Improvement Ass’n.

Anp THE HeEAps AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS, AND THE
DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

THE STATION STAFF

CHARLES D. WOODS, Sc D. Director

ADMINIS- ESTELLE M. GOGGIN, Clerk
TRATION CHARLES C. INMAN, Clerk
MARY L. NORTON, Clerk

JOHN W. GOWEN, Pu. D., Biologist

KARL SAX, M. S., Biologist

BIOLOGY % MILDRED R. COVELL, Clerk
BEATRICE GOODINE, - Laboratory Assistant

JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S., Chemist

CHEMISTRY ELMER R. TOBEY, Cu. E., Associate
C. HARRY WHITE, Pu. C., Assistant

ENTOMOL- EDITH M. PATCH, Pu. D., Entomologist
OGY ALICE W. AVERILL, Laboratory Assistant
PLANE WARNER J. MORSE, Pu. D., Pathologist
PATHOLOGY DONALD FOLSOM, Pu. D., Associate
VIOLA L. MORRIS, Laboratory Assistant

AROOSTOOK JACOB ZINN, Aacr. D., Associate Biologist
FARM E. RAYMOND RING, A. B., Superintendent
HIGHMOOR WELLINGTON SINCLAIR, Superintendent
FARM HUGH C. McPHEE, B. S., Scientific Aid

ROYDON L. HAMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer

The publications of this Station will be sent free to any address in
Maine. All requests should be sent to
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Orono, Maine.

CONTENTS.
Oraaimizawioal Cir We Sicwioringgacocecdomesooscepadod odo cece daccos
Mi OUMCEMIGND 65 od Gute ob Oe OOo Oe ae eee Ai aoe in Tans Ges ree
EMDlicakionsmssuedsdralO20)ceeynr vis ceibe te van aclace ame incucromee eal
SEBO. INOS S'S AG es A rie Oe cede cy se re A a pe

Wheat Investigations. I. Pure Lines. Summary. (Bulletin 285)..
Glineterand) soil selations (Bulletin 285)).5.-45-s20..5-5002- 220-5
Characteristics of Aroostook wheats (Bulletin 285)..............
Origin of pure lines at Aroostook Farm (Bulletin 285)............
Analysis ot Cea Cexnillenim AS)\>psoncsocdssoscousoceusccvceeonoues
@hemical characters, or pure) lines (Bulletin 285) ......75200.-50---
Bakancarestsmorethespune) limes! (BulletingZ85) 44 45erees aan ace
Relation between protein, gluten content and size of loaf

CB eaillligraira: Aoi) ee ancl tenc votre each otc ee OLSEN te sl are ton ee ear Ce ate
Discissronmandaconclusions. (Bulletin 285)ieqnee soe eee see
The Variation of Milk Secreticn with Age in Jersey Cattle.

Sumamevay,: 2 (CBiisate ;AN0)) 56 oe a6 sow oo boo duoa nmonadEoheuooe oT
Varmationmat commencement of test.) (Bulletin: 286s. 2-96 >5.- 40.
Correlation of 8 months’ milk production with age at test.

GB lle tine eZS6) yeaa eee eevee aie ee tela te Mae ieee ek
Regression of milk production on age (Bulletin 286) SOR aye Le
Self Sterility and Cross Sterility in the Apple... Summary.

(Byaillkeratin: “ZAY) a real ee crete ray els tv ee Oy ee eR Ta
Self sterility and self fertility (Bulletin DBT 2) tere Wert cays ae NRE aR Ac
Grossmsteniityerand across. fertility: (Bullletin= 287) 2 1. ao
Vigor and size of apples from selfed or crossed varieties

Bulletin Z SI) vercncrice eae eater ie ses ee cee suai UR Sar ese)
Causes of self sterility and cross sterility (Bulletin 287)............
Some Observations Upon the Effect of Borax in Fertilizers.

Simmmanrn “Cpnilleiim: AIS) sosuctadocobpenebeenoobeeoceueuoones
lmmoctneniom CB Ewieaia sA7ets))n 0 hate ws soe balan bonis HedE ea ae oiomame cs
Field observations on potatoes in 1919 (Bulletin 288)..............
Injury in relation to fertilizer used (Bulletin 288)..................
Greenhouse experiments with fertilizers containing borax

GBilletinipZ88) es sees seacaset acre persiseeto manic eas cea tee ed Soe ROR AG eats
A Voramvitoepotatoesm Bulletin Z288)\neene eens eens ania
Results from greenhouse experiments with potatoes (Bulletin 288)
Work wath Odier Cros (Cswiilesin AS) ccosnonescsashecoeschoosuc
Beams CRnillesim Ayo cesceccoocebsnscosndsoe eae Sa AI eed a eee Sate Sit
Ortcwvheatandubuckwheate (Si ulletineZS8) pases eee aoe eee
The Correlation Between Milk Yield of One Lactation and That

of Succeeding Lactations. Summary. (Bulletin 289)..........
Correlation of milk production of one age with any other age

GBiilletinte ZS 9 ranma cere cutee Cyaan eeear MLN Irae MMMM Nes aa

Correlation of one lactation record with the milk yield for the first

five. lactations: ((Bulletin] 289). 2. ee eee eee 129
‘The Variation of Butter-Fat Percentage w ith Age in Jersey Cattle

Summary o(Bulletin2290)).. 2 be ne eee 132
iNatenials cand methods) (Bualletine 290) 295.5 eee ee 135
‘Variations of fat percentage with the age when test was made

€Balletin’ 290). soccc be. Seas seen eee ee ee ee eee 136
Correlation of 8 months’ butter-fat per cent with age cf cow

(Bulletin 290) Say crosses dig tec needle se he CEE 142
The Correlation Between the Butter-Fat Percentage of One Lacta-

tion and Succeeding Lactations in Jersey Cattle. Summary.

(Bulletin 290) 52. ss wale oo ee Eee 145
Correlation of butter-fat per cent for 8 months with like butter-fat

per cent at any, other sivemage. (Bulleting291) as ae 147
Correlation between butter-fat per cent cf first five lactations and ~

the mean butter-fat per cent of these individual lactations

(Bulletin 291). 2 s.. cc 22k pels s een ee ee 152
Potato- Mosaic, “Summary. 9 (Bulletin 292),..22 25s eee eee 157
Introduction: CBullétin. 292) ih: 2 52a eee 158
Appearance of the diseased plants (Bulletin 292)...... tea ae 160
@ther jeffects of the disease ((BulletinZ292) he acer eee 161
Lransmission ibyathe tubers, ((BulletinmZ97) ease eee ce eee eee eoee 163
Proots of mrectiousness (Bulletin 292) pees eee eae eee eee 164
Insects as) carniers. (Bulletin, 292) >.<. sone eee Coe eee eee eee 168
Other possible factcrs in the spread of mosaic (Bulletin 292)...... 175
Methods Gf ‘control, (¢Bulletin, 292)- 22a eee eee _ 180

Recommendations for the control of potato mosaic (Bulletin 292) 183
Studies in Milk Secretion VIII. Influence of Age on Milk and

Butter-Fat Yield in Helstein-Friesian Cattle (Bulletin 293)... 185
Normal and abnormal germination of grass-fruits. Summary.
(Bulletin: 294) 3c. hae ES ee ee eee 197
Material and) Methods (Bulletin 294) px 2ee eee ee eee 199
Normal Germination of Grass-Fruits (Bulletin 294).............. 199
Abnormal Germinaticn of Grass-Fruits (Bulletin 294)............ 207
The Mechanical and Biological Functions of the Coleorhiza i
(Bulletin” 294) oo hen. Ee ba a ee 213
Polyemryony in ‘Grasses - (Bulletin) 294) 22a eee eee 214
Abnormal Germination as a Source of Error in Germination Tests
(Bulletin: 294). 250.0 8 oa ee Ee eee eee 214

Transmission cf milk yield to the fees generation (Bulletin 295).. 217
Transmission of butter-fat percentage in the first generation

(Bulletin 295). os jocesc ce w le sere cleo sete SO RRO ee ee eee 219
Mode of Transmission of milk quantity as shown by first genera-

ation! (Bulletin 295); scc26e0 <a<clon- cake Ree EE Coen 221
The life cycle of Aphids and Coccids (Bulletin 295).............. 221
‘Transmission of the Mosaic disease of Irish potatces (Bulletin 295) 223
Meteorological observations (Bulletin 295).....c...........-.... 224
iReport of Treasurera( Bulletin’ 295), 250-2 ¢- eee oe eee eee eee 226

Gnadexss 7 CBulletim wZ95)).c.. osc. Cee eee eee 229

f

ANNOUNCEMENTS.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATION

“The: Maine Fertilizer Control and Agricultural Experiment
Station, established by Act of the Legislature approved March
3, 1885, began its work in April of that year in quarters fur-
nished by the College. After the Station had existed for two

" years, Congress passed what is known as the Hatch Act, estab-

lishing agricultural experiment stations in every state. This
grant was accepted by the Maine Legislature by an Act ap-
proved March 16, 1887, which established the Maine Agricul-
tural Experiment Station as a department of the University.
The reorganization was effected in June, 1887, but work was
not begun until February 16, 1888. In 1906, Congress passed
the Adams Act for the further endowment of the stations es-
tablished under the Hatch Act.

The purpose of the experiment stations is defined in the
Act of Congress establishing them as follows:

“Tt shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations
to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the phy-
siology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are
severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical
composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth;
the comparative advantage of rotative cropping as pursued un-
der a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees
for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical
composition of manure, natural and artificial, with experiments
designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different
kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants;
the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food
for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions in-
volved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other
researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural
industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed
advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs
of the respective states or territories.”

Vili MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPFRIMENT STATION.

The work that the Experiment Station can undertake from
the Adams Act fund is more restricted and can “be applied
only to paying the necessary expenses for conducting original
researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural
industry of the United States, having due regard to the vary-
ing conditions and needs of the respective states and territories.”

INVESTIGATIONS.

The Station continues to restrict its work to a few impor-
tant lines, believing that it is better for the agriculture of the
State to study thoroughly a few problems than to spread over
the whole field of agricultural science. It has continued to im-
prove its facilities and segregate its work in such a way as to
make it an effective agency for research in agriculture. Promi-
nent among the lines of investigation are studies upon the food
of man and animals, the diseases of plants and animals, breed-
ing of plants and animals, orchard and field experiments, poul-
try investigations, and entomological research.

INSPECTIONS.

Up to the close of the year 1913, it had been the duty of
the Director of the Station to execute the laws regulating the
sale of agricultural seeds, apples, commercial feeding stuffs,
commercial fertilizers, drugs, foods, fungicides and insecticides,
and the testing of the graduated glassware used by creameries.
Beginning with January, 1914, the purely executive part of
these laws is handled by the Commissioner of Agriculture. It
is still the duty of the Director of the Station to make the an-
alytical examination of the samples collected by the Commis-
sioner and to publish the results of the analyses. The cost of
the inspections is borne by fees and by a State appropriation.

OFFICES AND LABORATORIES.

The offices, laboratories and poultry plant of the Maine
Agricultural Experiment Station are at the University of Maine,
Orono. Orono is the freight, express, post, telegraph and tele-
phone address for the offices and laboratories.

ANNOUNCEMENTS. 1X

AROOSTOOK FARM.

- By action of the Legislatures of 1913 and 1915 a farm was
purchased in Aroostook County for scientific investigations in
agriculture to be under “the general supervision, management,
and control” of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.
The farm is in the town of Presque Isle, about 2 miles south
of the village, on the main road to Houlton. The Bangor. and
Aroostook railroad crosses the farm. A flag station, “Aroos-
took Farm,” makes it easily accessible by rail.

The farm contains about 275 acres, about half of which is
cleared. The eight room house provides an office, and home
for the farm superintendent. A school house on a lot adjoining
the farm was presented to the State by the town of Presque
Isle and after being remodeled serves as a boarding house for
the help. A greenhouse and a potato storage house have been
erected at the farm by the U. S. Department of Agriculture for
use in cooperative work on potato breeding. The large barn
affords storage for hay and grain and has a large potato storage
house in the basement.

HicHMmoor Farm.

The State Legislature of 1909 purchased a farm upon which
the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station was directed to
“conduct scientific investigations in orcharding, corn and other
farm crops.” The farm is situated largely in the town of Mon-
mouth. It is on the Farmington Branch of the Maine Central
Railroad, 2 miles from Leeds Junction. A flag station, “High-
moor,” is on the farm. :

The farm contains 225 acres, about 200 of which are in
orchards, fields, and pastures. There are in the neighborhood of
3,000 apple trees upon the place which have been set from 20 to
30 years. The house has 2 stories with a large wing, and con-
tains about 15 rooms. It is well arranged for the Station offices
and for the home of the farm superintendent. A substantially
‘constructed building for apple packing was erected in 1912.

The removal of the crossbred herd from the University to
_ Highmoor necessitated considerable change in the barns and the
building of a new one 80 x 36 to accommodate the herd. This

5:< MaINne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

barn has a basement for manure, the cow stanchions above, and
a loft for storage of hay. The silo has been enlarged and a
long shed has been made into calf pens. A well to supply the
necessary water has been driven.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Station is organized so that the work of investigation
is distinct from the work of inspection. The results of investi-
gation are published in the bulletins of the Station and in sci-
entific journals, both foreign and domestic. The bulletins for
the year make up the annual report. The results of the work
of inspection are printed in publications known as Official In-
spections. These are paged independently of the bulletins and
are bound in with the annual report as an appendix thereto.
Miscellaneous publications consisting of newspaper notices of
bulletins, newspaper bulletins and circulars which are not paged
consecutively and for the most part are not included in the an-
nual report are issued during the year. Weekly mimeograph
publicity letters are sent to all papers within the State.

BULLETINS ISSUED IN 1920.

No. 285. Wheat Investigations. I. Pure Lines. 48 pages. 3 pages of
plates.

No.’ 286. The Variation of Milk Secretion with Age in Jersey Cattle.
9 pages.

No. 287. Self Sterility and Cross Sterility in the Apple. 20 pages.

No. 288. Some Observations Upon the Effect of Borax in Fertilizers.
33 pages.

No. 289. The Correlation Between Milk Yield of One Lactation and
That of Succeeding Lactations. 10 pages.

No. 290. The Variation of Butter-Fat Percentage with Age in Jersey
Cattle. 12 pages.

No. 291. The Correlation Between the Butter-Fat Percentage of One
Lactation and Succeeding Lactations in Jersey Cattle. 9
pages.

No. 292. Potato Mosaic. 28 pages.

No. 293. Studies in Milk Secretion VIII. Influence of Age on Milk
and Butter-Fat Yield in Holstein-Friesian Cattle. 13 pages.

No. 294. Normal and Abnormal Germination of Grass-Fruits. 19
pages. 4 pages of plates.

PUBLICATIONS. exh

No. 295. Abstracts of Papers not included in Bulletins, Finances, Meteor--
ology, Index.

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS ISSUED IN 1920.

No. 95. Drugs and Foods. 28 pages.

No. 96: Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1919-20. 37 pages.
No. 97. Commercial Fertilizers, 1920. 25 pages.

No. 98. Commercial Agricultural Seeds, 1920. 25 pages.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1920.

No. 538. The Relation of Conformation to Milk Yield in Jersey Cattle..
; 12 pages.
No. 539. Improved Strains of Aroostook Grown Wheats. 11 pages.

BIOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS, 1920.

In the numbered series of “Papers from the Biological Laboratory”:

132. Wheat Investigations. I. Pure Lines. By Jacob Zinn. Annual:
Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for 1920.
Bulletin 285, pp. 1-49.

133. Self Sterility and Cross Sterility in the Apple. By John W. Gowen.
Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station
for 1920. Bulletin 287, pp. 61-89.

134. Studies in Milk Secreticn VIII. On the Influence of Age on Milk
Yield and Butter-Fat Percentage, as Determined from the 365.
day Records of Holstein-Friesian Cattle. By John W. Gowen.
Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station:
for 1920. Bulletin 293, pp. 185-196.

135. Inheritance in Crosses of Dairy and Beef Breeds of Cattle. II.
On the Transmission of Milk Yield to the First Generation. By-
John W. Gowen. Journal of Heredity.

136. Inheritance in Crosses of Dairy and Beef Breeds. III. Trans-
mission of Butter-Fat Percentage to the First Generation. By
John W. Gowen. Journal of Heredity.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS, 1920.

Ent. No. 106. The Life Cycle of Aphids and Coccids. By Edith M.
; Patch. Annals Entomological Society cf America, Vol..
13, No. 2. pages 156-167.

STATION NOTES.
COUNCIL AND STAFF CFEANGES.

At the June meeting of the Trustees Mr. Chas. E. Oak and’
Mr. Thomas E. Houghton were appointed to represent the

xii Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Board of Trustees on the Station Council in place of Frank E.
Guernsey and Chas. S. Bickford.

Roydon L. Hammond, Seed Analyst and Photographer, re-
signed on October I, to accept a similar position with the Dela-
ware State Department of Agriculture.

Dr. Raymond Pearl, Collaborating Biologist for the Station,
resigned this position in June. The poultry records and much
other material which he was preparing for publication in bulle-
tins of the Maine Station were all lost in a fire which destroyed
the old group of buildings at Johns Hopkins University early in
the year.

On December Ist, after nearly twenty-five years of efficient
service as Director of the Maine Experiment Station, Dr. Chas.
D. Woods’ term of office was abruptly terminated. This unfor-
tunate occurrence came at a very inopportune time. The year’s
work had been nearly completed but the Annual Report which
was always arranged by him had not been prepared. The Re-
port consists largely of bulletins issued at intervals through the
year giving the results of most of the work done by the Station.
The Director, however, carried on some experimental work un-
der his own supervision the results of which no one else was
very familiar. This had not been prepared for publication and
is consequently omitted from the Report.

Soit Test EXPERIMENT.

The soil test experiment at Aroostook Farm which was
started in 1916 is still in progress. A new piece of land,.how-
ever, has been taken for the purpose. The first piece selected
gave such uneven yields that we were forced to the conclusion
that the soil lacked the necessary uniformity for this type of
work. The new piece was divided into plots and planted to
potatoes in 1919, without fertilizer, to test its uniformity. The
yields (on the different plots) were quite uneven but whether
these differences were due to previous treatments and will dis-
appear with further cropping cannot now be told. In 1920 all
the plots were dressed with ground limestone, sowed to oats and
seeded down to clover. The yields of oats were somewhat more
even than those of the potatoes but not so eyen as desirable and
further cropping may be necessary before the experiment with
chemicals can be begun.

BULLETIN 285

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. I. PURE LINES.’

By Jacos ZINN.

SUMMARY

The present bulletin contains an account of the origin and
development of a number of pure lines of wheat by the method
of selection, including data on all the important stages, except
milling, from the single head selection to the bakehouse. The
study of the effect of the environment of Northern Maine upon
the physical and chemical characteristics of pure strains intro-
- duced from Minnesota forms an incidental feature of this:
report.

In 1915 several hundred wheat spikes were selected from.
commercial varieties representing the chief groups of hard red.
spring wheat. Of these selections 259 heads were retained and.
each grown in a row in the cereal crop nursery in 1916. In the
following year 91 strains of the original selections were grown.
in one two-thousandth acre plots, along with 7 pure strains
introduced from Minnesota. The crop from the one two-
thousandth acre plots furnished enough seed to make a chemi-
cal determination of the crude protein content of each strain.
In 1918 only 44 pure lines selected from Aroostook wheats and
6 lines of Minnesota wheats were retained and grown in plots
ranging from one two-hundredth to one-fortieth acre in area.
A complete chemical analysis of the wheat and flour of 37 lines
and a baking test of 31 lines were made in the spring of 1919..

Under the same conditions of environment the pure lines
of wheat showed distinct differences in the physical and chemi-
cal characteristics and in the bread making value of their grain.

The average weight per 1000 kernels for all lines was found.
to be 35.314 grams. The individual strains within a variety:
showed a very considerable variation in the weight per 1000:

‘Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine- Agricultural:
Experiment Station, No. 132.

2 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

kernels—ranging from 26.541 to 44.789 grams—as well as a
marked deviation from the average of their respective parent
varieties. The strains with the highest weight per 1000 kernels
produced the greatest percentage of yellow berries and yielded
flours of poor baking quality. The environmental conditions
prevailing in Aroostook brought the low kernel weight of the
original Minnesota seed up to the level of the Aroostook strains
within a single season. This change, however, was not found to
be progressive.

The data on the yield, though very limited, show a number
of strains of high yielding capacity. Each variety furnished
high and low yielding strains the differences in yield between
the lines of the same variety being greater than between varie-
ties. .

The average protein content of the Aroostook lines was
13.81 and 12.62 per cent for the season of 1917 and 1918, re-
spectively. The Canada Red (Ladoga type) and Preston strains
yielded the highest, the Marquis the lowest protein content.

A study of the relationship between the protein content of
the pure lines in 1917 and 1918 revealed a tendency for the
varieties as well as for the strains to retain their relative rank
with respect to protein content from one year to the next. The
coefficient of correlation between the protein content of the pure
strains in 1917 and 1918 was found to be 0.381.092.

Certain strains of bread wheats introduced from Minne-
sota retained their high protein content under Aroostook con-
ditions. The average protein content of the Aroostook grown
Minnesota bread wheats was somewhat higher than that of the
Aroostook pure lines for two successive seasons. The durum
strains, however, showed a very rapid deterioration. The Min-
nesota grown durum strain, Speltz Marz, headed the list of the
Minnesota introductions in regard to protein content; at the
end of a single season’s growth in Aroostook this line showed
the second lowest protein content of all 99 strains analysed. The
second durum strain, Hedge Row, showed the lowest protein
content of all lines at the end of the first season under Aroos-
toook conditions. The low protein content was accompanied
by the production of a very high percentage of yellow berries.

A number of the pure lines showed a high gluten content,
the Preston strains ranking highest being followed by the Min-
nesota, Red Fife, Canada Red, Bluestem, and Marquis lines in

q

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 3

the order named. The Red Fife and Bluestem furnished a
number of strains with good quality glutens while the Preston
and Marquis yielded a large percentage of strains with fair to
poor quality of gluten. The Minnesota lines, with the excep-
tion of the durum and Marquis wheat yielded a strong elastic
gluten of good quality.

The baking test showed very marked variations in the flour
strength of the different pure lines, the volume of bread loaf,
baked from 340 grams of flour, ranging from 1518 to 2221 cubic
centimeters. A number of strains produced bread possessing
a good volume and very good appearance, good to very good
_ texture and color of crumb, and excellent eating qualities. Some
of the Minnesota strains produced a very good volume and
showed very good baking quality. |

The available data indicate that strains of wheat of good
quality can be isolated and successfully grown under Aroos-
took conditions.

INTRODUCTION.

One of the most perplexing problems connected with agri-
cultural crops is the quality of wheat. Though wheat has per-
haps a wider range of distribution throughout the world than
any other crop, yet the regions in which strong wheats of best
quality are successfully grown, are very distinct and rather lim-
ited. This relation between the quality of wheat and the en-
vironment is of greatest concern primarily to the plant breeder
who attempts the improvement of the strength of wheat in re-
gions outside the natural districts of the hard red wheats. It
is a well known fact that the majority of wheats grown in the
forested regions of the northeast are at best semi-hard and do
not come up in their bread-making quality to the high standards
- of the wheats grown in the prairie regions of the Northwest
and Russia. As a direct effect of the influence of the environ-
ment upon the wheat grain it has been frequently observed that
when some of the hard vitreous wheats from the prairie regions
are introduced into localities marked by a cool summer, abun-
dant rainfall and high relative moisture, they tend to lose their
translucency and horny texture and assume a plump, dull opaque
appearance.

4 MaIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

As the baking quality or strength of wheat has been com-
monly regarded as being determined by the chemical composi-
tion, the problem of strength in wheat has long been studied
from the chemical point of view. Two aspects of this problem
were especially subjected to a frequent study, viz., the relation
between the chemical composition and the bread-making value,
and the influence of the environment upon the chemical com-
position of wheat. In the first stage of the study of the relation
between the chemical composition and strength the quantity of
protein and gluten was regarded as the determining factor of
strength. As the accumulating evidence on this point was not
concordant the investigators in this field turned to the study of
the quality of gluten, notably its chemical quality. Various
theories have been suggested in explanation of the strength of
wheat, such as the gliadin number 1. e. the ratio of gliadin to
glutenin, the absolute amount of gliadin in the flour, the ratio
of nitrogen to available potassium, the nitrogen in amino form,
_ the ratio of total nitrogen to soluble nitrogen in flour, enzymic
activity, etc. The study of the physical properties of the gluten
gained an impetus since the work of T. B. Wood?, who after
establishing that the gliadin and glutenin of strong and weak
flours were identical, found that the strength of wheat flour “is
associated with a high ratio of proteid to salt and that the size
of the loaf depends in the first instance on the amount of sugar
contained in the flour together with that formed in the dough
by diastatic action.”

In studying the extensive literature on the chemistry of he
strength in wheat one must be impressed with the marked diver-
gence of views on this problem despite the careful work and
standard analytical methods. In view of this the plant breeder
is naturally inclined to suspect the heterogeneous nature of the
material as being responsible for the conflicting results. For in
the study of the chemistry of strength the individuality of the
wheat variety that furnished the flour, its inherent specific in-
fluence upon the baking value, has been generally neglected.
And yet it would seem more reassuring to the plant breeder if
in the investigation of such a subtile problem as strength in
wheat an inductive rather than deductive procedure be adopted

"Wood, T. B. The Chemistry of Strength of Wheat Flour. Jour-
Agric. Sci. 1907 Pt. I., pp. 139-160 and II pp. 267-277.

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 5

by analyzing a given variety of wheat into its component strains
and determining the behavior of the flour from each strain
under identical conditions. In tracing down the specific behavior
of the flour from isolated, individual strains or pure varieties
certain varietal features may be established which otherwise
may completely elude detection in the analysis of commercial
samples of flours furnished by different wheat varieties. What-
ever the cause of the discordant results, the fact remains that
at the present time there is no commonly accepted, reliable chem-
ical formula that could guide the plant breeder in detecting the
strength in wheat.

The plant breeder who attempts the improvement of the
wheat quality in regions outside the natural wheat lands will
find still less encouragement if he turns to results and conclu-
sions bearing on the influence of the environment upon the
chemical composition of wheat. Here, again, the opinions of
the workers are at variance. Without reviewing here the ex-
tensive literature relative to the question of climate and soil
relations to the chemical composition it may be stated that the
majority of investigators, notably Lyon*, Thatcher*, Le Clerc
and Leavitt?, Shaw and Walters®, Le Clerc and Yoder’, con-
sider the climate as the predominating factor controlling the
chemical composition of wheat to the negligence or even exclu-
sion of the soil factors. As an interesting event in this connec-
tion it may be noted that the agronomic workers who met in
the third western agronomic conference at Cornwallis, Oreg.

1918, agreed that quality of wheat was dependent on both soil

and climatic conditions.®

"Lyon, T. L. Improving the Quality of Wheat. U.S.D. Agr. Bur.
Plant Ind. 1905 Bull. 78, pp. 1-120.

*Thatcher, R. W. The Chemical Composition of Wheat. Wash. Agr.
Pxpe Stay Bully Nos dl. pp. E79) 1913:

"Le Clerc, J. A. and Sherman Leavitt. Tri-local Experiments on the
Influence of Environment on the Composition of Wheat, 1910. U.S. Dept.
Agr. Bur. Chem. Bull. 128 pp. 1-18.

°Shaw, C. W. and Walters, E. H. A Progress Report Upon Soil
and Climatic Factors Influencing the Composition of Wheat. Cal. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 216. pp. 549-574, 1911.

"Le Clerc, J. A. and Yoder, P. A. Environmental Influences on the
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Wheat. 1914. Jour. Agr. Res.
V. I, No. 4, pp. 275-291.

‘Jour. Am. Soc. Agr. V. 10, No. 7-8, 1918, p. 312.

—

:

6 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

As in the study of the relation of chemical composition to
quality so also in most of the investigations into the effect of
environment upon chemical composition very little significance
was attached to the seed as a factor influencing the composition
of the crop. The conclusions reached in these investigations are
well reflected in Le Clere’s statement that “soil and seed play
a relatively small part in influencing the composition of crops.”
(L.c. 1910 p. 18), and that “environment rather than what has
been usually termed heredity is the major factor in determining
the physical and chemical characteristics of the wheat crop.”
(CES, OI, Dp, Zon). |

In view of the generally accepted relation between the
chemical composition and quality of wheat these results may
become of some concern to the plant breeder. However, in this
and similar work again the conclusions. are based on the evi-
dence obtained from samples of commercial varieties of wheat.
The few experiments with pure strains of wheat entering into
this work were concerned with the cumulative effect of selection
rather than with the selection and retention of prepotent strains.
A common feature of most of the older publications on the in-
fluence of environment upon the chemical composition is that
they are not accompanied by baking tests, hence do not bear
directly on the quality of wheat.

With the advent of the modern principles of plant breeding
a third factor, namely, the inherent characteristics of the differ-
ent varieties and strains, entered into the consideration of causes
influencing the quality of wheat. The first important question
confronting the plant breeder was, whether the quality of wheat
was merely a function of the environment indiscriminately lev-
elling it regardless of the individual characteristics of the differ-
ent varieties or strains. Biffen® first subjected the physical char-
acters associated with strength to a genetic analysis and found
that “strength” and “weakness” form a pair of Mendelian char-
acters. Upon these theoretical results a number of hard, cross-
bred strains have been built up and tested in the bakehouse. The
practical significance of the application of modern breeding
principles in the improvement of the quality of wheat is further
illustrated by the experiments of the Home Grown Committee

*Biffen, R. H. On the Inheritance of Strength in Wheat. Jour.
Agr. Sci. 1908. V. III pp. 86-101.

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 7

of the National Association of British and Irish Millers’? which
demonstrated that a number of varieties, notably the Red Fife
selections retain their original strength under all conditions when
other varieties change enormously with climate and soil. Sim-
ilar results: were obtained by Howard, Leake and Howard" in
India who found that among 25 pure line cultures representing
as many distinct wheats, when grown under different condi-
tions at three stations, some strains always remained soft, some
had a tendency to remain hard while with the majority of these
strains the consistancy varied greatly according to the locality
and the conditions under which they are grown (I..c. p. 59).
Four strong wheats and one soft strain were each grown at 9
different stations under widely varying conditions of climate,
soil and culture. The 4 strains consistently retained their
strength and milling qualities while the soft strain always re-
mained a weak wheat.

As a further illustration of the effectiveness of the applica-
tion of modern plant breeding methods in the improvement of
wheat quality the results at the Central Experimental Farm at
Ottawa, Ontario, those of Farrer in New South Wales, of
Clark '* and of Leith’® should be cited.

The results of a recent investigation of Freeman’ are of
special interest in their bearing upon the influence of environ-
ment upon the texture of the wheat kernel. In his experiments
involving crosses between soft wheats and durum, Freeman es-
tablished two types of soft grains. One type was designated by
him as “true softness” in which the air spaces in the endosperm
are diffuse and finely scattered. This type of softness is only
slightly affected by environic conditions. The second type, com-
monly called “yellow berry’ was characterized by air spaces

“Humphries, A. E. and Biffen, R. H. The Improvement of English
Wheat. Jour. Agr. Sci. 1917, V. 2, pp. 1-16.

: “Howard, Albert, Leake, H. M. and Howard, G. L. C. The Influ-
ence of the Environment on the Milling and Baking Qualities of Wheat
in India. Memoirs Dept. Agr. India 1913. Vol. V. No. 2, pp. 45-102.

“Clark, J. A. Improvement of Ghirka Spring Wheat in Yield and
Quality. 1916. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bu. Plant. Ind. Bull. 450, pp. 1-19.

“Leith, B. D. The milling and Baking Qualities of Wisconsin
Grown Wheats. Wisc. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 43, 1919. pp. 1-38.

“Freeman, Geo. F. Producing Bread Making Wheats for Warm
Climates, Jour. Heredity, 1918 V. 9, No: 5 pp. 211-226.

0S EE ms mc

8 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

within the endosperm occurring in flakelike groups with quite
definite margins, causing a more or less extending opaqueness.
This type was found to be very sensitive to environic conditions.
Both types were found to exhibit a distinctly different genetic
behavior controlled by different sets of genetic factors. The
practical importance of these results is apparent for they draw
a distinct line between true soft wheats like Sonora, Early Bart
which are not affected by climate and are every year 100% soft,
and the hard wheats whose response to environmental influences
manifests itself in a greater or less percentage of “yellow ber-
esha

The present paper deals with the results obtained in the
work with a number of pure lines of wheat originated and
grown at the Aroostook Farm of the Maine Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. The main object of this work was to attempt
to improve the strength of the Aroostook wheats, and this bul-
letin may be regarded in a way as a progress report on that
phase of this work based on the method of pure line selection.
In presenting the results of the chemical analyses the writer
wishes to emphasize the fact that these data reflecting as they
do the chemical composition and behavior of the wheats and
lours, all refer to pure strains of wheat in distinction to com-
mercial varieties and flours. Some observations on the effect
of the environmental conditions of Northern Maine upon a few
pure strains of wheat introduced from Minnesota are also here
reported.

CLIMATE AND Sort RELATIONS IN Aroostook County.

As already stated the growing of wheat in Maine is con-
fined to its northern section made up chiefly of Aroostook
‘County. In view of the exceptional significance commonly at-
tached to the environment in relation to the quality of wheat, a
brief consideration of the climatic and soil factors of Northern
Maine appears desirable.

Northern Maine is characterized by a cool, and moist cli-
‘mate and a short growing season. The mean temperature, the
rainfall, and the number of clear days for the five months in
‘each of the last 7 seasons, 1913-1919, are given in Table 1.

The outstanding feature in this table is the high precipita-
tion during the growing season. Reference to the data on cli-

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. g

matic conditions given by Carlton’* for the principal wheat
growing centres in Russia and in the United States shows that
the total precipitation for the growing season at Presque Isle—
16.05 inches—is considerably higher than at the principal wheat
growing points of the Russian prairies and generally higher than
at points in the Great Plains. While this alone would not con-
stitute a specially detrimental feature in connection with the
cultivation of wheat, a consideration of the peculiarities of the
Aroostook growing season indicates that the distribution of the
rainfall in the different months of the season may have some
effect upon the quality of Aroostook grown wheat. The time
of seeding small grains in Aroostook County extends usually

ABI lk

Temperature, Raimfall in Inches and Number of Clear Days
for the 5 Growing Months of the Seasons 1913-1919. Re-
: corded at Presque Isle, Aroostook County.

Year
Temperature |
Month Precipitation | | | Nl |
No. clear days 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | Average
| |
| | |
cee ES ee Pee pes eee eee
| | | | |
‘Mean Temp. | 48.60, 53.19) 49.50|50.82 | 48.13) 51.00) 50.50! 49.46
May | Precipitation 3.53) 2.74, 4.05| 3.45 500) 4.00; 3.32! 3.57
INo. clear days | 15 | 18 | 10 {12 biped) Saba oe
|
Mean Temp. | 56.03] 60.60159.65 | 59.84) | [59108
June Precipitation 1.20} 4.80} 1.95) 2.17 | 7.67 | 1.26] 3.18
Pee clear days 18 WS ea he 10 By S83
3 ‘Mean Temp. 69.30) 63.55 64.10 65.00 67.95) | 65.98
July _| Precipitation | 5.18} 2.23) 3.40] 3.68 2.56 | 3.80 3.48
\No. clear days 9 | 24 1Syee 7, S| 14 16
| |
‘Mean Temp. 61.40, 60.17, 61.80,71.90 | 66.90 61.00, 63.86
August |Precipitation 3.01) 2.385) 3.50} 1.70 5.30} | 1.75] 2.94
Be clear days 20 PBN \) ales pak I< =| | 11 16
‘Mean Temp. 53.20) 55.80 56.45,58.92 | 53.05) | 58.60) 55.17
September 'Precipitation | 2.01) 2.10) 38.25] 4.05 1.41) | 4.56} 2.90
pies clear days | 19 Ue ft} 19 TS a) 17
|
Totals for growing season: | |
Total Precipitation | 14.93) 14.22) 16.15|15.05 | 20.84 | 14.69 16.05
Tota! No. clear days 81 95 | 74 |65 70 | | 64 75
Average mean temperature of | |
growing season | 58.10| 57.75) 58.49/61.26 | 58.18 55.00 58.70

“Carlton, M. A. The Small Grains, 1916, pp. 699. The MacMillan
Co., New York.

10 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

from the 8-20 of May. Owing to the cool, moist conditions
in Aroostook the vegetative period of wheat is rather extended
and the flowering which begins about the middle of July con-
tinues to about the end of July. August is the ripening month,
the wheat being harvested in the last week of August or the
first week of September. Referring to the figures in the last
column of Table 1 it will be seen that the highest precipitations
occur in May, 3.57 inches, but that the rainfall during the period
of ripening and harvest—August,—is only slightly over half an
inch or 18 per cent less than the maximum monthly rainfall
for the season. Rainy weather during the period of ripening
and harvest not only may have a detrimental effect upon the
appearance of grain but is associated with another feature of
climate, namely humidity which is known to have a distinct
effect upon the quality of wheat. High relative humidity as-
sociated with an overcast sky characterizes the weather in -
Aroostook County towards the end of July and the first week
of August which period marks the first stages of the kernel
formation. This feature is rather unfortunate as dry weather
and a clear sky during the process of ripening are very essential
to the production of a strong, high grade wheat This humid
condition protracts the ripening period and delays the harvest.
The lengthened ripening period extending through August re-
sults in a further drawback as the formation of the wheat ker-
nel does not coincide under Aroostook conditions with the high-
est seasonal temperature, which marks the month of July. While ~
from the seven year average given in Table 1 it appears that the
mean temperature in August is only 2 degrees lower than in
July, the actual difference is much greater since the amount of
sunlight and heat decreases in the shortening days of August.
Medium late wheat varieties when planted in the latter part of
May often do not mature until the first week of September
when frequently the first early frosts occur.

While these are the natural limitations relative to the grow-
ing of strong wheat in Aroostook, it must be admitted that the
climatic conditions prevailing there are favorable in regard to
other features of the wheat crop. Thus the wheat crop is prac-
tically free from insect pests, and is seldom affected with stem
rust.

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 11
SoILs.

The soils of Aroostook County have been formed by glacial
drift, and vary from sand to heavy silt loams. According to
Westover and Rowe'’® there are twelve distinct soil types in
Aroostook County, but the greater part of the area is made up
of a friable loam, Caribou loam, derived from unmodified glacial
drift. The Caribou loam is composed of about 50% silt and
only 16% of clay, the rest being made up of more or less fine
sand and gravel. The soil though most ideal for the potato
crop, is well adapted to small grains. The average yield of
wheat is about 25 bushels per acre. The fertility of the soil is
kept up by high applications of commercial fertilizers in con-
nection with the potato crop, very little barnyard manure being
used. The humus content of Aroostook soils is restored through
cultural methods which consist of a crop rotation usually includ-
ing potatoes one year, grain one year and clover and timothy
for two or three years. Frequently, however, this rotation is
not adhered to potatoes being grown for two or more years in
succession. In such cases the drain upon the humus of the soil
is probably too great to insure good wheat crops following the
potatoes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AROOSTOOK GROWN WHEATS.

The commercial wheat varieties grown in Aroostook are
classed with the semi-hard spring wheats of the Northeastern
wheat district. The varieties of wheat grown at present in
Aroostook belong to two spring wheat groups—Fife and Pres-
ton. Owing to the prejudice of some growers against the
awned wheat, the majority of the Aroostook wheat varieties
belong to the beardless Fife group. More recently the Marquis
wheat has found its way from the Northwest into Aroostook
County, but does not seem to be so well adapted as the Fife
wheats.

An investigation into the physical characteristics and chemi-
cal composition of Aroostook grown wheats and into their mill-

**H. L. Westover and R. W. Rowe. Soil Survey of the Caribou
Area, Maine, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. of Soils, 1910, pp. 1-40.

a TN By met

12 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

ing and baking value was made by Woods and Merrill”. An
especially interesting feature of their investigation in its bearing
upon the observations reported in the present paper is their
study on the effect of the climate upon the physical appearance
and chemical composition of wheats imported from the North-
west and grown in Aroostook. They found that the wheat vari-
ties introduced from the Northwest changed their physical and
chemical character at the end of a single season, the change
being most pronounced in the increased size of the kernel. Rela-
tive to the effect of Aroostook environmental conditions upon |
the protein content of Northwestern wheats the evidence from
the trials of Woods and Merrill is inconclusive. In the first
experiment one of the three varieties tested, Lamona wheat,
suffered at the end of the first season under Aroostook condi-
tions a large loss of nitrogen and a still larger loss in the gluten
content, while the Fife wheat showed only a small decrease in
gluten and the Bluestem wheat made a slight gain in protein,
both these varieties gaining in gluten. The results from the
second experiment in which two pure strains of Minnesota bred
Bluestem and one commercial variety of Bluestem were used, _
showed a decrease in protein content for the commercial variety
and for one of the pure strains as compared with the Minnesota
grown parents, but on the following year all three varieties
showed a higher percentage of protein in the Aroostook grown
progeny than in the check trials of the Minnesota grown pro-
geny.

As to the baking quality of the Aroostook grown wheats
the baking tests reported by Woods and Merrill show that the
flour from Maine wheats produced as a rule loaves of smaller
volume than the Minnesota standard flour, though of good
quality. The writers noting the arbitrary nature of the north-
western standard, suggest that Maine develop the growing and
milling of wheat along its own lines, and express the belief that
“by careful breeding from wheat now being grown in Maine it
would be possible to develop a strain equal for Maine conditions
to some of the improved strains of other sections.”

“Chas. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill. Notes and Experiments upon
the Wheats and Flours of Aroostook County. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta.
Ann. Rept. 1903, pp. 145-180. (Bull. No. 97).

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 13
MATERIAL AND METHODS.

In undertaking the wheat improvement work at Aroostook
Farm in 1915 the question arose as to what material should be
used as the source of improved wheat strains. A consideration
of the deterioration in the physical characteristics of the north-
western wheats under Aroostook conditions, and of the great
differences between the environment of Maine and the North-
west, at once suggested the advisability of confining the selection
work chiefly to the native Aroostook grown wheats or adjoining
regions. Since the quality of the wheat crop appears quite
susceptible to the influence of climatic factors it was thought
that the reaction, if any, of the different varieties and strains in
the course of many seasons to the environmental factors has
long become established in the form of a greater or less degree
of adaptation. Selection work on these varieties would result
in the isolation of the best adapted varieties or strains and in
the elimination of the poorly adapted ones, the degree of adap-
tation being measured by the maximum quality of any given
strain.

The methods used in the wheat improvement work at
Aroostook are based on the principles of pure line selection and
hybridization. The present paper deals only with the results
of the selection work. For a detailed account of the method
of pure line selection and of the field technic as applied to small
grains by this Station the reader may be referred to a previous
paper.** We may only consider here a few features not men-
tioned in the paper just cited, which are peculiar to wheat. In
selecting wheat strains for quality a certain procedure of diag-
nostic value is required by means of which the relative quality
of the different individual plants may be determined. The yield
of grain from a single spike is obviously too small to be used
for a nitrogen analysis or even for a gluten determination by
the chewing test without interfering with the propagation of
the seed. The estimation of the quality of the grain from the
individual spikes following their isolation from commercial vari-
eties was based in this work upon the hardness, color, size and

“Frank M. Surface and Jacob Zinn. Studies on Oat Breeding IV.
‘Pure Line Varieties. Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Ann. Rept. 1916, pp.
97-148 (Bulletin No. 250).

14 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

texture of the kernel. While it is recognized that these fea-
tures are not always a reliable index of the quality of wheat,
especially when estimating grains from different varieties, yet
the diagnostic value of these determinations is enhanced when
they are made upon different strains within the same variety.
The determination of the physical characters of a number of
strains within the same variety soon leads to the formation of a
standard for each variety so that the relative quality of the ker-
nels from the strains of the same variety can be fairly accurate-
ly judged. It may be added in this connection that the deter-
mination of the characters of the grain at the early stage of
selection is really of no great importance since it is the progeny
of the selected plants, the first generation after selection, that
offers a more reliable basis for the determination of quality.

BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF THE PURE LINES OF WHEAT
AT ARoosTOOK FARM.

In 1915 several hundred selections were made from com-
mercial varieties of wheat grown at Aroostook Farm and from
a number of wheat fields in the County. In this work normal,
medium sized spikes well developed at the tip, were selected
rather than whole plants since in the close field stand it is not
always possible with certainty to isolate individual plants. In
these selections were represented wheat spikes of the four
groups of spring wheat: Fife, Bluestem, Preston and Durum.
Representative spikes and grain of these wheats are shown in
Figures I to 6. Of these selections 259 spikes were retained
and planted in rows in the cereal crop nursery in 1916. Each
row was planted with the seed of a single wheat spike. The
number of rows grown in 1916, each representing a strain
selected from the different varieties is given on page 17.

During the growing season notes were taken on the char-
acters of the spikes, tillering capacity, strength of straw, sus-
ceptibility to disease as well as data relative to time of heading
and bloom. The data on the physical characters of the grain
in conjunction with the field notes served as a basis for further
selection as a result of which g1 strains of the original 259 were
retained. These 91 strains were planted in 1917 in one two-
thousandth acre plots. Along with the pure lines of Aroostook

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 15

Figure 1. Ficure 2.

Ficure 3. é Figure 4.

Fic. 1.—Representing heads of two groups of spring wheat: A, Red
Fife (Line No. 2393); B, Bluestem (Line No. 2387).

Fic. 2.—Heads representing two spring wheat varieties: A, Marquis
(Line No. 2398); B, Preston (Line No. 2388).

Fic. 3.—A, Royalton Red, Accession No. 186; B, Royalton White,

Accession No. 185.
Fic. 4—Head of Durum wheat (Speltz Marz, Accession No. 182.)

16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

Variety No. of Garden Rows _ No. of Strains Con-

in 1916 tinued in 1917
Red Fife 41 15
Preston 37 17
Bluestem 25 20
Marquis 49 12
Canada Red* 32 19
Unnamed 70 8
Durum 5 =
Total 259 91

grown wheats there were also tested in one two-thousandth acre
plots 7 pure strains of hard spring wheat which had been ob-
tained from Minnesota in the winter of 1916. The writer
wishes to express his appreciation of the courtesy of Prof. H.
K. Hayes of the University of Minnesota in sending these
wheats to him. The Minnesota strains included one representa-
tive of each of the following varieties: Bluestem (Haynes Blue-
stem), Marquis, Velvet Chaff, Royalton (Red), Royalton
(White) and two representatives of durum wheat, Speltz Marz
(Fig. 4) and Hedge Row. According to a written communica-
tion from Professor Hayes the Royalton wheat was originally
obtained from Royalton, Minn., and its origin was possibly a
natural cross. The two strains of this wheat are very distinct,
one (Royalton White) possessing a smooth chaffed spike and
white grain suggestive of the White Fife, while the other strain
(Royalton Red) produces a red grain and a hairy chaffed spike
similar to Bluestem. The spikes of these two strains are repro-
duced in Fig. 3. All the Minnesota strains have been given
Maine accession numbers 182 to 187.

The crop from the one two-thousandth acre plots in 1917
furnished enough seed from each strain to make a chemical
analysis of the crude protein content. A further scrutiny of
these pure lines on the basis of the chemical analysis and the
field notes resulted in the discarding of a number of strains
until 44 pure lines of Aroostook wheats and 6 pure lines of

*Dr. Chas. E. Saunders, Cerealist at the Central Experimental Farm:
at Ottawa, informs me that the variety here listed under the name Can-
ada Red is probably the variety called Black Sea (identical with Ladoga).
It is a bearded wheat, with smooth, reddish brown chaff and producing
red kernels.

WHeEAT INVESTIGATIONS. W,

Minnesota wheats were retained. These were grown in the sea-
son of 1918 in plots ranging from one two-hundredth to one-
fortieth acre in area. A further selection in the fall of 1918
reduced the number of strains to 26 originally selected from
Aroostook wheats and to 5 Minnesota lines. A complete chem-
ical analysis of 37 lines and baking tests of 31 wheat lines were
made in the spring of 1919. Using the baking test as the final
index of strength, out of the 31 tested strains 12 Aroostook lines

and 4 Minnesota lines were retained and propagated in 1919 in.

one-twentieth acre plots.

ANALYSIS OF DATA.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN.

The most striking feature in the physical appearance of the
grain from the Aroostook grown lines is the size and weight
of the kernels. Their size is larger than that of spring wheat
of the Northwest and their plump, well rounded shape, distin-
guishes them from the wheats of the prairie regions. The size
and shape relations of the grain of the Aroostook pure lines are
illustrated in Figures 5 and 6, which represent kernels of four
pure lines each belonging to a distinct wheat variety. As a re-
sult of these size and shape relations the weight of the kernels
is correspondingly high. In Table 2 is given the weight per
1000 kernels of each of the pure lines grown in 1918. The lines
are grouped according to the variety from which they originated
and their rank in respect to kernel weight.

It may be well to point out that the determination of the
kernel weight based on 1000 kernels expresses very exact rela-
tions repeated determinations showing the experimental error
to be either negligible or nil. Therefore, the differences in the
1000-kernel-weight of these lines are more significant than
they might appear at first sight. From Table 2 it will be
noted that the average weight per 1000 kernels for all lines is
quite high—35.314 grams. ‘The average weights per 1000 ker-
nels for the varieties do not show great differences though they
very well reflect varietal means around which the strains with-
in the varieties are grouped. The individual strains show a
considerable deviation from the average of the varieties from

se eee _—

18 - Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

Fic. 5—Kernels of two pure lines of wheat: A, Line No. 2389 (Red
Fife) ; B, Line No. 2384 (Bluestem).

19

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS.

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20 MaINneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920
ANE
Weight per 1000 Kernels of each Pure Line.

AROOSTOOK LINES

Line No. Selected from Variety Weight in grams
2389 Red Fife 31.180
2385 Red Fife 34.093
2379 Red Fife 34.344
2386 Red Fife } 34.358
2395 Red Fife 34.535
2390 Red Fife 34.637
2393 Red Fife 34.882

Average 34.004
2394 Bluestem 34.160
2391 Bluestem 35.102
2384 Bluestem 36.043
2387 Bluestem 37.460

Average 35.691
2383 Preston 26.541
2397 Preston 30.186
2388 Preston 32.535
2414 Preston 33.556
2492 Preston 39.093
2405 Preston 43.899
2409 Preston F 44.032
2400 Preston 44.789

Average 36.828
2410 Marquis 33.174
2398 Marquis 34.055

Average 33.611
2373 Canada Red 30.185
2396 Canada Red 34.498

Average 32.337
2370 Unnamed 35.942
2415 Unnamed 37.341
2406 Unnamed 37.574

Average 36.952

Average for all Aroostook lines: 35.314

which they originated as well as from the average for all lines.
Thus the Preston Line 2383 has a 1000-kernel-weight over Io
grams lower than the average for the variety and over 18 grams
lower than the highest weight in this variety, —44.789 grams of
Line 2400. This line exceeds the average for the variety by
nearly 8 grams. With the exception of Line No. 2389 the Red
Fife lines show a remarkable uniformity in the 1000 kernel
weight with an average below that for all lines. The Bluestem
strains rank higher with an average equal to that for all lines,

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 21

while the Preston lines, with the exception of the few strains
of the Unnamed variety, rank highest. The great variations in
the tooo-kernel-weight of the individual strains grown in the
same season on a limited, uniform piece of land, are rather note-
worthy. It is further of interest to note that the lines with the
very high weight per 1000 kernels as a rule yielded flour of
poor baking quality. The lines that produced the largest bread
volume were those with a 1000-kernel-weight not over 35 grams.

Table 3 shows the remarkable effect exerted by the Aroos-
took environment upon the weight of kernels of the Minnesota
lines.

iba ey Bs)

Showing Effect of Aroostock Growing Conditions Upon the
Weight of Kernel of Pure Lines Introduced from Minnesota.

. Weight in grams per 1000 kernels
Maine Minnesota ; ed
Acees- Accession |N.S.N. of original seed | of the same seed
sion No. No. Selected from grown in Minne- | grown one season
Variety ; sota in Aroostook
| j
183 | 1011 T-15-161 IVelvet Chaff ; 19.785 32.891
186 1037 I-12-1 Royalton (Red) | 22.000 | 34.315
185 1037 | I-12-6 Royalton (White) | 20.923 35.105
181 188x188 1-06-39 Preston x Preston | 22.268 37.241
184 470 1-06-52 [Hedge Row (durum) 37.411 43.104
182 337 1-00-45 Speltz Marz (durum) 37.386 | 45.510
Average 26.629 38.028
Average (excluding the durum lines) 21.244 34.888

The average weight per 1000 kernels of the original seed
has increased by 18.7 per cent in the course of one season. It
should, however, be stated that at the time of the determination
of the rooo-kernel-weight the original Minnesota grown seed
was older and therefore drier than the Aroostook grown seed
and considerably shriveled, so that the actual difference in weight
should probably be smaller. On comparing the data in Table
3 with those in Table 2 it will be seen that the average weight
per 1000 kernels of the Aroostook lines is practically identical
with the average weight of the Minnesota lines attained under
Aroostook conditions. These data which very well agree with

are

22 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

the observations of Woods and Merrill’® on 2 races of Minnesota
wheat are too meager to draw from them general conclusions.

The evidence obtained from the examined number of pure lines.

indicates that the environmental factors prevailing in Aroostook

brought the kernel weight of the original Minnesota strains up
to the level of the Aroostook strains very rapidly, in fact, within.

a single season. Further determinations made on the grain of

the crop of 1918 indicate that this change in the kernel weight

of the Minnesota lines is not progressive.

In regard to other physical characteristics as color, texture
and hardness it was found that there was some variation among

the different lines, but only of a comparatively slight nature since
these characteristics were primarily used as a basis for selection.
As a rule the strains with the highest weight per 1000 kernels

showed the least degree of flintiness and the highest percentage

of “yellow berry”.
Of the Minnesota wheats 4 strains Royalton (Red), Royal-

ton (White) Haynes Bluestem and Marquis, respectively, while

suffering some loss in flintiness as compared with their original
condition in Minnesota, appeared to be of good color, and tex-
ture; of the remaining three Minnesota strains the Velvet Chaff
strain showed a tendency towards developing “yellow berries”
while the two durum lines showed a most striking degree of de-
terioration. The original Minnesota sample of these lines ex-
hibited all the characteristics of the corneous transclucent grains
of the Northwestern durum wheats; after one season’s growth
under Aroostook conditions the already large grain gained from

6 to 8 grams per 1000 kernels and showed a very large percent-

age of opaque kernels of either partly or wholly starchy texture.
This rapid change of the durum strains grown side by side with

a number of other lines retaining their hard texture and good
color furnished the best illustration of the difference in the de-
gree of adaptation and response to the environment of the dif-

ferent wheat varieties. The effect of the Aroostook environment

upon the size and shape of the original Minnesota seed is illus-

trated in Figures 7 and 8.

ALCEs Cte

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 23

Fic. 7—Showing effect of Aroostook environmental conditions upon
the size and shape of wheat introduced from Minnesota: A and B, origi-
nal, Minnesota grown seed (Royalton Red and Royalton White, respec-
tively); A’ and B’ same seed after one esason’s growth at Aroostook

Farm.

24 MaINeE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

Fic. 8.—Showing effect of Aroostook environmental conditions upon
the size and shape of wheat introduced from Minnesota: A and B, origi-
nal, Minnesota grown seed (Marquis and Durum, respectively) ; A’ and
B’ same seed after one season’s growth at Aroostook Farm.

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 25

YIELD OF THE PurE LINES IN 1918.

As already stated the pure lines were propagated in 1918
in plots ranging according to the available seed from one two-
hundredth to one-fortieth acre in area. The season of 1918 was
typical of Aroostook conditions, marked by heavy rain-storms
which lodged some of the wheat thus offering an opportunity of

TABLE 4.

Yield and Weight per Measured Bushel of Pure Lines Grown
im IOI.
AROOSTOOK LINES.

Yield of Grain

|
Line} Selected from Weight per
No. | Variety | Plot No. Pounds Bushe!s measured
| per plot | per acre bushel in Ibs.
| | | |
| |
2385 | Red Fife 870 5.13 | 51.58 60.5
2395 Red Fife 882 12.69 | 39.88 | 61.5
2393 | Red Fife 880 11.44 38.62 61.3
2386 | Red Fife 871 12.25 37.73 62.0
2379 | Red Fife 864 4.50 33.72
2389 | Red Fife 875 10.00 | 33.51 61.0
2390 | Red Fife 876 8.06 26.15 60.5
| |
2387 | Bluestem | 873 | 11.88 48.00 | 60.0
. 2404 | Bluestem | 890 10.69 34.66
2384 | Bluestem . | 869 10.81 38.92 60.5
2394 | Bluestem 881 11.00 | 34.54 60.0
2391 Bluestem | 877 10.31 33.44 | 60.5
2382 | Bluestem 867 3.00 23.93 |
2402 | Preston | 893 3.50 53.79
2414 | Preston 910 39.75 40.04 62.5
2405 | Preston 891 | 13.34 | 39.26 60.5
2400 | Preston | 907 40.00 | 34.62 | 62.0
2409 | Preston } 900 | 20.88 32.48 62.0
9397 | Preston 884 7.75 | 31.79 | 63.3
2388 | Preston | 874 9.00 31.10 | 63.0
2381 | Preston | 866 | 4.34 | 29.25
2380 | Preston | 865 | 1.65 28.62 |
2383 | Preston | 868 5.25 25.20 | 61.5
2411 | Preston 902 14.00 | 25.41 | 59.8
2408 | Preston 894 7.13 7 BBY Al
2398 | Marquis | 885 10.38 35.27 | 61.3
_ 2410 | Marquis 895 11.50 | 25.73 62.0
2378 | Canada Red | 909 5 17.00 42.74
2375 | Canada Red 904 24.00 39.35
2376 | Canada Red 905 20.00 38.54
2374 | Canada Red | 991 22.75 | 36.47
2372 | Canada Red | 898 22.00 36.68
2371 | Canada Red 896 21.75 35.73
2373 | Canada Red | 899 21.50 35.04 57.5
2396 | Canada Red | 883 8.81 33.80 62.0
|
2406 | Unnamed S27 til 13.94 44,49 57.5
2415 | Unnamed | 911 31.00 | 43.55 60.0
2370 | Unnamed | 862 4.75 | 37.54 | 60.5

26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920

Yield and Weight per Measured Bushel of Pure Lines Grozwn
im 1918.—Concluded.

MINNESOTA LINES.

| -Yield of Grain

Maine Minnesota Selected from | |
Access. Access. No. Varicty | | Weight per
No. | Plot | Pounds | Bushels measured
No. | per plot | Der aere bushel! in Ibs.

137 1239 Marquis 88s | 6.56 35.81 60.5
182 337 Speltz Marz

(durum) 878 11.25 | 34.62 64.5
18 1911 Velvet Chaff | sso | 10.25 34.29 69.5
186 1037 Royalton (Red) S72 10.09 34.17 60.8
189 169 Haynes Bluestem | 879 11.00 | 33.89 59.8
185 1037 Roya'ton (White) 897 13.13 | 32.59 60.5

judging the relative strength of straw of the different lines. The
smaller plots were cut by hand with the sickle or cradle, the lar-
ger ones were reaped with the binder. The threshing was done
according to the size of the plots, either with the small threshing
machine used in threshing experimental plots up to one-eightieth
acre in area, or with the large, farm threshing machine. The
yields of 44 pure lines and the bushel weight of most of them
are given in Table 4.

While relatively considered, these plots are of different size
and absolutely taken, quite small, there were enough plots of ap-
proximatly the same area to give some idea of the behavior of.
these lines as to yield. An inspection of Table 4 will show a con-
siderable variation in the yield of the different lines. Every vari-
ety contains strains of high and low yielding capacity. In the
cases where a larger yield was obtained from an equal or smaller
area the differences in yield are probably significant. Consid-
ering the larger plots in which the Canada Red strains grew,
this variety furnished a number of high yielding lines. Some
of the Preston lines yielded well, as did some of the Red Fife
and Bluestem lines. The Minnesota lines very well approached
the yielding capacity of the Aroostook lines.

From Table 4 it will be noted that these lines test rather
high and that there is little variation in the bushel weight. Only
two of the 44 lines tested appreciably below the standard weight,
the great majority exceeding it by 0.5 to 3.pounds, and in one
case (durum) by 4.5 pounds. The Preston lines stand out rather
prominently with their higher bushel weight, and it is of interest

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. TH,

to note that line 2388 showing the highest bushel weight of
all Aroostook lines furnished a flour of very good quality, best
of all Preston lines. The Minnesota lines, with the exception
of durum, are well grouped about the standard weight.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF THE PuRE. LINEs.
PROTEIN ANALYSIS IN IQI7.

The protein content of the pure lines was first determined in
1917.* In computing the protein content from the nitrogen the
factor 5.7 was used. The results of the analysis of g9 pure lines
are given in Table 5. The lines are grouped within the varieties
from which they originated, and according to their nitrogen
rank.

An inspection of Table 5 shows a relatively high average
percentage of protein for the different varieties. Certain lines
within each variety group possess a protein content which under
Aroostook conditions must be regarded as decidedly high. This
should not surprise one if it is recalled that the lines were selec-
ted for high nitrogen as indicated by their physical characteris-
tics. From Table 5 it will be noted that the Canada Red variety
shows the highest average protein content —14.31 per cent—of
all Aroostook lines. This group 1s followed by the Preston, Blue-
stem, Red Fife, Unnamed and Marquis varieties in the order
named. The Minnesota lines, excluding the durum wheats which
proved to be least adapted to Aroostok conditions and should be
treated separately by themselves, show an average crude protein
content practically equal to that of Canada Red. The average
protein content of all Aroostook lines taken together is 13.81
per cent while the Minnesota lines with an average of 14.36
show a hardly significant difference of about 0.5 per cent.

It will be of interest to compare the protein content of the
Minnesota lines originally grown in Minnesota with that .of
their progeny grown one season in Aroostook. In Table 6 are
tabulated the data on the protein content of the original Minne-
sota grown seed and of the Aroostook grown progeny.

*Credit is due to the Chemistry Department of this Station for the
_ chemical analyses of wheat of the pure lines in 1917 and 1918.

pee

28 MaIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

IUNBILID,

Crude Protein Content of Pure Lines of Wheat
Grown at Aroostook Farm im 1917.

AROOSTOOK LINES

| |
| | Crude Protein
Line No. | Sslected from Plot No. Nitrogen (N x 5.7)
Variety | | Per cent
| |
2390 | Red Fife 564 | 2.62 14.93
2499 Red Fife | 557 | 2.50 14.25
2379 Red Fife 553 2.46 14.02
2461 | Red Fife 566 2.45 13.97
2389 | Red Fife | 555 2.44 13.91
2393 Red Fife 558 2.44 13.91
2492, | Red Fife 551 2.42, 13.79
2386 | Red Fife 556 2.40 13.68
2395 | Red Fife 559 2.39 13.62
2434 | Red Fife | 560 2.34 13.34
2436 | Red Fife | 561 2.34 13.34
2423 | Red Fife 552 2.33 13.20
2444 | Red Fife 563 2.30 13.11
2385 | Red Fife 565 2.28 13.00
2439 | Red Fife | 562. 2.24 12.77
Average 2.40 13.68
2384 | Bluestem 592 2.63 14.99
2635 Bluestem | 646 2.59 14.76
2387 | Bluestem | 594 2.52 14.36
2394 Bluestem 642 2.51 14.31
2382 Bluestem 597 2.50 14.25
2404 | Bluestem 645 2.48 14.14
2510 Bluestem 591 2.47 14.08
2506 | Bluestem 589 2.44 13.91
2507 Bluestem 590 2.43 13.85
2514 Bluestem | 593 2.41 13.74
2412 Bluestem 596 2.40 13.68
2391 Bluestem 644 2.39 13.62
2521 Btuestem 599 2.39 13.62
2520 Bluestem 598 2.38 13.57
2516 Bluestem 595 2.37 13.51
2503 | Bluestem | 587 2.34 13.34
2505 | Bluestem 588 2.31 13.17
2502 | Bluestem 586 2.30 1311
2501 Bluestem 585 2.28 13.00
2500 | Bluestem 584 2.07 11.81
EEE ee eee)
Average 2.41 13.74
2408 Preston 579 2.66 15.16
2402 Preston 575 2.63 14.99
2381 | Preston 637 2.54 14.48
2397 | Preston 638 2.52 14.36
2411 ‘Preston 581 2.52 14.36
23. Preston 571 2.52 14.36
2400 | Preston 576 2.48 14.14
2383 Preston 578 2.46 14.02
2414 Preston 569 2.44 13.91
2477 | Preston 572 2.42 13.79
2495 Preston 583 2.38 13.57
2409 | Preston 577 2.36 13.45
2405 | Preston 574 2.36 18.45
2470 Preston | 568 2.36 13.45
2494 | Preston | 580 2.35 13.40
2498 | Preston | 582 2.33 13.21
2380 | Preston | 570 2.26 12.88
|

WuHeEat INVESTIGATIONS. 29

Crude Protein Content of Pure Lines of Wheat
Grown at Aroostook Farm in 1917.—Concluded.

Line No. Selected from | Crude Protein
Variety Plot No. Nitrogen (N x 5.7)
Per cent
|

Average ; | 2.45 13.94
2410 Marquis 620 2.58 14.71
2556 Marquis | 622 2.45 138.97
2555 Marquis | 621 2.41 13.74
2587 Marquis 630 2.36 13.45
2583 Marquis 629 2.34 13.34
2401 Marquis 632 2.30 13.11
2398 Marquis 624 2.29 13.05
2558 Marquis 623, 2.29 18.05
2561 Marquis 625 2.26 12.88
2588 Marquis 631 2.26 12.88

- 2579 Marquis Q 628 2.24 12.77
2569 Marquis 627 2.20 12.54

Average 2.33 13.29
2374 Canada Red 612 2.76 15.73
2377 Canada Red 613 2.64 15.05
2378 Canada Red 609 2.62 14.93
2373 Canada Red 604 2.61 14.88
2376 Canada Red 608 2.61 14.88
2372 Canada Red 605 2.61 14.88
2375 Canada Red 614 2.58 14.71
2544 Canada Red | 618 2.56 14.59
2371 Canada Red 619 2.54 14.48
2543 Canada Red 617 2.50 | 14.25
2535 Canada Red 610 2.50 | 14,25
2531 Canada Red 607 2.46 14.02
2529 Canada Red 606 2.44 13.91
2523 Canada Red 601 2.42 | 13.79
2524 Canada Red 602 2.40 | 13.68
2522, Canada Red 600 2.38 | 13.57
2525 Canada Red | 603 2.26 12.88
2536 Canada Red | 611 2.24 12.77

Average 2.51 14.30
2370 | Unnamed 616 2.59 14.76
2415 Unnamed | 640 2.52 | 14.36
2607 Unnamed 641 2.50 14,25
2479 Unnamed 633 2.48 | 14.14
2406 Unnamed 639 2.38 13.57
2597 Unnamed | . 636 2.33 | 13.28
2592 Unnamed | 635 2.32. | 13.22
2465 Unnamed 634 2.28 13.00
2396 Unnamed 567 2.27 12.94

cant TE IPO i Pc eae er
Average | | 2.40 13.69

MINNESOTA LINES.

Maine | Minnesota | | Crude
Access.) Accession | N.S. N. Selected from | Plot Nitrogen | Protein
No. No. Variety No. | (N x5.7)
|

183 1011 [-15-161 Velvet Chaff | 654 2.71 15.45
189 169 1-16-19 Haynes Bluestem | 648 252, 14.36
186 1037 1-12-1 Royalton (Red) | 651 2.48 14.14
185 | 1037 1-12-6 Royalton (White) | 647 2.48 =| 14.14
181 | 188x188 TI-06-39 |Preston x Preston | 652 2.47 | 14.08.
187 1239 1-16-81 Marquis 650 2.46: } 14.02
182 337 1-00-45 Speltz Marz (durum)) 653 2.18 12.43
184 470 I-00-52 Hedge Row (durum) 649 2.04 11.59
Average 2.42 13.79
Average for Minnesota Lines (exclusive of durum lines) 2.52 14.36
Average for Aroostook Lines 2.43 13.81

30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

A comparison of the two sets of data given in Table 6 shows
that the Minnesota lines when transferred into Aroostook and
grown there one season suffered a loss of only about 0.8 per cent
of protein. If we further add that the original Minnesota grown
seed, when’ analyzed for protein was considerably older, and
having a lower moisture content than the Aroostook progeny
grown from it, the latter’s loss of 0.8 per cent of protein as com-
pared with the former becomes negligible.

TABLE 6.

Comparison of the Proteim Content of the Minnesota Grown
Lines with that of their Aroostaok Grown Progeny.

Original! Minnesota’ Aroostook grown

| grown seed | progeny
ine
Maine | Minnesota | Protein | | Protein
Access. | Accession N.S. N. Selected from |Nitrogen (Nx5.7) Nitrogen. (Nx5. 7)
No. No. Variety in in | in | in

We cent | per cent | per cent per cent

| |
182 337 45 Speltz Marz (auim)| | 15.68 | 138) | 12.43

T-00- 2.75 2.1.
186 1037 I-12-1 Royalton (Red) 2.72 15.50 2.48 14.14
183 1011 I-15-161 Velvet Chaff 2.71 15.45 2.71 15.45
184 470 1-00-52 Hedge Row (durum) 2:68. 1) 1528 2.04 11.59
185 1037 I-12-6 ‘Royalton (White) 2.55 -| 14.54 | 2:48 14.14
|
Average 2.68 | 15:30 | 2.42, 13.79
Average (excluding durum lines) 2.66 15.17 V5) 14.36

A consideration of the changes caused by the Aroostook
environment in the weight, size, shape of kernel as well as in the
protein content of the original Minnesota grown seed very
clearly indicates that the effect of the Aroostook environment
upon the Minnesota grown wheats is decidedly more noticeable
in the physical characteristics than in the crude protein content.
A very notable exception are the two durum lines. The Minne-
sota grown Speltz Marz heads the list of the Minnesota lines in
regard to protein content; at the end of one season’s growth in
Aroostook this line shows the second lowest protein content of
all 99 lines analyzed. The second durum line, Hedge Row, suf-
fered an even greater loss in nitrogen —3.69 per cent. By con-
trast, the Aroostook grown Velvet Chaff line shows a protein
content identical with that of the Minnesota grown seed, while

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 31

Royalton (White) and Royalton (Red) suffered only a loss of
0.40 and 1.36 per cent, respectively. The grain of the durum
lines showed also the most marked deterioration in the physical
characteristics. This tendency of the durum wheats to rapidly
deteriorate under Aroostook conditions was also borne out by
the results from the 1918 crop which will be considered below.

A comparison of the average protein content of the Aroos-
took wheat lines with the average protein content of the chief
classes of American wheats as given by L. M. Thomas”® is of
interest. In his extensive investigations made in the Office of
Grain Standardization and involving several hundreds of samples,
Thomas found the average crude protein content of the soft
red winter, durum, hard red winter, and hard red spring wheats
POO Onno) 121. L2.ONper cent, respectively. dhe average
crude protein content of the Aroostook pure lines of wheat grown
in 1917 was found to be 13.81 per cent or nearly 1 per cent high-
er than the average for the class of hard red spring wheats as
given by Thomas.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PurE LINES GROWN IN 1918.

At the stage of propagation of the pure lines reached with
the harvest of the 1918 crop there was enough seed to make a
complete chemical analysis and baking tests of these wheats.
Of the 99 lines grown in 1917 only 44 were continued in 1918
and of these 40 were subjected to a chemical analysis. This
reduction was due to the elimination of strains lacking in pro-
tein or in strength of straw and other desirable physical
characteristics. The results of the chemical analysis of the 40
lines are presented in Table 7. The lines within each variety
are grouped according to their protein content.
_ A study of the data in Table 7 will reveal first a general
lowering of the average protein content of the pure lines as com-
pared with the protein content of the 1917 crop. The variation
in the average protein content ranges from 11.76 to 13.30 per
cent as against 13.29 to 14.36 per cent for the 1917 crop when

“Thomas, L. M. A Comparison of Several Classes of American
Wheats and a Consideration of Some Factors Influencing Quality. U.S.
Dept. Agr. Bu. of Plant Ind. and Bu. of Markets 1917, Bul. 557, pp. 1-28.

32 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

the range of variation was somewhat narrower than in 1918
The growing conditions of the 1918 season had admittedly a
levelling down effect upon the protein content of the pure lines.
Apart from the seasonal influences there were other factors in

TABLE 7.

Chemical Composition of Pure Lines of Wheat Grown at Aroos-
took Farm im 1918.

AROOSTOOK LINES.

]
Line | Selected from Plot |Moisture Ash Nitrogen Protein | Fat Crude
No. | Variety No. » (Nx5.7) Fiber
2385 Red Fife 870 7.13 1.92 2.55 14.54 2.64 2.18
2390 Red Fife 876 7.98 2.05 2.42 13.79 2.42 2.49
2389 Red Fife 875 8.63 2.04 2.25 12.83 2.54 2.04
2393 Red Fife 880 ; 9.88 1.98 2.14 12,20 2.01 2.10
2379 Red Fife 864 8.51 2.03 2.14 12.20 2.57 2.19
2386 Red Fife 871 9.65 1.95 2.13 12,14 2,24 2.19
2395 Red Fife 882 9.17 1.92 2.06 11.14 | 2.61 2.09

Average 8.71 1.98 2.24 12.77 | 247 | 2.18
2404 Bluestem 890 7.28 2.07 2.36 13:45 wel ion 2.25
2391 Bluestem | 877 7.52 2.01 2.34 13.34 2.38 2.26
2394 Bluestem | 881 7.17 2.07 - 2.22 12.65 2.57 2.27
2387 Bluestem | 873 8.74 2.16 2.19 12.48 2.56 2.20
2384 Bluestem 869 9.95 2.01 2.09 11.91 2.30 2.18

Average 8.08 2.06 2.24 12.77 2.50 2.23
2381 Preston 866 7.88 2.15 2.54 14,48 2.95 2.19
2402 Preston 893 8.71 2.12 2.42 13.79 2.54 2.36
2411 Preston 902 7.33 2.24 2.42 13.79 2.59 2.23
2397 Preston 884 8.58 2.11 2.34 13.34 2.53 2.16
2383 Preston 868 8.03 2.29 2.32 12:22 2.21 2.44
2414 Prseton 910 8.70 2.06 2.29 13.94 2.31 DAG
2388 Preston 874 9.17 1.96 2.26 12.88 2.36 2.23
24909 Preston 900 9.83 1.99 2.09 11.91 2.42 2.09
2405 Preston 891 9.21 2.08 2.02 11.51 2.88 2:33
2400 Preston 907 9.24 2.01 1.93 11.00 2.38 2.19

Average 8.67 2.10 2.26 12.91 2.52 2.24
2398 Marquis 885 7.83 2.16 2.12 12.08 2.46 2.53
2401 Marquis 887 9.05 1.87 2.09 11.91 2.38 1.99
2410 Marquis 895 7.77 1.99 1.98 11.29 2.75 2.28

Average 8.22 2.01 2.06 11.76 2.53 2.27
2374 Canada Red 901 8.05 2.35 2.40 13.68 2.70 2.41
2377 Canada Red 908 8.44 2.16 2.37 13.51 2.20 2.54
2373 Canada Red 899 ” 8.46 2.14 2.35 13.40 2.63 2.53
2376 Canada Red 905 7.61 2.04 2.33 13.28 2.28 2.68
2375 Canada Red 904 7.93 2.09 2.12 12.08 2.50 2.49
2396 Canada Red 3 9.85 2.12 2.08 11.86 2.50 2.34

Average 8.98 2.16 2.32 13.20 2.46 2.53
2370 Unnamed 862 8.28 1.95 2.28 12.99 2.25 2,24
2415 Unnam:d 911 8.29 1.91 2.16 12.31 2.49 2.23
2406 Unnamed 892 8.89 1.90 2.03 11.57 2,32 2.39

Average 8.49 1.92 2.16 12.29 2.35 2.29

= ee

WueEat INVESTIGATIONS. 33

Chemical Composition of Pure Lines of Wheat Grown at Aroos-

took Farm in 1918.—Concluded.
MINNESOTA LINES.

|
Accession Selected from | Protein Fat | Crude
No. Variety | Moisture} Ash | Nitrogen) (Nx5.7) Fiber
187 Marquis 8.04 2.01 2.44 13.91 2,85 | 2.23
186 Royalton (Red) | 40% | 2.08 2.38 13.57 DATES — )| PABAl
185 Royalton (White) 9.44 | 2.02 2.32 13.22 2.31 2.23
180 Haynes Bluestem oe efes3 2.05 2.27 12.94 2.74 2.22
183 Velvet Chaff | 9.20 1.97 2.26 12.88 2.46 2.14
182 Speltz Marz (durum) 8.80 1.93 1.83 10.43 2.50 2.08
Average for Minnesota lines 8.28 2.03 225) 12.83 2.60 2.19
Average for Minnesota lines
- except durum 8.18 2.03 2.33 12.30 2.62 2.21

regard to which the crops of 1917 and 1918 differed. In 1917
the wheat lines did not grow on typical Caribou loam but on a
darker soil with more abundant moisture and possibly more hu-
mus, which may have accounted for the higher protein content
in 1917. Further, in 1917 the wheat lines all grew in one two-
thousandth acre plots while in 1918 the area ranged from one
two-hundredth to one-fortieth acre. The smaller tract occupied
by the wheats in 1917 presented probably a greater uniformity
of soil conditions than the larger area in 1918 which possibly
accounted for a narrower range of variation in the protein con-
tent.

It will now be of interest to study the relationship between
the protein content in 1917 and 1918. Considering first the va-
rieties as a whole we note on consulting Tables 5 and 7 that not-
withstanding the comparatively small differences in their pro-
tein content the varieties rank practically in the same order with
respect to protein content in 1918 as they did in 1917. This is
brought out more clearly by bringing together the average pro-
tein contents of the pure lines of each variety for each year as
shown in Table 8. While the difference between the averages
are small the data given in Table 8 indicate a tendency for the
varieties as a whole to preserve their respective rank with re-
spect to protein content.

As the average of these varieties are determined by the val-
ues of their component strains it will be instructive to examine
the behavior of the individual lines with respect to their protein
content from year to year. It will be remembered that 99 lines.

ST

34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTATIon. 1920
TABLE 8.

Relation Between the Average Protein Content for the Pure
Lines of Each Variety in 1917 and 10918.

A Average Protein Content
Parent Variety in per cent
of Pure Lines :

1917 1918
|

Minnesota Lines 14.36 13.30
Canada Red 14.30 13.20
Preston 13.94 12.91
Bluestem | 13.74 12.77
Unnamed | 13.69 12.29
Red Fife 13.68 12.77
Marquis 13.29 11.76

were analyzed in 1917. In 1918 only 44 lines were continued and
of these 40 were analyzed so that only for these 4o lines could
the variation in the protein content in 1917 and 1918 be deter-
mined. The protein content of each line in 1917 was correlated
with the protein content of the same line in 1918 with a resulting
correlation coefficient of 0.381-+.092. This coefficient as judged
by its probable error is significant despite the small number of in-
dividuals, and indicates that with a number of pure lines here
considered the protein content was transmitted from one year
to the next. This is in accord with the observations reported
by Freeman*? who found for the character hardness or flintiness
of wheat which is regarded as closely associated with high nitro-
gen, that the “differences (in percentage of hard grains) were
varietal and tended to persist in the same strains from year to
year.” Freeman’s pure lines were selected from a commercial
variety of Turkey wheat and the percentage of hard grains in
1914 correlated with percentage of hard grains in 1915==57%
+4% ; the percentage of hard grains in 1915 with percentage of
hard grains im) 1O16—23,9o=-5 7o( Picep a 2y)e

The degree of correlation between the protein contents of
wheat varieties from one year to the next will depend upon the
number of strains which under a given set of environmental con-
dititions will tend to’ retain their relative rank with respect to

“Freeman, Geo. F. A Mechanical Explanation of Progressive
Changes in the Proportions of Hard and Soft Kernels in Wheat. Jour.
Am. Soc. Agr. 1918, v. 10, pp. 23-28.

Wueat INVESTIGATIONS. 35

protein content. Since the coefficient of correlation referred to
above was obtained by grouping pure strains originally selected
from different varieties it became a matter of interest to deter-
mine to what extent each of the respective parent varieties in-
fluenced the value of that coefficient. A tabulation of the differ-
ent strains within each variety with respect to their relative rank
in protein content in 1917 and 1918 brought out the fact that the
varieties Canada Red, Preston, Red Fife and Unnamed furnished
most of the strains which retained their relative rank in protein
content from one year to the next, while with the Minnesota lines
and the Marquis and Bluestem varieties the behavior of the lines
‘with respect to this character was more erratic. It may be of
interest to note in this connection that the varieties Preston, Can-
ada Red and Red Fife which contained a large number of lines
retaining their relative rank in protein content from year to year
have been grown for years in Aroostook and Eastern Canada
whereas the other varieties whose lines did not show a consis-
tent behavior with respect to protein content have only very re-
cently been introduced into Aroostook. This fact may serve
to explain the different behavior of these two groups of strains
with respect to their protein rank from one year to the next. A
commercial variety is a mixed population composed of a number
of different strains. These strains may possess a varied degree
of response to the factors of environment of a given locality.
If a commercial variety is grown for a number of years in one
locality its component strains may be expected to have an es-
tablished degree of reaction to the environment of that locality.
Strains selected out of such a variety will tend to retain their
relative rank in respect to a given quantitative character. On the
other hand, varieties introduced into a new environment can
not be expected in the first years of adaptation to segregate out
strains with a fixed type of response to the new environment
in regard to their quantitative characters. This brief considera-
tion may acount for the different behavior of the local, Aroos-
took grown and the Minnesota strains.

BAKING TESTS OF THE PuRE LINES.

The wheat of thirty-one pure lines of the 1918 crop was
ground in a small experimental mill in the laboratory of the Rus-
sell-Miller Milling Co., Minneapolis, and the flour subjected to

36 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

a chemical analysis and a baking test in the laboratory of the
Ward Baking Company, New York. The writer is greatly in-
debted to Dr. Chas. Hoffman, Chief Chemist of the Ward Bak-
ing Company for his careful study of these flours for strength
and baking quality.

The results of the chemical analysis of these flours are given
in Table 9. The lines are grouped according to their parent va-
rieties and their dry gluten rank.

From Table 9 the considerable variations in the gluten con-
tent will be first noted. With a number of strains the percent-
age of dry gluten is rather high, several of the Aroostook lines
exceeding the Minnesota lines in gluten content. Except for
a few striking exceptions, there appears to be a relation between
the amount and quality of gluten. The Red Fife and Bluestem
varieties furnished a large number of.strains with good quality
glutens while the Preston, Unnamed and Marquis show a large
percentage of strains with fair to poor quality of gluten. The
Marquis lines showed uniformly short, stiff glutens of only fair
quality. The Minnesota lines with the exception of durum and
Marquis furnished strong glutens of good quality.

The data from the baking test with regard to water used,
volume of loaf, texture, color of crumb and external appearance
of loaf are presented in Table 10. According to Dr. Hoffman’s
report the following ingredients were used in each case:

EN Ours eee eae ee Sed 3 300 grams
a Viet peer cteenee a ate eiapaae mn Le eit Amount to give correct stiffness
Sugaiees natn eu eee 20 grams
Sal G8 se cee ie, ae ave re ean eee 444 grams
PV eas tee ee a ee ne ee 5 grams

Arkady Yeast Food 1% grams

Temperature set 82° F.

Time of fermentation 4% hours. This is the time when
the dough is mixed until it is moulded ready for the pan.

All doughs were well moulded by machinery, but mixed by
hand. Baking was done under factory conditions.

on

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS.

AVAIL, 9)

37

Results of Chemical Analysis of Flours From Pure Lines of

Line
No.

2386
2379

2393
2395

Average

2391
2387

2394
2384

Average

2402
2397
2383
2414
2388
2409
2405
2400

Average

2398
2410

Average

2373
2396

Average

Selected from)
Variety

Red Fife
Red Fife

|Red Fife

Red Fife
Red Fife

Red Fife
Red Fife

Bluestem |
Bluestem

Bluestem |
Bluestem

Preston
Preston
Preston
‘Preston
\Preston
Preston
Preston

/Preston |

|Marquis

Marquis |

Canada Red
Canada Red

Wheat Grown at Aroostook Farm. 1918 Crop.
AROOSTOOK LINES.
Gluten
Ash | Mois- | Wet Dry Ratio | Condition of Gluten
per ture per per |Wet to
cent per cent cont Dry
cent Gluten |
0.70 8.40 37.96 | 13.13 | 2.89 |Soft and sticky—weak
gluten
0.60 8.50 36.50 12.74 2.87 Soft elastic gluten with
good expanding
quality
0.70 8.30 33.55 | 12.18 | 2.75 |Tough gluten of fair
| quality
0.67 8.38 382.78 11.78 2.78 Tough, strong gluten
0.66 8.50 33.60 11.78 2.85 ‘Gluten strong and
elastic
0.68 8.30 33.70 11.67 2.88 |Good quality gluten,
strong and eslastic
0.70 8.50 32.25 11.26 9.89 |Medium quality gluten
—somewhat dead
0.67 8.41 34,33 12.08 2.83
0.77 8.40 35.40 12.35 2.87 |Tough, elastic gluten
0.74 8.32 34.55 E25 9.82 |Very good, strong
gluten
0.78 8.47 33.85 11.95 9.83 |Strong, tough gluten
0.67 8.57 82.05 11.28 2.84 |Medium softness with
| fair quality
0.74 8.44 33.88 11.98 2.84
0.72 8.53 40.38 13.26 3.04 |\Soft and sticky,
strength poor
0.66 8.60 39.93 12.84 3.19 Soft and elastic—good
quality
0.86 8.70 37.47 12.83 2.92 \Gluten soft and sticky,
| fair quality
0.68 8.14 35.05 12.30 2.85 |Elastic gluten of very
good quality
0.64 8.20 35.45 12.13 2.92 |\Strong gluten with
| very good expand-
ing quality
0.79 8.53 34.25 11.85 2.89 |Very soft and sticky
0.79 8.38 32.85 11.23 2.93 |\Soft dead gluten—no
elasticity
0.74 | 8.78 31.50 10.89 2.80 Soft sticky, of poor
quality
0.74 8.48 35.86 12.17 2.94 |
0.81 | 880 | 31.83 | 11.69 | 2.72 (Stiff, tough gluten—
shows fair quality
0.77 8.49 29.20 10.60 2.75 |Short, stiff gluten,
| fair strength
0.79 8.65 30.52 11.15 2.74
0.70 8.50 39.21 13.23 2.96 |Soft but elastic and
of good quality
0.69 8.20 31.48 10.89 2.91 |Soft and sticky, very
low quality
0.69 8.35 35:35 12.02 | 2.94

38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTIon. 1920

Results of Chemical Analysis of Flours From Pure Lines of
Wheat Grown at Aroostook Farm. 1918 Crop.

—Concluded.
Gluten
Line Selected from
No. Variety Ash | Mois- Wet Dry Ratio Condition of Gluten
Z per ture per per Wet to
cent per cent cent Dry
cent Gluten
2415 Unnamed 0.62 | 840 | 37.40 | 12.22 3.06 Soft and sticky,
lacks strength
2370 Unnamed 0.70 8.42 32.65 | 11.53 2.83 Soft, dead gluten—
no life ;
2406 Unnamed 0.66 8.56 29.53 10.31 2.86 (Soft, putty-like gluten
Average 0.66 8.46 33.19 | 11.35 2.92
MINNESOTA LINES.
Gluten
Accession Selected from
No. Variety | Ash Mois- Wet Dry Ratio Condition of Gluten
per ture per per Wet to
cent per cent cent Dry
cent Gluten
18 Royalton | 0.74 8.20 36.28 12.69 2.8 Very good gluten with
(Red) | strong expansive
qualities

185 Royalton 0.68 8.28 34.28 | 12.28 | 2.81 |Strong, elastic gluten

(White)

189 Bayne Blue- 0.72 8.30 34.40 11.83 2.91 Tough and strong
stem

187 Marquis 0.77 8.30 32.25 11.56 2.79 Short and stiff of

medium quality
182 Speltz Marz 0.90 8.49 27.00- 9.93 2.72 Very dead-like and

(durum) non-elastic
Average 0.76 8.31 32.84 11.66 2.82
Average (excluding
durum) 0.73 8.25 34.30 12.09 2.86

In Table 10 the pure lines are grouped within their parent
varieties according to the volume, expressed in cubic centimeters,
of bread loaf produced from their flour. A photograph of each
loaf baked from the flour of each strain is given in the accom-
panying figures. From these photographs the size, volume, tex-
ture and general appearance of each loaf will be noted. A study
of the data given in Table 10 will show a number of strains pro-
ducing a bread of good volume and very good appearance. . As
in the case of other characters the variation in the size of bread
loaf is very marked. The Red Fife line No. 2393 produced a

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 39

bread loaf with the highest volume—222I1cc.—of very good tex-
ture and good color. Very similar qualities were shown by the
Bluestem line 2391 with a loaf volume of 2209 c.c. The third
highest loaf volume was produced from flour of another Red
Fife strain—No. 2385. The best Minnesota line, Royalton (Red)
ranks fourth in volume of loaf. On comparing the data from

TABLE, 10:

Baking Tests of Flours from Pure Lines of Wheat Grown at
Aroostook Farm. 1918 Crop.

AROOSTOOK LINES

Line

Selected
from

Variety
Red Fife
Red Fife
Red Fife

Red Fife

Red Fife

Red Fife
Red Fife
Bluestem
Bluestem
Bluestem

Bluestem

Preston
Preston
Preston

Preston

205

Loaf
Volume
in cubic

centi-
meters*

2,221

2,153

2,028

2,028

2,017

1,903

1,881

2,209

2,096

1,983

1,813
2,068

2,028

1,983

1,892

Texture

| Very good
(CHose

Good, close
\Very good

|Fair

|
Very good
Coarse

Very good

Fair
|

Poor

Fair

Close

Very close

Very good

Good

Good

White with
velvety
sheen

Good

Good

Fair

White

Fair

Good

Fair

Fair

Good

Verv good—

white

Good

Very good

Good

| External Appearance

Excellent baking qual-
ity—produced nice
appearing loaf

\Very good size and

appearance. Excellent
baking qualities
Flour produces good
sized loaf, but lacks
baking strength
Volume good. Has
strength and makes
good appearing loat
Tendency of dough to
tear during proofing,
causing a rough ap-
pearance of loaf
Size of loaf fair but
flour shows good
baking quality
Poor baking qualities,
appearance of loaf
fair

‘Very good appearing

loaf. Flour has good
baking strength

Volume good. Flour
has good baking
qualities

Volume good. Flour
shows strength and
qualities

Fair size to loaf, fair
baking quality

Volume good. Appear-
ance good. Baking
quality very good

Voluma good. Shows
good baking quali-
ties

Good volume and ap-
pearance. good qual-
ity for baking
Good appearing loaf.
Gluten lacks strength

for good baking re-
sults

40 MaINneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

Baking Tests of Flours from Pure Lines of Wheat Grown at
Aroostook Farm. 1918 Crop.—Concluded.

Line! Selected | Grams! Loaf

No. from | ,of | Volume Texture Color
Variety | water | in cubic of External Appearance
| used | centi- Crumb |
| | meters* :
2400 Preston 200 1,869 Fair Fair Has poor baking qual-
| ities. Lacks strength
to give proper ex-
pansion ;
2383 Preston 205 1,858 Fair Dark Appearance good. Has
; good baking quali-
| ties
2409 Preston | 200 1,858 Good Fair Poor quality for bread
' baking
2405 Preston 200 1,773 Close Dark Fair appearing ‘loaf,
but gluten too dead
to give proper ex-
pansion
2398 Marquis 210 1,949 Good Dark gray Volume good. Flour
has strength for
baking
2410 |Marquis 210 1,858 Coarse Fair Fair baking quality
23738 |Canada Red 205 2,017 Good Good Volume good _ but

strength too low for
good baking results
2396 |Canada Red 205 | 1,745 Coarse Dark ‘Volume poor. Appear-
ance of loaf fair.
Poor baking quali-
: ties
2415 Unnamed 200 | 41,926 Close Fair Appearance of loaf
| fair, but gluten too
- weak to prevent
tearing on the side
| of loaf
2370 \Unnamed 200 1,756 Coarse ‘Dark Appearance of loaf
good but lacks vol-
ums. Quality lacking
2406 Unnamed 199 |} 1,518 Very coarse Dark Very poor quality
flour for bread bak-
ing

MINNESOTA LINES

|
|

A Selected Grams Loat |

= from of Volume Texture Color |

ZB Variety water | in cubic of | External Appearance
S6 used centi- Crumb |

LZ meters*

186 Royalton |
(Red) 210 2,079 Good Slightly Very good volume and

gray appearance. Very
185 Royalton good quality
(White) 210 2,028 Good, close Good Volume and expansion
; P showed good quality
187 Marquis 210 1,903 Very coarse Dark Fair appearance of
; loaf, but flour lacks
180 Haynes strength
Bluestem 210 1,881 Close Slightly Size of loaf good, ap-
gray pearance good. Bak-
ing qualities very
182 Speltz Marz good
(durum) 190 1,360 Very coarse Dark No strength to give
size and appearance
to loaf

*Calculated to 340 grams of flour Der each loaf.

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 41

the baking test with the results of the chemical analysis of the
flours it will be noted that the quality of gluten is very well re-
flected in the volume and appearance of the bread loaves. With
a few rather striking exceptions the volume of loaf appears to
follow in a number of cases also the quantity of gluten. This
point will be recurred to later.

Since the volume of loaf is at present the most reliable in-
dex of flour strength, and further, one of the most important
factors in determining the commercial value of bread wheat, it
will be of interest to determine how the wheats from the pure
lines here considered would rank among the chief American
wheats. We may here again refer to the study of several classes
of American wheats by L. M. Thomas.” On the basis of ex-
tensive baking tests involving 1386 samples Thomas found the
- following average volume for each of the five classes of Ameri-
can wheats:

S Oiitanevytai towne see Be Re ove ee eine Ja Ds 1,907 c.c.
S Ontstippe ts © Clin WANT Le tree eee ee nO dle 1,965 c.c.
Dy targeantaernwsln ea tee tees ow let oie ZOVAY) (Ce
Idlasealse@cl .. \yatmneies Z~MS) CC:
andre di aspiring sete ks Susie eit Tole te 2,421 c.c.

‘Comparing our best line 2393 having a volume of 2,221 c.c. we
find that it falls just 200 c.c. short of the average volume of its
own class of wheat, the hard spring wheat. From a diagram
in Thomas’ bulletin in which the distribution of the 574 samples
with regard to volume in the hard spring wheat class are illus-
trated we may note that about 15 per cent of hard spring wheat
samples had a loaf volume lower than some of ‘our best lines.
Further reference to the average loaf volume of American
wheats given above, shows that our best lines furnished a loaf
volume very considerably higher than the average of the two
classes of soft wheat, a higher than the average of the durum
class, and equal to the average of the hard red winter class.
From this comparison we note that our best lines of wheat are
as strong as 15 per cent of the hard red spring wheats and 50
per cent of the hard red winter wheats.

The data given by Thomas are based on samples taken from

the crops of 1908 to 1913 inclusive. If we should consider the.

AIL AS, (ojos. SEIS

——

42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

strength of wheats determined for one year in a state growing
some of the best spring wheats, for instance, North Dakota, we
would find that the size of loaf of our best lines approaches still
closer the size of the strong wheats grown there. Thus in a
report on the baking data for the 1915 crop of North Dakota**
wheat we find that the average loaf volume of Bluestem, Fife,
Velvet Chaff and Marquis, including all grades is 2307 c.c. In-
cluding only the two best paid classes of these four wheats, No.
1 Hard, and No. 1, the average volume of loaf from the flour
of these two grades of wheat is only 2271 c.c. or only 50 c.c.
above the volume of the best of our pure strains. While these
comparisons are not quite fair they nevertheless convey some
idea as to the possibilities of growing strong wheats in Northern
Maine.

Relative to other points determining the quality of bread,
reference to Table 10 will show that the texture and color of
crumb with a relatively large proportion of the pure strains was
found to be good or very good. Especially the strains of the
Red Fife and Preston varieties excel on this point. Most of
these breads possessed excellent eating qualities.

RELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN, GLUTEN CONTENT AND SIZE OF
Breap LOAF.

With the data on crude protein, dry gluten and loaf vol-
ume for these pure lines at hand it is very desirable from the
breeding point of view to examine if there is any relation
between these three characters which would be of diagnostic
value in the breeding work. In Table 11 the pure lines are
grouped within their respective parent varieties in the order of
their crude protein content with the corresponding rank in glu-
ten and loaf volume.

An inspection of Table 11 will reveal an undeniable rela-
tionship between the crude protein content, dry gluten and the
size of loaf. While this relation is not quite regularly consist-
ent it is nevertheless distinct. In regard to the degree of rela-
tionship between these three factors the data given in Table 11

*Sanderson, Thomas. The Milling and Baking Data for the 1915
‘Crop of Wheat. 1917, N. Dakota Bull. No. 132, pp. 61-94.

Relative Rank of the Pure Lines with Respect to Crude Pro-

Accession
No.

187
186
185
18)
182

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS.

TABLE 11

43

tein, Dry Gluten and Loaf Volume. 1918 Crop.
AROOSTOOK LINES.
Crude Protein Dry Gluten Loaf Volume
Variety
:
per cent | Rank | per cent | Rank c.c. | Rank
| |
| | |
'Red Fife Hi aE eet ISS | 2d 2
Red Fife BES) |) 13.13 il 2,028 3
Red Fife 12.83 3 12.18 3 2,028 4
Red Fife L220 |e 4: 11.67 4 2,221 1
|Red Fife UPA I By 11.78 5 1,903 6
‘Red Fife 12.14 6 11.78 6 2,017. 5
|Red Fife 11.74 7 EAC sl ee) 1,881 Ti
|
Bluestem 13.34 1 12.35 | 1 2,209 il
Bluestem 12.65 2 11.95 | 3 2,096 2
|Bluestem 12.48 3 12.25 2 1,983 3
Bluestem 11.91 4 28 |e 1,813 4
|Preston 17) |) al 13.26 | 1 1,892 4
|Preston 13.34 | 2 12.84 2 2,028 2
|Preston 13.22 3 12.83 3 1,858 | 6
|Preston 13.05 4 12.30- | 4 1,983 3
Preston | 12.88 5 12.13 5 2'068) 4)
Preston |} 11.91 6 11.85 6 1,858 7
Preston |} Gh aat 7 TBS |) ef 1,773 8
Preston 11.00 8 10.89 8 1,869 | 5
| |
‘Marquis | 12.08 1 THUG) Irae alba TUE" coal
Marquis | 11.29 2 10.60 Boa ESR i
|
‘Canada Red | 18.40 1 13.28 1 Mammy |) ah
Canada Red | 11.86 2 10.80 2 1,745 2
Unnamed | 12.99 | 1 11.53 2 1,756 2
Unnamed | 12.31 | 2 12.22 1 1,926 1
Unnamed ellie || aes 10.31 3 1,518 3
| ea
MINNESOTA LINES.
| Crude Protein Dry Gluten Loaf Volume
Variety |
} | |
per cent | Rank | per cent| Rank | cc. | Rank
| |
|
Marquis | 13.91 il 11.56 4 1,903 3
‘Royalton (Red) lpaelseo 2 12.69 1 2,079 1
‘Royalton (White) | 13.22 8° 12.28 2, 2,028 2
|Haynes Bluestem | 12.94 4 11.83 3 1,881 4
‘Speltz Marz (durum) | 10.43 5 9.93 5 1,360 5
|

indicate a close relation between the protein and dry gluten.
Indeed, the ranks of the crude protein and the dry gluten are
completely indentical for the strains of the Preston, Marquis,

44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

Canada Red, and nearly identical for the strains of Red Fife
and Bluestem. In regard to the relation of the two chemical
components, protein and gluten, to the baking strength there
appears to be, on the whole, some relation between the gluten
content and size as well as a still less consistent relation between
protein and loaf volume.

These relations are of importance especially as they have
been established in this case for pure strains of wheat grown at
one limited centre, when the evidence for or against these rela-
tions has hitherto been based almost exclusively on analysis of
samples from commercial varieties. In this connection it is of
special interest to cite the results of two chemists, who worked
with materials of an entirely different nature. Shutt?* analyzing
flours from wheats representing for the most part pure strains
selected and bred pure by Dr. Chas. E. Saunders arrived at the
conclusion that “between the protein, gliadin and wet and dry
gluten there is a distinct relationship, but there is no evidence
of a definite or absolute ratio. The results from both series of
flours clearly indicate a distinct relationship between these
chemical data (protein, gliadin and gluten) and ‘baking strength’
——a figure made up chiefly of the values for volume, shape and
weight of loaf.” Olson,” on the other hand, working with
samples of flours from unidentified varieties and received from
mills located in 12 different States concluded that there is no
relation between the quality of the flour and the total nitrogen
and gluten content. “The volumes of loaves appeared to be
inversely proportional to the gluten content.”

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.

An analysis of the data here presented brings out the fact
that pure strains of wheat isolated from commercial varieties
when grown under the same environmental conditions show
very distinct differences with respect to the physical and chemi-
cal characteristics and the bread making value of their grain.
The very small tract of land upon which these pure lines grew,

“Shutt, T. F. The Relationship of Composition to Bread-making
value. 1907. Centr. Exp. Farm, Can. Bull. 57, pp. 27-51.

*Olson, G. A. Wheat and Flour Investigations—V, 1917, Wash.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 144, pp. 1-86.

WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS. 45

and for which a very considerable degree of homogeneity may
safely be assumed, lends particular significance to these differ-
ences. For one of these characters, viz, the crude protein con-
tent, whose behavior alone could be studied from one year to
the next, it was shown that these differences are not mere fluc-
tuations but the result of inherent tendencies as evidenced by
the coefficient of correlation between the values of one year and
those of the next. Of the physical characteristics the kernel
weight, the hardness as measured by the percentage of yellow
berries, and the color show marked differences. Even in the
nursery rows where the strains grew side by side the degree of
hardness of the different lines was so marked that out of the
original 259 strains 158 were discarded as being soft and opaque.
This character while very susceptible to the environment is
regarded by Freeman (Loc. cit. 1918) as being controlled by ge-
netic factors which determine the greater or less sensitivity of
this character to the environment. Leith,?® who also studied the
inheritance of the yellow berry, found that while there is no dif-
ference between the yellow and hard berry of the same pure
line in the production of yellow berry in their progeny, there is
a very considerable difference between pure lines in their ten-
dency to reproduce hard berries.

No less pronounced are the differences between the indi-
vidual lines with respect to the chemical characteristics as will
be seen from Tables 5 and 7. The average protein content for
all strains in 1917 was higher than in 1918. But in spite of the
seasonal variation of the environment affecting the absolute
quantity of the protein the fact remains that the individual strains
tended to retain their relative protein rank regardless of the
seasonal average for this character.

From the close association between protein and gluten it
may be inferred that there is a tendency for the pure strains
to retain also their gluten rank, though there has been no oppor-
tunity yet to study the behavior of this character from year to
year.

Perhaps the most pronounced differences between the pure
lines are reflected in the quality of their glutens and in the size
of bread loaf baked from their flours, as shown in Tables
g and 10. While the present data do not convey any informa-

eee eith loc cit:

ee

46 MaAINe AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

tion as to whether these two characters are heritable, the results
secured by Biffen*’, Howard, Leake and Howard?® and Leith??®,
furnish substantial evidence showing that strength in wheat is
a heritable character retained even under very unfavorable en-
vironmental conditions of England and parts of India.

From the data reported in this bulletin it is evident that
under the same conditions of environment some strains of wheat
will retain a higher degree of hardness, a higher amount and
better quality of gluten and produce a larger size of bread loaf
than others. The logical deduction from this is that the indiv-
iduality of the seed, the inherent characteristics of the wheat
strain should enter as an inportant factor into the consideration
of the chemical composition and bread making value of wheat.

The present data while covering only a very brief period
are nevertheless of practical importance in their bearing upon
the possibilities of growing good bread wheats in Northern
Maine. Owing to the excellent adaptiveness of Aroostook soil
and climate to the potato crop the area devoted to wheat in
Aroostook is rather small and the growing of wheat in that sec-
tion will be largely a problem of meeting primarily the local con-
sumption, in other words, the growing of wheat in Aroostook
will be concerned above all in raising good bread wheats for
home baking. As to the question of raising good flour for home
baking in Aroostook it is believed that our data offer a very
satisfactory solution. We quote in this connection from the
report of Dr. Hoffman, chief chemist of the Ward Baking Com-
pany, upon the baking test of our flours: “A number of the
flours showed good quality glutens and made bread of very good
quality. For home baking most of these flours are satisfactory
and will produce a loaf with excellent eating qualities.”

It is, of course, impossible, as yet, to say that the best pure
lines so far selected represent the highest limit of baking strength
under Aroostook conditions. Only results from a large number
of selected strains tested for several years can give an answer
to this question.

Until superior strains best adapted to Aroostook conditions
are developed through selection or breeding the practical ques-

"Biffen, R. H. Loc. cit. 1908.
*Howard, Albert, Leake, H. M. and Howard, G. L. C. Loc. cit.
=Weith, 5:8): 1Z0c. Cit.

WueEat INVESTIGATIONS. 47

tion arises as to whether local or imported wheat should be used
for seed. The best policy would be to secure local varieties of
wheat of known performance in regard to yield and milling and
baking quality. Such wheat varieties, however, are not gener-
ally available, and it has been a common practice with the Aroos-
took grower to import his wheat seed, usually from the North-
west. In importing wheat seed the practice of buying seed from
mixed car lots of unknown varieties should be discouraged. Our
experience with the Minnesota strains clearly indicates that in
order to secure a satisfactory seed it is not enough to import
hard wheats from the Northwestern Plains, for certain varieties
and strains show a greater capacity for adaptation to humid
regions than others. Thus the two strains of the Royalton
wheat retained strength under Aroostook conditions yielding
grain with a high percentage of protein, very good gluten with
strong expansive qualities and good appearing loaves of good
volume and very good quality. On the other hand the Marquis
strain yielded a gluten with only medium quality and a flour
lacking in strength. From this it is evident that an imported
variety will first have to be tested for its capacity for retaining
its strength under Aroostook conditions, and it is, therefore,
essential not only to import seed from known varieties but that
these varieties should be as free from admixtures as this is pos-
sible with commercial varieties. The more a variety approaches
the condition of a pure strain the sooner and the more certain
will its degree of adaptability to new conditions be determined.

While no definite recommendations can be made, as yet, as
to the best variety for Aroostook conditions, our data furnish
some information which may be of practical value. Under Aroos-
took conditions the Marquis strains did not make a good show-
ing. They all yielded flour with short stiff gluten of only fair
quality. Coupled with this rather low quality is a low yielding
capacity. This is rather unfortunate as the early maturity of
the Marquis would make this variety otherwise very desirable
for Aroostook conditions.

The Preston strains are good yielders but only a few excel
in quality though a number of them showed a high protein con-
tent. The growing of strong strains of the Preston group
should be encouraged as they are well adapted to the conditions
of Northern Maine.

48 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920

The Canada Red strains (Ladoga type), while good yield-
ers should be dropped on account of their low bread making
quality. The Aroostook wheats are frequently mixed to a
greater or less degree with these strains which probably lower
the quality of the resultant flour.

The Red Fife and Bluestem varieties furnished the strong-
est strains yielding flour of very good to excellent baking quality.
The Bluestem variety, however, is somewhat later than the Red
Fife which is some drawback under Aroostook conditions. Its
straw is perhaps not quite so strong as would be desirable and
its hairy chaff tends to retain more moisture than the smooth
chaffed varieties which may favor the attack by fungi and retard
the maturing of the grain.

The Red Fife variety appears to be the best choice. The
Red Fife strains yielded the strongest flour and have also a sat-
isfactory yielding capacity. The Fife wheats have grown for
a number of years in Aroostook County and are well adapted
to the conditions of that section. From our experience and the
results obtained in England, Canada and Australia it appears
that the Red Fife wheats are characterized by a high capacity
for adaptation and a strong tendency to retain their strength
under unfavorable conditions of environment.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The photographs on plates I, II, and III represent loaves
of bread baked from flour of the pure lines of wheat grown at
Aroostook Farm. The number under each loaf refers to the
line of the wheat strain, except the first five loaves where the
figure designates the accession number. Each loaf was baked
from 300 grams of flour so that the size of these bread loaves
is directly comparable. Note the variation in volume of loaves
and texture of crumb.

LG

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60F2 : LObC 90K SOre COP

S6EC bOET £6EC 16? 06EC

PLATE 3.

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BULLETIN 286

THE VARIATION OF MILK SECRETION WITH AGE.
IN JERSEY CATTLE.*

Joun W. GOWEN.
SUMMARY

The yield of milk changes definitely with age. The change
is a logarithmic change not as commonly supposed a linear
change.

The variation of milk yield from cow to cow also changes
definitely with age. This change is described by a parabolic
function.

The curve for growth is logarithmic. The similarity of
the two curves suggests the increase in milk production with.
age could be accounted for by growth of the mammry gland.

A large body of exact scientific data on milk production
has been accumulated since the time of the establishment of the
Advanced Registry system of the Holstein-Friesian Association
of America and its later adoption by the associations of the
other breeds of dairy cattle. These completed records are unique
in several ways, chief among which is the fact that the records
of the cows included among them must meet a certain standard
of performance. ‘This standard for entry has the effect of cut-
ting out certain records of cows of the given breed. Thus the
Jersey Registry of Merit say that, “if the test is commenced the
day the cow is two years old, or previous to that day, she must
produce, within one year from the date the test begins, 250.5
pounds butter-fat. For each day the cow is over two years at
the beginning of her year’s test, the amount of butter-fat she
must produce in the year is fixed by adding 0.1 (one-tenth) of

*This paper is an abstract of a longer paper on “Studies in Milk
Secretion V. On the Variations and Correlations of Milk Secretion
with Age in Jersey Cattle by the same author published in Genetics,
March 1920. All literature citations should be made to this complete
paper.

50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

a pound for each such day to the 250.5 pounds required when
two years old. This ratio of increase applies until the cow is
five years old at the beginning of her test, when the required
amount will have reached 360 pounds, which will be the amount
of butter-fat required of all cows five years old or over. These
standards are based upon one complete year’s record from the
time of beginning, regardless of any time which may be lost by
being dry or calving during the period.” Three facts are obvi-
ously true of the Jersey Registry of Merit cows as compared
with a true sample taken at random of the milking cows of the
Jersey breed; (1) the cows making up the Registry of Merit
are a selected sample; (2) the scale of the selection is linear
having its lower limit 250.5 pounds of butter-fat production at
2 years and its upper limit 360 pounds at 5 years and over;
(3) this requirement means that for each day of age at test
the frequency distributions of years production are cut off
perpendicularly at the requirement and only those animals mak-
ing greater yields than this are allowed to be entered into the
Registry of Merit. The data taken from this Registry of Merit
are not the true data for the Jersey breed and conclusions based
on it cannot be considered as applying to the breed as a whole
or to the general problems of milk secretion.

To supply this need of exact data on the Jersey breed as a
whole the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station has obtained
the recorded data of one of the largest pure bred Jersey herds
known. The data are exceptional in the following ways: (1)
The records extend back to the year 1897 when the herd was
organized; (2) the animals are practically all straight island
stock; (3) they have been under the oversight and direction
of one manager since 1901; (4) exact records are kept of .the
milk production, butter-fat and butter-fat per cent; (5) many
of the individual animals have records for several different
jactations. The ‘elimination of variation of the milk production
of cows or groups of cows caused by changes in any one or
more of these five factors is important for the analysis of the
causative mechanism of milk and butter-fat production. It is
obvious that these records are free from such variables. They
constitute a homogeneous group of data representing the island
Jersey under constant conditions of management and climate.

al

Tue VARIATION oF MiLK SECRETION WITH AGE. 51

Such an accumulation of exact statistical data on the cows
of the Jersey breed for problems of so much interest, both
biologically and economically, warrants the application of ade-
quate biometrical methods in their analysis. The necessity of
such analysis is now well recognized by most investigators as
of the utmost importance to our understanding of the funda-
mental principles of physiology which underlie the process of
milk secretion itself.

The general problems attacked are those of the individual
variation between the lactating functions of different dairy cows
at a given age. What is the true type of the frequency distribu-
tions of milk production? What relation exists between the
mean productions of the successive ages in a true random sam-
ple of the Jersey breed? An understanding of these and simi-
lar questions is necessary to the fuller utilization of the data
found in the herd book of the registry association.

The data used for study are all from normal, healthy cows.
Two diseases have been present in the herd, tuberculosis and
abortion. The tuberculous animals were all eliminated early in
the herd’s history by the use of the tuberculin test. All records
from animals which were proven to be tubercular or which
aborted were not used. Records from animals normally healthy
but sick during a given lactation were not used. All of the

cows have been kept in climatic conditions similar to those of:

Western Virginia.

A word as to the method of keeping the data and its trans-
fer to this Station. All records are made at the time of milking
on the daily milk sheet for the given cow which are kept in the
barn. The milking takes place twice a day, the records are
for night and morning. The weekly production taken from
these sheets is transferred to the herd ledger by a trained book-
keeper. The total production for a given month is found to-
gether with the yearly production by adding the weekly totals.
All records are recorded to pounds and tenths. The cows are
tested bi-monthly by the Babcock test and the percentage of
butter-fat is recorded beside its corresponding monthly milk
yield. All weighings and readings are recorded immediately
after they are made so there is little chance of inaccuracy. From
these records the author has extracted 1741 complete 8 months
records of healthy cows for milk production. Of these 1741,

52 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

1713 have records for the butter-fat percent. The weighed
monthly averages of the bi-monthly test have been used to ob-
tain the weighed 8 months average for the 8 months lactation

period chosen for study.

VARIATION OF JERSEY MiLK PropucTION WITH AGE AT CoMm-
MENCEMENT OF TEST.

The tabulation of these records in complete eight months
records has been done by the author. The chief physical con-
stants of the distributions are presented in table 1 together with
their probable errors.

TABLE 1.

Constants of Variation of Milk Production for the Successive
Ages at Test in Jersey Milk. (8& Months Lactation
Period).

Standard | Coefficient Skewness

Deviation | of Variation

——

3 years 0 months 4032.9-431.7, 818.9-422.4

Age at Test Mean |

2 years 0 months to 20.304 .577

3 years 0 months
4 years 0 months
5 years 0 months
6 years 0 months
7 years 0 months
8 years 0 months

to
to
to
to 7 years 0 months
to 8 years-0 months
to 9 years 0 months

4 years 0 months 4686.5-++46.8) 1101.5+33.1)
5 years 0 months 4992.9-+46.3| 1079.4-+33.0
6 years 0 months 5281.4--57.0| 1262.8+40.3

5536.5--64.5) 1325.3-+-45.6
5314.7-464.9) 1255.02-45.9
5226.4-++77.9) 1302.0--55.1)

012
684
801

23.503--
21.619
23.911
23.938
23.613 .
24,912-+1.111

865}
907)

+0.2642+-.0548
+0.3532-+.0635
+0.3894-+-.0714
+0.2586.0628

+0.3141+.1173

4938.2-++95.3| 1302.6-++67.4
4838.8-++70.3) 1077.3+49.7
4887.6--20.2) 1249.7-414.3

26.377+1.453
22,.264-++1.028}
25.5694 .310

to 10 years 0 months
and above

9 years 0 months
10 years 0 Inonths
Total population

The mean milk production for the eight months period,
for those cows which are between 2 and 3 years of age, is 4032.9
pounds. From this point the milk production rises rapidly
at first then more slowly to a maximum at about 7 years. From
this maximum the decline in milk production is less rapid toward
the higher ages.

The difference between the production of 2 years and 6
months and the maximum is significant as the difference is about
20 times its probable error (1503.6+71.9). The difference
between the maximum production and that for the 10 years and
above is ‘also significant as the difference is more than 6 times
the probable error (697.7+95.40). This rise and fall of milk

+0.3150-+.0222

THE VARIATION OF MILK SECRETION WITH AGE. 53

production with age has already been shown, by the work of
this laboratory, to conform to that group of curves described by
a logarithmic function.

The standard deviation varies between 818.9 pounds at the
age of 2 to 3 years to 1325.3 pounds at the age of 6 to 7 years.
The rise of the standard deviation is more direct than is the
rise of the mean curve. From the. maximum the curve remains
parallel with the base line for some years when it again drops
to a lower deviation at the highest age at test. This rise and fall
is significant as judged by the probable errors of the difference.
The difference of the maximum standard deviation at 6 to 7
‘years from that at 2 to 3 years is 506.4 pounds of milk where
the probable error is 50.8 pounds or the difference is practically
ro times the probable error and the probability that this differ-
ence did not come from random sampling is considerably greater
than 1,000,000,000 to 1. The difference between the maximum
standard deviation and that at Io years and above is 248.0
pounds and the probable error is 67.5 pounds or 3.68 times the
probable error and the probability that this difference did not
come from random sampling is 75.7 to 1. From these above
facts the conclusion seems justified that milk production varies
with age at test in such a way that the absolute amount of the
variation in production from one cow to another is least at the
early age, increases rapidly to a maximum at about 5 years and
6 months, remains at this maximum for about four years then
falls again toward the later ages.

The coefficient of variation for the milk production of the
successive ages are all high as compared with those already

ALA BILIS, 2

Comparison Data for Coefficients of Variation of Amount of
Secretion.

| Coefficient Source of
Organism | Secretion of Variation Data
Domestic Fowl |Annual Egg Production 34.214.37# | Pearl
(Barred Plymouth Rock) |
Cattle British Holstein \Gallons of milk 25.72.37 Gavin
Cattle Ayrshire 'Gallons of milk 24.18+.50* Vigor
Cattle Jerseys /Pounds of milk 25.56.31 This paper

# Probable error calculated by author from total given in paper.
Me cated by the author from the means and standard deviation as given by
T. Vigor. } Bre

54 MatIneé AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

known for other similar data. This large size in the coefficients
is brought out by table 2.

Of the substance studied annual egg production is the most
variable. The coefficient of variation for milk production cor-
responds remarkably well considering the diversity of the
sources from which they are taken. They all go to show that
milk production varies around a mean of 25 or is about g per
cent less variable than egg production. This difference is sig-
nificant. The mechanism of the secretion of the sum of the egg
parts to form the egg is shown to be more variable than that
for the secretion of the milk parts to form the milk. Taking
this reasoning back to its ultimate source, such a significant
difference shows that the secretory cells of the mammary glands
work with greater precision than do the cells of the oviduct.
Such a difference in the variation of action of the two sets of
cells would seem to indicate a greater approach to perfection,
in a mechanical sense, in the cells of the udder than is true of
the cells of the oviduct.

The skewness of the two sets of data furnish another in-
teresting contrast. The skewness of annual egg production for
Barred Plymouth Rock hens is —o.205, whereas the skewness
for Jersey milk production is +0.315. Not only is the sign
different but the actual amount is different. This cannot be
explained on the basis of any selection for high producers that
may have taken place as both sets of data are about equally sub-
ject to such selection. The data for the successive age groups
all goes to show that where the distributions for milk production
are skew they are all plus. This lends further strength to the
belief that the distribution for the yearly production of the two
sets of glands is skew in opposite directions. One thing is com-
mon in the two cases, the skewness in each is small in amount.
This is of especial importance as it shows the approach to the
value where the typical Gaussian curve of error may describe
these functions.

This question is of great importance in considering the
milking records of advanced registry animals where it is neces-
sary to form an opinion of the capacities of a breed from the
milking abilities of a selected sample where the selection is not
at random but removes those cows producing under a certain
amount.

THE VARIATION OF MILK SECRETION WITH AGE. 55

This feature of the problem is seen in the work of Reitz
(1909) on the inheritance of butter-fat production in Holstein-
Friesian cattle. The data for this problem came from the ad-
vanced registry of Holstein Friesian cattle. Since as a require-
ment to entry in this registry the cows must produce more than
a certain amount of butter-fat, the correlation from such data
measuring the strength of inheritance are subject to a double
selection. Rietz in correcting for this selection uses the method
devised by Pearson to determine the whole of a normal curve
when a portion of it is known. The accuracy of the corrections
depends then on the curves for milk production and for butter-
fat percentage being normal.

When the frequency curves for milk production of these
data are anlayzed by the method of moments for their type
equations it is found that five of the curves belong to the type
I group, four to the type II group and one to the type 1V group.
Nine of the ten curves are of limited range. These limits are
of interest as they indicate the maximum and minimum produc-
tions to be expected from this group of cows. The limits of
the range of the type II curves are on the whole somewhat un-
derestimated. The type I curves more nearly record the facts
of the case save in the curve for the total population where the
range is considerably overestimated due to the slow approach
to zero of the ends of the distribution. For such a distribution
it must be remembered that the frequency becomes very small
as the ordinary limits of the observation are passed.

On the whole the fit of the curves is excellent comparing
favorably with that of any similar data. It is evident therefore
that the skew frequency curves describe these data well. The
question now arises in view of the difficulty of correcting for
this skewness in correlation studies on the heredity of milk pro-
duction, if the fit of the Gaussian curves is sufficiently good to
allow of the use of this method.

When these curves are used it is found that the normal
curves do not describe milk production at the different ages or
for the total curve as well as do the proper type curves. The
difference in the fit of the type curves over the normal curve
comes especially in the description of the tails and the skewness
of these distributions. The fit of the normal curves is not bad,
however, and in all probability no serious error would be made

56

in the use of them for the determination of the corrections to
be applied to the correlations from double-selected data as was

Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

done by Rietz.

1920.

THE CORRELATION OF JERSEY 8 MontHs MiILx PrRopUCcTION

WITH THE AGE.AT TEST.

Common knowledge among dairymen is that milk produc-
tion and age at the commencement of the lactation are corre-
lated in such a way that advancing age means increased produc-

Age at Test for

8000— 8500

* 8500— 9000
9500—10000

~ 9000— 9500
10000-—10500

10500-11000

i)
ad jal e

HOD OOO et
ot -e

tion. The opinion is general that this increase is a linear one.
TABLE 3.
Correlation Surface for Pounds of Milk and
Jersey Cattle.
(Lactation Period 8 Months).
She 18/3) 22) 21s) aie les Sanaa
iS cS iS 7 > = iS S 2 | S j Ta Ss 5 =
rin a oD of Sl a) VT) IS fs cS i ~~. | @
esigieisielelslislel| slalteleles
1:6— 2:0 25) sis} oe2 arch
TA =e) | 4| 19) 54) 51| 56 42| 19] 7| 2 lcaedl
2:6— 3:0 i} 4) 6°71) 12) 4| 4 al
3:0— 3:6 4| 21| 22} 33) 30} 20) 13] 9 3 2] -|
3:6— 4:0 3| 3} 6| 9} 14| 19] 16) -8| 7 31 5] 2
4:0 4:6 |) 2) She a5| Si). (24) 325) (sable 7 |e shiiet ane
4:6— 5:0 7| 11] 13| 20] 24] 13] 8 3] 5] 3
5:0— 5:6 7+ 13| 16] 14| 231 10| 5] 4 9) .2
5:6— 6:0 5| 13] 12] 19} 17] 15] 14] 9 4| (8
6:0— 6:6 2} 2) Io} 14) 8} 14} 19] 12] -5] 6] 3
6:6— 7:0 4) 6| 9). 15] 15| 12] 16° 8| 7 4
7:0— 7:6 2} 1] 4| 5] Je 1) 19] 7] 6| 5 5]- 2
7:6— 8:0 3} 11] “S}) <9) (9) 14) a4) 9) 5) a
8:0— 8:6 A}. 2) a] a] 10|) 15] 22s), er ee ott
8:6— 9:0 2) St! 8 <8] 12 "ait eal tae
9:0— 9:6 Ne) ea ee Al et i 3} (5) eal
9:6-10:0 1 3} i} “at 4l 6) 8) Toit 5] “elo es
10:0—-10:6 | I} Sp 59) Jel ale Ould 4 eae
10:6-11:0 1 3) 53) sal “al Sa) Vel ster erie
11:0-11:6 D3) 2h) Ge Sh Spa aa
11:6—-12:0 20h ae ea a
"12:0-12:6 tl 3 Peed aes big |
12:6-13:0 1 Wii ae i 4 ome |
13:0-13:6 1 rif pa dd
3:6-14:0 1 heal
14:0-14:6 ul |
14:6-15:0
15:0-15:6 1 |
15:6-16:0 | |
|
Total 1 13, 50 166) 212 279 274| 266) 162 127, 82) 58| 26

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¥
4,

Tue VarIATION oF Mitx SEcRETION wiTH AGE. 57

This opinion has been shown to be erroneous by previous work
of this laboratory on the statistics of the 7 day records of Ameri-
can Jersey cattle found in “Jersey: sires with their tested daugh-
ters,” published by the American Jersey Cattle Club. In this
work seven day milk production is shown to be a logarithmic
curve and not a straight line.

It remains to be shown that this same type of curve des-
cribes a true random sample of the Jersey breed for a longer
milk period. Data of this sort are important for several reasons
chief among which, both practically and theoretically, is the
necessity of having suitable correction factors for age to allow
“comparison of milk records at different periods in the lives of
different cows. Toward the solution of this problem the fol-
lowing facts are necessary; what correlation exists between age
and milk production; is this correlation sufficient so that it must
be taken into account in considering records of different cows
at different ages; what is the equation of the regression line
between these two variables. Table 3 furnishes the data neces-
sary for this study.

The correlation and its accompanying constants for these
two variables are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4.

Constants Measuring the Association between Amount of Eight
Months Milk Produced and Age at Test of Jersey Cows.

E 7 | aan Or ee

0.2596-.0151 | 0.4283-+.0132 | 0.1689-+.0201 | 0.1161.0108

This table makes clear several facts concerning the influence
of age on milk production. The correlation of +0.2596+.0151
shows that age at test and milk production are significantly
correlated variates. Taken in conjunction with the correlation
ratio it shows clearly that age of the cow at commencement of
test must be considered in comparing the records of different
cows if the conclusion from the comparison is to be valid. The
value of the correlation ratio +0.4283-+.0132 is considerably

58 Maine AcricuLTuRAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

higher than the correlation coefficient. This difference is shown
to be highly significant by the value of »—r -+0.1689=.0201.
It is altogether probable therefore that the regression of age
on milk production is a skew regression. This is shown to be
a fact by the constant to measure such skewness. 4? —r*
O.1161+.0108 is about II times its probable error. The re-
gression is therefore known to be skew. Since this is true the
correlation ratio is a better measure of the true correlation
than is the correlation. coefficient. The relation of age at test
is then doubly significant in any comparison of the records of
two cows. The regression having been shown to be skew it

becomes necessary to deal with it separately.

TYPE OF THE REGRESSION OF MILK PRODUCTION ON AGE OF
JERSEY CATTLE.

The means for each array of age have been calculated.

From these means the theoretical curve conforming to the
general logarithmic type has been calculated by the method of
least squares. The equation to this curve is

==3 387.91 2—99.883.1—.4874°+-2896.219 Log «x

where « is taken in six months intervals from an origin at I
year and 3 months.

The observations at the higher ages vary a good deal as
they are based on small numbers. The theoretical curve strikes
through them quite accurately when the unevenness of the ob-
served curve is considered. When we calculate the x? by the
method of Slutsky we find that 5 observations contribute a sum
of 28.80 to the total of 45.41. These observations are at ages
2 years 9 months, 3 years 3 months, 6 years 9 months, 7 years
g months and g years 3 months. If we measure the fit by the
total x* 45.41 it is poor. Considering the above mentioned five
observations in connection with the other observations it is seen
that two of them are plus and three are minus quantities. Not
only that but they come at places in the curve so that they would
practically counteract each other if the first smoothed curve
were used as the observational. It seems altogether reasonable

THE VARIATION OF MILK SECRETION WITH AGE. 59

therefore to consider the fit of this curve measured by a_ ?
somewhat more than 17.00 or what would correspond to the
P of.a very good fit.

The equation of the curve has many practical uses aside
from its interest in a scientific sense. By its use the records of
cows at different ages may be brought to the same basis for
comparison whether it be for milk inheritance studies, analysis
of judging experiments or the like. The time of the theoretical
maximum of milk production may be easily calculated from it
by differentiation. This maximum is shown to be 7 years 2.4
months a figure considerably above the age customarily called
mature form. Further the curve shows that the method used in
advanced registry work of determining the amount a Jersey
cow should produce for the Register of Merit is falacious in
that it is a linear method and does not recognize this logarithmic
nature of milk production. In a previous paper the average fat
per cent of Jersey cows is given as 5.12. Assuming this figure
and dividing the pounds of butter-fat by it gives us the average
requirement for milk production in one year. Supposing that
34 of the year’s records is made in the first 8 months of lacta-
tion (a figure reasonably close to the expected (Peark 1915) the
required production is found to be 3600 pounds at 2 years and
5200 pounds at 5 years.

Causally considered the logarithmic nature of milk produc-
tion is of a good deal of interest. The work of a number of
students of growth, beginning with Minot’s notable studies on
rabbits have shown that the phenomena of growth is also a
logarithmic function of age. This law appears of wide general
application as the work of Lewenz and Pearson have shown it
holds for growth in children; Donaldson, Hatai and Jackson
have shown it is of general application to the growth of certain
organs in the white rat and Pearl and Surface have shown it
true for ceratophyllum and corn. It seems, therefore, altogether
likely that the mammary glands of the cow also follows this
rule. Should this prove true the increase of milk production
with age seems of much significance in paralleling these growth
phenomena. This paralleling of the two functions would, in
fact, seem to indicate causal relation between the two in that
the increase in milk production may depend chiefly on the in-
crease in actual mass of the mammary gland due to growth of

60 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTATIon. 1920.

this organ and not due to any relative increase in the ability of
the cells to secrete more milk.

In a Bulletin to follow this, the relation of the milk yield
for one lactation in comparison with that of another subsequent
lactation will be analyzed for the same data as presented here.

BULLETIN 287

SELF STERILITY AND CROSS STERILITY IN THE
APPLE.!

Joun W. Gowen.

SUMMARY

The results herein presented show that every apple grower
should provide suitable varieties for pollinators if- large de-
pendable crops are to be secured.

The results presented in Tables 1 and 2 show the apple
varieties which will self fertilize. No difference is noted in the
fruit set when a variety is self pollinated, when it is pollinated
with the pollen from different flowers on the same tree, or when
it is pollinated with pollen from different trees of the same
variety.

A large amount of sterility is observed in the different
varieties. Out of 119 varieties only 42 set fruit, and of that 42
only 15 had a set of fruit which was even moderately commer-
cially profitable.

Tables 3 and 4 show the results of cross pollinations with-
in the apple. Most varieties are capable of ready cross fertili-
zation with the pollen of other varieties. Over 34 of those
varieties pollinated with pollen of other varieties set fruit sat-
isfactorily.

Results are presented to show that it is necessary to test
a variety for cross compatibility before any conclusion can be
drawn for the variety.

As pointed out the yield of orchards made up of one block
of self sterile trees may be materially increased by the intro-
duction of other varieties.

The size, color, and quality of the fruit is shown to remain
practically the same as the standard for the mother parent.

‘Papers from the Biological Laboratory, Maine Agricultural Experi.
ment Station, No. 133. i

62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 192U.

The number of good seeds in the crossed apples is greater
than in those which are selfed.

The causes of self sterility in the apple are external and
internal. The external, weather, spraying, insects, and disease,
are somewhat within the control of the grower.

The chief internal cause of sterility is the slowness of
growth of the pollen tube in the selfed style as against that in
the crossed style.

Aside from the environmental factors, weather conditions
at the blooming period, etc., there is an inborn tendency of
certain plants not to produce fruit when fertilized by their own
pollen or the pollen of certain varieties within their own species
or different species. Among the plants with a well marked
tendency in this direction of self sterility and cross sterility is
the apple. The tendency of certain of the more common varie-
ties of this species is apparently quite distinct and well marked,
within other varieties the trees seem to self fertilize readily
with their own pollen. It is of especial importance to the prac-
tical grower here in Maine to know what varieties are self fer-
tile and what varieties should have other varieties near by so
that the necessary crossing may take place. It is further of
importance to know what varieties of those that must be crossed
to produce a fair yield, should be planted together so that the
best yield and quality of fruit may be obtained. A large amount
of time has been devoted to the solution of this problem. by the
staff of the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Station.

MATERIALS AND METHODS.

The apple orchards and scattering apple trees of Highmoor
Farm total to approximately 3000 trees. When the grafts are
included there are about 25 different varieties represented with-
in this group of 3000 trees. The experiments herein described
include 16 of these varieties. Controlled crosses have been
made between these varieties. The apples resulting from these.
crosses were measured. The number of good seed and the
number of poor seed were determined for each cross. The ger-
mination of these seeds when planted out doors in a cold frame

Se_F STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 63

was recorded in connection with the data on transplantation.
These data all bear on the problem of self sterility and cross
sterility in the apple and will be used in connection with this
study. The publication of the results obtained from the
crosses, the bearing ability of the seedling trees, and the quality
of the resulting apples will form the basis of other reports on
the orchard work of the Biological Laboratory.

The sterility tests are made in four ways. To test for self
sterility the unopen buds are inclosed in a ten pound paper bag.
These bagged flowers are treated in two ways; (a) the bags
_ are left undisturbed until the fruit is set; (b) the bags are
opened at the height of the bloom and the pollen from the an-
thers brushed over onto the stigmas, the bags replaced and left
until the fruit is set.

The tests for cross sterility are likewise made in two ways;
sterility between members of the same variety and sterility be-
tween different varieties. All of this was done with emascu-
lated flowers, the pollen transfers being made with camel’s hair
brushes. In each case the flowers, both emasculated and pol-
linated were covered with paper bags, care being used in the
removal for pollination and subsequent replacing of the paper
bag to prevent accidental pollination.

When the fruit is set the paper bags used in the pollination
work are replaced with cheese cloth bags. All the crosses made
are tagged with a distinctive number to prevent any pedigree
errors.

SELF STERILITY AND SELF FERTILITY.

In table 1 are shown the result of the crosses involving the
pollen from a flower cluster being placed on the pistils of that
same flower cluster or a different flower cluster of the same
trees or different trees. The flower clusters which are only
bagged depend, of course, on chance agencies to transport the
pollen from the anthers to the stigmas. Those flowers which
have the pollen transferred from the anthers of the flower clus-
ter to the stigmas of the same flower cluster by means of the
camel’s hair brush brushing the pollen across from the one to
_ the other eliminate this chance element. ‘The average number
of flowers worked to each flower cluster was six. The results

64 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

as given in table I are all for clusters which did or did not de-
velop fruit. If it is desired to determine the fruit which set
per flower the results should be multiplied by this number to
obtain the number of fruit buds worked.

The selfings which matured apples are the only ones which
are recorded as successful. Many of those which fall in the
unsuccessful group did start to develop and some even remained
after the June drop for a short time. These are not recorded,
however, since this paper deals with this problem chiefly from
the viewpoint of the mature, marketable fruit.

TABLE 1.

Fertility of the Ovule to Pollen Within the Same Variety.
METHOD OF POLLEN APPLICATION.

‘Pollinated with the
Flower cluster bagged Pollinated with pol- pollen of a different

and leit len of same tres tree but Same vari-
ety
Variety
Fruit No Fruit | Fruit No Fruit | Fruit | No Fruit
matured matured | matured
Baldwin fiers ea 3 22 2
Ben Davis 65 229 26
Crab 3 8
Duchess 5 1X 3 |
Early Harvest 6 tf |
Golden Russett 15 46 | 6
Hurlbert Sweet 5 10
McIntosh Red 16 12
Northern Spy 1 : | 34 ube 3
Red Astrachan 4 :
Rhode Island 2 10 2
Greening
Wealthy of

=These apples were very poor specimens from which no seeds germinated. The
seeds themselves were shrunken and shriveled.

From this table it is clear that most varieties of apples show
more or less pronounced self sterility. Within the twelve varie-
ties under consideration only four showed any fertility to their
own pollen. For those which showed such fertility the Wealthy
was self fertile once, the Duchess was doubtfully self fertile in
one out of four trees; the Baldwin was self fertile in five out
of forty crosses and the Northern Spy was doubtfully ‘self fer-
tile in one out of thirty-nine trials. It is clear from these results
that the proportion of the flowers which are self fertile to their

Lib Si}

Setr STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 305

own pollen is slight even with those varieties which will self
fertilize. This is especially true when it is realized that each
of the selfings within table 1 represent the flower cluster and
not individual flowers.

The results from the different methods of pollination are
chiefly negative in character. The three different groups show
no material difference in the set of the fruit for the three meth-
ods. This is of interest in connection with the results of polli-
nation with pollen of the same tree and the results of pollina-
tion with pollen of a different tree but of the same variety. The
results are in each case approximately the same. This would
be expected in view of the probable fact that the trees of a given ~
vatiety are ultimately of the same origin, coming as they do
from the same original seedling. Such results indicate the rela-
tive stability of the buds and the trees which grow from them
in their presumably hereditary behavior to crossing with dii-
ferent kinds of pollen.

It shows further the probability that the planting of a large
block of trees of the same variety, if it is self sterile, will not
tend to a larger crop of fruit because for these self sterile varie-
ties the pollen of other trees of the same variety is no more
compatible than the pollen of the tree itself when applied to
the stigmas. |

It is of considerable interest to gather together the results
on the self sterility of the apples varieties as it has been deter-
mined by the different states, both to determine on as large
numbers as possible the amount of sterility which exists and
' also to see whether the technique or climatic conditions of one
state favor the fruiting of varieties normally incompatible to
their own pollen in other climates. For this purpose the results
on self sterility of the different varieties have been collected and
brought together in table 2.

TABLE 2.

Self Fertility and Self Sterility m the Varieties of the Apple.

] 6
: | Number selfed | Number fruit Number fruit not
Variety matured matured
Arkansas Black+ | 100 100
- Autumn Sweet* ie 50 : 50
Baldwint 169 1 168

66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

Self Fertility and Self Sterility in the Varieties of the Apple.

Variety

Baldwin
Baldwin‘

Bailey’s Sweet*
Ben Davis+

Ben Davis1?

Ben Davis

Ben Davis
Bethlehemite*
Bietigheimer*
Bellflower (Yellow)¢#
Bottle Greening+
Bough, Sweet?
Canada Red+
Canada Reinette*
Canada Sweet*
Colvert*

Crab

Jelaware*
Domine+

Duchess

Dutch Mignonne*
Early Harvest
Early Harvest?
Early Ripe?
Early Strawberry*
English Russett?
Esopus (Spitzenburg)?
Ewalt+*

Fallwine*
Fallawater*

Fall Jenneting*
Fameuset
Fanny?

Gano+*

Gilpin (Carthouse)?
Golden Russett
Golden Sweet*
Gravenstein2
Gravenstein*
Great Bearer*
Green Sweet*
Grimes Golden*
Grimes12

Grimes?

Haas*

Hanwell Souring*
Hawley

Holland Beauty*
Holland Pippin+
Hoover’s Red+
Hurlbert Sweet
Hydes Keeper+
Jonathan13
Jonathan*
Jewett’s Red+
July, Fourth of?
King

King of Tompkins Co.4
Keswick Codlin*
Longfellow*
Limbertwig*

Lily of Kent?
Lily of Kent?
Maiden’s Blush*
Mann+

Mammoth Black Twig*
May*

McMahon White*

—Continued.

Number _ selfed

Number fruit
matured

1?

moo fe

a

14
37

Number fruit not
matured

SELF STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 07

Self Fertility and Self Sterility in the Varieties of the Apple.

—Continued.
Number selfed Number fruit Number fruit not
Variety matured matured .

McIntosh Red 28 28
Melon* 50 50
Melon Sweet‘ 50 50
Missouri Pippin* 50 50
Missouri Pippin? ’ 57 57
Missouri Pippin? 150 150
Montreal Beauty (crab)+ 100 100
Munson Sweet+ 50 50
Nero? 150 150
Newtown 100 66 $4
Northern Spy 38 1? 37
Northern Spyt 19 19
Northern Sweet? 113 113
Oldenburg* 100 5 95
Ortley+ 100 100
Paradise Sweet* 100 100
Paragon? 195 195
Paragon? i 180 180
Pewaukee* 50 50
Portert 52 52
Pryor’s Red‘ 50 2 43
Pumkin Russett* 100 16 84
Astrachan2 200 12 188
Ralls* OORee 100
Rambo 100 2 98
Red Astrachan 4 4
Red Astrachant 16 16
Red Canadat 80 3 80
Red Cheek Pippin‘ 100 100
Red Golden Pippin¢ 50 50
Rhode Island Greening 14 14
Rhode Island Greening* 100 100
Rhode Island Greening? 703 703
Romanite* 100 100
Rome Beauty 100 100
Roseaut 120 120
Roxbury (Russett)1 119 119
Salome* 100 100
Scott’s Winter+ 100 39 61
Shiawassee* 100 i 23 77
Spitzenburg+ 100 if 93
Stark¢ 100 1 99
Stark? 150 150
Stayman3’ 161 161
Stayman? 106 106
Steel’s Red* 50 50
Strawberry2 200 1 | 199
Red Streak2 200 1 199
St. Lawrence‘ 100 100
Summer Permain‘ 50 50
Summer Queen‘ 100 100
Sweet Bough* 50

Tolman (Sweet)? 223 223
Tolman Sweet+ 100 100
Transcendent Crab‘ 100 100
Trumble Sweet+ 100 100
Twenty Ounce* , 100 100
Wealthy 1 1

Wagener? 50 3 47
Washington* 50 7 43
Wealthy 28 28
Wealthy+ 50 50
Westfield (Seek-no-further)1 485 485
Western Beauty+ 50 50
Williams (Favorite)1 63 63
Williams Favorite? 150 150
Willow Twig* 50 2 48
Winesap+ 100 100

’

68 MatneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Self Fertility and Self Sterility in the Varieties of the Apple.

—Concluded.
Number selied Number fruit Number fruit not
Variety ; matured matured
Winesap? 309 300
Winesap?3 550 z 548
White Pippin* 100 26 74
Whitney's Crab+ 100 4 96
Yellow Transparent? 363 20 3
Yellow Transparent+ 25 2 : 23
York Imperial* 100 100
York Imperial? 134 1? 133

Even a cursory examination of this table will show that
the degree of self fertility in the apple is quite generally insig-
nificant. Within this group of one hundred and nineteen varie-
ties only 42 or less than half are known to have self-fertilized
and set fruit. Of these 42 varieties only 15 set fruit in any
numbers, the rest had only one or two fruit which matured rep-
resenting something less than five per cent of the total number
of crosses made.

Table 2 shows one of the best commercial varieties, the
Baldwin to be self fertile in Maine and elsewhere. Of the other
leading commercial varieties Rhode Island Greening, Golden
Russett, Tolman Sweet, Twenty Ounce, McIntosh and Graven-
stein proved to be self sterile in all tests. The varieties North-
ern Spy, Esopus Spitzenburg, Ben Davis, Fameuse and Olden-
burg proved very slightly fertile. Of the other commercial
varieties which proved somewhat more fertile might be men-
tioned the Jonathan, Early Harvest and Yellow Transparent.

Considerable difference is evidenced by the record of the
set of fruit of a variety within the different states. The Bald-
win sets a very limited number of fruit in Vermont whereas in
Maine and Oregon its set of fruit was more numerous. The
Ben Davis in Maine and Vermont set no fruit whereas in
Arkansas and Oregon it set a limited number of apples. The
Red Astrachan proved self sterile in Maine and Vermont
but with a test made in Maryland set fruit on self fertilization.
These results make it seem probable that the environmental
conditions of the different states affect the self fertility of these
differently. Caution is consequently necessary in applying the
results of one state to that of another.

Sed CT EN ee A ee, ae ee hy ye

Tee See ee ON Pee ee eee

Pg eee

Se

Setr STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 69

Cross FERTILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE.

In table 3 are shown the results of crossing one variety
with the pollen of another variety. The first column records
the female variety and the second column the pollen variety.
In the column marked “Successful pollination” are recorded
the number of pollinations which produced mature apples. In
the column “Unsuccessful pollination” are recorded the num-

ber of flower clusters emasculated and pollinated.

TABLE 3.

Cross Fertility and Cross Sterility in the Apple.

*Not found until sueeeeding year when seeds were no good.

+Had six shrivelled seeds.

Female Parent Pollen Parent Successful Unsuccessful
Pollination Pollination
Ben Davis Baldwin ik? 2b]
Duchess Baldwin 20
Golden Russett Baldwin 2
Northern Spy Baldwin lt 12
Red Astrachan Baldwin 4
Rhode Island Greening Baldwin 2
Baldwin Ben Davis 4
Golden Russett Ben Davis 5 9
Hurlbert Sweet Ben Davis 3 q
McIntosh Red Ben Davis 5
Northern Spy Ben Davis 2
Rhode Island Greening Ben Davis 2
Ben Davis Canada Red 5 18
Hurlbert Sweet Canada Red 1 1
Ben Davis Crab 9 4
Early Harvest Crab 7
Baldwin Duchess 1 9
Early Harvest Duchess 1 al
Red Astrachan Duchess 1 1
Baldwin Golden Russett 22 5
Ben Davis Golden Russett 5 40
Northern Spy Golden Russstt 2
Red Astrachan Golden Russstt 2
Rhode Island Greening Golden Russett 2
Ben Davis Gravenstein 3 22
Ben Davis Hurlbert Sweet 1i
Early Harvest Hurlbert Sweet 2
Ben Davis MeIntosh Red 40 19:
- Duchess McIntosh Red ‘ 4,
Early Harvest McIntosh Red 2:
Hurlbert Sweet MelIntosh Red 4
Baldwin Northern Spy 2:
Ben Davis Northern Spy 10 10
Golden Russett Northern Spy 3 23:
Ben Davis Opalescent 19 23
Hurlbert Sweet Opalescsnt 5.
McIntosh Red Opaleseent 2 iy
Baldwin Rhode Island Greening 2
Ben Davis Rhode Island Greening 2
Golden Russett Rhode Island Greening 2:
Northern Spy Rhode Island Greening 2
Ben Davis St. Lawrence 3° 9:
Ben Davis Wealthy 9. By

70 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Forty-three different kinds of crosses were tried in testing
for any cross sterility which might exist between the different
varieties. Of these crosses 20 proved compatible and formed
fruit. Only two of the crosses tried more than to times failed
to set fruit. These two crosses were Duchess female x Baldwin
pollen and Ben Davis female x Hurlbert Sweet pollen. When
the cross was made the other way Baldwin female x Duchess
pollen and Hurlbert Sweet female x Ben Davis pollen the cross
was successful and fruit was matured. It is desirable, there-
fore, to leave those crosses which did not set fruit in abeyance
until such time as more data can be collected for them before
any definite conclusion is drawn on their cross sterility under
Maine conditions.

Of those trees which proved fertile certain varieties stand
out as quite desirable for commercial plantings. Considering
the number of crosses made in conjunction with the amount of
fruit set Ben Davis pollen proved quite successful with Golden
Russett female; Golden Russett pollen proved to set a high
percentage of the fruit when crossed with the Baldwin; Golden
Russett pollen crossed fairly well with the Ben Davis; McIn-
tosh Red pollen proved very desirable for crossing on Ben Davis
female. The same was also true for the pollen of Northern
Spy, Opalescent, Crab and Wealthy when crossed with Ben
Davis.

Table 4 gives the same data for the varieties which have
been tested for cross fertility as that given in table 2 for the
self sterile varieties. The data are presented for those which
are compatible and set fruit on crossing and those which did
not prove compatible and did not form fruit. The crosses
which are marked plus (++) or yes proved to set fruit on cross-
ing. Those marked minus (—) did not set fruit. After those
which did not set fruit is given the number of trials that were
made for the given cross. From these data some estimate may
be made of the probability that fruit might be set on a further
crossing of these same varieties.

The percentage of fruit set or the degree of compatibility
of the cross is indicated where it is known by the number of
plus signs. The + sign represents a very low percentage of
fruit set with only a few number of trials. The + sign shows
that a low percentage of fruit was set, the number of trials be-

SELF STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 7\

ing large. The +-+ sign shows a greater percentage of fruit
set. The +-++-+ sign indicates a cross which proved highly
compatible by the percentage of fruit which resulted from the
cross.

As these data represent the crosses which have been made
in several states it gives an opportunity to compare the fruit
set of the same cross under the different environmental con-
ditions.

TABLE 4.

Cross Fertility in the Apple.

Variety Pollen Fruit Set No. of Trials

Arkansas Black14 x Jonathan i yes

Baldwin x Ben Davis —_— 4
Baldwin x Duchess +

Baldwin x Golden Russett SP Spa

Baldwin x Northern Spy — 2
Baldwin x Rhode Island Greening — 2
Ben Davis x Baldwin +

Ben Davis x Canada Red +

Ben Davis x Crab tot

Ben Davis® x Esopus yes

Ben Davis x Golden Russett +

Ben Davis x Gravenstein ° +

Ben Davis® x. Green Newton yes

Ben Davis18 x Grimes ++

Ben Davis x Hurlbert Sweet —_ 11
Ben Davis18 x Jonathan +

Ben Davis® x Jonathan yes

Ben Davis14 x Jonathan yes

Ben Davis® x McIntosh : yes

Ben Davis x McIntosh Red +++

Ben Davis® x Mother yes

Ben Davis14 x Newtown yes

Ben Davis x .Northern Spy ++

Ben Davis x Opalescent ++

Ben Davis x Rhode Island Greening —_ 2
Ben Davis14 x Rome yes

Ben Davis14 x Spitzenburg yes

Ben Davis x St. Lawrence +

Ben Davis14 x Wagener yes

Ben Davis x Wealthy Stneete

Ben Davis18 x Winesap ais

Black Ben Davis11 x Hydes Keeper H yes

Black Ben Davis11 x Willow Twig | yes

Blenhein Orange?! x Hanwell Souring yes

Blenhein Orange?! x Arkansas Black yes

Bienhein Orange? x Jonathan yes

Bloomfield’ x Delicious +++

Bloomfield’ x Oldenburg +

Bottle Greening?! x Pewaukee yes

Bottle Greening11 x Charlottenthaler yes

Delicious’ x Grimes _— 64
Delicious!4 x Jonathan yes

Duchess x Baldwin _ 20
Duchess x McIntosh Red _ 4
Early Harvest x Crab — 7
Early Harvest x Duchess ap

Early Harvest8 x Early Ripe SE

Early Harvest x Hurlbert Sweet — 2
Early Harvest x McIntosh Red — 2

72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Cross Fertility in the Apple—Continued.

Variety

Early Harvest§
Early Harvest®
Early Harvest§
Early Ripe§
Early Ripe®
Early Ripe®
Early Ripe®
Early Ripe®
Early Ripe?
Early Ripe®
Early Ripe§
Early Ripe§
Early Ripe?

Golden Russett
Golden Russett
Golden Russett
Golden Russett
Gravenstein$®
Gravenstein1+
Gravenstein1+
Grimes®
Grimest?
Grimes®
Grimes13

Grimes Golden1t
Grimes§
Grimes13
Hanwell Souring+1
Hanwell Souring11t
Hoover’s Red11
Hoover’s Redit
Hoover’s Red1t
Hurlbert Sweet
Hurlbert Sweet
Hurlbert Sweet
Hurlbert Sweet
Hyde’s Keeperit
Ingram’
Ingram§s&
Jonathan!*
Jonathanit
Jonathan!*
Jonathan:
Jonathan13
Jonathant+
Jonathan?1
Jonathan!+
Jonathan1+
Jonathan?
Jonathan1+
Jonathan?
Keswick Codlin1t
Keswick Codlinit
Lily of Kent®
Limbertwig1t
Limbertwig11
Maiden’s Blush11t

Mammoth Black Twig1?
Mammoth Black Twig1t
Mammoth Black Twig1t
Mammoth Black Twig1t

Mann11

Mann?

Mann?
McIntosh Red
McIntosh Red®
McIntosh Red
Missouri Pippin®
Mother®

alalalalsislalalalcialclclct sisi ce ances cece icici si esi iim iS es Be Be ee ee ee ee ee Be

Pollen

Red June

Williams

Yellow Transparent
Chenango

Early Harvest
Kinnard

Red Astrachan
Red June

Red June

Stayman

Williams

Yellow Transparent
Yellow Transparent
Ben Davis
Jonathan

Baldwin

Ben Davis
Northern Spy

Rhode Island Greening}

Doucin
Jouathan
Newtown

Akin

Ben Davis
Early Ripe
Jonathan
Twenty Ounce
Stayman
Winesap
Montreal Beauty
Charlottenthaler
Fallwine
Pewaukee
Maiden’s. Blush
Ben Davis
Canada Red
Opalescent
McIntosh Red
Tolman Sweet
Rome

Stayman
Arkansas Black
Ben Davis

Ben Davis

Ben Davis
Grimes

Rome
Spitzenburg
Spitzenburg
Wagener
Winesap
Newtown
Yellow Newtown
Bottle Greening
Lady Apple
Paragon
Hoover’s Red
Arkansas Black
York Imperial
Mann

Red Astrachan
Charlottenthaler
Hanwell Souring
Shiawassee
Haas

Pumpkin Russett
Ben Davis
Lawver
Opalescent
York Imperial
Bonnum

|
|

Fruit Set

+ 1:
+44) EL

1920.

|No. of Trials

on

242

SeLtF STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 73

Cross Fertility in the Apple——Continued.

Variety Pollen Fruit Set No. of Trials

Mother® x Stayman +

Newtown?! x White Pippin Sece ate

Newtown?°® x Grimes Golden Paar

Newtown?? x Jonathan +++

Newtown?? x Ben Davis +++

Newtown?? x Spitzenburg SPaRaR

Newtown!+ x Spitzenburg yes

Newtown!?4 x Wagener yes

Newtown? x White Bellflower Para

Nickajack§ x. Stayman — 371
Northern Spy x Baldwin +

Northern Spy x Ben Davis — 2
_ Northern Spy x Golden Russett | —_— 2
Northern Spy x Rhode Island Greening — 2
Oliver’ x Akin +

Ortley11 x Haas yes

Paragon’ x Bloomfield — 60
Paragont12 x Lily of Kent — 46
Paragon® x Lily of Kent +

Paragon?!2 x Stayman =?

Paragon® x Stayman — 157
Paragon® x Stayman — 25
Paragont2 x Winesap — 157
Pewaukee?! x Hoover’s Red yes

Pewaukee?t x Arkansas Black yes

Pewaukee1t x Fallwine yes

Pewaukee11 x Hanwell Souring yes

Ralls® x Northern Spy yes

Red Astrachan x Baldwin — 4
Red Astrachan x Duchess ap

Red Astrachan x Golden Russstt — 2
Red June’ x Early Harvest ++

Red June® x Early Ripe + .

Red June? x Early Ripe ++

Red June’ x Grimes — 35
Red June’ x Williams +

Red June’ x Yellow Transparent ++

Red June? x Yellow Transparent ++

Rhode Island Greening x Baldwin — 2
Rhode Island Greening x Ben Davis — 2
Rhode Island Greening x Golden Russett _— 2
Rome® x Akin — 47
Rome?+ x Ben Davis yes

Romet+ x Newtown yes

Rome& x Northern Spy yes

Romett x Spitzenburg yes

Romes x Stayman — 604
Romet+ x Wagener yes

Shiawasseett x Early Strawberry yes

Shiawasseet x Sweet Bough yes

Shiawassee1t x Tetofsky . yes

Shiawassee B? x Arkansas Black aPaPar

Shiawassee ©°® x Arkansas Black SP aPAP

Spitzenburg <A® x Baldwin SPaPap
Spitzenburg!+ x Ben Davis yes

Spitzenburg1+ x Jonathan yes

Spitzenburg F°® x Jonathan qParaP
Spitzenburg14 x Newtown yes

Spitzenburg E® x Newtown aPAEAP

Spitzenburg A® x Newtown aPaPaP

Spitzenburg B® x Ortley aPar ar

Spitzenburg D® x Red Cheek Pippin SPAR
Spitzenburg1+ x Rome yes

Spitzenburg14 x Wagener yes

Stark® x Red Astrachan —_— 84
Staymans’ x Bonnum aF

Staymans x Delicious +

Staymans x Doucin _— 40
Staymans x Early Ripe +

Stayman$’ x Gravenstein _— 300
Staymans’ x Grimes ap

74 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Cross Fertility in the Apple —Concluded.

Variety

Stayman®>
Stayman?2
Stayman$’
Stayman?
Stayman8s

Stayman5

Stayman$’
Stayman!2
Stayman8’
Stayman?2
Stayman?

Staymans

Steele’s Red11
Steele’s Red12
Steele’s Red11
Summer Permain1t
Summer Permain12
Sutton®

Tetofsky11
Tetofsky11
Wagener!
Wagener14
Wagener14
Wagener14
Washington?1
Washington!t
Washington!
Williams’

Williams’

Williams’

Winesap?1
Winesap13
Winesap?4
Winesap13
Winesap13

Winesap>

Winesap12
Winesap12

Winesap>

Winesap®>

Winesap12

Wolf River®

York Imperial’
Yellow Transparent?
Yellow Transparent8
Yellow Transparent®
Yellow Transparent®
Yellow Transparent®
Yellow Transparent®
Yellow Transparent8
Yellow Transparent§
Yellow Transparent®

HH HHH KH AK HHH AHH HMM HHH HH KWH MH HH KH MH Od

Pollen

Lily of Kent
Lily of Kent
Missouri Pippin
Nickajack
Nickajack
Paragon
Paragon
Paragon
Williams
Winesap

York Imperial
Yellow Transparent
Pumpkin Russett
Hoover’s Red :
Yellow Newtown
Salome

Hanwell Souring
Northern Spy
Mann

Haas

Ben Davis
Jonathan

Rome
Spitzenburg
Oldenburg
Hyde’s Keeper
Charlottenthaler
Early Ripe
Stayman

Yellow Transparent
Arkansas Black
Ben Davis

Ben Davis
Grimes
Jonathan

Lily of Kent
Lily of Kent
Paragon
Paragon
Stayman
Stayman

Yellow Transparent
Missouri Pippin
Early Ripe
Early Ripe
Nickajack

Oliver

Red Astrachan
Red June

Stark

Stayman
Williams

Fruit Set

Sods
eaacesecaltitiiit+its

1920.

No. of Trials

14

35
212

Table 4 shows that of the 243 tests for cross sterility be-
tween two varieties 57 are recorded as not producing fruit, 186
as producing fruit of which go produced fruit but did not re-
cord the number of crosses made to accomplish its production.
These figures show that over 34 of the varieties crossed proved

compatible with each other.

It will be remembered that nearly

24 of those which were self fertilized showed no fruit produc-
tion. These facts argue strongly for the necessity of arranging

SELF STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 75

for cross pollination in the commercial production of apples.
If the relative set of the fruit is considered it is even more clear-
ly demonstrated that cross pollination is necessary in commer-
cial orcharding for of the 42 self fertilized which did set fruit
as shown in table 2, less than 16 set fruit in anything but neg-
ligible amounts.

It is of some interest to examine the crosses which did not
set fruit a little further to determine if possible the reason why
they did not. Out of the 57 which did not prove compatible
about half (26) had enough trial crosses made to make it seem
likely that these crosses were nearly if not entirely, incompat-
ible. These crosses were Delicious x Grimes, Duchess x Bald-
win, Early Ripe x Chenango, Early Ripe x Kinnard, Ingram x
Rome, Ingram x Stayman, Lily of Kent x Paragon, Nickajack
x Stayman, Paragon x Bloomfield, Paragon x Lily of Kent,
Paragon x Stayman, Paragon x Winesap, Red June x Early
Ripe, Rome x Akin, Rome x Stayman, Stark x Red Astrachan,
Stayman x Doucin, Stayman x Gravenstein, Stayman x Lily of
Kent, Stayman x Missouri Pippin, Stayman x Paragon, Stay-
man x Winesap, Winesap x Lily of Kent, Winesap x Paragon,
Yellow Transparent x Stark, and Yellow Transparent x Stay-
man. It will be noted that the varieties Stayman, Winesap and
Paragon form the largest part of these sterile crosses. Stay-
man is known to be a seedling from the Winesap.* The Para-
gon is thought to have originated from the Winesapy+ crossed
by Limbertwig. If these facts represent the true state of af-
fairs it is entirely likely that the seedlings would also have the
incompatibility of the parents from which they sprang pro-
vided, of course, that sterility in the apple is inherited in a sim-
ilar manner to other known inheritance.

It is of interest to note also that the variety Lily of Kent
enters into a number of these crosses. Lily of Kent x Paragon
and Paragon x Lily of Kent are reciprocally sterile. Lily of
Kent pollen is also sterile with Stayman and Winesap. So,
likewise, is the cross between Yellow Transparent x Stayman
and Stayman x Yellow Transparent reciprocally sterile. On
the other hand the crosses of Nickajack x Stayman and Red
June x Early Ripe are sterile but the reciprocal crosses are

*Beach, S. A., et al., 1905 The Apple of New York. vol. I, p. 318.
tBeach, S. A., et al, 1905 The Apple of New York. vol. I, p. 247.

76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

fairly fertile and produce fruit. Crosses, Stayman x Doucin
and Stayman x Gravenstein are sterile but the cross Gravenstein
x Doucin is fertile. These facts make it clear that because a
cross between two varieties (a x b) is sterile it is no guarantee
that the reciprocal cross (b x a) will be sterile. Further if the
cross of two given varieties (a x b) is sterile and the cross of
two varieties including one of the given varieties (a x c) is
sterile it is apparently equally possible for the two different va-
rieties entering into the cross (b x c) to be compatible or in-
compatible.
The varieties which are particularly fertile when crossed
are of especial interest to the man who desires to plant a com-
mercial orchard or to increase the bearing ability of one already
in existence by top working certain of the trees. Those crosses
which are marked with the three pluses (+-+-+) in table 4
should prove heavy bearers when planted together. Such or-
chards should be planted with the female parent, indicated in
the first column, as the predominating tree in the block.
Among the leading varieties in Maine which should form
desirable combinations for commercial work are Baldwin with
the Golden Russett for the pollen parent; Ben Davis with McIn-
tosh Red, Northern Spy, Opalescent or Wealthy for pollen par-
ent; Golden Russett with Ben Davis for the pollinator. Esopus
can be planted with Ben Davis and Jonathan. Newton crosses
well with any of the common pollen varieties Grimes Golden,
Jonathan, Ben Davis or Spitzenburg. The relative compatibil-
ity of the other varieties may be seen by consulting the lists.
The work of Alderman* makes it clear that the differences
in the yield of the fruit in self and in cross pollinated orchards
occupies about the same relations as are shown in the hand self
pollinations of table 2 and the hand cross pollinations of table
4. In this experiment a Rome Beauty* orchard that had been
bearing only moderate crops was cross pollinated by bringing
in branches of other varieties and allowing the bees to work
over these other varieties at the same time that they worked
over the Rome Beauty. A suitable control was made with an-

*Alderman, W. H., 1917. Experimental Work on Self-sterility of
the Apple. In Proc. Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci. p. 94-101.

*The Rome Beauty as will be seen in table 2 is nearly if not quite
self-sterile. ;

Setr STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 77

other block of Rome Beauty trees some distance away. The

cross fertilized Rome Beauty trees yielded 174% bushels; the

check Rome Beauty trees for which no arrangement for cross

fertilization was made, yielded 83% bushels or the cross fertil-

ized trees had nearly twice the yield of the other check block.

The demonstration was made complete by a repetition of the

experiment in a succeeding year.

THe GROWTH VIGOR AND RESULTING SIZE OF APPLES FROM.

SELFED OR CROSSED VARIETIES.

Certain objections may be made to the introduction of cross.

fertilization on the ground that where such cross. fertilization
takes place a scrub is produced which is worse than either par-

ent. If such is the case it would be the height of folly to cross

pollinate even though there was an increased yield, for apples

are largely sold on the basis of their color, shape and size, and.

if these items are not properly developed the increased yield

would not make up for the reduced selling price. The data in-

table 5 present the material to analyze this problem.

TAB TEES:

Size and Number of Seed from Selfed and Crossed Fertilized

_ Apple Blossoms.

Mean | Mean
Varieties Crossed 2 No. of | Diameter in | Character of
| Individuals , Centimeters | Seed
|
Female Pollen

Baldwin x Baldwin 5 6.36 128 ¢—22 p.
Baldwin x Duchess 1 7.00 | 4.0 g —3.0 p.
Baldwin x Golden Russett 48 6.36 | 3.8 g—2.8 p.
Ben Davis x Canada Red 8 6.65 | 5.5 g—1.4 p.
Ben Davis x Crab 12 6.25 44 ¢—14p.
Ben Davis x Golden Russett 5 | 5.66 | 6.2 g—0.8 p.
Ben Davis x Gravenstein 3 | 6.53 1.7 g—0.3 p.
Ben Davis x McIntosh Red 74 6.28 | 6.2 g—1.1 p.
Ben Davis x Northern Spy 14 | 5.22 | 5.9 ¢g—0.4D.
Ben Davis x Opalescent 35 6.38 7.0 g—0.8 p.
Ben Davis x St. Lawrence 6 6.75 6.1 ¢g—0.2 p.
Ben Davis x Wealthy 16 4.94 ZEB} 8} ie
Early Harvest x Duchess 2 Soca | 8.0 g—0.0 p.
Golden Russett x Ben Davis 5 6.22 | 7.4 ¢—1.2 D.
Golden Russett x Northern Spy 3 5.40 | 7.7 ¢—0.0 p.
Hurlbert Sweet x Ben Davis | 3 7.17 | 4.3 ¢g—3.7 D.
Hurlbert Sweet x Canada Red 1 6.70 | 3.0 g—3.0 D.
McIntosh Red x Opalescent | 2 6.15 | 6.5 ¢—0.5 p.
Wealthy x Wealthy | 1 aon | 4.0 g—0.0 D.

lee

7 ES: lal a

78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Data on the size and number of seeds of the apples result-
ing from a cross are presented in summary form from appendix
table I.

From the data contained in table 5 it is clear that the Bald-
win apples resulting from cross pollination were of as good
average size as were the apples which resulted from self fertili-
zation. Since the set of fruit from the cross fertilization was
larger than from the self fertilization it follows that the profit
to the grower was much greater for the blossoms where cross
pollination took place than where self pollination was resorted
to.

The apples resulting from cross pollination of the Ben
Davis were likewise all of good size from the market stand-
point, as were also the apples from the other crosses. They
carried more good seeds than did the self fertilized apples. From
these facts we may conclude that the size of the fruit is favor-
ably affected rather than otherwise by cross pollination.

The amount of this cross pollination affect appears to dif-
fer with different varieties. Alderman, W. H.* found that for
the Rome Beauty above mentioned the cross pollination by other
varieties increased the size (weight) 27.8 per cent over that of
the apples resulting from self fertilization. For York Imperial
the increased size for cross pollination was 42.7 per cent over
the size of the selfed apple. For Wagener the effect of cross
fertilization over self fertilization was in the direction of reduced
size the reduction being 17.3 per cent. The results of these ex-
periments would seem to show in general a beneficial effect of
cross fertilization on size. Some work of Wicks, W. H.7 using
reciprocal crosses of the Ben Davis, Grimes, Jonathan and
Winesap varieties to determine the effect of crossing versus
selfing on the resulting color, size and quality of the fruit quite
clearly shows that for these items the characters of the Mother
parent varieties are found in the resulting fruit irrespective of
what pollen parent is used.

*Alderman, W. H. 1917. Experimental Work on Self-Sterility of
the Apple. In Proc. Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci. p. 94-101.

TWicks, W. H., 1918. The Effect of Cross Pollination on Size,
Color, Shape, and Quality of the Apple. In Bul. 143. Arkansas Agr.
Expt. Station.

SeLF STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 79

It is true that certain differences may be noted dependent
upon the pollen supplied for a given cross. These differences
are not in immediate relation to the variety of pollen supplied,
but depend upon complex factors which will be analyzed in sub-
sequent publications. Furthermore the effect of the crosses
may be toward increased color in one cross and decreased color
in another, etc. So far as the effect on the fruit is concerned it
is absolutely safe and advisable to plant two varieties of dif-
ferent color, shape, etc. together. A red apple will be just as
red if pollinated with pollen from a green variety as if pollinated
with a red pollen variety. Of course the seeds resulting from
such crosses will be different in the two cases, but the flesh or
marketable portion will remain unchanged.

This conclusion would be expected from other independent
evidence taken from histological studies of the development of
the apple. The apple is like an enlarged branch of the mother
tree. It does not receive anything of a genetic nature from the
resulting union of the pollen and the ovule. It only acts like a
sack to protect the seed. It is all maternal in origin and would
therefore be expected to assume the maternal characters, size,
Shape, quality and color, of the mother tree.

If we look at the problem in the light of the preceding data
‘on the self sterility and the cross sterility of the different varie-
‘ties it is found that the number of fruit set from self fertiliza-
ion is so limited as to make it entirely likely that the large pro-
portion of the apples in commercial orcharding are the result
of cross fertilization. Thus in table 2, one of the best com-
mercial varieties, the Baldwin, matured on self fertilization 20
fruit out of 409 trials, a percentage of about 5. On cross fertili-_
zation this variety produced good fruit in something over 50 per
cent of the crosses which were made. The Ben Davis variety
matured no fruit in Maine on self fertilization yet this variety
is capable of bearing a crop of a color and size consistant with
the best of the variety even though the majority of fruit must
have been formed by cross fertilization with a foreign pollen.
In view of what the investigations on the causes of self sterility
have shown in relation to the growth of the pollen tube it would
seem more probable that in the commercial orchard the percent-
age of fruit set from self fertilization would be considerably
‘below the percentage obtained in experimental work. Thus

80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

given an even start the growth of the pollen tube in the style of
the compatible pollen is so rapid as compared with the growth
of the pollen tube of the incompatible pollen that in the major-
ity of cases the compatible pollen would beat out the incom-
patible pollen in the fertilization of the ovule. Such a competi- °
tive race is, of course, eliminated in experimental work where
the incompatible pollen and that only is allowed to grow in the
style. Should it be assumed, however, that the number of fruit
matured for the other stations is more representative of the
percentages matured for the Maine Ben Davis orchards even
this percentage (it is only about 1.5) will not account for the
crop of fruit obtained in some of the favorable apple years, when
this fruit is all of excellent size and color. These facts all
strengthen the conclusions as expressed above and as demon-
strated by controlled experiment in Arkansas that the color of
the fruit, the size and other characteristics of the variety are as
pronounced in the apple resulting from cross fertilization as
they are from the apple resulting from self fertilization.

It may therefore be safely concluded that the data on cross
fertilization in the apple show that an increased yield results
and the size, color and quality of the apples are equal to those
from self pollination. To be commercially desirable an orchard
should, therefore, be a mixture of the varieties which have com-
patible pollen.

This conclusion may seem contrary to what is considered
good commercial practice which has in the past favored large
blocks of a single variety of apple. As shown above by results
only recently determined, the apple tree must be crossed fer-
tilized to produce good, regular crops of commercially desirable
fruit. By this it is not meant that an orgy of promiscuous re-
grafting or planting of many varieties in one block is advocated.
It means simply that two varieties which are reciprocally com-
patible should be planted together. The trees for pollination
may be reduced to a minimum of only 5 per cent or one tree in
20. In planting every fourth tree in each fourth row is the
pollenizer to accomplish this result. Promiscuous grafting is
likewise bad commercially since it makes harvesting especially
difficult. If it is desired to grow the varieties in equal propor-
tions alternate blocks of not more than 4 or 5 rows may be

SeLr STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 81

planted. In any case not more than 4 or 5 rows should separate
the pollenizer trees from those to be pollinated.

For orchards already planted, regrafting a desirable pol-
lenizer in the above mentioned proposition may be practiced.
While waiting for these pollenizers to grow to bearing age a
practical relief may be had by cutting large branches of other
good pollinating varieties and placing them in water pails hung
from the tree limbs.

Experiment has shown that little pollen fertilization is
brought about by wind. Insects, wild and cultivated are the

best agents to transport pollen from one variety to another. It
is therefore commercially profitable to keep bees in the orchard

for this purpose even though no honey is produced.

CAUSES OF SELF STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY.

Sterility within the different species of plants appears to
be due to several causal agents. These agents may be external
or they may be internal. The external agents include such things
as disease affecting the vitality of the tree or its blossoms such
as scab, fire-blight, insect infections, spray injury before, during
or after flowering. Low temperature and cold continued rains
at flowering time may be other factors determining the amount
of fruit set and consequently its yield. These factors are more
or less under the control of the apple grower and should receive
careful attention. They need not be discussed here for the
remedial agents are well known.

The internal causes for sterility include degenerate pollen;
pollen which is not able to cooperate properly with the style to
facilitate the growth of the pollen tube at a sufficient rate of

‘growth to reach the ovule and cause fertilization; and lack of

proper development of ovule.

Within the apple the phenomena of self sterility is appar-
ently quite universal. The crosses of the varieties which are
self sterile with pollen which is crossed fertile with them show
that the ovules are capable of fertilization and are therefore not
responsible for the sterility resulting from the self fertilization.
Similarly the argument could be made that since the pollen from
a self sterile variety is capable of fertilizing other varieties the

eet

a a

82 Maine AcricuLtuRAL ExPERIMENT Station. 1920.

pollen as such is not responsible in self sterile varieties of apples
for the fruits not setting.

Investigation shows that the problem is one of the interre-
lation between the pistil and the pollen andthe pollen tube. It
has been shown that in the self sterile varieties self fertilized
the pollen tube grows much more slowly than does the pollen
tube of other varieties of pollen when used on the same pistils.*
Thus in the self fertilized flower the rate of growth of the pollen
tube is so slow that it cannot traverse the length of the style
and fertilize the ovule before the ovule withers and dies. With
the cross pollinated flowers the pollen tube grows much more
rapidly and easily reaches the ovule in time for fertilization to
take place. The physical basis of one form of this sterility is
consequently due to some factors which inhibit the growth of
the pollen tube in the style of the same variety. What this dif-
ference is, is a matter now under further investigation.

LITERATURE LIST.

1. Waugh, F. A.
1900. Report of the Horticulturist. In Thirteenth Annual Report
of Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. 1899-1900. p. 364.
2. Powell, G. Harold.
1901. Report of the Horticulturist. In Thirteenth Annual Report
of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, 1901, p. 114. |

1900. Report of the Horticulturist. In Twelfth Annual Report of

the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. p. 134-139.

4. Lewis, C. I. and Vincent, C. C.
1909. Pollination of the Apple. In Bul. 104 Oregon Agricultural
Experiment Station, pp. 19-20.

5. See reference 3.

6. Hedrick, W. P. and Wellington, Richard.
1912. An Experiment in Breeding Apples. In Thirty-First Annual
Report of the New York Experiment Station, p. 457.

7. Ballard, W. R.
1916. Methods and Problems in Pear and Apple Breeding. In
Bul. 196. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 88.

8. See reference 7.

9. See reference 4.

*Knight, L. I., 1917. Physiological Aspects of Self-Sterility of the
Apple. In Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. p. 101-105.

10.
Mal
12:

13.

14.

SELF STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE. 83

See reference 4.

See reference 11.

Closes. G2. P-

1902. Report of the Horticulturist. In Fourteenth Annual Report
of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 102.

Wicks, W. H.

1918. The effect of cross pollination on size, color, shape, and qual-
ity of the apple. In Bul. 143. Arkansas Agricultural Expt. Sta.
Vincent, C. C.

1915. Report of the Department of Horticulture. In Bul. 84,
Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 24.

84 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

APPENDIX TABLE 1.

Apples Resulting from Selfing and Crossing of Varieties.

Parents
Selection Diameter No. Seeds
Number | Mother Parent Pollen
146 Baldwin x Baldwin 5.6 cm. 2 —— 2) PP
230 Baldwin x Baldwin 5.7 em: 6 g—2 P
231 Baldwin x Baldwin 6.6 cm. —6 P
248 Baldwin =x Baldwin = 6S een 3 —
249 Baldwin x Baldwin TA. em: 3 g¢g—1-P
Average 6.36 ¢m 2.8 ¢ —2.2 P
147 Golden Russett x Ben Davis 6.6 em.| 10 ¢g
148 Golden Russett x Ben Davis 6.7 cm. 9 ¢g
149 Golden Russett x Ben Davis 6.6 em. 7 g¢—1 P
152 Golden Russett x Ben Davis 5.8 cm. 8 g—
150 Golden Russett | =x Ben Davis 5.4 em. 3 g¢—5 P
Average 6.22 em. 74 ¢—12P
16 Hurlbert Sweet x Ben Davis led meres 5 g—4 P
15 Hurlbert Sweet x Ben Davis . 42) ene 4 g¢—4 Pp
13 Hurlbert Sweet x Ben Davis 7.1 cm. eee) ee:
Average : 7.17 em. 43 ¢—3.7 P
7 Ben Davis x . Canada Red 62- em.) 26. -¢/—1T- P
g Ben Davis x Canada Red 5.8 cm. 42/2 P
9 | Ben Davis x Canada Red 6.6-em. | 62 —1- Pe
10 |} Ben Davis x Canada Red | 65 cm: 8 g—1 P
il Ben Davis =x Canada Red | 7.0 cm. 4_-g¢—4 P
12 Ben Davis x Canada Red P23, -CM e622 —— alae.
13 Ben Davis x Canada Red 7.0 cm. 6 £¢—
14 | Ben Davis x Canada Red 6.8 cm. 4 ¢—1 P
Average 6.65em. 552g —14P
3 Hurlbert Sweet ~ x Canada Red 6.7 em.| 3 g—3 P
20 Ben Davis x Crab 5.7. cm. eee
22 Ben Davis x Crab 6.3 cm. 5 g—I1
23 Ben Davis x Crab 6.2 em. 4 ¢g S
26 Ben Davis x Crab 6.7 cm. 6 g—1 P
27 Ben Davis x Crab 6.4 em. Ms SP
29 Ben Davis x Crab 6.6 em. 6 ¢g
30 Ben Davis x Crab 7.3 cm. AW 5g
19 Ben Davis x Crab 6.0 cm. 3 g¢g—4 P
21 Ben Davis x Crab 5.4-em.| 1 ¢g—4 P
24 Ben Davis x Crab 5.9 cm. 2 3 | P
25 Ben Davis x Crab 5.8 cm. 3 g¢g—2 P
23 Ben Davis x Crab 6.7 cm. Das — iS P.
Average 6.25 em. 44 ¢—14P
153 | Baldwin x Duchess 70 cm.|-45¢=—38) Pe
144 Early Harvest x Duchess 2? 9 ¢g
145 Early Harvest =x Duchess rg Moc
Average 2 8 g
163 | Baldwin x Golden Russett aye tre 6 ¢g
164 | Baldwin x Golden Russett 6.0 cm. Dag
165 Baldwin x Golden Russett 6.5 cm. Dee) IP.
166 Baldwin x Golden Russett 5.5 em. 3 g—4 P
167 Baldwin x Golden Russett 6.3 em. 2g — FP
168 Baldwin x Golden Russett 6.8 cm. 2 ¢—6 P
169 Baldwin x» Golden Russett 5.5 cm. ee = ee:
170 : Baldwin x Golden Russett 6.1 em. fo —— ee
171 | Baldwin x Golden Russett 6.3 cm. 6 g¢g—3 P

i,
;

Setr STERILITY AND Cross STERILITY IN THE APPLE.

Apples Resulting from Selfing and Crossing of Varieties.

—Continued.
Parents
Selection |
Number Mother Parent Pollen
172 Baldwin x Golden Russett
173 Baldwin x Golden Russett
174 Baldwin x Golden Russett
175 Baldwin x Golden Russett
176 Baldwin x Golden Russett
177 - Baldwin x Golden Russett
178 Baldwin x Goiden Russett
179 Baldwin: x Golden Russett
180 Baldwin x Golden Russett
181 ‘Baldwin x Golden Russett
182 Baldwin x Golden Russett
183 Baldwin x Golden Russett
185 Baldwin x Golden Russett
186 Baldwin x Golden Russett
187 Baldwin x Golden Russett
188 Baidwin x Golden Russett
190 Baldwin x Golden Russett
191 Baldwin x Golden Russett
192 Laldwin x Golden Russett
193 Baldwin x Golden Russett
194 Baldwin x Golden Russett
195 Baldwin x Golden Russett
196 Baldwin x Golden Russett
197 Baldwin x Golden Russett
198 Baldwin x Golden Russett
200 Baldwin x Golden Russett
201 Baldwin x Golden Russett
202 Baldwin x Golden Russett
203 Baldwin x Golden Russett
204 Baldwin x Golden Russett
205 Baldwin x Golden Russett
207 Baldwin x Golden Russett
208 Baldwin x Golden Russett
209 Baldwin x Golden Russett
210 Baldwin x Golden Russett
184 Baldwin x Golden Russett
189 Baldwin x Golden Russett
199 Baldwin x Golden Russett
206 Baldwin x Golden Russett
Average
227 Ben Davis x Golden Russett
228 Ben Davis x Golden Russett
229 Ben Davis x Golden Russett
242, Ben Davis | x Golden Russett
243 * Ben Davis | x Golden Russett
Average
4 Ben Davis x Gravenstein
5 Ben Davis | x Gravenstein
6 Ben Davis | x Gravenstein
| Average
31 Ben Davis | x MeIntosh
32, Ben Davis | x MelIntosh
33 Ben Davis | x McIntosh
34 Ben Davis | x MeIntosh
35 Ben Davis | x McIntosh
36 Ben Davis | x McIntosh
37 Ben Davis | x MelIntosh
38 Ben Davis | x MeIntosh

D | DRABAAARAAARAAAAATAAHAAHIN DHA AHH HAD UA HAH DOAN DP
to] WINDS OONM UDR WINTWNUADOAVWRUNTARNNORRODONONWNIO

| woe fo)
for Sil a

a] DN

ow

WOaHOmaONLS

DARRAMAD B| AAD 1W| ganTds

Diameter

QwWwwonwidtnwo HH] NNR FB] atwP Oo VIONDONPNNHWUWANNNWNHNWRNW DOBPAHWHWTIAHP WOT

85

No. Seeds
g—1 P
g—2 P
g—3 P
g~—4 P
g¢—3 P
g¢—l1 P
a
g—3 P
g—3 P
g—4 P
g—3 P
g—2 P
eS
=
g—8 P

—4 P
g¢—3 P
g¢—l1 P
zg—4 P
g—1 P
g—6 P
g¢—4 P
g¢—s P
g¢—5 P
g—5 P
g—2 P
g—1 P
g—5 P
==
g—4 P
g¢—6 P
g—3 P
g—6 P
g—4 P
g—3 P
eS
=
=>
f=
8ig — 2.8 P
g—2 P
g

g

g

g—2 P
2¢—08P
g—1 P
g

£
7¢—0.3P
4

g¢—l1 P
g—1 P
g

g—1 P
2) — 2)
.g—4 P
g—4 P

86 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Apples Resulting from Selfing and Crossing of Varieties.

—Continued.
Parents
Selection ‘Diameter, No. Seeds
Number Mother Parent Pollen
$f cana PE

39 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.6 em. 5a ge

40 Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.9 em.| 7 g—1 P
41 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.4 em. then
42 Ben Davis | x McIntosh 5.9 em.| 6 g—2 P
43 Ben Davis | x McIntosh 5.8 ecm.| 4 g—5 P
44 Ben Davis | x MeIntosh '5.8 em.| 5 g—4 P
45 Ben Davis x McIntosh |'66 em.) 7 g—1 P
46 Ben Davis x McIntosh |6.3 em.| 8 £—

47 Ben Davis x McIntosh |65 em. 7 g—2 P
48 Ben Davis x McIntosh 64 em.| 7 g—2 P
49 Ben Davis x McIntosh 69 em.|. 7 £ :
50 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.5 em. je — so &
51 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.7 em.|} 8 g—1 P
52 Ben Davis x McIntosh | 6.8 em. CS

53 Ben Davis x McIntosh {58 em.| 5 g—3 P
54 Ben Davis x McIntosh 165 em.| 8 g—2 P
5D Ben Davis x McIntosh /60 em.) 7 g—

56 Ben Davis x McIntosh VEG rcmai 6 -f— 1
57 Ben Davis x McIntosh |'65 em.| 8 g—2 P
58 Ben Davis x McIntosh Wiper 11S [ie 1 fe a or
59 Ben Davis x McIntosh |61.em.| 4 g—1 P
60 Ben Davis x McIntosh |62 em.| 2 g—4 P
61 Ben Davis x McIntosh /65 em.| 7 g—1 P
62 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6335 cm | ee Saee— OP
63 Ben Davis x McIntosh | 6.7 cm. | 9 g—
64 Ben Davis x McIntosh }69 em.|, 7 g—1 P
65 Ben Davis x McIntosh |/66 em.) 6 g—1 P
66 Ben Davis x McIntosh |66 em. 6 g—
67 Ben Davis x McIntosh 63 cml vee — ae oP
68 Ben Davis x McIntosh 7.0 cm. 6 g—1 P
69 Ben Davis x McIntosh 61 em.; 8 g
70 Ben Davis x McIntosh 58 em. 8 g—1 P
71 Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.6 em. Tia bP
72 Ben Davis x McIntosh 49 em.| 1 g—5 P
73 Ben Davis x McIntosh Ga fny|| GW ae

74 Ben Davis x McIntosh 63 em.| 6 g—1 P
75 Ben Davis x McIntosh 61 em.) 6 g—

76 Ben Davis x McIntosh 58 em 8 g—

77 Ben Davis x McIntosh 59 em. 6 g=2

78 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.1 em.; 5 g—1 P
79 Ben Davis x McIntosh 478 em.| 9 £—

80 Ben Davis x McIntosh 64 emesis 2 SP
81 Ben Davis x McIntosh 66 em.) 8 g—
82 Ben Davis x McIntosh 70 em. 7 £—
83 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.7 em. 9 g—
84 Ben Davis x McIntosh 65 em.| 7 g—1 P
85 Ben Davis x MeIntosh 64 cm.| 7 g—1 P
86 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.4 em.|' 6 ¢g
87 Ben Davis x McIntosh 68 em.| 5 g—1 P
88 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.5 em.| 8 g

89 Ben Davis x McIntosh 58 em.| 3 -—3 P
90 Ben Davis x McIntosh 53 em.| 8 ¢g

91 Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.9 em.| 8 g

92 Ben Davis x McIntosh 65 em.| 5 g—1

93 Ben Davis x McIntosh 65 em.’ 6 g—1 P
94 Ben Davis x McIntosh 6.3 cm. Lee

95 Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.6 em.| 7 g

96 Ben Davis x McIntosh 7.0 em. 8 g

7 Ben Davis x McIntosh 64 em.| 7 g—1 P
99 Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.8 cm. aye is
100 Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.6 cm. es
101 Ben Davis x McIntosh 69 cm.| 8 g—1 P
102 Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.6 em.| 4 g—1 P
235 Ben Davis x McIntosh 55 Ci |e oe
236 | Ben Davis x McIntosh 5.5 em.| 4 g—2 P
241 Ben Davis x McIntosh 45 em.| 2 g—3 P

>
3
led
go
ny
a
&
Qa
bo
oQ
|
eH
at
ty

SELF STERILITY AND CROSS STERILITY IN THE APPLE.

Apples Resulting from Selfing and Crossing of Varieties.

—Continued.
Parents
Selection Diameter No. Seeds
Number Mother Parent Pollen
151 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 5.4 em.| 5 g—
154 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 5.9 em. 6 ¢g
156 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 4.7 cm. OW (e
157 Ben Davis x Northern Spy bn Gil) 3 fS
158 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 5:2) ‘em: B) FR
159 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 5.2 em. 9 g
244 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 5.4 em. 38 g—1
238 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 5.2) em: Wf fs
237 Ben Davis x Northern Spy HY) Gal | Ve fs
234 Ben Davis x Northern Spy Bua Gam, |) 9B) fA
233 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 45 em.| 5 g—83
247 Ben Davis x Northern Spy 3.9 em. 4 ¢g
250 Ben Davis x Northern Spy Bh Om || Fs
251 Ben Davis x Northern Spy Gal (an || by FS
Average 5.22 em 5.9 g — 0.4
160 Golden Russett x Northern Spy i Gans |) Ff {3
161 Golden Russett x Northern Spy 5.6 em. ete
162 Golden Russett x Northern Spy ? 9 g
Average Bye! nk) WHO ES
103 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.7 cm. 6 g—3
104 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.1 em. 3 g—6
105 Ben Davis x Opalescent Te Gin, 3 4
106 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.1 em. 7 g—1
107 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.0 em. ue ES
108 Ben Davis x Opalescent Ber (onal, |) ah tS
109 Ben Davis x Opalescent 62 em.| 6 g—1
- 110 Ben Davis x Opalescent 5.9 em. 6 g—1
111 Ben Davis x Opalescent 7.1 cm. Sak
112 Ben Davis x Opalescent 5.8 em. 5 g—2
113 Ben Davis x Opalescent 5.6 em.| 12 ¢g
114 Ben Davis x Opalescent 5alliem: 9 g— 71
115 Ben Davis x Opalescent 66 em.| 8 g
116 Ben Davis x Opalescent Gl @im,|) 4 &
117 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.5 em. @
118 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.8 ecm. YS
119 Ben Davis x Opalescent 14 oo Yh
120 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.8 em. (ane
121 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.2 em. 5 g—38
122 Ben Davis x Opalescent 5.7 em. By. fe
123 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.3 em. 7 g—1
124 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.4 em.| 6 g
125 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.3 em.| 8 g
126 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.4 em. See;
127 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.6 em.| 9 g—1
128 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.2 em.| 4 g¢g—8
129 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.1 ecm. 9 g
130 | Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.2 em. 7 g—1
131 Ben Davis x Opalescent (Gal Gory |) EH OS
132 Ben Davis x Opalescent 74 em.| 7 g—1
133 | Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.0 em. Yo 3
134 | Ben Davis x Opalescent Gis iy 3 Fee
135 | Ben Davis x ' Opalescent 6.3 em.) 7 g
142 Ben Davis x Opalescent 6.6 em. 8 g
143 Ben Davis x Opalescent UL Gane | Of
Average 6.48em.| 7 g— 8P
1 McIntosh Red x Opalescent 6.4 em. 7
2 McIntosh Red | x Opalescent 5.9 em. 6 g—1 P
Average 6.15 em.| 65 g—0.5 P

hy

aehachaelac}

yy Wh

yyy wh

|
|
|
|
|
|

4

MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Mother Parent

Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis

Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis
Ben Davis

Wealthy

1920.

Apples Resulting from Selfing and Crossing of Varieties.
—Concluded.

Parents

Pollen

HHAK HH

HHH HHHMH HH HH KH KH

t. Lawrence
St. Lawrence
St. Lawrence
St. Lawrence
St. Lawrence
St. Lawrence

Average

Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy
Wealthy

Average

x Wealthy

QoQruaat
a

=~

oO

SHHOCOWFRROUHOOQUH

P| DOR TSR OUR ROTOR RRO | OATH IRO

Ne}

No. Seeds

2;
A Ng,
ON;
bf
t &
4 g¢g—1 P
6.1 g—0.2 P
US
5 g—l1
38 g¢—5
“8
tae oe
GS
— 6
1 g—bdb
_¢—9
4 ¢—2
—s8
mee:
b &
oe
GOS
DS
4.3 ¢—2.3 P
ang,

polaenehnehae

BULLETIN 288

SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON THE EFFECT OF
BORAX IN FERTILIZERS.

W. J. Morse.

SUMMARY

Unexpected and material losses in the form of partial or
almost total crop failure occurred in 1919 on a large number of
Maine potato fields where the customary relatively large appli-
cations of commercial fertilizer were made. Injury to the parts
of the plants below ground was apparent early in the season.
In severe cases many plants failed to reach the surface of the
ground and those that grew had a characteristic appearance
differing from types of injury or disease previously observed.

Field studies, covering a wide variety of conditions, showed
that these losses were, for the most part, confined to the fields
where fertilizers manufactured by certain individual companies
were applied. Moreover the trouble appeared to be associated
with the potash used in the manufacture of these fertilizers, for
it did not occur where the no-potash fertilizers put out by the
same concerns were used. :

The Station chemist found boron present in appreciable
amounts in these fertilizers wherever samples could be obtained
of those used on the fields where the type of injury in question
appeared. No definite cases of similar injury were observed
where it could be shown that borax-free fertilizers carrying
approximately similar amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
potash were applied.

Limited experiments have been made with pot cultures in
the greenhouse in which fertilizers containing borax were ap-
plied to potatoes, beans, oats, wheat and buckwheat.

With potatoes samples of 6 different lots of fertilizer sold
in Maine in 1919 were used. At the rate of application the
amount of anhydrous borax used varied from nothing to 38.6
pounds per acre, the most extensive trials being at the rate of
17.6 pounds per acre.

90 MaAIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

The results of the greenhouse experiments to a large ex-
tent confirm the field observations. Potato plants in pots con-
taining no commercial fertilizer and those in pots to which a
borax-free fertilizer was added were free from injury. No
plants which received fertilizer containing borax escaped injury
in some form or other. In general the amount of injury varied
with the amount of fertilizer used, but the results were not uni-
from in this respect.

Except where the largest amount of borax was applied, the
type of injury in the greenhouse differed in some important
respects from that observed in the field. Killing of the tips
and margins of the leaves was characteristic of the greenhouse
potato plants. At the rate of 17.6 pounds of anhydrous borax
per acre the most severe leaf injury was obtained where the
fertilizer was mixed with the upper 6 inches of soil in the pot
or with the 3 inches of soil below the seed-piece and the plants
heavily watered. The larger applications of boron caused
greater root injury, more stunting of the plants and less tip and
marginal injury to the leaves.

An application of fertilizer in the drill equivalent to 4.4
pounds anhydrous borax per acre caused severe injury to beans,
while broadcasting the same fertilizer, applying the equivalent
of 8.8 pounds anhydrous borax per acre a no apparent
injury to oats, wheat and buckwheat.

INTRODUCTION.

The soils of New England are particularly free from sub-
stances which are deleterious to plant growth. Hence the ap-
parent presence of some poisonous salt in the fertilizer used by
many potato growers in Maine in the season of 1919 presented
an entirely new problem to the farmers and the fertilizer trade
and to the students of plant diseases as well.

Certain difficulties had been experienced in the use of chem-
ical commercial fertilizers coincident with the partial and later
the total disappearance on the market of European potash as the
result of the war. Partly because experiments conducted by this
Station and partly because the experience of certain practical
growers had shown that on the Caribou loam, the most extensive
and best type of potato soil in the State, the potash content of
the fertilizers could be reduced materially without greatly les-
sening the potato crop, but more on account of the fact that

Tue Errect or Borax IN FERTILIZERS. 91

potash was high in price and was for the most part unobtain-
able, a large amount of no-potash fertilizers were used for the
first time in 1916. Most frequently these contained 5 per cent
of ammonia and 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid and
were known as 5-10-0 goods.

A “new potato disease’ made its appearance in July of that
season. The foliage of the affected plants, instead of being a
normal, healthy dark green, showed first a peculiar bronzing
and yellowing. As the disease progressed the plants had, on
casual inspection, much the appearance of potatoes just previ-
ous to ripening. In the final stages the leaflets hung limp and
the entire plant wilted. Usually discolored areas appeared on
various parts of the stems. A very characteristic feature of the
trouble was the formation of a dry, discolored, spongy area
which involved the whole stem just at the surface of the ground.
Following this discoloration of the basal portions of the stem
the tissues would dry out, the stem would become hollow at that
point and the plant would fall over. Cross sections of the stem
sometimes showed a discoloration of the water or food conduct-
ing vessels.

When the trouble first appeared in 1916 there was some
reason ‘to suspect that it was of a parasitic nature. The various
lesions scattered over the stems were of a light brown or red-
dish brown color and later usually showed a lighter colored cen-
ter. A number of different fungi were found to be associated
with the lesions, but most frequently the lighter colored portion
would be studded over with the fruiting bodies of a fungus of
the genus Phoma. Repeated attempts to reproduce the disease
in healthy plants by inoculation with cultures of this and other
fungi isolated from spots on potato stems obtained from dif-
ferent parts of the State resulted in failure. This seemed to
disprove the theory of a parasitic cause of the disease.

It was soon discovered that this so-called “new disease” oc-
curred only where the 5-10-0 fertilizers were used and there, in
destructive amounts, it was largely confined to the poorer types
of soil. Even small amounts of potash in commercial fertili-
zers or the application of relatively small amounts of stable
manure in addition to the 5-10-0 fertilizer would correct the
difficulty. Later experience fully confirmed the conclusions

92 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

reached in 1916 that the fundamental cause of this trouble was
lack of potash in the fertilizer.*

These experiences led Maine potato growers to demand
that the manufacturers supply them with fertilizers containing
potash. The manufacturers met this demand as far as possible,
using various American sources of this material, but it was not
till 1919 that relatively large amounts of such fertilizers were
sold which contained potash in amounts at all comparable to
that used before the war. The so-called Searles Lake deposits
in California being the largest and most promising source of
American potash were naturally used in many cases. These de-
posits are not pure potash salts but contain mixtures of other
materials, including compounds of boron. Certain samples
of this potash, used in the manufacture of fertilizer that came to
the attention of the Station in 1919 contained the equivalent of
from 5 to 10 per cent of sodium biborate or borax.

No attempt will be made to discuss in this publication the
general problem of the effect of boron or its compound borax
upon plant growth or to review previous literature upon this
subject. It may be said, however, that it is only within a very
short time that it has even been suspected that the small amounts
of borax that have been found in the fertilizers under considera-
tion would prove so toxic to farm crops as now appears to be
the case.

Neither is an attempt made to discourage the use of Amer-
ican potash, provided it can be produced cheaply enough.so that
American farmers can afford to use it and provided it can be
sufficiently freed from deleterious impurities so that it can be
used with safety. The experiences of the past few years sim-
ply serve to emphasize the importance and even the necessity
for all concerned to unite in supporting, in every way possible,

*For some reason, possibly due to more general use of stable ma-
nure, this trouble did not attract much attention in southern New Eng-
land till later. In 1918 it was sufficiently common in southern Connecti-
cut and on Long Island and surrounding territory to cause much com-
ment and alarm. Here again there was a strong tendency to look upon
it as a parasitic disease with Phoma as the causal fungus. On the other
hand Dr. Geo. P. Clinton, after a thorough canvass of the situation
seems to have reached, in part, similar conclusions as to the fundamental
cause, as were obtained in Maine. (See Potato Magazine Vol. 1, No.
12, June, 1919. Prematuring and Wilting of Potatoes, G. P. Clinton.)

Tue Errect or Borax IN FERTILIZERS. 93

any movement which has for its object making American agri-
cultural and manufacturing interests partially or wholly inde-
pendent of foreign sources of potash. In this connection it may
be said that the company principally interested in marketing
potash from the Searles Lake deposits states that with improved
methods of refining they are now putting out a potash in which
the amount of borax is reduced to less than one per cent.

Some Practices FoLLOwED BY MAINE Potato GROWERS.

Methods of growing the potato crop vary considerably in
different parts of the country. It may, therefore, assist the
general reader if a brief statement is made relative to certain of
the practices followed in Aroostook county where most of the
observations were made upon the effect of borax in fertilizers.
While there are numerous variations, potatoes usually follow
clover in a 3-year rotation, in which oats constitute the third
crop. While some stock is kept, the great majority of potatces
are grown upon chemical fertilizers supplemented by hun:us
obtained from clover sod alone or from this and “second-crop”
clover plowed under the fall before.

In the last 20 or more years the amount of commercial
fertilizer used has gradually and quite materially increased until
now an application of 2000 pounds per acre is not an uncom-
-mon practice and some growers use more than this. With few
exceptions this fertilizer is all applied in the drill at planting
time. Some planters distribute it above the seed-piece and some
below. Those planters in most general use do not deposit the
fertilizers in direct contact with the seed-piece, but close to it
and not mixed very much with the soil.

Formerly, when potash was relatively low in price, it was
not uncommon to apply fertilizers containing as high as 1o per
cent of this ingredient. A 4-6-10 was one of the mixtures pop-
ular with Maine potato growers in 1914 and for some years
previous. The samples collected by the Bureau of Inspections
of the State Department of Agriculture and analyzed by the
Station chemists show that the amount of potash in the special
potato fertilizers had dropped to 4 per cent or lower in 1915.
In 1916 only a few samples of 4-per cent goods were found.
For the most part the fertilizers found that year contained one

i

94 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

or two per cent of potash and many none at all. Conditions
improved somewhat in 1917, there being more evidence of 3 and
4-per cent goods. A still greater proportion of the 1918 samples
were of the 4-per cent potash grade, while in 1919 some 6-per
cent goods were found. With the reduction in the amount of
potash used in potato fertilizers sold in Maine during the last
5 years there has been a tendency to increase the amount of
phosphoric acid, not because experience had indicated any need
for this, but apparently because it was the cheapest and most
plentiful fertilizing material that the manufacturers could ob-
tain.

It is interesting to note that, in spite of these wide varia-
tions in the composition of the fertilizers used, no general com-
plaints have been made by the potato growers, previous to 1919,
of ill effects from their use, except where 5-10-0 or similar mix-
tures were used, although in 1918 there was some undercurrent
of feeling that the results obtained from goods carrying Ameri-
can potash were not quite up to expectations. While it is an
open question whether such excessive applications of potash as
are made when 2,000 pounds of fertilizer per acre are used, con-
taining 10 per cent of this material is necessary or wise, the re-
sults obtained from the practice previous to 1914 were such as to
convince many practical potato growers that it was good business.
The only bearing that the question has on the matter under con-
sideration is that it serves to emphasize the fact that even exces-
sive applications of the type of potash used prior to 1914 resulted
in no dissatisfaction on the part of the users.

FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON INJURED Potato FIELDs IN IQIQ.

Early in July 1919 rumors began to reach the Station that
some fields of potatoes in Aroostook County were not showing
normal germination and growth. Definite complaints began
to be received about the middle of July by both the State De-
partment of Agriculture and the Experiment Station. The
Director of the Station, and the Chiefs of the Bureaus of In-
spections and Seed Improvement of the State Department at
once decided to make a joint, personal investigation of the sit-
uation. As a member of this party the writer spent 10 days in
the field studying conditions at that time. During the remainder

Tue Errect or Borax IN FERTILIZERS. 95

of the growing season considerable attention was given to sim-
ilar field studies in various sections of the State.*

It soon developed that the trouble was confined largely to
the fertilizers manufactured by certain individual companies
and, as far as the writer observed, to the brands put out by
these companies which contained 4 or 6 per cent of potash.
Wherever samples could be obtained of the goods used, the
analyses made by the Station chemist showed the presence of
borax in appreciable amounts. It later developed that borax
might be present in a fertilizer from other sources, from mix-
tures of nitrate of potash and soda for instance, but in the field
‘observations under consideration the trouble seemed always as-
sociated with the potash used. For example, some fields were
seen where a part was planted with a fertilizer containing pot-
ash, and another part planted with a no-potash fertilizer put
out by the same concern. The plants where the last named
material was used appeared strong and vigorous when examined
the latter part of July, while those where the potash goods were
used showed various degrees of what will be described as borax
injury.

NaTuRE AND Amount oF INnyJURY OccURRING ON Potato
FIELDS AND Its RELATION TO THE FERTILIZER USED.

Although the type of injury may differ, as will be pointed
out later, the presence of even small amounts of borax in a fer-
tilizer when such fertilizer is applied at the rate of a ton per
acre has a very marked effect on the potato plant, both in the
field and in the greenhouse. In the field the casual observer
first notes, in severe cases, a stunted appearance of the plants,
with an abnormal number of “skips” or failures to germinate.
Such a field is shown in the foreground of Fig. 14. Note the
vigorous growth and even stand of the plants in the background.
_ This portion of the field was planted three weeks after the first.

*The writer was especially fortunate in being able to inspect a large
number of these fields in company with Dr. George H. Pethybridge,
Economic Botanist to the Department of Agriculture and Technical In-
struction for Ireland, Dr. A. D. Cotton, Mycologist to the Ministry: of
Agriculture and Fisheries, London, and Mr. E. J. Wortley, Director of
Agriculture, Bermuda, all of these gentlemen being potato-disease spec-
ialists of international reputation.

96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

A 4-8-6 fertilizer was applied in the same manner in each case,
but different lots obtained from different manufacturers were
used.* Equally striking differences were observed from the use
of these two fertilizers on the same field, using the same seed
planted the same day. All injury disappeared at the exact point
where one fertilizer ran out and the other was placed in the
planter.

On severely injured fields, like that mentioned above, a close
inspection revealed the fact that there were few normal plants.
At the time when the plants on uninjured, near-by or adjoining
fields were for the most part strong and vigorous and nearly
covered the ground, those where the injury occurred presented
a very striking contrast. An occasional plant might be found
which approached normal appearance, but for the most part
those that came were weak and sickly looking, many being only
two or three inches high. An intertesting fact was noted that
many of these stunted plants blossomed at the same time as
healthy plants of the same age.

The foliage of the injured plants, where borax was present
in the fertilizer, had a characteristic appearance. There was
considerable yellowing of the leaves, more particularly of the
margins. This was most prominent on the more dwarfed and
more severely injured plants. The yellowing was of a bright
golden color, and not the pale, sickly yellowing usually present
in plants that are normally or prematurely ripening. In. the
milder cases the abnormal color was restricted to the extreme
edges of the leaves. In fact, as field observations progressed,
the appearance of this very narrow band of yellow at the mar-

*Unfortunately samples of these two lots of fertilizer could not be
obtained for analysis. The only evidence that the differences shown on
the adjoining portions of this field was due to the presence of boron in
one of the fertilizers used is that wherever it was possible to obtain
samples of the same brand of fertilizer where it had been used on fields
that showed similar injury, these samples contained borax in more than
appreciable amounts. On the other hand no samples of the other brand
were found which contained any borax. Only one complaint was re
ceived where any of the goods manufactured by this concern were used.
flere no sample could be obtained. The writer examined the field in
question and, while it was seen too late in the season to form an accurate
opinion, was not convinced that the owner’s contention that he had a
case of borax injury was correct.

Tue Errect oF BorAx IN FERTILIZERS. 97

gins of the leaves, particularly the lower ones, came to be looked
upon as an important diagnostic character in cases of suspected
borax injury, where the effects were not sufficient to produce
serious stunting and failures to germinate. In severe cases the
leaves themselves were frequently narrowed and in certain in-
stances the smaller leaves at the top were noted as folded up-
ward on the mid-rib.

Fic. 14. Two different brands of 4-8-6 fertilizer were used on this

>

field. The portion shown in the background was planted 3 weeks later
than that where the weak, scattered plants occur. See foot-note on p. 96.

On many borax injured fields, for the most part planted
during the last two weeks in May, a marked change began to
take place about the first of August. The plants which sur-
vived started to grow and, as a result, many of the more marked
symptoms of the trouble as already described either disappeared
or became masked by the growth of the plant. This apparent
recovery is explained on p. 100. The only borax injured potato
field that the writer was able to visit at regular intervals
throughout the season, indicated that this improvement in the
condition of the plants came too late to materially aid in pro-
ducing a crop. This seemed to be the general opinion of owners
of fields which showed similar conditions.

98 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

The parts below ground showed other striking evidences
of injury. The nature of this injury varied somewhat with the
type of planter used, that is, whether the planter deposited the
fertilizer above or below the seed piece. It also varied with the
amount of borax-containing potash which was applied. For
example, the injury where a 4-8-6 fertilizer was used was more
severe, as a rule, than where the same amount of 4-8-4 goods
from the same manufacturer was applied.

As might be expected some of the worst cases of injury
observed were those where the fertilizer was deposited above
the seed piece and the stem of the plant had to grow up through
it. On one such field in particular there was a large amount of
browning of the stems in the region of the fertilizer. Many
cases were found where the stem was entirely cut off and in
some instances it had sent out new branches from below, which
in turn might or might not be cut off. Injury to the stems be-
low ground also frequently occurred where the fertilizer was
deposited below the seed piece but this was more often close
to the base or point of attachment of the stem.

The lesions somewhat resembled those caused by Rhizoc-
tonia, but were invariably much lighter brown in color and were
more likely to entirely encircle the stem. Rhizoctonia may or
may not be present as a complicating factor, but there is plenty
of evidence in the line of field observations which indicate that
neither it nor any other parasitic fungus is a material factor in
the production of stem lesions which are attributed to the pres-
ence of borax in the fertilizer used. For example, the owner
of the field shown in Figure 15 used a fertilizer containing
borax up to the point where the stake is placed in the row. At
this point he changed to another brand of fertilizer of the same
formula but which contained no borax, and immediately con-
tinued planting. The plants on the left showed all the typical
symptoms of severe borax injury described above and numbers
of them selected at random showed the stem browning and in-
jury in practically every case. On the other hand the plants
of the portion of the field at the right of the stake, where the
other fertilizer was used, were normal in appearance, nearly
covered the ground at the time the record was made, and showed
no evidence of injury to the parts below ground.

Fic. 15. A fertilizer containing borax was applied to the left-hand

portion of this field. The stake in the row at the center marks the point

2 where the owner changed to a fertilizer of the same formula, but con-
taining no borax.

Fic. 16. A 3-6-6 fertilizer, with a smaller amount of 5-10-0 applied N
later, was used on the two and a fraction rows beginning with the point |
marked with the hat and ending at the point where the stake is placed. |
The potatoes on either side were fertilized with 5-10-0 alone. See p. 102.

Fic. 17. The plants on the left received a small amount of fertilizer
containing borax. Those on the right received no fertilizer. See p. 103.

vi 7 we
Se ere Aas

Fic. 18. This illustrates the appearance of many of the badly injured
fields during the latter part of July.

Nsw

i
‘
.
r
i
‘.
i
'
c

Tue Errect oF Borax IN FERTILIZERS. 99

Fic. 19. Bad cases of borax injury in the field. This represents the
entire growth made by the plants in three months. Note that the root
system is almost entirely destroyed. Compare with Fig. 21.

Browning and killing of the roots was a very prominent
sign of the trouble, being more pronounced in the case of the
badly dwarfed plants. This condition is well illustrated by
Figure 19 from a photograph made on August 13. It will be
noted that in spite of the fact that the seed pieces had been
planted nearly 3 months the plants had made practically no
growth above the surface of the ground. The roots had been
lalled off at the base and there were no roots present at the
nodes of\the stem, where it was covered with soil, as would nor-
mally be the case. Of the roots at the base of the stem, whether
the fertilizer was applied above or below the seed peice, fre-
quently nothing remained but a tuft of dried, brown stubs.

Seed-pieces in direct contact with the fertilizer often
showed a burning and erosion of the cut surfaces. In general,
however, the presence of borax seemed to have a preservative

100 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

effect on the seed-piece, since there was a marked absence of
decay in the latter where fertilizers were used which contained
it in considerable quantities.

Plants which survived till the middle of the summer usu-
ally began to put forth roots from the stem close to the surface
of the ground or in the region most remote from the point of
application of the fertilizer.* These plants, if they had not
been too severely injured, then began to grow fairly rapidly as
the result of the partial establishment of a new root system in
the hilled-up soil, out of contact with the fertilizer. As has
already been stated the yellowing and other evidences of injury
disappeared more or less completely with the new growth. This
belated or secondary growth of the injured plants tended also
to obscure the number of missing hills and thus improved the
appearance of the affected fields generally. Such of these fields
as it was possible to observe from time to time during the season
proved very deceptive to those who were not familiar with their
history. The yields of tubers were far from what might be
expected from the appearance of the partially recovered plants.
One field in particular, which the writer had under observation
during the latter part of the growing season, showed marked
improvement during August and September, but the owner ob-
tained only about one-third of a normal yield. ‘The fertilizer
used carried 0.88 per cent anhydrous borax and at the rate used
was equivalent to an application of 17.6 pounds of anhydrous
borax per acre.

The above description of the injury to potatoes in the field
and attributed to the presence of borax in the fertilizer used,
applies more particularly to the severe cases. All gradations
between this and fairly normal plants might be found on the
same field. A few mild cases of injury were seen where it was
rather difficult to decide whether or not the trouble was due to
the presence of borax in the fertilizer. Some of these were

*For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the cultural
practices followed with potatoes in Maine it may be said that it is cus-
tomary to cover the plants with a horse hoe as soon as they begin to
break ground. This is repeated when the plants begin to appear a sec-
ond time. Hence a considerabe ridge or hill is already formed from
the surface soil, well above the seed-piece and fertilizer, before the plants
finally come up.

—-— ies

ss

er 7 eee PTT ae

y
.

Tue Errect oF BorAxX IN FERTILIZERS. 101

seen so late in the season that most of the prominent symptoms
had disappeared. None of these were classed as borax injury
unless fairly conclusive evidence such as the characteristic stem
and root burning could be obtained. In this connection it may
be said that in every one of such mild or doubtful cases where
field observations gave presumtive evidence of borax injury and

‘samples of the fertilizer could be obtained the samples were

found by the chemists to carry borax in appreciable amounts.
No attempt has been made by the present writer to secure
data as to the yields on any considerable number of fields where

_ borax injury occurred, but numerous cases have been reported

where the yields were not over half or one-third of a normal
crop and some of the more severely injured fields would hardly
produce a sufficient crop to pay the cost of harvesting.

The early part of the growing season of 1919 in Aroostook
county was quite dry. In a few instances much less injury was
observed on the lower and less thoroughly drained portions of
the fields. In one case the owner planted part of a field a few
days before a heavy shower and finished the remainder of it
aiter the rain. Much less injury occurred on that part of the
field planted after the rain. Since borax is readily soluble, these
observations suggested that it was carried away by the soil
water and that in seasons of ordinary rainfall in June much
less injury from borax might be expected. Other observations
indicated that more thorough mixing of the fertilizer with the
soil than is commonly practiced would prevent or materially re-
duce the amount of injury. In the greenhouse experiments
described later an attempt was made to test these theories and
it will be seen that they were not wholly confirmed.

In studying conditions in the field it soon developed that
there was sufficient evidence of a general nature to convince the
average person that the trouble under consideration was associ-
ated with the fertilizer applied, moreover, that it was in some
way connected with the potash used in the fertilizer in most
instances. On the other hand many individual cases of them-
selves, when considered alone, fell far short of actual proof of
this, or of proof approximating that which can be obtained
through experimental evidence. However, a few fields of
potatoes were found which provided conditions approaching

102 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

those which might be selected under actual experiment. Two of
these will be described by way of illustration.

Mr. A. on one side of a field of several acres applied a
3-6-6 fertilizer at the rate of 1700 pounds per acre, all in the
drill at planting time. Next to this, a section of the field was
planted with 1300 pounds of the 3-6-6 goods per acre in the
drill, with 500 pounds of a 5-10-o0 fertilizer applied later on top
of the row. Next came 4 rows with 1700 pounds per acre of
5-10-0 applied in the drill at planting time. Then following
were two and a fraction rows with 1300 pounds per acre of
3-6-6 in the drill at planting time and with 500 pounds of 5-10-0
on top of the row, the same as the second section of the field
described. The remainder of the field was planted with 5-10-0
goods at the rate of 1700 pounds per acre in the drill at plant-
ing time.

When examined first on July 21 the plants where the 5-10-0
fertilizer was used alone were, on the average, strong and vig- —
orous. Where the 3-6-6 fertilizer was used alone or in com-
bination with the 5-10-0 goods there appeared, in addition to
numerous “skips” or failures to produce plants, the character-
istic stunting of the plants, with yellowing of the leaves, more
especially at the margins, and varying amounts of injury to the
parts below ground. The injury was more pronounced where
the 1700 pounds per acre of the 3-6-6 fertilizer was applied in
the drill at planting time than where only 1300 pounds of this
fertilizer was used at that time and 500 pounds of 5-10-0 was
applied later.

Figure 16 is from a photograph of the two and a fraction
rows which received 1300 pounds per acre of the 3-6-6 in the
drill and 500 pounds of the 5-10-0 later. On either side are
rows of plants which had 5-10-o.alone at the rate of 1700 pounds
per acre in the drill. The barrel stave in one row indicates
where one fertilizer gave out and the other began.

Mr. B. had a field of 44 acres of potatoes, on which he
applied a 4-8-4 fertilizer in the drill. He began to plant using
this at the rate of 2400 pounds per acre. Later he cut the
amount down to 2000 pounds per acre. Then seeing that he had
an insufficient amount of fertilizer to finish the piece, and being
unable to secure an additional supply, he reduced the amount
from time to time till he reached the minimum that the planter

Tue Errect oF BorAxX IN FERTILIZERS. 103

would apply. Finally he ran out of fertilizer and finished the
piece without any.

It was impossible to locate with any degree of accuracy
where all of these changes in the amounts of the fertilizer ap-
plication were made on this field, but one had no difficulty in
locating the exact point where he began to plant with no fer-
tilizer at all. The plants where no fertilizer was used were
more vigorous and uniform than those on any other portion of
the field. The contrast between the appearance of the plants
where no fertilizer whatever was used and those next to them
_ that received only a small amount of fertilizer is shown in Fig.
a7

Fig. 18 is a fairly representative illustration of the condi-
tions observed on this field and numerous others during the lat-
ter part of July, 1919.

Where the larger amounts of fertilizer were used there
were many missing hills. The plants averaged small and weak
with yellowing of the margins of the lower leaves. The smaller
leaves at the tops of the more stunted plants were folded to-
gether. Not much stem injury was noted at the time of obser-
vation, but frequently the stems were found to be those which
had branched up from below where the original stems had been
killed below ground and had entirely disappeared.

The injury appeared in different degrees on all parts of
the field to which the fertilizer was applied, but with each de-
crease in the amount of application it was evident that there
was a corresponding decrease in the amount of injury produced.
In a few instances the differences between adjoining sections of
the field were sufficiently marked to indicate the probable point
where the changes were made on the planter to reduce the
amount of fertilizer application.

GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS CONTAINING
Borax.

The close relation between the presence of borax in the
fertilizers used and the injury which occurred on many potato
fields, as shown by the observations made during the summer
of 1919, led to the planning of certain greenhouse experiments
with fertilizers, with and without borax, using potatoes, beans,

104 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

oats, wheat and buckwheat. The results reported here are those
obtained from what from the first have been regarded as pre-
liminary studies, but it is believed that-they are of sufficient sig-
nificance to be of value as a matter of record at this time.

These preliminary experiments possess certain limitations,
some of which will be mentioned. While, as will be seen, the
results with potatoes and beans were quite striking and uniform,
a larger number of pots for each individual treatment would
have been better. The relatively small number of pots used
was partly due to the limitations imposed by lack of greenhouse
space, but more particularly in the case of potatoes it was due
to the fact that at the time the work was begun, October 3, it
was difficult to secure a sufficient amount of satisfactory seed
potatoes in condition for immediate germination. While the
results show that fertilizers containing borax produced varying
amounts of injury to potatoes and that such injury did not oc-
cur on plants in pots containing borax-free fertilizer or in pots
containing no fertilizer, they do not show conclusively that
borax is the sole and only factor involved. They furnish very
strong presumptive evidence that this is the case. There are
also certain objections that might be raised to the method used
in applying water to the pots.

Plans were made whereby it was intended to repeat and
amplify these experiments to meet the objections enumerated,
as far as the limitations of greenhouse space would permit. It
was then found that the Directors of the other Agricultural
Experiment Stations in New England, New York and New
Jersey were interested in joining in conducting a cooperative
greenhouse experiment on a relatively large scale in which the
effects of the presence of different amounts of borax in fertili-
zers when used on potatoes, corn and beans would be determined.
Arrangements were perfected whereby this work was begun
about February 1, the final plans being prepared by the Director
of the Maine Station and the writer. To Mr. J. R. Neller of the
New Jersey Station, an expert in pot culture, was assigned the
responsibility of carrying out the details of these cooperative
experiments, which are now in progress in the Vermont Station
greenhouses. |

As soon as the plans mentioned above were perfected, work
along similar lines was discontinued at Orono. The following

eee ee

Tue Errect oF Borax IN FERTILIZERS. 105

concerns only the results previously obtained in the preliminary
experiments at this Station, or between October 1, 1919, and
about January 15, 1920.

WORK WITH POTATOES.

Soil. The soil used for potatoes was a medium heavy
loam which had’ been under cultivation for many years, being
used each year for garden purposes. In recent times it has
had an application of barnyard manure on alternate years and
commercial fertilizer applied yearly. It was taken directly
from the garden and. placed in pots in the greenhouse.

Kinds of fertilizers used and amounts applied. Six differ-
ent brands of fertilizers, made by five different concerns and
sold in Maine in 1919, were used. In every instance the ap-
plications of all fertilizers to pots containing potatoes were made
at planting time and as nearly as possible abthe erate Or) 2,000
pounds per acre. The usual fertilizer analysis of each lot had
been made by the Station chemists, including a quantitative de-
termination for borax. These results and certain other data,
including the number of pounds of anhydrous borax used when
the several fertilizers are applied at the rate of 2,000 pounds
per acre, are shown in tabular form.

Table Showing Composition of Fertilizers Used.
:

Per cent of Pounds of anhy-

Station No. Composition | anhydrous drous borax per Number of
borax acre pots used

5549 4-8-6* 0.88 17.6 20

5389 4-8-6 | 0.35 7.0 4

5518 3-6-6 0.93 18.6 4

5586 3-6-6 | 1.44 28.8 4

5513 4-8-6 1.93 38.6 4

5409 | 4-8-6 | 0.00 00.0 4

Cheeks, no fer- |
tilizer —— ae | oe 4

—

*“The figures in this column represent approximately the per cents of ammonia,
available phosphoric acid and potash respectively.

Variation in methods of application of fertilzer. As will
be seen by the number of pots given in the right-hand column
of the table, the most extensive trials were made with

nh pt ht ea ae

106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTaTIon. 1920.

fertilizer No. 5549 which, when applied at the rate of 2,000
pounds per acre, was equivalent to an application of 17.6 pounds
of anhydrous borax per acre. With this fertilizer the 20 pots
were divided into 5 different lots of 4 pots each, according to
the method of application. In the first lot the fertilizer was
thoroughly mixed with the upper 6 inches of soil in each pot.
In the second it was distributed in a strip about 3 inches wide
across the pot (in a manner similar to the way it is deposited in
the row in the field by the planter) just below the seed-piece,
but not in direct contact with it. In the third the fertilizer was:
distributed in a manner similar to the second, but just above
the seed-piece. In the fourth lot it was thoroughly mixed with:
the 3 inches of soil just below the seed-piece, while in the fifth
it was thoroughly mixed with the 3 inches of soil above the
seed-piece.

With each of the remaining 5 fertilizers, namely, Nos. 5389,
5518, 5536, 5513 and 5409, only 4 pots were used, representing
two pots each of the second and third methods of application
described for No. 5549. Four other pots were planted with
potatoes without adding any fertilizer. These and those in
which fertilizer No. 5409 was used, which contained no borax,
were introduced as checks.

Seed tubers used. There were available a small amount of
tubers which had been produced in pots in the greenhouse, har-
vested in the early summer and stored in a cool basement. These
were firm and vigorous and some were just beginning to sprout
at the time of planting. A half of a tuber was placed in each
pot, care being taken to distribute the halves so that no two
would have the same fertilizer treatment.

Depth of planting. In all cases the distance was 3 inches
from the top of the seed-piece to the top of the soil after plant-
ing. Wherever the fertilizer was distributed in drills above or
below the seed-piece without mixing with the soil, a thin layer
of soil was placed between it and the seed-piece.

Watering. All of the pots which were 10-inch and of the
ordinary unglazed type, were placed on benches with saucers
underneath. One-half of all of the pots, representing the dif-
ferent methods of application of the various fertilizers, were
kept heavily watered, while the other half had a scanty water
supply or were kept as dry as possible and still have them moist
enough for growth. As a rule this required about 300 and 150

> 5

Tue Errect oF BorAx IN FERTILIZERS. 107

cc. of water respectively per pot daily. All of the water was
applied in the saucers, thus making the water current always
upward through the soil in the pot.

Temperature. The temperature control was set at about
70 degrees F. during the day and from 50 degrees to 55 degrees
F. during the night. During the night of December 15 on
account of the failure of the University heating plant to fur-
nish sufficient steam the temperature fell to the danger limit
and some of the plants nearer the walls of the house were frozen.
This seriously interfered with certain features of the work and
made it impossible to make some desired photographic records,
but it did not materially affect the final results and conclusions.

Records. While changes in the appearance of individual
plants were noted as soon as they appeared, detailed records of
the growth and appearance of each plant were made weekly. At
the close of the experiment all plants were removed from the
pots and the root systems separated from the soil as carefully
as possible and examined for injury.

RESULTS OBTAINED FROM GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS WITH
-POTATOES.

Except for some mosaic the unfertilized check plants re-
mained perfectly healthy till they were removed from the pots
3 months after planting. The plants in the pots containing the
borax-free fertilizer No. 5409 were entirely free from any evi-
dence of fertilizer injury or disease. This entire lot was in-
cluded in the few plants which were badly injured by frost.
However, all of the other plants which developed borax injury
had shown it, in marked degree, some time previously. Of the
4 pots fertilized with No. 5409 one was about g inches high and
the other 3 about 15 inches high when killed by frost on Decem-
ber 15. Unfortunately no photographs had been taken to show
their appearance at that date. All that can be said is that at
this time the health and vigor of these 4 plants showed a marked
contrast to the other 40 in the experiment, including the un-
fertilized checks.

No plants which received fertilizer containing borax es-
caped injury in some form or other. In general the amount of
injury varied with the amount of borax present in the fertilizer

108 | : Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. - 1920.

&
3
&
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Fic. 20. These two plants were photographed about two weeks after
appearing above ground. The fertilizer used in pot 32 carried a relatively
high percentage of borax, while that applied to pot 44 contained no borax.

See p. 109.

Fic. 21. This represents the total growth made in the greenhouse in
three months by one of the plants fertilized with No. 5513, equivalent to
38.6 pounds of anhydrous borax per acre. Compare with Fig. 19.

Tue Errect or BorAx IN FERTILIZERS. 109

used, but the results were not entirely uniform in this respect.

As might be expected the most severe injury occurred with ©

fertilizer 5513 where the amount of anhydrous borax applied
was equivalent to 38.6 pounds per acre. The 4 plants in this
series were much stunted and yellowed, although those having
the fertilizer applied above the seed-piece finally made a partial
recovery and attained a height of 7 and 12 inches respectively in
3 months time. ‘The early condition of the last mentioned or
larger plant is shown in Fig. 20, pot 32. At that time it was
weak and yellowed. The plant in pot 44 was grown on fertil-
izer No. 5409 which contained no borax. The two plants ger-
minated within two days of each other and were about two
weeks above ground when the photograph was made. The two
plants where fertilizer 5513 was placed below the seed-piece
made very little growth. At the end of 3 months one consisted of
simply a rosette of small leaves just at the surface of the soil.
See Fig. 21. The other was only 3 inches high.

The amount of injury obtained with fertilizer No. 5389
where the application of anhydrous borax was equivalent to 7
pounds per acre was somewhat surprising. Not only was there
some stunting and yellowing of the plants where the fertilizer
was applied below the seed-piece, but a considerable amount of
the type of injury next to be described was present on all of
them.

THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF INJURY TO POTATOES IN THE
GREEN HOUSE.

While some of the plants in the greenhouse, more particu-
larly in the case of heavy applications of borax, showed the
yellowing and a stunted, shrubby appearance similar to that
characteristic of plants in the field where borax was present
in the fertilizer used, this was not general. Yellowing was more
or less in evidence in a number of cases when the plants were
young but this usually disappeared as they became older. Quite
a different type of injury occurred, without exception but in
varying degree, upon all plants which were grown in pots con-
taining a fertilizer which carried borax.

This type of injury was characterized by death and drying
out of the tips and margins of the leaflets. The injury first

110 * MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

appeared on the basal leaves and afterwards on the upper ones,
and almost without exception was noted on the tips of the leaf-
lets first and then on the margins. While the whole margin might
be affected, the trouble was more severe and appeared first on
the half of the leaflet nearest the tip. In like manner the ter-
minal and first two lateral leaflets were attacked first and were
more severely affected. Fig. 22 shows a plant all of the
leaves of which are affected in this way. The injury was first
observed between two and three weeks after the plant came up
and the photograph was made six weeks after that. At that time
the two lower leaves had fallen and two more were about ready
to fall.

Fic. 22. Type of injury most common in the greenhouse. The tips
and margins of practically all of the leaves are affected. See also Fig.
26, p. 117.

The age of the leaf seemed to be a determining factor. A
lower Jeaf might be badly affected while the leaves from a young

Tue Errect oF BorAx IN FERTILIZERS. 111

shoot formed in its axil would appear entirely healthy at the
same time. However these leaves from the younger shoots
nearer the base later showed the same marginal injury.

The dead tissues suggested more of an olive tinge than a
browning. A comparison with standard color charts failed to
match any shade or tint of brown except possibly in the case of
the first appearance of the injury on the tip of a leaflet. The
color was difficult to match and about the best description that
can be given is that it resembled most closely what might be ex-
pected where a potato leaf had been killed rapidly and quickly
dried with little yellowing.

The appearance of the affected leaves seemed to indicate
simply a progressive death and drying out of the tissues. While
there was a fairly sharp line of demarkation between the
diseased and healthy portions of the leaves, the latter near this
line usually showed more or less fading out of the normal green
color to a lighter green or even a yellowish tinge. In advanced
stages the leaf-blades themselves would become yellow, soon fol-
lowed by the dropping of the leaf. Some of the more severely
injured plants lost all of their leaves before they were dug up
early in January.

In some instances there was a suggestion of what has been
called “tip-burn” of the potato. However, there is no reason for
confusing this tip and marginal injury on greenhouse plants,
resulting from borax applied to the soil with the fertilizer, with
the usual forms of the tip-burn in the field. It occurred under
relatively humid conditions, at a time of the year when sunlight
was at its lowest intensity, and in greater degree on the plants
supplied with an abundance of moisture. The plants were en-
tirely free from insects of all kinds.

Several facts, taken together, strongly suggest that this tip
and marginal injury is the direct result of the accumulation of
compounds of boron in the tissues affected. Droplets of liquid
were constantly observed upon the tips and margins of the
leaflets of potato plants grown in the greenhouse particularly
at the times when no other explanation could be given for their
presence, except that they exuded from the leaves themselves.
Moreover faint traces of a whitish deposit were repeatedly
seen on these leaves in the same locations after the droplets had
evaporated. This condition was found to be common and was

112 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

in no way restricted to plants grown in pots containing borax
or to plants included in the experiments under consideration.

The size and rapidity of growth of many of the plants which
showed this type of injury in marked degree, particularly those
which were heavily watered, indicated considerable root growth
and this was confirmed by later examination. Likewise plants
which suffered severe root injury and stunting as the result of
heavy applications of borax showed relatively smaller amounts
of the tip and marginal injury. Therefore it seemed reasonable
to suppose that compounds of boron were being taken up by the
roots, were being carried along with dilute solutions of food
materials and deposited in the leaves. Since there is constant
evaporation of water from the leaves and a fairly constant cur-
rent of water from the roots upward through the stems and con-
tinuing through the leaves to the margins of the latter, it would
seem that any materials or salts brought along in solution in this
transpiration current, which were not used by the leaves in the
manufacture of food materials for tissue building or for storage,
would tend to concentrate most at or near the margins and that
this concentration would be greater in the older leaves. A suf-
ficient concentration of any poisonous material would result in
the death of the tissues at that point.

To test the above assumption with reference to boron in
the plants in question some of the dead margins of the injured
leaves were removed with scissors. At the same time an ap-
proximately equal amount of the margins of healthy leaves was
obtained from plants which were grown upon fertilizer No. 5409
which contained no boron. These were tested qualitatively by
the Station chemist on December 3, or two months after the
tubers were planted. The sample from the injured leaves gave
a positive test for boron while that from the healthy leaves gave
a negative test.

RELATION OF THE TIP AND MARGINAL INJURY OF THE LEAVES TO
THE METHOD OF APPLICATION OF THE FERTILIZER AND
WATERING.

Based upon the larger series of pots with fertilizer 5549
where the applications of anhydrous borax were equivalent to
17.6 pounds per acre, fertilizer applied below the seed-piece,

Tue Errecr oF Borax IN FERTILIZERS. 113

whether mixed or unmixed with the soil, caused greater tip
and marginal injury than where it was applied above the seed-
piece. Mixing fertilizer with the soil resulted in greater leai
injury, unless it was mixed with the soil above the seed-piece.
Abundant watering increased the amount of leaf injury. Stated
in another way, the most severe leaf injury was obtained where
the fertilizer was mixed with the upper 6 inches of soil or with
the 3 inches of soil below the seed-piece and the plants heavily
watered.

It will be remembered that with the remaining 5 lots, the
fertilizer was applied only in the drill, both above and below
‘the seed-piece. Half of the pots in each lot were abundantly
watered and the other half scantily watered. As has been
stated very healthy, vigorous plants were obtained with No.
5409 which contained no borax. The other 4 lots which rep-
resented varying applications of borax gave results in general
agreement, as far as they went, with those given above for No.
5549. The most severe injury of both types resulted from the
application of the fertilizer below the seed-piece, and abundant
watering—as a rule—produced more tip and marginal injury.

On account of the relatively small rainfall in Aroostook
county in June, 1919, the water supply for the plants, previous
to the appearance of the injury in the field, where most of the
more serious cases were seen, was largely from below upward.
A desire to duplicate field conditions as nearly as possible was
what led the writer, in planning the greenhouse experiments, to
decide to make all applications of water to the pots from below.
The results obtained indicate quite clearly that the method of
-watering adopted, materially influenced the relative amounts of
leaf injury which resulted from the variation in the methods of
fertilizer application. Continued watering from above has still
greater objections as it would have a tendency to carry the borax
away from the plants. Alternate watering from above and
below, such as was decided upon in the case of the cooperative
experiments now in progress, undoubtedly is the nearest ap-
proach to field conditions that can be obtained in the green-
house. It is granted that, in the confined conditions imposed
by the pot, there is less opportunity for the plant to escape from
the poisonous action of the borax, but in spite of this fact and
the objection to the method of watering mentioned above it is

114 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

believed that these greenhouse experiments may serve as a fairly
accurate index of the relative amounts of the various forms of
injury which may be expected from the application of like
amounts of borax to potatoes in the field.

ROOT INJURY IN POTS.

The potato plants were all removed from the pots early in
January and an examination was made of the root systems.
While care was exercised to remove them in as nearly a natural
condition as possible it was extremely difficult to separate them
from the soil without breaking off many of the finer rootlets.
Hence the illustrations show the relative and not the absolute
conditions.

The plants which were grown upon fertilizer No. 5409,
free from borax, had long fibrous roots running to the bottom
and penetrating to all parts of the pots. Fig. 23 shows the root
system of one of these plants.

Fic. 23. Root system where borax-free fertilizer, No. 5409, was
used in pots in the greenhouse.

Tue Errect of BorRAX IN FERTILIZERS. 115

As might be expected the most severe root injury occurred
where the fertilizer was applied in drills, unmixed with the soil.
This was more pronounced in the presence of the larger amounts
of borax and showed a distinct correlation with stunting and
yellowing of the plants, or with the prevailing type of injury
which was observed in the field during the previous summer.
Fig. 21 shows a plant having a very severe type of injury where
practically the whole root system had been destroyed. It also
illustrates the entire growth made by this plant during a period
of 3 months. This was obtained with fertilizer 5513, or where
an application of 38.6 pounds of anhydrous borax was made

per acre.

Where the fertilizer was applied above the seed-piece the
injury was least near the base of the plant. Where it was ap-
plied below the seed-piece it was least near the surface of the
soil. Rather marked cases of these forms of root injury are
shown in Figs. 24 and 25. It will be noted that while a part

Fic. 24. Root injury to plant in greenhouse where fertilizer con-
taining borax was placed in the pot above the seed-piece unmixed with
the soil.

116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Fic. 25. Root injury in greenhouse where the same fertilizer as
was used on the plant, the root system of which is shown in Fig. 24, was
placed in the pot below the seed-piece unmixed with the soil.

of the roots which have grown out near the surface of the soil
from the stem shown in Fig. 25 have been killed, 3 long, fibrous
ones remain. In such cases the roots ran along near the surface
till the wall of the pot was reached. Then they passed down-
ward through that portion of the soil in the pot that was more
remote from the fertilizer. This condition, of course, only
obtained where the fertilizer was applied in the drill below the
seed-piece. It was exactly in accord with what was observed
repeatedly under like conditions in the field.

It may be of interest to briefly sketch the history of the
plant shown in Fig. 25. The seed-piece was planted October
3, using fertilizer 5513. The plant broke ground on November
18, but it was less than one inch high on December 1. (Plants
grown on 5409, carrying the same amounts of ammonia, phos-
phoric acid and potash, were from 8 to 14 inches high at this
time). By December 15 it was about 1% inches high, and was
3 inches high on January 1. At that time it had the curled,

Tue Errect oF Borax IN FERTILIZERS. 117

stunted and yellowed appearance similar to that of badly injured
plants in the field. Undoubtedly, if allowed to grow, it would
have shown the partial recovery that was observed with those
plants in the field which produced roots that started near the
surface of the ground and penetrated the soil remote from the
fertilizer.

Root injury was less severe where fertilizer was mixed
with the soil above and below the seed-piece than where it was
placed in drills above and below. Little or no root injury could
be found where the fertilizer was mixed with the upper six
inches of soil in the pots. However, as has already been stated,
it was where the fertilizer was mixed with the soil that most of
the tip and marginal injury of the leaves was obtained. The
root system of one of the plants where the fertilizer was mixed
with the upper six inches of soil is shown in Fig. 26. The ap-

Fic. 26. Root system of plant shown in Fig. 22. The fertilizer,
No. 5549, was mixed with the upper six inches of soil in the pot. The
root injury was slight but the leaf injury was marked.

118 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTaTIon. 1920. —

pearance of the pliant itself on January 1 is shown in Fig. 22.
The record states that at that time the margins of all leaves
were badly affected, the two lowest leaves had fallen and the
next two were about ready to fall.

It should be remembered that tests with fertilizer mixed
with the soil were confined to No. 5549, or with applications of
17.6 pounds of anhydrous borax per acre. Undoubtedly great-
er root injury from mixing fertilizer with the soil would have
been obtained if the samples carrying higher percentages of
boron had been used in this way.

WORK WITH OTHER CROPS.

The work of testing the effects produced upon crops other
than potatoes by fertilizers containing borax was only inciden-
tal, was planned simply as preliminary tests, and was conducted
upon too small a scale to be of much value. The results ob-
tained with beans in comparison with those obtained with other
crops were of such a striking character that it is desirable to
record them in detail. No. 5549 was the only fertilizer used,
and regular greenhouse potting soil was employed.

Beans. Three different varieties of beans were used. The
seed of two of them was produced in 1918 and the other in 1919.
Three eight-inch pots were used for each variety. Fertilizer
5549 was applied to two of these and nothing added to the third
pot which served as a check in each instance. The potting soil
contained an abundance of natural fertilizer.

The fertilizer was applied at the rate of 500 pounds per
acre in the drill, making an application of anhydrous borax
equivalent to only 4.4 pounds per acre. This fertilizer was dis-
tributed in a strip 3 inches wide across the soil in a nearly filled
pot, and covered with a thin layer of soil. In each pot 6 seeds
were evenly spaced in two lines directly over the strip of fertil-
izer, and then covered with an inch of soil.

All of the beans in the check pots germinated and produced
normal, vigorous plants, although those from the variety grown
in 1919 came more slowly. The behavior of the beans in the
pots containing fertilizer contrasted very strikingly with that
of those in the check pots. This was shown by a much delayed

119

Tue Errect oF Borax IN FERTILIZERS.

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120 “Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT’STATION. 1920.

or partial failure to germinate and a pronounced lack of green
in the leaves of all plants that did grow. In the case of the
variety where the seed was grown in 1919, only one plant in
each pot containing fertilizer appeared above ground and these
plants died almost immediately. In the case of the two varie-
ties from the 1918 seed one finally gave 100 per cent germination
in the presence of the fertilizer but the plants grew very slowly,
the leaves were stiff and of a pale, waxy color, entirely lacking
in chlorophyll. Their appearance as compared with the check,
pot 3, is well shown in Fig. 27. This is from a photograph
taken about 6 weeks after planting. Eventually all but one
plant in each of pots I and 2 of this series died. These two
plants slowly, but not wholly, developed a normal green color
and remained weak and stunted, although they were kept under
observation up to the time when the plants in the check pot
were practically mature. The series in which the third variety
of beans was used showed only 50 per cent germination in the
presence of the fertilizer and the history of the injured plants
was similar to that given above.

Oats, wheat and buckwheat. Series of pots similar to
those described for beans were used for planting oats, wheat,
India wheat, old-fashioned buckwheat and Japanese buckwheat.
Here the applications of fertilizer 5549 were made at the rate
of 1000 pounds per acre, broadcasted, or mixed with the upper
inch of soil in the pots. This would make the applications of
anhydrous borax 8.8 pounds per acre. No consistent differ-
ences could be noted either in germination of the seeds or in
the health of the plants growing in the pots which did or did not
contain the borax.

BULLETIN 289

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MILK YIELD OF ONE
LACTATION AND THAT OF SUCCEEDING
LACTATIONS.*

By Joun W. Gowen.
SUMMARY

This bulletin presents a study of the accuracy with which
the milk production of one lactation indicates the milk produc-
tion of a subsequent lactation for a pure bred herd of Jerseys
under uniform farm conditions. The correlations describing the
relation of one lactation with another lactation range from
+0.7306 to +0.2144. The numerical value of such correlation
coefficients signifies that with a fair degree of accuracy the milk
production of one lactation measures the probable milk produc-
tion of a subsequent lactation.

The arithmetical equations necessary to determine this
probable production are given in table 3.

The relation of the milk production of one lactation with
the milk production over five lactations is determined. These
correlation coefficients range from -+0.8613-.0186 to 0.7416
=+.0323. Such high values indicate that with slight inaccuracy
the milk production of one lactation predicts the milk produc-
tion for the first five lactations.

Data are presented to show that the milk production of one
lactation is a better measure of a cow’s milk production of an-
other lactation than the egg production of one month is of the
egg production for the year.

_ Table 5 furnishes a ready means of determining from the
milk yield of the first lactation (8 months of lactation) what

*This paper is an abstract of a longer paper on “Studies in Milk
Secretion VI. On the Variations and Correlations of Butter-Fat Per-
centage with Age in Jersey Cattle’ by the same author published in
Genetics, March 1920. All literature citations should be made to this
complete paper.

122 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

the total milk yield of the first five lactations (8 months lacta-
tion periods) will be for a Jersey herd of similar milk produc-
tion to the herd here studied.

In a previous bulletin the variation of milk yield with age
has been determined. In the present paper the phase of the
problem dealing with one lactation in its relation to another will
be considered.

The functioning of the mammary glands may be considered
dependent upon three main factors, taken in order of their posi-
tion in time, heredity, development through feeding, etc., (en-
vironmental circumstances of these organs up to their commenc-
ing to secrete) and lastly environmental factors in their widest
sense acting during the months when the gland is active. It is
reasonably clear that on our ability to distinguish the relative in-
fluence of these three basic variables depends many of the com-
mon a priori dairy practices as well as furnishing a solid founda-
tion for the analysis of the causal mechanism of milk production
itself. The analysis is a complex one and needs to be attacked
by many channels. The present investigation was undertaken
in the hope that by an analysis of the intra individual variation
of milk secretion from lactation to lactation some light would be
given on the relative merits of these three variables. The homo-
geneous nature of the material is such, however, that the investi-
gation necessarily deals chiefly with the first of these variables.

Little work on milk secretion has been done that approaches
the problem from this viewpoint. Of the available data those
on the English herds analyzed by Gavin are undoubtedly the
‘best. This investigation on a mixed herd of British Holsteins
-and grade Short-Horns furnishes data of the value for the rec-
cords of the first lactation in comparison with the yields of sub-
‘sequent lactation. In all of this work the measure of the lacta-
‘tion used is what he designates as the “revised maximum,” this
term being defined as the maximum day yield of the lactation
which is three times reached or exceeded. These results are
considered largely. for their strictly practical bearing. They are
of little use to the American farmer in that he is accustomed to
deal with records over a certain limit of time and not maximum
productions. The constants derived by Gavin will be of a good

Mix YIELD oF JERSEY CATTLE. 123

deal of interest for comparison data with that presented here
as together they show the range of variation to be expected un-
der the different conditions of England and the United States,
a mixed herd and a pure bred herd, and a difference in the mea-
sure of the lactating capacity from lactation to lactation.

Any adequate analysis of this problem should include a
study of the means and standard deviations of milk production
for the different age groups into which the lactations are di-
vided. The necessity for such analysis hes in the following
fact. If it can be shown that the milk production of the earlier
years in a cow’s life has been used to select only high producing
cows to remain in the herd at later years it follows that the
correlations will be for this selected herd and not for the breed
as a whole.

The analysis of the means and standard deviations for this
data show that no such selection took place. From this it fol-
lows that the rise and fall of mean milk production with advanc-
ing age shown in the preceding bulletin is due strictly to the
physiological changes brought about in the mammary functions
of the cow by age. The general equation to this physiological
change expresses the law by which it is governed in the same
way that Minot, Pearson and others have expressed the similar
law for the manner in which the metabolic functions producing
growth changes with increasing age.

It further is established that the results to follow are free
from any influence of such selection.

THe CorRRELATION oF Eight Montus MILK PRODUCTION AT A
Given AcE WITH THE ErcHt Montus MiL_K Propucrion
AT ANY OTHER GIVEN AGE.

For a firm foundation of our practical agriculture, particu-
larly dairying, knowledge of the inter-relationships of the milk
yield at one age in comparison with the milk yield of another
age can scarcely be too exact. The existing practice is, as al-
ready pointed out, largely empirical in its nature often leading
to questionable results. The reflection of the questionable na-
ture of these practices is seen in the not uncommon practice of
dairymen neglecting the records of the first lactation as a mea-
sure of the cow’s possibilities for future milk production.

124 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

The correlations between the milk production of various
lactations with one another has material importance as well as
theoretical interest for these problems. If the correlation is high
it is evident from the practical side that the culling of the herd
through the use of dependable criteria will result in increase in
the milk yield per cow within the herd and in the increase of
profits to its owners. From the biological side, a high correla-
tion means that the animals composing the herd innately differ-
entiated (presumably due to their inherited complex) in their
mammary capacities. ;

The determination of the correlations for these data are of
especial interest for as previously shown in the earlier part of
this paper, the data are of exceptional value in that; they are
on a pure bred Jersey herd kept intact for many years; the lac-
tation records for several lactations are recorded on a number
of the animals; and the herd has been subject to no detectable
culling based on the production of a given lactation. From these
data there have been extracted lactation records to the number
of 3178 pairs having a full eight months lactation free from any
disease or sickness or other trouble known to influence the rec-
ords. These records have been formed into twenty-eight corre-
lation tables the most of which are of considerable size.

Table 1 gives the correlations and their probable errors for
all ages into which the lactation records were divided. The ver-
tical columns give the correlations of the age heading the col-
umn with the ages indicated at the left margin of the table. - As
will be noted the correlations necessary to give the complete set
of correlation for any given age are repeated e. g. the correla-
tion of 2 years with 3 years is +0.5764+.0332 and appears in
the 2 year column. The correlation of 3 years with 2 years will,
of course, be the same (0.5764+.0332) and is repeated in the
three year column. In this manner a complete picture of the
relationship of the lactations of the 2 year group with the other
lactations of the other groups is given in the column.

The order of magnitude of these correlations is from
0.7306 for the correlation of 8 months milk productions dur-
ing the ages 5 to 6 and 6 to 7 and +0.2144 for the correlation
of the productions during the ages 4 to 5 and 10 and older. Such
correlations indicate that the milk production of one lactation
may be predicted with relatively little inaccuracy from the milk
production of another lactation.

Mitx YIELD oF JERSEY CATTLE. 125

TABLE 1.

Coefficients of Correlation of Milk Production of a Gwen Age
With the Milk Production of Another Given Age.

Age 2-3 3-4 4-5 | 5-6

WO 8 6 Ih See | -+0.5764+.0332 +0.5426-++,0361 +0.5373-+.0406
3 to 4 Grd GHEEYRRP, | Bp +0.6206+.0885 | -+0.5479-+.0395
4to5 +-0.5426--.0361 | -+0.62062.0885 | —--------_---- | -+0.5541-+.0391
5 to 6 +0.5378+.0406 | -+0.5479--.0395 OLDS at. 0 50 ae | ere
6 to 7 +0.5500-+.0426 +0.5305-+.0452 +0.5624--, 0421 +0.7306-+.0284
7 to 8 +0.5815+.0468 | -+0.5394-+.0483 +0.6328-+.0380 +0.5667--.0403
8 to 10 +0.4938+.0488 § +0.5376+.0465 +0.4154-+.0503 +0.5405-+.0397
10 and older +0.5603.0732 +0.6336-+.0925 +0.2144+.0919 | -+0.5371-+.0697

a

Age 6-7 7-8 8-10 10 and older
2to 3 +0.5500-+.0426 +0.5815+.0468 | +0.4938-+-.0488 | +0.5603-+.0732
3 to 4 +0.5305-+.0452 +0.5394+.0483 +0.53764+.0465 | +0.6336+-.0925
4to5 +0.5624+.0421 +0.6328-+.0380 +0.4154+.0503 | +0.2144+.0919
5 to 6 | +0.7306+.0284 | +0.5667+.0403 | +0.5405+.0397 | +0.5371--.0697
6 to 7 Hyer sestte 22 e2 Le) | -+0.6515-+.0349 +0.4800+.0427 | +0.4578-+.0666
7to 8 | ALOLARIGES (BY) | je | +0.5750--.03867 | +0.3036-+.0712
8 to 10 =f Os4800=t=.0 42 (aut Ono 70-1. 030 geen ae ee +0.51138-+.0448

10 and

older| -+0.4578.0666 | ++0.30364-.0712 | +0.5113-+.0448 | ___-._---_--

The graph for the correlations, coefficients of the milk pro-
duction of one lactation with the milk production of subsequent
lactations of the same cows shows little deviation from a straight
line! The values of these correlations range from -+0.4938
=-.0488 to +0.5815+.0468. The values for the three year cor-
relations with the other years range is somewhat higher +0.5305
+.0452 to +0.6336+.0925. These correlations would be quite
accurately described by a linear function. The values of the
correlation of four year old’s production with those of other
years range from +0.2144+.0919 to +0.6328+.0380. On the
whole these values are slightly lower than are those for other

years. The values for the five year olds range from +0.5371

+.0697 to +0.7306-.0284. These values are the highest in
their range of any of the ages. The correlations for the six
year productions with those of other ages range from 0.4578
+.0666 to +0.7306+.0284. The correlations for the seven year
productions range from 0.3036+.0712 to +0.6515+.0349. The
correlations for the 8 and g year period range from +0.4154
=+.0503 to +0.5750+.0367 and the correlations for the produc-

126 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

tions at 10 years and older with those of the younger years range
from -+0.2144-+.0919 to +0.6336-+.0925. From this brief
resume of the tabled results it is seen that all of the results have
the plus sign and have a rather large value for data of this kind.
The values of the coefficients are in general higher for the
younger ages than they are for the older ages. This is a fortu-
nate circumstance from a practical standpoint for the breeder
is more desirous of selecting the animal to remain in the herd
from their two year records than he is to select his animals at
ten years old. The values of the correlations are fortunately
such that a gain in accuracy results by predicting from the two
year olds as over predictions at later ages.

From the practical side of culling the poor milkers out of
the herd these results are highly satisfactory. The data are
equally interesting when considered in their biological aspects.
The correlation shows that the cows composing the herd are
innately differentiated in their milk producing abilities. The
plane of production once established the cow tends to maintain
this relative plane from lactation to lactation. The value of the
correlation indicates clearly that the mechanism behind this func-
tion works quite accurately.

From this point of view it is of a good deal of interest to
compare the only other statistics available for cattle with those
derived here. Gavin using his measure of the lactation, the
“revised maximum,” found the correlation between the milk
productions of the various lactations “revised maximum.” Table
2 is a copy of Gavin’s table showing these correlations.

TABLE 2.
Lactation r with max. R.M. | Probable Error
First | +.394 | 0.031
Second +.452 0.030
Third | +.506 0.028
Fourth +.605 -£0.024
Fifth +.762 +0.016

This table shows in general a lower value for the correla-
tions measuring the consistency of milking performance from
lactation to lactation than is shown on our data. This may in
part be due to the fact that Gavin’s material was somewhat

Mik YIELD oF JERSEY CATTLE. 127

heterogeneous including data from British Holstein and Short-
Horns. In all events, the correlations confirm our general con-
clusions that milk production of one lactation is quite closely
correlated with that of the other lactations. This reasoning
transferred to the individuals of the race of dairy cattle, appears
to prove beyond any shade of doubt that the individuals of the
race are innately differentiated as regards the capacity for milk
production.

Of the quantitative data on other species of practical inter-
est perhaps the most complete is that of Harris and Blakeslee on
the White Leghorn. In this work they determine the correla-
‘tions between the monthly egg production and the other eleven
months production of the same bird. The correlation for these
monthly ovulations with the other eleven months ovulation take
values ranging from +0.240+.033 to +0.573+.023. The range
is there quite similar to those obtained in this study of milk se-
cretion although lower in value. The knowledge of these sets
of constants gives criteria for the fairly accurate prediction of
the records that may be expected as a subsequent date in the
life of these two extremely important economic species.

From these correlation coefficients in table 2 it is possible
to form the straight line prediction of the milk yield of any age
from the yield of any other age. As emphasized repeatedly in
the various sections of this paper dealing with the separate sub-
jects, the predictions may be criticized on the following grounds;
that the mean milk yield rises with age in a line described by a
logarithmic function; that the standard deviation of this milk
yield rises in line described by a cubic parabola; and that the
values of the correlation coefficients differ from the values of
the correlation ratios by 2.42 times the probable error of »?—+?.
Such criticisms are recognized and admitted at once. It is be-
lieved that even admitting these there are a number of impor-
_tant points which may be elucidated by these equations.

The general equation for these regressions is given by

Gays a Y¥
Mean y) + rYy
WV ays

Y — (Mean y —

128

Mating AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ABIES

1920.

Regression Equations of the Milk Yield for Any Age from That
of Any Lactation Record at Another Age.

Age at which milk |
yield was made

2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years

to
to

to 10 years
10 years and above yio

AGE AT WHICH EXPECTED MILK YIELD IS DESIRED.

|2 years to 3 years
Regression
Equation

3 years
4 years
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years

y2|
ys

y4
ys
y6
y7
ys

Y=2130.0+.4194ys
Y=2391.2+ .3427y4

Y=2456.2+.3018y6
Y=1995.3-+.3955y7
Y=2570.8-+ .2927ys
Y=2633.1+.3105y10

Y=2394.44-.3219y5 |

3 years to 4 years

Regression
Equation

|
|

| Y=1515.5+.7922y2

Y=1656.2+ .5935y4
=2408.3-+ .4362y5

Y=2346.6-+ .4330y6

Y=2252.6+.4790y7

Y=2437.6+ .4433ys8

| Y= 868.8+.8766y10

4 years to 5 years

Regression
Equation

Y=1447.4+.8591y2
Y=2013.7-+.6500y3
Y=2513.3+ .4855y5
Y=3092.2-+ .8652ye6
Y=2345.0+ .5149y7
Y=3367.9+ .38298ys
Y=8952.6+ .2190y10

5 years to 6 years

Regression
Equation

Y=1795.7+ .8968y3
Y¥=2082.5-+ .6882y3
Y=2007.2+ .6325y~4
Y=1624.4+ .6708y¢6
Y=2507.8+ .5086y7
=2715.2+ .4959ys
Y=2905.2+.5265y10

Age at which milk
yield was made

2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years

to
to

to 10 years
10 years and above yio

6 years to 7 years

Regression
| Equation

|

3 years a Y=1551.7+1.0028y2
4 years ys| Y=2578.2+ .6500ys
5 years y4| Y=1158.8+.8662y4
6 years ys| Y=1332.7+.7958y5
7 years ye)
8 years y7
ys

=1960.8+.6445y7
Y=2989.5-+.4591lys
=2899.8+ .50538y10

7 years to 8 years

Regression
Equation

Y=1910.8+ .8549y 2
Y=2502.2+ .6075y3
Y=1485.1+.7778y4
Y=2165.0+ .6314y5
Y=1779.2+ .6585y 6
Y=2720.5+.4920ys8
Y=3772.8+ .2946y10

8 years to 10 years

Regression
Equation

Y=1710.8+ .8329y 2
Y=2036.3+ .6519y3
Y=2500.7-+.5233y4
Y=2087.7-+ .5890y5
Y=2493.0+.5019y6
Y=1573.3+ 16720y7

Y=2660.1+-.5150y10

10 years and above

Regression
Equation

Y= 717.0+1.0109ya
Y=2539.6-+ .4580y3
Y¥=3711.3+ .2100y4
Y=1871.7+.5480ys
Y=2681.7+ .4147ye
Y=3205.1+-.3129y7
Y=2271.5+ .5075ys

As the milk production is given in pounds the second term
of each of these equations gives the gain in expected milk yield
for the given age, if one pound increase in actual production is
made during the test. The calculation of an expected yield 1s,
therefore a simple matter of direct substitution.

Thus for the dairyman with a herd of cows producing an
amount of milk similar to this herd of Jerseys, suppose one of
his cows produces 5000 pounds as a two year old, what would
the six year old production be? In the 6 year to 7 year column
on line with the 2 years to 3 years is given the equation neces-
sary to solve the problem, Y=1551.7-+1.0023,,. The arithmet-
rical computation for each step is 1.0023 x 5000==5011.5-++1551.7
6563.2 the pounds of milk expected of the cow at six years. The
repetition of this process for any milk production or age gives
the desired probable milk yield.

Mitx YIELD oF JERSEY CATTLE. 129

CORRELATION OF ONE LactTaATION Recorp WitTH THE MILK
YIELD FOR THE First Five LACTATIONS.

From a practical view point perhaps nothing is more impor-
tant than a knowledge of the degree of accuracy with which the
record of one lactation expresses what the milk yield over a
number of lactations will be.

For this purpose a series of data including records of five
lactations was chosen. Each of the cows whose records were
selected began milking in the second year. The five lactations
were consecutive and approximately a year apart depending on
how long the previous lactations were continued. The lactation
records for the five successive lactations were correlated with the
total milk production for the five lactations. The correlation
coefficients and other constants for these are given in table 4.

TABLE 4.
Age when lactation) Mean Milk Produc-| Standard Deviation |Coefficient of Varia-
commenced tion for the Milk Pro-| tion for the Milk

| duction Production
2 years to 3 years 4159.1+ 57.8 803.2+ 40.8 19.31-41.00
3 years to 4 years 4840.9+ 86.1 1197.9+ 60.9 24,74-41.35
4 years to 5 years 5380.7+ 78.8 1096.2+ 55.7 | 20.37-+-1.06
5 years to 6 years 5568.2+ 87.1 1211.2+ 61.6 | 21.75-+1.17
6 years to 7 years| 5681.8+- 91.4 1270.74 64.6 | 22.36-41.17

Total of five lac- | |
tations 25613.6-£335.9 4672.0-£237.5 | 18.24-- .94

|

O Ori 9 bo

] l
‘Correlation of Indi- Correlation Ratio of)Regression Equations.
Age when lactation vidual lactation rec-Individual _lactation|8 months lactation
commenced ords and five lacta-jrecords and five lac-jand five Jlactations
tion total Production tation total Produc-| total Production
| tion
|
years to 3 years +0.7416-+.0323 +0.7517-+.0312 YT=7671.9+4.8139y2
years to 4 years -8418-+.0209 .8856-+.0155 YT—9719.5+3.2833y3
years to 5 years) -8613-+.0186 -8796-.0162 YT=5861.4+3.6710y4
years to 6 years| .8250-+.0280 | .8561-.0192 YT=7893.5+3.1824y5
years to 7 years -8205-+.0234 .8466-E.0203 YT=8471.9+3.0170y6
Total of five lac-
tations

The high correlation between the record of one lactation and
the total production (first five lactation periods) is manifest.
The correlations are so high as to lead to the conclusion that the
record of one lactation in a cow’s life serves to determine the
records for the total production in the cow’s life.

130 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

The comparison of the accuracy with which this control
mechanism works with that of similar secretions on other species
has a good deal of direct bearing on the subject. The only data
available are for the egg of the domestic fowl.

Correlations obtained by Harris and Blakeslee for the suc-
cessive monthly egg productions of White Leghorn pullets with
their first annual production range from +0.372+.030 to 0.695
-+.018 with an average of 0.556. The correlations of the suc-
cessive yearly productions and the total of the first five lactations
shown in table 4 range from +0.7416.0323 to 0.8613+.0186.
The difference between these correlations is striking. In the
proper calculation of this difference it must be remembered that
the correlations for egg production is for the twelve month peri-
od where the production for the individual month correlation
only contributes one-twelfth to the total annual egg production
while that for the milk production contributes about one-fifth to
the total production of the five lactations. The correlation would
therefore be expected slightly larger for the milk production.
This increased size of the milk correlations over the egg correla-
tions is very small relative to the whole difference as the con-
firmatory results of table 1 shows. The correlations for the
milk production of the successive lactations, therefore, represent
in concrete terms that a greater reliance may be placed in the
milk records of one lactation as measuring the cow’s capacity
than can be placed in the monthly egg records as measuring the
hen’s capacity for annual production. Such being the case, if. we
generalize this conclusion in its ultimate terms, the causative
mechanism behind milk production works with greater fineness
and precision than does the mechanism for egg production. Since
this mechanism seems in its broadest sense to be of hereditary
origin in the two cases, it follows that in the cow this hereditary
complex is less influenced in its action by environment than 1s
the action of the material stuffs of the fowl for egg production.

PRACTICAL ASPECT OF THE CORRELATIONS FOR MiILK PRODUCTION
oF One Lactation ReEcorp WitH ANOTHER LACTATION
RECORD. ;

The constants deduced in table 4 have a good deal of practi-
cal value to the dairyman and to the student of farm manage-

Mitk YIELD oF JERSEY CATTLE. 131

ment. To illustrate, suppose a herd which has 1000 two year
olds who have just completed their first lactation is chosen at
random. The manager of this herd will wish to know what ani-
mals to save for future lactations and the student of farm man-
agement desires to know what may be expected for the total
production of the animals to enable him to determine the plane
to which the herd should be culled for the greatest profit to the
owner.

Perhaps one of the easiest ways to table the necessary in-
formation for its readiest uses is to have the summation of both
the number of cows and their expected total production. This
“summation to be from both ends of the range of milk produced.
The data for such a comparison are given in table 5.

If all the cows in this herd are kept to their sixth lactation
the average production for each cow for the five lactations would
be 25,070 pounds of milk. Noting the summed number of cows
in column four if the 217 poorest producers are culled from the
herd the cows left in the herd will produce on an average 26,408
pounds or an average 5,389 pounds more miik than the culled
cows. Again if the dairyman decides to cull out 543 of the
thousand animals the production of the 457 remaining will be
28,192 pounds or 5,747 pounds more than the culled cows on
the average for the summed productions for the five lactations.

As the records dealt with in this paper are all for the first
eight months of lactation it follows that most cows will extend
beyond this limit and produce more milk. In using this table to
determine what cows may be kept profitably, this fact should be
kept in mind. If the dairyman has determined the complete
cost of producing his milk a knowledge of the price he receives
for it will allow him to determine at once from column three
what cows he should keep in the herd.

In the bulletin following this, the relation of the butter-fat
percentage to the age of the cow will be analyzed using the rec-
ords for this herd.

1920.

Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

132

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BULLETIN 290

THE VARIATION OF BUTTER-FAT PERCENTAGE
WITH AGE IN JERSEY CATTLE.*

By Joun W. Gowen.

SUMMARY

This paper deals with the variation of butter-fat percentage
for a pure bred herd of Jersey cattle. The mean butter-fat per-
centage for this herd is 5.2260-+.0073. The comparison of the
butter-fat percentage of the milk of 28 different breeds of cattle
shows this mean butter-fat percentage as high as that for any
breed. The range of variation of these means for the different
breeds is between 3.05 to 5.12. The frequency distribution for
this range is bimodal one mode occurring at about 3.7 per cent
and the other at about 5.0 per cent.

When the variability of the butter-fat percentage is com-
pared with that of the other milk constituents it is found that
the variation of the butter-fat percentage from cow to cow is
about twice as much as is the variation of the solids-not-fat:
percentage.

Comparing the variation of the percentages of the different
parts of the egg with the variation of the butter-fat percentage
it is found that the percentage of yolk and of shell vary to the
same degree as the butter-fat percentage but that the percentage
of albumin has only half the variation of the butter-fat per-
centage.

There is a slight negative correlation (—0.1126+.0161)
between the age of the cow and the butter-fat percentage which
the cow will produce. Described in word this correlation states:
that for each increment added to the age of a cow there is a

*This paper is an abstract of a longer paper on “Studies in Milk
Secretion VI. On the Variations and Correlations of Butter-Fat Per-
centage with Age in Jersey Cattle,” published by the same author in
Genetics, May 1920. All literature citations should be made to this com-
plete paper.

134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

‘Slight but consistent decrease in the butter-fat percentage which
her milk will contain.

The problems of milk secretion taken from their economic
and scientific aspects may be said to be twofold, the first phase
of the subject dealing with the problems connected with the
production of the quantity of milk, the second phase consider-
ing the quality or amount of the constituents per unit volume
of the milk. This second phase to the minds of most people
has come to mean for milk production the amount of butter-fat
per unit volume of the milk or the percentage of this butter-fat.

In studies in milk secretion V of this series of papers the
subject of the variations and correlations of milk secretion with
age was examined analytically. In this paper it is proposed to
deal with the normal fluctuations and associations of the butter-
fat percentage for the milk of the same cows used in the pre-
ceding study.

The theorem chosen is a small part of that greater problem
which has come to be known under the title of developmental
mechanics. If a group of like animals are measured for any
character and the measurements brought together in a curve rep-
resenting the individuals in the group, the position of any indi-
vidual in the curve and the shape of the curve itself are the
functions of the two basic variables given such prominence by
the work of Galton, environment and heredity. This environ-
ment may play a larger or a smaller part in its influence on the
character. In most inheritance studies of what might be called
qualitative characters, commonly classified as the chemist does in
analyzing a chemical compound for its constituent elements as
barium present or barium absent, the environmental differences
cause little variation in the somatic appearance of the character.
In other words put in quantitative terms coefficient of variability
of the character is low or as the physicist says the character is
constant. The place of the individual in a curve then is due
largely if not entirely to heredity.

In the so called quantitative characters the conditions are
reversed to a certain extent. The superimposed variability of
the conditions under which the organism exists play their part
along with heredity in determining the place in the variation
curve that the individual will take.. Clearly in a study of the

ButtEerR-FAT PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE. 135

hereditary nature of such a quantitative character a knowledge
of its variation is essential to any adequate study of the subject.
Before the milk production or butter-fat percentage of a heifer
and an age cow are compared we must know what has come
between for this may be and often is a part of heredity itself.

What these investigations, the first on milk production and
the present one on butter-fat percentage, have attempted to do
is to analyze the individual variations of the individuals in one
curve in terms of their component parts.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. »

The material and methods used are the same as those of
the previous paper save that certain of the cows kept in the
early history of the herd were not tested for butter-fat. The
number remaining after these were discarded were 1713 with
complete eight months butter-fat percentage records. Through-
out this study all of the records are for the first eight months of
the lactations that extend at least through the ninth month. For
the benefit of those who are unfamiliar with the previous paper,
that part of the introduction significant to the data and its man-
ner of collection is quoted.

“The data are exceptional in the following ways: (1) The
records extend back to the year 1897 when the herd was organ-
ized; (2) the animals are practically all straight island stock;
(3) they have been under the oversight and direction of one
manager since 1901; (4) exact records are kept of the milk
production, butter-fat per cent and butter-fat; (5) many of the
individual animals have records for several different lactations.

The elimination of variation caused by varying the five
factors above in the records of cows to be used for exact analy-
_ sis of the laws of milk and butter-fat production is important,
as it has been often shown that such differences can influence
the herd’s production. It is obvious that these records are free
from such variables. They constitute a homogeneous group of
data representing the island Jersey under constant conditions of
management and climate.

The data used for study are all from normal healthy cows.
Two diseases have been present in the herd, tuberculosis and
abortion. The tubercular animals were all eliminated early in

136 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

the herd’s history by the use of the tubercular test. All rec-
ords from animals which were proven to be tubercular or which
aborted were not used. Records from animals normally healthy
but sick during a given lactation were not used. All of the
cows have been kept in cling sie conditions similar to those of
western Virginia.

A word as to the method of keeping the data and its trans-
fer to this Station. All records are made at the time of milking
on the dairy milk sheet for the given cow which are kept in the
barn. The milking taking place twice a day the records are for
night and morning. The weekly production taken from these
sheets is transferred to the herd ledger by a trained bookkeeper.
The total production for a given month is found together with
the yearly production by adding the weekly totals. All records
are recorded to pounds and tenths, The cows are tested bi-
monthly by the Babcock test and the percentage of butter-fat is
recorded beside its corresponding monthly milk yield. All
weighings and readings are recorded immediately after they are
made so there is little chance of inaccuracy. From these rec-
ords the author has extracted 1741 complete 8 months records of
healthy cows for milk production. Of these 1741, 1713 have
records for the butter-fat per cent. The weighted monthly
averages of the bi-monthly test have been used to obtain the
weighted 8 months average for the 8 months lactation period
chosen for study.”

VARIATION OF Fat PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY MiILk WITH THE
AcE WHEN THE Test Was Mabe.

The records for the mean butter-fat percentage for the 8
months of lactation have been calculated by the author for all
cows and for each lactation.

The chief physical constants for these data are presented in
Table 1. The four constants presented are the mean, standard
deviation, coefficient of variation and skewness.

Several features of general interest concerning butter-fat
secretion are evidenced by this table. Thesé points can only be
touched hurriedly as it is planned to take up most of them in-
dividually in later sections of this paper.

Butter-Fat PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE.

TABLE 1.

137

Constants of Variation of Butter-Fat Percent for the Succes-

sive Ages at Test m Jersey Milk.

(S Months Lactation

Period.)
Age at test Mean Standard Coefficient Skewness
Deviation | of Variation
|
2 yrs. 0 mo. to 8 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.2635-+.0183 | 0.4662-+.0129 | 8.8581--.3473 | +0.1333--.0490
3 yrs. 0 mo. to 4 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.2777+.0204 | 0.4749+.0145 | 8.9976.3909 | +0.2635-+.0556 —
4 yrs. 0 mo. to 5 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.2759-+.0196 | 0.4415-++.0189 | 8.3680+.3744 | +0.2744+-.0583
5 yrs. 0 mo. to 6 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.2345-+.0187 | 0.4132--.0132 | 7.8938+-.3644 | --.-_----------
6-yrs. 0 mo. to 7 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.1875-+.0216 | 0.4445-+.0153 | 8.5686-++.4191 | _--___________
7 yrs..0 mo. to 8 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.1697-+.0223 | 0.43822+.0158 | 8.3599--.4359 | +0.1047--.0732
8 yrs. 0 mo. to 9 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.1553-+.0249 | 0.4156+-.0176 | 8.0619-++.4359 | —0.1357-+.0718
9 yrs. 0 mo. to 10 yrs. 0 mo. | 5.1668-+.0353 | 0.4818-+.0249 | 9.8259-++.6875 | —0.5656-.2963
10 yrs. 0 mo. to above 5.1339-+.0288 | 0.4419-+-.0204 | 8.60738+.5647 | ---.----------
Total Population 5.2260-.0073 | 0.4492-+.0052 | 8.5950=5.0995 | +0.1003+.0209

The mean butter-fat percentage is the highest in the early
ages at which the Jersey cow’s mammary gland is functioning.
From this high point the percentage of this butter-fat declines
irregularly toward the older years of the cow’s life. The low-
est percentage is reached when the cow is over ten years of age.
The difference between the highest mean value of the percentage
of butter-fat occurring at three years old and the lowest mean
value at ten years and older (5.2777-+.0204 and 5.1339+.0288)
is 0.1438+.0354 or the difference is 4.05 times the probable

error. Such a difference while only mediocre, is likely to be
significant. The point will be discussed later in connection with
other data. The mean percentage of butter-fat of these Jersey

cows (5.2260-+.0073) agrees fairly well with that on other Jer-
sey data (5.12) published by the author in table 2 of a previous
bulletin. As the data on which the 5.12 percentage was based,
included a wide variety of conditions, climate, management, etc.
it would appear reasonable to suppose that this figure represents
a fair average for the Jersey breed. If such is in fact the case
the average production of the Jerseys included in the herd
studied are above those of the breed as a whole in butter-fat
percentage contained in their milk. The difference is slight in
absolute amount, however.

If we examine the butter-fat concentration of the milk of
the various breeds summarized in the table referred to above,

we see that the Jersey stands at the top of the list of these

Sa

138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

twenty-eight herds as to the amount of butter-fat produced in
its milk. The variation of this average butter-fat is between 3.05
and 5.12 per cent and the Jerseys are more than two per cent
greater in mean butter-fat percentage than are the lowest cows
of the species. It is especially instructive to study the distribu-
tion of these tests a little more closely. For this purpose the
tests were grouped into two-tenths per cent intervals. Such a
distribution gives some appreciation of the hereditary factors
which may be expected to occur in the given breed. The results
of such a grouping show that there are two breeds the Jersey
and the Guernsey at the top of the scale for the butter-fat con-
centration of their milk. The percentage is around 5 per cent.
In the other group are included the breeds of cattle with a mean
butter-fat percentage around 3.7. Between these two groups
there is a distinct break between a mean percentage of 4.2 and
4.6. Such a break is highly suggestive of an hereditary differ-
ence of at least one unit between these breeds. In this connec-
tion the range or spread of the frequency distributions taken for
each of these high and low test groups is of interest. Taking
the data from the Jerseys of this paper and the Holstein-Friesian
of the above mentioned paper the range of butter-fat for the
first is 3.65 to 6.95 while that for the Holstein-Friesian is 2.4
to 4.8. As the two frequencies are not very far from normal
and as what skewness there is is plus, it follows that the over-
lap of these curves constitutes only a small area of the total
covered by them. The differences of the two breeds are there-
fore quite distinct. The differences in the scatter of the two
groups is also significant as measured by the standard devia-
tion. The standard deviation for the Holstein-Friesian group
is 0.318+.004 and that of this Jersey group is 0.449.005 or the
difference and the probable error are 0.131.006. Absolutely
considered the higher fat test cows are more variable than the
lower butter-fat percentage cows. In the Jersey or highest
group no influence of age on the standard deviation appears to
exist.

The coefficient of variation is worth especial study as it
gives us in comparable terms the relation between the standard
deviation of a distribution and its mean. For our problem the
conclusions to be derived from it are not, unfortunately, so
straight forward as we are dealing with the index, butter-fat

ButtEer-Fat PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE. 139

_ percentage. Reflection on the purpose of the coefficient of vari-

ation will make clear that the use of coefficients of variation
comes in ridding the coefficient of the terms in which the data
are recorded. In other words the coefficient is made a pure
number. This is also just what an index does, consequently the
use of a coefficient of variation of an index is somewhat like cal-
culating the variation of a pure number. How much this in-
fluences the conclusions to be derived from such coefficients of
variation is a matter of some doubt. That there is some influ-
ence is known; it is, however, altogether probable that this dis-
‘turbance is not so great but what some conclusion may be drawn
from the calculated coefficients of variation even admitting these
disturbances.

The need for such a comparison become especially clear in
our data on butter-fat percentage. Here the character studied
is the concentration of the butter-fat in the milk and not the
total mass or pounds of this fat secreted for a lactation. Infor-
mation is desired on the variation of the functioning of the cells
which secrete this concentrated fat emulsion in comparison with
‘those of cells of the mammary secreting a low concentration of
fat. Furthermore comparison data for the variation of the
ability of other glandular cells in their secretory activity is de-
sirable. For these reasons it has seemed best to present coeffi-
cients of variation for such data realizing in so doing that too
wide conclusions cannot be drawn from them. The data for this
comparison are given in Table 2. In this table are also includ-
ed, to save the table space, the calculated skewness of the fre-
quency distributions as these data will be used shortly.

The standard deviations of the butter-fat percentage of the
milk produced by the four breeds, Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein-
Friesian and Ayrshire shows a relation to the mean concentra-
- tion of this butter-fat, such that, the breeds producing the great-
est concentration have a significantly larger variation than do
the breeds whose milk contains less fat. The solids other than
the butter-fat, contained in the milk of the Holstein-Friesian
cows, show approximately the same standard deviation as does
the butter-fat of this breed. Such mean solids-not-fat percent-
age of about two and one-half times the mean butter-fat per-
centage leads to a coefficient of variation of about half the size
of that for the butter-fat percentage.

ee ee

140 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTIon. 1920.
TABLE 2.

The Variation and Amount of Asymmetry of the Concentration
of the Components of Known Secretions.

Mean Per- | Standard | Coefficient | Skewness | Source of
Character centage | Deviation of Variation) Data

|
|

Milk
Jersey butter-fat Percent-

age 5.22.01 | 0.45-+.01 8.60.10 +0.10-+.02 |This paper
Holstein-Friesian butter-fat

Percentage 3.44+.01 0.32+.00 9.23-+.12 +0.15-+.02 Gowen
Holstein-Friesian Solid-not-

Fat Percentage 8.60.01 | 0.34.01 3.92.11 +0.17-.05 Gowen
Ayrshire Butter-Fat Per- |

centage 3.68.01 | 0.32+-.01 8.764.17* | +0.16-+.03 | Vigor
Guernsey Butter-Fat Per- |

centage 5.08+.00 | 0.48+.00 9.45+.01 | +0.12-+.01 Gowen
Egg of Domestic Fowlt |
Albumen Percentage 59.83.04 2.75+.03 4.59--.03* | +0.27-+.02*|Curtis
Yolk Percentage 30.00+.04 | 2.70+.02 8.99--.06* +0.21-+.02*| Curtis

Shell Percentage 10.184.01 | 1.044.01 | 10.304.06* | +0.10+.02*|Curtis

*These constants were calculated by the author from the data presented by the
different investigators whose papers are cited. The means and standard deviations
cited from these authors have been checked by the author.

+The author is indebted to Dr. M. R. Curtis for the loan of the original data
on which the calculations were based for the variation of the parts of the egg.

The standard deviations of the percentage constituents of
the egg parts are all higher than those for the percentage con-
stituents of the parts of the milk. Thus the standard deviations
of the percentage of albumen in the egg is 2.75, that of the yolk
is 2.70 and of the shell 1.04; whereas for the butter-fat per-
centage the standard deviations range from 0.32 to 0.48. This
would seem to indicate a real difference in variability between
the functioning of the gland cells of the udder of the cow and
the oviduct of the hen. The mean percentage of the different
parts of the egg are considerably larger than those of the milk
parts, however. For the percentage of yolk and the percentage
of shell the coefficients of variation agree well with those found
for the variation of the butter-fat percentage. The coefficient
of variation for the albumen does not agree with that of the
butter-fat percentage but does agree with that of the solids-not-
fat in the milk of the cow. In the formation of the egg of the
domestic fowl it is well known that only certain cells can se-
crete a given substance. The similar variation of the protein
containing solids-not-fat and the albumen portion of the egg and

Butter-FAT PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE, 141

the similar variation of the lipin portion of the milk the lipin
portion of the egg calls attention to the lack of knowledge con-
; cerning the exact nature of this secretory activity of the mam-
mary gland and the possibility that there may be two types of
cells in this gland of separate and distinct function.

Returning to Table 1, no skewness is present in three of the
nine distributions. In the remaining six distributions at the
different ages there are four in which the skewness is plus and
two in which the skewness is minus. The frequency distribu-
tions of butter-fat percentage at the first three years of the lac-
tation life of the Jersey cow are skew in the plus direction. This
skewness increases to the fifth year of lactation. At this age
the curves for the butter-fat percentages are symmetrical. The
minus skewness of the eight and nine years of age are quite
unlooked for. Negative skewness is on the whole, rare. Why
milk production at these ages should change to become minus
and minus to as large an amount in the ninth year of age is not
clear.

The general frequency distribution for the butter-fat per-
centage of Jersey milk has a plus skewness of rather small
amount. The comparison of the skewness for this Jersey data
with that of other breeds is given in Table 2. These data show
that butter-fat percentage of the four breeds, Jersey, Holstein-
Friesian, Ayrshire and Guernsey is plus and of small amount.
The distribution of each breed have approximately the same
numerical value for this constant.

Comparison of the skewness of the other milk solids with
those of the butter-fat percentage distributions show these dis-
tributions are, within the limits of random sampling equal in
their asymmetry.

The comparison of the skewness of the percentage com-
position of the parts of the egg reveals the fact that the skew-
ness of the percentage of shell is of about equal amount with
those of the different parts of the milk. The skewness of the
percentages of yolk and of albumen are slightly greater than
those of any of the butter-fat percentages contained in the milk
of the different breeds. In comparison with their probable er-
rors the difference between these values is in certain cases un-
doubtedly significant in other cases the significance of the data
is not so clear.

142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

The conclusion appears justified that the frequency distrib-
utions for butter-fat percentage in cow’s milk are slightly asym-
metrical and that this skewness is in the plus direction.

THE CORRELATION OF JERSEY 8 Montus ButtTer-Fat PER CENT
Wits AGE OF THE Cow aT COMMENCEMENT OF TEST.

Increase in age of the cow from the time she is a heifer to
the time she is at her maximum productivity at 7 years has been
shown to bring about a logarithmic increase in the quantity of
eight months milk produced by that cow. The effect of increas-
ing the age of the cow on the quality is of equal interest to the
student of the physiological behavior of the mammary gland.
The data for this comparison in the herd of pure bred Jersey
cows with which this study deals are shown in Table 3.

ADM BICIB, «5),

Correlation Surface for Butter-Fat Percentage and Age at Test
For Jersey Cattle. (Lactation Period 8 Months).

BUTTER-FAT %

| Neen || | ] ne eal |
1D | | lo
© | | Kae ost re
I | Meo eeleapekele Rak:
S|8/8| 8/Si8/Si8l2/8| si8)s! Si Sislelsis [sis islsis lo
Joo | 6S | od | 0d | wh | we HP | | 15) 19 | a8 | 15) 19) 1d | 15 |S | | o | C/o |o |
Z| cP 2] a | te | | a | A | Pe |
eabec | | |
1:6— 2:0, Be) 1) 3} 2) 3/ 3) 3) 7 7 3) 4) 4) 1 38-
2:0 | 1) | 4| 11| 12) 13) 24] 35) 37| 42] 25| 10) 13} 10| 5] 5| 2 1 250
2:6 | | 1) 93 [eT S15 | eae ae ae 3] 8 ale 46
3:0 | 3| 6| 5] 12) 11) 18) 34] 15] 19) 16} 6| 8| 1| 1) 1 a Pa: 158
8:6 | 1) 3] 9] 4] 13] 13] 10] 7] 6| 7} 3] 3] 1) 2] a] 2} 7 87
4:0 | 1| 2| 5] 12) 18) 15] 15] 18) 13] 13] 9| 4) 3} 2] 1 1 132
4:6 1] 2| 6| 9| 14] 12] 15] 11) 8] 8] 3] 6 1 2 98-
5:0 } 1] | | 7/41} 9 18) 13) 14) 14) 10} 6 8 1 | 107
5:6 | | 2) | 4] 9] 5] 15] 13] 21) 14/13] 7 4! 5) 1 aller 115
6:0 | 4| 3| 6| 6] 12) 10] 13] 9] 13] 2) 5] 3} 1] 1) 1) 1 90
6:6 | Ty Dl) 2)" 3] 6} 9) all 18!-13)) 14) 48) si sialies 102
7:0 > | 1) | 4{ 3} 11] 10) 6) 12) 16) 5) 5) 2) 3] 2 1 81
TGs 2) |, 2| 3] 6] 6) 12] 13] 16) 12) 11) 4 a 90
8:0 & | forall os} 1} 5} 4! 7 3] 11) 10) 10] 10) 3] 1) 4 | 70
8:6 ko a Baa suet sey) Hy) Tei a) Gl a] a 57
9:0 © | 1) 1 2) 13) <6 irs 04) care ee eae 48°
9:6 o| | | 1} 3] 3) 3) 4] 3} 4! 3) 3] -g) 2] a) 7 37
10:0 pee | ee | Me) Ay al 4) alia} 4) sleet a 1 29
10:6 | | i Pall) Gl al a abe Bay iy al 21
11:0 | | Tea eos Al pam eesllieecsiia teil ee aly ail) Fl 1 18
11:6 | TS) el ele 6 lina thal 12
12:0 2, | [Pca sesh ll as Tae 1 at 8
12:6 | Som Bh, Shea ul Pie 1} 1 8
13:0 | | es eRSY PS Steers enshp OT 6
13:6 | Fe (iil eg enc at eo be 1} 1 2
14:0 69 feel | feta nd ee Uy a eo alba Sh | 2
14:6 | | ey fe | 1
15:0 | |Fieel ae Bae:
15:6—16:0) | sean al | ie
Total | | 1) 2| 6 8 32| 57| 99|126)187/216 258/231 189)104| 71) 63| 27/ 13) 8| 7| 4) 4) {1718
| | | | | |
| | Re a tl a eee

ButTtTEeR-FAT PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE. 143

The correlation and its accompanying constants for these
two variables is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4.

Constants Measuring the Intensity of the Association Between
Age and Butter-Fat Percentage Found in the Exght
Months Milk of Jersey Cows.

r | 1 | Ue are
| |

—0.1126.0161 0.1478+-.0159 0.0092--.0031

From these constants it is clear that there is a slight sig-
nificant relation between the age of the cow and the concentra-
tion of the butter-fat contained in her milk. The value of y
corresponds well with that of r except that it is different in
signs aS 7 by its derivation is a positive quantity. The regres-
sion is clearly a linear one as the values of the constants to mea-
sure the linearity (n?—r?) are less than three times their prob-
able error (0.0092+.0031).

In comparison with the previous curves on the milk produc-
tion for the same cows plotted on the same age basis the curve
for the butter-fat percentage shows that while the milk produc-
tion rises logarithmatically to a maximum and then falls off
more slowly, the butter-fat percentage actually is slightly de-
creasing in this milk, as the age increases. This means that
while the mass of butter-fat produced by a cow follows in gen-
eral the same kind of function as does the milk, there is this
difference ; vs. the butter-fat relative to the milk is always de-
creasing slightly in amount.

This fact of a slight negative correlation and a consequent
decline in the mean butter-fat percentage produced with the
advancing age of the Jersey cow is interesting in comparison
with the known facts for other breeds. As previously shown by
the writer the correlation between age and butter-fat percent-
age for the year test Holstein-Friesian cows is —o.0546+.0181.
Vigor has shown the correlation between these same variables
to be —0.2744+.0255 for, Ayrshire -cattle (the author has

144 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

checked the results and found it correct). From unpublished
data of the writer the correlation of advanced registry Guern-
sey cattle for these same variables is —o.1174-+.0134. The cor-
relation for the Jersey is equal to —o.1126+.0161. Two of
these correlations are based on advanced registry data and may
be considered as subject to.a selective influence on the data.
The distributions do not look as if such a disturbing factor had
been present as there is no evidence of truncation and as shown
in a previous part of the paper the frequency constants agree
quite well with those of the Jerseys and Ayrshires known to be
untruncated. It seems therefore that the constants above should
be directly comparable as to the relation of age and buter-fat
percentage of these breeds.

The Jersey correlation coefficients do agree very closely
with those of the Guernseys. The Ayrshire do not agree at all
with any of the other breeds for difference of the correlations of
Ayrshire and Jersey is 0.1618+.0301 or 5.4 times its probable
error. The multiple times the probable error is greater for the
Holstein-Friesians. The difference of the Holstein-Friesian cor-
relation from that of the Jerseys is probably not significant as
it is only 2.4 times the probable error. The correlation for the
Holstein-Friesian age and percentage of butter-fat produced is
probably not significant. .

The Ayrshire results are obtained under the conditions of
Scotland whereas, the other results, are on cattle kept in this
country. This may possibly account for the difference in influ-
ence of age on butter-fat concentration of Ayrshire cows as
compared with these other breeds or it may equally well mean
that the Ayrshires are innately different from the other breeds.

The correlation for the Holstein-Friesian in comparison
with the correlation for the other breeds is small. It does show
the same sign as the other correlations.

These considerations taken together lead to the following
conclusion which may be expressed tentatively as follows: each
increment of time added to a cow’s life causes a slight decline
in the concentration of butter-fat that the cow’s mammary gland
can secrete into the milk.

In the bulletin following this, the relation of the butter-fat
percentage of one lactation to the butter-fat percentage of a sub-
sequent lactation will be analyzed using the records from this
same herd.

BULLETIN 291

THE CORRELATION: BETWEEN THE BUTTER-FAT
PERCENTAGE OF ONE LACTATION AND THE
‘-BUTTER-FAT PERCENTAGE OF SUCCEED-

ING LACTATIONS IN JERSEY CATTLE*

By JoHn W. GoweEN.

SUMMARY

This bulletin presents a study of the accuracy with which
the butter-fat percentage of one lactation predicts the butter-
fat percentage of a subsequent lactation for a pure bred herd
of Jerseys under uniform farm conditions. The correlation
coefficients describing this relation range from -+0.6781+.0310
to +0.2470+.0640. The numerical value of these correlation
coefficients signifies that with a fair degree of accuracy the bat-
ter-fat percentage of one lactation measures the probable butter-
fat percentage of a subsequent lactation.

_ The mean of these correlation coefficients for butter-fat
percentage of one lactation with another was +0.5215. The
mean of the milk production of one lactation with another was
+0.5352. There is consequently no difference in the relative
accuracy of the prediction of milk yield or butter-fat percentage
from one lactation to another.

The mean value of the correlation coefficients for the
monthly egg yield of White Leghorn pullets with their year
egg yield was -++0.446. Comparison of this correlation with
those given above makes it seem that greater dependence may
be placed in the record for milk yield or butter-fat percentage
of a cow as a measure of future production than can be placed

*This paper is an abstract of a longer paper on “Studies in Milk
Secretion VI. On the Variations and Correlations of Butter-Fat Per-
centage with Age m Jersey Cattle,” published by the same author in
Genetic, May 1920. All literature citations should be made to this com-
plete paper.

146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

in the monthly egg record of a hen as a measure of her year
record.

The relation of the average butter-fat percentage of one
lactation with the butter-fat percentage of five lactations is
determined. These correlation coefficients range from -+0.784
+.028 to 0.862.018. Such high values indicate that with
slight inaccuracy the butter-fat percentage of one lactation
predicts the butter-fat percentage of the first five lactations of
a cow’s life.

Table 4 furnishes a ready means of determining from the
butter-fat percentage of the first lactation what the butter-fat
percentage of the first five will be for a Jersey herd of similar
butter-fat percentage to the herd here studied.

In a preceding bulletin the discussion of these data was di-
rected toward the analysis of the influence of age on the per-
centage of butter-fat produced in a given lactation and the vari-
ability of this butter-fat percentage with age. In the present
bulletin the phase of the problem dealing with butter-fat per-
centage of one lactation in relation to that of another lactation
will be considered. : a

Little or no analysis based on concrete data has been made
on this problem, yet obviously on a knowledge of these relations
depend the justification for many of the practices now extant
in dairy husbandry as well as laying the foundation for the solu-
tion of many problems connected with the secretion of butter-
fat percentage itself. The existing information concerning
butter-fat secretion is largely empirical. It is commonly said
that the great butter-fat producing machines of today are due
to these cattle breeders using such methods. In the widest sense
this is no doubt true although such a mode of procedure tells us
nothing about the biological factors underlying the advance in
butter-fat percentage, or the laws by which it is governed. In
such cases chance and luck play a very important part in the
improvement. It is in the removal of these disturbing factors
and making the improvement less haphazard that exact numer-
ical analysis find their place. The solution of the problems con-
nected with butter-fat production are complex and need to be
approached from many angles. This section of the present in-
vestigation was undertaken in the hope that some knowledge

ButTtTER-FAaT PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE, 147

of the intra-individual variation with regard to the relative con-
centration of this butter-fat from lactation to lactation would
throw some definite light on these problems. The homogeneous
nature of the material is especially favorable to this problem.

Naturally the problem resolves itself into a study of the
relative strength and precision of action of the inherited com-
plex possessed by the cow working in conjunction with and in
opposition to the environmental changes. If heredity plays a
large part in the production of a cow the position of the cow in
the frequency curves discussed in the earlier part of the paper
_will remain approximately the same from lactation to lactation;
if on the other hand heredity of butter-fat production is weak
in comparison with the influence of the shifts in environment,
the position in our frequency curves of the cow will change
materially from lactation to lactation. The preliminary steps in
the analysis of this problem included a study of the mean butter-
fat percentage for each age and the standard deviations of this
for the different ages.

The conclusion which may be drawn from this study of the
means, standard deviations and coefficients of variation is that
no selection of cows for future milkers on the basis of their but-
ter-fat percentage in previous lactations has been practiced at
any time in the herd’s history. This important conclusion re-
garding the data reflects back on the conclusion drawn from the
studies of the earlier paper* as those conclusions are freed from
the one possible criticism that selection of the best producing
animals, to be kept for the milkers in later life, by the records
made while they were young, has materially influenced the gen-
eral applicability of the results of this study to the herd of Jer-
sey Cattle as a whole.

THE CORRELATION OF THE BuTTER-FAT PERCENTAGE FOR EIGHT
Montus’ Mitx Yietp at a Given AGE WITH THE LIKE
Butter-Fat PERCENTAGE AT ANY OTHER GIVEN AGE.

The homogeneous nature of the records established by the
previous analysis, the data may now be used for the correlations

*Gowen, John W., 1920. The Variation of Butter-Fat Percentage
with Age in Jersey Cattle. In Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station for 1920. pp. 132-144.

148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

themselves knowing that the data on which these correlations
are based are such that the values of the correlations are their
true values.

TABLE 1.

Coefficients of Correlation for Butter-Fat Per cent of a Given
Year when Correlated with Other Gwen Years.

AGE CORRELATED.

Age with
which cor- 2:0—3:0 3:0—4:0 { 4:0—5:0 5:0—6:0

Telated
2° 05=8:07 5 elo ees +0.5277+.0368 | +0.5288-+.0390 +0.5846-+.0382
3:0—4:0 SOI 27a 0808 |e eee | +0.6071.0349 +0.5836+.0384
4:0—5:0 +0.5288+.0390 -0:6071+-.0349 | 2 ae | +0.6781.0310
5:0—6:0 +0.5846+.0382 +0.58364.0384 | +0.6781.0310 | —-_---—_-__
6:0—7:0 +0.5956-+.0407 +-0.5861+.0426 +0.52364.0460 | +0.5529-.0417
7:0—8:0 +0.6068+.0452 +0.2470.0640 +0.5668+.0447 | +0.4830+.0480
a eeee +0.5695-+.0468 + 0.4311 .0533 +0.44754.0498 | +0.56384.0382
10:0 an

above +0.5739+.0787 +0.52504.1121 | +0.5163-+.0674 +0.4138+.0747

l |

Age with
which cor- 6:0—7:0 7:0—8:0 8:0—10:0 | 10:0 and above

Telated
2:0—3:0 +0.5956-+.0407 +0.6068+.0452 | +0.5695-4.0468 | +0.5739-4.0787
3:0—4:0 +0.5861.0426 +0.2470+.0640 | +0.4311+.0533 +0.5250+.1121
4:0—5:0 +0.5236+.0460 +0.5668+.0447 | +0.4475+.0498 | +0.5163+.0674
5:0—6:0 +0.5529--.0417 +0.4830+.0480 +0.5638+.0382 | +0.4138-+.0747
6207206 2a | ape ee +0.5594+.0420 | +40.4678+.0434 | +0.3196-+.0788
7:0—8:0 BE 504=1=1 0400 ea | | +0.6004%.0349 | +0.41374:0659
8:0—10:0 +0.4678.0434 =P O1G004. 0349 | ene | +0.5294F.0436
10:0 and |

above +0.3196+.0788 +0.4137+.0659 4: 5IOAEE ASG ee | ee eee nat

Table 1 gives the correlations and their probable errors for

all ages at which the lactation records were divided. The ver-
tical columns as in the preceding tables for the other constants
of the correlation surfaces give the correlations of the butter-
fat percentage of the ages heading the column with the butter-
fat percentage at the ages indicated on the left hand margin of
the table. As will be noted the correlations necessary to give
the complete set of correlations for any age are repeated e. g.
the correlation of 2 years butter-fat percentage with that at 3
years is +0.5277+.0368 and appears in the two year column on
line with the three year age. The correlation of the three years

Butter-FAt PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE. 149.

butter-fat percentage with that of the two years will, of course,
be the same (0.5277+.0368) and is repeated in the three year
column on the line with the two year age. Such an arrangement
facilitates the grasping of the complete picture of the relation
between the yield of a given age and that of any other year, as
each column represents the correlation coefficients of that year
with the other years.

The largest of these correlation coefficients for the butter-
fat percentage of one lactation in comparison with that of an-
other is +0.6781+.0310 for the lactation at four years old and at
five years old. The lowest correlation coefficient is +-0.2470
=+-.0640 for the comparison of the butter-fat percentage of the
three year olds with that of the seven year olds. All of these
correlations are plus. There was no correlation out of the fifty—
six determined which was not significant. Such high correlations:
point to a regulatory mechanism behind the mammary functiom
which governs, within certain limits, the concentration of butter—
fat which a given cow is able to secrete into her milk from one:
lactation to another. In other words the correlations of butter—
fat percentage of a given aged cow with that of the other ages:
at which this cow may have other lactation records are approxi-—
mately of the same values. throughout.

The average level of the correlations for butter-fat percent-
age of a lactation of a given age with those at any other age is.
of especial interest to the dairyman since the size of the correla-
tion is the index by which he may choose the lactation on which
to base the selection of animals to remain in the herd as future
milkers. “The averages of these correlations have accordingly -
been made. The highest average correlation coefficient is for the
butter-fat percentage of the lactation commencing between the
ages two years to three years (0.5696). The next highest average
correlation coefficient is for the four year age (0.5520). The
“five year ages is third (0.5514), the eight and nine year age is
fourth (0.5156). The other ages at lactation follow in the order,
six, three, seven, and ten and older years. The differences in
these correlations are of only doubtful significance so that no
conclusion as to the relative merit of the use of one lactation over
that of another as a basis for selection of animals to remain in
the herd, can with certainty be made. Further from the theoreti-
cal side no conclusion can be drawn from these figures as to any

150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

differential action of the mechanism or effect of environment on
the milk production and butter-fat percentage at these different
ages. They do, however, lead to the important practical conclu--
sion that a cow commencing her lactations as a two year old with
a high butter-fat percentage may be expected to duplicate this
relatively high performance within a small error in the next and
succeeding lactations. The first lactation records as to the butter-
fat percentage that a given cow will produce, are a good index of
what may be expected in future years of that cow, as will be
shown in a subsequent section. The selection of cows to remain
in the herd on the basis of these records is profitable to the dairy-
man.

The comparison of these correlations with those on milk
production for the same date using the same divisions is of con-
siderable interest as showing the relative strength by which one
lactation governs the future production of another lactation. Table
2 gives this comparison for the average unweighted coefficients
of correlation for the records of each age with the records made
at another age.

RABE Z:

Average Coefficients of Correlation for Lactation Records Made
at a Given Age and Lactation Records Made at Other Ages
for Milk Production and Butter-Fat Percentage.

Coefficient of Correlation

Age at which given Difference
record is made Butter-Fat Milk Pro- Butter-Fat Per-
Percentage duction centage Milk
Production
2 years to 3 years +9.5696 9.5491 | -0205
3 years to 4 years -DO11 .D694 —.0683
4 years to 5 years 5526 -5960 -0466
5 years to 6 years .5514 -D13D —.9221
6 years to 7 years -D150 -D661 —.0511
7 years to 8 years 4967 p01 —.0534
8 years to 10 years -5156 5077 0079
“10 years and older 4702 4597 -0105
_Average of records at
all ages .5215 582 —.0137

These correlation coefficients range in value from +0.4702
to 0.5696 for the butter-fat percentage and from +0.4597 to
0.5694 for the milk production. The average value of the butter-

BuTrtTER-FAT PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE. 151

fat percentage correlation coefficients is +-0.5215 and the average
value of the milk yields is +0.5352.

Of the sixteen average coefficients of correlation four of
those for the butter-fat percentage are higher than those for the
milk yield and four of them are lower.

The greatest difference of these coefficients is —o0.0683. The
difference of the average values 1s —.0137. From the numbers
involved it seems probable that these differences are so small as
not to be significant. Such being the case it follows that the rela-
tive accuracy in the use of one lactation record to predict the
expected record of another lactation is approximately the same
for the butter-fat percentage and for the milk yield. In other
words the governing power (presumably the complex given the
animal through its inherited factor for these two characters)
works with about the same accuracy (as measured by its per-
formance) from lactation to lactation. This by no rieans would
necessarily mean that the inheritance of these two characters is
the same; in fact in all probability high milk production is gov-
erned more by dominant factors than is high butter-fat percent-
age. It only means that these factors once given an animal hold
it to the same relative level from lactation to lactation.

If we make the point of environment, transfer our reasoning
to the race of Jersey Cattle with which we are dealing, these
records of the individuals in this race show a distinct differentia-
tion. The high individuals tend to remain high the low individu-
als low with respect to their butter-fat percentage just as they
also do with respect to their quantity of milk. Such a difference
can bespeak for but one thing the animals in this race are innately
differentiated with regard to their capacity to secrete a high con-
centration of butter-fat into their milk as well as they are for
the capacity to secrete the quantity of milk.

Only one other economic product has been dealt with quan-
titatively by the correlation method. The correlation coefficients
in this case deal with the relation of the monthly egg production
to the other eleven months of the year.

The correlations for these ovulation records range from
+0.240+.033 to +.573+.023. The range for the correlations
of butter-fat percentage is +0.2470+.0680 to +0.6781-+.0310.
The range in these butter-fat percentage correlations is greater
than that for the ovulation records of the White Leghorn hen.

152 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

The mean coefficient of correlation for these ovulation records is-
+0.446. This mean coefficient of correlation is consequently,
slightly below that for butter-fat percentage (0.5215) the differ-
ence being 0.0755. This difference, on the face of it, would seem:
to indicate a greater dependence may be placed in the record of
‘the butter-fat percentage of a known lactation as to the future
butter-fat percentage in a given cow’s milk than can be placed in
a knowledge of a month’s egg production to determine the future
production of the hen. The difference is not great, however, and.
may not be statistically significant.

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MEAN BuTTER-FAaT PERCENTAGE OF

THE First Five LAcTATIONS AND THE MEAN BurtTerR-FAt
PERCENTAGE OF THESE INDIVIDUAL LACTATIONS.

Of perhaps even more interest physiologically and practically
is the correlations of the butter-fat percentage of one lactation.
with the butter-fat percentage as determined for a number of lac-
tations. For this purpose certain of the records on which the cor-
relations of Table 1 were based, were chosen for this purpose.
These records included the first five lactations for the cow’s life.
The correlations and other constants for these are given in Table

3: :
Table 3 shows that the standard deviation of the butter-fat
percentage for the mean of the five lactations in these 88 cows

is lower than the standard deviation of these cows for any lac-

tation. The coefficient of variation for the five lactation average

butter-fat percentage is consequently lower than the coefficient
of variation for the individual lactations. The mean coefficient
of variation for the individual lactations is 9.03. This mean
value is 1.38 greater than is the coefficient of variation for the
five lactation butter-fat percentage. This difference appears to
be slightly significant indicating a less variability for the butter-
fat percentage over long periods than over a period so short as
one lactation.

The correlation coefficients for the relation of the individual
Jactations butter-fat percentage for the five lactations are all
high correlations as the run of correlations for this kind of data
go. Compared with the similar data on milk production the

average correlations for milk production are +0.818 and for

Bee,

Butter-FAt PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE. 153

butter-fat percentage +0.827. The value of the correlation co-
efficients are so high in each case that the average milk produc-
tion or butter-fat percentage over a number of lactations can

quite accurately be predicted from the productions obtained for
any lactation.

DAILIES Sy

Correlations and Constants for Butter-Fat Percentage over a
Number of Lactations and the Butter-Fat Percentage for
the Individual Lactations.

|

Age when lactation Mean Butter-Fat Per-

Standard Deviation Coefficient of Varia-
for butter-fat Per- | tion of the butter-

commenced | centage centage | fat percentage
| |
2 years to 3 years 5.245-+.035 0.491+-.025 9.35-+.46
3 years to 4 years | 5.227.035 -485+.025 | 9.29+-.46
4 years to 5 years | 5.291.036 .502+.026 | 9.48-+-.46
5 years to 6 years | 5.225-+.033 462.023 8.83-++.46
6 years to 7 years 5.177+.031 .425-++.022 8.20+.41
Five lactation but-|
ter-fat percentage | 5.216+.029 | .399-+.020 7.65.39
} |

Correlation of indi-| Correlation Ratios |Regression Equations
vidual lactation rec- |for individual records|for the five lactation
Age when lactation) ords and the record |and the record of the|butter-fat percentage
commenced for the five lacta- five lactations | as calculated from
tions | any of the given
| : lactations
_———
2 years to 8 years +0.797.026 0.827.023 BT=1.819+ .648b2
8 years to 4 years | .836.022 -855-+.019 Br=1.621+.688bs3
4 years to 5 years | .862+.018 .876+.017 Br=1.591+ .685b4
5 years to 6 years .857+.019 -873+.017 Br=1.349+.740bs
6 years to 7 years | -784+.028 .815-+.024 Br=1.406+ .736be
Five lactation but-
ter-fat percentage |

If it is admitted that there is a regulatory mechanism con-
trolling the amount of milk produced by a cow in any lactation
as it seems that it must be admitted from the evidence of a par-
ticular gland for its secretion, etc; then the large size of the cor-
relations indicate clearly that this mechanism is quite accurately
working in governing the relative amount of milk a cow will
produce from lactation to lactation.

The precision of action of this mechanism for the secretion
of butter-fat in a given cow’s milk is greater than is the preci-
sion of action of the ovary of a hen in secretion of eggs as may
be seen from the data of Harris and Blakeslee. For the White

154 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Leghorn pullets the correlation of their monthly productions
with their annual production ranges from ++0.373-+.030 to 0.695
-+.018. The range of the correlations for butter-fat percentage
is 0.784.028 to 0.862+.018. The mean correlation coefficients
stand in the relation 0.556 to .827 or I to 1.49.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE CORRELATIONS FOR ButTtTER-FAT
PERCENTAGE OF OnE LACTATION WITH THE BUTTER-FAT
PERCENTAGE OF THE First Five LACTATIONS.

As many of these results have a highly practical bearing it
may be well to illustrate one of the uses to which they may be
put. The question of what animals shall be saved for milk pro-
duction and the perpetuation of the herd is a constantly recurr-
ing one in dairy practice. The correlations just deduced in
Table 3 show that the basis of this selection should be the rec-
ords of the previous lactation. Suppose the herd is composed
of 1000 cows which have just completed their first lactation.
The equation for this curve

x

—9.6974 sail
xe 5.2895 Tan 1.9817

) e

y=17.8901 (1 +
3-9271

allows the calculation of the distribution of these one thousand
cows as shown in the second column of Table 4. From the
eight months butter-fat percentage Table 3 gives the equation to
determine the expected mean butter-fat percentage for the first
five lactations. The equation is

B 7 819+ .648b,

Where B , is equal to the butter-fat percentage of the first five
lactations and b, is the butter-fat percentage for the first lac-
tation.

The data may be tabled for most easy. reference by sum-
mation of the number of cows from both ends of the distribu-
tion and tabling the butter-fat percentage. This has been done
for @able\ 4.

BuTTerR-FAT PERCENTAGE IN JERSEY CATTLE, 155
TABLE 4.

Actual Butter-Fat Percentage of One Thousand Two Year Old
Cows and the Expected Five Lactation Butter-Fat Per-
centage for any Division of that Herd or per Cow
for Any Division of It..

FA Baa Bo & Ba bo bo4> bo
= sa Bg Bee | ase | o88 a3
s E 4S gag seq Es wae
a] = Bus 5 wo 509 so BaO
a pay SBo+ aoe amis Pct Ly)
o mn gto 8 ie DH OH
~ =] 3 eo bo
> any A = n A Dom BRO sae
3D See D Bo ES a) ar
pA 3 wo 2 SPs So 8 os mae

an) HQo Beg oe cues F Sth oS

ma Oo. oa oPs oak SHO Sag

S8 ae | 38 ae ge | bes 35%

~oH ane “Sp 23 aBpo aya

Ss oa Ko 2 oFS o WS Kom KB
<Ay 40s Bad a2 Aga 8 | AS |
3.75—3.85 1 4,281 1 1000 4,28 5.23
3.85—3.95 2 4.346 2 999 4.32 5.23
3.95—4.05 3 4,411 5 998 4.37 5.23
4.05—4.15 5 4.476 10 995 4,42, 5.23
4.15—4.25 7 4,541 17 990 ‘4,47 5.24
4.25—4.35 11 4.605 28 983 4.53 5.24
4.35—4.45 17 4.670 45 972 4.58 5.25
4,454.55 25 4.735 70 955 4.64 5.26
4.55—4.65 34 4.800 104 930 4.69 5.27
4.65—4.75 45 4.865 149 896 4,74 5.29
4,75—4.85 56 4,929 205 851 4,79 5.31
4.85—4.95 66 4.994 271 795 4.84 5.34
4,.95—5.05 75 5.059 345 729 4.89 5.37
5.05—5.15 80 5.124 426 655 4.93 5.41
5.15—5.25 82, 5.189 508 574 4.97 5.45
5.25—5.35 80 5.253 583 492 5.01 5.49
5.35—5.45 75 5.318 664 412 5.05 5.54
5.45—5.55 68 5.383 731 336 5.08 5.59
5.55—5.65 59 5.448 790 269 5.11 5.64
5.65—5.75 49 5.513 839 210 5.13 5.69
5.75—5.85 40 5.577 880 161 5.15 5.74
5.85—5.95 32 5.642 911 120 5.17 . 5.80
5.95—6.05 24 5.707 936 89 5.18 5.86
6.05—6.15 18 5.772 954 64 5.19 5.91
6.15—6.25 14 5.837 968 46 5.20 5.97
6.25—6.35 10 5.901 978 32 5.21 6.02
6.35—6.45 7 5.966 985 22 5.22 6.08
S 6.45—6.55 5 6.031 990 15 5.22 6.13
6.55—6.65 4 6.096 994 10 5.22 6.18
6.65—6.75 3 6.161 996 6 5.22 6.23
6.75—6.85 2 6.225 998 4 5.23 6.27
6.85—6.95 1 6.290 999 2 5.23 6.32
6.95—7.05 1 6.355 1000 1 5.23 6.35

The first column of the table gives the butter-fat test of the
milk produced in the first eight months of. lactation for two-
year old cows. The second column gives the distribution of a
herd of one thousand two year old cows of like constitution to
the pure bred Jersey cattle which are being studied. All the
calculations have been carried to several decimal places beyond
the tabled constants as only by so doing would the results have
been more than approximately correct. The third column gives

156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

the butter-fat percentage to be expected for the first five lacta-
tions milk of cows which have the butter-fat percentage of those
shown in the first column.

Noting the expected butter-fat percentage of the highest
and lowest tested cows in this column it is seen that those cows
which test very low in butter-fat (3.75 to 3.85) in their first
lactation on the average increase 0.581 per cent of butter-fat for
the milk of their first five lactations; for the highest butter-fat
test cow in their two year lactations the butter-fat percentage for
their first five lactations is on the average 0.645 per cent of but-
ter-fat lower than is the test for the first lactation test.

The third and fourth columns give the summations of the
number of cows from the lowest butter-fat test to the highest
and from the highest butter-fat test to the lowest. The last two
gives the butter-fat test expected for these one thousand two
year old Jersey heifers when the herd is divided at any given
place. To illustrate suppose the owner is to cull this herd so
that only cows which produced 5.25 per cent of butter-fat in
their first lactation will remain in it, what per cent of butter-fat
could he expect the remainder of the herd to produce? ‘The
answer is found in the last column of the table on the line with
the 5.25-5.35 butter-fat percentage of the first column, to be
5.49 per cent. Should it have been desirable to know the butter-
fat percentage of the culled section of the herd this is found in
the sixth column to be 4.97 on the line with 5.15-5.25 of the first
column. The number of individuals remaining in this herd after
culling may be seen in the fourth and fifth columns. Since these
are tabled for 1000 individuals they may be easily reduced to
percentage should it be convenient to deal with the results in
this way.

These results are of course only applicable to herds similar
to the one being studied. The comparison of the butter-fat test
make it seem likely that with only small error these results may
be used for the whole of the Jersey breed and possibly the
Guernsey breed.

BULLETIN 292
POTATO MOSAIC.*

DonaLpD FoLsom.
SUMMARY

(1) Potato mosaic has been known in Europe for many
years and in Maine since 1912. At present it is well established
in this state. It is also well distributed over the United States.

(2) The mosaic of tobacco, a plant related to the potato,
has been thoroughly studied and apparently is quite similar to
potato mosaic. However, there are important differences be-
tween the two maladies.

(3) Potato mosaic has certain marked effects upon the ap-
pearance, physiology, and yield of potatoes.

(4) It is transmitted by the tubers of infected plants,
whether or not these plants have had time to show the usual

*This bulletin is largely based upon investigations conducted as a
cooperative project between the Office of Cotton, Truck and Forage Crop
Disease Investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and the Department of Plant Pathology of the
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Such results of this cooperative
investigation as are included herewith have already been published in
different form as follows: Schultz, E. S., Folsom, D., Hildebrandt, F. M.,
and Hawkins, L. A. Investigations on the mosaic disease of the Irish
potato. Jour. Agr. Research 17:247-274. Pl. A-B (col.), 25-30. 1919.
Schultz, E. S. and Folsom, D. Transmission of the mosaic of Irish
potatoes. Jour. Agr. Research 19:315-337. Pl. 49-56. 1920. The articles
just mentioned are not, however, available to the general reader, except
in libraries. Moreover they are written more from the standpoint of
the investigator. It is believed that the information contained in them
and certain other general information relative to the nature and impor-
tance of potato mosaic should be given to the potato growers of Maine
as a Station bulletin. Dr. Folsom’s name as author of the present pub-
lication implies no assumption of credit for work done other than that
he has been the Station representative actively engaged in the prosecu-
tion of the cooperative investigations on potato mosaic and thus is the
logical person to put the results obtained into form for a Station bul-
letin. Chas. D. Woods, Director.

158 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

symptoms before death. This transmission is not modified by
seed treatment.

(5) Its infectiousness has been proved by means of graft-
ing and of inoculations with juice from diseased plants.

(6) Aphids, or plant lice, have been shown to be impor-
tant agents for natural transmission of mosaic from one potato
plant to another.

(7) Transmission has been attempted by means of flea
‘beetles, Colorado potato beetles (or “potato bugs”), seed-cut-
ting knives, soil, and contact of seed pieces, leaves, stems, and
roots, but has not yet been demonstrated with any of these
agents.

(8) The effects of the spread of potato mosaic to healthy
‘plants apparently cannot be avoided by the selection of hills or
tubers or by discarding parts of the seed tubers, unless plant
lice are controlled. .

(9) The relation between this spread and differences be-
tween localities, varieties, fertilizers, and spray methods are be-
ing studied but have not been fully determined.

(10) Such spread has been reduced by roguing seed plots,
that is, by removing mosaic hills as fast as they appear, and
absolutely prevented by thorough control of certain kinds of
insects.

(11) Potato mosaic is difficult to control but it is now pos-
sible to recommend measures that promise to be helpful.

INTRODUCTION.

The disease of Irish potatoes known as mosaic has been
known for a long time in Europe, according to Quanjer’, al-
‘though without the present name always being applied or the true
“nature of the disease well understood. It was found to be preva-
lent in the potato fields of Aroostook County, Maine, in Ig12°.
In 1917 and 1918 it was reported from twenty-one states*, includ-

*Quanjer, H. M. The mosaic disease of the Solanaceae, its relation
to the phloem-necrosis, and its effect upon potato culture. Phytopath.
10:35-47. Figs. 1-14. 1920.

°Orton, W. A. Potato wilt, leaf-roll, and related diseases. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bul. 64. 48 p. 16 pl. 1914.

*U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Plant Industry. Plant
Disease Survey. Plant Disease Bulletin, Vol. [1]-2:1917-1918.

Porato Mosaic. 159

ing all those in which potatoes are an important crop. During
1919 the writer in company with others made a careful estimate
of the amount of mosaic in 40 Green Mountain fields in Aroos-
took County and the same number of Bliss Triumph fields in-
cluding many which were supposed to be above the average in
quality. In these fields the percentage of hills that were mosaic
varied from one-half to 100 per cent, averaging 28 per cent for
the Mountains and 46 per cent for the Bliss. It is‘apparent that
a mosaic-free field of these two susceptible varieties was ex-
tremely rare. As will be shown later, there is every reason to
-expect that the prevalence of the disease will increase unless
effective measures are taken to check it.

Observations upon potato mosaic have been carried on in
this country since 1912. Active experimental work has been
done in Maine and elsewhere since 1916. Tobacco, a species
in the same family of plants as the potato, also has a mosaic
disease which has been studied for a number of years and is now
comparatively well understood. In spite of all this, progress
upon potato mosaic has been slow and it has been only recently
that the evidence has justified the formation of definite conclu-
sions regarding it. This delay has been largely due to certain
differences of characteristics between tobacco mosaic and potato
mosaic’. The mosaic of tobacco is far more easily transmitted
from plant to plant than that of potatoes. The natural spread
of tobacco mosaic is much more apparent than the natural spread
of potato mosaic, since the former occurs early in the season
while the latter occurs late, or at least the only known agent of
potato mosaic transmission in Maine appears in large numbers
too late in the short growing season for the newly infected plants
to show the disease. Tobacco mosaic is not transmitted from
one generation to another through the seeds, but potato mosaic
is transmitted by the tubers, so that the full extent and nature
of the spread of the latter in the field during any season can be

°"A more detailed knowledge of these differences can be secured by
comparing the two cited papers upon which most of this bulletin is based,
with the following.

Allard, H. A. Further studies of the mosaic disease of tobacco.
Jour. Agr. Research 10:615-632. Pl. 63. 1917.

Chapman, G. H. Mosaic disease of tobacco. Mass. Agri. Exper.
Stage bul d/ois7o-l172 ou plo LOL:

160 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

ascertained only by growing and examining the progeny of the
tubers. While these differences have in the past been puzzling
to those who tried to demonstrate similarity between the mosaic
of tobacco and that of potato, it now seems that the two are
essentially similar maladies and that the principles discovered
regarding the former may be safely assumed in general to govern
the latter where they have not already been proved to do so, as
described in this bulletin. This similarity should now facilitate
progress in the study of potato mosaic.

APPEARANCE OF THE DISEASED PLANTS.

The leaves.of mosaic potato plants are mottled with light
green or yellowish green spots which vary greatly in abundance,
location, and shape. They may be merely scattered sparingly,
occurring on any part of the leaf, or may be numerous over the
whole leaf. They often include or join parts of the larger veins
or ribs, but may not come in contact with them. They may ap-
pear as dots or circles, but usually are irregular and often are
elongate. They may be distinctly set off from the healthy green
parts or may fade out gradually. They seldom are more than
a quarter of an inch across, altho they may follow a vein for a
longer distance. Usually the foliage is wrinkled or ruffled. In
fact, this wrinkling ordinarily will be apparent to an observer
before the mottling or spotting is, especially if the sunlight is
allowed to strike the plants that are being looked at. Diseased
plants are frequently dwarfed. Figures 28-30 show diseased
leaves and plants.

The preceding description is most characteristic of the dis-
ease on the Green Mountain and Bliss Triumph varieties. In
some cases with these varieties, and nearly always with Irish
Cobblers, the spotting is absent and only extreme dwarfing and
wrinkling indicate the presence of the disease. The Rural types
seem to display the disease only as dwarfing and leaf wrinkling
and curling, if at all. Some other varieties, as indicated later,
are as yet not known to have mosaic even when they have been
exposed to infection. ;

The dwarfing and the wrinkling and downward curling of
the leaves that may be characteristic of mosaic plants should not
lead to confusion with leaf roll, which is characterized by an

(eas
+

Fic. 28. Mosaic potato leaf.

ods

Fic. 30. Mosaic and healthy potato
the same lot.

plants produced by tubers from,

Porato Mosaic. 161

upward rolling of the leaves with dwarfing and a paleness or
yellowing not localized in scattered spots. Moreover, this mal-
ady, together with certain other inheritable abnormalities of the
leaves that may be phases of mosaic, probably requires the same
practical treatment as does mosaic.

In a field with many mosaic plants the color of the mass of
plants is lighter green, the rows are more ragged, the plants are
not so robust or tall, and in case of dry weather yellowing and
dying occurs earlier than with healthy stock of the same variety.
See Figs. 29 and 30.

OTHER EFFECTS OF THE DISEASE.

A limited number of chemical tests® have indicated that
mosaic is accompanied by an increase in the amount of sugars
in the leaves and by a decrease in the amount of starch. Similar
tests may eventually disclose the same differences in the tubers,
but at present no way is known for distinguishing healthy dor-
mant tubers from those which are transmitting the disease. The
latter germinate as well as the former do. The blossoming stage
is reached as soon by diseased plants as by healthy. Vegetative
reproduction is modified so that the disease decreases the yield
of tubers.

A number of tests have been made by various writers’ com-
paring groups of diseased hills with groups of healthy ones re-
garding the yield of potatoes. These show that the disease in
such conditions reduces the yield. They thus agree with the
results of similar studies made in Maine, wherein larger num-
bers of hills were used.

“Schultz, E. S., Folsom, D., Hildebrandt, F. M., and Hawkins, L. A.
Op. cit.

“Anonymous. Mosaic disease as a factor influencing yield. Potato
Magazine 2°:11, 27. 1919.

Barrus, M. F. Potato-mosaic and certified seed. Potato Magazine
1*:13-14. 1918:

Murphy, P. A. The mosaic disease of potatoes. Agric. Gaz. Can-
ada 4:345-349. Illus. 1917.

Orton, W. A. Op. cit.

Parker, R. C. Testing seed potatoes on Long Island. Potato Mag-
aZMeg ZO L223. 2-219. 27-28, V1919.

Wortley, E. J. The transmission of potato mosaic through the tu-
ber. Science n.s. 42:460-461. 1915.

162 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

For such comparison plots of about one-fifth acre each were
grown in Aroostook County in 1918. Two plots were planted
with seed that came respectively from healthy and mosaic hills
of a plot which was planted in 1917 with a good commercial
strain of Green Mountains. The former, with 11 per cent of
the hills removed during the season because of their showing
mosaic symptoms, yielded at the rate of 89 barrels an acre while
the latter yielded at the rate of 69 barrels an acre, with no hills
removed®. A similar pair of plots of a commercial strain of
Bliss Triumphs showed yield rates of 75 barrels, for the com-
paratively healthy plot with 15 per cent of the hills removed,
and 53 barrels, for the all-mosaic plot with no hills removed. The
differences might have been greater if the plants on the plots
had not been frozen down in the latter part of June.

The preceding comparisons refer to healthy and entirely
diseased lots and so may seem to be somewhat inapplicable to
conditions where a large number of the plants are not diseased
and where these may possibly be able to make up for the de-
ficiency of affected plants by making better growth at their
expense. However, in 1918 a nearly healthy Green Mountain
fifth-acre plot, with 13 per cent of the hills removed, yielded at
the rate of 84 barrels an acre, while another plot from the same
strain, with 45 per cent of the hills mosaic but with no hills
removed, yielded only a half-barrel more per acre. Further-
more, the effect of mosaic upon yield is important because of
the natural increase of the disease. In the absence of any con-
trol measures it has been found that often a healthy lot of a sus-
ceptible variety will show symptoms of the disease in some hills
the next year after being grown near to diseased stock and will

‘The removal of hills from the healthy plot probably was largely a
loss. It has been determined (Stewart, F. C. Missing hills in potato
fields: their effect upon the yield. N. Y. (Geneva) Agri. Exper. Sta.
Bul. 459: 45-69. Fig. 3. 1919.) that on the average the: adjoining hills
make up in increased yield 46.4 per cent of the loss resulting from a miss-
ing hill when such missing hills are due to failures to germinate. It is
not believed, however, that this rule is applicable to the plots under dis-
cussion since the diseased plants were not removed until the growing
season was nearly half over and so previous to that time they were taking
their share of space, water and food materials which would have been
used for the benefit of the adjoining hills if these diseased hills had- been
represented by misses from the start:

Potato Mosaic. 163

thereafter from year to year have a larger percentage of hills
affected, thus approaching the all-mosaic condition with which
the most of the yield comparisons are concerned.

TRANSMISSION BY THE TUBERS.

Three questions are involved with tuber transmission—
whether diseased stock recovers to any extent, whether such
stock becomes worse from season to season, and whether tubers.
from apparently healthy plants may transmit mosaic through the
dormant season.

It appears that when a plant once becomes diseased, there is
no recovery by it or by any of its progeny. In 1917 over a hun-
dred mosaic hills were selected. Progeny of theirs, several hun-
dred hills, were grown in 1918 and showed mosaic in all cases.
All healthy plants were removed from two one-fifth-acre plots
grown in 1917, and in 1918 these two lots, grown again on fifth-
acre plots, contained no healthy plants. A number of small lots.
all-mosaic in 1917 were again entirely diseased in 1918.

These results were duplicated with stocks grown in 1918
and tested in 1919. Over 150 hills were selected, furnishing 1100
hills of progeny, all mosaic. Stocks used previously in the two
larger plots and in smaller lots were continued in use but re-
mained diseased.

It is commonly considered that mosaic increases in severity
from year to year and certain field observations seem to confirm
this idea. In these cases, however, there was a tendency for the
disease to change very little in severity as a result of transmis-
sion through the tubers from one season to the next. For ex-
ample, stock selected as showing a medium stage of mosaic
might show a slight stage in some hills and a bad stage in others
the next season, but the average would be medium. The same
was true of stock selected as showing a slight stage or a bad
stage.

In this connection it should be pointed out that treatment
of seed tubers with formaldehyde, corrosive sublimate, and heat
have not appreciably affected the percentage of mosaic®. This
is not surprising in view of the evidence, presented in this bul--

*Orton, W. A. Op: cit.

164 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

letin, that the disease is caused by something in the juice of the
tuber or plant and not, as in many potato diseases, by an organ-
ism upon or in the surface layers of the tubers.

Tubers from apparently healthy plants often have produced
mosaic plants. In fact, many groups of healthy plants have been
selected but in any such lot of stock the disease has always ap-
peared the next season unless the selected healthy group had
been grown under certain conditions, to be described later in this
bulletin. The frequency of the appearance of the disease in stock
selected as being healthy was at first puzzling and led to tests
of the communicability of the disease.

ProoFs OF INFECTIOUSNESS.

GRAFTS.

in order to disclose whether the disease could be trans-
mitted from one plant to another, tests were made with methods
that seemed most likely to succeed if such transmission were
possible. Grafts were made with plants in the greenhouse, in
the field both in the open and under cages, and with tubers in the
field.

In preliminary trials in the greenhouse two methods were
used, the cleft-graft and the inarch. Both gave cases of trans-
mission, the originally healthy scion becoming mosaic after being
grafted upon a diseased stock while its parent remained healthy.
The former method proved to be more practical for securing
successful grafts. By it the base of the scion was sliced down
to a thin wedge, inserted between the parts of the split stock,
and held in place with the help of adhesive tape.

The cleft-graft method was used somewhat more extensive-
ly in the field the following season, 1917, with 62 per cent of
the originally healthy scions becoming diseased. In this test the
parents of the scions were not observed.

In 1918 the same method was used again. In only thirty-
three grafts of healthy scions on diseased stocks was satisfactory
growth obtained and in each of these the scion became mottled
while the parent plant remained healthy. In the case of five
grafts of diseased scions on healthy stocks, these previously
healthy stocks showed mosaic in their later growth. Eleven

Potato Mosaic. 165

controls, each consisting of healthy scion and stock, remained
healthy, showing that the operation of grafting was not the
cause of mottling.

Since aphids, or plant lice, were very abundant in 1918 and
had not been controlled in previous grafting experiments, final -
tests were made both in the field and in the greenhouse with
these insects eliminated’®. In the greenhouse any vigorous new
growth that was made by a healthy part of the graft became
mosaic unless both stock and scion were healthy. In the field

~under cloth insect cages, healthy stocks produced mosaic shoots

in spite of the fact that the mosaic scions soon died because of
shading. That this was due to the grafting is indicated by the
absence of mosaic in the stock at the time of grafting or at any
time in ungrafted check stalks in the same hills.

In the preceding experiments either the Bliss Triumph or

the Green Mountain variety was used. One test with Irish Cob-

blers—very resistant to mosaic—was made in 1919 with mosaic
scions upon uncaged stocks. The result was that mosaic ap-
peared in the new branches from the grafted stalks while un-

grafted stalks remained healthy.

Tuber grafting was attempted in the following manner. A
supposedly mosaic tuber and a likewise supposedly healthy tuber
were split lengthwise into halves. The freshly cut surfaces of
one-half of each were immediately brought into contact and the
two halves securely bound together and planted in this condi-
tion. The remaining halves of the healthy and diseased tubers
were planted separately as checks. In 14 such cases the sep- .
arately planted or check halves produced diseased and healthy
plants in accordance with the supposed condition of the original
tubers. Likewise all of the diseased tuber halves in the at-

-tempted grafts produced mosaic plants. On the other hand only

11 of the healthy tuber halves in the attempted grafts produced
healthy plants while 3 produced mosaic plants. Examination
showed that in the case of the 3 last mentioned actual union had
been established between the cut surfaces of the healthy and
diseased tuber halves. No such union had occurred in the I1
cases where no transmission of the disease occurred.

“This precaution had been made necessary by the results of certain
insect experiments which will be described later.

166 MaIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

It is clear that these results, secured under different condi-
tions and at various times and places, all indicate that such con-
tact of plant tissue as is possible in a graft. enables the causative
agent of potato mosaic to pass from a diseased plant, or plant
part, to one that is healthy, resulting in the latter becoming af-
fected also.

JUICE INOCULATIONS.

While tests of communicability were being carried on by
means of graits, similar tests with the transference of plant
juice were also performed. Both tubers and plants were used.
Experiments were made in the greenhouse and field, and three
varieties of potatoes were employed.

The juice from the crushed leaves and stems of diseased.
plants was introduced into a cavity in a half of a split tuber.
Sometimes both the treated half and the untreated half, the
latter planted as a control, produced mosaic plants. Often, both
produced healthy plants. Occasionally only one produced a dis-
eased plant and always it was the treated half. Hence it ap-
peared possible to transmit mosaic by inoculating seed tubers.
with the juice of affected plants. :

Several methods were used in 1918 for inerotuene juice
from crushed plants and tubers into the stems and leaves of
healthy plants. While no treated plants developed mottling dur-
ing that season, progeny of some of the groups of plants showed
a high percentage of disease the following summer. During
the latter season the progeny of check plants, treated the same
as the inoculated plants but with water used in place of the juice
of a diseased plant, were mosaic in 24 per cent of the hills, prob-
ably because of natural transmission in the field in 1918. Progeny
of plants whose stems were split and partly immersed for sev-
eral days in the juice obtained by crushing tubers from mosaic
plants, were all mosaic. Of the progeny of plants which in 1918
were inoculated by means of capillary glass tubes, inserted into
the leaf stalks or petioles immediately after these tubes were
taken, filled with juice, from a similar position in diseased plants,
77 per cent were mosaic. Other methods consisting of the ap-
plication of juice, by means of a brush, upon rubbed, bruised, or
slashed leaves, did not prove so effective.

Porato Mosaic. 167

New methods were used in the greenhouse with better re-
sults. Juice from crushed mosaic plants was applied to the
young leaves of a healthy plant, growing from half of a split
tuber, and rubbed in by crushing the leaves somewhat with the
fingers. This application was made several times in the course
of a month, beginning when the plants were from 2 to 6 inches
in height. The plants thus treated usually became mosaic if
mew growths were produced. The same results were secured
at the same time by rubbing and crushing together the leaves of
mosaic and healthy plants. All new growth was healthy which
was produced by the untreated plants from the check halves of
_the seed tubers or by control plants treated with juice from
healthy plants. All these greenhouse plants were free from

plant lice. '

The former of these methods was used in the field in 1919,
the Irish Cobbler variety being added to those used previously,
namely, Bliss Triumph and Green Mountain. Some of the non-
inoculated plants became mosaic early, due to infection in 1918",
and an equal number of the inoculated ones also, from the same
tubers. This was true also for some plants treated with the
juice of healthy plants. Of the other plants in the experiment,
all remained healthy except those inoculated with juice from
mosaic plants. Of 48 such plants, 47 became mottled—doing so
before aphids became numérous—in a series wherein juice was
transferred between plants of the same variety. Forty-three of
47 such plants became mottled in another series wherein juice
was transferred either from Bliss Triumph to Green Mountain, ©
from Green Mountain to Bliss Triumph, from: Green Mountain
to Irish Cobbler, from Irish Cobbler to Green Mountain, or from
Irish Cobbler to Bliss Triumph. The plants that were mosaic
from 1918 infection did not show mottling until after the inocu-
lations had been begun, so that, in spite of the customary pre-

_ cautions, a chance was offered for accidental transmission when-
ever healthy juice was applied to a series of plants that included
some of these mosaic plants. This did not occur, thus showing
that rubbing and bruising the leaves of a healthy plant subse-
quent to such treatment of a diseased plant was not sufficient

“This assumption seems reasonable as a result of various experi-
ments, with plant lice, described later.

168 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

for transmission. The absence of symptoms previous to that
time was not the reason inasmuch as the virulent juice used for
successful inoculations sometimes came from diseased’ stock
that had not yet shown mottling.

Variations of the preceding experimentation were made in
other series of inoculations in 1919. Inoculations were made in
Green Mountain plants protected by insect cages, with similar
results. In the cages, and also in the open both within and be-
tween varieties, single inoculations were made for comparison
with the usual method of repeating the moculation several times,
with the same results even when made as late as July 20. In”
four series the juice for inoculation was transferred from plants
in the worst stage of the disease, both within each variety and
from Mountains to Cobblers, with the resultant appearance of
the same sort of symptoms whereas the induced mosaic was
often but not always of the worst type in the other inoculations.

Artificial transmission of potato mosaic by means of graft-
ing and juice inoculation thus demonstrated the infectious na-
ture of the disease and made necessary the discovery of a nat-
ural means of transmission. This was found to be a certain ~
type of insects, as will be explained in the next section.

INSECTS AS CARRIERS.
EFFECT OF USING INSECT CAGES IN THE FIELD.

Simultaneously with the first experiments with grafts and
juice inoculations, preliminary tests were made regarding trans-
mission by insects. Potato plants were grown throughout the
season of 1917 under cheesecloth cages. These cages were not
entirely insect-proof but their use resulted in a reduction of
mosaic that season. Only 5 per cent of the tubers from the
healthy caged plants produced mosaic progeny the next season,
while other healthy plants, grown outside the cages, produced
progeny the following year with much greater percentages of
mosaic.

Again in 1918 healthy plants were grown under cages. On
account of the poor quality of the cheesecloth obtainable and
the abundance of aphids in the field, many of these insects were
found on some of the caged plants. However, all the tubers

Potato Mosaic. 169

from the caged hills were found in 1919 to be healthy, while
uncaged stock of the same kind, grown near by, was mosaic in
I9I9Q in 35 per cent of the hills for Bliss Triumphs and in 49
per cent for Green Mountains.

These results, wherein the normal spread of mosaic in the
field was greatly reduced or eliminated by protecting healthy
plants with insect cages, merely support other evidence that in-
sects transmit the disease. Such evidence has required the trans-
fer of insects from mosaic to healthy plants, with check plants
both untreated and treated with insects from healthy plants.

PLANT LICE IN THE GREENHOUSE.

Since greenhouse conditions are more favorable to the con-
trol of insects, and since Allard’ had demonstrated the trans-
mission of tobacco mosaic by aphids, experiments with one
species of these insects—the pink and green potato aphid, Mac-
rosiphum solanifoli Ashmead—were begun in the greenhouse
in the winter of 1917-18. Bliss Triumph plants were grown, ot
which about a fifth appeared mosaic when a few inches tall, as
the result of field infection during the preceding summer. Aphids
were permitted to disperse from these affected plants and also
artificial transfers were made. Within a few weeks half of the

_ plants were mosaic, the additional ones only in the youngest

leaves instead of in all the leaves as when following tuber trans-
mission. Moreover, all the progeny of these plants, even of
those apparently healthy, were mosaic when grown in the winter
of 1918-19. This and other cases of aphid transmission without
the appearance of mosaic until the second generation is grown,
affords the best explanation for the frequent appearance of
mosaic early in the growth of the progeny of plants selected as

_ healthy in a field containing aphids and mosaic plants. The same

stock grown in part in the greenhouse in 1917-18 was used for
field planting in 1918 when less than a fifth of the hills were
mosaic.

A similar experiment with the same variety was performed
in the greenhouse in 1918-19. Part of a lot of tubers was kept
free from aphids by fumigation and only 11 per cent of the

“Allard, H. A. Op. cit.

170 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

plants showed mosaic symptoms, from field infection. Another
part of the same lot was grown near to a group of mosaic plants,
of the same variety, which were heavily infested with aphids.
Of this portion of the lot, 17 per cent were mottled from the
beginning, from field infection. In addition 50 per cent of the
group developed mosaic symptoms following dispersal of the
aphids from the mosaic group, the plants next to the mosaic
group all doing so.

A lot of 30 Green Mountain tubers in storage produced
sprouts which became lightly infested with spinach or common
green peach aphids (Myzgus persicae Sulz.) from a neighboring
heavily infested lot of sprouted tubers that had come from a
purely mosaic stock and that later produced mosaic plants. Of
these 30 tubers, 17 per cent produced plants that were mottled
early, from field infection, while in addition 20 per cent showed
mottling later, usually in shoots from eyes of the bud end and
therefore probably the ones first to become exposed to aphid
attack. A much larger part of the same general stock planted in
the field was less than 20 per cent mosaic.

Green Mountain plants also were grown under insect cages
in the greenhouse during the winter of 1918-19. In one experi-
ment five tubers were split. A half of each produced a check
plant which was uncaged and untreated and remained healthy.
Of the other five plants, all were caged, two being treated with
aphids from healthy potato plants and three with aphids from
mosaic potato plants. The transfers of aphids were made at
three different times and were followed finally by tobacco fumi-
gation to kill the insects in order to save the plants for later
observations. The former two plants remained healthy but the
three others became diseased.

In another experiment with the same variety, 12 tubers
produced 53 plants which showed no evidence of mosaic when
small. Twenty-one of these healthy plants, selected so as to
represent each of the original 12 tubers, were kept as untreated
controls and remained healthy. About half of these were caged
until almost full-grown. Eighteen others likewise representing
each of the tubers were fed upon by aphids from mosaic potato
plants. The insects were introduced upon diseased leaves which
were laid upon the caged healthy plant when it was young,
from 3 to 13 inches tall. The aphids were on the average about

{

Potato Mosaic. 171

130 in number when transferred and were allowed to remain for
a week before being killed by tobacco fumigation. The mottling
appeared after an average interval of 26 days, upon only the top-
MmOsewledves Ot any snoot, Uhirteen or /72 per ‘cent ‘of the 1S
plants became mosaic, due to transmission by the aphids. Many
precautions were taken to eliminate the possibility of accidental
infection, the soil being steam-sterilized, the seed-cutting knife
flamed, contact, avoided, white flies (Aleyrodes vaporariorum
Westw.) and any species of aphids other than the one in use
entirely eliminated, and conditions kept similar for controls and
inoculated plants regarding light, temperature, humidity, loca-
tion of seed. piece in the tuber, soil fertilization and watering.
Moreover, with controls other than the untreated ones, aphid-
free mosaic leaves were laid upon the plants when young, or
aphids from healthy potato foliage and from radish plants were
introduced, all without any effect respecting mosaic.

Since potato mosaic may be acquired by one generation
without the symptoms being shown until the tubers produce the
second generation of plants, the preceding groups of plants were
dug and the tubers planted in the field in 1919. The tubers from
mosaic shoots produced diseased plants. Even those from ap-
parently healthy shoots fed upon by aphids from diseased plants
also produced mosaic plants. Those from the 35 other healthy
plants produced healthy plants except the ones from two plants.
Upon these two a few aphids were found which were of un-
known origin, possibly from diseased plants.

In a third experiment, 9 Green Mountain tubers produced
healthy plants, six seed pieces being cut from each tuber. The
six plants from each tuber were put into as many separate
groups having different treatments with results as follows. Two
groups of untreated plants, one caged and the other uncaged,
remained healthy. In the third group, caged, wingless spinach
aphids were introduced on leaves which were impaled upon a
stick thrust into the soil so that the aphids, about 170 in num-
ber, had to traverse the stick and soil to reach each caged plant,
and 89 per cent became mosaic. In the fourth group, caged,
the aphids, about 130 in number, were introduced to each plant
on a piece of gauze, and 22 per cent became mosaic. In the
fifth group, caged, 20 winged aphids were introduced into each
cage in a small bottle and 11 per cent became mosaic. In the

172 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

last group, uncaged, each plant was kept in contact with a mosaic
plant grown in a separate pot and one became mosaic following
the detection of the presence of escaped aphids.

A final experiment yielded the best results because disease-
free stock was used and the plants were grown during the spring
and summer, thus being exposed to such conditions of light and
heat as to enable them to maintain active growth for a longer
period than the plants grown previously. Ten tubers were each
split into four parts; two parts produced plants which were
left tncaged and untreated, as checks, and two produced plants
that were caged until after aphids had been introduced, allowed
to feed, and killed by fumigation. The aphids, of the spinach
kind, were taken from mosaic plants, about 150 in each case. To
fifteen plants they were introduced by the leaf-on-stick method,
described above, and all these fifteen plants became mottled
within a few weeks. To five plants they were introduced, when
on the terminal vegetative buds of mosaic shoots, within an
open bottle laid upon the soil. This was an unfortunate method
since many of the aphids soon became injured or killed by com-
ing into contact with moisture collecting on the inside of the
bottle, so that only one of the five plants became mottled. The
20 check plants remained healthy except one which became
slightly mottled—the last one to do so—after uncontrolled aphids
had been found on it several times.

The greenhouse experiments that have been described
showed that both spinach aphids and potato aphids—two species
of plant lice commonly found upon potato plants in Maine??’—
can transmit potato mosaic from diseased to healthy plants, and
that this transmission sometimes may not be followed by the
development of mosaic symptoms until the tubers produce the
second generation of plants. Since plant lice in northern Maine
become noticeable or numerous only during the latter part of the
season, it is made clear how mosaic may commonly be spread in
the field without the effects being apparent until the next season.

*Patch, Edith M. The potato plant louse. Me. Agric. Exper. Sta.
Bulky 147-235-257. (Biss: 25-335. 1907.

Patch, Edith M. Pink and green aphid of potato. Me. Agric. Exper.
Sta. Bul. 242:205-223. Figs. 47-49. 1915.

Also oral information has been received from the saime authority
concerning spinach aphids.

PLANT LICE IN DHE EIELD:

The positive results of the greenhouse experiments were
confirmed in the field in 1919. Eight Green Mountain tubers
from a mosaic-free stock were each divided into three parts, a
tuber furnishing the plants for each cage. In four cages the
plants were fed upon by spinach aphids which were introduced
from radish plants and they all remained healthy. In the other
four cages the plants were fed upon by aphids introduced from
mosaic potato plants and mosaic symptoms appeared in three of
the cages before the plants were harvested. Nine similar tubers
were split, a half from each being planted in the open where it
produced a healthy plant. The other halves were planted in
three cages into which spinach aphids from mosaic potatoes
were introduced. Three of these nine plants became mosaic.
The smaller percentage of infected plants in these field-cage
experiments, as compared with those in some of the greenhouse
experiments, 1s probably due to the much greater size of the
plants in relation to each hundred aphids used, the 1919 season
being very unfavorable to the development of aphids and favy-
orable to the rapid, early growth of potato plants.

The various proofs of aphid transmission furnish the best
explanation for certain field observations that have been made.
In 1918 aphids were unusually numerous in northern Maine,
much more so than in 1917. If they are an important cause of
the spreading of mosaic, such spread should be greater in 1918,
other conditions being equal, than in 1917. In fact it was great-
er, judging from certain stocks, grown in fifth-acre plots, that
had all mosaic plants rogued out both in 1917 and 1918. These
showed mosaic in 1918 in from I1 to 16 per cent of the hills as
the result of infection from near-by diseased plots in 1917, while
they showed mosaic in 1919 in from 20 to 30 per cent of the
hills as the result of such infection in 1918. This difference is
made more striking by the fact that these stocks were grown
each next to all-mosaic plots in 1917, but in 1918 were grown
each next mosaic-free or half-mosaic stock. In 1918 one rogued
stock was grown next a half-mosaic stock while two rogued
stocks were grown nine and eighteen rows away, respectively.
The former showed mosaic in 30 per cent of the hills in 1919
and each of the latter in only 20 per cent. It is thus seen that

Porato Mosaic. 173

174 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

crease in the seasonal abundance of aphids and by greater prox-
imity to diseased stocks, and therefore by conditions that seem
the spread of mosaic was increased apparently both by an in-
to favor aphid dispersal from diseased to healthy plots.

During 1918, the season of great abundance of aphids, three
lots of tubers were harvested at progressively later dates during
the increase in numbers of the plant lice. From each of 78
healthy hills—mostly Green Mountain—growing near to mosaic
hills, one tuber was removed on August 15 and another on
August 26, the remainder being harvested on September 12.
Meanwhile aphids, which became noticeable on potato plants the
latter half of July, had become very numerous about the middle
of August and were more excessively abundant as the end of the
month was approached, seeming when migrating to be as abun-
dant as the flakes in an ordinary snowstorm. The three sets of
tubers in 1919 produced plants mosaic in 6, 14, and 50 per cent
respectively. Apparently some of the transmission occurred
before August 15 but most of it took place after August 26.
Such late infection of the tubers 1s apparently due to the late
development of the chief cause of the spread of mosaic, namely,
abundant dispersing aphids.

FLEA BEETLES:

Five caged groups of healthy Green Mountain hills were
fed upon by flea. beetles (Epitrix cucwmeris Harris) for a
week, several hundred from all-mosaic potato plants being in-
troduced into each cage. As controls, four similar groups were
treated likewise except that the beetles were taken from plots of
mostly healthy potatoes or from bushes. All the plants in this
experiment remained healthy until harvested. This result at
least indicates that flea beetles are not important in spreading
potato mosaic, since the artificial infestation was much more
severe than any ordinary natural one while the contemporary
artificial infestations with aphids, described as causing mosaic
transmission, were not as heavy as natural ones.

“This insect is the subject of Bulletin 211 of the Maine Agricultural |
Experiment Station.

Porato Mosalc. 175

COLORADO POTATO BEETLES.

A similar test was made with larvae of Colorado potato
beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.), commonly called potato
bugs. A hundred or more actively growing individuals were
transferred from mosaic plants immediately to each of 10 healthy
plants where they did more damage than is usually permitted by
potato growers. However, the plants remained free from mosaic
until dug. Checks, consisting of 5 untreated plants in the same
cages as the io treated ones and of 9 plants grown in 3 other
cages and fed similarly with beetles from nearly mosaic-free
potato plots, also remained healthy. .

OTHER INSECTS.

It is quite probable that sucking insects other than aphids
contribute to the spread of mosaic. Such insects, including: leaf
hoppers and plant bugs, feed upon potato plants: A beet disease
apparently somewhat similar to potato: mosaic'is transmitted by
beet leaf hoppers (Eutettix tenella Baker)**. Aphids often ap-
pear to be more abundant than other types of sucking: insects;
but are smaller individuals than some types and may be less prev-
alent in sorne places and seasons. However, all seem to require
similar control measures, regarding ‘mosaic ‘or otherwise, al-
though much’ study could be done profitably upon the relations
between mosaic and the various potato insects. ©: 9°)

OTHER PossIBLE FACTORS IN THE SPREAD OF MosalIc. .
THE SEED-CUTTING KNIFE.

The same knife was used, in 1919, to cut a mixture of
mosaic and healthy stocks of tubers, to test whether the knife
would carry enough juice from a diseased tuber to a healthy
one to transmit the disease. First a tuber from an ‘all-mosaic
stock was cut, then one from a rogued stock, and:so on. Each

*Ball, E. D. The beet leafhopper and the curly-leaf disease that it
transmits. Utah Agri. Exper. Sta. Bul. 155. 56 p. 5 figs. 5 pl. 1917.

Shaw, H. B. The curly-top of beets U. S. Dept Agri. Bur. Plant
Indus. Bul. 181. 46 p. 9 figs. 9 pl. 1910.

176 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

tuber—2o0 in all—was cut into four pieces, those from all-mo-
saic stock being sliced across and those from the rogued stock
being quartered. The cut seed was further mixed in a sack and
left for over a day. Then the seed pieces from the all-mosaic
stock, having been cut in a different shape from those of the
other stock, were sorted out and discarded. The row of 400
plants grown from the rest contained 72 mosaic plants. These
evidently were diseased because of infection in 1918, since an-
other check row of 4oo plants, from 100 tubers of the same
barrel, contained 85 mosaic hills although no chance had been
given since harvesting in 1918 to get the disease.

A similar test, but involving contact of vines in the row
also, was made with the same stocks. Instead of removing the
seed pieces of the all-mosaic stock, all the seed pieces were
planted unsorted in two rows. Of the 800 plants 475 were mo-
saic, 400 of course coming from the all-mosaic stock. Since the
additional 75 is less than the 85 in the check row, no transmis-
sion since the harvesting of 1918 was evident, except of course
that through diseased tubers.

In 1918 a number of tuber units, each a group of hills from
one tuber, were partly mosaic. It was thought that such partial
infection of tuber units might be due to knife transmission.
Consequently in 1919, when most of the tuber units were planted,
usually three knives were used in rotation, each one being im-
mersed in a sterilizing solution, 4-per cent formaldehyde, when
not in use. However, the partial infection of tuber units was
as common as in 1918 and as in the case of the tuber units
planted in 1919 without knife sterilization.

These various tests indicate that the seed-cutting knife is
negligible as a factor of mosaic transmission.

CONTACT.

The effect of contact between mosaic and healthy plants
was first studied in the greenhouse. As has been described, of
nine healthy plants each grown with stems and leaves in contact
with those of a mosaic plant, one showed mottling but not until
after a few uncontrolled aphids, possibly from mosaic plants,
were discovered upon it. At about the same time 8 healthy
plants from as many different Green Mountain tubers were

Porato Mosaic. 177

grown in the same pots with mosaic plants, roots as well as stems
and leaves being intermingled. Opportunity for infection through
the roots was increased by the transplanting of the healthy plant
into the potful of soil containing the diseased plant, with more
or less consequent breakage of roots. The 8 plants remained
healthy, as did 16 others grown from the same tubers and by
themselves. This result was in marked contrast with a contem-
porary experiment, already described, wherein a certain method
of transferring plant lice resulted in 100 per cent infection.

In the field, 18 healthy Green Mountain plants were grown

-under cages together with mosaic plants. Six soon crowded out

their diseased companions by shading them. All remained
healthy except for the uppermost leaves of one stalk of one plant.
These were mottled on August 27, had aphid skins and aphids
clinging to them, and were near a small hole punched accidentally
in the cloth.

In one of the tests with the seed-cutting knife, as described
above, a mixing of mosaic stock in the rows with rogued stock
did not result in any increase of mosaic over that seen in the
same rogued stock unmixed.

In 1917 five Green Mountain hills were selected as: being
healthy and were harvested. In 1918 the hill lots from these
five hills were found to be partly mosaic, often with several
healthy hills between successive mosaic ones in the row. The
healthy hills were harvested separately and classified according
to the proximity to mosaic hills. Class 1 consisted of hills each
between two mosaic hills, class 2 of hills each between a mosaic
and a healthy hill, and classes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 respectively of

- hills each with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-healthy hills between it and the

nearest diseased hill. The next season the tubers, 337 in all,
were planted uncut. For class 1 the mosaic percentage was 54
per cent, for class 2, 63 per cent, and for the other 5 together,
40 per cent. For classes 3 to 7 the percentage was respectively
56, 24, 54, 24, and 17 per cent. Being next to a mosaic plant in
the same row thus seemed to increase the chance of infection
as much as 54 or 63 per cent is greater than 40 per cent. It
probably is a contributing factor in mosaic transmission only or
chiefly by aiding aphid transmission.

Similar evidence was secured by comparing two treatments
of Green Mountain lots. Removal of both the mosaic hills and

178 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

all the healthy hills next to mosaic hills in the row did not cause
any reduction of infection as compared with the removal of
only the mosaic hills.

It seems, from the facts so far secured that contact infection
can not be very common or important, especially when consider-
ing the results obtained from artificial inoculations and with
aphids. However, some infection by contact possibly may occur
too late to be evident during the season in which it occurs. Ex-
periments on this point are not completed but stocks are avail-
able for growing the second generation in»Ig20 to test this pos-
sibility. Of course any measures necessary to prevent contact
would be included in those necessary ito avoid aphid transmis-
sion, which obviously often is made easier by contact although
apparently frequent without contact.

SOIL.

The causes of many potato diseases are carried both from
place to place and from season to season by means of soil. It
is maintained that 80 per cent of field infections of tobacco mo-
saic originate in contaminated soil'®. Hence it has seemed neces-
sary to disclose any soil harboring of potato mosaic that may
occur.

In the greenhouse twelve Green Mountain tubers were split.
Half of each was planted in steam-sterilized soil and the other
half in soil from which a full-grown mosaic plant had been re-
moved either a day or a fortnight previously. The 24 plants
were all healthy, as was also the second generation of the same
stock.

While soil transmission was favored in this greenhouse test
by the shortness of time between the growth of succeeding crops
in the same soil, there were lacking certain factors in the pos-
sible soil-harboring in fields, namely, old stalks, volunteer potato
plants, and hibernating insects. Therefore three rows of Green
Mountain rogued stock were planted in 1919 across the sites of
a 1918 twenty-per cent mosaic plot and a wholly diseased one,
both of Green Mountains.. All mosaic hills were dug and the
seed pieces examined to determine the volunteers. Disregarding

“Chapman, G. H. Op. cit. See p. 80.

Porato Mosaic. 179

the latter, 28 per cent of the hills upon each site showed mosaic,
mostly early, from infection in 1918.

Similar negative results were given by a more extensive
test wherein 19 rows of rogued stock were planted across the
sites of fourteen of the 1918 plots. Practically all the mosaic
which occurred was shown by July 30 and so was judged to be
due to infection occurring in 1918. Mosaic hills were dug and,
disregarding volunteers, formed 23 per cent of the total, 4,466.
A record was kept for each of the 14 parts. Among these there
were only four marked variations from the average. These con-
sisted of a deviation upward and one downward for the sites of
two half-mosaic plots and similar deviations for the sites of two
comparatively mosaic-free plots.

It therefore appears that the cause of potato mosaic is not
transmitted in soil, except in discarded or ungathered tubers.
These, however, may constitute an important means for the har-
boring of mosaic from season to season in a piece of land, since
they produce volunteer plants, which, if mosaic, furnish a num-
ber of well-distributed sources of infection through aphid trans-
mission.

LOCALITY.

The symptoms of mosaic may vary according to the region.
The same stock of mosaic potatoes has been divided, part being
sent to Colorado and part kept in northern Maine. The usual
mottling of mosaic stocks was seen in Maine but did not appear
in Colorado. With part of a stock sent to Washington, D. C.,
some mottling was noted but there were a number of doubtful
cases, while the part kept in Maine was distinctly mottled.

When a number of lots were divided and planted at the two
farms of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, the part
of a lot grown at Highmoor Farm in the southwestern portion
of the state often showed much less mottling than the part grown
at Aroostook Farm in the northeastern portion. In two out of
three seasons the difference has been very marked and the re-
verse was never seen.

Such a difference is not due to recovery in one place but
rather to an obscuring of the mottling, as indicated by the reap-

pearance of distinct mottling in affected stock returned to north-

180 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

eastern Maine. Also, in the latter region hot weather some-
times has been observed as apparently causing mosaic plants to
lose their mottling, which again was plain after the return of
cool weather.

The effect of differences in locality upon the symptoms
shown by plants already diseased of course has no real effect
upon the spread of mosaic. Undoubtedly one condition alone—
the abundance of aphids, if no other—may vary enough in dif-
ferent regions or localities to affect the spread of the disease.
Such problems are yet to be worked out.

VARIETAL RESISTANCE AND IMMUNITY.

The Irish Cobbler variety is practically free from mosaic
in northern Maine, in marked contrast to the Green Mountains
and Bliss Triumphs. Other varieties resemble the Cobblers.
The extent and possible causes of immunity and resistance
among the varieties are being determined.

FERTILIZER VARIATION.

Variations in the constitution of commercial fertilizers and
the addition of special substances to the soil have not had any
great or important effect upon mosaic already acquired. How
much they might influence the resistance of susceptible varieties
to mosaic infection, is being studied.

SPRAY METHODS.

Direct effect of any kind of spray upon mosaic has not been
evident and could hardly be expected in view of the difference
between the location of the spray on the outside of the leaves
and that of the infectious substance in the juice. However, cer-
tain spraying methods may help to affect the mosaic problem
through the control of plant lice.

METHODS OF CONTROL.
HILL SELECTION.

For several years many groups of healthy hills, numbering
many hundreds of plants altogether, have been selected in the

Potato Mosatc. 181

experimental plots in which diseased plants, too, were growing.
With the exception of those protected from insects, as previously
described, no such lot of potatoes was free from mosaic in the
next generation after selection. When selected in 1918, the
various lots in one I9I9Q series contained from 12 to 76 per cent
of mosaic. Altogether there were about 4,000 hills of which
1,200, or 30 per cent, were mosaic. This is not surprising since
the selected hills were grown near to mosaic hills and it is prob-
able, judging from experiments discussed previously, that aphid
transmission occurred too late in the season of 1918 for symp-
toms to appear and was followed by the usual tuber transmission.
The selection of healthy hills, then, does not result in a
mosaic-free stock when aphids are uncontrolled. Further selec-
tion among 140 healthy hill lots—mostly Green Mountain and
a few Bliss Triumph—was made on the basis of the number of
tubers, whcih varied from 2 to 12 ina hill. A high percentage
of mosaic, 86 and 60 per cent respectively, was shown by the
progeny of hills with 2 or 3 tubers in a hill. Otherwise the
mosaic percentage, varying from 30 to 53 per cent, showed no
consistent relation to the number of tubers. It thus seems that
possibly the increase of mosaic could be reduced somewhat by
discarding hills with the lowest yields but it would not be avoided
by this practice, and such hills are discarded because of the
smallness of their yield whenever hill selection is practiced.

SELECTION OF TUBERS.

Frequently the tubers from a healthy hill vary in regard to
mosaic, some being healthy and others diseased. To determine
whether the selection of tubers according to size would have any
effect upon mosaic percentage, each of the 140 hill lots which
were considered in the preceding section was planted in the
order of decreasing apparent size of the tubers. Later observa-
tions showed that half of them contained both healthy and dis-
eased tubers, the latter tending to be more numerous as the rela-
tive size of the tubers was greater. The tendency, however,
was not marked enough to make it seem desirable to select tubers
according to weight or size. The same conclusions resulted from
a similar study of 98 partly diseased hill lots of which the 2 to 6
largest tubers of each were planted.

182 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

In 1918, stock unrogued and partly mosaic in 1917 was
divided into two parts, one unsorted and the other with tubers
of 2 ounces and less in weight discarded. The percentage of
mosaic differed only two-thirds of one per cent, being about 45.
per cent for each. The plots observed covered about one-fifth
acre each.

SELECTION OF SEED PIECES.

Tuber units, or groups of plants each from a single tuber,
are often mixed. regarding mosaic, that is, partly diseased and
partly healthy. In experiments conducted in 1918 and 1919 with
such tuber units, there was a preponderance of mosaic in bud-
end hills. This, however, is of no value regarding the problem
of control because of the small percentage of tubers that will
produce both healthy and diseased plants. It is far more im-
portant to take measures which will eliminate all tubers that are
either partly or wholly mosaic.

REMOVAL OF DISEASED PLANTS.

Since the selection of hills, tubers, or seed pieces seems, with
our present knowledge, to be of no great value in securing or
maintaining healthy potato stocks, contrary to experience with
certain other potato diseases*’, the results secured by removing
diseased hills from seed plots are of interest. This method in-
cludes several careful inspections for mosaic plants, their re-
moval as soon as found, and of course harvesting and storing
the crop separately from all diseased stock. If only one inspec-
tion is made it should not be made until all of the plants from
diseased tubers have become large enough to show mosaic. In
1919 in all-mosaic stocks only 67 per cent were mottled in Green
Mountains and 89 per cent in Bliss Triumphs by July 9. In
the early part of that season the unusually high temperatures
probably retarded the development of mottling directly and on
the other hand hastened it indirectly by accelerating the develop-
ment of the plants. All plants in these lots were plainly mosaic
by the last of July. A single inspection made late enough to

“See Me. Agri. Exper. Sta. Miscel. Publ. 535, on “How to Control
Potato Enemies.” :

Porato Mosaic. 183

get all the diseased plants may leave them in the field long enough
to serve as centers of infection if aphids appear early and in-
crease rapidly. Therefore two or more inspections are prefer-
able, so that diseased plants may be removed or “rogued’”’ soon
after they show that they are diseased.

In 1917 three one-fifth-acre plots, each consisting of 6 rows
next to an all-mosaic plot, had from 32 to 49 per cent of the
hills mosaic. Two—a Green Mountain and a Bliss Triumph—
were rogued three times and in 1918 the stocks were mosaic in
11 and 16 per cent of the hills respectively. The third lot, Green
_ Mountain, was rogued once and in 1918 was mosaic in 13 per
cent of the hills. Thus roguing in 1917 made a considerable
reduction in the mosaic percentage in spite of the proximity to
all-diseased plots—no plant being more than a few rows away—
and of the abundance of mosaic hills in the lots. In 1918, the
year of excessive abundance of aphids, these three lots of stock
were planted together, one lot only being next to a half-mosaic
plot, and of course they contained fewer mosaic hills. Roguing
in that year was not so effective, since the mosaic percentage
increased to from 20 to.30 per cent shown in 1919. This is
undoubtedly due to aphid dispersal and indicates the need of
isolating the seed plot.

ISOLATION OF SEED STOCK.

If healthy stock of a susceptible variety is grown near to
mosaic stock it will acquire more or less of the disease. On the
other hand, if it is grown so far from mosaic stock that no in-
sects, especially aphids, will come to it except from weeds or
healthy potatoes, it may be expected to remain healthy, judging
from the evidence at hand. Tests of this method are under way.
As far as is known, such an isolated seed plot, even if partly
- mosaic, may produce healthy potatoes if it is rogued completely
of mosaic hills early enough.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF Potato Mosaic.

Do not expect to control or reduce potato mosaic by means
of sprays, seed treatment, or soil treatment, except by spraying
methods which control plant lice. Use as healthy stock as can

184 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

be obtained. Plant at least part of it in a seed plot of sufficient
size to furnish seed for the next year’s planting. Select land
for this purpose as remote from all other potato fields as pos-
sible and land which has not grown potatoes for one or more
years. Give the seed plot special care. Rogue all mosaic plants
from the seed plot as soon as they show the disease. In case
aphids are unusually abundant, the spreading of mosaic by them
possibly would be reduced by controlling them with suitable
spraying methods, which are advised for the seed plot every
year inasmuch as even a small and inconspicuous number of
aphids may spread mosaic. Such spraying methods, according
to recent publications upon this question®, require adding %4
pint of “Black Leaf 40” or of a similar nicotine preparation to
each 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. In localities where it is
feasible to make a separate spray for aphids, the 34 pint of nico-
tine solution is more effective if added to 50 gallons of water
containing 2 pounds of laundry soap first dissolved in hot water.
Moreover, if preferred, kerosene emulsion may be used instead
of the nicotine spray. Regardless of whatever spray is used
for plant lice, it is essential that it be applied in such a manner
that it reaches the insects themselves, since the effectiveness of
the spray depends upon contact. Hence it is necessary to have
the nozzles arranged on the spray boom so as to cover the under
sides of the leaves and the stalks of the plants, as well as the
upper leaf surfaces, with the spray materials. Finally, avoid
any chance of mixing the seed-plot stock with the rest by har-
vesting and storing it separately from the general stock. Repeat
this each year.

“Britton, W. E. Eighteenth report of the state entomologist of Con-
necticut for the year 1918. Connecticut Agri. Exper. Sta. Bul. 211 :249-
3520 Bigs 7-lsiy Pla Ziesor O10)

Britton, W. E., and Zappe, M. P. Kerosene emulsion versus nicotine
solution for combating the potato aphid. Jour. Econ. Entomology 12:71-
81. 1919.

Houser, J. S., Guyton, T. L., and Lowry, P. R. The pink and green
aphid of potato. Ohio Agri. Exper. Sta. Bul. 317. 21 figs. 1917.

Patch, Edith M. Spray pink and green potato aphids. Potato Mag-
azine 1”:8-9, 31. 1919.

Regan, W. S. Potato plant lice and their control. Massachusetts
Agri. Exper. Sta. Bul. 177:135-146. 1917.

BULLETIN 293

STUDIES IN MILK SECRETION VIII.

On the Influence of Age on Milk Yield and Butter-Fat Percent-
age, as Determined from the 365 Day Records of
Holstein-Friesian Cattle.*

By Joun W. GoweEN.
SUMMARY

This paper presents a study of the relation of age to the
milk yield and to the butter-fat percentage of Holstein-Friesian
advanced registry cattle for the 365 day test.

Two thousand, five hundred and eighty-six records of com-
plete year test are analyzed in this paper.

These records show that milk yield rises at an ever de-
creasing rate as the age of the cow increases until the age of
maximum productivity is reached, from this age of maximum
productivity the milk yield declines at an ever increasing rate
as age increases.

The butter-fat percentage for these Holstein-Friesian cows
declines slightly as the age of the cow advances. This decline
on the average amounts to only 0.150 per cent. Considerable
variation on either side of this mean rate of decline is shown
by the records.

The advanced registries for the different associations of
stock growers handling the pure breeds of dairy cattle have
focused the attention of the milk producers on the well known
fact that age plays a very considerable part in the milk yield of
a cow during any given lactation. The advanced registry off-
cials have realized the necessity of taking cognizance of this
effect of age on milk yield in determining the requirements which
must be met by a cow. At the time when these requirements

*Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultura
Experiment Station, No. 134.

186 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

for the advanced registries were drawn up little information
was available as to what real changes were brought about in the.
cow’s milk yield or butter-fat yield by the advancing age of the
cow. In view of this lack of data the herd associations adopted
an arbitrary standard. This standard called for the production
by Holstein-Friesian cows of not less ‘than 250.5 pounds of
butter-fat for the, 365 day period at two years old and for every
day that she exceeds two years of age the requirement in butter-
fat shall be increased one-tenth of a pound. This increased re-
quirement of one-tenth of a pound of butter-fat daily for. each
day’s increase in age shall continue till the requirement reaches
360 pounds at the age of five years after which no further in-
crease shall be made. Such a standard is obviously a linear
function, that is, the cow’s possibilities of butter-fat production
must commence at 250.5 pounds as a two year old and must go
on increasing one-tenth of a pound each day, one uniform step
up each day, until she is 5 years old when th. cow is supposed
to be at her maximum productivity.

One of the first investigations! undertaken as part of the
animal husbandry investigations of the Maine Agricultural Ex-
periment Station was a study of the relation of age to milk yield
and butter-fat percentage. In these first studies it was shown
that milk yield does not increase with age linearly as was as=
sumed to be the case by the Registry Officials.. The increase of
milk yield with age was found to be a logarithmic function.

Since the time when this law was first determined the es-
sential conclusion then drawn has been established for milk
yields from a variety of dairy cattle under diverse conditions:
The seven day milk yields of Jersey cows have been shown to
have a logarithmic relation to age”. The milk yield of Ayrshire
cows likewise follows the logarithmic law*. A pure bred herd

*Pearl, Raymond. 1914. On the Law Relating milk flow to age if
dairy cattle. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. and Med. Vol XII, pp. 18-19.

*Pearl, Raymond and Patterson, S. W. 1917. The Change of Milk
Flow with age, as determined from seven day records of Jersey cattle
Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for 1917,
pp. 145-153.

*Pearl, Raymond and Miner, John Rice. 1919. Variation of Ayr)
shire Cows in the Quantity and Fat Content of their milk. Jour. Agrie
Research, vol. XVII, No. 6, pp. 285-322.

Stupies IN MitK S&crRETION. 187

of Jersey cows maintained under the condition of a good dairy
farm follows the logarithmic law in their relation of milk yield
to age*. The registry of merit Jerseys for their 365 day records
have also been shown to change in their milk flow logarithmically
with age’.

The necessity for a knowledge of these logarithmic func-
tions for the different breeds has been well illustrated by the
work of this laboratory for without it no comparison of milk
records made at different ages can legitimately be made either
for the purpose of determining the value of different sires as
shown by the milk yield of their daughters or for inheritance
studies. Such studies have already been reported in part for
the Jersey® and Guernsey’ breeds and also for inheritance studies
on crosses of dairy and beef breeds*. The purpose of this paper
is to determine the relations of milk yield and butter-fat percent-
age to age for the 365 day records of another breed, the Hol-
stein-Friesian. These studies have given us the knowledge
necessary to determine the transmitting ability of Holstein-
Friesian sires. These facts will be published in a later paper
of this series.

The Holstein-Friesian association have collected in their
advanced registry work a large number of 365 day records.
These year records, volumes 18-28, have been used for a study
of the constituents of the milk of Holstein-Friesian cows®. The

‘Gowen, John W. 1920. Studies in Milk Secretion. V. On the
Variation and Correlation of Milk Secretion with Age. Genetics, vol.
5. 111-189.

5Pearl, Raymond, Gowen, John W. and Miner, John Rice. 1919.
Studies in Milk Secretion VII. Transmitting Qualities of Jersey Sires
for Milk Yield, Butter-fat Percentage and Butter-Fat. Annual report of
the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for 1919, pp. 89-204.

pIgOCe Cit.

~ "Gowen, John W. 1918. Report of Progress on Animal Husbandry
Investigations in 1917. Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Ex-
periment Station for 1918, pp. 205-228.

1919. Report of Progress on Animal Husbandry Investigations in
1919. Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for
1919. pp. 249-284.

°Gowen, John W. 1918. Studies in Inheritance of Certain Char-
acters of Crosses between Dairy and Beef Breeds of Cattle. Jour. Agric.
Research, vol. XV, No. 1, p. 1-57.

*Gowen, John W. 1919. Variations and Mode of Secretion of Milk
Solids, Jour. Agric. Research, Vol. XVI, No. 3, p. 79-102.

188 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

present study includes besides these records those of volumes
28 and 29. One noticeable fact which appears in the study of
these later records, is the advance in the mean age of the cows
which are tested: for 365 day records over that of the previous
study.

These records are arranged alphabetically according to the
names of the cows in the advanced registry. Such an arrange-
ment gives no clue as to any relationship which may exist be-
tween the attributes age and yearly milk yield and age and yearly
butter-fat percentage. The data have been rearranged in a cor-
relation table to allow the determination of these relations.

Two thousand five hundred and eighty-six complete 365
day records of the miik yield and age, and butter-fat percentage
and age were available for study.

These records range from an age of 1 year and 6 months—
2 years to 15 years—I5 years and 6 months. The milk produc-
tions range from 6000-7000 to 31000-32000 pounds for the year
period. The butter-fat percentage ranges from 2.4-2.5 to 4.6-
4.7 per cent. The size of the range obviously requires a group-
ing of the material into classes.. These classes have been chosen
-as 6 months for age commencing at one year and 6 months.
The class interval for milk yield was taken as 1000 pounds of
milk commencing at 6000 pounds for the year. The class inter-
val for the butter-fat percentage was chosen as 0.1 per cent.

The resulting correlation tables are shown in tables 1 and 3.
Table 1 shows the association of milk yield with age and table
3 the association of butter-fat percentage with age.

The mean milk yield for this group of cows was 16233.6
pounds for the year period. The standard deviation or the
amount which they varied was 4039.3 pounds and the coefficient
of variation of the milk yield was 24.9. The mean age at which
these cows were tested was 4.57 years. The standard deviation
for the ages was 2.25 years and the coefficient of variation was
49.11. It will be noted that the milk yield is slightly higher than
that published for the first group of these data’? as taken from
volumes 18-28 of the previous paper. The slight increase in
milk yield no doubt comes from the slight i increase in age of the
cows tested in the later volumes.

SEOCu cits

189

Stupies IN Mik SECRETION.

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190 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Observation of table 1 shows that there is a considerable
relation of milk secretion to age. The correlation coefficient as
deduced from these data is +0.4332+.0108. The extreme
skewness of the data tends to reduce the size of the correlation
coefficient as compared to the true relationship which does exist.
In view of this fact only slight dependence can be placed in its
absolute value. However, since the true amount of relationship -
would be increased rather than decreased were the skewness re-
moved, it follows that there is a distinctly significant association
of milk secretion to age. As our object is not the amount of the
correlation which exists between these variables age and milk
yield but is the form and equation to the curve which describes
the relation we need not pause longer on this phase of the sub-
ject.

Proceeding to the calculations of the mean milk production
within the age groups as seen in table 1 we find the mean 365
day milk yields to be those shown in table 2.

TABEE 2:

Mean 365 Day Milk Vield of Holstein-Friesian Cows at
Different Ages.

Age at Test Mean milk Age at Test Mean milk
Yield Yield
1 yr16) mos to) Pf yr mo, |= 12007, 8 yr. 0 mo. to 8 yr. 5 mo. 19405
2 yr. 0) mo. to 2) yr 9b) mo | 13774 8 yr. 6 mo. to 8 yr. 11 mo. 18560
2 yr. 6 mo. to 2 yr. 11 mo | 14264 9 yr. 0 mo. to 9 yr. 5. mo. 18414
Syl OF MOnstOns Vireo eInO ls! 15623 9 yr. 6 mo. to 9 yr. 11 mo. 19654
38 yr. 6 mo. to 3 yr. 11 mo. 15860 10 yr. 0 mo .to 10 yr. 5 mo. 17292
4 yr. 0 mo. to 4 yr. 5 mo. 16528 10 yr. 6 mo. to 10 yr. 11 mo. 17500
4 yr. 6 mo. to 4 yr. 11 mo. 16972 11 yr..0 mo. to 11 yr. 5 mo. 19833
5 yr 0) mo: tovbs yr. (5) mo: 17511 11 yr. 6 mo. to 11 yr. 11 mo. 19833
5 yr. 6 mo. to 5 yr. 11 mo. 18178 12 yr. 0 mo. to 12 yr. 5 mo. 16000
6 yr. 0 mo. to 6 yr. 5 mo. 18675 12 yr. 6 mo. to 12 yr. 11 mo. 17000
6 yr. 6 mo. to 6 yr. 11 mo. 18760 13 yr. 0 mo. to 13 yr. 5 mo. 14500
io-yr-. 0) M0: to, yr 25) m0; 18977 13 yr. 6 mo. to 13 yr. 11 mo.
if xfre (. 1mtoy (Ko) 7 vars, Joh soy || 18939 15 yr. 0 mo. to 15 yr. 5 mo. 15000

These observational means are shown as small circles in
figure 31. The ordinates are the pounds of milk produced and
the ages are the abscissas. From these observational means the
logarithmic curve, shown as the smooth curve of figure 31, is
calculated. The equation to this curve is

y = 11,351.5 + 873.67 + — 32.225 *? + 1548.36 Log x

StTuDIES-IN MILK SECRETION. 191

= Ss Ss 8
SS S's: Ss: Ss
Ss 8 = Ss SES

"DIALX UW. UDopy

Fic. 31. Observational and fitted curves showing the relation of 365
day milk yield to age for Holstein-Friesian Cattle. The observational
curve is represented by small circles. The smooth curve shows the fitted
logarithmic curve for milk yield.

ee

1920.

Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

192

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_. Stupies In MILK SEcRETION. 193

It will be noted that this curve strikes through the observa-
tions very well. The agreement between the observed and the
theoretical curve is especially close for the milk yields of the
younger cows. ‘The considerable variation of the older cows in
the observational mean curve is due to lack of numbers for the
_age classes. It will be observed that even here the theoretical
curve strikes through the observations well.

By differentiation of the logarithmic equation to the milk
yield it is possible to find the age at which the maximum produc-
tivity of these cows occurs. This is shown to be 8 years, 4
months and 29 days. While it is true that the change of mean
milk yield is slight between the ages 6 years 6 months to 9 years
9g months, still it is equally true that the milk production of these
advanced registry cows increase considerably over that given at
5 years. Such an increase is obviously unfair to those cows who
are tested at five years in competition with those cows tested at
7 or 8 years.

Table 3 shows the association of 365 day mean butter-fat
percentage with age for these same Holstein-Friesian cows. The
interval chosen for age is the same as that for the table for milk
production and age. The interval for butter-fat percentage is
O.I of one per cent.

The mean age, the standard deviation and coefficient of
variation for age of these cows is of course the same as that of
table 1 given on page 189. The mean butter-fat percentage is
3.428; the standard deviation is 0.309. If we compare this coeffi-
cient of variation with that for the milk the coefficients are
found to stand in the relation of 1 to 2.7. From this it may be
argued that butter-fat percentage is much less variable within
this group of Holstein-Friesian cows than is the milk yield.
This conclusion is in practical agreement with that found for
other data comparing milk yield and butter-fat percentage.

The correlation coefficient between butter-fat percentage
and yield is —o0.0675-+.0133. The correlation coefficient is con-
sequently slightly significant.

The mean butter-fat percentage for the different age groups
as exhibited in table 3 are shown in table 4.

194 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

TABLE 4.

Mean 365 Day Butter-Fat Percentage of Holstein-Friesian
Cows at Different Ages.

Mean Butter- Mean Butter-

Age at Test Fat Percent- Age at Test Fat Percent-
age age
1 yr. 6 mo. to 1 yr. 11 mo. 3.489 8 yr. 0 mo. to 8 yr. 5 mo: 3.399
2yr. 0 mo. to 2 yr. 5 mo. 3.432 8 yr. 6 mo. to 8 yr. 11 mo. 3.416
2 yr. 6 mo. to 2 yr. 11 mo. 3.483 9 yr: 10) mo: to) (9) yaey 5 mo; 3.376
8 yr. 0 mo. to 3 yr. 5 mo. 3.442 9 yr. 6 mo. to 9 yr. 11 mo. 3.342
38 yr. 6 mo. to 8 yr. 11 mo. 3.398 10 yr. 0 mo. to 10 yr. 5 mo 3.388
4 yr. 0 mo. to 4 yr. 5 mo. 3.449 10 yr. 6 mo. to 10 yr. 11 mo 3.442
4 yr. 6 mo. to 4 yr. 11 mo. 3.409 ply Ayaes (0) aaaKo)s Geo) Alt aya, 5) s08¥0) 3.300
5 yr. 0 mo. to 5 yr. 5 mo. 3.417 11 yr. 6 mo. to 11 yr. 11 mo 3.533
5 yr. 6 mo. to 5 yr. 11 mo. 3.410 12 yr. 0 mo. to 12 yr. 5 mo 3.200
6 yr. 0 mo. to 6 yr. 5 mo. 3.443 12 yr. 6 mo. to 12 yr. 11 mo 3.350
6 yr. 6 mo. to 6 yr. 11 mo. 3.414 13syr> 02Mos to 13h yr Damo) 3.600

7 yr. 0 mo. to 7 yr. 5 mo. 3.366 13 yr. 6 mo. to 13 yr. 11 mo

7 yr. 6 mo. to 7 yr. 11 mo. 3.415 15 yr. 0 mo. to 15 yr. 5 mo 3.000

These observational means are shown as the small circles in
figure 32. The ordinates are the percentages of butter-fat and
the abscissas are the ages. These observations on butter-fat
percentage clearly are linear in their relation to age when the
test was made. Such being the case the ordinary regression
formula may be used to fit this curve. The equation to this
curve is

Butter-Fat Percentage = 3.470—.009 age

There is consequently a slight decrease in the butter-fat
percentage which a Holstein-Friesian cow is capable of giving
as the age of that cow increases. That this increase is slight
may be seen from the fact that the decrease in butter-fat per-
centage from the age of one year and nine months is only 0.130
per cent as shown by the fitted curve of the above figure.

These conclusions concerning the milk yield and the butter-
fat percentage make it possible to answer a number of practical
questions which are today occupying prominent places in our
dairy husbandry. Perhaps one of the most interesting concerns
the admission of cows into the advanced registry. In the ad-
vanced registry work the linear nature of the butter-fat require-
ment has already been mentioned. In view of the fact that milk
yield in Holstein-Friesian cows is a logarithmic function of age
instead of a linear one and that butter-fat percentage has only
a slight relation to age it follows that butter-fat is a logarithmic

Stupies IN MILK SECRETION. 195

15-9

M49

2:9 43:9

M9

40:9

9:9

‘JUD laf ID Lagan g uvayy

Fic. 32. Observational and fitted curve showing the relation of 365
day Butter-fat percentage to age for Holstein-Friesian Cattle. The ob-
servational curve is represented by small circles. The smooth curve shows
the fitted line curve for milk yield.

196 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

function of age since butter-fat is in truth only the multiple
between the milk yield and the butter-fat percentage.

When the calculations are made it is found that the cows
commencing their test under 2 years of age are at the greatest
handicap. From two years to four years and six months the
handicap becomes progressively less. Between four years and
six months and five years the handicap is increased by about 1.5
pounds of butter-fat. From five years of age the cow’s butter-
fat production rises rather rapidly to her maximum yield at
about eight years and two months. (This maximum for the
butter-fat is somewhat earlier than is the maximum for milk due
to the slight decline of the butter-fat percentage with age). From
the age of maximum butter-fat production there is a marked
decline in the butter-fat as the age of the cow advanced. This
decline handicaps the aged cow as compared with one at 7 to 8
years old.

This information allows certain conclusions to be drawn
relative to the desirable age at which to commence the advanced
registry test for the cow. The most favorable period is between
the ages six and one-half years and 9 and one-half years. At
this time the average advanced registry cow needs about 80
pounds less butter-fat than she would need as a two year old to
make a record sufficient for her to enter into the advanced reg-
istry. Other differences are perhaps as striking. At the five
year old age the requirement for that age gives the average ad-
vanced registry cow about thirty pounds of butter-fat handicap
over the cow commencing her test as a two year old.

BULLETIN 294

NORMAL AND ABNORMAL GERMINATION OF
GRASS—FRUITS.*

BY

Jacos ZINN.

SUMMARY

The present paper is an account of the processes that take
place at the time of emergence of the radicle of hulled grass-
fruits from the surrounding tissues.

The penetration of the germinating embryo through the
tissues of the adhering pericarp is a purely mechanical process.
Under the pressure of the extending embryo a section of the
tissues yields at a certain point and usually in a certain direc-
tion.

At normal germination the coleorhiza breaks through the:
base of the fertile glume within a zone whose mechanical resis-.
tance is greatly lessened by the marked reduction and differen-.
tiation of the epidermal and hypodermal mechanical cells. The
prosenchymatous tissue yields along lines of contact of the long
sclerenchymatous cells and the short basal elements of the
glume. Likewise, the epidermis is ruptured in a region where
cells marked by different morphological forms and physical
structure meet. In both cases the cells are pushed apart, the
sclerenchymatous cells remaining, as a rule, intact while the
epidermal cells mostly escape injury. The tracheal elements of
the fibro-vascular bundles have been invariably found to be
broken through.

The abnormal germination of hulled grass-fruits is caused
by external mechanical factors prevailing in artificial germina-
tion media which operate so as to thwart and eliminate the

*This is an abstract from a paper by the author having the title:
“Ein Beitrag zur Keimungsgeschichte der bespelzten Grassfriichte,’ and
published in “Mitteilungen der landw. Lehrkanzeln der x. k. Hochschule

fiir Bodenkultur,” Vol. II, pp. 675-712, 8 pl. 24 figs. Wien, 1914.

198 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

growth tendency of the radicle in the normal direction. As a
result of this interaction between normal growth-tendency and
growth-inhibition the radicle takes its way in the direction of
least resistance.

At germination in natural media in the soil, the factors ob-
taining in artificial germinators are not present and accordingly
the abnormal germination is either entirely absent or occurs only
to a very limited degree with some grasses.

Likewise, the second consequence of the operation of con-
ditions prevailing in the germinator, i.e. the dying off of the
tadicie within the glumes, either does not occur at all or only
very rarely at germination in the soil.

The rupture of the tissues of the glumes is effected, as a
tule, by the coleorhiza. It accomplishes this chiefly by means
of its turgescence and may be assisted in this work by the short
and thick cells of its apical tissues.

The chief function of the coleorhiza is its mechanical per-
formance in breaking through the tissues of the glume, it further
functions as a protective organ for the tender radicle and cares
by means of its hairs or trichomes for the fastening of the seed-
ling to the soil particles, thus assisting the radicle in its pene-
tration into the soil.

The occurrence of the trichomes as observed in the course
of the investigation in a large number of grasses justifies the
conclusion that the formation of hairs is a general characteris-
tic of the coleorhiza of the Gramineae.

The radicle emerges from the coleorhiza of grass-fruits
through a longitudinal, lateral opening formed by the cells being
detached and pushed apart without being injured in any way.

INTRODUCTION.

The anatomical and mechanical processes accompanying the
passage of the germinating embryo through the glumes of the
grass-fruits, especially of the true grasses, have hitherto been
given but little attention. Although the germination of the
Gramineae has long been studied with great interest, the chief
attention was centered on the cereals while the true grasses were
generally subordinated to them.

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 199

The presence of flowering glumes and—in certain species—
sterile glumes enclosing the caryopsis, the development of long
and thick trichomes on the coleorhiza of grass-fruits as compared
with the short and scant hairs on the coleorhiza of cereals, the
sending out, at the beginning of germination, of the main radicle
alone instead of several rootlets as in the case of the germinating
caryopsis of cereals, and finally the various types of abnormal
germination reported in this paper, are all features peculiar to
the true grasses and interesting enough to warrant a separate
consideration of the germination of grass-fruits.

The present account is an attempt to follow the germinating
embryo of the hulled grass-fruits on its way through the sur-
rounding tissues, and to record the anatomical changes and
mechanical processes accompanying germination.

The changes in the anatomy of the pericarp caused by the
germinating embryo have not been examined in this study.

The material for this investigation comprises chiefly the
economically important grasses. In the course of this study
over 18,000 seedlings were examined. The illustrations, some
of them hand drawings from nature, were all made by the
writer.

I. NorMAL GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS.

I. THE PENETRATION OF THE COLEORHIZA THROUGH THE
PERICARP.

The first stages of the process of germination of the hulled
grass-fruits take place in a manner similar to the general type of
the Gramineae. Germination begins with the absorption of
water. The germ becomes turgescent and lies now close to the
pericarp. Contrary to the germination of the Cyperaceae and
some other monocotyledonous plants the first symptoms of
growth are normally visible at the base of the embryo. First
the coleorhiza extends and strikes upon the pericarp. No record
is available of the anatomical changes in the pericarpial tissues
caused by the breaking through of the coleorhiza. Nor are the
macroscopic descriptions of this stage in the germination con-
cordant.

200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

The few references to be found in the literature do not
indicate which part of the embryo breaks through the pericarp.
If the embryonic region of a naked caryopsis of Alopecurus or
Arrhenatherum be examined with a low power lens at the first
stage of germination, it will be noticed that under the pressure
of the extending coleorhiza a small aperture is formed above
the hilum in which the tip of the coleorhiza appears. This aper-
ture soon gives rise to a slit which tends upwards, usually in the
middle plane of the embryo, and grows wider being extended by
the growing coleoptile up to the inner edge of the scutellum.
On removing the germinating embryo from the caryopsis a more
or less elliptical opening will be seen with the separated edges of
the pericarp projecting over it. Thus the rupture of the pericarp
takes place usually in a definite direction and, as a rule, is effect-
ed by the extending coleorhiza. During this process no loss of
tissues occurs. This is worthy of being mentioned since one
might be inclined to assume in connection with this process the
operation of chemical agencies that would loosen and absorb the
tissue elements.

2. THE PENETRATION OF THE COLEORHIZA THROUGH THE
LEMMA.

After breaking through the tissues of the pericarp the
coleorhiza encounters the basal wall of the fertile glume or
lemma. The basal region of the lemma presents a detail of special
importance in connection with the breaking through of the cole-
orhiza. At its base the lemma of the grass-fruits forms a semi-
globular, disk-like or obtuse-conical callus which is separated
from the main body of the lemma by a transverse furrow, and
which is connected with the rachilla by means of a joint. In
this region a marked differentiation of tissues occurs. Before
describing the anatomical details of this region it is advisable
first to briefly discuss the tissue elements of the lemma.

The lemma is composed of the outer and inner epidermis
and of the mesophyll enclosed by them. The elements of the
outer epidermis which forms the most powerful part of the
lemma in most grasses, are distinguished by their wavy longi-
tudinal walls whose indentations are most pronounced in the
middle section of the lemma. Here, as will be seen in Fig. 33

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 201

the wavy lines of the longitudinal cell-walls are transformed into
transverse processes, which with some grasses attain a length
equaling the width of the cell. These transverse processes of the
longitudinal walls fit into the corresponding indentations of the
adjoining cells thus establishing a mechanical resistance of this
system of tissues in the longitudinal direction. Embedded in
between the longitudinal walls of the adjoining cells are thick
silicious cells, one-celled and two-celled little hairs. These func-
tion as rivets, so to speak, establishing a connection of the cells
in the longitudinal direction and preventing a dislodging of the
epidermal cells in the transverse direction. The mechanical
firmness of this system of tissues is further enhanced by the
thickening and silicifying of the cells. The mesophyll beneath
the epidermis is differentiated into two layers: The prosenchyma
composed of specific mechanical cells and the parenchyma made
up by thin-walled cells carrying chlorophyll at their early stage
of growth. The prosenchyma is composed of elongated, very
thick, porous, spindle-shaped cells, (Fig. 35, C.) which owing to
their very marked growth in the longitudinal direction, inter-
lack@nwaithmeach jother) (Migs 25, Aye ihe lemma of the true
grasses contains usually 1-3 layers of these cells. The number
of layers of parenchymatous cells increases towards the vascular
bundles. As will be seen later this increase in parenchymatous
tissue around the vascular bundles and at the base of the lemma
is of importance in connection with the breaking through of the
coleorhiza. Beyond the marginal vascular bundles the cells of
the parenchyma become thick-walled, their lumen decreases as
well as their number until at the edge of the lemma they disap-
pear. The sclerenchymatous cells undergo a similar reduction
so that at the lower outer edge of the lemma the thick-walled
cells of both the outer and inner epidermis lie upon each other.

The inner epidermis is composed of thin-walled, elongated,
‘colorless cells, possessing, when young, a very large lumen.

The differences in thickness and tenacity of the lemmas of
different grasses is caused by the variation in the number of cell
layers and the degree of thickening of the elements of the outer
epidermis and the prosenchyma.

Returning now to the processes occurring during the first
stages of germination, the coleorhiza, after breaking through the
pericarp, directs the energy of its turgescent cells against the

202 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

mechanical resistance of the basal zone of the lemma. The tur-
gor increases with the growing activity of the coleorhiza and
reaches a point, when it equals the resistance of the lemma. If
the coleorhiza is now to effect the breaking through the lemma
it is essential that the caryopsis be properly anchored so as to
avoid its being pushed back or aside by the presence of the ex-
tending coleorhiza. Normally, the caryopsis at germination in
artificial media is prevented from receding by its firm cohesion
to the palet, and occasionally, to the lemma. The pressure of
the coleorhiza exerted against the base of the lemma finally over-
comes the resistance of the latter and a rupture of the tissus in
that region ensues.

The macroscopic aspect of the rupture at the base of the
lemma varies somewhat with different grasses but with the same
species it always occurs in a definite manner. On examining the
germinating caryopsis of Lolium italicum or Festuca arundina-
cea just previous to the appearance of the tip of the coleorhiza,
it will be noticed that the primary fissure runs in a transverse
direction, generally along the basal furrow above the callus re-
ferred to above. Soon after, the pressure of the protruding
coleorhiza causes the tissues at the base of the lemma to split
forming longitudinal slits which extend upwards for some dis-
tance. The section of the lemma, severed from its base by the
coleorhiza, may either be bent off as a coherent piece (Lolium
ttalicum, Festuca arundinacea, Panicum miliaceum) or split into
more or less wide stripes (Arrhenatherum, Dactylis, Avena,
Holcus). The primary transverse fissure was never found to
extend beyond the marginal vascular bundle.

While these conditions are typical of the majority of hulled
grass-fruits, the coleorhiza of certain grasses breaks through the
lemma in a manner somewhat different from the one just des-
cribed, and characterized by the longitudinal slit occurring in a
distinct region and direction. To this group belong grasses
whose caryopsis and glumes are flattened, the embryo facing the
strongly carinated, dorsal, fibrovascular bundle of the lemma,
e. g. Alopecurus pratensis, A. geniculatus and A. agrestis,
Phalaris arundinacea and canariensis, Oryza sativa and Bromus
Schradert. Here the rupture of the lemma occurs along a line
of contact of the parenchyma and the median fibrovascular
bundle. With the exception of a few cases—in the glume of

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 203

Alopecurus pratensis, and A. agrestis, and the lemma of Oryza
sativa,—the writer has not observed a splitting of the fibrovas-
cular bundle, at germination. The separation of the fibrovas-
cular bundle from the parenchyma may be observed very dis-
tinctly in Phalaris arundinacea and Phalaris canariensis. Here
two types of cleavage may occur. The coleorhiza may, like in
Alopecurus, either cause a slit which is continued along the
fibrovascular bundle, or, the median fibrovascular bundle may
be ruptured at the base of the lemma and separated from the
latter by two parallel longitudinal slits running along its sides.
With Alopecurus the tissue at the base is not ruptured at germi-
nation probably on account of the flattened, spatula-like shape
of the coleorhiza whose pressure is directed against only a nar-
row zone, in the plane of the median vascular bundle.

The penetration of the coleorhiza through the powerful
obstacle presented by the lemma would require such a consider-
able effort that one must assume the presence of certain arrange-
ments in the structure of the lemma, tending to reduce its resis-
tance and facilitate the task of the coleorhiza. An investigation
into the tissues of the lemma revealed a very marked differentia-
tion and reduction of the tissues in the basal region of the
lemma.

Considering first the tissues of the lemma of Lolium itali-
cum, it will be seen that the epidermis, throughout the greater
part of the lemma is built with a view to mechanical firmness
(Fig. 33.). Towards the base, however, the jagged processes of
the longitudinal walls of the epidermal cells decrease and ulti-
mately disappear, the walls assuming a wavy aspect. The sili-
cious cells likewise disappear so that here the contiguous epi-
dermal cells touch each other directly with their septae. In the
proximity of the base of the lemma the epidermal cells become
- thin-walled, their longitudinal and transverse diameter decrease
and finally they assume the aspect illustrated in Fig. 34 (upper
part). A comparison of Fig. 33 with Fig. 34 will afford sufh-
cient evidence of the changes in the epidermal cells. After
forming the transverse basal groove the epidermal cells enter
the basal callus.

The callus presents a very interesting. anatomical detail.
With Lolium italicum it has a flat semi-globular form, and over
its upper edge extend the above-named super-basal cells of the

204 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

epidermis which at this point assume an irregular and peculiar
shape (Fig. 34, lower part). They appear here short and broad,
and have a more transverse orientation, which is of importance
in connection with the breaking through of the coleorhiza. Fol-
lowing these cells is a layer of strongly thickened, silicious,
mainly hexagonal cells. They lie parallel to each other and are,
about the middle of the base, arranged in longitudinal series
while at either side of the base they form transverse, fan-like
layers. These cells terminate with a ring of quite short, round-
ish-polygonal cells which form the outermost lower border of
the base of the lemma. With this ring of short cells the lemma
rests upon the rachilla. The rachilla appears as a columnar pillar
whose elements are composed of elongated cells. The epidermal
cells are very thick, appear round on cross-section, and some of
them run out into hairs. The epidermis is followed by 2 to 3
layers of thick-walled, pitted, sclerenchymatous cells while the
parenchymtous tissue fills out the central part of the rachilla,
and surrounds the fibrovascular bundles. Towards the base of
the lemma the rachilla broadens somewhat and its long cells
terminate with a ring of quite short round cells which border
directly on the ring of similarly developed cells forming the
lowermost layer of the base of the lemma. At maturity these
two rings separate and the fruit thus becomes detached from
the rachilla.

No less striking is the differentiation of the mechanical
elements of the prosenchymatous tissue. As will be seen from
Fig. 35 A.a.C. this tissue is composed above the basal region of
the lemma of elongated, interlocking, pointed sclerenchymatous
cells. At the base; however, they lose their sclerenchymatous
aspect, their longitudinal diameter decreases, their lumen in-
creases, their pointed ends are transformed into oblique or al-
most horizontal septae until they assume an entirely different
aspect at the base of the lemma, as illustrated in Fig. 35 B.

This differentiation in form is accompanied by a reduction
in the number of presenchymatous cell-layers in the region where
the coleorhiza breaks through. While above the base the pro-
senchyma is composed of 5-7 layers, it is reduced at the base to
but one layer. The reduction of the epidermis is also caused by
the disappearance of silicious cells and the decrease in the thick-
ness of the cell walls. However, along the outer edge of the

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 205

marginal fibrovascular bundles in the lower region of the lemma,
the prosenchyma forms a strong layer of mechanical cells, which
enter the base and penetrate it transversely. A part of them
resolve themselves about the middle of the base into short cells.
while most of them connect with the tissues of the rachilla bear-
ing the upper spikelet. This rachilla has a pillar-like form com-
-posed of long, pitted, cells which terminate at the apex with a
ring of short cells upon which the base of the upper spikelet
rests. Towards its lower end the rachila broadens and enters
the base of the lemma of the lower spikelet. Its central tissue
runs out into small cells while the lateral cell layers on entering
the base of the lemma of the lower spikeiet turn outwards, be-
come short-celled, and join the lateral layers of the base referred
to above. The point of juncture of these two cords of tissues af-
fords a very interesting mechanica detail. Here peculiar knee-
shaped cells are found which penetrate with their pointed ends
into the intercellular spaces of the two tissue-cords thus» estab-
lishing a joint btween the base.of the lemma of the lower and
the rachilla of the upper spikelet. This hinge-like detail enables
the lemma to execute a turning movement at the time of bloom.

To complete the description of the base of the lemma it
may be added that here we find the poiny of junction of the
fibrovascular bundles. The three fibrovasculat cords on entering
the base branch out, five bundles entering the lemma while the
remainder goes off to the upper rachilla and palet.

_ The changes in the epidermis and prosenchyma occuring at
the base of the lemma can also be studied on transverse sections.
(See Figs. 36, 37, 38). Fig. 36 represents a section below the point
at which the coleorhiza breaks through, showing the thick-walled,
pitted cells of the outer epidermis and the likewise thick-walled
cells of the prosenchyma. Fig. 37, illustrates a cross-section of
the base of Festuca arundinacea, about the line of rupture. Here
a remarkable differentiation in the direction of the transverse axis
can be noticed. The cells of the prosenchyma to the right of the
lateral fibrovascular bundle, towards the median bundle, become
thick-walled and finally assume a sclerenchymatous aspect while
towards the marginal nerve they possess thin walls and differ
little from the parenchymatous tissue. The latter decreases to-
wards the median bundle and finally becomes reduced to 2 layers.
From the lateral fibrovascular bundle to the marginal the paren-

206 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

chyma gradually increases, attaining its greatest extention near
the marginal bundle. Thus the parenchyma predominates in the
region between the lateral and marginal vascular bundles and as
a result the tissue of the lemma of Festuca arundinacea and other
grasses 1s ruptured by the coleorhiza between these two fibrovas-
cular bundles.

The very remarkable aspect which the tissues of the lemma
assume above the line of rupture is illustrated in Fig. 38 which
represents a section between the lateral and marginal fibrovas-
cular bundles, corresponding to the one given in Fig. 37 (around
the median bundle.) A comparison of Fig. 38 with Fig. 37 shows
the powerful development of the epidermis and prosenchyma
composed here of strongly thickened cells possessing a small
lumen. On the other hand, the parenchyma is reduced to two or
at the most, near the vascular bundles, to three cell layers. The
cells of the inner epidermis possess a small lumen and are com-
pressed transversely. .

The conditions found in Lolium italicum and Festuca arun-
dinacea are typical of the other grasses.

Having described the nature of the tissue at the base of the
lemma it will now be of interest to discuss the manner in which
these tissues are affected by the penetrating coleorhiza of the
germinating embryo. Under the pressure of the coleorhiza the
thin-walled cells of the inner epidermis and the parenchyma are
stripped off and frequently distorted. Next the coleorhiza strikes
upon the prosenchymatous tissue. Under its pressure the cells of
the prosenchyma are moved apart along the line of juncture of
the long sclerenchymatous and the short cells of the base, there
occurring no injury to the cells. As illustrated in Fig. 35 B this
line runs along the oblique or transversal septae of the scleren-
chymatous cells which remain completely intact. The spaces
between the projecting ends of these cells were originally occu-
pied by the short cells of the base of the lemma. Occasionally a
few of these short basal cells adhere to the sclerenchymatous
cells after the coleorhiza has broken through. (Fig. 35B, bb.)

The cells of the outer epidermis behave in a similar manner.
Here the separation of tissues occurs along a line at which two
series of cells differing as to form and physical characteristics
meet, the thin-walled, almost transversely lying cells of the

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 207

lemma being separated from the strongly thickened, silicified
cells of the base.

While these conditions are typical of Lolium, Festuca, Ar-
rhenatherum, etc. it occasionally occurs with other grasses that
the cells of the epidermis are rent by the coleorhiza.

The formation of the longitudinal slits is facilitated by the
absence of the transverse.processes of the walls and the lack of
silicious cells at the base of the lemma. In yielding to the pressure
of the coleorhiza in the longitudinal direction the cells of the
- epidermis and prosenchyma are pushed apart, the former remain-
ing usually, the later as a rule, intact. (Fig. 34). These slits very
often run along the fibrovascular bundles, where the thin-walled
parenchyma occurs in several layers.

It should be added that the tracheal tissues are broken
through transversely and separated from the base of the lemma.

ABNORMAL GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS.

Under normal conditions of germination the coleorhiza or
the radicle appear first, and, as a rule, at the base of the lemma.
At the beginning of this investigation several cases were observed
of hulled grass-fruits developing first the coleoptile while nothing
was to be seen at first of the radicle. A study of these cases
brought out the fact that a majority of hulled grass-fruits show
this type of germination which involves no physiological disturb-
ance, but is the result of external factors, like mechanical resist-
ance to and retardation of growth. The common feature of these
abnormal cases is that the radicle does not break through at the
base of the lemma. The different modes of abnormal germinatior.
have arbitrarily been arranged here in two groups.

Type A. The radicle appears either at the tip of the glumes
or in the opening between the lemma and palet, below the tip of
the lemma. The coleoptile appears, as a rule, outside the glumes
sometime before the radicle emerges.

The following reasons account for the coleoptile appearing
ahead of the radicle. The radicle growing first downwards, then
bending at the base upwards covers in all cases a longer distance
than the upwards growing coleoptile. In many cases the lemma
is bent from the caryopsis thus exposing the coleoptile. Further,
the caryopsis may be lifted by the pressure of the radicle; this

208 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTIon, 1920.

not only causes the coleoptile to appear first but also prolongs
the distance covered by the radicle which first grows downwards
to bend upwards on striking the base of the lemma. However,
in several cases of abnormal germination the radicle was ob-
served to appear ahead of the coleoptile (Arrhenatherum, Alop-
ecurus, Dactylis, Lolium, Poa.)

Within Type A two forms of abnormal germination may be
distinguished.

1. The lemma is bent from the caryopsis by a larger or lesser
angle. The caryopsis is not raised in the glumes.

The majority of the abnormally germinating fruits show
this type of germination. (Lolium, Festuca, Poa, Cynosurus.
Agrostis). The angle at which the lemma is bent from the cary-
opsis varies generally from 45° to go°. With Setaria germanica
and Phleum pratense this angle may reach almost 180°. The
radicle, emerging from the coleorhiza strikes upon the wall of
the lemma, curves upwards and growing along the inner wall of
the lemma appears at the tip of the latter.

2. The lemma adheres to the caryopsis or is slightly bent
from it. The caryopsis, as a rule, is raised in the glumes.

Alopecurus, Arrhenatherum, Holcus, Anthoxanthum,
Avena, etc. show this type of abnormal germination. The ex-
tending coleorhiza, on striking the base of the lemma, raises the
caryopsis a short distance. The protruding radicle pushes first
the caryopsis farther up, then bends upwards at a very sharp
angle to appear at the apex of the glumes.

Anthoxanthum, Holcus and Alopecurus, which are sur-
rounded also by the sterile glumes may exhibit a type of abnor-
mal germination illustrated in Fig. 40. The radicle breaks
through normally at the base of the lemma (Fig. 40B) and
striking upon the base of the sterile glume turns upwards and
appears between the tips of the sterile glumes.

Type B. The radicle does not appear at the apex of the
glumes but directing its point against the base of the lemma it
pushes the caryopsis out of the glumes and away for some dis-
tance. Figs. 39 and 44 illustrate this type of abnormal germi-
nation. With fruits enclosed also by the sterile glumes the
radicle may push out the caryopsis alone (Fig. 39) or it may
break through in the normal way at the base of the lemma and

209

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS.

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MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 211

move away the caryopsis, enclosed in the lemma and palet, from
the sterile glumes.

_ Asssociated with the abnormal germination is a marked
tendency to develop adventitious rootlets which spring from the
hypocotyl or mesocotyl. This tendency is a result of the retarda-
tion in the growth of the primary radicle and reaches its highest
degree in cases where the primary radicle becomes stunted and
dies off. The frequently observed stunting and dying off of the
radicle was found to be due to abnormal germination rather than
to deficient viability.

In Table 1 is given the frequency occurrence of the normal
and abnormal germination of fruits of twenty grasses. From
this table the high percentage of abnormal germination in
Arrhenatherum, Poa nemoralis and Poa compressa, Holcus lan-
atus will be noted. This table also shows a varying percentage
of stunted or dead radicles, being highest with grass fruits which
in addition to the fertile glume are surrounded, at germination,
also by the sterile glumes. .

In view of the high percentage of abnormal germination it
became a matter of practical importance to determine whether
this phenomenon occurs under natural conditions of germina-
tion in the soil. With this end in view a series of germination
experiments were carried out with fruits of 9 grasses sown in
pots filled with soil, the results of which are given in Table 2.

IWANIBILIE, A,
Normal Abnormal Radicle died
Number of Germination | Germination off within
Kind of Grass fruits glumes
sown

Per cent of Germinated Fruits

Alopecurus pratensis | 400 | 98.0 ee
Arrhenatherum elatius 100 100.0

Cyvnosurus ecristatus | 100 100.0

Dactylis glomerata 100 100.0

Festuca arundinacea 400 | 99.0 0.3 0.6
Festuca ovina 100 100.0

Holcus lanatus 200 90.0 6.0 3.0
Lolium italicum 200 | 100.0

Lolium perenne 200 | 96.8 3.2

The results presented in Table 2 sbow that under natural
conditions prevailing in the soil abnormal germination either
does not occur at all or only with a few grasses to a very slight

oP EE ee as

212 MaIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

extent. On comparing Table 2 with Table 1 it will be seen that
the stunting and dying off of the radicle within the glume is
likewise occasioned by the artificial conditions prevailing in the
germinator, and hardly occurs in the soil.

Before discussing briefly the causes of abnormal germina-
tion attention should be called to the fact that 1f a growing
organism is to effect a certain performance it is essential that it
be sufficiently anchored to prevent its being pushed back or bent
aside. If this is not the case the organ will grow in the direction
of least resistance.

Another point to be emphasized is that normally it is the
coleorhiza that breaks through the tissues of the lemma. If the
coleorhiza fails in this important function the conditions for ab-
normal germination are fulfilled.

Considering the most frequently occurring form of abnor-
mal germination, where the lemma is bent from the caryopsis,
it is obvious that here the pressure of the extending coleorhiza
does not reach the intensity required to break through the base
of the lemma. It does, however, reach an intensity sufficient to
bend the lemma away from the caryopsis. The coleorhiza thus
effects a performance in the direction of lesser resistance and
the radicle, after escaping from the coleorhiza, is unable to pene-
trate the lemma and grows along the inner surface of the latter.

The same mechanical cause, though attended by a different
external effect, brings about the other irregularities of abnormal
germination. In those cases where the caryopsis is raised in the
glumes the effort of the extending coleorhiza to break through
the lemma is annulled by the caryopsis receding under pressure
from the base of the lemma. The radicle upon leaving the col-
eorhiza may in turn raise the caryopsis somewhat and then bend
upwards and appear at the tip of the glumes, or it may remain
with its apex at the base of the glumcs and push the caryopsis
out and away sometimes for several centimeters from the
glumes.

The degree of adhesion of the glumes to the caryopsis de-
termines the kind of abnormal germination and is in turn in-
fluenced by the amount of moisture available in the germinator.

A quite distinct form of abnormal germination is shown by
Oryza sativa. In a majority of examined seedlings it was found
that the first signs of growth at germination are shown by the

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 213

coleoptile. Under the pressure of the epiblast the median vein
or fibrovascular bundle yields, and in the narrow elliptical open-
ing appear the coleoptile and the tip of the epiblast. This aper-
ture extends downward, and the coleoptile shows several mili-
meters outside the glumes when the coleorhiza appears. Thus
with Oryza sativa the coleorhiza and the coleoptile escape
through the same opening.

Ill. THe MEcHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE
COLEORHIZA.

A brief description of the structure of the coleorhiza may
serve to understand its functions.

The coleorhiza has the shape of a truncate cone. Its tissues
consist of a mass of uniform cells covered by an epidermis ex-
tending to the apex of the coleorhiza. The form of the cells
varies according to the stage of elongation of the coleorhiza.
After the coleorhiza breaks through the glumes its cells appear
in the middle section longitudinally extended, utricular, becom-
ing shorter in the proximity of the apex terminating by thick-
ened cells of the apical appendage. (Figs. 41 and 42).

The function of the coleorhiza is primarily mechanical in
that it breaks the way for the radicle. It acts also as a protect-
ing organ for the radicle. Nor is its function over with the
penetration through the tissues of the glume. Soon after the
coleorhiza breaks through the glume it sends out numerous tri-
chomes or hairs whose length depends upon the grass species
and the stage of gemination. These trichomes attain their
greatest length at time when the radicle comes in contact with
the soil or other substratum.

The trichomes act as fastening organs clinging to the par-
ticles of soil or other substratum, thus anchoring the germinating
fruit.

In this investigation trichomes were observed on the coleo-
rhiza of the following grasses: Alopecurus pratensis, Alopecurus
geniculatus, Alopecurus agrestis, Arrhenatherum elatius, An-
-thoxanthum adoratum, Anthoxanthum Puelu, Avena pubescens.
Bromus Schradert, Bromus arvensis, Brachypodium sylvaticum,
Cynosurus, Dactylis glomerata, Elymus arenarius, Festuca pra-
tensis, Festuca ovina, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca heterophylla,

214 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Koeleria cristata, Lolium itali-
cum, Lolium perenne, Oryza sativa, Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,
Poa compressa, Setaria germanica and Phalaris arundinacea.

After the coleorhiza has fulfilled its functions it is in turn
broken through by the radicle. The radicle escapes from the
coleorhiza through a lateral opening below the apex of the cole-
orhiza. Under the pressure of the radicle the cells of the cole-
orhiza become detached and are pushed apart without being in-
jured.

POLYEMBRYONY IN GRASSES.

In the course of the present investigation the writer ob-
served polyembryony in Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa pratensis.
Poa nemoralis, and Poa compressa.

Diembryony occurred most frequently in Poa pratensis,
(Fig. 43) with only two cases of fruits developing three em-
bryos. Two cases of diembryony have been observed in Poa
nemoralis and one case in Poa compressa.

A particularly fine case of diembryony has been observed in
Arrhenatherum elatius. (See Fig. 44.) The individual seed-
lings were equally well developed and were united at the base
of the hypocotyl possessing separate norma! organs. As will be
seen from Fig. 44 the emergence of the seedlings out of the
glumes occurred in an abnormal manner, but their subsequent
development was normal. It may be stated in this connection
that in practically all cases of polyembryony the radicles emerged
abnormally from the glumes.

ABNORMAL GERMINATION AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF ERRORS IN
RECORDING RESULTS OF GERMINATION TESTS.

From a practical point of view some of the results of this
investigation may have some significance in connection with the
determination of the viability of grass seeds as determined by
the germination test. The seeds of certain grasses are rather
exacting as to conditions of germination, and the question of
the influence of temperature, light and other physiological fac-
tors upon the germination of grass seeds still constitutes. an.im-
portant problem for research, It is then obviously important,

GERMINATION OF GRASS-FRUITS. 215

in the interest of greater accuracy and uniformity in recording
results of germination tests, to determine the possible influence
of any deviation in the germination from the normal upon the
practical valuation of the viability of seeds as established by the
germination test.

Two kinds of abnormality occur at germination of grass
seeds on top of blotters: (a) the abnormal emergence of the
radicle, and (b) the stunting and dying off of the radicle within
the glumes. . Relative to the first abnormality the germination
test is usually carried for a sufficient length of time to allow the

~abnormally emerging radicle to appear at the tip of the glumes,

and thus to become visible to the eye of the examiner. Such
seeds should be considered as viable and otherwise normal since
upon placing them in the soil they will grow normally.

The stunting and dying off of the radicle within the glumes,
presents a more serious possibility of making errors in record-
ing results of germination tests. Reference to Table 1 reveals
that some of the grass seeds examined showed a rather high
percentage of mortality of their radicle ranging from 0.5% for
the Tall Oat grass to 28.3% for the Velvet grass. Now, the
Rules for Seed Testing as adopted by the Association of Official
Seed Analysts of North America at their meeting held in 1917
at Detroit, provide that “seeds of Gramineae should not be con-
sidered as germinated unless both root and plumule clongate.”
On the strength of this rule all the seeds referred to above having
developed a normal plumule but with no sign of a rootlet which
is dead within the glumes, would be regarded as not germinated,
which in certain cases would very appreciable misrepresent the
actual degree of viability.

From Table 1 it will be seen that certain valuable grasses
showed a percentage of mortality of their seed-rootlets a good

deal higher than the margin of tolerance allowed in the seed

laws. It would be advisable to check up the results of germina-
tion tests of such grasses as Velvet grass, Meadow Foxtail, Ken-
tucky blue-grass and others, carried out on blotters, by subject-
ing the seed to a test in the soil. This would be especially ad-
visable in cases where an appreciable number of seeds germinat-
ing in a chamber on blotters show the plumule but fail to develop

‘the rootlet.

216 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

List oF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Figure 33. Lolium italicum. Surface view of the epidermal cells in
the middle section of the lemma. K, K,, silicious cells; iK, isolated sili-
cious cell.

Figure 34. Lolium italicum. Basal part ot the lemma showing epi-
dermal cells in the region where the coleorhiza broke through. - Note
the initiation of a longitudinal slit along cell 7.

Figure 35. Lolium italicum. A, a layer of sclerenchymatous cells
in the middle section of the lemma; B, sclerenchymatous cells at the base
of the lemma where the coleorhiza broke through; C, single sclerenchy-
matous cell; b, b,, short cells severed from the base of the lemma.

Figure 36. Festuca arundinacea. Part of transverse section through
the base of the lemma, below the region where the coleorhiza breaks
through; ae, outer epidermis; h, prosenchyma; p, parenchyma.

Figure 37. Festuca arundinacea. Part of transverse section through
the lemma in the region where the coleorhiza breaks through. ae, outer
epidermis; h, prosenchyma; p, parenchyma; ie, inner epidermis; g, lateral
fibrovascular bundle.

Figure 38. Festuca arundinacea. Transversal section through the
lemma above the line of rupture, representing the part between the lateral
and marginal fibrovascular bundles. ae, outer epidermis; ps, prosen-
chyma; p, parenchyma; ie, inner epidermis; K, silicious cell.

Figure 39. Alopecurus pratensis. Abnormal germination: The rad-
icle pushed the germinating caryopsis out of the sterile and fertile glumes.
K, caryopsis; r, radicle; col., coleorhiza; c, coleoptile; pb, plumule; K1,
sterile glumes.

Figure 40. Holcus lanatus. Abnormal germination: A,* the cary-
opsis is raised in the sterile glumes with the radicle appearing at their
tip. B, the germinating caryopsis, K, after removal of sterile glumes.
After normally breaking through the lemma, the radicle, r, grew upward
along the sterile glume; c, coleoptile; dk, lemma: vs, palet.

Figure 41. Hordeum sativum. Longitudinal section through apical
part of the coleorhiza. The upper delicate elliptical cells beccme thicker
toward the apex and terminate by thick-walled cells of the apical appen-
dage.

Figure 42. Festuca arundinacea. Surface view of the expanded api
cal appendage.

Figure 43. Polyembryony in Poa pratensis. K, caryopsis; r, 1, ab-
normally extending radicles; c, c,, coleoptiles; p, p,, plumules; ds, lemma;
vs, palet.

Figure 44. Polyembryony in Arrhenatherum elatius. K, caryopsis;
r, 1, radicles pushing the seedling out of the glumes; ¢, c,, the two
equally favored coleoptiles; col, col,, coleorhizas; sp, fertile glumes.

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BULLETIN 295

PE ew S OH PAPERS, PUBLISHED BY HE STA
TION IN 1920 BUT NOT INCLUDED IN THE
BUEN Ss

A complete list of all the publications issued by and from
the Station in 1920 is given on pages x to xi of the introduc-
tion to this Report. The following pages contain abstracts of
the papers issued during the year that are not included in the
Bulletins or Official Inspections for the year.

PVR ANEE IN ‘CROSSES OF DAIRY AND BERF
BREEDS TOR, CAmirE:

II. Own THE TRANSMISSION OF MILK YIELD TO THE FIRST
GENERATION.**

The purpose of this paper is to give briefly the facts dis—
covered on the inheritance of milk yield by the use of the cross-
bred herd.

If the substance of these pages is recapitulated it is found:
that Crossbred No. 1 resembles her low producing parent 7.7
times as closely as she does the high producing parent. The
other eleven crossbreds resemble the high producing line of milk:
production from 1.5 to 18.0 times as closely as they do the low
line of milk production. If this paralleling of the high line pro-
duction is averaged it is found that they resemble the high line
of production 4.76 times as closely as they do the low line. These
facts argue for the transmission of milk production by factors
which show partial dominance. It would not seem that they
argued for increased vigor of heterosis only, because of the
‘case of Crossbred No. 1, where the low line milk yield was.
definitely transmitted instead of the high yield. In fact it would
appear that this Crossbred is more likely to be a segregate of

*This is an abstract from a paper by John W. Gowen having the same’
title and published in the Journal of Heredity, Vol. XI, No. 10.

218 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

low milking factors from the high milking factors carried by
her dam.

Three levels of milk production are crossed in these experi-
ments. The Aberdeen Angus cattle constitute the lowest level,
the Jersey, Guernsey and Ayrshire cattle averaging about the
same in milk yield constitute the intermediate level of produc-
tion and the Holstein-Friesian cattle having the highest yield
represent the highest level of production. It is of some interest
to compare the results of crossing the different levels. If we
omit the result of Crossbred No. i it is found that the Holstein-
Friesian cows or bulls mated to the second group of cows or
bulls (Jersey, Guernsey or Ayrshire) produced offspring who
are 8.43 times as near the milk production of the high level on
the average as they were the low line of production.

The only cross involving the Holstein-Friesian and Aber-
deen Angus, Crossbred No. 44, was 2.2 times as close to the
high line of production as she was close to the low line of her
‘parent’s milk yield.

It is of interest to note in this connection that Crossbred
‘No. 44’s milk yield resembles closely the milk yield of the in-
termediate group (Jersey, Guernsey and Ayrshire) of these
experiments. :

The crosses involving the second level of milk production
(Jersey, Guernsey and Ayrshire) mated to the third group
Aberdeen Angus, had crossbred offspring resembling the hizh
‘line 7.7 times as closely as they did the low line of production.
‘This figure compares favorably with that of the Holstein-Frie-
‘sian x Jersey crosses.

If the crosses are compared to determine what effect the
‘high line on the sire’s side of the cross may have in comparison
-with the effect produced by the high line being on the dam’s
‘side of the cross it is found that the results in the three lines
‘are contradictory. When the Hoistein-Friesian sires were mated
to second class dams, Guernseys, the offspring resembled the
high line 11.3 times as closely as she did the low line. When

the Jersey sire, second class, was mated to the Holstein-Friesian

cows, highest class, the milk production of the offspring, once
resembled the high class 2.7 to 1 and once the low line 7.7 to I.

The crosses involving the highest milk line, Holstein-Friesian —

bull, to the lowest milking line Aberdeen Angus cow produced

ABSTRACTS, 219

an offspring resembling the high line 2.2 times as closely as the.
low line. The crosses of the second level in milk production to
the third level show that when the higher level is on the sire’s
side the daughters resembled the high line 3.6 times as closely as
they did the low line. When this higher level is on the dam’s
side the daughters resembled the high line 9.34 times as closely
as they did the low line. It seems doubtful from these results
if there are modifying sex linked factors present.

Vin MVANCE IN CROSSES OF DAIRY AND BEEF
iD STOR AW cE:

Til. TRANSMISSION OF BUTTER-FAT PERCENTAGE IN THE
First GENERATION.*

This paper presents the facts on the inheritance of butter-
fat percentage as discovered by the analysis of the data accumu-
lated in the cross breeding experiment. Twelve crosses were
analyzed in this work.

These observations may be regrouped to show the changes
brought about in the butter-fat percentage of the offspring in
accordance with the way the cross was made. For those crosses
in which Holstein-Friesian sire was used the offspring in all
cases resembled the low testing sire between 3.3 and 4.5 to I
as closely as they did the high testing parent, the mean being
3.9 to 1. For those crosses in which the dam was of the Hol-
stein-Friesian breed the results of the offspring were contradic-
tory one approaching the butter-fat percentage of the high test
parent 1.4 to 1 and the other approaching the butter-fat test of
the low Holstein-Friesian cow 7.3 to 1. The cross involving
the Ayeshire dam resembled the low test 2.6 to 1. The high
test Guernsey dam when crossed to the lower test Aberdeen

Angus sire had a daughter which resembled the low testing sire

5.5 times as closely as she did the high testing dam.

Considering every cross irrespective of their merit for this
particular phase of the work the crosses resemble the low test-
ing parental breed 2.23 times as closely as they do the high test-
ing parental breed.

*This is an abstract from a paper by John W. Gowen having the same
title and published in Journal of Heredity, Vol. XI, No. 12.

220 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

It is of interest to examine the results of these experiments
on butter-fat percentage in the light of those for milk yield. It
will be remembered that in the F, crossbreds milk yield was
intermediate between that of the high and low parents but ap-
proached most nearly that of the high parent. In the genetics
of many economic characters as yield of grain, size of the ani-
mal etc. the explanation used to account for such a phenomena
is the heterozygous nature of the factors contained in the F,
animal as compared to the homozygous nature of the factors in
the parental breeds or strains. Without question there may be
something to this hypothesis for certain crosses. The results
for milk yield and butter-fat percentage do present a paradoxical
position when this hypothesis is applied to them. Thus milk
yield is increased over what the true intermediate should be.
This follows the expectation generally agreed upon and ac-
counted for by heterosis. But on these identically same animals
the butter-fat percentage is decreased below the intermediate.
This is not the expectation generally considered as due to hetero-
sis although it is by no means impossible to assume that in-
creased vigor may reduce rather than increase a character. The
double nature of such a position does not appeal to the author,
however, as furnishing more than a verbal explanation of the
results having little parallel in the rest of genetics. The explan-
ation which really seems most likely is that we have in these
two cases the resultant of partially dominant factors. Numer-
ous similar cases can be cited in genetics literature. Perhaps the
best known case is that of black in Drosophila where the factor
for this is normally classified as a recessive but where if occasion
demands it may be used as a dominant; such a factor differs
quite distinctly from another like speck which is consistently
recessive. Such a parallel will explain the inheritance for but-
ter-fat percentage by considering that the factors for low butter-
fat percentage display more dominance in their expression than
do the factors for high butter-fat perceutage.

The inheritance of butter-fat percentage has occupied a
prominent place in the discussions of breeding operations by
practical dairymen. These men have held the following views
as to the mode of this inheritance. The first has claimed that
the tendency for high or low butter-fat percentage is trans-
mitted by the sire to his offspring; the second that the dam

ABSTRACTS. 221

transmits the tendency for high or low butter-fat percentage to
the offspring; and the third that both parents contribute to the
butter-fat percentage transmission. The results of these experi-
ments show that the third of these claims is correct. Such being
the case the dairyman who wishes his breeding operations to
progress successfully will find it desirable to examine both sides
of his animals’ pedigrees carefully. Thus, today, the Jersey
breeder pays a good deal more attention to the sires’ side of the
pedigree than he does the dams’ side of the pedigree when in
truth both sides are equally important.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF, MILK QUANTITY AS
SHOWN BY FIRST GENERATION CROSSES OF
DATIWTAND BEEE BREEDS OF CATTLE:

This paper is a further discussion of the results indicated
in the abstracts on Inheritance of Milk Yield.

ite he VeLE OF NPEIDS AND COCCIDS+

To attempt to epitomize the life cycle of the aphid is like
trying to draw an orderly sketch of Chaos. But after all, the
confusion may be more seeming than real and certain rules, be-
set though they may be with exceptions, govern the life of even
the aphid.

The gamogenetic egg is an outstanding argument for the
conclusion that the aphid of the North is holding more closely
to its prehistoric past than are those that spend their lives where
the successive seasons of the year offer a constant source of
food. For in the region of real winters there is no member of
the family Aphididae (in its restricted sense) whose total life
history has been worked out, that is known to pass its annual
-cycle without exhibiting a concluding generation comprising
both sexes. The aphid, then, starts its life cycle like a typical
insect—in the fertilized egg.

*This is an abstract from a paper by John W. Gowen having the same
title and published in Proceedings Soc. Promotion Agricultural Research.

*This is an abstract from a paper, having the same title, written by
Edith M. Patch and published in Annals of the Entomological Society
of America, Volume XIII, No. 2, pp. 156-167.

222 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

The overwintering egg is thus true to the traditions of the
Hexapods, but with it ends all conventional observances, for
between one such egg and the next in sequence there are crowded
such phenomena as a succession of parthenogenetic viviparous
generations; extreme examples of polymorphism; alternation
of generations in a series where a duplication may not occur for
seven or more generations; parallel series in which certain
females give birth to true sexes without beaks while others of
the same generation give rise to normal young which hibernate
in the first instar without feeding; and a system of seasonal mi-
gration which is not surpassed by any other in the animal king-
dom. That all these divergences from the ordinary life cycle
for insects take place within the limits of the family Aphididae
would seem remarkable indeed; but it is no less than appalling
to realize that the total range og phenomena just imdheated may
be exhibited by a single species.

The eccentricities of the coccids are concerned with the
specialization of their structural characters, and the modified
metamorphosis of both sexes rather than with any striking range
of habit or peculiarity in sequence of generations; since their
typical life cycle comprises between one fertilized egg stage and
the next but a single generation composed of both sexes. The
extreme possibilities of coccid metamorphosis are illustrated by
those species in which the females, at their first molt, lose, for
good and all, eyes, antennae and legs. exhibiting in this atrophy
of those organs of orientation and locomotion, a transformation
which has to do with the loss of such organs as characterized
them as insects in the first instar, rather than in the acquisition
and development of the structures of an adult hexapod. ‘This
metamorphosis by reduction, associated with the complete ab-
sence of wing development in the female is correlated with the
sedentary habit of this family and is in line with the atrophy of
class structures in parasitic animals. But the suppression of
generalized characters does not inhibit the appearance of special
structures of a high degree of development, as is beautifully
illustrated by the wax glands, marveious in form and variety,
to be found in the coccids; a concentration of structural effort
directed toward the secretion of a waxy protection for these |
sedentary creatures and their eggs.

ee

bo
Do
Q

ABSTRACTS.

PAN SMISSION OF THE MOSAIC DISEASE OF
URES el IOV OMS ss

This paper summarizes results of the continuation of ex-
periments which were concerned with certain phases of potato
mosaic, in particular transmission, and which were conducted
mostly in northeastern Maine.

Transmission from season to season occurs in tubers pro-
duced by diseased plants. The parent plants may appear healthy

throughout the season if infected late. Their diseased progeny

show symptoms varying greatly in severity but averaging about
the same for different lots and varieties. The severity of symp-
toms shown by obviously diseased parent plants is not changed
much in their progeny. The percentage of disease in the progeny

of apparently healthy parents can be reduced by selection of

hills, tubers, or seed-pieces, but the reduction is too slight and
uncertain to be of value.

The infectiousness of the disease was demonstrated by ef-
fecting transmission by means of tuber grafts, stem grafts, and
inoculation with juice. This was done in part in the field with
plant-lice eliminated, because previously reported experiments
upon infectiousness had not been performed under such condi-
tions and because plant-lice had been shown to be carriers of
the disease. Juice inoculation was attempted from one Hee y
to another and was successful.

Plant-lice, as had been found and reported previously, were
a reliable means for transferring the disease. As more condi-
tions favored the dispersal of these insects from diseased plots
to healthy plants, there followed greater spread of the disease.
One such favorable condition was growth in the open field in

- contrast to growth under insect cages in the field and in contrast

to growth in a greenhouse with plant-lice controlled. Other
favorable conditions were greater proximity to diseased plots,
greater interseasonal abundance of plant-lice, and later dates of
harvesting together with seasonal increase of plant-lice.

*This is an abstract of a paper by Donald Folsom and a cooperating
member of the Bureau of Plant Industry, having the same title and
published in Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. XIX, No. 7, p. 315-
SBYE

224 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Tests were made regarding the possibility of the existence
of various means of transmission other than plant-lice. These
tests indicated that among the various conceivable means of
transmission plant-lice are distinguished from others by at least
a much greater effectiveness and probably by being the only
effective ones. The other means tested with negative results
were soil, flea beetles, Colorado potato beetles, the seed-cutting
knife, and contact of roots, stems, leaves, and seed-pieces.

It appears that the most important measures to be taken
to prevent the spread of mosaic in a susceptible variety are
those which will reduce or prevent dispersal of plant-lice from
diseased to healthy plants.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

For many years the meteorological apparatus was located
in the Experiment Station building and the observations were
made by members of the Station Staff. June 1, 1911, the me-
teorological apparatus was removed to Wingate Hall and the
observations are in charge of Dr. James S. Stevens, professor
of physics in the University of Maine.

In September, 1914, the meteorological apparatus was
moved to Aubert Hall, the present headquarters of the physics
department.

The instruments used are at Lat. 44° 54’ 2” N. Lon. 64°
40’ 5” W. Elevation 135 feet.

The instruments used are the same as those used in pre-
ceding years, and include: Maximum and minimum thermom-
eters; rain gauge; self-recording anemometer; vane; and ba-
rometers. The observations at Orono now form an almost un-
broken record of fifty-two years.

225

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

NMP CC6E 909§ Foss 0088 L¥96 LPPE LL¥§ GLGS 166F S16P 8818 TPO§ |so[lul Ul PUIM JO JUNTIBAOU [8B4O.,
2. |-== IL @ 9 9 Z z G IT L 6 OL GP ax ee a sXep Apnoja Fo sJsquinN
OG Te meee an IL a 6 OL 6 tL SL tae $1 g 2 Gir tall Gamera aes sfep Ivey yo ssquiny
OURS eae ae, 6 6 9L PL 06 ST ST 41 OL 61 GL LT Se Ge Sara) skep ied JO Aequiny
--------|-------- OFOL |F6'S Gal, ia a ect al cha ee Celt Ao 81'S 88° FL 80S 816 |--~""~~~"saweA Gg Ul [[@JMous Uva]
(UNKGAL «5 ea aa Gor GGRO IS = | Sp a= cass ean | ba eos a ramet amc | ees oa [aca ae | anni gs ¢ CsI GLL OCG seen pcan tere a em ssqouy Ul [[vymoug
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TOMBIdpoid YIM SABP JO JsquinN
CiGG eas | aeeetal 9F'S OFS 08's GP'S 08% 6h'S Ors 0G°§ FOS G6°S 0c's 99'S —---sivah ZG Ul UOlZVyldioo1d uve
SST) ae eee 18% 89°% 18°C 11'S 61% 98'S 9% SGT SPP 66S Gh) CO Gin fot ames Ssyoul Ul UOyByIdioeid [BqIOT
as ae ILS? GO"FS 88°48 69'0G 69°6S G0'99 0°99 98°09 IO TS 60°0F 6608 SS FL 20°91 “saved ZG Ul d1njeieduie, uve
==-=-=== SSF leo'ez leorce L0s T'S |g6'99 $'99 9°19 9'0g 968 |SPTS |S84E {TS OL 9 f---eangzeleduiey Wee]
wanaonse|=====--= B= | B 4 0g PF a 68 g 12 6— | 66— | 96— [omar BIeduUra, 4Saao'T
aT gra ee sae es &P tg GL 18 66 88 88 8 69 69 IP ¥& sooceremenmom"-91nyBlsdule} 4ssyslH
A qy q

Be ee ee ee | Se ea elles

oe fe S <4 a 09 4 et, 8 ics 5

<) 4 oO ° (ar c oO | (= oO or] [=]

= £9 B 8 ow S na i=y =] =)

0g = e B a © 4

fas) Pr) lon tard fon tq

226 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTaTIon. 1920.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

The Station is a department of the University and its
accounts are kept in the office of the Treasurer of the Univer-
sity. The books, voucher files, etc., are, however, all distinct
from those of the other departments of the University. The
classification of accounts is that prescribed by the auditors on
the part of the Federal Government, and approved by the State
Auditor. All of the accounts are audited by the State Auditor,
and the Hatch Fund and Adams Fund accounts are also audited
by the Office of Experiment Stations acting for the United
States Secretary of Agriculture in accordance with Federal Law.

The income of the Station from public sources for the year
that ended June 30, 1920, was:

U.S. Government, Hatch Fund appropriation —_____ $15,000.00

U.S. Government, Adams Fund appropriation... _:-15,000.00
State of Maine, Animal Husbandry investigation
appropriation, 2s. ee ee 5,000.00
State of Maine, Aroostook Farm investigation... 5,000.00
State of Maine, Highmoor Farm investigations... 5,000.00

The cost of maintaining the laboratories for the inspection
analyses is borne by analysis fees and by the State Department
of Agriculture. The income from sales at the experiment farms
is used for the expense of investigations. The printing is paid
for by an appropriation to the University.

At Aroostook Farm there are in connection with the coop-
erative work with the Federal Department of Agriculture ex-
penditures mostly under “labor” for the Department and for
which the Station is reimbursed. There are also certain expen-
ditures for the Department made from sales of crops from
Department investigations that do not appear in the tabular
statements. They are carried as distinct and separate accounts,
always with credit balances, on the Station ledger.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

227

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1920.
DISBURSEMENTS.

SIDINGS 25 a eee

DEN OVONE a a eee
BUC AbiON Si ess 22s eee ee eee ee
Eospagcemanden statlonenye. ss -e eee ee
Breightye and) ebixpressi2=-=-- 22 -- 2 eae
Heatalichte and) powers.) 2222-2
Chemical and laboratory supplies__-_-_--
Seeds, plants and sundry supplies_______
ROT GITZO Siete ante oe Se see ee eS
Hee chin owes Gufs sea = eee ee Se
J Coplay cp he a a ee
Tools, machinery and appliances__--___-
Burnitunemande fixtures s2 === so ste ee
Scientific apparatus and specimens______
hive ies COC kerr est awe eee
Bravclingeexpensess=-== i= ae
HONPIN Sent. exXPeNSeSasees sees e eee

Buildings

Hatch
Fund

$8068.25
1042.75
195.04
698.96
148,19
598.29
4.12
705.87
830.89
1912.09
40.27
125.87

15000.00

$9999.96
2032.67

136.65

63.48
15000.00

Animal
Husbandry
Investigations

$4498.20

228

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR YEAR ENDING

DISBURSEMENTS.
_ Aroostook) Highmoor |
Farm | Farm |
GWlaries sate an erent BIN ie $1220.00 $1080.00
Labor 22222234 so ee 4915.23, 2197.78
Publications: 2222220222225 =. eS sc ees} | Ree ee |
Postace anda Sstatvioneny==-se eee 71.05 73.95
Ereight) (and) Si xpress®= 22 eee eee ee 36.20 29.82
Heat light -and®?. poyer= 258.63 381.48
Chemical and laboratory supplies______| -------- [0 weeeenee
Seeds, plants and sundry supplies____-__ 1063.65 357.83
Fertilizers). 2-225 S) ol- 3 eee 875.15) 43.50
Feeding, \stufis:=-222 2 ay 150-53
Library.) oe sea eh ee EGS ee eee
Tools, machinery and appliances____--__ 396.14 408.50
Furinture and fixtures_.--_--.--.-----__- 18:30) esas |
Scientific apparatus and specimens_-__-_-- |< eke elle |
G3 CSO C eee ren ee 90.00 52.00
Traveling; expenses=as-se sce eee 16.44) 10.12
Contingent Mexpensess2= = es 66.50. 25.85)
Buildings) ) ss222s222.5 5-2 14.71 158.67)
Mo tals sesees es te ae ee ie $10,462.11, $5000.00

1920.

JUNE 30, 1920.

General
Account |

|

$1676.35,
1888.06)

$11,420.10,

Inspection
Analysis

$11026.43

26.14
$13,399.15

INDEX. 229

INDEX

PMO GMa le SeLMINatOM OL StASS-1HUitS 4 > saeco es els see oe eeiee sau ssle sere 207

EADS ETEICLED "9, oc ek BH ho ER SIC SIERO CNN Ext OT aT
mpplewcauses of selt sterility and cross sterility...c¢s2.s-e.-c-00060: 81
GrOss 1icGrulltigy ancl Gross Swanibiness cegooocnudououossdaosanue 69
efkectsnoneseln andmerossi tentilizationmonssizes. sans asie ee oe 77
SelimestenilitymanGdiecrossustenilutys yamine elmer eo cies. 61
anidase lim she ntilihyiaereee atari crys a rere eiiein ciate 63
EMEOOSLOO kas SOUNLyoAGCliMatery. jyccler ts inleieaietac ow 6 Umievere ortyel esse oie mtlels 8
TO MACE WNROEhEMOIN. cooocopcocuodquusouseeode 8
OH OWI WHTE ALS eter strate euctal a eialc abereugisle stein © aistisnercears ovata 11
S Oil Spee rae ete micine ee eet cictcwarr eras cr tyaratala wees ae ie 11
Balcneetests ot pure line wheats. ....5)25.. se. - ee Shere es ever ceaE se 35
Oran re TtlltZETS WEEE CESH tle iers sister vsi ol ave Slee aie. /oreuans ota iecaaveccus, ei areletavesats 89
CIKECEMONMIDEATISIM aac ictarep ater aredectianvelyartie Sistem 118
SLECMMOUSEMEXP ChIMNelLSi mane eerie 103
ANGI OMIA] Uday, sts forte ay ats eielietmnreraanetal Nepatenere rn veks 109
injury to potatoes..... Pe US RUA srermince me NON ia cor aor 95
neademnclationrot loateto gluten: Content. «0 lessees ote eae oe ee 42
teh nam ENCe On HA GeMOlMh a welshiice ae cinerea oe oe eee e ue 185
DORCAMAGS AinGl AGS Ci Cattle sccuccvasonansudeuddocnee 133
Oi CMS WrowseynGl CoWiSecacoausanocodsuouioss 155
Kelatronmtonlactationm ena eet ee merncice sce 145
: VACL Reta tae REIN AM ESE swam ao tstert cena eeraneee ser slensy atten sie saw e 190
; Coleorhizas mechanical and biological! function... sss 06. oe ese 213
rossmrenmitysand-<cross stemlty: inthe apples oc... csse se. csm ese 69
festuilizations etection Size Of Apples. ..csxss. oslo ce cosas cess 77)
Stemilihyeritiea ppleMCAUSeS ae Mem tues Noes ee Mee eae ak ee iy 8l
‘ JEP ZASIEG,, soyonTe sci rhinsas as Gaara eaten NEN CETUS. RESUS Ie esea me tr en 89
‘GeO ‘Oil ARIS Babee ao SenEaese Com mn nd ae ee ie SaaS 197
; LESESMESOLNRCES Es OhMe ENO Ilse ret cic eine anise 214
(Grasses O lyenmb myo marimar states che vests sue ci aherele Manan Ae reo dele ciate isis 214
GASSES, GlyimnCminall SeiraiNeTEIO NL “Olio 4csngacougnobocsocKoHoGG0Ke 207
f PELIMMIMAL Oley One eevee enero aero eT oera Ce Tee 197
MORNE)! MSTTINIMEITO Og ocascedbostsoacodabucas0accusor 199
MG CASGES COUS HNC eIMINATIONN TESES 2; cetsisleiuns elocie sole sieve as Ge cle oe eee 214
sloleusinel ince mille awAGhses soon coos sbaosocobdesdeonooobedoo dee 185
butterohatieyael cle aint in armel at ate atu mnt ai ayn 185
Jersey Cons, amills Geen shoal Bex, booogoocadcdodsaucdoddododonoL 49

ME tool Coral TepO needs aeeeversiarstergecrsie.e, secrera cus eKeneescere sees an cre reise oner
Millip roc chHonmokonemtiotsandmcowsrae mace cacecon cae orecee 132
SECHE LTO MMRATTG AG Chey ararvalts a SRS reuse sey sk ce rere een te nya ee el ceca ineoesels 49
SEU eC ITI Meee tees fare me css trey tay cia mee Matieat 185
ye LAMMMTUU TICE, OLAS ET OMe tise. esac 2 enceerenayae elercke oo eictela die e etatens 185
Ok COWS Qe ChniSeswne AWS. s>oossasvoscusobouowgocesoucce 190

Melo "we) IECENTIONs ues oooono dbioco5 Gon ae Cobo m oS o un 121

230 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Normalegermination vor ‘erass-inuits. 4.45 ee eee eee 199

Polyembrny omy xin vorassesics Caiearcs sneer eee: 214

Potashy deleterious impurities. .1...: see ener: 92

Potato: \mosaiGeeis jesus Sas cs oa eee eee 157

appeakancer Ol adiseasedm plants Here nea teen 160

isolation ot diseased jstockeaeee eee eee ee ier ere 183

methods) Of) Controlman Mani pee eee eee 180

DROOUNS Cie “WMC HOUEMESS so oo conccaceavvonccanaccuasc 164

MONO WEN! Oi GOES EVM. occassoc0ncdoonvousneoes 182

Sy ptomlsmivanyines «witha Ocallityae tere en eetae eee 179

transmission bye Coloradombeetlesaeee ene eeeernet 175

CONTACT: 2 AE SAS Cee Se era po eon US)

flea: heetlesin juan sree 174

SELES Ts. rset Oe eR Ts 164

INS ECES) “¥,sceciasie cE eR ene 168

PUMCO MOC IENOME.oanccccccnncaocaac 166

le MONE IGS so na oncavas Pai hace eee sees 169

Seed. Cutting: nite weenie: 175

toh l Maumee cree ee nt ard Aan he sass a eros 178

TUDERS Ascent cto en erces cog on plies)

VAT tale teesisital tl Ceci eatin tia bya een ee nen ee 180

Potatoes" tertilizers sused ays ate Gee eee eee RC Oe cine ars aes teat 93

in <authree: year rotationec. ns ene eee. 93

injured. by: bora erred oh csas ae ee eer. 95

Sabi Suemiltay ancl Gellar wescullitay ta Wave ayo, oooccccccavcccax0000006 63

Gross SuSmilbisy im WHS PQs cconosacgccascsccccsoae 61

Self sterility in apples, causes..... RR Aenea bis ta sg 8G" Gbamod 81
‘Treasurer's: ‘report. on See eo Soon oD ae OE aCe are

Variation) on) butter-ratrandsacesoicalt|eann ra nee een tener 133
Weather srecorday. 8.2 ks cian ee eee era rae

Wheat, Aroostook venown, chemical ichardctenemeneereneae ce eeeern: 27

Dinysicale characteristics eeee ater Paah sate ee 17

protein. aAnaliysisis ei easel ROIs i,

Wine “Oe IRSANS ssc, n¢cchnconncdbooone 17

pihelk MRR Ears AM A LRN Orn gc oo MOE 25

Biwestem sanded ine in) eA OOStOOlan Ee eee eerie 48

Chemical composition sande qualiiy—eneeeeeeee eee rer ertree 6

flours, chemical analyses......... Nee os neh sac omanee 37

gluten, chemical, qualities: : \) 02 -.eenee ec eee 4

improvement, imethodss.+..0 ac. hs doe ee eee eee. 13

influence of environment on texture of kernel.............. 7

Minnesotage proteiny Content “renin ee eee eee inei er 29

AMVESEISATLOMS® (2.52 ara bSiearevoles oo ois ce ane Chee ere ARO Re eae ae ee eerie 1

Origin of mpure lines) im) Maine 220 eer 14

quality “ang climates. .o60 i..0 castes ee eee Eee eee 3

Watieties erown at Aroostook Marmimea senna eee 14

INDEX.

231

INDEX TO REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1916 TO 1920, AND TO
BULLETINS 246 TO 295 INCLUSIVE.

In each reference the first two figures indicate the year. Thus, ‘20, 207, indicates
page 207 of the report for 1920.

Page
Abnormal germination of grass
PRU GCM ane ae 20. 207
Abrotana, clematarias-=——-=-—---= "17, 48
OTOL Sees eee eke ibe) A a Oh “Wie 2S
ALORIHER (CUR) |S = ee 20,
ADSirAciS Ob pAapors===-- 2 sake ess 18, 229
Abstracts of papers not pub-
She deine DUlletins#aaass aes eae 16, 345
Abstracts of papers published
Taam i OSes ee SOL een 19, 285
Acid Phosphate for oats_.----_- AG, 4
Acocepha!us albifrons, contro!__ °16, 72
ASSCrID OM ges NG 170)
NAD TG Sian ad oan SES ee "16, 69
lish MphiSt Onyeo sees ewe ae ANG, 7A
SHEE © Copalriroll ee GHG
deseription of nymphs-_-___-_ WOMee:
CishTipMblOonieys= ae ene AGH io
Age of cows and maximum mik.
PLO CUCU OM sss ae ee eee ee 19, 253

Aleohol, Effect upon germ eal's
"17, 297, 299,- 390

NGormeheasetie tees 22 iis ‘18, 15)
Wns, TIOlOEy, Otis s et 17, 249
INGIeies Cone, Wala "16, 283
Mlograptay obiquaj=-22----2_—_ = 16, 23:
Altica bimarginata, The biology
COE 2 ME OS Eee dee ee 17, 249
Altica, biology of Maine species °18, 149
corni, bio!ogical history—___- 18, 162
GOUMETROT sy ee eee a eI 18, 173
description of th: stages 718, 156
distribution q
food plants
natural ensmics___________ 18, 173
seasonal history in Maine ‘18. 163
definition of tsrms us2d____ 718, 153
key to Maine spscigs________ 18, 154
TIS OE CLE SM. lets ee) er 718; 15)
rosae, biological history____ ‘18, 176
CON CLO se ase See 718, 182
deseription of the stages 7°18, 174
GUS GRID UTTONMe sae 18, 177
TOGG! leyaAe to 18, 181
MakuTale EMS ss eee ee 18. 182
seasonal history in Maing ’18, 177
SPECieS Gdiscusssd== es 718, 159
torquata, biological hictory_ ’18, 196
COMO! Slaw ee See 718, 202
descripti n of the stages °18, 194
Gistribition yee 718, 197
wOOCl | jolla ea 18, 201
natural enemies____-______ 18, 202

seasonal history in Maine ‘18, 196
tice ulmi, biological history ’18, 184

CONGO] Wise. ee 18, 193
description of the stages_-__ ’18, 182
distribution) | 222 eee 18, 186
Tioxoyel jolene eS 18. 192
Ma Guna le TenemMicss sss eee 718 193
seasonal hi_tory in Maine___ 18, 18)
Ancestral ana'ysis of Jersey sires ’19. 143
Angulated froghopper______-_____ Ou 2
AN Aen Ge MUS as nese see AW zat

Thin hy at evap ee = SRE pe T7149)

Animal Husbandry Investiga-
tions, Report of progress
Fil, PALE Zalfeh DAS

Apats!odes,

COnnetact ae aa ee ee ae
Aphid ecology, problems_-_______
Aphid of choke cherry and grain
Aphididae, food plant catalogue

18, 47;
AND OWGRH. CRY nea eo
Aphids, Eastern, New or little
TTY OWT ee I he oe Sl a re af

ANON “Ost Hoe WOKE
Anhistjavenayee a2 leven eee
Aphrophora parallela ________
Quadrino tata eae
Saratogensis === ssseees
ANolkoyslos, (Efe) a
MavUTOKOYS ANE) eee
Apple, causes of self
Aicl Cross Gwaelhny ~~ -=-- 55
cro’s fertility and cross ster-

TUTE Ys ao ae cota ey
effects of. sslf and cross fer-
tilizatzon ony sizes se
self sterility and crvss ster-
DTG yee ds EST RL SS

and self fertility__._____

Apple dsat ichlorosiss— 2 es
troubles new to Maine__
maggot, control by poisoned

Daithe sp Taye as ie ee aera
dates of emergence of
ALTOS see ea SUSE AS Rh
poisoned bait application
effectivencss| ees
LO RMIT ee EL Se

Apple orchard, sod vs. cultivation
scab, devslopment______2-_2_-_
fungus, winter survival on

GW See oe RT eT

Silvernile aie 2 sia Cee
spraying, composition of ma-
cenialsusedes Sees

effect on foliage and
ET ULIG gp tS a eee 18,
SEU Oslin uri tee oe
efficiency of application__

Eqobansays|
ATUL RUS Seta ee ee
summary of results__ 718,
time and manner of ap-
Dlicahionyiease seas 18,
treatment of plots__ 718,
weather conditions___ ’18,

spraying at Highmoor Farm
blossom bud application_
discussion of results_____
effect on foliage Pinte fruit
experiments BOSE ESS
LE UTA Vane en eee te ed eee
methods wsed=—22-_ 22s ee)
object of experiments____

Page

232 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.
Page Page
time and manner of ap- Calves, average birth weights__ 18, 222
DICatiOne wets eae ae *16, 171 produced by hybridization ex-
sprays, effects on fruit-_----- 16, 175 periments) -ae ee 718, 216; 7°19, 274
efficiency of first appli- twin births, sex ratio_-_--=- "18, 223
Cationg= === ee 16, 175 weight affected by breed_--. 718, 222
trees, fertilizer experiments Catalog of the food plants of
Ont eee OTR GAS ales foe aks} @) they Aphididacse====as nee 19, 219
setting with dynamite ‘16, 28,183 Cattle, breeding experiments__-_ ’18, 218
WITLtCLE ny nya ee "16, 183 gestation, length and varia-
yield in fertilizer experi- tion) (of8 period 18, 223
MSN ES ae ee eee Pits inheritance studies_____-______ 18, 129
Aroostook County, c!imate_-_-_- 20, 8 Cercadula secontata, crops af-
for wheat production__------- 2205 © 8 fected) =... eee 2 eee 16, 61
STOW nwheatsseeees een aee ae 720; 1 distributions === 16, 59
SOS Wasson ee aes ae eee 220 Smeal Carly) ‘stagesh= == == see ae nGe On
strawberry experiments_-_---- Sain? lite: Shis tony aera 16, 64
Aroostook Farm Lee Biiyfs 1b:<e PISS: ab:< Cercopidae occurring in Maine
Jersey sires’ futurity test--_ °16, 39 716, 53, 287
Dlanteasbreedin gy === aaa aaa 18, 40 Change of milk flow witu age__ 17, 145,
soil’ test experiments__ °18, 17; 719; 33 “Changes in Staff=--2==e =e ‘17, xv
soils, plant food content____- 16, 14 Chemical composition of green
testo Ol MO aL Seen eee AG @ Sprouts oatse === "17, 285
Arsenate of lead as a fungicide Chlorosis of apple leaf-_________ 16, 186
16, 88, 178; °18, 121 Chiorotettixaunicolor = “UG Yih
vs. arsenate of ne 718, 126 Choke cherry, Aphid of____-.__- 17, 293
Ayrshire cows, variations in milk Cicyapemaculariace ee nee 17, 44
719, 57, 260, 285 Cingiliaicatonania= Ali, £83
Bacillus atroseptcius__---------__- "19, 393 SeNUS sss See ees ‘17, 43
Baking tests of pure line wheats °20, 35 Clastoptera obtusa -_-_-_____ 16, 283, 287
Baleulthal (punctatas-— 2B, 17 DPIOtsus) +. ee 16, 284, 287
Bandinsaichicks == aes aan en 19, 84 xanthocephala. --_-----_-- 716, 286, 287
Barn and field experiments ‘17, 85; °18, 1 Cleoras, Genus = eee "17, 50
Beans, inheritance of eye Dat- DAMDIN aT a eee a7 250
TRsvelakes met eet Oe Ses eee 16, 351 Clover in soil test experiments. °19, 49
Ttelation of eye pattern to Coleorhiza, mechanical and _ bio-
tyDedoll avine Sa eee 16, 351 logical tunction=— = 20, 213
Biology of Maine species of Commercial varieties of oats at
JANGI CAs Sesis- thes Bete sew oe ee 718, 149 ATOOSLOOK@ harman 17, 102
Biometrical study of crossing lahedapvoyore Idage 17, 104
OVED ne ee See ee 19, 300 Conception in cows, conditions
Birth weights of certain breeds affecting” =) eS eae 18, 224
Of (Cattles= ==) Sl eee 18, 222 Conformation and milk produc-
Blackleg disease of potatogs, ing capacity of Jersey cows ‘19, 270
Relationship to causal organ- and milk production.— =~ _ 19, 298
ISIN Spice eee eee Aue Cia Control ot tse ration 17, 130
Blackleg organism, viability of ’19, 303 Cooperative breeding records
Blueberry fleabestie______-________ 18, 194 Aly, TALS ARS PAL
Borax in fertilizers, effects______ 20, 89 Copper-lime-su'phur for apples__ ‘16, 93
effect onl absanse= eee 2206 1138 SC osym bia-eG onsen SIG acs
greenhouse experiments______- 20, 103 lumen aT Aisne I CB
NAT OteiDy ye *20, 109 Cows, conditions affecting con-
INVULy COM DOLTALO SSS aaa anna 20; 195 Cep tion), ==22- kat aa ee eee 18, 224
Bordeaux mixture vs. lime-sul- forms for breeding history__ ‘18, 220
DHUP Seas ee ee ee 16, 85; °18, 118 means of selecting for the
Bread, relation of loaf to gluten Joti fo pene = eee eS ee 18, 214
CONES Gilat eee dee 220) 42 relation between age and milk
Breeding experiments____-_-_____ produchiony=—— 719, 253:
Se LAD CASS yee el OO, Cross fertility and cross sterility
records, cooperative “17, 121; °18, 221 int {ths “app lochs ee eee 29, 69
AION (OMS = ee 17. 396 fertilization, effect on size of
Buckwheat, Tartary, variation in °19, 296 aD pleye se eee AN TUL
Bute issued a TC Es ieers ee eS WISSex sterility in apple, causes______ ’20, 81
USS) Jersey, aslMieriOn= === sees 19, 141 rossi a iometri
transmitting qualities_________ 19289 Cros ae OPE: Dig tte Ca Endy, 19. 300:
which’ shaveladvanced) stho == tl) =) 2 ee ee 32) ea hy eee Sar :
ary glean EIS OO Mitac 79 13g (Currant Fruit Fly, Life history,
superior and inferior, how ; enemies andcontro asses ane “iG, LC
distinguished. ee 19, 102 Dairy and beef cattle, inheritance
transmitting qualities of their Studies.» = es ee eee 18. 129
Sons) (2 ae ee 19, 139 Datana van eusiees eee otis (65
Bush and tree froghoppers_____ "16, 279 SeNUS)( Fae Se eee 17, 64
Butter-fat, influence of age on__ °2), 185 integSrrimanh= se See eee BAA. OF;
laws. which governi_-__-_-_-- 19. 91 mMajor22- eee 17, 66
pereentage and age of cattle °20, 133 Ministra, Bess =e ee "17, 67
of one thousand cows_. ‘20, 155 Daughter-dami testa. een 17, 136
relation.) to: Jactation==9 7720; 145) ) DiastictisiGentss= anaes al, Gil
percentage, correction of reec- alatatias = eee Si By
OUGS He. S25 2 te SE at. oe ae 719, 94 ribearia. +2225 eee Ve SY
transmitting qualitics for___._ °18, 208 Didea fasciata var. fuscipes______ 16, 246
variation with age of cows__ ‘19. 291 Difference and selection problem,
yield at different ages______ 20, 199 Probable ‘error ots "17, 303

Dogwood fleabsetle_--------_--__-__
SONIA THAR oe oe
Draeculacephala angulifera_______
Drepawawwarciabass sass e oe
genus
Dwart and normal eggs, correla-
HIGING (eC ae eaees
relative. shape-------------
relative variability__-____-

SIZ eRe b el ait © Ine ee ee

eggs, albumen and shell__--__
and compound or double

eggs
constants of variation___
diticnent ty peses a eae
frequency of occurrence__
pathological factors______
physiological causes_-______
relation to age and posi-

ona, sam, ee Ee
seasonal frequency

size and shape relations_
summary
Dynamite, use in preparing land

Setting; apple ‘trees. 222 oe
IDEASTeAa Ay OVO es
Ecology, aphid, problems________
Egg distributing and turning

TEEN Oe a Se a
ES omer OU le seaee Soe ee ey
Eggs, dwarf, see Dwarf eggs__
IBlhaal inleR VOC IO See ee ee

Epochra canadensis, Life history,
ensmiesmmand controls. ss
PEE TUTON Sun G CTU Senne es oe ea
‘epU Me ea Pp gl coos UR i SN

Establishment of the Station____
MiG \viuls
Ethyl alcohol, Effect upon germ

CENTS appear Neier a Tile PAN
Experimenta! modification of
or" COIR Sa Ee
Factors which make for success
IH SbOCksbreedinpes =. 4 es
Fagopyrum tataricum, varia-
LERUCOWON CY ree ee A eg
Halcaniamplineatass 2 nee re
fERGUTUS | Ley EN ea a a

Farm manures, Winter handling__

Fat content in milk, variation
Fecundity in the domestie fowl
Fertilization without potash____
Fertilizer and soil, relation to
DOUDIO CRO a
experiments with apple trees
“ils BY ales ep
methods of applying for
IDOWENVO Sa eS "16, 19;
ME TNIZSES em DOT AX | Tees mee
effect of omitting potash up-
Oil Wd OBE Cow
TOXONGEH COXA) Nites Sees eee
nitrogenous, effect on po-
tatoes

sulphate of ammonia and ni-
trate of soda compared on
potatoes

Fertilizing materials used in soil

[GES US ieee er ic Zen Lat in
Field and barn experiments in
POG anes Seta ale: Sap od Beals cs sien Sols

Risld experiments__________________
Fish wastes for feeding animals
Fitting of parabolas, Note on__
Mleabseties, see Altica______-____ |
Fleabeet!s, The alder, Biology of
| Florida rock as a fertilizer for
| oats

INDEX.
Page :
’ 5 Flower-flies or Syrphidae of
ne me Maine eee nee eee
16. “78 how they live
17. vie what ‘they are
17, 76 Food plant catalog of the
‘ PEN) a) ORG DUG EW 2 ee les a eS =
16. 999 Fowls, domestie, effects of poi-
1G. 296 SOMMOUA BORO Senses nse mee ena
16. 298 Froghoppers of Maine___----____
16. 29g Fungicide, arsenate of lead_--__
16, 293 Futurity test, Jersey sires______
ae Gall} Psyllid, om \dneus2=222222
1g, 919 + Geometridae, Family_--_____-_____
16, 995 Germ cells, Experimental modifi-
16. 291 CMibloral | Ope oa
16. 301 Germination of grass fruits____
16, 307 tests, sources of error in__--
16. 314 Gestation in cattle, length and
3 VATA ON IND eriOds=seesse sas e
16. 309 ‘Grasses, polyembryony in__----
16. 303 Grass-feeding froghopper______-__
16. 294 remedies or control__--_--___-
16. 235 Grass-fruits, abnormal germina-
aS COM Kanes eR RE
ae eo SerminatlonmoOiteeeees saan w ete
18. 45 normal germination of M2 es
46, 355 Grass seeds, germination tests__
Saas Green sprouted oats, composi-
19. 77 WOM, (Ol ee ee
16. 319 Guernsey sires, transmitting
16. 285 CUTAN G Sheen tceen ies EO Ah Ds
18. 182 TEL eOy pie) OXON NN
trom PFO TUU S|) eect UG Ne ee Be ete
Pai ais Heterocampa bilineata____--______
ae nee PROIMUS Se eee
17 57 AWAD ANG WE Coes ES Se See
a Hibernation of leafhopper
labydonanoyoye Jie moole a es PN aiibxs
18, vii fertilizer e¢xperiments______--__
variety tests with oats______
299, 300 Holstein-Frissian milk yislds_.__=
bubterlata yield eee eee
‘17, 297 Homoptera attacked by Syrphi-
Laie eee ee Io eee ek LN I
Nee ala Hybridization experiments, calves
PEO GUCS Cee oie NOE RENE a ane
TGs, MAG 7 ehyobsiy (Crabs) Soa
plement ULI CHULA Gg ea cee a a A Pe AP
G74 Ndeorsrus= provanchert 225s
17, 94 Inbresdinig studies 22-25 ss ee
TOS Bye Thabo ROME JOARIKGSG Gok ees
"16, 347 Inheritance: of beef and dairy
165, 6 Comionmahony =e esse
loxoxe hy: CONS
PIRS, Bhs) characters in Plymouth
FO Gaga OWES he ane
"17, 99 eye pattern in beans___-
yvlume characters in oats
"ile, Uh horned condition sss
29. 89 milk and butter-fat pro-
Gaon CORON ENY sya = fess nT ly
17. 108 muzzle pigment —-_________
17. 110 Switch colors =a
2 TGA ONb olen See ee ee
18, 37 i ele eects in cattle
studies in dairy and _ beef
; TD CCL Se TS eee!
ae ats of color characteristics__
Data horn charactesristics___
IOS NOMS.) ae
“Gh GE) Tho asin naiomes Sic.
Jassidae of Maine 2922)
ale, al Jersey cows, age and milk secre-
"UG, 2 EIKO OV te Lee UNI
Alii, asi age and butter-fat_______
‘17, 304 change of milk flow with
18, EL Oy eee ASIA NC ae
17, 249 contormation and mitk
PRO CUGtI Ones] = teers
"iG, &! milk seeretion and age___

234
Page
‘sires, ancestral analysis___--- 719, 143
futurity test, see Sires’
PUtUEI Gy ULbeSba= se lOn Oispe ght 142

transmitting qualities 19, 89,
Key to the eastern species of

Macrosiphumie == Se 719, 216
Key to Maine specizs of A!tica__ “18, 154
Tea ds arsenaiest == aes ee 718, 121
Leafhonpers, hibsrnation_-------- 162 754

INGUEV Ss) CUCL Os =e Ai 93)

of Maine, life history--—---- “iy aR
Leptoterna dolobrata___--------_- AlGs BS
Lepyronia quadriangularis___ 716, 277, 287
Lesser grape vine fleabeet!e_____ 18, 151
Life history studies, Syrphidae

OL sMaine “Sis ae ea alg alps:

iime-sulphur. dry = ee eS "18, 125
effect of different dilutions.__ °16, 86
for apple sprayine==-=—- = 718, 122
seli-poiled 2:222022 Ses eee 716, 92
vs. bordeaux mixture________

716, 85, 177; 718, 118

“Macrosiphum amelanchisricolens- ’19, 211
CAEDIMNICOlSNS es = = a eee le 19, 209
Giervillac - 25202 ee ee "19, 210
eupatoricolens .2—— 19, 214
STAN ALIA 5 o-oo ee 16, 63
ETA VICORNISU Nes oo eee ee ee 719, 213
impatiensiedlens __---------___ *19, 211
key to eastern speciss__---_ 719, 216
Fanceolautlin. 226-2 eee "19, 215
ANS W: «SPECIES a "19, 209
ONALTAS Ts = oie ayes Rene 719, 212
“Seu GOcOryli a= ee 719, 212
RSssudodirhoduny —_ 19, 213
DsSudorosas es See ee "19, 206
Dtoricolens. = eee eee 719,219

F255
"19 205
17, 29

‘Manure from sheep. value_______ CIS.) vf
improved, by: pigs === 18h ih
winter hand!ing of farm____ ‘17, 94

Meadow froghonppers, early stages 716, 271
MRS RISTO nyse = = en eae "16, 27)
NasiITes (Oke sy hye 16, 269

Meadow plant bug-___-___ 218; 2333719. 1

Mealaionhas Gongs. sn a= AVE MOI)
ine*uSa 4 Ss--k See ape OL

-Melanstoma mellinum__—---______ "16, 226

-Meteorologica! observations______

Gs oil ot lone DOD
Ab bes (oe. ceda7
Midge infestation of potatoes__ 717, 30
Milk aud fat production, rela-
ihlonr to). acess ee ARE ER,
fat percentage at different
EW a Pie eer AER ee ee ee 19, 64
flow, change With age,p______ "17, 145
flaws which govern_____--_ 2195, 119:
of Ayrshire cows, variations
1 ke ee eee "19, 260, 285
producing capacity and con-
LORMATON == 28 es eee 19, 270
‘production and age of cows__ °19, 253
and conformation of cows 19, 298
comparative variability___ °19, 59
correction of records_____ 719, 94
of one thousand cows__. °20, 132
transmitting qualities for
18, 207; 719, 254
transmititog qualities of
LCTSEN i SUES == oo = sere 19, 104
records, analysis of_____
Ii, 132; *18 719, 259
Secretion, studies in___._92)-
18, 231; °19, 89, 287; °20, 49
solids, secretion, variation,
fand mode! = SS 18, 210

ee te ee yt) i's Ue

Page
studies. in. 22 -- = 22 eee ~ 720, 185
variation in fat content__--_- Oe Gye

Quantity. 232822 es AL AG /
yield, influence of age on___ ’20, 185

of cows at different ages ‘20, 190
relation to lactation____- 29, 121
Miris: | dolabratus=—— 219.
descriptioniai a2 222 ee i taht Sees
GimorphISS1 7a eee 719, 8
distributions 422 s=— eee wile paaee.§
economie importance ____--__- a95 946
FOodayplan ts iie eae ee ee eee BO ea
Introduction =—=—— =e 719: 4
lifes “history===-—= =e AOE AS
measures for control___-____-_ °19, 14
Natural» CHeniiess sss eee EEO Soh:
Mosaic disease of the Irish ‘po-
tatoy 32-2 eee eee 19, 305
Multiple birth record_____---___-- 18, 219
Neglected factors underlying
stock breeding industry________ SU iae ek
Nitrate of soda eompared with
sulphate of ammonia on

DOCALOSS. ee a ee eee ee 17, 114

Nitrate of soda vs. sulphate of

AI DION A ee ee AGE,
Nitrogen, different forms for

Potaoss. Sees see ae eee AGP A
Nitrogenous fertilizers, effects on

potatoes =2Ulo- 4s re a 413; 30
Normal germination oi grass-

PP UES | fee eh ee ne eae 29, 199
Notodontoidae, Family___________ La by Ghetaye)
3 Pupae of Maine species____ 7°17, 29
Oat breeding, character of the -

LAVEE Wo Wie ene Wie. ab at Sp ie 16, 134
description of the pure lines ‘16, 130
discussion and conclusion____ °16, 144
SSPELINI SES) = 18, 40
grain’ characters =e 16, 137
luean Droduction for three

YeaTs.3¢ 24 eee ee a6 125
methods, | /=2- a ee 716, 102
pure line varicties____-________ "16, 97
Stwdisss one ee 16, 347; “17, 306
SUMM Ary ls = Soa Sere ee 16, 146
WORK, lit) UIQ I) Se tees ee 16, 146

LOTS, |S Sa S 716, 103

LOL ope See ee a "16, 106

OLR) oe See ae 16, 109

TOTES Se a Sees ae 163) 195

AOL ey eee Se eer 716, 121
yield of straw and other

characters 222s eee 16, 129

ClOp Withouts MoLrsshe= aS Bal
Oats, Commercia! varieties at
Aroostook Farm______-- 717, 102
Highmoor Farm____--_- 17, 104
composition of green sprouted 717, 285
effect of omitting potash up-

Ones thee (Cro pase 17, 108
fertilizer experiments___-______ MiG eats
grown at Highmoor Farm__ ‘18, 16
in soil test exDeriments______ "19 47
inheritance of glume char-

acters) oe ee ee eS. "16, 347
rate of seeding in Aroostook

Gounty = ass Mode 106,
varieties originated at Aroos-
took, BPanni=== 3s ae 716;., 6

Highnioor Barns 716, 10°
yield der “acre BIS Sei6
Official inspections in 1918_______ 185) xX
Orchard experiments with poi-
soned bait 16, 156
Paleacrita, 54
vernata 5d
.Papers published in 1916, not in
bulletins ae ae 16, 345
Parabolas, Note on fitting_____ 17, 304
Parallel spittle inseet---_-------- 16, 279

INDEX. 235
Page Page
Pedigree incubator baskets_----- 19, 82 fertilizers muSed=s=ssee=seeees een PAD, BBS
poultry breeding-------------- 119, 65 grown without potash fer-
Philaenus lineatus___--- eee, 16, 273, 287 Sitilzation\ ess e==s=a= aeaaeeSee ‘19, 30
SIUM aU Spee ee 16, 268, 287 in a three year rotation__-__- 20, 98
Philaronia bilineata__.------------ NIK, VAS in soil test experiments____ 719, 51
Phiepsius apertus__--------------- 16, 79 infestation by a midge_---__ 17, 309
Physiology of Reproduction___-_- 7, 129 TwalWbARG! lon, lO ee ‘20,
Physiology of reproduction in Maine grown, avalyses__----- 19, 17
the domestic fowl. 716, 348; 717, 305 fertilizer constituents____-- 719, 20
Pigs, effect upon manure______-- 180.0 1 LO OGM valli Comes ena Rey ley Ale
Plant breeding at Aroostook mineral matters ht a ee 19, 20
TQM ee eet meee 18, 40 method of application of fer-
Plant food in Aroostook soils__ ‘16, 14 CiliZor! oes ee ee SU ily alate?
Platychirus perpallidus___-_---__-- “AE, Uo methods of culture compared
Platypterygidae, Genus —------_-- ZI ON 2302.5
Plumage pattern in Plymouth raw vs. cooked, digestibility °19, 19
RO Chalo Wise ete sense ele 16, 354 feeding Waliieue: MeN mummies 19, 19
Poisoned bait sprays for apple sulphate of ammonia and ni-
PUD ENOL a ee ee at 16, 149 trate of soda compare__ ‘17, 114
Studies im Americal_-.--_- 7 __ 16, 149 Probable error of a difference
Poisons. effect on progeny of and a selection problem_-____ 17, 303
GGmiASihG akOwis ee 16, 852 Prociphilus alnifoliae______-___--_ 18 46
Polyembryony in grassss_--_---- 720, 214 DD OL OXIA GUS ese eee ee "718, 45
Potash, deleterious impurities__ P08 492: COTTUR ALAN Sit eevee SUL hee 18, 46
effect of omission in potato casternmspecies= 18, 45
ieseietibiae Vol. |e Le 16, 16 ELISerONens!S pea aaaeeneneeeeeee 18, 46
effects of omission on crops ‘18, 31, 33 fit ehiils eee ae Sen 18, 46
fertilization, effect of omitt- fra sani to le tee 18, 45
Toe WON Oe "17, 108 SOV Tdi se eel yee ee 18, 46
MOLALOES) so see Ue ee aly als) Cessellart awe ie a eae 18, 45
omission in potato culture__ °19, 30 VASE MMUISOE) | eee 18, 45
Potato crop, effect of using no xylostel 2 1a. see eee 18, 45
OURS Sa ee eee ae 16, 16 Proprietary spraying compounds °16, 95
relation to soil and fer- Psyllid gall on Juncus__________ 16, 354
(HUN zag et) ae cilia Ree oe Ie ee 18. 35 Poultry bresding, appliances and
without, patos ss .sslele, 18," 338 methods —-___ PMs VINE ae ae 19, 65
diseas2 produced by rhizoe- ate Maines Statlone ses eenemn 19, 65
{LONGUE cS SEES a ees} Cat alor mot mstOCk=s us maesns Ale), Al
fertilizers, method of apply CER oAKONNC Le ey 783
Ino etOn “PObAtosce esas ue” 16, 19 house esr records seen ae 19, 75
sources of nitrogen________ 16, 22 Incubator record seas esa eee 19: 76
fertilizing constituents_______ Mey, BD annua SINE Se 19, 68
pomace, amnalysis._..______.___ 19, 21 Publication, List of for 1917 17, x;°18, x
FUG DUIS a a CI EE SONU 19, 17 Pupae of Maine Species of
PSPOLATOM INOS aTCHo lune nleeneniy 20, 157 Notodontoideas === senses 17, 29
appearance of disease plants °20, 160 Rate of seeding oats in Aroos-
GUISEENSENN YO) Ce SS ee we 19, 305 took County_____ Re ae eS eG "17, 106
isolation of diseased stock_._ ’2), 188 ReportaoL | Treasurer sax seeaee Wi, 317
MCEROUS OL MCOntLOM a= saws 20, 189 Reproduction ability, influence
proofs of infectiousness_____ 20, 164 Oh palo eln eS Un ae eae 17, 305
removal of diseased plants__ ‘20, 182 DMSO Oi ee "17, 129
symptoms varying with lo- In domestie fowl 16, 348; “Ales 305
CAM iyo nseresue ate NURS} Ro 29, 179 %Rhagoletis pomonella, control__ ‘16, 149
transmission by Colorado Rhizoctonia, Potato disease pro-
pesties epee ee 120; 1/75 GUGE CIS to owe se Oe ee aan ae oe "17, 313
>)
flea beetlés a. 720; 174 ROS? Aphids, red and green... "19, 205
STEAL ERS 0 cece Ee GT aa 20, 164 ISOS) wlan eile 18, 174
TONS (Seu HS) oe Re geo es Ge) SNabulo dest aGenuses seen seen ‘17, 45
YMiceweInOcMations»s= seals 20, 166 LOT ast ayy re Oe Ee EST RAE TS 17, 46
i Lett Gyan C Gene ere DeLee 20, 169 GRANSViels ain) eee eee ele lie a
seed cutting knife________ AN. iG weaigur Comununp ool es File FAL
ESOT ee ee es RE ee 20, 178 STN Se SIE ee A ES Ne 17 69
(GUID ONS heme he SU oh lela a 20, 163 WhoXonaaNeys Revi yas AM AEN Nes cae ea Zil¢f 4760)
varietal resistance and im- Selection Sapien AG TICES eT Nae 17, 305
TANOUENT UN ares eee ee ee ee ged ete 20, 189 Seli-boiled lime-sulphur______|____ 16, 92
Potatocs, Blackleg disease of Self sterility and self fertility in
with relationship to causal HOV) EH on OM ne ee LUI a 20 63
ORBOMISINS oe "ile, Bab cross sterility in the apple ’20, 61
composition affected by cook- IM aDpless Gawses= a en me 90, 81
Wa ape ge ace ee ee 419) 18, ) SX Tabio; control) (ors Neeenis 17, 130
deep vs. shallow planting____ °19, 25 IVE CLOMUGS bi CH Owen "17, 399
effect of different nitrogen- in twin births of calves 718, 223
OUSmtertilizar spears entails 19, 27 SUIS Speen RSE 17, 308
effects of nitrogenous fer- Sheep, account for one year____ ‘18, 5
HIRI ZE TS fies es ree iy Sr are they profitable in
effect of omitting potash up- Wienges NG, Boe, Me, Sas, Ply 3
Oi ae) Ceo oe 17,119 Sheep experiments, expenditures. ‘18,
experiments in Aroostook TeCeiDishs eee ee ee 18, ;
COMM DV Meera nates Cae oer Tile), 2} three years results________ WSS
Kennsbee eounty__________ 19, 24 LVISICOM, Ole elo TIy | oS

236 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.
Page Page
SicyasGonuss = ye cel keys to known larvae and
Silver leaf of the apple__-_----- 16, 189 pEpAC *16, 256
Sires’ futurity test, animals en- larvae as animal parasites 16, 217
Leredenitny loin ae ee ee 16, 47 CTOD: —Dests=.==: =f. = ees 716, 216
feeding during the test_--_-- 16, 5) Dredators) ee 16, 212
NistOnye ee ee 16, 39 SCaveneers) eee "16, 215
methods of carrying out_--. ‘16, 43 life: nistonyas ee 16220.
milk and fat production___ °16, 47 long-tailed filth-inhabiting
nutrients in the feed-—----- 16, 51 sdeties! 2 ee "16, 222
DULDOSe 716, 49 ot Maine—Second report—
Tules and conditions__-------- 716, 41 Life History studies__-_-__- a AGS?
Tules governing award of cup ‘16, 45 SUMMA y= eee "16, 193
Valdes see ake Se "16, 37 practical measures for pro-
Six-spotted leafhopper___----_---- 16, 59 techion ee "16, 220
Sod vs. cultivation for apple short-tailed filth-inhabiting
Orchards he 718, 13 speciss 22 22s =: eee 16, 222
Soil and fertilizer,- relation to species reared in the State 16, 221
potato’ crops. ee 718,-35 Syritta pipiens SSeS "16, 253
Soil heterogenity in variety tests, Syrphus americanus______________ 16, 236.
corrections. 2 *16, 345 knabi:. 2). eee "17, 172
tests at Aroostook Farm__ nitens\:.223- S S eee 716, 242
718.136 19) oe oronoensis’ % 232 eee "17, 162
clover _plots==—— 18, 26 torvus® 2 See 16, 249
discussion of results_---- 719, 46 Tartary buckwheat. variation in ‘19, 296
fertilizers used________----- “be 1 Timothy crown leafhopper______ 16, 69
Oat. plots eee 18, 25 Timothy improyvement__-----— —-— Tee cb)
potato! “plots = 18, 95 | Drama weripzeronensis= === 718, 46
TOSULLS - = ee 718, 29 ‘Transmitting qualities for milk
aerophoria cylindrica___--____ 716, 231 production) === =e 719, 254
wee Pee mee ee ee eee aS 16, 265 oi Jerse sirss. 2.7 se 719, 89, 265
Spray injury from poisoned bait 16, 159 of (Guerasey) ‘sires 19, 254
Spraying experiments with ap- Trap nest, Maine Station__--.-__ at pei
DISS, eee Se 16, 169: °18, 101 Treasurer’s report__-__- 16, 3593, “17, 317
Sprays, dormant, and scab con- 718; 2373 A9, 3083 720!
irolg Se ees 716, 90 ‘Tropidia quadrata_-— 716, 248
poisoned, for control of ap- Twinning, inheritance__-----_-___ 718, 219
ple imageop 16,149 Variation in quantity oi milk “19, 57
Spruce budworm, report on__-_ ‘19, 301 OL -fat (content in) smi A192 150.
Staten Ghanves nee 17, xv Variations oi butter-fat and age
Stats (nO bss Sansone Aa ees 1S of! cattle2 aa ee eee 20, 133.
Station and the War__--------- 17,xii Venturia) pon *16, 191
establishment). (ofes— =e 17, vii Viability oi the potato blackleg
Stereum purpureum______----_-__- 716, 189 OLf anise 19, 303
Stock breeding, factors which War, ‘Ths Station’ -and===: = "17, Xiil
Maken Ol VSUCGESSeo = ee 14, 11. «Weather report 16, 3572, “18, 235
industry, neglected factors "19, 306; ~ °20,
TNGeLlyings ee ee 17, 1 Wheat, Aroostook grown, chemi- ;
Strawberries in Aroostook eal ‘character =~ = ares 20, 27
County: 225-23 Sa eee 718, 43 physical characteristics______ Dively)
Studies in -milk secretion_____-= "19, 287 protein) “analysis 2 eae 220, 27
Sulphate of ammonia compared weight of ‘kernels: == 20; 10
With nitrate of soda on po- yield jo2i225 ease, 720; 25
Patoes 2a sl es ee ee "17, 114 Se and Red Fife in
z a ore 3 Aroostook? =-— ==. a 720, 48
putas of ammonia vs. nitrate See breeding experiments___________ 48 41
OE SOO a Bast se ae JuES chemical composition and qual-
Sulphur flour, fine, as a fungi- ity (=e eee 20, 6
(OG Fey a "16, 94 flours, chemical analyses______ 20, 37
Swine, Are they profitable in gluten, chemical qualitics______ 22), 4
Witter ee ee ee ite G28 Akh al improvement, methods________- "20, 13
Symmerista albifrons____--------- 17, 68 in ee pbs Ley cela Deemalo ,
SOnUS) Se a Seg Tokar eee fs Minnesota, protein content... °20, 29
Syrphidae, aphidophagous species °16, 222 investications) 2 SA
bibliography, === 16, 261 origin of pure lines in Maine °20, 14
description of Maine specics “16, 224 quality and climate___________ 99. 3
economic importance of the varieties grown at Aroostook
adults eee at ae "16, 219 Parmsca2 ee eee 729, 14
IY oe oes eee "16, 212 ‘Fal pi pee ;
glossary of new and unusual a ee peeve BEQOES Dises= 15 U0
EATING co eee ee Le 5 AE 16. 25g Winter handling of farm
habits of the larvae________-_ "16, 206 MERU) Soe sees "17, 94
Homoptera attacked_-___-_-- 16, 223 Xanthogramma divisa_-_-._-._-.. 717, 154

95-98

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CONTENTS

Drugs: AGU OOUSHA an. 3 see ie aoe
i Commercial Feeding Stuffs 1919-20....

April, 1920

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE.
CHAS. D. WOODS, Director

ANALYSTS.

James M. Bartlett Elmer R. Tobey
Roydon L. Hammond C. Harry White

Official Inspections

95.

DRUGS AND FOODS

Cuas. D. Woops.

The Commissioner of Agriculture is the ¢xzcutive of the law
regulating the sale of drugs and foods in Maine. It is the duty
of the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station
to make the analyses of the samples collected by the Commis-
sioner, and to publish the results of the analyses together with
the names of the persons from whom the samples were ob-
tained, and such additional information as may seem advisable.

Nore. All correspondence relative tu the inspection laws should be-
addressed to the Bureau of Inspections, Department of Agriculture,,
Augusta, Maine.

2 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

ANALYSES OF DRUGS AND FOODS

In the following pages are given the reports of analyses
of the samples of drugs and foods sent to the Station for ex-
amination by the Comissioner of Agriculture in the calendar
year 1919.

In reporting samples of drugs a margin of Io per cent in
either direction is allowed as coming within the limits of error.
For instance, a sample of spirit of camphor that 1s from go to
110 per cent of standard would be passed. In the case of a
sample between 85 to 89 per cent or 106 to 110 per cent of
standard the druggist is cautioned. Larger variations result in
hearings, and usually in prosecutions.

SPIRIT OF CAMPHOR.

Table showwmg the results of analyses of samples of spirit
of camphor purchased in 1919. A properly prepared spirit of
camphor carries 10 pcr cent gum camphor and 86 per cent by
‘volume of alcohol. In the following tible if a sample is within
5 per cent of standard it 1s reported “In accord with standard.”
If it varies more than 5 and less than 10 per cent from the stan-
dard it is reported “Slightly above (or below) standard strength.”
If greater variation the percentage is given. The samples are
arranged alphabetically by towns and dealers.

qa

Ke) z TOWN AND DEALER. Results of Examination as Regards

$6 | Gum Camphor.

rows} |

nA

19431|Auburn. “Hi: W.) Getchelli2-2=222" ee In accord with standard.

19433'Auburn. Claude E. Packard_--------------- In accord with standard.

19435, Auburn. Jos: VAS) “Phenixt22 SC Se ee In accord with standard.

19572|Biddeford. L. Doyon & Co..------.------- Four tenths of one per cent of
| standard strength. Not camphor
| at all but apparently put up for
eee i booze. _Adulterated.

19574 Biddeford. Morinag Druga © 02s es aaaaene ee Slightly below standard strength.

19460 Brunswick. Pwd. MESCLVGleiosseneseee eee eee ‘Dangerously above standard
A strength.

19561|Cumberland Mills. L. K. Paine_.-----_--_- 'Highty-nine per cent of standard

strength. Adulterated.

19071|Fairfield. Fred H. Neal_-------------------- In accord with standard.

OrriciAL INSPECTIONS 95. 3

SprrRiIt OF CAMPHOR—Concluded.

Ee TowN AND RETAIL DEALER. Results of Examination as Regards
=¢8 Gum Camphor.
5
DA
19483) Fairfield. Fred H. Neal_-------------------- In accord with standard.
19564, Freeport. Geo. A. Wilbur-_------------------ In accord with standard.
19511 Gardiner. Theo. N. Shorey------------------ In accord with standard.
19557,|Gorham. Edgar F. Carswell__-------------- In accord with standard.
19446 Lewiston. Herts Al dense see eee eee In accord with standard.
19441| Lewiston. Arthur Dussault_-------------~--- In accord with standard.
19449 newiston). We. H. Teaguess-222-)-=2-- 22 —- Dangerously above standard
strength.
19456 Lisbon Falls. A. N. Beal_-.---------------- Dangerously above standard
} strength.
19453 Livermore Falls. E. P. Smart _----------- Slightly above standard strength.
19474, No. Anson. Frank H. Holley.------------|In accord with standard.
19471 Oakland. S. J. Foster---------------------- In accord with standard.
1958) Oxford. Geo. H. Jomes-------------------_- In accord with standard.
19524 Portland. Hraniceedh, sBragdonts- sss ss- == In accord with standard.
19535 Portland. John H. Hamel___-------------- Seventy-seven per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.
1Oo1GpEOrLlands. “Dheara, Hilton==--- = Dangerously above standard
strength.
O5JSeeORblandesOvisu Drug, \COmsa ssa -ne ee In accord with standard.
19520 Portland. Park Drug Store Inc:----------- In accord with standard.
19542; Portland. People’s Pharmacy--------------- In accord with standard.
19506|Randolph. Ralph L. Booker_--------------- In accord with standard.
19468 Richmond. wouis) “Ay iGaubertss--- sss = In accord with standard.
19440'Sabattus. Chas. W. Coombs--------------- In accord with standard.
19569 Saco. Earl ©. Wakefield_.------------------ In accord with standard.
19480 Skowhegan. G. R. Fogg--..----------..---- Slightly above standard strength.
|
19478 Skowhegan. Fuller Drug Store...-.-.-.----|In accord with standard.
19479 Skowhegan. Sampson & Avore--.-.-.----- Slight!y above standard strength.
19472;Solon. LL. W. MclIntire.-...-----........---- ‘In accord with standard.
19484 Waterville. College Avenue Pharmacy----- ‘In accord with standard.
19487 Waterville. Davian & Cunion_----------_-- In accord with standard.
|
19488 Waterville. J. H. DeOrsay__-------------_-- In accord with standard.
19489 Waterville. Hehe SD un bares se a Se oaee In accord with standard.
19485, Waterville. Larkin Drug Co.--------------- In accord with standard.
19491 Waterville. Arthur J. Loubier_.-.---..._--- More than twice the standard
| | strength. Adulterated.
19486 Waterville. Waterville Drug Store__------- Slightly above the standard
strength.
19560, Westbrook. Raymond & Marr_--_-----_--- ‘Sixty-five per cent of standard
| strength. Adulterated.
|

——

4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

SPIRIT OF CHECKERBERRY.

Table showing the results of analyses of samples of spirit
of checkerberry (Wintergreen) purchased in 1919. This is not
now an U. S. P. preparation. Formerly it was, and carried 5
per cent oil of wintergreen. In the following table if a sample
is within 5 per cent of standard it 1s reported “im accord with
standard.” If it varies more than 5 and less than Io per cent
from the standard it is reported “slightly above (or below)
standard strength.’ If greater variation the percentage is given.
Samples arranged alphabetically by towns and dealers.

88 TowN AND DEALER. Results of Examination as Regards

Se il of Wintergreen.

+>

Ra

18982 Auburn. Claude E. Packard_-_-..--_-_---_- In accord with standard.

19036;}Bangor: Chas! H. Davis: In accord with standard.

19049 Bangor. Frawley’s Pharmacy_---.-.---..-- Two hundred and six per cent of
plandard strength. Dangerously

gh.

19041 Bangor. L. K. Liggett Co.---.-.-------- Slightly above standard strength.

19039) Bangor: (Ho 3K. Pricst2 eee Slightly below standard strength.

18962 Bath. D. T. Dougherty---._._.-.......1.In accord with standard.

18941 Biddeford. Geo. W. Traynor_-.-..--._..._- In accord with standard.

18965 Brunswick. George Drapeau_-......._._.____ In accord with standard.

19044 Elisworth. O. E. Alexander_-....--.-..._.- In accord with standard.

19074\ Fairfield: red! JH: ‘Nealo = In accord with stamdard.

18974|Lewiston.. PP. W. . Babcock. .. One hundred twenty-four per cent
of standard strength. Danger-
ously high.

12971|Lewiston. BR. W. Clark Est... — In accord with standard.

18978 Lewiston. Pharmacie Nationale........_._. In accord with standard.

18975 Lewiston. Wakefield Bros.._---_--..--..._... One hundred twenty-six per cent of
standard strength. Dangerously
high.

18998 Livermore Falls. J. O. Ham -. _--.___.__ In accord with standard.

19020 Old Town. Burnham Drug Co. _-...-.... One hundred and forty-two per
cent of standard strength. Dan-
gerously high.

18895 Portland. Edward L. Foss.--.............. In accord with standard.

18906 Portland. Franklin Drug Co....--._-._.. In accord with standard.

18890 Portland. Heseltine & Tuttle Co.--.---_- In accord with standard.

18915|Portland. John D. Keefe-.-..-— = - One hundred and twenty-eight per

cent of standard strength. Dan-
gerously high.
18910| Portland. W., 2: Keenan > In accord with standard.

18920)

18902

18951}

18950

19002

18936
18939
18934

18924
19563 |

peppermint.

OrrictiAL Inspections 95. 5

SPIRIT OF CHECKERBERRY—Concluded.

TOWN AND DXALER.

Portland-saGeOa iW.) wankin= sone eee
RortlandsgeH seus bls Onsssss se

Rockland: W. A. dohnston=---2-----2----—-

Rockland. Ol Swys Sinaloa
‘Rumford. Waldo St. Pharmacy_----------

S2COmmbGiward un GOSNenees ses e == eee eee
Skea, 1h (Ob AVE Ge
Westbrook. Raymond & Marr_:_-------__-

NVOOGLOrds! Ha li. WWinship2=sos cease ee
Woodfords. John M. Stevens_.----------_-

‘Portland. Lewis K. Liggett Co.--.--------

Portland. Dudley Weed Co...---—---...---

Results of Examination as Regards
Oil of Wintergreen.

in accord with standard.

seventy: three per cent of standard |

| strength. Adulterated.

\Sixty-four per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

One hundred and forty per cent
of standard strength. Danger-
ously high.

JOne hundred and twenty-eight per
cent of standard strength. Dan-
gerously high.

Two hundred and thirty-four per
cent of standard strength. Dan-

'Branded as an extract. Is in ac-
cord with standard for spirit of
Wintergreen.

Branded as an extract. Is in ae-
cord with standard for extract.

In accord with standard.

Branded as an extract. Is slightly
below standard for spirit of
wintergreen.

In accord with standard.

An extract and not an_ essence.
Misbranded. In accord with
standard for extract.

EXTRACT OF PEPPERMINT.

Table showing results of analyses of samples of extract of
peppermint delivered to inspector when he called for spirits of

They were, however, properly labelled. An ex-

tract of peppermint used as a food flavor should contain 3 per

cent

oul of peppermint.

Station
number.

19054

18905)

18937,

18923

TOWN, DEALER AND BRAND.

Bath. William A. Armstrong.
“Kimball’s Green Mountain Brand.’

Portland. Pearl St. Drug Store.
“Extract of Peppermint.”

Saco. J. E. Beckwith.
“Baker’s Extract of Peppermint.”’

Woodfords. John M. Stevens.
“Extract of Peppermint.”

|

Results of Examination as Regards
Oil of Peppermint.

|

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.
‘In accord with standard.

Ee accord with standard for ex-
| tract. Carries dosage on the
; 2 label and is therefore misbrand-
|

Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

SPIRIT OF PEPPERMINT.

Table showing results of analyses of samples of spirit of
peppermint purchased in 1919. A properly prepared spirit of
peppermint, sometimes called essence of peppermint, carries 10
per cent oil of peppermint and &5 per cent by volume of alcohol.

In the following table if a sample is

within 5 per cent of stan-

dard it is reported “In accord with standard.” If it varies more
than 5 and less than to per cent from the standard it is reported
“slightly above (or below) standard strength.’ If greater vari-

ation the percentage is given.
by towns and dealers.

Samples arranged alphabetically

gs TOWN AND DEALER.
ed
3
ys
RD A|

|

|
18983 Auburn: ) He We .Getchell= =
TSOS Ata warM e OS Winn OLLCS mee ea re
19033 Bangor. Chas. M. Brown------------.------
190388)/Bangor. Buckley, Drug: Coil 222-222-222 ee
19047 Bangor. Bigsh Burkel so Ue ee eee

19050 Bangor. Caldwell Sweet Co

Essex Pharmacy
18958 Bath. Webber’s Drug Store__-..-.-._-_-__-

18960 Bath. L. E. Wilson

19035 Bangor.

18943 Biddeford. N. P. Baillaigeon___----_----_-—
18942 Biddeford. Boynton’s Pharmacy------------
18945 Biddeford. Morin Drug Co
V. H. Hinckley
IR. “We, Merrille sess 28) 2 ees
18964 Brunswick. P. J.
19028 Bucksport. A. F.
18931 Cumberland Mills,
19562,Cumberland Mills.

IANS EN ees Wien al, ehwaelidken ee

19026 Brewer.

Mesonvera a2 SS eee

Kirkwood & Welch-----
18996 Farmington. Hardy’s Pharmacy------------
18977\Lewiston. E. S. Baribault---------------__-
18976 Lewiston.
L.

18973 Lewiston.
18969| Lewiston.

Results of Examination as Regards
Oil of Peppermint.

Eighty-two per cent of standard

strength. Adulterated.
Thirty-four per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

Slightly below standard strength.
Dangerously above standard
strength.

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

Slightly below standard strength.
In accord with standard.

Slightly below standard strength.
In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

Slightly below standard strength.

Eighty-four per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

In accord with standard.

Eighty-sight per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

In accord with standard.

with standard.

with standard.

In accord
In accord
above standard strength.

with standard.

Somewhat
In accord
Dangerously above standard
strength.

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

OrriciAL Inspections 95.

SPIRIT OF PEPPERMINT—Concluded.

Station
number.

18997; Livermore

19018

‘Old Town.

TOWN AND DEALER.

Falls. E. P. Smart

Alexander Erasers sess eee

19023 Orono. Chas ela] Nichols=222e5-"22--ss-5--=—

18909| Portland.
18893 Portland.
19594 Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Rockland.
Rockland.
Rockland.

18892
18900,
18891 |
18913)
19889
18907,
18887
18953)
18949
18954
18999)
19001
18929)
18933
18922

Rumford.
Rumford
So.

|

18925)

18928) Woodfords.

Falls.

| Westbrook.
Woodfords.
Woodfords.

Sig Bellitee es Sea e se ees SS
Bramhall Square Pharmacy-_---
Bramhall Square Pharmacy-_---
Coombs Drug Co
C. H. Guppy Co., Ine
Hurlburt Brothers

Myrtle Pharmacy.
Park Drug Store

Peoples eharmacyasessse=e see
FE ran kee Ee OW Cl ee eee
Corner Drug Store, Ine

C. H. Moor & Co

Pendleton Pharmacy-_------------
Rumford Drug Co
C. E. Fernald_

Results of Examination as Regards
Oil of Peppermint.

/Dangerously above standard
strength.
In accord with standard.

Sixty percent of standard strength.
Adu!terated.
\Slightly below standard strength.

Forty per cent of standard

strength. Adulterated.
Eighty-six per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

Slightly below standard strength.
In accord with standard.

Slightly below standard strength.
In accord with standard.
Slightly below standard strength.
[Righty per cent of standard

strength. Adulterated.
\In accord with standard.

[In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.
|
In accord with standard.

‘Forty-four per cent of standard

| strength. Adultsrated.

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.
Fourteen per cent of standard
| strength. Adulterated.

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

8 MaIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

SoLUTION OF MAGNESIUM CITRATE.

Table showing the results of analyses of samples of solu-
tion of magnesium citrate purchased nm 1920. A solution of
magnesium citrate should carry 1.5. grams of magnesium oxide
per 100 milliter. In the table 1f the sample carried not less than
I.4 or more than 1.6 it is reported in accord with standard. If
ut carries between 1.35 and 1.40 or 1.60 and 1.65 grams tt is re-
ported as slightly below (or above) standard. If tt carries less
than 1.35 or more than 1.65 it 1s reported much below (or above)
standard and adulterated. Samples arranged alphabetically by

towns.

aw
oe TowN AND DEALER. Results of Examination as Regards
Ws! | Magnesium Oxide.
25 |
19448/Lewiston. LL. K. Liggett @o.-.-----.-----_- Much above standard strength.
| ; | Adulterated.
19488, Lewiston. Charles Martel_--.-_...-----__---- Much below standard strength.
| | Adulterated.
19443 Lewiston. Warren E. Riker_---------------- Slightly below standard strength.
19476) Madison. 3H. Ws (Wright=22222222- ‘Much below standard strength.
| | Adulterated.
19544;Portland. Ooleord & Washburn---_-------_- ‘Much below standard strength.
| | Adulterated.
19533 Portland. Cumberland Avenue Pharmacy. Much above standard strength.
| | Adulterated. :
19526|Portland. Sumner ©. Davis, Jr.----------- ‘Much below standard strength.
| | Adulterated.
19525 Portland. Edward LL. Foss_-------.------- In accord with standard.
|
19546) Portland: Jobni dm Gilsssess=eeee eee Much below standard strength.
| Adulterated. .
19529) Portland) Of eH. |GupDys (COssassa eee ‘Much below standard strength.
|_ Adulterated.
19540||Portland? VH-o Hy Hays) (Sons In accord with standard. :
19531|(Portland? EJ.) Holand ‘Much below standard strength.
| Adulterated.
19521/Portland. Hurlburt Brothers__-.._------.--- In accord with standard.
|
19547/'Portland. Wr. 2b.) Keenan=s=s= ss eee eee Much below standard strength.
| Adulterated.
19527|/Eortland. Ws ke hicgett sOOmes ee ‘Much below standard strength.
Adulterated.
19545 Portland. Frank D. MecCarty__----._...____ In accord with’ standard.
19515|Portland. Geo. W. Rankin_.._....-._-...... Much above standard strength.
Adulterated.
19538)\Portland...ba)) ae SblMsO nse =e e eee ‘Much below standard strength.
Adulterated.
19551) Woodfords. Chapman & Wyman---------- ‘Much above standard strength.
Adulterated.
19556|Woodfords. S. B. Gamage_-_-.-.-._.-.-..- Much above standard strength.
: Adulterated.
19553;Woodiords. Frank L. Winship_---.------- ‘Much below standard strength.
| Adulterated.

———— nnn

OrriciaAL Inspections 95. 9

HyprocHtoric ACcIp.

Table showing the results of examination of samples of
hydrochloric acid purchased in 1920. Properly prepared U.S. P.
hydrochloric acid carries 10 per cent of the acid. The samples
are arranged alphabetically by towns.

wy
os TOWN AND DEALER. Results of Examination.
aa
» 5
nA
19187/Bath. Leonard & Mitchell------------------ EFighty-nine per cent of standard
; strength. Adu'terated.
19573)Biddeford. Boynton’s Pharmacy------------ In accord with standard.
19576|Biddeford. Leo E. Jomes-_------------------ In accord with standard.
19575| Biddeford. J. W. Mahoney----------------- Seventy-four per cent of standard
: strength. Adulterated.
19577/Biddeford. John H. Seidel_----------------- In accord with standard.
19461/Brunswick. H. W. & E. B. Allen_-------.. In accord with standard.
19458 Brunswick. George Drapeau----------------- In accord with standard.
19459 Brunswick. Wilson’s Pharmacy------------- In accord with standard.
19588 Dixfield. Guy O. Gardner-_------------------- In accord with standard.
19509/Gardiner. Chas. H. Bean-_------------------ In accord with standard.
19507,Gardiner. Jackson’s Drug Store_----------- In aceord with standard.
19439 Lewiston. Globe Drug Store__-------------- In aceord with standard.
19444)Lewiston. Wakefield Bros._------------------ In accord with standard.
19455'Livermore Falls. J. O. Ham_-------------- In accord with standard.
19583)Norway. Frank P. Stone-_------------------ In accord with standard.
19541|\Portland. S. Belli-.-.--.---------------_----- In accord with standard.
19522) Portland. Coombs Drug OCo.--------------- Dangerously above standard
strength.
19536|Portland. Wm. J. Flannigan_-------------- Somewhat above standard strength.
19519 Portland. H.. G. Hansen-_------------------- In accord with standard.
19528' Portland. Heseltine & Tuttle Co.---------- Dangerously above standard
strength.
19518 Portland. E. ©. McDonough--------------- Eighty-six per cent of standard
é strength. Adulterated.
19539) Portland. Geo. W. Merrill_----------------- In accord with standard.
19548|Portland. James H. Murren-_--------------- In accord with standard.
19534|Portland. Myrtle Pharmacy_---------------- Fighty-six per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.
19532|Portland. John M. Shaw_------------------ In accord with standard.
19530|Portland. Smith & SBore_------------------ In accord with standard.
19543|Portland. Chas. E. Wheeler---------------- In accord with standard.
19467|Richmond. W. A. Bibber_------------------- In accord with standard.
19590;Rumford. Bowers & Vallee Co._----------- Somewhat above standard strength.
19591|Rumford. Fernald’s Pharmacy------------- In accord with standard. -
19589|Rumford. Rumford Drug Co.-----------.-- Slightly above standard strength.

10

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

Hyprocutoric Acip—Concluded.

Station
number.

19592
19567
19570
19584
19585
19550
19490
19492)
19558
19559
19579
19555
19554
19552)
19566
19565

\Saco. E. J. Bradbury.

TOWN AND DEALER.

Rumford. Waldo Street Pharmacy

Saco. JES ayers ae eee ee

So. Paris. Chas. H. Howard

So. Paris. A. French Stevens
So. Portland. Walter Dow---------
Waterville. Willard R. Jones
Waterville. L. K. Liggett Co
Westbrook. Thomas R. Pye
Westbrook. Chas. A. Vallee
West Paris.
Woodfords.
Woodfords.

Woodfords.

Yarmouthville.

Cooks Drug Store__-------

Results of Examination.

In accord with standard.

Slightly above standard strength.
In accord with standard.

Dangerously above standard
strength. :
In accord with standard.

Somewhat above standard strength.

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

Eighty per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

Seventy-four per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

In accord with standard.

Dangerously above standard
strength.
In accord with standard.

In accord with standard.

Eighty-one per cent of standard
strength. Adulterated.

ZINC OINTMENT.

Table showing the results

of analyses of samples of zinc

ointment purchased in 1919. Properly prepared zinc ointment

will carry 20 per cent of zinc oxide.

As will be noted there was

considerably variation from the U. S. P. standard All samples
were passed.

Station

19434
19513
19445
19475
19452
19582
19517

19571

number.

| i
Auburn. Perryville Drug Store

|
‘Lewiston. P. W. Babcock-

TowN AND NAME OF DRUGGIST

Hallowell. Wm. T. Quinn

‘Madison. H. H. Haines

Mechanic Falls.
| Norway. Frank Kimball

|Portland. Frank H. Power-.-.--------

Saco. Edward Goshen

Merrill & MDenning_---_|

Weight
Zine oxide
Purchased | Obtained found
ounce ounce per cent
os 2 1.98 23.63
cece 4 4.02 21.17
sues 4 3.86 21.40
=sae 4 5.29 18.31
4 3.99 20.76
viral 4 3.85 18.20
sea 4 3.99 18.92
oa 2 2.08 21.19

OrriciAL INSPECTIONS 95. 11

Lime WATER.

One sample of lime water was collected from Geo. W.
Harvey, 416 Cumberland Avenue, Portland and was. found to
be in accord with the standard and passed. .

Sweet Spirits oF NITRE.

Two samples of sweet spirits of nitre were examined which
were slightly below the proper strength. One of these was from
Leonard & Mitchell, 194 Front Street, Bath, and the other from
Fred H. Neal, Fairfield.

TINCTURE OF IODINE.

Two samples of tincture of iodine were obtained, one from
Fred H. Neal, Maine Street, Fairfield, was found to be in ac-
cord with standard and passed. A sample from Leonard &
Mitchell which they claimed to have purchased from McKesson
& Robbins, New York, was somewhat low in iodine but within
the limit of potassium iodine. It was recommended to pass the
sample but caution the dealer.

TINCTURE OF DiGiITALIs, TINCTURE OF Nux Vomica, TINCTURE
OF OPIUM.

The inspector collected and sent to the Station several
samples of the above preparations. Although a pharmacist he
had not the knowledge of the methods of assay of such materi-
als and the samples he purchased were too small to permit of
the alkaloidal survey. Therefore these important and rather
dangerous remedial agents could be examined only superficially
and not for their medicinal strength.

WitcuH Hazet. HAMAMELIS WATER.

According to the U. S. P. this is a preparation made by dis-
tillation. In practice it is not distilled but is an extract. Its
medicinal properties are negligible. It was introduced into the
U. S. P. because of the “universally recognized need in Ameri-
can families for an embrocation which appeals to the psychic
influence of faith.” The two samples collected were in approxi-
mate accord with the requirements.

12

fat.

Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Ice CREAM.

Table showing the results of the examination of samples of
ice cream collected in the season of 1919, arranged alphabetically
by towns.
muk fat.

A lawful ice cream carries not less than 14 per cent

A fruit cream carries not less than 12 per cent milk

g z TOWN AND DEALER. Results of Examination*
ne

19268|Auburn. Mellen T. Downing__-.-.--.-...------------ |Well above standard.
19267|Auburn. Fred i: Rugegles_-2---2-- 2.222 |Lawful.

19269|Auburn. Winslow-Scannell -_-----------------------|Low.

19196/Aucusta:. B:.E: Bither-—_ = Eee Well above standard.
19215,Augusta. N. T. Folsom Son & Oo. ------------- ‘Slightly below standard.
19216|Augusta. Robert Miller-_.....-...-...-.-.---=---_---- Well above standard.
19218)/Augusta. (Gn 2 EEE Well above standard.
19195|Augusta. Harry Slosburg_.---._______---_-_-___._-_|Slightly below standard.
19217|/Augusta. Arthur 'Tetreault--2----- Low.

19197|Augusta. E. L. Winslow--.------------------------- Low.

19179|Bangor:. Ther Apollo seas ee ee Well above standard.
19224|Bangor. Bangor Candy Kitchen__--.__.---_-_-_---- Well above standard.
19225|Bangor. George i.) Hloros:__--_-_- Well above standard.
19178 Bangor, N. "T!) Floras) 222 eee Low ;

19177 Bangor. Kontos & Boretog_---------------------- _|Well above standard.
19223\Bangor. Palace of Sweets Co.---------------------- Well above standard.
19226|Baneor Riker) ed yTesues sss anne eee eee Low.

19176,Bar Harbor. Bar Harbor Tea Room__-_-------- Well above standard.
19171|Bar Harbor. George M. Gleavese. = ee ee Well above standard.
19172|Bar, “Harbor. \W. 9B. Marshal= _-|Lawiul.

19174|Bar, Harbor. Dullio (Bolers2= === Well above standard.
19173 Bar Harbor. Charles A. Venchey_------------------ Well above standard.
19175|Bar Harbor. West End Drug Store__-------------|Slightly below standard.
19262 Bath, mS SED, PAM On SE Slightly below standard.
19800|Bath:; 3 Ho wAllen? <2 oe ee Well above standard.
19258|'Bath:,, Octavesmbreten:—s25-+---- = eee Lawiul

*Explanation of terms. Lawful, just above standard. Well above standard, at
least 1 per cent above. Slightly below, not more than 1 Der cent below standard.
Low, more than 1 per cent below standard.

OrriciAL Inspections 95.

Ice CreamM—Continued.

13

TOWN AND DEALER.

Station
number

19344) Bath.
19261 Bath.
19260| Bath.
19259) Bath.
19263) Bath.

TOLOSHBelsast-) ROSCOCE VATEY 2 tesas a a eee

19192| Belfast.

TOO Belfast.) Weed: 7 & ) ells= see See

19338) Biddeford.
19339| Biddeford.
19336| Biddeford.
19337| Biddeford.
19255| Boothbay.
19257 BOOEnDay,

19256| Boothbay

Harbor.
Harbor.
Jct. Ate Me. -billodeau====-—————

Blue Ship Tea Room
E. L: Porter Co.-—
19367) Brownville
19273) Brunswick.
19272 Brunswick.
19198) Camden.
19199 Camden.
19200, Camden.
19222, Castine. Ethel
19181;|Columbia Falls.

19182;Columbia Falls. J. D. Hathaway, Jr.__---------- Well above standard.
19306|/DoVver D> Be eH OUIKGSisese naan ee nnenesone ene senen eae Low.

19254|Hast Boothbay. Race & C@o.----_-----2----+_--_-_ Well above standard.
HOSOs Haste Deering Wy vAW UOxManrG=sss= sees ene ee \Slightly below standard.
19294\/East Sullivan. Gibson Hanah__________----__.---__- Low.

19164|East Surry. Mrs. W. B. Stanley__----------------. Low.

19161, Ellsworth. Mrs. Asunta lLuchini_____ raph tbe ASS ee \Well above standard.
19160|Ellsworth. H. W. Morang__-..--_--..----------.---- ‘Slightly below standard.
19162 Ellsworth. Revel) Simithsee==-2- 22-2 eae iWelly above. standard.

Octavem: Brebensesasn=san a eae enna nee era
Al allett &) Coss. ssis2s2 52222 tcl ee
eon ard Mitchell Sa eee
SDCa Te eb Ol ks eee eee eee ee
JOHN Starzolas ss ee

Coombs Bross 2 ee eee

Jamesm Christenson sss as aes ae ana
Daniels Griney sss 2esssse eae nena
Mahoney, “Pharm atya-—==----aoane ene s
Eis Goyer Merrillee ss ase a eee
Mrs a) Gave Adams) sees oe

CharlesssChanon Sadie
SDeay eh OlKSe= ssa nee ee na eee
Beh BOY DLO Deer ett ee ee Cees ‘|
IBUTket hie Droste ase oes aw aaa ae eee
George: (Mixers 5. ee es
IN OY CS ss see enen ane ewan ane naan eee
Maryan © handlers sass =sns=o=

Results of Examination*

a

‘Well above standard.

Well above standard.

Well above standard.
Lawful.

Lawful.

Low.

Low.

Low.
Well
Well
Well

above standard.

above standard.
above standard.
Low.
Well
Well

Well

above standard.

above standard.

above standard.

Well above standard.

Well above standard.

*Explanation of terms.
least 1 per cent above.
Low, more than 1 per cent below standard.

Slightly below standard.
Slightly below standard.

Slightly below standard.

Slightly below standard.
Slightly below standard.

_Lawful, just above standard. Well above standard, at
Slightly below, not more than 1 per cent below standard.

14 MaInE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTaTION. 1920.

Ice CreEAM—Continued.

a
8 E TOWN AND DEALER. | Results of Examination*
EE
19163|Ellsworth. H. L. Wheelden------------.------------- Low.
19362|Farmington. Marr’s Drug Store_-------------.---.. Slightly below standard.

_ 19361/Farmington. Norton’s Candy Store__-------------- Low.
19363/Farmington. Tarbox & Whittier__------_-..-----__ Well above standard.
19232|Ft. Fairfield. Ft. Fairfield Drug Co._------_----__ Slightly below standard.
19233|Ft. Fairfield. Scates & Co.------------------------- Well above standard.
19231|Ft. Fairfield. Smith’s Kandy Kitchen-------------_ Well above standard.
19228|)Ft; Kent: Geo: .Savage:---.22.-2.--.------s-eeeeeeee Well above standard.
19227 R't mikent ae Mees a W OD DY aaenesaee eae aee ann Well above standard.
19307|Foxcroft. E. H, Nickerson-_----.--.-.-.-------------- Well. above standard.
19241,Gardiner;: Rs 1W,, seul. ee ee Well above standard.
19242,Gardiner. Jackson Drug Store.---------------.------ Lawtul.

19213 Hallowell. Geo. Avata...----.--.-----.---.-.-------.. Low.
19214|Hallowell. Victor Cantom_-_-.-....-.........-.----.--- Slightly below standard.
19212|Hallowell. Guy M. Towle_---...-.------------------- Well above standard.
19183|Harrington. Geo. S. Anderson_--------------------- Low.
19180|Harrington. F. W. Randall____--_--------....-.-.-. Low.
19245|Houlton. Cronkite & Fleming__._.-____._._-_-______ Well above standard.
19248|Houlton. John A. Miller-...-..-.-..----------------. Slightly below standard.
19244|Houlton. John) Ke ‘Palmer:------25-s2-2- oss e eee ee Well above standard.
19352|Lewiston. -Alden’s Drug, Store_-------------------__- Well above standard.
19265|/Lewiston. Henry D. Begin--------------------------- Slightly below standard.
19253/Lewiston. Buckley-O’Connell ------------------------ Slightly below standard.
19270/Lewiston. Coon Ice.Cream Co..-------------------- Slightly below standard.
19378|Lewiston. Coon Ice. Cream OCo._--.------------------ Lawiul.
19379|Lewiston. Coon Ice Cream Oo..-------..----------- Well above standard.
19266|Lewiston. J. E. Cotes caves wee peaceassesas Lawtul.
19264|Lewiston. E. Dumont & Oo._------.--------------- Slightly below standard.
19249) Lewiston. . Alton ‘Grant=-----<-2- 25-22 2 sae Well above standard.
19252|Lewisten.. Wo 7Jee MceO@orey-----seeee eee eee oe -----|Slightly below standard.
19345|Lewiston. —Rikerg JaneS:_----------------s----=--see= Lawiul.
19354;Lewiston. Riker Janes__._._--------.---------------- Well above standard.

*Explanation of terms. Lawful, just above standard. Well above standard, at
least 1 per cent above. Slightly below, not more than 1 per cent below standard,
Low, more than 1 per cent below standard. ;

OrricriaL Inspections 95.

15

IcE CrREAM—Continued.

Station
number

19251
19229
19230
19287
19248
19250
19246
19247
19184
19286
19365
19366

TOWN AND DEALER,

ROSS 2S a ea

Lewiston. Geo.
Edward McDonald
Limestone. E. F. Mantle
Toyo, Vo diy (OEY Oa ee
Lisbon. N. Beal

Lisbon.

Limestone.

Mathew Frangedakis
Falls. Kennebec Fruit Co
Falls. C. F. Wakely.
Starko7&) (Sterrettss2 225) 2222 n2- 22.2. oe

Lisbon

MishbongelallssmiO 5 mebsy Wiakelypsss esos aa eee ee
Machias.
Mapleton. J. F. Eachren_
Milo. M. B. Forsa

Milo. W. S. Owen

19167
19204
19280
19203
19368
19283
19333
19335
19281
19284
19334
19332
19282
19285
19302
19301
19893
19423
19202:
19201

No. East Harbor. Amedso Bertucci----------------
North Haven. Duncan & Stone
North Haven. Duncan & Stone
North Haven. Francis Mills
Old Town. Morin Bros
Portland.
Portland.

Portland.

Deering Ice Co
I. F. Lord & Son

Moustakis Bros

Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Portland.
Portland.

Portland.

Munjoy Ice Cream Co.----------------__
Simmons & Hammond
The Spear Folks

Mrs. J. J. Thuss

Turner Center Dairying Association___-
iWesti-lnd Dairy. ss2s2e 222220 oes sae
Way cAn Bebbers 222) = ees 222 soso
E.
E.
E.
Jie fH eee MOSER VOY a= ion ss. soa Oe eS |
JoObnE Ss andlettsossessaoe see eee

Richmond.
Richmond sek eB wehanking esse se sone eee eee
Richmond.
Richmond.
Rockland.

Rockland.

*Explanation of terms.

least
Low,

1 per cent above.- Slightly below, not more than
more than 1 per cent below standard.

Results of Examination*

Well
Well
Well
Well

above standard.

above standard.
above standard.
above standard.
Well standard.

Slightly below standard.

above

Well above standard.
Well above standard.
Slightly below standard.
Well above standard.
Well above standard.
Low.

Lawful.

Low.

Well above standard.
Low.

Well above standard.
Slightly below standard.
Well above standard.
Well above standard.
Slightly below standard.
Slightly below standard.
Well above standard.
Low.

Lawful.

Slightly below standard.
Well above standard.
Low.

Slightly below standard.
Well above standard.
Lawful.

Low.

Lawful, just above standard. Well above standard, at

1 per cent below standard,

16

Station
number

19211
19219
19170
19169
19168
19191
19156

* 19220
19277
19276
19275)
19279
19278)
19274
19221)
19293
19292:
19165
19166,
19370
19369
19210
19207)
19206
19205
19209
19234

19235]

19240)

19237

19238,

19239

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Ice CreEAmM—Continued.

*Explanation of terms.

least
Low,

TOWN AND DEALER. Results of Examination*
Rockland. Mrs. E. W. Thurlow--------------------- Low.
Sargentville. N. M. Robbins ee eee eee Low.
Sealy Harbor) S:) 8). Child ee eee Low.
Seal) Harbor) Gus) Erebers2-----— —_-—- — Low.
Seal Harbor. Jordan Pond House_---------------- Well above standard.
Searsport. Searsport Drug Oo. --------------------- Lawful.
Sebasco. Sebasco Est. Co..-------------------------- Low.
Sedgwick. R. M. Buckminster____--------...-------- Well above standard.
Skowhegan. G. F. Burton_------------.------------- Well above standard.
Skowhegan. Peter Debe-----.-------------------------|Lawful.
Skowhegan.” Wewra) “Brosiss-22-22- eee eee eee eee Lawful.
Skowhegan. Sampson & Avorn aaa ooeuks Well above standard.
Skowhegan’) hy chee Sa wyelesssee enon eee ee Well above standard.
Skowhegan. J. B. Simonds----..-------------------- Well above standard.
South Brooksvillle. Ray C. Gray_----------------- Well above standard.
So. Gouldsboro. Henry Hamilton__---_------------- Slightly below standard.
So. Gouldsboro. Arthur Sargent_____--------------- Lawful.
8. W. Harbor. Mrs. William Lawton’s Tea Room|Well above standard.
5: We Harbors Dick) Mayol 2 Slightly below standard.
Stillwater. Charles H. Russell]__----_---------------- Well above standard.
Stillwatery (He Cy Sibleyoessesss-=-=-=- ose Well above standard.
Thomaston. Whitney & Brackett__----.-.---------- Well above standard.
Vinal Haven. H. Y. Carver & Son_--_----.------- Low.
Vinal Haven. We nn ————————— Low.
Vinal Haven. Tom Saranto__--__--_----------------|Low.
Warren) Ji Cae MURSCY ane sa ns aes eee een ane Low.
Waterville. Fortier’s Waterville Drug Store__-___- Well above standard.
IWiaiterivalle sia: etal lig ii Gui UT ea ee ee ee Well above standard.
Waterville. W. A. Hager & Co.___--------------_-- Well above standard.
Waterville ied PD aeb eben bien =nee shone eee eee Well above standard.
Waterville!s Dae ISCONC i= = soe nee a ae Well above standard.
Waterville. Verzonia Bros._-------.--..--------------|Low.

1920.

1 per cent above.
more than 1 per cent below standard.

Lawful, just above standard. Well above standard, at
Slightly below, not more than 1 per cent below standard.

OrrictaL Inspections 95. 17

Ice Cream—Concluded.

TOWN AND DEALER. Results of Examination*

Station
number.

19236|/Waterville. Micheal Wagem & Brog.--------------- |Lawful.
19364|W. Farmington. Turner Center Dairying As-

SOCIAtiON Ne ae eee eee oeee SOOO IO EROSE SES ‘Slightly below standard.
19189|Winterport. F. ©. Atwood--.---.--------------------- ‘Low.
19190|/Winterport. Mrs. W. R. Fernald-----.-.-.---------- ‘Well above standard.
19298|Woolwich. George Oristie_----..--------------------- Lawful.
19299} Woolwich. Nelson Rice ---_--------------------------- Slightly below standard.

*Explanation of terms. Lawful, just above standard. Well above standard, at
least 1 per cent above. Slightly below, not more than 1 Per cent below standard.
Low, more than 1 per cent below standard.

IMITATION CIDER VINEGAR.

Adulterated imitation vinegars delivered to imspector when
he tried to purchase cider vinegar in 1919. No. 19316 was sold
as pure cider vinegar. It was a distilled vinegar of about two-
thirds lawful strength colored to imitate cider vinegar. No.
19398 was a very imperfectly made molasses vinegar with about
ten per cent of molasses solids in the ash and less than half law-
ful acid. They were reported as adulterated and misbranded
and hearings were recommended. No. 19321 was of lawful
strength but was a distilled vinegar colored in imitation of cider
vinegar. Reported as adulterated and hearing recommended.

i=]
8 ra} TOWN AND RETAIL DEALER. Claimed to have been Purchased
fel From.
£5) {5}
nA
19316/Portland. Max Goldstein__----..----.-._--__| Maine Pickling Company, Portland,
Me.
19321|'Randolph. W. lL. Moody------------..----- Lutz-Shraum, Boston.
19398,W. Cumberland. W. H. Pearson Co._----- Geo. Emery, Walnut Hill.

18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

VINEGAR.

Used alone under the Maine Pure Food Law vinegar is a
product made from apple cider without addition. A good well
made cider vinegar will carry from 5 to 6 per cent of acetic
acid. A vinegar carrying 4 per cent acetic acid is of lawful
strength. As a vinegar carrying 4 per cent is lawful it has
come about that the large makers of vinegar reduce their prod-
uct to about four per cent by the addition of water. This is an
adulteration but is allowed provided the vinegar is properly
labelled to show that this manipulation has been made. In the.
tables that follow the samples of vinegar are grouped into
classes as shown by laboratory examination. It is possible, but
not likely, that in the group “Cider vinegar reduced to standard
strength by addition of water,” there are included samples of
poorly made cider vinegar.

UNADULTERATED CIDER VINEGAR.

Table showing the results of the analyses of samples of
pure well made cider vinegars purchased m 1919. These sam-
ples were high in acid content (about 5 per cent) and were well
made cider vinegars that had not been reduced. They were
worth a fourth more than the reduced vinegars.

| 7

gs TOWN AND RETAIL DEALER. Brand and Wholesale Dealer.

ed

£5) [55]

Al
|

Lost Augusta. tie St Moun gSasssessse—e “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Leland
Block, Oakland.

1940 7B atheeHa Wee Orossmn an sss === sane eres “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ 180° Jo
| Heinz & Co., Boston.

19341 Bathe (Cut ePrice) Market “Pure Cider Vinegar.’? Bottled by
E. W. Balch, Portland.

19374 Brownivilles Al tASs er iCesasa= aaa eee “Cider Vinegar.’”’ CC. S. Stickney,

: Brownville.
19383/E. New Portland. Fred Walton__._._--.... “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’?’ Own make.

| ;
19373, (Town not given). M. G. Brackett Co.___|‘‘Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Charles F.
Deorth, Foxcroft.

19348| Lewiston. E. B. Palmer & Co.-_----------- “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Bought of
| unknown farmer.
193897 Portland.) |GeowmO. shaWioseeeess--2- = “Pure Cider Vinegar.’”’ Wm. Pills-

bury.
19355) Waterville. He eh bomen leatinas= === eeee= “Pure Cider Vinegar.’?’ Own make.
|

OrrictaL INsPections 95. 19

CIDER VINEGARS REDUCED TO STANDARD STRENGTH By ADDI-
; TION OF WATER.

Table showimg results of analyses of samples purchased
in 1919. These samples ran from 3.8 per cent to 4.2 per cent
acetic acid. In reducing them from their normal content of 5
per cent or more of acetic acid, some manufacturers allow a
fair margin of safety while others evidently trust to getting by
without prosecution if they approximate the lawful strength.
At the present price of vinegar this little fraud is profitable. In

the table below there 1s first given the vinegars that are 4 per

cent im strength, and below that the list of vinegars that were
slightly under lawful strength. All of these samples were
passed. The samples are arranged alphabetically by towns.

Up to lawful strength of 4 per cent acetic acid.

qx

os TOWN AND RETAIL DEALER. Brand and Wholesale Dealer.

ed

»~s5

na

TOO ATOM, Ts 35, Chinon Sg “Pure Cider Vinegar.’ Dealer pur-
chased of a country producer.

ame not given.
HOSOSVAUIEUIS basen ais. eH OSbeTo ase eee e ee ee “Pure Cider Vinegar, J. E. Jewett,

: ’ Lowell, Mass.’ Holmes Swift.
19310| Augusta. Great. Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.|‘Pure Clarified Cider Vinegar.
: From Apples. Diluted to 4 per

cent acid strength.” The Great
‘ i Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.
19312} Augusta. Merrill Brothers______-__-__--_____ “Pure Country Cider Vinegar.

Hatchett brand. Reduced to 4
per cent acid strength.’’ 'Twichell
& Champlin Co.

19322|Augusta. Pantaude Brothers UN eC “Pure Cider Vinegar.” Fuller-
. Holway Co.
19314;Bath. Bath Merchantile Co.------------___- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Reduced to

40 gram strength.’ John Bird
Co., Rockland.

19406)Bath. O. F. Rullman____________-_-_---_-._|‘Pure Cider Vinegar.’? Wholesaler
not known.
Ieee, SS AStaweete viqu (Clo, ase ee “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Cummings

Bros., Portland.

_ 19404;Bath. Wilson .& Armstrong_______________- “Pure Cider Vinegar.” Fuller-

: g Holway Co., Augusta.
19376)Brownville Junction. S. Capans____________ “Pure Cider Vinegar. Fermented.
Reduced 4 per cent acetic strength.
Food products of quality. L &
Ss.” Lutz & Shraum Co., Bos-
ton, & Pittsburg.

19415|Damariscotta: .Mills: E. B. Hall______-______ “Pure Cider Vinegar.’? D. W. True
¢. : & Co., Portland.
19331) Fairfield. Marcoux-Foster. ~------------_-___ “Pure Cider Vinegar.’ Frank Nor-
well, Fairfield.
19330) Fairfield. W. W. Nye & Co.__-----________ “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Guptill
Bros., Winslow.
19340) Hallowell. M. B. Clements_-__-_____________ “Pure Cider Vinegar. Navinco

Brand. Distributed by National
Vinegar Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Fer-
mented Cider Vinegar. Made
from apples.” Milliken Tomlin-
son, Portland.

20

Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920. .

CimpER VINEGARS REDUCED TO STANDARD STRENGTH By ADDI-

TION OF WATER—Continued.

be
§ 3 TOWN AND DEALER. Results of Examination.
aa
~5
DA
19313)Hallowell. D. ©. Stallins__.-__-.___-_______ “Pure Cider Vinegar.’? Wholesaler
unknown. é
19417||Hope> «lL. P. True 7& Coe “Pure Cider Vinegar.” D. W.
True & Co., Portland. ©
19409 Kittery. Farmers’ Union__--------.----.._-__ “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Charles E.
; Moody & Co., Boston.
19411) Kittery. Kittery Grocery Co....-.--_-_-___- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Dufiy’s Gold

Seal apple cider vinegar reduced
to 40 grams strength made and
guaranteed by Duffy Mott Co.,
New York.’ Milliken Tomlinson
Co., Portland.

19360, Lewiston. Marcous & Harvey-----------_-- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Distilled and
3 sugar vinegar.” Lutz-Shraum

Co., Boston.
19347; Lewiston. The Mohican Co. -----__--__-___ “Pure Cider Vinegar. C. C. C.

19353
19350

19385
19328

19371
19323

19324

19342
19325

19388)

19317
19329

19412

brand. Cascade Cider Co.,
Springville, N. Y. Reduced with
water to 4% per cent acetic acid.
Reduced cider vinegar made from

apples. Fermented.”’ Bought
through N. Y. office.
Lewiston. Rowe & Woodbury--_-_---___-__- “Pure Cider Vinegar.” E. W.
| Gross Co., Auburn.
Lewiston. I. Sumard & Co. ----___--__-_-- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Imperial

Brand apple cider vinegar. Re-
duced to 40 grams.” D. W. True
| & Co., Portland.

Livermore Falls. Livermore Falls Market_|‘‘Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Wholesaled
| by an unknown farmer.
Madison. The Madison Union Coop. Store|‘‘Pure Cider Vinegar. Douglas
Packing Co., Excelsior Brand.
Apple cider from selected apples
reduced to 4 per cent.” T. R.
Savage, Bangor.

|Milo. Hoskins Brothers.-..---...--.------__- “Pure Cider Vinegar.’? Chas. Hay-
| wood & Co., Bangor.

(Portland, (Carl \J., plone “Pure Cider Vinegar. Reduced to
| 4 per cent acid strength.” E. E.
| Clifford, Portland.

|Portland. Brown-Bishop Co. __.--_-_---____- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Fermented.
Pure apple cider vinegar. Re-
duced to 4 per cent acid strength.
Old Colony Brand.”’ Maine
| Grocery Co. ;

Portland. Maine Pickling Co._-------------. “Pure Cider Vinegar. Maine Brand.”
Maine Pickling Co., Portland.
Portland, M. Richi222-2222 222222 | eureleCidermavinegzars ss shamoksn:
pure & good _ products. Star
Brand. Reduced to 40 grams.”
Cc. A. Weston Co., Portland.
Presque Isle. R. M. Barker_-—--_----_-___ “Cider Vinegar.’’ Milliken Tomlin-
son Co., Presque Isle.

\Saco> ehncH. ooHaiTiel sess e ee “Pure Cider Vinegar.” Wholesaler
an unknown farmer.

|Skowhegan. Tash & Groder_--------------- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Reduced to
40 grams.’ Conant & Patrick,
| | Portland.

‘South Eliot. Thomas F. Staples____-__--- ‘Pure Cider Vinegar. Made from
apples. Reduced to 4 per cent
acid.”’ Haskell Adams, Dover,
| N. H. Branch office.

OrricisAL Inspections 95. 21

CIDER VINEGARS REDUCED TO STANDARD STRENGTH By ADDI-
TION OF WaATER—Concluded.

88 TOWN AND RETAIL DEALER. Brand and Wholesale Dealer.

ad

a=)

RA

19416 West Rockport. Knox Coopage Oo.-_------ “Pure Cider Vinegar. Seal Brand.
Apple cider vinegar. Reduced to
4) grams. Dufiy-Mott Co., Mfg.”
John Bird Co., Rockland.

19414 York Harbor. Putnam Grocery Co.----- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Ma.jie from
apples. Reduced to 4 per cent
acid.”” Haskell Adams, Dover,
Nee He

19413 York Village. G. F. Preble.-.-.---...--.- “Pure Cider Vinegar. Reduced to

49 grams. Shamokin pure food
products, Shamokin, Pa.’’ Silas
Pierce & Co., Ltd., Portsmouth,
INE He

CipER VINEGAR REDUCED By ADDITION OF WATER Mucu BELow
LAWFUL STRENGTH OF 4 PER CENT Acetic ACID.

These samples give evidence of having been well fermented
from apple cider but were reduced to unlawful content by ad-
dition of water. They were reported as adulterated and hear-
igns were recommended.

|

8s TOWN AND, RETAIL DEALER. | Claimed to have been Purchased

$4 From.

roa i |

2 {5 |

AOS 2pNO Na Owe Wie) AV Osc 2.22 ooo Soe ‘Thurston & Kingsbury & OCo.,
| | Bangor.

19395 Portland. Johnson Public Market_---_-_-- ‘Maine Grocery Co., Portland.

19390 Presque Isle. McEacheron & ‘Tribou_----- ‘Aroostook Wholesale Co., Presque

| Isle.

22 MaINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

CIDER VINEGAR REDUCED SLIGHTLY BELow LAWFUL STRENGTH
BY ADDITION OF WATER.

Table showing results of analyses of samples purchased in
1919 and arranged alphabetically by towns.

Station
number

|
19309 Augusta. Geo. D. Haskell & Son.

19405 Bath. R. D. Moulton._..----..-------
19400 East Deering. W. J. Lucas-_---------
19320| Gardiner. ©), Mi D ayeesesae eee
19319 Gardiner. Gray-Hildreth Co._---------
19399 Gray Con. J. B. Hall--------2-2- 2 -

19410 Kittery. C. M. Prince & Son-_------
19382 Leeds Junction. F. A. Babbett------

19359| Lewiston. Fred I. Nells--..-.---------

19346 Lewiston! He Shufter

19384 Livermore Falls. H. E. Purinton

19326 Madison. F. A.

19327 Madison. C. W.

19396 Portland. G. F.

19315 Portland. R. R.
19389 Presque Isle.
19392 Presque Isle.
19387 Presque Isle.

19391 Presque Isle. H. J. McGuire & Co
19313|Saco, Hdwin! We. HMay22-----—---------——
19343|\Saco: “E. XK. Weymouth------2=-—--=_

TOWN AND RETAIL DEALER.

pecoeecs \“Pure Cider Vinegar.

sess “Pure Cider Vinegar.”

qnesse | “Pure Cider Vinegar.

=—===— |““Pure

Gilman’. eae ‘Pure

Aroostook Cooperative

Max. xem Bea ilicti==s =a “Cider Vinegar.”

aosses “Pure Cider Vinegar.”
aososs \Pure Cider Vinegar.” D. W.

ee “Pure Cider Vinegar.

Brand and Wholesale Dealer.

Apple Cider
Vinegar. Francis H. Leggitt,
| Mfg.’ Fuller Holway Co.

Oscar Hol--

way Co., Bath.

pees Pure Cider Vinegar.” Milliken-
Tomlinson, Portland.
Bae |\““Pure Cider Vinegar.” Wholesaler
| not known.
Joel \““Pure Cider Vinegar.” E. E. Clif-
| ford, Portland.
| “Pure Cider Vinegar. Naminco-
Brand. Made from apples. Re-

| duced 4 per cent acid strength.
| National Vinegar Co., Ine.. Buf-
| falo.”’ Conant Patrick. Portland.
Made from:
apples. Reduced 4 per _ cent.”
| Charles E. Moody & Co., Boston.
Cider Vinegar. Creamer
Bros. Cider Co.” TT. G. Davis-
Co., Lewiston.

ee “Pure Fermented Apple Cider Vine-

gar. Kistler Vinegar Works. Re-
duced to 40 grams acid strength.’”
| FF. G. Davis Co., Lewiston.

ae ed ‘Water Lily Brand Apple Cider

| Vinegar. Reduced to 40 gram
| strength.” H. S. Melcher Co.,
Portland.

=-===— “Permented Pure Apple Cider Vine-

gar. Old Colony Brand. Re-
duced to 4 percent. acid strength.’”
Maine Grocery Co., Portland.

Cider Vinegar. Shamokin:
pure food products. Store Brand.

Reduced to 40 grams.” Hanna-
ford Bros., Portland.
------|“Marvel Brand Pure Cider Vine-

| gar. Reduced to 40 grams.” C.,
| A. Weston & Co., Portland.

ae “Pure Cider Vinegar. Reduced 4
per cent acid strength.” Hanna-
| ford Bros., Portland.
seen “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Thompson-
| Hall, Portland.
Co._|‘Pure Cider Vinegar.’ E. E. Clii-

| ford & Co., Portland.
Milliken Tomlin-
son Co., Presque Isle.

E. E. Clif-

ford & Co., Portland.

anos “Cider Vinegar.’’ Aroostook Whole-

sale Grocery Co., Presque Isle.
True:

& Co., Portland.

es “Pure Cider Vinegar. Maine Brand.’””

Maine Pickling Co., Portland.
Made from
Reduced to 4 per cent

apples.
Haskell Adams,

acid strength.
Boston.

Perens “Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Fred Soper,

Monmouth.

OrrictAL INspectTions 95. 23:

CIDER VINEGAR IMPERFECTLY FERMENTED.

Table showing the results of samples of poorly made cider
vinegar purchased in 1919. They were locally made by farm-
ers. Are apparently made from apple cider but very imperfect-
ly fermented. No. 19596 was less than one-seventh and 19351
a little more than one-third lawful strength. The other samples
carried about three-fourths proper per cent of acetic acid. They
were reported as adulterated and hearings were recommended.

|
|

|

gs TOWN AND RETAIL DEALER. Claimed to have been Purchased
3g From.
a
RA)
Tl Chinaye Jet GS. (ROWes see! 'F. W. Gerald, China.
|
19420 E. Vassalboro. Geo. H. Coles_------------ i'M. E. Brann, Vassalboro.
|
TOSSES NVACOTE El. ET yd OONSON===— 2 = a= eae Arlean McLaughlin.
19386,Greene. J. M. Tangway--.---..---.------... Earl Richardson, Greene.
19349 Lewiston. Cut Price Market__-------_._--- |L. Abramson, former owner.
19351|Lewiston. A. Marern & Co. ---.----------- L. Davis, Lewiston.
}
19418|Montville. Halldale Gro. Store__----------- |Alonzo Raynes, No. Montville.
|
19596 South Berwick. Eugene Ball_-...-.-------- ‘Own make,
19401 South China. A. E. Brown & Co.-------- Thomas Sawyer, S. China.
19356 Waterville. Mimerwe lw Oral ges = sakes H. E. Craig, Fairfield.
| |

DISTILLED VINEGARS PROPERLY BRANDED AND OF LAWFUL
STRENGTH.

Table showing the results of distilled vinegars purchased
im 1919. These were sold the inspector when he asked for cider
vinegar. But the vinegar was properly labelled. A distilled
vinegar 1s the product of acetous fermentation of dilute alcohol.
- These vinegars are free from ash and other foreign matter.

TOWN AND RETAIL DEALER. Brand and Wholesale Dealer.

Station
number

ISAS pbathanwWew Ha Chasew CO messes se eee “Pickling & Table Vinegar. Dis-
tilled from corn, rye, barley.”
H. J. Heinz & Co., Pittsburg,
Pa.

19375 Brownville. P. P. Gerry-.-----.---.--------. ‘‘Pure Cider Vinegar.’’ Rex Amber
Sugar Vinegar. H. J. Heinz &
Co., Pittsburg.

24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

CLAMS.

To sell water camouflaged as food at the price of clams,
butter, milk, “Hamburg” steak and similar food products is a
constant temptation to the man who cares not for his neighbor
but desires to fatten his pocket-book from an unthinking and
often helpless public. A study made by the writer in conjunc-
tion with Doctor W. O. Atwater more than a generation ago
and published in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commissioner
for 1888 clearly showed the “floating” or “fattening” of oysters
by taking them from the salt water beds and placing them in
brackish waters instead of adding to, detracted from the nutri-
tive value. The plumped oysters were not fattened but were
merely dilated with water due to osmosis.

Not until the enactment of the food laws in 1895 was it
possible to attempt to put a stop to this unrighteous practice.
As opened oysters enter into interstate shipments the undue
watering has been largely eliminated through the activities of
the Federal Pure Food officials. But the watering of clams
still continues, and is so far as Maine is concerned and to quite
an extent in interstate commerce much as was the case with
oysters a dozen years ago. With the increased cost of foods,
their scarcity and the war conditions there has been an unusual
chance for increase in pecuniary ‘frauds. Watered clams look
better, that 1s whiter and plumper, and the improved appear-
ance makes easier sale of clams and water than of unwatered
clams. There is every reason from the standpoint of the pur-
chaser why clams should not be allowed to come in contact with
fresh or brackish water. Clams which are not soaked at all
and are well drained should contain about one-fifth their weight
in dry matter and be at prices which they can be sold in Maine
a relatively cheap source of animal protein. ;

For the purpose of comparison of clams on sale with
authenticated specimens handled under known conditions and
from salt and brackish waters, the following specimens were
collected and examined. Those from the first lot were opened
in the laboratory and from the second lot at the flats.

-OrrictAL Inspections 95. 25

Table showing liquids and dry matter of clams opened raw
compared with clams dipped for two minutes in boiling salt
water and boiling fresh water before opening.

Opened Raw Dipped in Hot Dipped in Hot
Salt Water Fresh Water
gs SourRcE or CLAMS isl n is n isI n
EE Eat Se ieaee mse it MeN 2S
ae 4 BR 4 B 4 B
%o %o Jo Io Yo %
~11079|North Haven ‘Rock’ 53.2 212 58.1 19.8 59.2 19.7
11080 North Haven ‘Mud’ 46.7 19.8 45.8 19.2 50.8 18.6
NO SMIKeara River: see e ee 40.9 22.4 40.2 20.7 54.0 20.4

Table showing composition of clams from different flats.
First sample was dug without washing in fresh water. Second
sample washed in fresh water after shucking.

Free | Solids! Salt
Liquids)

Station
number

|

19604;Dug .in creek below western division track | Unwashed 16.56) 21:08) ~ 1.74

OG OS MeO fy 13} e Soha tes ee 2 ee coeb scan | Washed 6.68) 18.95) — 1.60
19606/Dug on sand spits below the western divi- | Unwashed 10.56 91.95) 499
187) Blom thadk Of 18 wie | Washed 8.00| | 21.88 1.60
19608/Dug in part of flats known as battle Unwashed 16.61} 19.89 1.71
19609) ground above western division tracks____- Washed 9.90 18.02 1.37

19610|Dug in part of flats known as James’ Unwashed | 13.27| 18.87) ~ 1.28

19611! point above track of western division of |
TB; Gay Me en ee at

Washed | 9.62) 17.42)... 1,80
|

26 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

OPENED CLAMS.

Results of examination of samples collected in 1919-20 by
the inspectors. For the most part these were purchased without
the inspector making himself known, and are what the con-
sumer would have received, except that the containers were
paper and absorbed more or less of the liquids thus making the
samples appear better than they really were. Good fresh opened
well drained clams will carry not more than 10 per cent of
liquids and not less than 17 per cent solids. The samples are
arranged alphabetically by towns.

TOWN AND DEALER. REMARKS.

Station
number
Free

19127|Biddeford. York Harbor Fish

[f"iMea Tice tReet eee Re Sa oa 3.32) 19.17
19101 Boston. Charles Farillo-___--------- 36.95) 17.43
19102 Boston. Charles) Harllee 36.47) 20.01
19083 Pine Point. Frank H. Barker-_---| 17.80) 13.13
_ 19088 Pine Point. Loren Burnham------- 16.79} 12.16
19104 Pine Point. Alexander Gendron__--| 9.74) 17.09
19087 Pine Point. Charles Gendron-_----- 14.54| 14.61
19984,Pine Point. Fred Googins_-.------- 16.44| 14.62
Samples carrying 12 per
19086 Pine Point. William Green_--------- 18.73) 12.32 cent or less of -free liquids
were passed. Free liquids
19990, Pine Point. Charles Haring_--_---- 12.99) 15.42 12 to 15 per cent dealer
warned. More than 15 per
19997|Pine Point. Leavitt Bros._--------- 24.88) 22.75 cent free liquids hearings
| ; were recommended. Samples
19093 Pine Point. Ambrose A. Lothrope| 8.89) 14.0% carrying not less than 18
per cent solids were passed.
19999 Pine Point. Joseph Mains__-_---_- 13.84, 18.13 Solids between 17 to 18 per
| cent the dealer was warned.
19098, Pine Point. George T. Seavey----| 8.26) 20.0 Less than 17 per cent solids
| hearings were recommended.
19094,Pine Point. James E. Seavey-_----| 15.69) 12.82
19103, Pine Point. Elmer Skillings__-____- | 14.97) 18.45
19124|Pine Point. Elmer Skillings_------- 12.10} 21.15
19095| Pine Point. H. J. Skillings______-- 7.06, 14.43
19105/Pine Point. Howard Skillings_____- | 33.72) 21.67
19106 Pine Point. Howard Skillings__-_-- 35.91) 20.06
19107, Pine Point. Howard Skillings------ | 6.10) 19.84
19108 Pine Point. Howard Skillings__---- 5.00) 21.18
19123 Pine Point. Howard Skillings_----- | 8.18] 23.06

OrriciAL Inspections 95. 27

OPENED CLAMS—Concluded.

88 TOWN AND DEALER. oe 4 REMARKS.

= Bells

nag BH oa)

19126/Pine Point. Louis Skillings__------ 18.58) 16.91

19100|/Pine Point. F. H. Snow_---------- 25.99} 21.83

19109)Pine Point. F. H. Snow----------- 7:42) 22.08

19593/Pine Point. F. H. Snow----------- 15.76) 16.58

19125|Pine Point. Rubin Snow----------- 21.72) 14.78

19082 Pine Point. Charles ©. Turner__-_| 19.21) 13.37

19096 Pine Point. Charles ©. Turner_---| 18.95 17.41

19092 Pine Point. Orville Varney_-------- 13.93) 15.15

19091 Pine Point. John Peter Welch.___- 10.57) 14.26 IMA UD ate
ne Point. Daniel Wi!liams____--- Way 13. aay attra sor free Wee
(ie) Bertone HbsnssDourhtysessss 19.32, 15.96 eee wie cue Cue
19119 Portinad. Eben Doughty__-—----- a7 29.22 ee senouitnonaed, ae
19129 Port‘and. Munjoy Fih Market...) 18.68 14.09 at ne Pa eer aneee a
19121 Portland. Runtetts Market 18-27 |e 7/08 leo cere cen ator ea Uer
19499, Searboro. H. P. Ne’son________-_-- 31.28) 11.31 Teee a epee Der scciieolids
19119 Waterboro. Carli Brosese= sea 20.14| 15.68

19111 Waterboro. Carll BT OSes =a 30.88) 15.48

et DOLO: Carlee BLOs === 23.69) 14.92

19113; Waterboro. Carll Bros.______------- 27.92) 14.69

19114/Waterboro. Carll Br>s.------------- 15.61] 19.59

19115|Waterboro. CarlleBros sees 31.38) 16.18

19985)West Searboro. Fred Googins__---- 15.34) 13.27

19118)West Searboro. Fred Googins__---- 9.96 16.63) )

EXTRACT OF GINGER. :

This is a flavoring extract. One sample was purchased
from J. I. Sheridan, 156 Lisbon Street, Lewiston. This was
labelled as made by the Park Davis Company of Detroit, Michi-
gan and was found to be in accordance with the food standard.

28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 1920.

SCALLOPS.

The scallop situation is much like that of clams. The fish-
ermen claim that it is necessary to wash the scallops in fresh
water to remove the scum-like coating from them. If this
washing did not increase both the weight and the bulk of the
scallops the fisherman would loubtless do all of the washing in
salt water.

One sample of scallops that was purchased in December
from the Portland Public Market was said to come from the
Gloucester Fish Company, Gloucester, Mass. While this did
not run as high in solids as we would. expect good Maine scal-
lops to, this was probably due to the fact that the scallops had.
been washed in fresh water and also carried too much liquid.

RAISINS.

A complaint that seeded raisins contained considerable grit
led to the collection of quite a number of samples. While most
of the samples examined carried no more insoluble ash than
one would expect in raisins, quite a number of samples were.
found to have from three-quarters to I per cent of sand. Upon
investigation it was found that this was due to the fact that
when the raisins were drying there was a heavy sand storm and
they were not properly cleansed afterward. Relative to the
brands that were thus contaminated, these are not given, because
samples from exactly the same brand were found to be free from
sand. This case was cleared up by the Chief of the Bureau of
Inspections as well as it could be. These goods had~ become
intermixed within the State and it was not possible to make
Federal cases. As it is commonly known, the grapes.are dried
in California in the open air and are subject to contamination.
It is not likely that raisins will again come to the market so
heavily loaded with sand.

August, 1920

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE.

CHAS. D. WOODS, Director

ANALYSTS.

James M. Bartlett Elmer R. Tobey
Roydon L. Hammond C. Harry White

Official Inspections

96

COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS, 1919-20

Cuas. D. Woops.

The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law
regulating the sale of feeding stuffs in Maine. It is the duty
of the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station
to make the analyses of the samples collected by the Commis-
sioner, and to publish the results of the analyses together with
the names of the persons from whom the samples were ob-
tained, and such additional information as may seem advisable.

Norte. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should bé
addressed to the Bureau of Inspections, Department of Agriculture,
Augusta, Maine.

a

30 MatIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

PEEDING STUBS INSEDeiON

STATEMENT By A. M. G. SouLz, CHIEF BUREAU OF INSPECTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AUGUSTA

Feeding Stuffs received attention during 1919 with the ex-
ception of a short period during the summer. Bearing in mind
the many complications arising in the manufacture and trans-
portation of feeding stuffs by strikes and riots, we have at all
times endeavored to be as tolerant as we could, actuated by the
desire to impress upon the feed manufacturers and dealers loca-
ted within and beyond the borders of Maine, the fact of our
willingness to cooperate with them in facilitating business when-
ever consistent with the feeding stuffs laws of the State. It is
our belief that the brands which we found upon analysis to be
below standard were, with but few exceptions, unintentionally
so on the part of the manufacturers. Prosecution of one con-
cern within the State seemed to be warranted, as a flagrant vio-
lation was detected, and a fifty dollar fine was paid. A few
local concerns also paid fines for misbranding. With the prices
of feeds as high as they are, we have endeavored in every pos-
sible way to see that the users of them have received the full
benefit of the law. If difficulties arose with products entering
into interstate shipment, and the situation warranted such action,
the cases were referred to the Federal Department. Our rec-
commendations to the United States Bureau of Chemistry, made
upon the strength of our collaborating official’s commission, were
always met in a direct courteous manner, which encouraged us
in our cooperative work. The following table briefly outlines
the scope of our work with relation to feeding stuffs:

Number Sof brands srecistered = eee 630
Number#ot samples ‘drawn’, (eps scene meee 470
Numbermot™ hearings... 45 cee eee 98

Numbervof carloads seizedia.. sane eee rae 3

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 31

REGISTRATION AND RESULTS OF INSPECTION.
Cuas. D. Woops.

The following pages contain the report of the analysis of
commercial feeding stuffs made since the publication of Offi-
cial Inspections 92.

In the left hand column of the tables will be found listed
the name of each brand of feeding stuff registered in Maine
in 1919 or 1920, the name of the manufacturer, the list of in-
gredients, and the guaranteed analysis as given on the certifi-
_cate of registration filed with the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Unregistered brands of which samples have been examined are
also included in the list. Unless otherwise stated all of the
brands, samples of which are here reported, were registered in
1920. The feeds are grouped into classes and in those classes
the names of the manufacturers are arranged alphabetically.
In the right hand column the results of the examination of the
samples of each brand are discussed. The number of samples
examined, how many were in accord with guaranty, how many
were not in accord and in what respects, and any other infor-
mation that has a bearing on the lawful sale of the goods, are
given for each brand. In the discussion, when a sample is spok-
en of as “slightly” below (in the case of fiber, above) guaranty,
it means that the deviation from guaranty was so small that
another sample from the same lot of goods might be found in
accord. The significance of a “slight” deviation depends to a
considerable extent upon the findings in regard to the other
constituents of the same sample and other samples of the same
brand.

Because deficient samples are reported in this bulletin
should not be taken to mean that cases have been passed. All
discrepancies between guarantees and analyses are reported to
the Commissioner of Agriculture for appropriate action; seri-
ous discrepancies in goods shipped from other states are re-
ported by him to the Federal authorities for action under the
United States law.

Anyone desiring to submit samples for free analysis MUST
take those samples in accordance with the directions issued by
the Department of Agriculture; copies of these directions may
be obtained on application to the Commissioner of Agriculture,
Augusta, or to the Director of the Station at Orono.

32

MaINnE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

Table showing registrations of feeding stuffs and results of
examination of samples.

ANIMAL REFUSES—MEAT (AND BONE) SCRAPS.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Greene’s Meat Masi for Poultry. Greene Chick
Feed Co., Marblehead, Mass. Composed of
fish scraps, meat and bone scraps, corn, meal,
hominy feed, grain' screenings, shell lime, al-
falfa meal, wheat bran and salt.
more than’ 7 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 3 per cent fat and 12 per cent protein.

Ground Beef Scraps. John C. Dow Co.,
Mass. Composed of meat scraps. Contains
not more than 0 per cent crude fiber and not

less than 12 per cent fat and 43 per cent pro-|

tein. Registered in 1919.

Meat & Bone Poultry ‘Scrap. Whitman & Pratt)

Rendering Co., Boston, Mass. _ Composed of)
cooked meat and bone. Contains

than 0 per cent crude fiber and not less than

12 per cent fat and 35 per cent protein. Reg-|;
istered in 1919.

Protox Pure Ground Meat Scraps. The Ameri-|
can Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass.

Composed of meat scraps. Contains not more
than 0 per cent crude fiber and not less than
10 per cent fat and 55 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919. )

Wirthmore Fish & Scrap Maslr Feed with Milk
Albumen. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass.
Composed of dried milk albumen, ground oats,
ground barley, ground corn, corn gluten feed,
hominy, wheat bran, wheat middlings, beet
pulp, rolled oats, choice fine ground beef
scraps, fish meal, buckwheat, edible bone meal
and about % of ‘1 per cent salt. Contains not
more than 2.5 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 4 per cent fat and 20 per cent pro-
tein.

Wirthmore Growing Feed with Milk Albumen)
»& Scraps. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass.
Composed of dried milk albumen, ground:
wheat, corn, oats, barley, peas, milo maize,
beet pulp, wheat middlings, red dog edible
bone meal, and choice fine ground beef scraps.
Contains not more than 4.5 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 4.5 per cent fat and
15 per cent protein.

Contains not)

Boston,|

not more)

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Slightly low in protin, high in fiber
and in accord with guaranty im
fat. Misbranded as no meat
meal was found.

Ine official sample. In _ accord!
with guaranty in fiber, high in
fat; low in protein.

One official. sample. In. accord
with guaranty in protein and
fiber; low in fat.

[wo official samples. One in
accord with guaranty. The other

in accord with guaranty in fi-

ber and fat; somewhat low in
protein.
\One official sample. In | accord

with guaranty in protein and
‘fat; high in fiber.

One official sample. .In accord

with guaranty.

BEET PULP.

Dried Beet Pulp. The
Detroit, Mich. Composed of residue of sugar
beets dried after extraction of sugar. Con-
tains not more than 20 per cent crude fiber,
and not less than % per cent of fat and 8
per cent of protein.

Larrowe Milling Co.,One

official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

a a ee el
Fey ae
os os

OrriciAL INSPECTIONS 96, 33

FEEDING StuFFsS—Continued.

IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
COMPOUNDED FEEDS FOR CATTLE, HORSES AND SWINE.

|
Advanced Registry Dairy Feed. Clover LeafOne official sample. In accord
Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of with guaranty.
hominy feed, pure old process linseed. meal,|
cocoanut oil meal, corn gluten feed, dried|
grains from barley malt and corn, wheat
bran, wheat middlings, cottonseed meal, and
one-half of 1 per cent fine table salt. Con-|
tains not more than 11 per cent crude fiber)
and not less than 5.50 per cent fat and 25)
per cent protein.
Armour’s Dairy Feed. Armour Grain .Co., Chi-/Two official samples. In accord
cago, Ill. Composed of gluten feed, corn: oil) with guaranty.
meal, cottonseed meal, linseed oil meal, cocoa-
nut oil meal, wheat bran, oat shorts, oat
middlings, oat hulls, hominy feed and 1 per
cent salt. Contains not more than 14 per cent!
crude fiber and not less than 6 per cent fat|
and 22 per cent protein. Registered in 1919. |

|
Armour’s Hog Feed. Armour Grain Co., Chicago, One official sample. In accord
Ill. Composed of hominy feed, meat meal,) with guaranty.
wheat bran, wheat middlings, linseed meal, -
peanut meal, oat middlings, oat shorts, oat}
hulls, lime and salt. Contains not more than|
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than 5)
per cent fat and 20 per cent protein.

Armour’s Stock Feed. Armour Grain Co., Chi-/One official sample. In accord
cago, Ill. Composed of hominy feed, ground) with guaranty.

corn, ground barley, wheat middlings, oat

middlings, oat shorts, oat hulls, - cottonseed

meal, corn oil meal and % of 1 per cent salt.

Contains not more than 12 per cent crude fiber|

and not less than 4 per cent fat and 12 per|

cent protein.

Badger Monopoly Feed. Chas. A. Krause Mill--One official sample. In accord
ing Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Composed of with gtaranty.’

‘ground whole oats, corn and barley. ' Contains>

not more than 10 per cent crude fiber and not

less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro-

tein. Registered in 1919.

Badger. Stock Feed. Chas. A. Krause Milling One official sample. In_ accord
Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Composed of with guaranty in protein and
hominy feed, corn red dog, corn germ meal,| fat; slightly high in fiber.
wheat or rye middlings, oatmeal mill by-prod-|
uct (oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts), old .
process linseed oil meal and salt, kaffr and)

i wheat bran. Contains not more than 12 per
‘ cent crude fiber and not less than 3,25 per,

cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered)
in 1919.

‘SBangor Union Ration. Bangor Farmers’ Union,|One official sample. In accord
Bangor, Maine. Composed of linseed oil meal,) with guaranty.
gluten, cottonseed, mixed feed, bran, mid-
dlings, corn meal, stock feed, hominy, red
dog, rye feed, ground oats. Contains not|.
more than 26 per cent crude fiber and not less)
f than 3% per cent fat and 19 per cent protein.|

Bicorn Hog Feed. Chapin & Co., Chicago, Ill..One official sample. In accord
ik Composed of tankage, corn germ meal, wheat) with guaranty.

: middlings, hominy feed, corn feed meal, bar-
ley, oats, linseed meal, bone meal, gluten|
feed and salt. Contains not more than 6 per

=! cent crude fiber and not less than 4.5 per cent

. ae and 17.5 per cent protein. Registered in
1919.

34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

FEEDING StuFrFs—Continued.

IRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. . RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Big Q Dairy Ration. The ‘Quaker Oats Co.,/One official sample. In | accord
Chicago, Ill. Composed of cottonseed meal,| with guaranty in protein and
corn distillers’ grains, hominy feed, yellow) fiber; slightly low in fat.
hominy feed, corn gluten feed, old process
linseed oil meal, wheat middlings, and wheat
bran (with ground screenings not exceeding
mill run) oat meal mill by-product, oat mid-
dlings, oat hulls, oat shorts, 1 per cent salt. =
Contains not more than 10.5 per cent crude 3
fiber and not less than 6 per cent fat and 21
per cent protein. Registered in 1919,

Blatchford’s Lamb Meal. Blatchford’s Calf Meal\One official sample. In accord
Factory, Waukegan, Ill. Composed of locust) with guaranty. 3
bean meal, barley meal, blood flour, linseed)
oil meal, rice polish, bean meal, re-cleaned 3
cottonseed meal, corn meal, wheat flour, anise
seed, salt. Contains not more than 6 per cent}
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat|
and 29 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Clover Leaf Mills Hog Meal. Clover Leaf Mill--One official sample. In accord
ing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of wheat) with guaranty.

middlings, digester tankage, corn germ meal,
linseed meal, corn feed meal. ground wheat
screenings, molasses, and one-half of 1 per cent)
salt. Contains not more than 10 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat
and 18 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Crosby’s Ready Ration. E. Crosby & Co.,,One official sample. In accord
Brattleboro, Vt. Composed of distillery dried| with guaranty in protein; high
grains, cottonseed meal, oil meal, malt sprouts,| in fiber; low in fat.
wheat bran, wheat middlings, hominy, % of|
1 per cent salt. Contains not more than §
per cent crude fiber and not less than 7 per
cent fat and 25 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919.

Dairy Ration. Cornish Farmers’ Union, Cornish,,One dealer’s sample. In _ accord
Maine. Contains not more than 13 per cent| with guaranty in protein; not
crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat) examined for fiber’ and fat.
and 19 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.
The guarantees as given are from the inspec-
tor’s slip. This feed was not registered at
time of sale.

Dewey’s Ready Ration. The Dewey Brothers|Two official samples. One in ac-
Co., Blanchester, Ohio. Composed of eagle| cord with guaranty. The other
distillers’ dried grains from corn, cottonseed); in accord with guaranty in fi-
meal, old process linseed oil meal, wheat| ber and fat; slightly low in
bran, wheat middlings, hominy feed, malt| protein.
sprouts, % per cent salt. Contains not more
than 10 per cent crude fiber and not less than
6 per cent fat and 25 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Diamond Dairy Feed No. 1. E. S. Woodworth|/One _ official sample. In accord
& Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Contains not more} with guaranty.
than 21 per cent crude fiber and not less than
7 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein. Reg- : ‘
istered in 1919. The guarantees as given are
from the inspector’s slip. This feed was not
registered at time of sale.

Dirigo Horse Feed. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn,/One __ official sample. In accord
Me. Composed of crushed oats, crushed bar-| with guaranty.

ley, cracked corn, bran and molasses. Con-
tains not more than 6 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 9 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919. |

Ee a ar ae

OFrFicIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 35

FEEDING StTuFFS—Continued.

(BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Domino 242% Dry Dairy Ration.
ing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of cotton-
seed meal, corn gluten feed, old process lin-

seed oil meal, cocoanut oil meal, fine alfalfa!
meal, wheat bran, corn feed meal, salt % of|

1 per cent. Contains not more than 15 per

cent crude fiber and not less than 4% per|

cent fat and 24% per cent protein.

Economy Stock Feed.
Co., Toledo, Ohio.
oat hulls, oat groats, oat
meal offal, flour middlings, barley and % of
1 per cent salt.
per cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per
cent iat and 9 per cent protein. Registered
in ;

Elm City Ready Ration. Merrill & Mayo Co.,
Waterville, Me. Composed of cottonseed meal,
hominy feed, yellow hominy feed, corn dis-
tillers’ grains and solubles, corn gluten, old
process linseed oil meal, wheat middlings, and
wheat bran with ground screenings not exceed-
ing mill run. Oat meal, mill by-products, oat
middlings, oat hulls, oat groats, 1 per cent
salt. Contains not more than 10 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 6 per cent fat
and 25 per cent protein. Registered in 1919,
and 1920.

Fancy Broadflake. Sheffield King Milling Co.,
Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of wheat bran
and ground wheat screenings. Contains not
more than 12.75 per. cent crude fiber and not
less than 3.5 per cent fat and 13.5 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919.

Farmers’ Union Ready Ration. Farmers’ Union
Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me. Com-
posed of distillers’ grain, cottonseed meal,
linseed oil meal, gluten feed, hominy meal,
wheat bran, barley, malt sprouts, brewers’
grains and salt. Contains not more than 10
per cent crude fiber and not less than 6 per
cent fat and 25 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919 and 1920.

Farmers’ Union Stock Feed. Farmers’ Union
Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me. Com-
posed of corn meal, hominy, brewers’ grains.
oatmeal, mill by-products (oat hulls, oat mid-
dlings, oat shorts), salt. Cuntains not more
than 11 per cent crude fiber and not less than
3.5 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein.

Fidelity Stock Feed. Nowak Milling Co., Buf-
falo, N. Y. Composed of ground oats, corn
feed meal, hominy feed, wheat middlings, oat
hulls, salt % of 1 per cent. Contains not
more than 12 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3 per cent fat and 8 per cent pro-
tein.

Fourex Dairy Ration. The Ubiko Milling Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio. Composed of cottonseed
meal, old process linseed meal, hominy feed,
wheat bran and middlings, gluten feed, re-
ground oat feed, (oat hulls, oat shorts, oat
middlings), rye middlings, malt sprouts and
salt. Contains not more than 12 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 20
per cent protein. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

Nowak Mill-)

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION,

The Lake Erie Milling
Composed of corn, oats,|
middlings, corn)

Contains not more than 9|

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
[wo official samples. One in
accord with guaranty. The

other in accord with guaranty in
protein and fat; slightly high in
fiber.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

Two official samples. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord

with guaranty in fat and pro-
tein; high in fiber.

One official sample. In | accord
with guranty in protein and
fat; slightly high in fiber.

Two official samples. In accord

with guaranty.

<6 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

FEEDING StuFFs—Continued. -

IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Go-Tu-It Hog Ration. The Park & Pollard Co., Pwo official samples. One in
Boston, Mass. Composed of cocoanut oil meal, accord with guaranty. The other
velvet bean meal, peanut oil meal, rice bran, in accord with guaranty in pro-
old process linseed oil meal, alfalfa meal,) tein and fiber; low in fat.
hominy meal, oat hulls, oat middlings, oat
shorts, ground barley, fish, meat, bone corn
meal, corn germ meal, wheat middlings, salt,
calcium carbonate. Contains not more than)

13 per cent crude fiber and not less than 6
per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-|
tered in 1919 and 1920.

Gold Mine Feed. Sheffield & King Milling Co.,One official sample. In accord
Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of bran, shorts, with guaranty. j
low grade flour, wheat produce and pulverized
wheat screenings. Contains not more than
9.3 per cent crude fiber and net less than 4.5}
per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-|
tered in 1919. |

Grandin’s Twin Six Dairy .Feed. D. H. Grandin Two official samples. In accord
Milling Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Composed of with guaranty.
linseed oil meal, cottonseed meal, corn gluten)
feed, rice bran, wheat bran, wheat middlings,
alfalfa meal, hominy feed, corn feed meal,}
wheat middlings with palm oil, red dog flour
and a small percentage of salt... Contains not}
more than 13.5. per cent crude fiber and not
less than 5 per cent fat and 22 per cent pro-|
tein. Registered in 1919. |

Grandin’s Stock Feed. D. H. Grandin Milling One official sample. In accord
Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Composed of ground) with guaranty.
corn, ground oats, ground barley, hominy
feed, wheat middlings, oat meal mill by-prod-| -
ucts (oat middlings, oat lulls, oat shorts)
and a small percentage of salt. (Wheat mid-|
dlings may contain ground screenings not ex-!

‘ceeding mill run). Contains not more than}

14 per cent crude fiber and not less. than 4
per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Regis-|
tered in 1919.

Hog Meal. Cornish Farmers’ Union, Cornish,One dealer’s sample. In_ accord
Me. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude. with guaranty in protein; not
fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 15) examined for fiber and fat.
per cent protein. Registered in 1919. The *
guarantees as given are as sent in by the
dealer. This feed was not registered at time
of sale. 3

Holstein Feed. Indiana Milling Co., Terre One official sample. In accord
Haute, Indiana. Composed of wheat bran with with guaranty in fat; slightly
-ground screenings not exceeding mill run, and low in protein; slightly high in
cob meal. Contains not more than, 16 per fiber.
cent crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent
‘fat and 12 per cent protein. Registered in
1919. |

International Climax Dairy Feed. International Two official samples. In accord

Sugar Feed Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Composed with guaranty.

of cottonseed meal, molasses, ground clipped

oat by-products, ground cleaned grain sereen-

ings, salt. Contains not more than 15 per

cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent

fat and 12.5 per cent protein. Registered in

1919 and 1920.

EEE EeEE———————————————

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 37

FEEDING STtuFrFs—Continued.

SF Oo eoosS$=S ae

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

International Diamond Dairy Feed. Interna-
tional Sugar Feed Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Composed of corn gluten feed, wheat bran, old
Process oil meal, cottonseed meal, molasses,
ground and bolted screenings from wheat, salt.
Contains not more than 10 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat and 24
per cent protein. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

International Special Dairy Feed. International!
Sugar Feed Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Com-
posed of old process oil meal, cottonseed meal,
corn gluten feed, wheat bran, molasses, ground
clipped oat by-product, salt. Ground cleaned
grain screenings. Contains not more than 15
per cent crude fiber and not less than 4.5 per
Cones and 15 per cent protein. Registered
in !

Iowa Stock Feed. Purity Oats Co., Davenport,
Towa. Composed of wheat middlings, corn|
meal, hominy feed, brewers’ dried grains, corn|
gluten feed, oat meal mill by-product (oat
shorts, oat hulls, oat middlings) and 1 per
cent table salt. Contains not more thar 12.75
per cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per
cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919,

Lactola_ Dairy Feed. Chapin & Co., Ct! ag0,|
Ill. Composed of brewers’ grains, cottouseed|
meal, corn gluten meal, yeast dried grains,|
copra (cocoanut oil) meal, ivory nut meal,
molasses, salt. Contains not more than 12 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent
fat and 165 per cent protein. Registered in
1919.

Larro Feed. The Larrowe Milling Co., Detroit,
Mich. Composed of cottonseed meal, corn
gluten feed, old process linseed oil meal, dried
beet pulp, standard wheat bran, standard
wheat middlings and 34 of 1 per cent salt.
Wheat bran and wheat middlings may contain
ground screenings not exceeding mill run.
Contains not more than 13.5 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat and 22
per cent protein. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

Loyal Stock Feed. Purity Oats Co., Davenport,
Iowa. Composed of gluten, corn feed meal,
hominy feed, oat meal mill by-product (oat
shorts, oat hulls, oat middlings) and 1 per
cent of salt. Contains not more than 14 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent
fat and 10 per cent protein.

Master Grain Ration. Clover Leaf Milling Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of molasses, dried
grains from barley, malt, and corn, wheat
bran, standard middlings, linseed meal (old
process), corn gluten feed, cocoanut oil meal
(old process), cottonseed meal, and one-half of
one per cent fine table salt. Contains not
more than 10 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 5 per cent fat and 24 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION,

Two official samples. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord:
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

Two official samples. The i319:
sample low in protein and fat;
in accord in fiber. The 1920
sample in accord with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

38 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

FEEDING STtuFFsS—Continued.

IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Mormilk Ready Ration Dairy Feed. Interstate One official sample. In accord
Feed Association, Toledo, Ohio. Composed of with guaranty in fat; slightly
cottonseed meal, old process oil meal, corn) low in protein; slightly high in
gluten feed, bran (wheat), toasted wheat feed, fiber.
corn oil meal, hominy feed, wheat middlings.

Contains not more than 10 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 6 per cent fat and 25
per cent protein.

Morris Special Dairy Feed. Morris Bros., One- One official sample. In accord
onta, N. Y. Composed of cottonseed meal, with guaranty.
linseed oil meal, corn gluten feed, hominy or!
corn meal, wheat bran, salt. Contains not|
more than 9.5 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 5 per cent fat and 24 per cent protein.

National Stock Feed. Stratton-Ladish Milling One official sample. In accord
Co., Toledo, Ohio. Composed of cottonseed with guaranty in fat; slightly
meal, oat meal mill by-products (oat middlings, low in protein; slightly high in
oat hulls, oat shorts), corn feed meal, salt.| fiber.

Contains not more than 12 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10
per cent protein.

Nu Life Balanced Ration. Fred L. Cressey,[wo official samples. One in accord
Boston, Mass. Composed of beet pulp, gluten, with guaranty in protein; not
cottonseed meal, ground oats, cocoanut oil) examined for fiber and fat. The
meal, wheat bran, oil meal, wheat middlings, other in accord with guaranty
ground barley, corn feed meal and salt. Con-. in fiber and fat; low in protein.
tains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 22 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

Nu_ Life Stock Feed. Fred L. Cressey, Boston, One official sample. In accord
Mass. Composed of white hominy, oat feed with guaranty.
and salt. Contains not more than 16 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 2 per cent fat
and 7.5 per cent protein.

Old Honesty Stock Feed. Oswego Milling Co.,One official sample. In accord
Oswego, N. Y. Composed of hominy feed, with guaranty in fat and pro-
corn meal, oat hulls, oat shorts, oat middlings, tein; high in fiber.
oil meal, cottonseed meal, wheat bran and
salt. Ground barley and oats. Contains not
more than 12 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro-
tein.

O-Ne-On-Ta Dairy Ration. Elmore Milling Co.,One official sample. In accord
Oneonta, N. Y. Composed of corn gluten with guaranty. °
feed, wheat bran, old process oil meal, pure
ground oats, hominy, cottonseed meal, % of 1
per cent salt. Contains not more than 10 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent
fat and 22 per cent protein.

Orono Dairy Feed. J. B. Ham Co., Lewiston, One _ official sample. In accord
Me. Composed of wheat bran, hominy, gluten with guaranty. :
feed, linseed oil meal, cottonseed meal, dis-
tillers’ grains and salt. Contains not more
than 10 per cent crude fiber and not less than.
5 per cent fat and 22 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919. :

Osota Feed. National Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio. One official sample. In accord
Composed of bran wheat and wheat middlings with guaranty.
with ground screenings not exceeding mill run.
Contains not more than 10 per cent_ crude
fiber and not less than 4.5 per cent fat and
15 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

OrFictiAL INSPECTIONS 96. 39.

FEEDING STuFFsS—Continued.

|
IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Park & Pollard Stock Feed. Park & Pollard Four official samples. Three in |
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of ground corn,| accord with guaranty. The other
hominy feed, oat hulls, oat middlings, oat) in accord with guaranty in pro-
shorts, old process linseed meal, calcium car-| tein- and fat; high in fiber.
bonate and salt. Contains not more than 12) |
per cent crude fiber and not less than 1%
per cent fat and 9 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919 and 1920.

Paragon Dairy Feed. Chas. M. Cox Co., Bos-|One oficial sample. In accord
ton, Mass. Composed of cottonseed meal, lin-| with guaranty.
seed meal, bran, distillers’ grains, gluten feed,
copra meal, barley mill run screenings, oat
feed (oat middlings, oat shorts, oat hulls) and
not over 1 per cent salt. Contains not more
than 14 per cent crude fiber and not less than}
4 per cent fat and 22 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919,

Peerless Dairy Feed. Fuller Holway Co., Au-!One official sample. In accord
gusta, Maine. Composed of barley malt, rye} with guaranty.
malt, malt sprouts, corn meal, cottonseed meal,
wheat middlings, ground oats, 1 per cent salt.
Contains not more than 15.5 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 5.3 per cent fat and 17
per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Peerless Stock Feed. E. A. Clark Co., Port-;One official sample. Somewhat
land, Me. Composed of corn feed meal, wheat| low in protein and fat; high in
bran, middlings, hominy feed, oat feed, oat} fiber.
hulls, oat middlings and salt. Contains not
more than 10 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3.5 per cent fat and 9 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.

Portage Stock Feed. The Akron Feed & Mill-|One official sample. One dealer’s
ing Co., Akron, Ohio. Composed of either) sample. Both samples much high-
white or yellow shelled corn, barley, oat) er in protein and fiber and low-
shorts, oat hulls, wheat middlings, oat mid-| er in fat than guaranty. Guaran-
dlings and % of one per cent of salt. Con-} ty has little relation to compo-
tains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber! sition as found.
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 8% per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Purina Calf Chow. Ralston Purina Co., St.|One official sample. In accord
Louis, Mo. Composed of blood flour, linseed| with guaranty.

meal, hominy feed, wheat flour, yellow corn
feed meal and 1 per cent salt. Contains not
more than 4.5 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3.2 per cent fat and 27 per cent pro-
tein.

Quarto Dairy Feed. G. E. Patterson & Co.,|One dealer’s sample. In_ accord
Memphis, Tenn. Composed of alfalfa, cotton-| with guaranty in protein and
seed meal, velvet bean and pod meal andj fat; high in fiber.

molasses. Contains not more than 15 per cent

crude fiber and not less than 3.5 per cent fat|

and 24 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Ryde’s Cream Calf Meal. Ryde & Co., Chicago,/One official sample. In accord
Til. Composed of ground flaxseéd, wheat flour,, with guaranty in fat; low in
locust bean meal, recleaned cottonseed meal, | protein and slightly high in fi-
blood flour, beans and lentils, cocoa shell meal,| ber.
hominy feed, Fenugreek, anise and salt. Con-|
tains not more than 6 per cent crude fiber and|
not less than 5 per cent fat and 25 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919. : | as

eee

40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

FEEDING SturFrs—Continued.

; :
(BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
|
|

Schumacher Calf Meal. The Quaker Oats Co.,One official sample. In accord
Chicago, Ill. Composed of oatmeal, wheat| with guaranty.

meal, ground flaxseed, milk albumen, old)

process linseed oil meal, blood meal, % of 1)

per cent bicarbonate of soda. Contains not

more than 4 per cent crude fiber and not less)

than 8 per cent fat and 18 per cent protein.|

Registered in 1919. |

Stevens 44 Dairy Ration. The Park & Pollard One official sample. In accord
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of linseed oil! with guaranty.

meal, cottonseed meal, wheat bran with mill

run of screenings, corn gluten feed, cocoanut,

oil meal, pea meal, brewers’ dried grains,|

ground barley, wheat middlings, hominy meal,|

corn germ meal, buckwheat, middlings, corn!)

meal, salt. Contains not more than 14 per cent)

crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat!

and 24 per cent protein. Registered in 1919. |

Stock Feed. J. J. Lappin & Co., Portland, Me: One dealer’s sample. Slightly
Contains not more than 18 per cent crude fi-, low in protein. Not examined
ber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 10 for fiber and fat.
per cent protein. The guarantees as given|
are as sent in by the dealer. This feed was|
not registered at time of sale. |

Sunbeam Dairy Ration. The Ubiko Milling Callous official sample. In accord
Cincinnati, Ohio. Composed of cottonseed! with guaranty.
meal, old process linseed meal, corn gluten)
feed, dried beet pulp, wheat bran, wheat mid-|
dlings, hominy meal, salt. Contains not more|
than 12 per cent crude fiber and not less than!

3 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein.

Superior Stock Feed. Interstate Feed Associa-Slightly low in fat and protein;
tion, Toledo, Ohio. Composed of fine white| slightly high in fiber.
hominy feed and reground oat feed. Contains}
not more than 18 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 4 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro-
tein.

Syragold Milk Ration. Syracuse Milling Co.,,One official sample. In | accord
Syracuse, N. Y. Composed of dried brewers’, with guaranty in protein and
grains, malt sprouts, corn gluten feed, linseed| fat; high in fiber.
meal, wheat bran with mill run _ screenings,
cottonseed meal, ground cottonseed huils and
salt. Contains not more than 15 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat
and 20 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Towles Balanced Ration. J. N. Towle & Co., One oficial cet Pie hay paccord
Bangor, Me. Composed of wheat bran, cotton- Aber aR htl he = fat .
seed meal, old process linseed meal, hominy 2 Saath Wear kit y
meal, corn meal, gluten feed, salt. Contains
not more than 9.13 per cent crude fiber and
not less than 5.72 per cent fat and 22.13 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Towles Pig Feed. J. N. Towle & Co., Bangor,One official sample. In accord
Me. Composed of wheat bran, wheat mid-| with guaranty.
dlings, old process linseed meal, hominy meal,|
corn meal, meat meal. Contains not more
than 7.22 per cent crude fiber and not less)
than 6 per cent fat and 18 per cent protein.|
Registered in 1919.

OFrFIcIAL INSPECTIONS 96.

FEEDING STUFFS—C

41

ontinued.

[BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Triangle Dairy Feed. Chapin & Co., Chicago.
Ill. Composed of linseed meal, cottonseed
meal, gluten feed, corn germ meal, copra meal.
hominy meal, oat meal mill by-products (oat
meal middlings. oat hulls, oat shorts) ground
barley, salt. Contains not more than 12 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent
ae and 21 per cent protein. Registered in

True Value Dairy Feed. Stratton-Ladish Mlg.
Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Composed of cottonseed
meal, linseed meal, corn gluten feed, ground)
oats, hominy feed, copra meal, ground corn
(cocoanut oil meal) wheat bran, wheat mid-
dlings, with ground screenings not exceeding
mill run, salt. Contains not more than 10)
per cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per
cent fat and 24 per cent protein.

True Value Stock Feed. Stratton-Ladish Mlg.)
Co., Milwaukee. Wis. Composed of cotton-|
seed meal, hominy feed, ground oats, ground)
corn, oat meal mill by-products (oat middlings.|
oat hulls, oat shorts) salt. Contains not more
than 12 per cent crude fiber and not less than}
3.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein.

Ubiko Pig Meal. The Ubiko Milling Co., Cin-|
cinati, hio. Composed of digester tankage,
wheat middlings, hominy feed, cocoanut oil
meal, germ oil meal, old process linseed meal,|
rye middlings, and salt. Contains not more;
than 8 per cent crude fiber and not less than
5 per cent fat and 18 per cent protein. Regis-

tered in 1919 and 1920.
Unicorn Dairy Ration. Chapin & Co., Chicago.,,
Ill. Composed of cottonseed meal, linseed}

meal, corn gluten feed, corn oil meal, brew-
ers’ grains, wheat bran with mill run screen-
ings, hominy meal, corn gluten meal, salt.
Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fi-
ber and not less than 4.5 per cent fat and 26
per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Union Grains Biles Ready Ration. The Ubiko
Milling Co., Cincinnati, hio. Composed of
fourex corn distillers’ dried grains, choice
cottonseed meal. old process linseed meal,
white wheat middlings, winter wheat bran,
hominy meal, cocoanut oil meal, corn gluten)
feed, brewers’ dried grains, barley malt
sprouts. and one-half per cent of fine table
salt. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

Vitality Dairy Feed. Rosenbaum Bros., Chicago,
Ill. Composed of old process linseed oil meal,
corn gluten feed, corn feed meal, wheat bran,
wheat middlings, cottonseed meal, ground oats,
ground barley and salt. Contains not more
than 9 per cent crude fiber and not less than
4 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein.

Voights Cow Feed. Voights Milling Co., Grand
Rapids, Mich. Composed of bran and mid-
dlings and screenings as run from mill. Con-
tains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 3.5 per cent fat and 14.5
per cent protein.

2

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In _ accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty in fat and pro-
tein; high in fiber.

Two official samples. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

Two official samples. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

_———— C—O aaa

42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

FEEDING STuFFS—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Wirthmore Balanced Ration. Chas. M. Cox Co., Two official samples. One in accord
Boston, Mass. Composed of cottonseed meal, with guaranty in protein; not
linseed meal, corn gluten feed, fancy dis-examined for fiber and fat. The
tillers’ grains, wheat bran, choice yeast grains, other in accord with guaranty in
hominy or corn meal, and not over 3% of 1 per fat and protein; high in fiber.
cent salt. Contains not more than 9.5 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent fa’
and 25 per cent protein. Registered in 1919
-and 1920.

Wirthmore Hog Feed. Chas. M. Cox Co., Bos-One official sample. In accord
ton, Mass. Composed of tankage, wheat mid-| with guaranty.
dlings, hominy, corn meal, linseed meal, pea-
nut feed, corn feed meal, red dog flour, and
about % of 1 per cent salt. Contains not more
than 7 per cent crude fiber and not less than
6 per cent fat and 17 per cent protein.

Wirthmore Pig Feed. Chas. M. Cox., Boston.Q:.e official sample. In accord
Mass. Composed of tankage, edible bone meal, with guaranty.

peanut .feed, wheat middlings, wheat bran,

linseed meal, ground alfalfa. ground hominy,

corn meal and about % of 1 per’ cent salt.

Contains not more than 14 per cent crude fi-

ber and not less than 5 per cent fat and 1é

per cent protein.

Wirthmore Stock Feed. Chas. M. Cox Co., Bos-One official sample. In accord

ton, Mass. Composed of ground barley, ground with guaranty.
oats, ground hominy meal, ground corn, oa
meal, mill by-products (oat middlings, oat
shorts, oat-hulls) and % of 1 per cent salt.
Part of the ingredients having been cooked
or steamed and more easily assimulated than
raw grains and have better keeping qualities.
Contains not more than 9.5 per cent crude fi-
ber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 9 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Zenith Stock Feed. E. Crosby & Co., Brattle-One official sample. In accord
boro, Vt. Composed of corn, homlik (corn with guaranty.

feed meal) hominy feed, oat feed, oat hulls,

oat middlings. Contains not more than 13

per cent crude fiber and not less than 3.25

per cent fat and 8.5 per cent protein. Regis-

tered in 1919.

COMPOUNDED FEEDS FOR POULTRY.

Aunt Mary’s Laying Mash. Oswego Milling One official sample. In accord

Co., Oswego, N. Y. Composed of ground corn, with guaranty.

wheat, oats, barley, kaffir corn, buckwheat,

alfalfa, fish, meat, bone, wheat bran and mid-

dlings with mill run of screenings, calcium

carbonate and salt. Contains not more than

12 per cent crude fiber and not less than 1.5

per cent fat and 18 per cent protein.

Baby Buster Chick Feed. The Park & Pollard One official sample. In accord
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked: with guaranty.

corn, wheat, kafhr corn, milo, oats, whole mil-

let seed and shredded fish. Contains not

more than 5 per cent crude fiber and not less)

than 2 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein.

Registered in 1919.

OrFicIAL INSPECTIONS 96.

FEEDING StuFFs—Continued.

iIBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Badger Laying Mash. Chas. A. Krause Mlg.
Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Composed of wheat bran,
wheat middlings with ground screenings not
exceeding mill run, maize, red dog flour, corn
feed meal, alfalfa meal, meat scraps, corn
germ meal and hominy feed. Contains not
more than 10 per cent. crude fiber and not less
than 3.5 per cent fat and 18 per,cent protein.
Registered in 1919 and 1920.

Dirigo Egg Mash. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn
Me. Composed of alfalfa meal, bran, mid-
dlings, wheat meal, corn feed meal, ground
corn, linseed meal, meat scraps, salt % of 1
per cent. Contains not more than 10 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent fat
and 16 per cent protein.

Dirigo Intermediate Chick Feed. Oscar Holway
Co., Auburn, Me. Composed of corn, wheat,
kafir corn, hulled oats, buckwheat and millet.
Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fi-
ber and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10
per cent protein.

Dow’s Favorite Poultry Meal. John C. Dow
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of dried meat,
bone, Foenugreek seed and cottonseed meal.
Contains not more than 0 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 10 per cent fat and 30 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Dry Feed. J. N. Towle & Co., Bangor. Me
Composed of wheat bran, wheat middlings.|
corn meal, meat scraps, old process linseed
meal. Contains not more than 0 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 10 per cent fat
and 20 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.|

|

Dry Mash. J. B. Ham Co., Lewiston, Me. Com-|
posed of corn meal, ground oats, wheat bran.

wheat middlings, linseed meal, meat scraps.|

clrarcoal and alfalfa. Contains not more than)

12 per cent crude fiber and not less than 3.5}

per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Reg-

istered in 1919. |

Elm City Laying Mash. Merrill & Mayo Co.,
Waterville, Me. Composed of wheat bran,
wheat middlings, alfalfa, meal, corn bran.|
corn feed meal, linseed oil meal, meat scraps,}|
Y% of 1 per cent salt. Contains not more than
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than 3|

with guaranty.

anteed for fiber; low

One official sample.
with guaranty.

‘One _ official sample.
with guaranty.

per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Elmore Egg Mash. Elmore Milling Co., One-
onta, N. Y. Composed of corn meal, rollled
oats, ground barley, wheat flour middlings.
wheat bran, hominy feed, corn gluten feed.
alfalfa meal, old process oil meal, meat and
bone meal, salt. Contains not more _ than
8 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4
per cent fat and 18 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Farmers’ Union Chick Feed. Farmers’ Union)

Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me. Com-

|
|
|
|
|

lone official sample.
with guaranty.

|

One official sample.
with guaranty.

posed of millet seed, cracked wheat, cracked)

kaffir corn, oat meal, cracked corn. Contains
not more than 3.5 per cent crude fiber and|
not less than 3.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent)
protein.

|
|

)
|

43
RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
Two official samples. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample.. In accord

One official sample. Not guaran-

in fat.
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord

penuincihte Mei dea OEE ee ee red ae

Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

FEEDING StuFrFs—Continued.

iBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
| :
}
i]

Farmers’ Union Egg Mash. Farmers’ Union/One official sample.

Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me. Com-
posed of corn meal, rolled oats, ground bar-|
ley, wheat flour, middlings, hominy feed.!
wheat bran, meat and bone meal, corn gluten
feed, alfalfa meal, old process oil meal, salt.
Contains not more than 8 per cent crude fi-|
ber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 1§
per cent protein. |

with guaranty.

Farmers’ Union Growing Mash. Farmers’ Union One official sample.

Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me. Com-!
posed of rolled oats, corn gluten feed, old
process oil meal, corn meal, wheat middlings,
wheac bran, bone meal, salt. Contains not
more than 8 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 4 per cent fat and 17 per cent protein.

with guaranty.

Ful-O-Pep Dry Mash. The Quaker Oats Co.,One official sample.

hicago, Ill. Composed of meat scraps, fish
fneal, oat meal, alfalfa meal, wheat bran
(with ground screenings not exceeding mill
tun) hominy feed, yellow hominy feed, corn
gluten feed, ground grain screenings, bone
meal, cottonseed meal. Contains not more
han 10 per cent crude fiber and not less than
4 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein.

with guaranty.

Ful-O-Pep Growing Mash. The Quaker Oats One official sample.

Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of meat scraps,
Satmeal, fish meal, corn gluten feed, hominy
feed, yellow hominy feed, wheat bran (with
ground screenings not exceeding mill run)
alfalfa meal, bone meal, ground puffed wheat,
ground corn puffs. Contains not more than 9
per cent crude fiber and not less than 5.25
per cent fat and 17 per cent protein.

with guaranty.

Globe Egg Mash. The Albert Dickinson Co.,,One official sample.

Chicago, Ill. Composed of wheat bran, wheat
middlings, alfalfa meal, ground corn bran,
corn feed meal, linseed oil cake, meat scraps.
Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fi-
ber and not less than 3 per cent fat and 15
per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

with guaranty.

Grandin’s Poultry Dry Mash. D. H. Grandin One official sample.

Milling Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Composed of
ground: fish, meat, bone, powdered butter-
milk, corn, wheat, oats, barley, kaffir corn,
milo maize, buckwheat, alfalfa, calcium car-
bonate, wheat bran, wheat middlings, linseed
oil meal, corn gluten feed and salt. (Bran and
middlings may contain ground screenings not
exceeding mill run). Contains not more than
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than 3
per cent fat and 20 per cent protein.

Growing Feed. The Park & Pollard Co., Bos-
ton, Mass. Composed of ground: corn, wheat,
wheat screenings, oats, barley, kaffir corn,
buckwheat, alfalfa, meat bone, wheat bran
with mill run of screenings, wheat middlings,
calcium carbonate and _ salt. Contains not
more than 8 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 1.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein.

tein; slightly high
accord in fat.

One official sample.

with guaranty.

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord

Low in pro-
in fiber; in

In accord

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96.

45

FEEDING Sturrs—Continued.

{[BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Iroquois Chick Feed. Buffalo Cereal Co., Buf-
falo, Y. Composed of cracked corn, wheat,
kaffir corn, peas, millet and oat groats. Con-

tains not more than 2 per cent crude fiber|
and not less than 2 per cent fat and 12 per}

cent protein.

Lay or Bust Dry Mash.
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of ground: corn,
wheat, oats, barley, kaffir corn, buckwheat,
alfalfa, fish, meat bone and wheat bran with
mill run of screenings, wheat middlings,
cium carbonate and salt. Contains not more
than 12 per cent crude fiber and not less than
1.5 per cent fat and 18 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919,

Maxims Dry Mash. D. H. Maxim Estate, Win-
throp, Me. Composed of corn meal, ground oats,
wheat bran, wheat middlings, gluten oil meal,
alfalfa, cottonseed meal, meat meal. Contains|
not more than 12 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 4.5 per cent fat and 18 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.

Monarch Poultry Mash. F. H. Brastow & Son
So. Brewer, Me. Composed of wheat bran,)
wheat middlings, gluten feed, beef scraps, al-
falfa and corn meal. Contains not move than
7 per cent crude fiber and not less than 5.5)
per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Nu-Life Dry Mash. Fred L. Cressey,
Mass. Composed of rolled oatmeal, fish scrap,
beef scrap, oil meal, cottonseed, gluten, meat|
bone meal, ground oats, middlings, bran, beet
pulp, corn feed meal and salt. Contains not
more than 8 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 4 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein.

Peerless Baby Chick Feed. E. A. Clark & Co.,
Portland, Me. Composed of cracked wheat,
hulled oats, cracked kaffir, cracked corn, and|
millet seed. Contains not more than 5 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent
fat and 12 per cent protein. Registered in
1919.

The Park & Pollard

Boston,}|

Peerless Milk Ration. Clover Leaf Milling Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of cottonseed meal,
pure old process linseed meal, cocoanut oi!
meal, corn gluten feed, wheat bran, dried
grains from barley malt and corn, cleaned|
ground and bolted grain screenings, ground|
and bolted clipped oat by-product, molasses
and one-half of 1 per cent fine table salt.
Contains not more than 12 per cent crude fi-
ber and not less than 5 per cent fat and 20
per cent protein.

Purina Chicken Chowder. Ralston Purina Co.,
St. Louis, Mo. Composed of wheat middlings,
wheat bran, gluten feed from corn, corn meal,
alfalfa flour, linseed flour, granulated meat,
charcoal not over 1 per cent and salt. Con-
tains not more than 11 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 19 per
cent protein.

cal-!

One

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

‘One official sample. In accord
with guaranty in fiber and fat;
slightly low in protein.

‘One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

One official sample. In _ accord

with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

accord
and

One
with
heute

official sample. In _
guaranty in _ protein
slightly high in fiber.

One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

46 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

FEEDING Sturrs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. me | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Red Ribbon Chick Feed. The Park & Pollard One official sample. In accord
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked:| with guaranty.
corn, wheat, oats, kaffr corn, milo and whole
millet seed. Contains not more than 5 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 2 per cent
fat and 10 per cent protein.

Schumacher Feed. The Quaker Oats Co., Chi-|One official sample. In accord
cago, Ill. Composed of ground corn, hominy); with guaranty.
feed, yellow hominy feed, linseed oil meal,
ground barley, wheat middlings, (with ground
screenings not exceeding mill run) cottonseed
meal, oatmeal mill by-product (oat middlings,|
oat hulls, oat shorts), ground puffed _ rice,|
ground puffed wheat, calcium phosphate, ¥%|
of 1 per cent salt, rye flour. Contains not}
more than 10 per cent crude fiber and not}
less than 3.25 per cent fat and 10 per cent)
protein. Registered in 1919.

|

Schumacher Little Chick Feed with Grit. The)One official sample. In accord
Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of| with guaranty.

cracked wheat, cracked kaffir and milo, cracked)
Indian corn, whole millet seed, oatmeal, 6%)
marble grit, charcoal, wild buckwheat (with)
not exceeding % of 1 per cent miscellaneous
wild seeds occurring in above seeds and
grains). Contains not more than 5 per cent)
crude fiber and not less than 2.5 per cent fat
and 10 per cent protein.

Small’s Dry’ Mash. S. L. Small, Dexter, Me.,One official sample. In accord
Composed of bran, middlings, corn meal, glu-) with guaranty.
ten feed, meat scraps, alfalfa meal. Contains
not more than 9 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 4 per cent fat and 20 per cent Pro-|
tein. |

Tom Boy Chick Feed. Purity Oats Co., Daven-,One official sample. In accord
port, Iowa. Composed of cracked: corn, wheat, with guaranty.
kaffr corn or milo maize, steel cut oats, re-)
cleaned wheat screenings and millet. Con-)
tains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber|
and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per
cent protein.

Tom Boy Poultry Mash. Purity Oats Co., One official sample. In accord
Davenport, Iowa. Composed of ground: meat,) with guaranty.

wheat, oat meal, wheat middlings, milo maize,|

buckwheat, cornmeal, barley, oat middlings,|

millet, gluten feed, kaffir corn, alfalfa meal,

hominy feed, wheat bran, oat germ meal, rock|

phosphate, salt, calcium carbonate, and char-)

coal. Contains not more than 10 per cent)

crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat|

and 15 per cent protein. |

True Value Chick Developer. Stratton-Ladish| Two official samples. In accord
Mig. Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Composed of| with guaranty.

cracked: corn, wheat, kaffir corn, or milo

maize seed, millet seed, oat groats. Contains|

not more than 5 per cent crude fiber and not

less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent

protein. |

True Value Poultry Mash. Stratton-Ladish|One _ official sample. In accord
Milling Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Composed of] with guaranty in protein and
wheat bran, wheat middlings, with ground) fat; high in fiber.
screenings not exceeding mill run, corn feed
meal, alfalfa meal, corn gluten feed, ground
oats, meat scraps, linseed oil meal, salt. Con-
tains not more than 8 per cent ‘crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 18 per
cent protein.

EM ease SE ee Ss ee ee ee

OFrFiciAL INSPECTIONS 96. 47

FEEDING Sturrs—Continued.

IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Ubiko Buttermilk Growing Mash. The UbikolOne official sample. In accord
Milling Co., St. Bernard, Ohio. Composed of| with guaranty.
meat meal, bone meal, corn meal, wheat bran
and middlings, whole ground oats, ground bar-
ley, old process linseed meal, and dried but-
termilk. Contains not more than 6 per cent
erude fiber and not less than 3 per cent fat
and 15 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Wirthmore Buttermilk Baby Chick Food. Chas.|One official sample. In accord
M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of dried} with guaranty.
buttermilk, dried milk albumen, fine ground
oats, bone meal, white corn, hominy feed and
wheat middlings. Contains not more than 5
per cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per
cent fat and 13.5 per cent protein.

Wirthmore Gritless Chick Feed. Chas. M. Cox|Two official samples. In accord
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed. of cracked) with guaranty.
wheat, yellow corn, peas, kaffir corn, milo
maize, white corn and hulled oats. Contains)
not more than 3.5 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3 per cent fat and 11 per cent pro-|
tein.

COMPOUNDED FEEDS FOR POULTRY—SCRATCH FEEDS.

Aunt Mary’s Scratch Feed. Oswego Milling One official sample. In accord
Co., Oswego, N. Y. Composed of wheat, bar-| with guaranty.
ley, milo, kaffir corn, buckwheat, cracked |
. corn and oats. Contains not more than 5 per|
cent crude fiber and not less than 1.5 per cent)
fat and 10 per cent protein.

Dirigo Scratch Feed. Oscar Holway Co., Au-One official sample. In accord
burn, Me. Composed of wheat, kaffir corn,) with guaranty.

barley, cracked Indian corn, buckwheat, and)

sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per|

cent crude fiber and not less than 2.5 per cent!

fat and 10 per cent protein. |

Elm City Scratch Feed. Merrill & Mayo Co.,,One official sample. In accord
Waterville, Me. Composed of wheat, cracked) with guaranty.

corn, kaffr corn, milo maize, barley, buck-)

wheat and sunflower seed. Contains not more)

than 5 per cent crude fiber and not less than)

2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. |

|

Farmers’ Union Fancy Scratch Feed. Farmers’ One official sample. In accord
Union Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me. with guaranty.

Composed of wheat, cracked corn, barley, buck-)

wheat, kaffir corn, sunflower seed. Contains)

not more than 5 per cent crude fiber and not)

less than 3.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro-;

tein. |
Grandin’s Scratch Feed. D. H. Grandin Mlg. One official sample. In accord
€o., Jamestown, N. Y. Composed of wheat,| with guaranty in fat and pro-
cracked corn, kaffr corn, milo maize, barley,, tein; slightly high in fiber.
buckwheat and sunflower seed. Contains not}

more than 5 per cent crude fiber and not less)
than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein.
Registered in 1919.

|
Krause Scratch Feed. Chas. A. Krause Mlg./One official sample. In accord
Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Composed of wheat,| with guaranty.
corn, kaffir corn or milo maize, barley, oats,)
buckwheat and sunflower seed. Contains not|
more than 5.per cent crude fiber and not less)
than 2.5 per cent fat and 9 per cent protein.
Registered in 1919.

ee eee

48 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

FEEDING StuFrrs—Continued.

RAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Marathon Scratch Feed. Nowak Milling Cor-
poration, Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of wheat,
milo maize, cracked corn, barley and _ buck-
wheat. Contains not more than 5 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent fat
and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Nu Life Scratch Feed. Fred L. Cressey, Bos-
ton, Mass. Composed of kaffir corn, buck-
wheat, barley, cracked. corn,, oats and wheat.

Contains not more than 7 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 9 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

Over the Top Scratch Feed. The. Park & Pol-

lard Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked
corn, wheat, — buckwheat. barley, oats, kaffir
corn, and milo. Contains not more than 5

per cent crude fiber and not less than 1.5 per
cent fat and 10 per cent protein.

Screened Scratch Feed. E. A. Clark
& Co., Portland, Me. Composed of cracked
corn, wheat, oats, buckwheat, barley, kaffir
and sunflower seed. Contains not more than
5 per cent crude fiber and not less than 3
per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919.

Pontiac Scratch Feed. The Park & Pollard Co.

Peerless

Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked: corn,
wheat, barley, buckwheat, oats, kaffir corn
and milo. Contains not more than 5 per cen

crude fiber and not less than 1.5 per cent fa
and 10 per cent protein.

Portage Scratch Feed. The Akron Feed & Mill-

ing Co., Akron, Ohio. Composed of corn
wheat, barley, kaffir corn, sunflower seed and
buckwheat. Contains not more than 3 pez

cent crude fiber and not less than 2.5 per ceni
fat and 9 per cent protein.

Purina Scratch Feed. Ralston Purina Co., St.
Louis, Mo. Composed of wheat, corn, barley,
kaffir, milo, buckwheat and sunflower seed.
Contains not more than 4 per.cent crude fiber
and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 pez
cent protein.

Red Ribbon Scratch Feed. The Park & Pollard
Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked corn,
wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, kaffr corn
and milo. Contains not more than 5 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 1.5 per cent fat
and 10 per cent protein.

Schumacher Scratch Grains.

The Quaker Oats
Co., Chicago, Ill.

Composed of whole wheat,

whole kaffr and milo, whole barley, cracked
Indian corn, whole buckwheat, sunflower
seeds. Contains not more than 5 per cent

crude fiber and not less than 2.5 per cent fat
and 10 per cent protein.

Small’s Scratch Feed. S. L. Small, Dexter, Me.
Composed of cracked corn, oats and _ wheat.
Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber]
and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per}
cent protein.

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Two official samples. In

accord
with guaranty.

Two official samples. One in accord

with guaranty. The other in
accord with guaranty in fiber
and protein; low in fat.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. Examined
for protein only and in accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 49
FEEDING StuFrFS—Continued.
IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
Tom Boy Scratch Feed. Purity Oats Co., Dav-|One official sample. In accord
enport, Iowa. Composed of cracked corn,} with guaranty.
wheat, hulled oats, kaffir corn, or milo maize,
barley, buckwheat and sunflower seed. Con-
tains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber and!
not less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919.
|
True Value Scratch Feed. Stratton-Ladish Mlg./One official sample. In accord
Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Composed of cracked’ with guaranty.
corn, wheat, barley, kaffir corn or milo maize,
buckwheat, sunflower seed. Contains not
more than 5 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein.
Wirthmore Scratch Feed. Chas. M. Cox Co.,/One official sample. In accord
Boston, Mass. Composed of wheat, kaffir! with guaranty.
corn, sunflower seed, buckwheat, barley, oats,
cracked corn and milo maize. Contains not
more than 5 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 3 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein.
Registered in 1919.
CORN AND OATS GROUND TOGETHER.
Corn & Oat Chop. J. B. Ham Co., Lewiston,/One official sample. In accord
Me. Composed of corn and oats. Contains| with guaranty.
not more than 5 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 4 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.
Corn & Oat Chop. Merrill & Mayo Co., Water-|One official sample. In accord

ville, Me.
crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat
and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Corn & Oat Chop. Stratton-Ladish Milling Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis. Contains not more than 9
per cent crude fiber and not less than 3.5 per
cent fat and 9.5 per cent protein.

Corn & Oat Feed. Eastern Grain Co., Bangor, |Two official samples.

Me. Contains not more than 6 per cent crude|
fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat and 10
per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Farmers’ Union Corn & Oat Feed. Farmers
Union Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me.
Composed of 50 pounds of corn, 30 pounds of
oats ground together. Contains not more than
6 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4
pef cent fat aid 10 per cent protein.

Corn & Oat
Winthrop, Me.

Maxim’s

Estate, Contains not more

than 8 per cent crude fiber and not less than)

4 per cent fat and 9 per cent protein. Reg-

istered in 1919.
Monarch Ground Feed. F. H. Brastow & Son,|
So. Brewer, Me. Contains not more than 6;

per cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per
cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919.

Chop Feed. David Stott Flour Mills,
Mich. Composed of corn, corn feed|

Winner
Detroit,
meal,
chaff) and salt. Contains not more than 10
per cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per
cent fat and 8 per cent protein.

Contains not more than 6 per cent|

Feed. D. H. Maxim)

oats, oat meal by-products (oat hulls and)

*}One

with guaranty in protein; slight-
ly high in fiber; slightly low in
fat.

One official sample.
with guaranty.

In accord

One sample
high in. fiber; low in fat; in
accord with protein. The other
sample in accord with guaranty.

official sample. In | accord
with guaranty in protein and

fat; high in fiber.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

‘One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.

50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTIon. 1920.

FEEDING STUFFS—C

IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIESs

CORN FEED ME

Corn Feed Meal. Chas. A. Krause Milling Co.,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Composed of yellow)
corn. Contains not more than 4.5 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat
and 9.5 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

ontinued.

AL.

lone official sample.
with guaranty.

GLUTEN FEED AND GLUTEN MEAL.

(Corn)

Buffalo Corn Gluten Feed. Corn Products Ref.
Co., New York City. Composed of corn glu-
ten feed. Contains not more than 8.5 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 1 per cent
fat and 23 per cent protein. Registered in
1919 and 1920.

Diamond Corn Gluten Meal. Corn Products
Ref. Co., New York City. Composed of corn
gluten meal. Contains not more than 4 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 1 per cen’
fat and 40 per cent protein. Registered in
1919.

Jenks Corn Gluten Feed. Huron Milling Co.
Harbor Beach, Mich. Composed of by-prod-
uct of corn starch with corn bran. Contains
not more than 8 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3 per cent fat and 22 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.

Staley’s Corn Gluten Feed. A. E. Staley Mfg
Co., Decatur, Ill. Composed of corn gluten
feed. Contains not more than 12 per cen’
crude fiber and not less than 2.5 per cent fa’
and 23 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

with guaranty.

|

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

'Two official samples.

One official sample.

\One official sample.

One official sample.

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

(CORN) HOMINY FEED MEAL.

Badger Hominy Feed. Chas. A. Krause Milline
Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Composed of
white corn. Contains not more than 5 pe

cent crude fiber and not less than 6 per cent}

One official sample.

with guaranty in
fiber; low in fat

fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in|

1919.

Hominy Feed. The Patent Cereals Co., Geneva,
N. Y. Composed of corn. Contains not more|
than 5 per cent crude fiber and not less than|

lone official sample.

with guaranty.

5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Reg-

istered in 1919.

Logan Hominy Feed. Snyder Milling Co., Chill-|\One official sample.

icothe, Ohio. Composed of part of grain of
corn ground to meal. Contains not more than

per cent crude fiber and not less than 7

per cent fat and 10 per cent protein.

Yellow Hominy Feed. Buffalo Cereal Co., Buf-

falo, N. Y. Contains not more than 5 pet|

cent crude fiber and not less than 6 per cent

fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in|

1919.

with guaranty in
| fiber; low in fat

with guaranty.

‘One official sample.

In accord
In accord
In accord
In accore
niece

Im accor

protein an

In

In

acc’

accore

protein and

In

accored

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 51

FEEDING SturFs—Continued.

IBRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

DISTILLERS’ AND BREWERS’ GRAINS.

Corly Dried Yeast Grains. The Corly Co. Con-|One official sample. In accord
tains not more than 22 per cent crude fiber| with guaranty in protein and
and not less than 5 per cent fat and 16 per| fat; slightly high in fiber.
cent protein. Registered in 1919. The guar-|
antees as given are from the inspector’s slip.|
This feed was not registered at time of sale.)

OIL CAKE MEALS—COCOANUT MEAL.

'P & G Copra Oil Meal. The Proctor & Gamble/One official sample. In accord

Mfg Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Composed of dried) with guaranty.
cocoanut meal only. Contains not more than
12 per cent crude fiber and not less than 6
per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919. %

OIL CAKE MEALS—COTTONSEED FEED.

Cottonseed Meal (Confiscated). W. D. Hall Co..One dealer’s sample. In accord
Contains not more than 14 per cent crude fi-| with guaranty in protein; not
ber and not less than 5.5 per cent fat and) examined for fiber and fat.
19.5 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.)

The guarantees as given are from the Inspec-|
tor’s slip. No manufacturer’s certificate re-
ceived.

Cottonseed Feed. Merrill & Mayo Co., Water-|One official sample. In _ accord
ville, Maine. Contains not more than 18.5) with guaranty.

per cent crude fiber and not less than 5.5 per

cent fat and 26 per cent protein.

|

OIL CAKE MEALS—COTTONSEED MEAL.

Buckeye Cottonseed Meal. The Buckeye Cot-|One official sample. Slightly low
ton Oil Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Composed of| in protein; not examined for
cottonseed only. |_Contains not more than 14/ fiber and fat.
per cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per
cent fat and 36 per cent protein. Registered

in 1919.
Danish: Brand Cottonseed Meal. Humphrey|Seven official samples. Three
Godwin Co., Memphis. Tenn. Made _ from| dealers’ samples. One _ official

pressed cottonseed. Contains not more than| sample examined complete in
15 per cent crude fiber and not less than £) accord with guaranty. Other
per cent fat and 36 per cent protein. Reg- samples (official) in accord with
istered in 1919 and 1920. protein guaranty. The 3 dealers’
samples in accord in protein
guaranty. Not examined for fi-
ber and fat.

Dove Brand Cottonseed Meal. F. W. Brode & One dealers’ sample. In accord
Co., Memphis, Tenn. Contains not more than) with guaranty in protein. Not
12 per cent crude fiber and not less than ¢€) examined for fiber and fat.
per cent fat and 38.62 per cent protein. |

Good Cottonseed Meal. Cottonseed Products| Three official samples. One com-
Co., Louisville, Ky. Composed of decorticated| pletely examined in accord with
cottonseed. Contains not more than 14 per) guaranty. The remaining 2 in
cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent} accord with protein guaranty.
fat and 36 per cent protein. Registered in) Two dealers’ samples. Both in
1919 and 1920. accord with protein guaranty.

Not examined for fiber and fat.

52 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

FEEDING StuFrFrs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Hall Brand Good Cottonseed Meal. W. D. Hall Seven official samples. Two off-
Co., Atlanta, Ga. Made from Upland cotton-| cial samples adulterated. Two
seed only. Contains not more than 14 per official samples slightly low in
cent of crude fiber and not less than 5.5 per protein and high in fiber. One
cent of fat and 36 per cent of protein. Reg- sample in accord with guaranty.
istered in 1919 and 1920. Two official samples examined

for protein only and in accord
with the guaranatay. Eight
dealers’ samples. All examin-
ed for protein only. Two in ac-
cord with protein guaranty. Six
below in protein guaranty.

Good Cottonseed Meal. Taylor Commission Co., Two official samples. One in ac-
Atlanta, Ga. Made from Upland cottonseed cord with guaranty. One ex-
only. Contains not more than 14 per cent) amined only for protein slight-
crude fiber and not less than 5.5 per cent fai} ly below protein guaranty. One
and 36 per cent protein. Registered in 1919) dealers’ sample. Examined only
and 1920. for protein and below guaranty.

Jay Brand Cottonseed Meal. F. W. Brode & Seven dealers’ samples. All sam-
Co., Memphis, Tenn. Made of cottonseed meal; ples examined for protein only.
and cottonseed hulls. Contains not more than Five in accord with protein
14 per cent crude fiber and not less than 5 guaranty. Two slightly below
per cent fat and 36 per cent protein. Reg- protein guaranty.
istered in 1919 and 1920.

Prime Cottonseed Meal. The Cottonseed Prod-One official sample. In accord
ucts Co., Louisville, Ky. Contains not more) with guaranty.
than 11 per cent crude fiber and not less than
7 per cent fat and 41 per cent protein.

Puritan Cottonseed Meal. J. E. Soper Co., Three official samples. All in ac-
Boston, Mass. Contains not more than 15 per. cord with guaranty in protein;
cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent] the one examined in accord in
fat and 36 per cent protein. Registered in| fiber and fat. One dealers sam-
1919 and 1920. ple. In accord with protein

guaranty. Not examined for
fiber and fat.

St. Clair Brand Cottonseed Meal. East St. Two dealers’ samples. Both ex-
Louis Cotton Oi! Co., National Stock Yards) amined for protein only and in
Tll. Composed of ground cottonseed. Contains) accord with guaranty.
not more than 16 per cent crude fiber and not| >
less than 5 per cent fat and 36 per cent protein.|
Registered in 1919.

Upland Cottonseed Meal. The Park & Pollard One official sample. In accord
Co., Boston, Mass. Contains not more than| with guaranty.

15 per cent crude fiber and not less than 5)

per cent fat and 36 per cent protein. Regis-

tered in 1919.

OIL CAKE MEALS—LINSEED MEAL.

Amco Olid Process Linseed Meal and Oil Process One official sample. In accord
Screening Oil Feed. American Milling Co.;; with guaranty.

Peoria, fll. Composed of linseed meal and

screenings oil feed. Contains not more than

10 per cent crude fiber and not less than §

per cent fat and 30 per cent protein. Regis-

tered in 1919.

Ne ee

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 53
\
FEEDING STuFFs—Continued.
BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
Argentine Brand Old Process Ground Linseed One oficial sample. In accord

Cake. Midland Linseed Products Co., Min-| with guaranty in fat and pro-

neapolis, Minn. Composed of flaxseed only.; tein; high in fiber.
Contains not more than 9.5 per cent crude

fiber and not less than 6 per cent fat and 32

per cent protein.

Old Process Oil Meal. American Linseed CoOne official sample. In
New York City. Composed of flaxseed. Con-| with guaranty.

tains not more than 8 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 5 per cent fat and 34 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Pure Old Process Ground Oil Cake. Archer;One official sample. In
Daniels Linseed Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Com-| with guaranty.

posed of product from manufacture ot linseed

oil. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude

fiber and not less than 6 per cent fat and

33 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Pure Old Process Oil Meal. Spencer-Kellogg &)Two official samples. In
Son Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of ground) with guaranty.
linseed cake by-product in manufacture oi lin-
seed oil. Contains not more than 10 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent fat
and 31 per cent protein.

WHEAT OFFALS—BRAN.

Angelus Wheat Bran GSNEMR. Thompson Mill-One official sample. In
ing Co., Lockport, N. Y. Composed of wheat) with guaranty.
bran. Contains not more than 15 per cenit}
crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent fat
and 11 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.|

Bran. The Goshen Milling Co., Goshen, Indi--One official sample. In
ana. Composed of wheat bran and_ wheat) with guaranty.
screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains)
not more than 11 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3.5 per cent fat and 14.5 per cent}
protein. :

Bran. Northland Milling Co., Ltd., Oak Lake, Qne official sample. In
Man. Contains not more than 14.8 per cent| with guaranty.
crude fiber and not less than 3.4 per cent fat
and 16.8 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Bran. Russell Miller Mlg. Co., Minneapolis,'Two official samples. In
Minn. Made entirely from wheat. Contains! with guaranty.
not more than 11 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 4 per cent fat and 13 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

Choice Wheat Bran with trace of screenings. facial
Hecker-Jones Jewell Milling Co., Buffalo, OBES psec Ip
N. Y. Made from wheat. Contains not more
than 13 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 3.25 per cent fat and 14 per cent pro-|
tein. Registered in 1919.

Commander Bran. Commander Mill Co., Min-|Dne official sample. In
neapolis, Minn. Product of wheat with ground| with guaranty.
screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains!
not more than 13.9 per cent crude fiber and|
not less than 3.5 per cent fat and 13 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919.

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

54 Matneé AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

FEEDING StuFFs—Continued.

Durum Wheat Bran GSNEMR. Pillsbury Flour'|
Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of
wheat bran and ground wheat screenings.
Contains not more than 14 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 11
per cent protein.

One official sample.
with guaranty.

Duluth Imperial Bran. Duluth Superior Mlg.|One official sample.
Co., Duluth, Minn. Composed of wheat bran| with guaranty.
with ground screenings not exceeding mill
tun. Contains not more than 12.25 per cent
of crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent
fat and 13.75 per cent protein. Registered in

Eaco Wheat Bran with GSNEMR. Everett/One official sample.
Aughenbaugh & Co., Waseau, Minn. Con-| witk guaranty.
tains not more than 12 per cent crude fiber

and not less than 3 per cent fat and 14 per

cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Extra Coarse Wheat Bran GSNEMR. Thej9ne official sample.
Blake Milling Co. Contains not more than} with guaranty.

11 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4

per cent fat and 15.5 per cent protein. Reg-

istered in 1919. The guarantees as given are

from the inspector’s slip. No manufacturer’s

certificate received.

Granite Wheat Bran GSNEMR. J. G. Davis.One official sample.
Rochester, N. Y. Contains not more than 12) with guaranty.

per cent crude fiber and not less than 3 per
cent fat and 14 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919. The guarantees as given are from the
inspector’s slip. No manufacturer’s certificate
received.

One official sample.
Gwinn’s Wheat Bran. The Gwinn Milling Co..| with guaranty.
Columbus, Ohio. Composed of bran with
screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains
not more than 13.5 per cent crude fiber and
not less than 4 per cent fat and 13 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919.

\One official sample.
Heywood Pure Bran. Heywood Milling Co.,| with guaranty.
Jackson, Mich. Offals from milling of wheat)
flour containing no ground screenings or re-
ceivers’ separator’s dust. Contains not more
than 12 per cent crude fiber and not less than}
3.5 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein.

|

One official sample.
Jersey Wheat Bran GSNEMR. The Century!) with guaranty.

Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Contains
not more than 13 per cent crude fiber and}
not less than 4 per cent fat and 13 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919.
One official sample.
Komo Pure Wheat Bran. St. Paul Milling Co.,| with guaranty.

St. Paul, Minn. Pure wheat product. Con-|
tains not more than 12 per cent crude fiber|
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 14 per|
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

\One official sample.

Le Grande Bran. The Loudonville Mill & Grain) with guaranty.

Co., Loudonville, Ohio. Wheat bran. Con-|

tains not more than 7 per cent crude fiber

and not less than 4 per cent fat and 13 per

cent protein. Registered in 1919. |

Two official samples.
Lucky Hard Wheat Bran with GSNEMR. Fed-| with guaranty.

eral Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y. Contains

not more than 14 per cent crude fiber and not

less than 2.5 per cent fat and 13 per cent pro-|

tein. Registered in 1919 and 1920.

t ae => Fee
BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96.

FEEDING StuFFs—Continued.

55

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Mennels Fancy Bran Winter Wheat Feed. The)
Mennel Milling Company. Contains not more}
than 9.5 per cent crude fiber and not less than
4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919. The guarantees as given are
from the inspector’s slip. No manufacturer’s
certificate received.

National Feed Wheat Bran. National Milling

Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of wheat
bran and middlings with ground screenings
not exceeding mill run. Contains not more
than 10 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 3.75 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein.
Registered in 1919.

Over Coat Pure Wheat Bran. The Mansfield
Milling Co., Mansfieid, Ohio. Pure wheat
bran. Contains not more than 10 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat
and 14 per cent protein.

Pillsbury’s Wheat Bran and GSNEMR. Pills-|
bury Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Contains not more than 13 per cent crude fi-
ber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 13
per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Red Turkey Pure Wheat Bran. The South-
western Milling Co., Kansas City, Mo. Pure
wheat bran. Contains not more than 11.8 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent
fat and 14.5 per cent protein.

Rob Roy Feed Winter Wheat Bran. Wm. A.
Coombs Milling Co., Coldwater, Mich. Wheat
bran with ground wheat screenings not ex-
ceeding mill run. Contains not more than
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than 3
per cent fat and 14 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Robin Hood Bran. Robin Hood Mills Ltd.,
Calgary, Alta., Canada. Composed of wheat
bran with ground screenings not exceeding
mill run. Contains not more than 12 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent fat
and 14 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Seal of Minnesota Wheat Bran GSNEMR. New
Prague Flouring Mill Co., New Prague, Minn.
Contains not more than 12.5 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 3 per cent fat and
13.3 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Star & Crescent Bran with GSNEMR. Star &
Crescent Mlg. Co., Chicago, Ill. Contains not
more than 10 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein.
Registered in 1919.

Trojan Bran. The Allen & Wheeler Co., Troy,
Ohio. Composed of pure offal from wheat;
screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains
not more than 8.5 per cent crude fiber and
not less than 4 per cent fat and 14.5 per cent
protein.

|

Victor Spring Wheat Bran GSNEMR. _ Victor
Milling Co., Victor, N. Y. Composed of spring
wheat and screenings. Contains not more than
15 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4
per cent fat and 14.6 per cent protein. Reg-

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty.

with guaranty
fat; high in fiber.

with guaranty.

with, guaranty.

istered in 1919.

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord

In accord
protein and

In ‘accord

In accord

Son

Marne. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

FEEDING STurFs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Voights Crescent Bran. Voight Milling Co.,
Grand Rapids, Mich. Composed of bran con-
taining mill run of screenings. Contains not
more than 11 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 4 per cent fat and 14 per cent protein.

Wheat Bran. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass.
Contains not more than 12 per cent crude fiber

and not less than 4.5 per cent fat and 15.5)

per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Wheat Bran with MRS Not Exceeding 8%. The
Larabee Flour Mills Corp., St.
Contains not more than 10 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 3.25 per cent fat and 15
per cent protein. Registered in 1919. The
guarantees as given are from the inspector’s

slip. This feed was not registered at time of
sale.

Wheat Shorts, from. Wheat Products and Ground
Screenings. Peerless Milling & Feed Co.,}
Cairo, Ill. Contains not more than 9 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat
and 16 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.
The guarantees as given are from the in-
spector’s slip. This feed was not registered

at time of sale.

Wheat Bran GSNEMR. Stokes Milling Co.
Contains not more than 13 per cent crude i-
ber and not less than 3.8 per cent fat and
14.5 per cent protein. The guarantees as giv-
en are from the inspector’s slip. This feed
was not registered at time of sale.

Wheat Bran with GSNEMR. Washburn Crosby
Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Contains not more
than 13 per cent crude fiber and not less than
4 per cent fat and 13 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Joseph, Mo.)

One official sample.
with guaranty.

(One official sample.
with guaranty.

\Two official samples.
with guaranty.

(One official sample.
with guaranty.

One official sample.

with guaranty.
|

One _ official ‘sample.
with guaranty.

WHEAT OFFALS—MIDDLINGS.

Acme Feed Wheat Bran, Wheat Middlings and
GSNEMR. Acme Evans Co., Indianapolis,
Ind. Composed of wheat bran, wheat mid-
dlings and not exceeding mill run of ground
cleaned wheat screenings. Contains not more
than 9 per cent crude fiber and not less than
4 per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919.

Angelus Wheat Middlings GSNEMR. Thompson
Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y. Composed of
middlings, red dog, ground screenings not ex-
ceeding mill run. Contains not more than 15
per cent crude fiber and not less than 3 per
cont tat and 11 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919.

Bixota Wheat Middlings. Red Wing Milling
Co., Red Wing, Minn. Composed of wheat
middlings. Contains not more than 11.2 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 5.1 per
gent wat and 15.7 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919.

One official sample.
with guaranty.

[Three official samples.
with guaranty.

One official sample.
with guaranty.

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord

In accord
In accord

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 57

FEEDING StuFrFs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Crescent Middlings. Voight Milling Co., Grand|One official sample. In accord
Rapids, Mich. Composed of middlings con-) with guaranty. i
taining mill run of screenings. Contains not!
more than 10 per cent crude fiber and not less|
than 3 per cent fat and 14.5 per cent protein.

C. V. Pure Wheat Middlings. Cannon Valley|One official sample. In accord
Milling Co. Contains not more than 9.8 per) with guaranty.
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent
fat and 16 per cent protein. The guarantees
as given are from the inspector’s slip. This
feed was not registered at time of sale.

Dairy Maid Winter Wheat Middlings GSNEMR. One official sample. In accord
Federal Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y. Com-| with guaranty.
posed of wheat middlings with ground screen-
ings not exceeding mill run. Contains not
more than 10 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3 per cent fat and 13 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.

Gwinn’s Wheat Middlings with GSNEMR. The One official sample. In accord
Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio. Composed) with guaranty in protein. , Not
of wheat middlings with screenings not ex-| examined for fiber and fat.
ceeding mill run. Contains not more than 10
per cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per|
cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Registerea
in 1919. :

Highland Wheat Middlings. Highland Milling One official sample. In .accord
Co., Highland, Ill. Composed of wheat mid-| with guaranty.

dlings with ground screenings not exceeding,
mill run. ‘Contains not more than 6 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat|
and 15 per cent protein. z |
Le Grande Middlings. The Loudonville Mill & One official sample., In accord
Grain Co., Loudonville, Ohio. Composed of), with guaranty.

wheat middlings with ground screenings not). j,.,4,
exceeding mill run. Contains not more, than)... 3

per cent crude fiber and not less than 4) ~, ee DO

per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-|,,.. |. od?
tered in 1919. ; q

Lucky Flour Middlings. Federal Milling Co,,|/T wo official samples: In. accord
Lockport, N. Y. Composed of wheat flour). with guaranty: ayes
middlings with ground screenings not ex-| #
ceeding mill run. Contains not more than 10}
per cent crude fiber and not less than 3.5
per cent fat and 14 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Middlings mad from’ Bile, Wheat. F. W. Stock/Two official ‘ samples. The sample
Sons, Hillsdale, Mich!**: ‘Composed of wheat! registered in 1920 in accord with
middlings. Contains mot more than 6 per} guaranty. The sample registered
cent crude fiber and not less, than 5 per cent) in 1919 in accord with guaranty
fat and 16 per cent protein (1919° registration). in protein and fat; high in fiber.
Contains not more than 7 per cent crude f-| 3
ber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 16
per cent protein (1920 HOSIWEROR).”

Money Maker Wheat Middlings GSNEMR. The One official ‘sample. In accord
Mansfield Milling Co., Mansfield, Ohio. Com-) with guaranty. Mie se
posed of pure wheat middlings ground screen-| ;
ings not exceeding mill run. Contains’ not, ;
more than 8 per cent crude fiber and not less|
than 4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. |

58 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

FEEDING StuFFs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES:

Osakis Middlings. Osakis Milling Co., Osakis,One official sample..
Minn. Composed of wheat by-products no with guaranty.
screenings mixed in. Contains not more than
11 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4)
per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-|
tered in 1919.

Pennant Middlings GSNEMR. David StottOne official sample.
Flour Mills, Detroit, Mich. Composed of with guaranty.
brown wheat middlings with ground wheat!
screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains
not more than 8 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 5 per cent fat and 15.5 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.

Pillsbury’s Wheat B. Middlings with GSNEMR.One official sample.
Pillsbury Flour’ Mills Co., Minneapolis,| with guaranty.
Minn. Composed of wheat shorts or standard
middlings and ground wheat screenings. Con-
tains not more than 11 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 14 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Poland Wheat Standard Middlings GSNEMR.One official sample.
The Century Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn.| with guaranty.
Composed of wheat standard middlings with
ground screenings not exceeding mill run.

Contains not more than 11 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 14 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Purity Winter Wheat Middlings. The CapitalOne official sample.
Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio. Composed of| with guaranty.
ground screenings not exceeding mill run.

Contains not more than 8.4 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 4.5 per cent fat and
13.6 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Seal of Minnesota Wheat Standard Middlings.|One official sample.
New Prague Flouring Mill Co., New Prague.| with guaranty.
Minn. Composed of wheat standard middlings
with ground screenings not exceeding mill
run. Contains not more than 7.75 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 4.5 per cent fat
and 15 per cent protein.

Standard Middlings with Mill Run Screenings.|One official sample.
Hecker-Jones-Jewell Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| with guaranty.
Composed of wheat. Contains not more than
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than &
per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

Stott’s Fine White Middlings. David Stott}One official sample.
Flour Mills, Detroit, Mich. Composed of fine] with guaranty.
white wheat middlings. Contains not more
than 6 per cent crude fiber and not less than
4.3 per cent fat and 14.8 per cent protein.

Registered in 1919.

Snowball Flour Middlings. Shane Bros. & Wil-|One official sample.
son Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of] with guaranty.
wheat flour middlings with ground wheat )
screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains
not more than 8 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 5.5 per cent fat and 16.5 per cent
protein.

In

In

In

In

In

In

In

In

In

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 59

FEEDING SturFrs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION,

Superior Wheat Feed and Flour. F. W. StockOne official sample. Practically
& Sons, Hillsdale, Mich. Composed of wheat} in accord with guaranty.
feed and flour with mill run of screenings.|
Contains not more than 7 per cent crude fi-|
ber and not less than 4.5 per cent fat and 16|
per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Trojan Middlings. The Allen & Wheeler Co.,One official sample. In _ accord
Troy, Ohio. Contains not more than 6 per| with guaranty in protein and
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent) fat; high in fiber.
fat and 15 per cent protein.

True Value Pure Wheat Middlings. Stratton- One official sample. In accord
Ladish Mlg. Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Com-| with guaranty.
posed of wheat (no screenings). Contains not
more than 9 per cent crude fiber and not less|
than 4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein.

Wheat Middlings GSNEMR. Ansted & BurkOne official sample. In accord
Co., Springfield, Ohio. Composed of wheat) with guaranty in protein; slight-
middlings with ground screenings not exceed-| ly low in fat; high in fiber.
ing mill run. Contains not more than 5.5 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 5 per cent}
tae and 16 per cent protein. Registered in

Wheat Middlings GSNEMR. Eagle Roller MillsOne official sample. In accord
Co., New Ulm, Minn. Composed of wheat| with guaranty.
middlings with ground screenings not exceed-
ing mill run. Contains not more than 11 per
cent crude fiber and net less than 4 per cent
fat and 14 per cent protein.

Wheat Middlings GSNEMR. Mosely & Motley|One official sample. In accord
Milling Co., Rochester, N. Y. Composed of| with guaranty.
wheat middlings with ground screenings not
exceeding mill run. Contains not more than
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4.5
per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-
tered in 1919.

‘Wheat Middlings GSNEMR. Chas. M. Cox Co.,One official sample. In accord

Boston, Mass. Composed of wheat middlings| with guaranty.
from ground screenings not exceeding mill
run. Contains not more than 11 per cent crude
fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 13
per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Wheat Standard Middlings. Shane Bros. & Wil-\One official sample. In accord
son Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of| with guaranty.
wheat middlings with ground screenings not
exceeding mill run. Contains not more than
10.3 per cent crude fiber and not less than
5.3 per cent fat and 15.5 per cent protein.

Wheat Standard Middlings GSNEMR. Wash-|Three official samples. In accord
burn Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Com-| with guaranty.
posed of ground screenings not exceeding mill
run. Contains not more than 11 per’ cent
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat
and 14 per cent protein. Registered in 1919
and 1920.

WHEAT OFFALS—MIXED FEED.

Angelus Wheat Mixed Feed. Thompson Milling/Two official samples. In accord
Co., Lockport, N. Y.° Composed of wheat bran] with guaranty.
and wheat middlings run together with mill
run of screenings. Contains not more than
15 per cent crude fiber and not less than 3 per
cent fat and 11 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919.

————————— aaa ETC

60 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

FEEDING StuFrFs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | : RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Boston Mixed Feed. Duluth Superior Milling|\One official sample.

Co., Duluth, Minn. Composed of bran, mid-| with guaranty.
dlings, red dog flour with ground screenings| ;

not exceeding mill run. Contains not more
than 9.75 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 4.5 per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. |
Registered in 1919.

Buckeye. Feed Wheat Mixed Feed. Quaker One official sample.

Oats Co., Chicago; Ill. Composed of wheat) with guaranty.
mixed feed with. ground screenings not ex-|

ceeding mill run and rye middlings. Contains

not more than 8.5 per cent crude fiber and not|

less than 4.5 per cent fat and 15.5 per cent!

protein. Registered in 1919.

Champion Mixed Feed GSNEMR. Portland ‘One official sample.

Milling Co., Portland, Mich. Composed of with guaranty.
mixed feed with ground screenings not ex-
ceeding mill run and wheat offal. Contains)
not more than 8.47 per cent crude fiber and
not less than 3.58 per cent fat and 13.56 per|
cent protein. Registered in 1919. |

Dairy Maid Winter Wheat Mixed Feed. Fed-'One official sample.

eral Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y. Composed with guaranty.
of winter wheat mixed feed with _ ground
screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains
not more than 12 per cent crude fiber and not)
less than 2.75 per cent fat and 13 per cent pro-|
tein. |

Delaware Mixed Wheat Feed. Morris Bros., One official sample.

Oneonta, N. Y. Composed of wheat bran, with guaranty.
wheat middlings and wheat screenings. Con-)
tains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber,
and not less than 3.75 per cent fat and 15 per)
cent protein. |
|

E. A. Co., Mixed Feed GSNEMR. Everett One. official sample.

Aughenbaugh & Co., Waseau, Minn. Com- with guaranty.
posed of wheat bran middlings and ground

screenings not exceeding mill run. Contains

not more than 12 per cent crude fiber and not

less than 3 per cent fat and 15 per cent pro-|

tein.

Golden Bull Mixed Feed. Tawrencebuce Roller One official sample.

Mills Co., Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Composed) with guaranty.
of pure wheat bran and middlings mixed.
Contains ground screenings not exceeding mill|
run. Contains not more than 10.2 per cent|
crude fiber and not less than 2.5 per cent fat
and 16 per cent protein. ; |

Highland Mixed Feed Wheat Bik & Middlings Two official samples.

trun together. Highland Milling Co., High- with guaranty.
land, Ill. Contains not more than 9 per cent|
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat
and 15 per cent protein. Registered in 1919
and 1920. |

Jenks Mixed Feed with GSNEMR. etre Mill- Rovers official sample.

ing Co., Harbor Beach, Mich. Contains not) with guaranty.
more than 11.5 per cent crude fiber and not!|
less than 3.5 per cent fat and 14 per cent pro-|
tein. Registered in 1919. |

Kent Mixed Feed. The Williams Bros. Co lOne official sample.

Kent, Ohio. Composed of pure bran and mid-| with guaranty.
dlings mixed. No ground screenings. Con-|
tains not more than 11 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 3 per cent fat and 14 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

In accord
In Beeord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In —
In accord
In accord
In accord

ee

‘Mennels Winter Mixed Feed.

_N._M._Co.’s Mixed Feed.

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96.

FEEDING Sturrs—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Lucky Spring Wheat Mixed Feed GSNEMR.)

Federal Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y. Con-
tains not more than 11 per cent crude fiber)
and not less than 3 per cent fat and 14 per|
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Lucky Hard Wheat Mixed Feed GSNEMR. Fed-|

eral Milling Co., Lockport, N. Contains
not more than 12 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3 per cent fat and 14 per cent pro-
tein. ;

Mennel Milling
Composed of winter wheat
wheat middlings with

Co., Toledo, Ohio.
bran and winter
GSNEMR.
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent
fat and 15 per cent protein.

Mixed Feed. The Ansted & Burk Co., Spring-
field, Ohio. Composed of wheat bran and
middlings mixed with GSNEMR. Contains
not more than 11 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 3.5 per cent fat and 14.5 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919.

Mixed Feed with GSNEMR. Christian Breisch
& Co., Lansing, Mich. Composed of wheat
bran and wheat middlings, mixed.
not more than 8.47 per cent crude fiber and
not less than 2.58 per cent fat and 13.56 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Mixed Feed GSNEMR. The Loudonville Mill
& Grain Co., Loudonville, Ohio. Composed of
mill run of bran and middlings. Contains not
more than 7 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein.

Mixed Feed GSNEMR. Webster Mill Co. Con-
tains not more than 10.4 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4.8 per cent fat and 15.3
per cent protein. Registered in 1919. The
guarantees as given from the Inspector’s slip,
This feed was not registered at time of sale.

Monarch Fancy Feed with Mill run screenings.
F. W. Stock & Sons, Hillsdale, Mich. Com-
posed of wheat bran and middlings with mill
tun of screenings. Contains not more than
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4
per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919.

Noblesville Milling
Co., Noblesville, Indiana. Composed of wheat
bran, middlings and ground wheat screenings
not to exceed mill run. Contains not more
than 8 per cent crude fiber and not less ‘than
4 per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919.

Peerless Mixed Feed. Fuller Holway Co., Au-
gusta, Me. Composed of wheat, bran, mid-
dlings, low grade flour with GSNEMR. Con-
tains not more than 7.9 per cent crude fiber

and not less than 4 per cent fat and 14 per|’

cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Contains not more than 8 per!

Containss

61
RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty. -
‘@
One official sample. In accord
with guaranty.
'One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

in protein.

with guaranty.

One official sample.
with guaranty.

One official sample.

In

In

Two official samples. Slightly low
The sample exam-
ined in accord in fiber and fat.

accord

accord

a ne

62 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

FEEDING STuFFsS—Continued.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES4 | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Peninsular Flour Mill, Wheat Mixed Feed One official sample.

GSNEMR. Deroo & Co., Flint, Mich. Com-| with guaranty.
posed of wheat bran and middlings with
GSNEMR. Contains not more than 10 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cenit

ae and 14 per cent protein. Registered in
1919.

One official sample.

Producer Wheat Mixed Feed GSNEMR. The with guaranty.
Mansfield Milling Co., Mansfield, Ohio. Con-
tains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber
and not less than 4 per cent fat and 14 per
cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Snowflake Mixed Feed. Lawrenceburg Roller One official sample.

Mills Co., Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Composed with guaranty.
of pure soft wheat bran and middlings with

GSNEMR. Contains not more than 8.5 per|

cent crude fiber and not less than 3 per cent

fat and 14 per cent protein. Registered in

1919.

Soft Wheat Mixed Feed Mill Run Bran. Chas.One official sample.

M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of ships with guaranty.
stuff shorts and bran from soft winter wheat.

Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fi-

ber and not less than 4 per cent fat and 15,

per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

S & P Wheat Mixed Feed and Screenings. The One official sample.

Rea-Patterson Milling Co. Contains not more) with guaranty.
than 88 per cent crude fiber and not less)
than 3.5 per cent fat_and 16 per cent protein. |
Registered in 1919. The guarantees as given)
from the inspector’s slip. This feed was not|
registered at time of sale. |

Stott’s Heavy Pure mixed Wheat Feed. David/Two official samples.

Stott Flour Mills, Detroit, Mich. Composed! with guaranty.
of wheat bran, wheat middlings and wheat
flour. Contains not more than 8 per cent}
crude fiber and not less than 4.5 per cent fat
and 15 per cent protein. Registered in 1919
and 1920.

Trojan Mixed Feed. The Allen & Wheeler Co., One official sample.

Troy, Ohio. Contains not more than 9 per) with guaranty.
cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent ;
fat and 14.5 per cent protein. |

Try-Me Mixed Feed GSNEMR. Sparks Milling Two official samples.

Co., Alton, Ill. Composed of pure wheat bran, with guaranty.
middlings and shorts with fine ground wheat
screenings not exceeding mill run or two per
cent. Contains not more than 9 per cent crude)
fiber and not less than 3.5 per cent fat and
16 per cent protein. Registered in 1919 and
1920. }

Valiers Mixed Feed. Valier & Skies Millingj)One official sample.

Co., St. Louis, Mo. Composed of a mixture] with guaranty.
of wheat bran and wheat middlings with :
ground wheat screenings. Contains not more
than 9 per cent crude fiber and not less than
4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein.

Wheat Mixed Feed, Gwinn’s Dairy Feed. Gwinn|Two official samples.

Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio. Composed of| with guaranty.
bran and middlings with screenings not ex-

ceeding mill run. Contains not more than 11

per cent crude fiber and not less than 4 per ;
cent fat and 14 per cent protein. Registered

in 1919 and 1920.

In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord
In accord

Leen ee eee ee ee

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 96. 63
FEEDING StTuFFsS—Continued.
]
‘BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES. | RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
WHEAT OFFALS—RED DOG FLOUR, ETC.
Adrian Red Dog. Washburn Crosby Co., Min-|One official sample. In accord
neapolis, Minn. Composed of wheat. Contains| with guaranty.
not more than 4 per cent crude fiber and not
less than 4 per cent fat and 16 per cent pro-
tein. Registered in 1919.
Arlington Second Clear. Washburn Crosby Co.,,\One official sample. In accord
Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of wheat. Con-| with guaranty.
tains not more than 4 per cent crude fiber and
not less than 4 per cent fat and 14 per cent
protein. Registered in 1919.
Red Dog. Hecker-Jones-Jewell Mlg. Co., Buf-|One official sample. In accord
falo, N. Y. Made from wheat. Contains not| with guaranty.
more than 6 per cent crude fiber and not less
than 5 per cent fat and 16.25 per cent protein.
Registered in 1919.
Red Dog Wheat Flour. Shane Bros. & Wilsor|/One official sample. In accord
Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Low grade wher | with guaranty.
flour. Contains not more than 4 per cen
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fa
and 16 per cent protein.
Improved Grafton Wheat Feed. Grafton Mill-|One official sample. In ‘accord

ing Co., Grafton, N. Dak. Made from whea
products. Contains not more than 8.4 per cen
crude fiber and not less than 2.7 per cent fa
and 14 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Monarch Wheat Feed. F. H. Brastow & Son
So. Brewer, Me. Composed of pure whea
feed. Contains not more than 8 per. cen’
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fa’
and 14 per cent protein. Registered in 1919.

Occident Wheat Feed. Russell Miller Milline
Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Composed of mil!
run of wheat bran and middlings—made en
tirely from wheat. Contains not more thar
10 per cent crude fiber and not less than 4.‘

per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis
tered in 1919.

Pure Mill Feed. Heywood Milling Co., Jack-
son, Mich. Composed of offal from whea‘
flour manufacture. Contains not more than 10
per cent crude fiber and not less than _ 3.75
per cent fat and 14 per cent protein. Reg-
istered in 1919.

Pure Wheat Red Dog Flour. The Century Mill-
ing Co. Contains not more than 4 per cen’
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fa’
and 16 per cent protein. The guarantees are

as given from the inspector’s slip. This feed
was not registered at time of sale.
Stag Flour. David Stott Flour Mills. Contains

not more than 1.5 per cent crude fiber and
not less than 2 per cent fat and 12.8 per cen’
protein. The guarantees as given are from
the inspector’s slip. This feed was not reg-
istered at time of sale.

with guaranty

One _ official
with guaranty.

Two official
with guaranty.

Two official
with guaranty.

One __ official
with guaranty.

One _ official
with guaranty.

sample.

samples.

samples.

sample.

sample.

In

In

In

In

In

in protein and
fat; slightly high in fiber.

accord

accord

accord

accord

accord

MaIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1920.

- FEEDING StuFrFs—Concluded.

BRAND, MAKER AND GUARANTIES.

Superior Wheat Feed and Flour with Mill Run|
Screenings. Composed of wheat feed and flour
with mill run screenings. F. W. Stock & Sons,
Hillsdale, Mich. Contains not more than 7
per cent crude fiber and not less than 4.5 per
cent ae and 16 per cent protein. Registered
in 19.

Triangle Pure Wheat Red Dog. The Mansfield
Mig. Co., Mansfield, Ohio. Consists of a mix-

One

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.

Three official samples. One sam-
ple in accord with guaranty.
One sample slightly low in pro-
tein guaranty; in accord in
ber and fat. One sample in ac-
cord with guaranty in protein
and fat; slightly high in fiber.

official sample. In
with guaranty.

accord

ture of low grade flour, fine particles of bran
and the fiberous offal from the “tail of the
mill.” Contains not more than 4 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 4 per cent fat!
and 16 per cent protein. Registered in. 1919.

True Value Red Dog.. Stratton-Ladish Milling
Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Composed of low grade
flour. Contains not more than 4 per cent
crude fiber and not less than 3.5 per cent fat
and 14 per cent protein.

One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

‘

Wirthmore Wheat Feed GSNEMR. Chas. M.

Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of wheat
- bran, red dog flour and less than mill run of
screenings. Contains not more than 8 per
cent crude fiber and not less than 45 per
Canin Eat and 15 per cent protein. Registered
in 1919,

One official sample. In accord

with guaranty.

REFERENCE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS REPORTED.

PAGE
Animal Refuses—Meat and Bone Scraps........ leh AGRE ee etre at OD
Beet < Pulp sic oe eas crelomon setae BAR OG Goan Oana weer THOe
Compounded Feeds for Cattle, Eigiees rad Swine eiae ea.) Loo
Compounded Feeds for Poultry......... Rey ae Sheps uparoee Owe ete raneeh . 42
Compounded Feeds for Poultry— Scratch Feeds... Aatk Ren Oe Of
Corn) and Oats “Ground: Mogether.. 2b. seen eee me
Corn Feed Meal...... Vas Yaa eemeentire Men Ast oo aah od suG joo 5 8)
(Corn) Gluten Feed and inten Meals: j.ce coast nies heen OO
(Corn) Hominy Feed Meal..... DEPT SIMU Ceaser RROD Naas Sana OL
Distillers? “and: Brewers’ Grainsaou. 3. coccen eee eee ee eee OL
Oil. Cake’ Meals—Cocoanut? Meal) 5.2. chs. cee eee ree ero
Oil: Gake*. Meals—CGottonseed “Feed >. 2.02 eee ro
Oil Cake Meals—Cottonseed Meal............. ae Ae hie here rea OL
Oil Cake Meals—Linseed Meal......... aR ciel eae ae Cia EOE Oe
Wheat Offals—Bran..... peel o-diase eo DRE Sa Ee ROO
Wheat Offals—Middlings...... ee A AG 565-06 TA og aR) OS
Wheat -Offals—Mixed Feed? 2.) oo ha. eee Ee eee e MDS OO
Wheat Offals—Red Dog Flour, etc............ MMM a ttc, uae SI Ae)

October, 1920

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE.

CHAS. D. WOODS, Director

ANALYSTS.

- James M. Bartlett Elmer R. Tobey
Roydon L. Hammond C. Harry White

Oficial Inspections

97

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, 1920

Cuas. D. Woops.

The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law

regulating the sale of fertilizers in Maine. It is the duty of the

Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make
the analyses of the samples collected by the Commissioner, and
to publish the results of the analyses together with such addition-

al information as may seem advisable.

Nore. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be
addressed to the Bureau of Inspections, Department of Agriculture,

Augusta, Maine.

66 “MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Tue Fertinizer Law.

The fertilizer law was amended by the 1919 Legislature.
The chief points as effective since July 1919 follow.

A commercial fertilizer is any material used for fertilizing
purposes, the price of which exceeds ten dollars a ton. Each
package or lot shall carry a plainly printed statement giving:
the number of net pounds in the package; the name brand or
trade mark; the name and principal address of maker; and a
“chemical analysis stating the minimum percentage of nitrogen,
available as plant food, present as nitrates, ammonia salts or
organic nitrogen, of potash soluble in water, of phosphoric acid
in available form, soluble and reverted, and of total phosphoric
acid.” All fertilizers must be registered with the Commissioner
of Agriculture before being offered for sale.

A fertilizer is misbranded if: it fails to bear all of the
statements named above; if these statements are not in accord
with the certificate filed with the Commissioner of Agriculture;
and if the registration fee has not been paid.

A fertilizer is adulterated “First, if its weight, composi-
tion, quality, strength or purity do not conform in each particu-
lar to the claims made upon the affixed guaranty. Second, if it
contains any material deleterious to growing plants. Third,
if it is found to contain any pulverized leather, hair, ground
hoofs, horns, wool waste, peat, garbage tankage, cyanamide, or
any nitrogenous ingredients derived from any inert material
whatsoever, unless the same has been so treated as to be avail-
able as plant food as determined by the methods adopted by the
association of official agricultural chemists, without an explicit
printed statement of the fact, conspicuously affixed to the pack-
age of such fertilizer and accompanying and going with every
lot or package of the same, in which fertilizer the above named
materials aid in making up the required or guaranteed analysis.”

The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the
law and the full text of the law will be sent on application to
him at the State House, Augusta.

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 97. 67

DESCRIPTION OF TABLES.

Even if you think you know what a fertilizer table means
and that you know how to use it, it will not take much of your
time to read the following. And it may be worth your while.

The reports of each brand appear upon two pages. The
left hand page carries the number of the fertilizer, the name of
the maker, his place of business, the name of the brand and the
town where the sample was taken. The right hand page re-
peats the number of the sample and gives the detailed numeri-
cal results of the chemical examination. In folding the book
the printer endeavors to make the lines run true across both
pages. In case they are not strictly in line the repetition of
the number of the sample makes it possible to go from the right
to the left page without mistake.

THE NUMERICAL RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS.

The followng shows the form of the table in use. For
purposes of explanation and illustration results of four samples
examined in 1918 are given. With the exception of the substi-
tution of letters for the Station number they are as printed in
the Official Fertilizer Inspection for 1918.

Analysis of Fertilizer Samples.

NITROGEN PHOSPHORIO ACID PoTAsH
|

Total Available Total

3 s

5 = q so] so] Le} Ko}

5 =e | a 2 8 8 2

A H = | 2 © colt = cI eI SI a isl | 8

‘5 2 S| || & > q q H q H q H

et = | eS =) os] =) 3 5 8 5 8

~ n Yea) cS) oO =} ° =) fe) 3 ° =|

a = lige EU act ache A= aillits F co os 6 | A &
ESR EE [eects cr ken! Pu Uap veces

A 9.24) 1.76|° 1.38) 3.78] 4.10] 4.11 9.98, 10.00| 10.72) 11.00} 3.89 4.00

B-1 6.41) 0.57) :1.50) 2.76| 3.63) 3.29) 10.45) 10.00} 12.10) 11.00/---___ 0.00

B-2 ATEO3| Ped o2 |e O0 Ole 2ecalin 2. Soleuat29 10.05 10.00) 11.51 10) 0.00

Co 8.71 a 0.56| 2.16] 2.40) 2.06 8.01 8.00} 8.98 9.00} 1.18 1.00

Water. ‘The amount of water the goods carries has a
marked effect upon the amount of the other constituents. Usu-
ally when the goods leave the factory they carry about 9 per

68 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

cent of water. If they are exposed to a moist air they are like-
ly to take up water. If kept in a very dry place they will lose
water. For the most part there is a greater tendency to absorb
than to lose water. In the first instance the goods will increase
in weight and in the second lose in weight. In the specimen
table above the two samples B-1 and B-2 are the same brand
from the same maker. Probably when they left the factory
they both carried about 9 per cent of water. One has prob-
ably lost and the other gained about 2 per cent of water. A
sample carrying less than 9 per cent of water will likely over-
run its guaranteed analysis and a sample containing much more
than 9g per cent of water is likely to fall short in one or more
constituents. It is unfortunate that the difficulty of transport-
ing suitable accurate scales from one place to another prevents
the inspector actually weighing the packages from which his
samples are drawn. No one thing would add more of value to
fertilizer inspection than the actual weighing of packages which
are sampled.

If the weight of the goods at time of sampling as compared
with the claimed weight was known a simple calculation would
show the actual content of the fertilizer when it left the factory.
When the sample is taken it is at once put into a tightly sealed
jar and kept sealed until the analysis is made. So the column
headed water indicates the amount carried at the time the in-
spector drew the sample. It will be noted that samples A and
C carry about 9 per cent of water as do the majority of sam-
ples examined. In considering the actual reported analysis due
regard should be given to the amount of water the goods carry.

Nitrogen. The nitrogen may be present as mineral or or-
ganic or both mineral and organic. The mineral nitrogen will
be present as a nitrate (usually nitrate of soda with more or
less nitrate of potash) or as an ammonia salt, usually the sul-
phte of ammonia.

That one is not sure of. getting the same amounts of dif-
ferent forms of nitrogen in different lots of the same brand is
illustrated by B-1 and B-2 above, which are two samples from
different lots of the same kind of goods. While they agree
closely in the total mineral nitrogen, 2.07 per cent in B-1 and
2.08 per cent in B-2, B-1 carries only .57 per cent as nitrate
while B-2 has 1.32 per cent. And B-1 has 1.50 per cent nitro-
gen as ammonia and B-2 only .76 per cent.

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 97. 69

The organic nitrogen may be natural by-products such as
animal and vegetable wastes or artificial organic forms. Cyan-
amide nitrogen is about the only artificial organic form occurr-
ing in fertilizers and that is used very sparingly by manufac-
turers. The nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, cyanamide
nitrogen, and part of the other organic nitrogen is water sol-
uble. The organic nitrogen (other than cyanamide nitrogen)
will differ greatly in its availability due to its source. By care-
ful and painstaking pot experiments the availability of most
common forms of waste organic nitrogen have been ascertained
and a laboratory method has been worked out that agrees reas-
onably well with the vegetative trials. So that the Experiment
Stations of the Northeastern part of the United States have
agreed upon a chemical mehod which gives an index to the
character of the waste organic nitrogen used in making fertili-
zers. Some manufacturers of fertilizers use a wet process
treatment of these low grade waste organic nitrogen materials
whereby they are rendered far more available to plants than
before being treated. This treated material has been tested out
in vegetative experiments and the laboratory method has also
been found to give a reasonable measure of the availability of
this nitrogen. The column headed Active gives the total of
the water soluble nitrogen and the waste organic nitrogen that
can be counted upon as available to plants the first season the
goods are applied. The active nitrogen bears some such rela-
tion to the total nitrogen as available phosphoric acid bears to
total phosphoric acid. Under the Maine law the nitrogen is
supposed to be guaranteed as “available nitrogen” but as will
be noted from the table in most cases this agrees much more
closely with the total than with the active nitrogen that the goods
carry.

That there is of necessity no close relation between the
total and the active nitrogen is illustrated by B-1 and B-2 above.
The total nitrogen found in B-1 is 3.63 per cent and in B-2
only 2.85 per cent. But the active nitrogen is practically the
same in both (B-I 2.76 per cent and B-2 2.72 per cent).

From the data given in the table all of the forms of nitro-
gen that the goods may carry with the exception of cyanamide
nitrogen can be obtained. If, for instance, it is desired to know
the percentage of organic nitrogen carried by any sample it

70 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

can be ascertained by subtracting the mineral nitrogen from the
total nitrogen. For instance in sample A above one finds the
mineral nitrogen by adding the nitrate nitrogen (1.76 per cent)
and the ammonia nitrogen (1.38 per cent) together. Subtract-
ing this sum (3.14 per cent) from. the total nitrogen as found
(4.10 per cent) the difference shows the eae nitrogen in the
sample to be .96 per cent.

And if one wishes to know the amount of inactive organic
nitrogen a fertilizer contains it is readily found by subtracting
the active from the total found. Thus in A this inactive or-
ganic nitrogen is (4.10 less 3.78) .32 per cent.

It has also been found in vegetation experiments that in
good grade organic nitrogen more than one-half of the nitro-
gen is available (active) for plant use. In A above the organic
nitrogen is .g6, the inactive is .32 per cent or less than one-third
the total. This shows the organic nitrogen in A to have been
from good sources. In like manner B-1 with its high (3.63
per cent) total nitrogen has 1.56 per cent organic (3.63 per
cent less the mineral nitrogen 2.07 per cent). But of this 1.56
per cent total organic .86 per cent (3.63 less 2.76) is inactive.
That is much less than half of the organic nitrogen is in the ac-
tive (available) form and the organic nitrogen used is of poor
quality. But the story with B-2 is quite different though it is an-
other sample from another lot of the same brand. In this case
there is .77 per cent organic (2.85 total found less 2.08 mineral
nitrogen) of which only .13 per cent (2.85 total less 2.72 active)
is inactive. That is about five-sixths of the organic nitrogen is
available showing the organic nitrogen to be of high quality.
By the total nitrogen B-1 would look far superior to B-2 but
the active nitrogen is about alike in both. B-1 seems so far as
total nitrogen is concerned to be above the guaranty and B-2
below. In fact from the standpoint of the Maine law which
calls for a guaranty of available nitrogen they are both below
the 3.29 per cent guaranty.

The column headed Active Nitrogen gives the information
at a glance as to the relation between the nitrogen guaranteed
and that which plants will make use of in the first year. But
it is important for the grower of crops to consider the mineral
nitrogen and the character of the organic nitrogen as outlined
in the preceding paragraphs. Fertilizer tables are not like a

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 97. TAM.

multiplication table or a table of logarithms. For they contain
information beyond that obtained at a glance. It is. particular-
ly worth while to know the kind, character and amounts of the
nitrogen.

Phosphoric Acid. In fertilizers phosphoric acid is usually
present in three forms, water soluble, weak organic acid soluble,
and insoluble. The water soluble and weak organic acid soluble
together make up the available phosphoric acid. Other than
that the water soluble is a little better distributed in the .soil
there is no choice from the standpoint of plant growth between
. the water soluble and the weak organic acid soluble. For very
soon after its introduction into the soil the water soluble is
changed to organic acid soluble form.

The insoluble phosphoric acid is readily found by subtract-
ing the available phosphoric acid found from the total found.
Thus in sample A above the insoluble phosphoric acid is .74
(10.72 less 9.98) per cent. Such small amounts as I per cent
of insoluble phosphoric acid in the amounts in which fertilizers
are applied per acre have no appreciable agricultural value. Its
declaration serves no very useful purpose. But as in the meth-
ods of analysis in order to know the available, the total phos-
phoric acid must be determined, and from the fact that in the
days in which financial values of fertilizers were calculated
credit was given for the insoluble phosphoric acid, it continues
to appear in the fertilizer laws and consequently in the reports.
It is really a column that contains little information of value
to the user of commercial fertilizers.

Potash. This column of potash found gives the amount of
water soluble potash the goods carry. Until Germany declared
war on civilization practically all of the world’s potash was de-
rived from mines in the German Empire. It was mostly in the
form of muriate or sulphate and was of reasonable purity. With
the war shutting off all sources of imported potash the United
States had to look within its own borders for potash for muni-
tion and for growing crops. ‘This lead to the opening up of
new, untried, and very unusual sources which because of the
price that could be had were developed as under old conditions
they could not. While some of these goods, particularly potash
salts derived from Searles Lake and Chili saltpeter, carried
many impurities, the processes of manufacture have been so far

72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

improved that American made potash salts of reasonable purity
are now available in quantity and quality for the manufacture
of fertilizers.

How CAN THE USER OF FERTILIZERS BE PROTECTED BY THE
Law?

During the past 20 years there has been such a decided
economic change that fertilizer manufacturing has been prac-
tically revolutionized. Less than a generation ago fertilizers
were practically all made by the use of a few standard materi-
als such as nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood,
dissolved bone black, and muriate or sulphate of potash. When
a manufacturer put out a definite formula it practically always,
year after year, carried the same constituents in practically the
same proportions. Furthermore these goods were shipped into
large storehouses in Maine and it was possible for the inspector
to go to these storehouses and draw a sample from packages
out of a lot of a 100 to 500 tons of each brand. Because of the
rather comparatively uniformity of mauufacture and the sam-
ples taken from such large shipments the occasional random
sample fairly represented the goods which were given to the
consumer.

The shortage and scarcity and variety of material entering
into mixed goods have brought it about that even the most reli-
able standard brands are liable to be made up in a single season
on quite different formulas although they would give the same
ultimate analyses. Furthermore these goods instead of being
shipped in large quantities into warehouses are for the most part
sent directly to the user, and hence the samples collected by the
‘inspectors are rarely representative of more than a few tons.
This diversity of manufacturing formulas for making up the
goods of the same brand and analyses was clearly brought out
in cooperation with the companies in looking up the borax sit-
uation in 1919. It has also been very evident in the different
analyses showing the different sources of nitrogen in the dif-
ferent samples of the same brands as they have been examined
in recent years.

This economic situation is a fact, and the consumer must
adjust himself to these new conditions in order to have a some-

OrrictAL INSPECTIONS 97. 73

what similar protection from the fertilizer inspection that he
had in earlier years when the brands ran far more uniform in
their manufacturing formulas than is now possible.

Because of the physical impossibility of analyzing all of the
samples that might be collected and sent to the Experiment Sta-
tion or the Department of Agriculture, it is suggested that the
moment the consumer receives his fertilizer for 1921 that he
take a sample of the goods in accordance with directions which
are briefly stated below.

CONCISE DIRECTIONS FOR SAMPLING FERTILIZERS.

The sample may be taken by means of a sampling trbe that
reaches the whole length of the package or as follows:

Provide a teacup, a large sheet of strong paper, and for
each sample a clean and dry pint or quart glass fruit jar fitted
with a rubber ring.

Open at least five full and unbroken packages, and thor-
oughly mix the contents of each for a foot in depth; take out
three cupfulls from different parts of the mixed portion of each
package, pour them over one another upon a paper and inter-
mix thoroughly but quickly to avoid loss or gain of moisture;
fill the jar from this mixture; seal with wax and attach to the
jar some such a statement as follows:

This jar contains a sample of fertilizer taken by me in the
DEPOSI, Oi AY is Se Sea ae ce eee as witness.

I certify that the sample is from five unopened packages
as received by me on (insert date) and that to the best of my
knowledge and belief the sample fairly represents the stock
from which it was taken; and said stock was properly housed

and in good condition.

The following is an exact copy of the printing upon or
attached to the package: (This should give: the name of the
goods; the name of the maker; the kind of package, whether
barrel or bag; the weight, and a copy of the guaranteed analyses
showing the percentage of nitrogen, available phosphoric acid
and potash.)

SOU STNC CLES es Eh arctan eR SR E
Post ©fiice- addres sas eee

74 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

ui
3
g
FE
t Manufacturer, Place of Business and Brand Sample
S) taken at
eS
3
=)
ro)
AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.,
NEW YORK CITY.
5831/A. A. ©. Co. High Grade Acid Phosphate:-s--.-2----5-=2-- Tio) ee
5826/Ammoniated ) Mertilizer AAA G See: 2 ae ee eee eee HNO tEEsesasases soo
5808) Ammoniated Hertilizer WAAVAAG SS 2222S ee eee INOLWayose===—-—- =.
5M ATOOSLOOK] 3P.0 CaCO my leu Te emcee ene eae eae ee ree Scarspontese 2
5ESOVATOOStOOks RO GA LOY: pMienTa UIT Cee eee eee reenter ee FOUL One
|
5607|Bradley’s Blood, Bone & Potash_____----._-.----------------- Bel fas teeta eee
5625) 'Bradleyssi PBlOOGs se BONE yc OLAS hee ee ee Rortlands==sss ons
5586 Bradley’s Corn Phosphate. = se sles ae Soe Se SUE eee Bangor eessos==-
5636|(Bradley;s a Corn “2nosp hates sas ee ee a ee eee Portlands222s oo
5640 Bradley’s Helipse: “Phosphate: 2 se225 essen eee eee eee Portland ==. s a
5587 Bradley’s Northland Potato Grower---------------------------- B21. Oram
5599|Bradley’s! Northland! Potato: Growerseoss soo an eee eee Searsport=.--_--=--.
56D0|Bradley7s s2otato: Wertilizerses sesso eee ee Portland eee Seeman
5632|Bradley7s Potato Mamniuress2. 22. ee ee ee eee IPortlandessssss
5615 Bradley’s Reliable 6ooubotashehertilizens= ===. a eee IBeliasteaseee seer
5626| Bradley’s Reliable6o% Potash) Hertilizersas= ss s— == IFOLtlan Gan
5584 Bradley’s Root Crop Manure: 242 eae Bangor aaa
5583 Bradley’s Special Corn Phosphate without Potash__--_--------__ Bans oneeeeeee
5624 Bradley’s Special Corn Phosphate without Potash__----__------- IPOrplandssssessss
5579 Bradley’s Special Potato Fertilizer without Potash____-__- eee Bang Oreeaee ene
5622 Bradley’s Special Potato Fertilizer without Potasb____--__-_---- Portlanda as
5591/Bradley’s Special Potato Manure without Potash____________--_- Bangor ss. esl
5623 Bradley’s Special Potato Manure without Potash-_-_------------- Portignda =
5815|Bradley’s Three Star * * * Special with Potash____---_-__---_____ Bowdoinham-_-_-_-_---
5589|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate of Lime-__----------------__--__-- Bancoree oan
5631|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate of Lime---_---_--__-_____=--__-___- iPortland===.2————
5588 Bradley’s XL Superphosphate without Potash___-__---_-__------- Ban SOT see eras
5621|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate without Potash_-__---------_----- IPortland =e
5581 Cereall Gs) beOO bem Ize ee ee ee ee Bangorlss-eacee ees
5644 Cereal & Root TOT ANNA ee ek eee et eeeeceeore iPortiand==
5801 Complete Potato Mixture: 2-250 22s. 2a ee eee Richmond2==22---=
5829|Crocker’s Ammoniated Corn Phosphate_------_------_-_--_-_--_- FOTO Gee eet eke
5830 Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate___---_._-----_ Bliio ts ee
5832|Crocker’s Potato Hop & Tobacco Fertilizer 1920_---_---_-_-__--- BRliof 2322 =
5594|Darling’s Big Hour Potato Grower_-_--_-___----------=--- === === ‘Searsport PS oe pet eee
56o5|Darlunes, Big Six seotato. Groweleene=2 225 oa eee ee Presque Isle__-_---

5595|Darlinge’s Blood, Bone & OvaS Dea. ee ae eee eee Searsport=2=— =

Pa ec SS

OrricIAL INSPEcTIoNS 97. 75

Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

Station number.

Water

NITROGEN PHOSPHORIO ACID PoTasH
Total Available Total

&

q Lo} uo} iS) Ko)
=) =| qa qa
‘a a Ss | iy q zg i iS | zg

acy 3 3 =} 3 =} 3 5 3
mn m S) ° = ° =) ° (=) {e) =)
4i{ja¢a{/<4|]e8 / 6 cs & cs S lee |

eres 0.00] 0.00/ 0.00} 0.00) 16.46 16.00| 17.21| 17.00, 0.00) 0.00
0.82/ 0.90! 2.19] 2.53) 2.47 OLalll Tosa), abies 1 aa
1.04, 1.34) 3.96] 3.58] 3.29] 10.01| 10.00/ 11.91} 11.00|______|______
1.44] 1.98] 3.67] 4.21) 4.11 8.42| 8.00] 9.57 -9.00| 7.00; 7.00
1.74| 1.06} 3.95| 422) 411 8.38} 8.00] 9.35] 9.00| 7.13| 7.00
1.82| 1.20] 3.72} 4.24) 4.11 8.46) 8.00] 9.28] 9.00] _7.07| 7.00
1.80| 0.90] 3.65] 4.10] 4.11 8.34 8.00/ ~ 9.83) 9.00] 7.11] 7.00
0.50/ 1.00] 1.48] 1.86] 1.65 8.07/ | 8.00} 8.95] 9.00] 2.28] 2.00
0.40| 0.54) 1.37] 1.82| 1.65 8.44, 8.00] 9.57] 9.00] 2.16) 2.00
0.26| 0.52| 1.40] 1.46] 0.82 8.11| 8.00] 898] 9.00] 2.19] 2.00
0.66| 1.62) 2.98] 3.38] 3.29 8.15] 8.00] 9.17) —-9.00| 3.86] 4.00
1.30/ 0.72| 3.00] 3.49| 3.29 8.34 8.00/ 9.44 9.00] 4.00] 4.00
0.44, 0.60| 1.74, 188 1.65 8.36] 8.00/ 9.03] 9.00! 3.23] $.00
0.92; 0.80} 2.32) 2.70) 2.47 9.30| 8.00/ 9.72) 9.00, 4.02/ 4.00
0.94, 1.34| 3.30| 3.66] 3.29 8.18| 8.00] 9.88] 9.00] 6.15! 6.00
1.58| 0.90| 3.12| 3.42| 3.29 8.44 8.00] 9.64) 9.00 6.28] 6.00
O172|_ 1.84) | 2.94) 3.22! 3129| 10:03) 10100) 11.98) © top} |e
0.06] 0.68] 1.56) 1.983] 1.65| 9.74) 10.00/ 12.98} 11.00|____
0.20; 0.46) 1.66, 2.12, 1.65 IST 10100 lente! ete 00 meee ie Sa
0.20) 0.86| 1.70| 1.97| 1.65 70 oc! 00] 12509 | nm 11200) eeeee enn
0.08, 0.84 1.57) 1.86 1.65 9162 |e aeeLOL00 yesh: 85 | eet 00) | eae RR
0.42) 1.14) 2.95) 2.62| 2.47 919811 3110.00 | 712109] eta 00 eee neuen
0.12| 0.38] 1.57| 1.90) 2.47 9166| 8151000) Tile'7i7|" amt 1'00)| ene Re
0.70/ 1.10) 2.36] 2.54| 2.47 7.84, 8.00] 8.71) 9.00 2.88) 3.0¢
0.82) 1.16] 2.43| 2.76] 2.47 8.74, 9.00/ 10.64 10.00] 2.04) 2.00
0.64| 0.86] 2.28] 2.65) 2.47 9.54] 9.00, 11.17| 10.00] 2.20/ 2.00
0.40] 1.16] 2.17| 2.61) 2.47] 10.05] 10.00) 12.08} —-11.00|-_-_-_|______
0.70/ 0.44] 2.90] 2.62| 2.47 168) 510/00| sanitary amie Baa
0.38) 1.26) 2.45/ 2.73) 2.47 9:80 a7 310100 | eet: G0 amet: 00 | eee |e
0.52) 0.66| 2.30| 2.68, 2.47 Ne) — TCO) HIG) TSW La eb
0.88] 1.00] 2.58] 2.76] 2.47| 8.04 8.00). 9.19) 9.00) 4.14 4.00

| | | |

0.32; 0.64; 1.82) 1.78) 1.65 7.42) 8.00/ 8.45] 9.00] 2.39) 2.00
0.16 0.30| 0.65] 0.80| 0.82 8.00} 8.00} 9.44) 9.00) 2.47| 2.00
0.48] 0.82) 2.37] 2.57| 1.65 8.83, 8.00] 9.85 9.00] 2.72/ 3.00
1.26] 0.80/ 2.72) 3.29 3.29} 8.53] 8.00| 9.70/ -9.00/ 4.04| 4.00
0.96) 1.40| 3.03} 3.25] 3.29 8.59| 8.00/ 9.43; 9.00, 6.09) 6.00
158] 1.20; 3.76| 4.27| 4.11 8.29 8.00] 9.41] 9.00/04) 7.00

76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

my
o
E
a Manufacturer, Pl of Busi aB Sample
a , ace usiness an Tand taken at
)
we)
3
~~
3)
patterns wensrnetrs i!
5629| Four-Eight-Six Fertilizer------.----
-Kicht-Si sas OUT Te A\ce TA Se on Os a a et Portland_----------
5729 MO urs H1e = Sich erst ler eee ater re nnn gem Gacueeee cs
5580/Grain & Seeding Fertilizer__.__________
j q as pie ener ere bat Ban? Ore ===————-
5627 Graineade Secding, ehertiliZens==ana eee eee eee Portland_-_---------
B00 Gireaitiusk cus be reais Gere rs pill eee est rar nn ee rast ee
5604|Great Eastern Superior Potato Grower_-__------------------------ Belfast
5806|Great Eastern Superior Potato Grower_____---------------------- elfast_------------
Norway------------
5690|Great Eastern Victory Potato Special__--__.-..---------_-_------- Hoult
5720|Great Eastern Victory Potato Special_____--_-------------------- oulton__----------
Belfast=22==-----——
5592| Liberty Brand High Grade Fertilizer___......---------------------

i i i Searsport----------.
5646|Liberty Brand High Grade Fertilizer_______----------------------- See eam ig ue
5590|Monarchseotatop Manuret= sae =e se aeah eee ae see eee ae ae B
ANAM KGMMENRE A JEXOLPENHO) IMimalbiReo ee ANSON see

Belfast===----—-----
5olllNortherns) Maine: se otaton SDecialeses ss semen eee een ee bet shat
5807|Packer’s Union Potato Manure.-----..--------------------------- Norway ae
5s09liPulverizedusheep sManunes see esas. ae en eee aera tt a Oa
5825|@uinnipiac @orny Manure esses eens ween ee ee eee eee Die Meanie Oh
5824 Quinnipiac Potato eManure:: 22-2 eee eee eee ane Bara
5843 Quinnipiac Potato bhosphates ss. ee ee eee eee Lene ateieiare cl

srallae :
5628|Sixteen Per cent Plain Superphosphate--------------------------- Benen sce
5582 Special Vegetable Fertilizer---.--..----:-------<------------------- rs eee
5585| Universal Phosphate__-_----_--- 2 ee ES
5641|Universal Phosphate____------ OeG oS 1s Se ae een I ANOLE

Portland-_----------
5638| Williams & Clark Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphos-

JOSE AS) cae a AC erat cece snap aonseasesecceconséae
5637|Williams & Clark Americus Corn Phosphate__---------------- | Portland_----------

Portlandses=s-==——
5651) Williams & Clark Americus Potato Manure_------------------
5645| Williams & Clark Potato Phosphate-_---..--.-------------------- Portlandele=-=-—=—

Porilandesss=ssea
5823| Williams & Clark Special Americus Potato Manure with-

CODE H TEXON EH Oe is ee te deladcecscdesbooosseosese

Saco mie se seme.

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE MD.
5669 /Armours) Boner blood tél otas hes eas eee
5692|Armour’s Bone Blood & Potashs:-2-2)2-------<----222s-----=-e=— Presque _Isle_------

Wier) Table
BOOM TSG ATO TEATS AeA ee ee le ee
5G0S | MuUscalOrassils-Cr (meee n sen eee Bucksport_---------

; Ft. Fairfield_------
AROOSTOOK FEDERATION OF FARMERS,
CARIBOU, MAINE.
Fi IVC 3 eee ee ee are a ale teeter
5667|Fish Mea Kqaeeee nae
5733|Dry Tankage, Second Grade_-_-_------------------------------------ |
|Mapleton--_---------

Station number

Water

,

OrrFiciaAL INSPECTIONS 97.

Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

As nitrate ~

ees alee eh OL ae)
= oo AI
SB 8

ou wh
BO SHG

So
“I
rs

1.20

NITROGEN
Total
Ss
q bo}
.& =)
: =
a S 5 q
eo)
o} 5
a hee eS
1.02] 3.23] 3.64] 3.99
1.24] 3.29) 3.37] 3.29
0.78] 1.67] 1.85] 1.65
0.52) 1.79] 2.15] 1.65
0.28] 1.05) 1.16] 0.82
0.72| 2.88) 3.28] 3.29
1.18] 3.21) 3.59] 3.99
0.90| 3.19) 3.33) 3.29
0.82] 3.37] 3.71] 3.29
1.24) 3.69] 4.26] 4.11
1.10] 3.59] 3.97) 4.11
1.54) 3.10] 3.49] 3.29
1.06) 3.08] 3.50| 3.29
1:68] 3.81) 4.98) 4.11
0.80] 2.24) 2.58] 1.65
pia eens 2.39| 2.06
0.64 1.85] 2.05] 1.65
1.10) 2.34) 254) 2.47
0.70} 1.77| 2.04] 1.65
1.46) 3.07| 3.35] 3.29
0.14) 0.80! 0.90) 0.82
0.39] 0.80) 1.00] 0.82
0.77| 2.19] 2.55| 2.47
0.60] 1.49} 1.85] 1.65
0.64] 1.88) 2.05] 1.65
0:78] 2.31] 2.52] 9.47
0.74] 1.81] 2.01] 1.65
2.28] 3.76] 4.08|" 4.11
1.84) 3.88] 415) 4.11
1.28] 3.35) 3.68] 3.29
1.56] 4.10] 4:39] 4.11 |
ies eva | veces 6.68] 8.15
ese Ente Se 4.36] 6.00
|

PHOSPHORIO ACID

Available

ko}

o

$

Be

5 5s

cs ic}
8.67; 8.00
8.08} 8.00
9.69} 10.00
10.36, 10.00
8.27| 8.00
8.19/ 8.00
8.05] 8.00
8.42) 8.00
8.77| 8.00|
8.20) 8.00
8.26, 8.00
8.31) 8.00
8.34, 8.00
8.71| . 8.00
11.11} 10.00
STG ese
8.35] 8.00
8.02) 8.00
7.61| 8.00
16.62; 16.00
10.08, 10.00!
7.30/ 8.00
332) 8.00
9.76] 9.00
8.14) 8.00

|
8.60/ 8.00
8.12) 8.00
9.39' 10.00
8.50/ 8.00
8.47| 8.00
9.00, 8.00
8.41 00
lana | 25

Total
Ks}
oO
=
a f
3 3S
° 3
& o
9.76 9.00
9.13 9.00
12.33 11.00
12.33 11.00
9.06 9.00
9.31 9.00
9.49 9.00
9.14 9.00
9.27 9.00
9.48 9.00
9.38 9.00
9.32 9.00
9.44 9.00
9.65 9.00
12.16 11.00}
1.74 NES)
9.30 9.00
9.01 9.00
9.35 9.00
17.42 7.00
11.52 11.00
7.69 9.00
8.98 9.00
11.15 10.00
9.40 9.00
9.32 9.00
8.98 9.00
11.58 11.00
9.12 9.00
9.02 9.00
9.65 9.00
8.87 9.00
FG een
19:36|Eeeeseee

Ud)

PoTasH

bo}

o

o

a

gE

° =}

ey o
6.48) 6.00
6.22) 6.00
4.02} 4.00
4.02; 4.00
4.02} 4.00
6.27| 6.00
6.27| 6.00
7.04) 7.00
6.75| 7.00
3.73| 4.00
4.08} 4.00
4.22) 4.00
5.87} 4.00
2.63) 1.00
2.21; 2.00
4.83) 4.00
2.97) 3.00
1.93} 2.00
2.08} 2.00
2.59) 2.00
Zeb 200
3.18} 3.00
4.06) 4.00
7.85| 7.00
7.34) 7.00
4.29) 4.00
7.19) 7.00

78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

|

E

=|

Manufacturer, Place of Business and Brand Sample

= taken at

S

3

—

R

5665|Muriate:-of Potash: 2-2-0225 oe ee eee Washburn____-____.
5666 Nitrate of (Sod ae et ee eS ee ee eee Washburns===<=- =
541 Tanka pe). sao Houlten==
5/34/Tankage, Bich’ Grades). 2: 222-22. 2 eS eee Mapleton= === =-=-
5735|U5 5: Potash=Muriate of Potash = eee Mapleton ===

BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.
5708) BowKkers Ally Roun G eMert lize ree ane ee ee Portland
5/40|Bowker’s All) Roand fertilizers Eee Dexters=-= a
5707 Bowker’s Corn, Grain & Grass Phosphate________-_____-____-_____ orang
56/8)/Bowker:s) Hour-Cen Hilly sDrll 2 Boulter
5/15 Bowker7s Hill) & Drill Phosphates eee ‘Poriiand
5710 Bowker’s Potato & Vegetable Phosphate____--------_--------_-__ Portland
5741 Bowker’s Potato & Vegetable Phosphate__--_-____-________-_____ Dexter. aera ae
57 Bowker's! 1695, Acid -Phosphates2se2 ese eee Portlands= =
5717 Bowker’s Square Brand Farm & Garden Phosphate________-__ Portland ===
5712|Bowker-s) sure Crop) Phosphate) eee Porian SS
5/16) Bowker’s: ThreeTen All Round. ee Portland==
5713| Bowker’s Two-Ten Farm & Garden_-__-----__--____--___---______ Portland ==
5613 Stockbridge ‘‘B’’ General Crop Manure______----------__------_-- Belfast2— ==
5677istockbridge Early Crop Manure=------ ee Howto
5596|Stockbridge Early Crop Manure eee ee Searsport__--------.
5600|Stockbridge Market Garden Manure____-_____________----_---_-_- Searsport—__—-—__-_.
5675 Stockbridge Market Garden Manure___-_-------------------------- Houlton
JOSEPH BRECK & SONS, CORP., BOSTON, MASS.
5718 Ramshead Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure---------_------------- Saniord==———=——==——
CANADIAN FERTILIZER CO., LTD., CHATHAM,
ONT., CANADA.
5730|'Best. by "Dest-4-6-10 -ertilizer: ee Caribou=-==--=--==
5737|Best by Lest 46-10 Fertilizer. ee ee eee Newport-_-__---------
CHICAGO FEED & FERTILIZER CO., CHICAGO ILL. 5
5838 Magic Brand Pulverised Sheep Manure________--------------_---_ Lewiston-_-_-_--------
COE-MORTIMER CO., NEW YORK CITY. |
5605 E. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer Revised____|Belfast__-----------
5688 E. Frank Coe’s Celebarted Special Potato Fertilizer Revised____ Houlton eae
5749 E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn & Potato Fertilizer______-__--- West Farmington
5765 E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn & Potato Fertilizer____-------- Harmony=----=-=—--
|
5616 E. Frank Coe’s Complete Manure with 6% Potash____-----------|Belfast_-.----__--_-
5691 E. Frank Coe’s Complete Manure with 6% Potash__------------- Mars, eS
|

COTE ETAT ka@OC SEOOTTPIGHI ema es tee ee eee Dexter__----_-------
5748/. Hrank Coe’s Cor King —---*-—-_- _ --__ ‘West Farmington.

!

ool
@ a3 | Station number
a oO

Water

=
ie
oO
CO

isles als

oS

cm 00 COD 100

2a

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 97. 79

Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

NITROGEN PHOSPHORIC ACID PoTasH
Total Available Total
S
= re) uo) ko] uo)
2 g q q q =|
ieee gen alive |g a. eG Seca:
late eleo los 8 5 5 5s | 6] 5
a] Se) se & | & StS Fy 6 | & |S
ck et LS Liat Eon [ea ee [oe te) bs ed Le 49.68) 48.00
15.00|_----- A400 | fel 5700 (fe 13°00 | eens | Reema |e ace SR see pica rate
| |
OEMS ee eS fs G STAN G!00) feos ener 110 14 ete se ee | eee
cies eens ee ee
eae [Wires [Adee RA nce (MS A Se LS ee ee 57.36 48.00
| |
0.70| 0.76) 2.40) 2.77| 2.47 8.48} 8.00) 9.30! 9.00 al 4.00
0.54| 0.68] 2.26) 2.42| 2.47 7.71, 8.00, 9.56) 9.00) 3.80) 4.00
0.48| 0.96] 1.75| 1.88] 1.65] 851) 800) 9.17/ —9.00|_ 2.30) 2.00
| |
1.22] 1.04] 3.20] 3.42) 3.29 9.63} 10.00] 10.83} —11.00|_____- eee
1.12) 0.54! 2.46) 2.69) 2.47 9.34 9.00} 10.96] 10.00) 2.01) 2.00
| | | | |
0.66, 0.68 1.93 2.14) 1.65 7.87| 8.00/ 871|' 9.00} 3.68} 3.00
0.66, 0.54) 2.13) 2.29] 1.65 8.73} 8.00/ 10.10] * 9.00) 2.85) 3.00
Sreaieeh [ese Bese eet Ate 16180] ae T6.00 |e 18.25 |oule 7:00 |e ae | ee
0.72| 0.34| 1.89] 2.01] 1.65 8.89 8.00] 9.76) 9.00} 2.43} 2.00
0.13) 0.30| 0.97| 1.08] 0.82| 8.29 8.00, 10.00, 9.00 1.94) 2.00
0.82! 0.80| 2.64) 3.01| 2.47] 9.97| 10.00] 11.79} —11.00|_--__-- | aes
0.32 0.96] 1.91] 2.10] 1.65] 10.03| 10.00] 11.46] 11.00|-_---_|_2_--
| | | |
0.86, 1.44! 3.29) 3.65, 3.29| 8.04 8.00 9.44) 9.00) 6.28) 6.00
1.44, 1.32] 3.75] 4.16| 4.11 8.41, 8.00) 9.57; 9.00) 7.01) 7.00
1.50] 1.24] 3.76] 4.24) 4.11| 8.20/ 8.00| 9.35/ 9.00/ 7.00] 7.00
| | | | | | |
1.34] 0.82) 2.88] 3.29] 3.29 8.42} 8.00] 9.54) 9.00; 4.14) 4.00
1.20] 1.16] 3.19) 3.50| 3.29) 814) 8.00, 9.08] 9.00} 4.17| .4.00
Mares ees |e D8 O30 | sees |e eget. 87 jan eel GD fe 2-80 | ne 00
| |
|
| |
| |
0.96| 0.88) 2.67) 3.11) 3.30 7.99| 6.00) 8.19] 7.00) 9.35] 10.00
1.18] 0.40} 3.10] 3.44] 3.30 7.66) 6.00} 7.99; 7.00| 9.71) 10.00
es S864 eee | epee 193 1685) | Semeeee| 4S eete7o| ente50 meee ralusteos
1.16] 1.06] 3.04; 348) 329} gs21/ 8.00, 9.28] 9.00) 4.09} 4.00
1.34| 0.88) 2.89) 3.31| 3.29 8.28] 8.00| 10.13] 9.00] 3.97| 4.00
0.78| 0.14) 1.91/ 2.06, 1.65/ 8,30] 8.00 9.24| —9.00/ 3.23] 3.00
0.54) 0.60/ 1.68) 1.83, 1.65) 9.07) 8.00 9.81) 9.00, 2.97, 3.00
| | | | | |
0.80| 1.88] 3.30] 3.60| 3.29| 816] 8.00] 9.51) 9.00} 6.23] 6.00
0.64) 144) 8.35, 3.55) 3.29) 8.22) 8.00, 9.54) 9.00 6.0i| 6.00
| | | |
| | | | |
hese | 0,90] 2.22| 2.58 2.47) 9.39 9.00, 10.46) 10.00) 2.24) 2.00
oS) Dat 241) 2.68) 2.47) 9.34 Dy a) eo 23 2.00

Lied

80 MatIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

~
o
2
=|
a

Manufacturer, Place of Business and Brand Sample
A taken at
<
3S
~~
ro)
5738|E. Frank Coe’s Gold Brand Excelsior Guano Revised__---------- Dexter ee eeewas.
5751|E. Frank Coe’s Gold Brand Excelsior Guano Revised__---------- West Farmington.
5833)/E. Frank Coe’s New Englander Special__------_---___--_--------_ emplexases eae
5664|E. Frank Coe’s Potato & Truck Manure_______-__----_---------- Cariboo ==
5693'K. Hrank Coe’s Potato & Druck Manure:---222)2) Presque Isle__-----
5810) Prank (Coe’s Prolitic Crop2broducert===2=ss))——) = =e Son barises== ==
5750): Frank Coe’s 16% Superphosphates. 2-2 === = eee West Farmington_
560) Miran (G06: 21694) SUDEEDHOSD Nh ait ees ee ee ee eer Earn OMyea ee
5608|E. Frank Coe’s Vegetable Grower------------------------_----__-_ Belfast eases ee
DOMINION FERTILIZER CO., ST. STEPHEN N. B.
5663| Dominion Beira ee SoM Ble, yet nee ee Nes ae ee ie Garibous
bis Dominion 5-8-1225 --— oe a ek eee ee Galaisi 2s. 2S5s 2
5662! DOMINIO 4 Bde. ea ee ee ee a ees | Oren) OU ee ee
5772| Dominion. 24:9:7.. 22205520. Seek Cee Se eS ee Ot) 2 Sees
Sith Dominion 429303! = pk Pe ee a eee eee Calaiss= 2-5 a2
5771 DOMINION MNS {8-4 00 5. oe See ee @alaisu see ase
5775| Dominion Vegetable, Corn & Grain 2-9-1_______-__-_--____-_--___- Calaise==s ====-=---
ESSEX FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.
5816 Hssex. Fish: Mertilizers3-8-322) = = ee eee Bowdoinham_-_--_---
5TATIBSSOx0 4-943 Se e e e red ee e Ne e ee Veri OL mmeHl el sees
Fy S IBIS Coxe = = Gee ee ne imestone==-2-—=-
5814/Essex Grain, Grass & Potato Fertilizer 1-10_-_--------------------_ Bowdoinham_-___-_--
5700 Essex Market Garden 3-8-4 for Vegeetables & Grass_---------_-- Winthropea== 2 s—==
5745) Essex: 110s 222 = oe ee WI DOD eee aa
5746 WSsex 228-2. 2 Ue ee ee re eee Livermore Falls_-
HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

5656) Etubbard Hertilizer 4-8-4 Sa Ss ee ee eae eee Presque Isle__-----

INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
CORPORATION, BUFFALO FERTILIZER WORKS,
HOULTON, MAINE.
5679 | Buttalon 5:-8212 as we ee ee ee Wimestones as
5685 Buffalo
5702 Buffalo

5686 Buffalo

5684 Buffalo
5760| Buffalo

5683 Buffalo
5670 Buffalo
5759 Buffalo

5703 Buffalo
5758 | Bufialo

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 97. 81

Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

NITROGEN PHOSPHORIC ACID PoTasH

Be Total Available Total

Z a EROS he &

g Sues IS e & e
s #| 8 2 8 8 8
rs} cI = q o ke} S| oS 5 us) a 4) a
3S =) q s b q cH q H q a q H

3 S PAE leameelaasocWierer clans 5 5 5 s 5s
D E Sl Hed Te Ih tS cs S cs ro & | &
5738 8.09} 0.76) 1.34] 2.19] 2.64) 2.47 8.40 8.00) 9.65 9.00 4.20) 4.00
5751 9.35] 0.70} 1.10) 2.77) 3.00] 2.47 8.63 8.00 9.69 9.00} 4.18 4.00
5833 9.35) 0.36) 0.36) 1.05) 1.20) 0.82 8.51 8.00) 9.14 9.00| 2.08} 2.00
5664 9.07; 1.62) 1.16) 3.02} 4.03] 4.11 8.11 8.00 9.16 9.00| 7.28) 7.00
5693, 8.98} 1.34) 1.48) 2.91] 4.21) 4.11 8.46 8.00 10.05 9.00! 6.93) 7.00
5810 14.01) 1.16) 1.82) 3.35) 3.51) 3.29 9.49 10.00 10.60 0) a
5750 GSU A es ae ae Pat) Pe A eH 16.74 16.00 17.29 AAO 0) eee | ees

5766), 8.32) ----__ Sesenn lessee Esco |Se6kes 17.09 16.00 N69 aul. 00|eaeens anne
5608 9.59) 1.36) 1.72) 3.76) 4.34) 4.11 8.84 8.00 9.82 9.00} 4.15) 4.00

5663) 10.66) 0.76) 1.30) 3.62) 4.22) 4.10 8.58 8.00 9.02 9.00} 7.49} 7.00
573 8.58) 0.96] 1.00) 3.56) 4.21) 4.10 7.80 8.00 9.76 9.00} 6.96] 7.00
5662) 9.88). 0.54) 1.38) 2.98] 3.48] 3.29 8.34 8.00 10.43 9.00} 4.43) 4.00
5372 7.25] 1.12) 0.26) 2.92} 3.38] 3.29 8.31 8.00 10.05 9.00! 8.22) 7.00
5774) 9.13} 0.38} 1.24)__-___ 3.69} 3.29 8.86 9.00} 10.16 10.00} 1.48) 1.00
5771 9.32) 0.76; 0.12) 2.14) 2.50] 2.47 7.49 8.00 9.53 9.00| 4.68; 4.00
5775 (3.0) meee 0.14) 1.42) 1.86) 1.64 8.02 9.00 11.85 10.00} 1.16) 1.00
7.37| 0.56] 0.60) 2.45] 2.67] 2.46 8.00 8.00 9.47 9.00) 2.90) 3.00

7.21} 0.76} 0.62) 2.85) 3.01] 3.28 8.30 8.00) 9.56 9.00} 3.58) 4.00

7.94) 0.90] 0.90) 2.96] 3.34) 3.28 8.90 8.00 10.30 9.00) 5.39} 6.00

9.11) 0.10} 0.12) 0.78) 0.88! 0.82 10.48 10.00} 11.94 IOUT Oe

5.64| 0.04) 0.94) 2.47) 2.62) 2.46 8.02, 8.00) 9.08 9.00} 4.30) 4.00

(E80 | aes 0.10} 0.96} 1.09) 0.82 10.47 10.00; 11.55 11.00} 1.15) 1.00

4.49) 0.10} 0.14) 1.54) 1.83) 1.64 8.29 8.00 9.40 9.00} 2.26) 2.00

10.01} 0.74) 1.70} 2.93) 3.09) 3.28 8.06 8.00} 8.54 9.00; 3.99) 4.00

12.21/ 0.60} 1.48} 3.65) 4.20) 4.12 8.34 8.00 9.54 9.00| 7.44) 7.00
19.06) 0.80) 1.24) 3.85) 4.38) 4.12 8.64 8.00 9.86 9.00| 7.34) 7.00
10.96} 0.84) 1.36) 3.76) 4.28) 4.12 8.03 8.00 8.54 9.00} 8.09) 7.00
10.18) 0.78) 1.04) 2.96) 3.35) 3.29 8.24 8.00 10.91 9.00} 4.44) 4.00
10.69} 0.58) 1.10} 2.80} 3.29) 3.29 8.87 8.00 11.95 9.00} 6.92} 7.00
10.48) 0.74) 0.88) 3.05) 3.42) 3.29 8.47 8.00 11.63 9.00} 7.19) 7.00
8.31} 0.60} 1.04) 3.30] 3.66) 3.29 8.21 8.00 10.91 9.00] 6.21) 6.00
6.34) 0.70} 1.14) 2.89) 3.36) 3.29 9.85 9.00 13.47 10.00) 1.26 1.00
6.30} 1.38} 0.26) 2.98) 3.40) 3.29 10.13 10.00 12.62 UTD ea
11.20} 0.44] 0.76) 2.43) 2.76) 2.50 9.71 9.00 11.29 10.00} 1.34; 1.00
8.17} 0.82| 1.12} 2.49) 2.74) 2.50 9.81 9.00 11.95 10.00) 1.72) 1.00

1920.

8&2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
Descriptive List of Fertilzer Samples, 1920.
H
2
sli |
B |
z Manufacturer, Place of Business and Brand
2
a2
~
mn
LISTERS AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS,
| NEWARK N. J.
5652|Lister’s Buyers Choice Acid Phosphate______-.---------___----___
5647|bister’s' Corn & Potato Herbilizers— = é
5643 istenis bras Ferree Ti Cleese Yet 17 ere eet eet ee wee re
5609 hister’s:-5-8-4 9 aber Giliz oy sees eee eee ae ary ae ete ance rk ee
5602 his ter’ si'4-624 2 SEE ore ee Se ee ee eee
yey CIP UA Revedsh(Eneiay aig Gore eh a dtp Ars ee Oe ee
5653) Lister’s High Grade Acid Phosphate------------.---__----------_
HOS misters euchuGradeeeotatomHentilizers = see =e eee
GAP MAIS GOT? Sa Rainy Pees Gaye H erste Gree ees ae a ep
5612|Mister/s) Mamie) ot arto Hl ers tite ree are ee
5635|Lister’s Squirrel Brand Fertilizer
5649| Lister’s Standard Pure Superphosphate of Lime__-_-
5639 Tbister’s -Suceess.2 32625224. tee eae ee ee
LITTLEFIELD & SONS CO., AUBURN ME.
blo ittlefield’s!Bonels Me alates Sameera ee ee eee
LOWELL FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.
5618|Lowell Animal Brand for all Crops 3$-10_-----.-----__----_-__
5722 owell Animal (Bran di3-824 222 ne ee ee
5682) owelll Bone shenbilize re 2- 8-2 sem es anemic sen alten Cee ee eee ee
5752|Lowell Bone Fertilizer 2-8-2
5776|LowellsBone! Hertilizer:2- 8-2-0 eae eee
5821) owellpbmpresss Brand. 1-104 See
5802 Lowellubmpress Brandeis (Sessa ea ae ae ee
5788 Towel: 52820 t ae eas aa Se oe ee
5834 (uo well'5-8-(2 esas se ee ee ae ae
5724) Tio well! 4-8:4e a4 sae Soe el aan ee Lo ae ee
5755 MLO Wwellwi4-8-4-% 2. 2a ee ee ar ee ee
EPH EO eM Sey cp,
5721 owell 4-8-6525. = oa ee a ee eee
5619) Lowell Potato Corn & Vegetable 5-8------------------------------
BIST Lowell eSk 10 ee ae ee a ae ee ee
Ey fax SPUD CON ANNU SASS Sp a ccna
5753 luo welll 2-8-2555. st sa es Se ae ee Ca eS Se ee
MANCHESTER, RENDERING CO., MAN-
CHESTER, N. H.
5826|Manchester Animal Brand Fertilizer------------------------------
| MORISON BROTHERS, BANGOR, ME.
By NVANONG| IBlevoysrelae ie Se ee ees
5793|Morison Brothers’ 5-8-7 Fertilizer......--.-------------------------
5799|Morison Brothers’ 5-8-7 Fertilizer----------------------------------

Sample
taken at
|
IPortlands=
Portland aos
Portland ssescs —
Beltas tosses sss
Searsport___--_- pee
Porland———— ais
Porn
Searsport__-_-.-— ae
Porlan
Belfast === ==
Ponilandas=.=———
Portland =
Pontland====——————
AubUTie= === =~
iBbeltast=
Belfiasto2- 2232.
So. Berwick__-----.
Unity =
Gardiner =
IWiellsi223) oe
Wiscasset_-_----- pe
Bano a
Portland a=
Belfaste=is 222 2s:
Gandiners===s==
Belias taetesct ee
Belfastsiz22222 2
Belfast22.25 ===.
Corinne
Corinna
Buckfield__--------_
Berwick_-_--___ pene
Brewer--_----— ere
IBTeWwelseens as
Ban gorse ee

Station number

OrriciaL Inspections 97. 83

Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

| NITROGEN PHOSPHORIC ACID - | POTASH
| | Total Available | Total
2 eS lf se 2 fs
| [->) = | =< — =< =
Pes en | 3 ee 3 2
eopa eae q 2 Jats lest ds el 3S io) = = |
By) TEI ee ae ioe bos odd fel Sear PA se Pa
S n n 3S ° | 3 5 | s } =] 6) ry
= | < <q | < BH | & Sia ere) ies S = 6
| |
| |
|
Oye) el Shana ene [een ees [Sa 14.46] 14.00|. 15.21) 15.00|2----- |
8.63} 0.54) 0.64] 1.72| 1.8| 1.65 8.27) 8.00, 9.03) 9.00| 3.28) 3.00
8.25| 0.86 0.90/ 2.30 2.62| 2.47; 8.07; 8.00, 9.06, 9.00 4.01| 4.00
9.79| 1.30} 1.66| 3.76 4.22| 411| 85] 8.00 9.791 9.00 4.34) 4.00
8.70} 1.32) 0.78) 2.92) 3.30] 3.29] 898) 8.00' 9.35, 9.00 418| 4.00
EAC cl a i a (ES | 12.60/ 12.00) 12.97, 13.00| 2.25] 2.00
EL! 2 eel Coen (Reseed [Cereb eve | 15.98] 16.00|. 16.83] 17.00|__-_-- Hee
8.75} 1.46) 1.28| 3.67; 4.17| 4.11 8.30] 8.00} 9.47) 9.00] 7.03) 7.00
9.40| 0.46] 0.56] 1.63) 1.81| 1.65] 10.31) 10.00/ 11.17/ 11.00 4.06| 4.00
8.14} 0.88] 1.46) 3.21) 3.56] 329| 7.96, 8.00 9.57) 900) 6.28, 6.00
8.99] 0.30, 0.28, 0.83, 1.09) 0.82; 8.41/ 800 9.17, 9.00, 2.23) 2.00
8.77| 0.50 0.89! 2.38) 2.76| 2.47 9.53| 9.00 10.90 10.00; 2.45) 2.00
8.24| 0.44) 0.65| 1.75, 1.89] 1.65 8.07/ 8.00, 9.13 9-00} 2.36) 2.00
| |
| | |
3.00|------ hse bees 2.00] 1.25 | ipa Data | 26.99} - 28,00)--220.|. 2
| |
i | 1
4.48) 0.08! 0.86] 2.86| 3.36] 2.87/ 11.92) 10.00; 13.53] © 11.00|----~_|_-2-__
5.48| 0.08] 0.82| 2.30| 2.57/ 2.46| 7.63} 8.00) 8.55] 9.00, 8.54! 4.00
| | :
9.61| 0.06 0.16] 1.52) 1.0] 1.64) 7.15] 800) 8.47] 9.00) 2.19 200
haa 0.14] 0.16 1.83; 1.96] 1.64) 7.93, 8.00 9.36, 9.00 2.24 2.00
4.82] 0.14] 0.14] 1.55] 1.68] 1.64 7.31} 8.00 9.20 + —- 9.00) 1.80| 2.00
8.26} 0.10) 0.14) 0.85) 0.89] 0.82 9.41, 10.00/ 11.09! 11.00, 1.22) 1.00
Gg aoe 0.38] 1.41] 1.70] 1.23] 10.50 10.00/ 12.58] 11.00|___-__|______
| ; | |
7.71| 1.60} 0.28) 3.41| 4.25| 4.10 7.011 8.00/ 8.76] 9.00| 7.03) 7.00
8.02] 184) 0.46 3.65) 4.15, 419| 7.46, 8.00, 9.60, 9.00 5.59 7.00
| | }
6.35, 0.50) 0.84 2.85| 3.26) 3.28 8.02| 8.00) 9.38) 9.60; 4.11/ 4.00
8.22) 0.56 0.86) 3.10! 3.38) 3.28 8.98, 8.00 10.18) 9.00) 4.09' 4.00
| | /
7.11| 0.62| 0.76, 2.96) 3.31) 3.28] 8.69] 8.00} 10.00), 9.00, 6.37, 7.00
6.14| 0.70| 1.00| 3.28) 3.42 3.28] 810/ 8.00/ 9.32) 9.00, 6.14) 6.00
7.93| 0.88) 0.98, 3.71] 4.20| 410] 876 8.00| 10.37| _9.00|______|____..
ZW eee 0.88] 2.44| 2.93] 2.87] 10.45| 10.00) 13.62] 11.00|______|______
| | |
5.83] 0.34| 0.20| 1.72| 1.81| 1.64 8.11) 8.00/ 9.25/ 9.00, 2.99|- 3.00
6.09] 0.12) 0.18 1.81| 1.94) 1.64 7.58} 8.00} 9.00 9.00, 2.18) 2.00
| | | |
| | |
9.16 0.10| 0.24, 2.70) 2.90] 2.80| 10.49, 10.00, 15.63 18.00 4.12) 4.00
| | |
TORS Irate desta 20 | Bue oss eee Gere 17232 tee 16-001 mets 2 47 | eee eee re
9.45, 0.88| 1.00, 3.72) 4.19) 4.11 9.31| 8.00 10.10) 9.00 7.44 7.00
9.01} 1.68) 1.20 3.84) 4.95| 4.11 6.90) 8.00, 9.79] 9.00, 7.26, 7.00

84 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

=
oO
,Q
5
FS

Manufacturer, Place of Business and Brand | Sample
8 taken at
=
is
mR
5/97|Morison Brothers, 4-8-4 mMerbilizer sa ee ‘lea. @ornuth== =
5/96|Morison Brothers?) 4-6-10 Pertilizer=-=--- === ee Ha. Cornnth= =
5/98) Morison’ Brothers’/3-10-3) Mertilizer--> === ee eee eee [Ban SOT ses
5/95|Nitrate: Of Sodasc22-2=> 222. Se ee eee eee Bangors=-=—-——---=
NATIONAL FERTILIZER CO., NEW YORK CITY.
5594 National Aroostook Special Fertilizer__.--.--_.------------------- Searsport______---—
5671|National Aroostook Special Fertilizer__~__--_____.______---_-____ Houlton_ pee os
5614, National Complete Root & Grain Fertilizer___.------------------ (Belfast= eee omaat
5657 National Complete Root & Grain Fertilizer----------------------_ ‘Presque Isle__--- =e
|
5/86|National, Market Garden’ Mertilizer===------ oe Manco lees
5603 National Pine Tree State Potato Fertilizer___-----.-------------- Searsport.2----=- =
5658, National Pine Tree State Potato Fertilizer___-------------------- ‘Presque Isle__----.
5610|National Premier Potato Manure-_---.--..--------------- === 2-2) ‘Belfast (ee eee
5822|National 16% Plain Superphosphate----....---------.------------ Bliot i A ct gee
5781 |National xexxs Mish & Potash==-—-- === Lincoln -Center_--.
NATIONAL GUANO CO., AURORA, ILL.
5634 Sheep’s Head Pulverized Sheep Manure_-__------------------------ Portland ==
5769 Sheep’s Head Pulverized Sheep Manure--------_------------------ Poriland
NATURE’S FERTILIZER CO., BYRON, ME.
5699 Nature’s Plant Hood & Soil Rectifiers===— === ed \Ft. Fairfield___---.
NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.
5742|New Hngland: Cor ‘Phosphates 1D Yeb-q 72) pa a
5770\New Bneland Corn Phosphate 2-8-2222 -= == eee nan Dixheld=—- =.
5804|New England Corn Phosphate 2-8-2-_--__---__----2--- == WiSGasseies = ==
5696) New Bogan Gl 5-8-1 ee ee Te Tiel ee
5726 New England 5- on ie SE a ee Unity
5isliNew England! )-S- (eee ee ee eS tems Cee
SIZ TINO WRENN 21aN 4-8 -e ee ee ne ee een ea ee eee Tt eens
5668 New England 48-7.-.----------------------------------------------- | Washburn__-----—.
5Y25IINew England 4-8-7. = a a ee end Tee eens
5660|News Hin glam Ge4-S- Gasser eee! Limestone__-__-----.
5617 New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer (1919)--------.--.---- Belfast eee
5803 New England Standard Fertilizer for Grass & Grain 1-10-1------_ | Wiscasset__--------
5744|New England Superphosphate----------------.-.--...----..-------| Dexters =
5728\New England Superphosphate 3-8-4_______--___------------------ (Unity ae
5743|New, Pngland 35-102 —-_- =----------------=-------| Dextera= as enoaa
5805|New England 2-8-3 for Vegetables & Grain___--------------------| Wiscasset. een ree 4
PARMENTER & POLSEY FERTILIZER CO.,
| BOSTON, MASS.

5790 Parmenter & Polsey 5-8_------------------------------------------- \Bangor Eee ea a

|
t

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 97.

Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

ibaa

" mon)
Station number

™!

5790

(x) Co i )
S85 Ke 0 CO

Be I SSION CN CIEN
©

alicd
CPR
HO 0

7.20

As nitrate

HoH
AO

BAB

ers Ss sss Ss sss Sse
GO 00 (es)
® SSB 8

woOS
H DO

1.06

NITROGEN
Total Available
&

q ca is}

(jo) o oOo

E 3 8

g > cs iB ist a

a > qd M4 q ra

a) 5 3S is 3

mn ‘S) e) =) fe) =

< <q ey 6 By 5
0.84; 2.99) 3.33) 3.28 7.99 8.00
0.96} 3.55) 3.93) 3.29 7.05 6.00
0.44) 2.47) 2.92) 2.47 10.69 10.00
epee IBA WPA UB 00) esesceteclieeeocese
1.26] 3.84) 4.28) 4.11 8.30 8.00
136 |e Oeil 4a S| 4 tel 8.24 8.00
1.44) 3.08) 3.46) 3.29 8.22 8.00
1.00; 2.94) 3.34) 3.29 7.97 8.00
0.86) 2.66) 2.79] 2.47 3.20 8.00
0.80} 2.96} 3.46] 3.29 8.23 8.00
0.88) 2.96) 3.383] 3.29 8.08 8.00
1.70) 3.80) 4.27) 4.11 8.75 8.00
ESS (ie ee eee ieee Bae S 16.36 16.00
0.94; 2.71; 2.88) 2.47 10.47 10.00
ie Sf de oe OAS GAGS |
EN eae F788 thik DE2 Dy | eee Weve oe ee 8
0.22; 1.56) 1.68) 1.64 7.0% 8.00)
0.12} 1.68) 1.88] 1.64 8.54 8.00
0.22) 1.55) 1,73) 1.64 8.01 8.00
1.24; 3.69) 4.15) 4.10 8.50 8.00
1.02} 3.83) 4.14) 4.10 8.68 8.00
1.06} 38.69) 4.12) 4.10 8.35 8.00
1.06|/2222= 3.06] 3.28 8.56 8.00
0.76} 2.87| 3.30] 3.28 7.65 8.00
0.80! 3.00) 3.32) 3.28 8.11 8.00
0.88) 2.99) 3.385] 3.28 §.86 8.00
0.56} 3.05) 3.71) 3.28 10.87 10.00
0.10} 0.89! 0.99} 0.82 9.80 10.00
0.46; 2.44) 2.73) 2.46 8.382 8.00
0.18; 2.04) 2.34) 2.46 8.03 8.00
(0-33) es) (7) Ito 11.04 10.00
0.38; 1.51) 1.73) 1.64 8.37 8.00
1.24) 3.65) 4.00; 4.10 8.10 8.00

PHOSPHORIC ACID

Total

s

5

q

ee

= Ss

} 3

By o
9.35 9.75
7.91 6.50
11.39 11.00
9.48 9.00
9.52 9.00
9.60 9.00
9,24 9.00
9.22 9.00
9.35 9.00
9.30 9.00
9.64 9.00
17.02 17.00:
11.26 11.00
2.28 1.25
2.10 1.25
0.38 0.23
8.45 9.00
9.27 9.00
9.36 9.00
9.94 9.00
10.15 -900
9.71 9.00
9.54 9.00
9.27 9.00
10.00 9.00
10.17 9.00
12.63 11.00
10.75 11.00
9.43 9.00
8.86 9.00
13.81 11.00
9.21 9.00
9.11 9.00

85

POTASH
a)
o
8
q
mulos
2} 3
} 3
ey o
6.59| 4.00
9.22) 10.00
3.10} 3.00
aman WeeredS
6.85| 7.00
7.23) 7.00
6.31} 6.00
6.24) 6.00
4,21| 4.00
4.06) 4.00
4.07| 4.00
4.22) 4.00
3.02, 3.00
2.85} 1.50
2.58) 1.50
fi eee eae
1.97) 2.00
1.83} 2.00
2.04) 2.00
6.79, 7.00
6.48) 7.00
5.83) 7.00
3.43) 4.00
7.21| 7.00
6.79| 7.00
5.78) 6.00
1.10) 1.00
4.12) 4.00
3.97| 4.00
~~ 2.96) 3.00

86 MaIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.
Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1920.

E
Oo
2
E
A

Manufacturer, Place of Business and Brand Sample
5 taken at
=
Pe}
R
5674 Parmenter & Polsey 5-8-7__-__-- Qebss esse ee eS iHonitpn!=- == 2
5697| Parmenter’ &) Polsey::5-8f22s 222-22 aesn ate eee |Et. Fairfield_---—.

|
5695| Parmenter ’& “Polsey. 4-8-6: +2 -=-- == es ee Ft. Fairfield_____-.
5789 Parmenter & Polsey Plymouth Rock 3-8-4.---..--.--------------- Drea 8 eee
5840 Parmneten) & Polsey, 33-1022 22-2 s- =e e ee ee So. Brewer_-------
5839| Parmenter. & ‘Polsey; 2-10: 2-2 ee EE EEE So. Brewer-_-_------
PORTLAND RENDERING CO., PORTLAND,
MAINE.

5706| Portland Organic: Pertilizer, 4-8-4-= ==) ee Poattland 22-2 2s
5705|Portland Organie Fertilizer 4-8-6--------_-_-..---_------=__-----__| Portland see ===. 2
577 Lortiand: Organic) Mertilizer 4-8-6222 ee eee iDantorphme = 2-8
5681(Portland Organic) Mertilizer) 3-8-4- == 2-2 ea ee Portland 2s == 22 2
5680;/Portland Organic: Wertilizer 3-8-22-- -2-- 2.22 ee |Portland____--_--__
5778| Portland Organic Kertilizer’3-32- = eee iDanioniy= =o —
5704| Portland Organic Fertilizer 33-10=--_---- = eee Portland

SAGADAHOC FERTILIZER CO., BOWDOIN-

HAM, ME. -

5813\Dirigo Mertilizer== === == ee ee ee ‘/Bowdoinham---_---.
5846|Muriate) Of :eotash= = ee Gardiner___--------.
5754| Nitrate Of S008 2-2. 22 estan ee NAT LTO eee eee oe
5812|Sapadahoe: 5-8-7) Melb Zeta se ee eee Lewiston____-___- 3
5842|Sagadahoe 5-8-7) Hercilizer ss = - eae ee eee jars ies
5763\Sagadahoe! 4-8-4 Mertilizer= === ae ee ee Pittshields=s2-—--5--
5161\Sapadahoe! 4-8-6 Merbilizeri=22- ao. aoa eo se eee eee Pittseld*=2— 25
5762\Sagadahoe 3-10-3) Fertilizer === eee Pittsfield___.__.__---
5764\Sazadahoe,2-10-2) Mertilizers.---—- aoa eee Pittshela= sso

VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CO.,

NEW YORK CITY.

5736\V. ©. Champion Brand. ----- --=-222-2-2 222 28 eee Van Buren-_-------
5i6/\V._C- Double Owl Brand AUgUstans =
5844 V.
5768 V.
5845 V.

WHITMAN & PRATT RENDERING CO.,

BOSTON, MASS.

5837)/Whitman & Pratt’s 4-8-4 Brand --__--__-_--____--=-2- "se Springvale___-__---
SSO Whitman Wer ath Ss) 110s ee ee ee ee Berwitk=-- =)
5819) Whitman & natt?s! 3-8-32 ee ee IBerwik-:== =" 328s
SSIS Whitman) co eemgabl 823-10 == —- aa ae a eee Berwick222°..=2> 3

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 97. 87

Analysis of Fertihzer Samples, 1920.

NITROGEN PHOSPHORIC ACID | PoTasH
| | Total Available | Total
| Ss | | |
cia | | so a]
| = Sia 3 S S 3
| St ; | | = £ 2
= Sh l| |- @ uo) Ko} ics) a co)
2 Sees: a q 8 =| = | g al q a
= 6 =) 3 5 3 = 3 5 3
mn | Mm o [e} 2) ° =) [e} =) e} =
Peet at sla 1S FH S os Ce NS yal

6.79 0.74) 1.88) 3.54] 3.95) 4.10 8.20 8.00! 9.65) 9.00} 7.25! 7.00
7.46 0.92 1.16) 3.75) 4.18) 4.10 8.51 8.00 10.05) 9.00 6.54 7.00

8.05, 0.84, 1.04| 3.19] 3.45] 3.28] 817/ 8.00/ 9.63) 9.00 6.03, 6.00

|
5789} 6.21 0.26) 1.04, 2.62, 2.88) 2.46] 7.98 eal 9.09| i
5840/ 7.79, 0.62, 0.72) 2.35, 252] 2.87| 888] 10.00] ee 100 | Sones | mans

5839 6.36)-----_ 0.69) 1.30) 1.48) 1.64 9.70 10.00 11.55

Z a | Station number

5706 5.64, 0.62) 1.02) 3.18) 3.°7/ 3.28 9.57 8.00; 11.66 9.00 4.43 4.00

66/ 3.28| 9.26} 8.001 11.47. 9.00
'52| 3.98; 878] 8.00 12.17; 9.00

G

5 6

63] 2.46} 8.59, 8.00 9.81| 9.00 3.98 4.00
2
2

| 2.36] 2.58 2.46; 855| 8.00/ 9.97, 9.00| 2.11) 2.00
5778| 6.55| 0.68, 0.94) 255| 279| 2.46, 856) 8.00 10.18, 9.00/ 217| 2.00
| |
B704| . 6.71| 0.44) 1.02| 2.82| 3.25] 2.87 10.91| 10.00] 13.75 | 11.00|-----|_}-..
| eee
ie eesti] Preah
5813] 16.77| 0.54, 0.40/ 0.94 1.17/ 1.00] 7.81; 6.00). «9.19, 8.00, 1.26 1.00
BAG ease 6c uel oie eal iaceere [neers | eombecns| ante andy. co ct eS ake Sa | 58.56 50.0¢
5754, 0.40| 14.92|____-- 14tG3|(1ato2| = TROY eee ses foe eel |S xan rea Net
5812] 8.13 0.56) 0.92|--_-_- 3.90/ 4.12{ 9.81 8.00/_-10.90/ «9.00 6.47 7.00
5842| 7.64 1.56, 1.10/ 3.961 416 412| 668/ 8.00| 881, 9.00 7.61| 7.00
| | |
5763] 11.77| 1.34| 1.06/ 3.27/ 3.781 3.29| 9.10| 800 9.86 9.00 4.51| 4.0C
B761| 1012| 2.02) 0.44| 3.45] 3.64 329| 842| 8.00, 9.48 9.00, 6.78 6.00
| | | | |
5762| 13.48 1.16 0.54) 2.47| 2.73] 9.47, 10.09] 10.00, 11.07, 11.00 3.20 3.00
5764 15.85, 1.24) 0.14/ 1.99] 215] 1.65| 10.34/ 10.00 10.95 11.00 2.71 2.00
5736, . 8.60) 0.18 1.14 2.73] 3.36 3.39| 854’ 8.00 9.72 9.00 3.74 4.00
5767, 9.33, 0.34, 1.50) 3.27| 3.64| 330 867, 8.00 9.60 9.00 5.29 6.09
[UNE PTL. YG) ee eee Une | ated (EE 12.92] 14.00] 18.97) 15.00)-_----|_. Nese
B768| 8.50, 0.66 0.50/ 1.68 1.83} 1.65 7.88) 800 821 9.00 3.24 3.00
5845| 9.82) 0.16 0.18 1.49, 1.71] 0.82| 802) 8.00 878 9.00 1.22 1.00
| | |
5837, 7.88, 1.40 0.36, 3.23) 3.63] 3.29) 7.70/ 8.00, 10.62 9.00, 5.21 4.00
5820 6.45| 0.08) 0.10 0.75| 0.96| 0.82| 10.03) 10.00/ 12.90/ 11.00___________.
5819} 9.08) 0.90 0.26 2.20] 278| 246) 8.23 8.00| 11.24 9.00 270 3.00
5818] 7.95; 0.36) 0.20| 214] 2.62; 2.46| 0.61) 10.00) 13.34) 11.00______|_____

88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Salamis 1920.

Table Showing the Results of Examination of Samples of Lime
and Limestone Collected by the Inspectors in 1919-20.

ak
£3 Name of Maker Brand Calcium Oxide
3 4g Per Cent
= }
nA
| Found j; Claimed
5835 Dominion Lime Company-_-----_ Pulverized Agricultural Lime 53.84 52.08
5709 Rockland & Rockport Lime
Company 233 eee eat (ROR mandates seein 61.62 | 60.06
5661 eee & McDougal Lime Com-|
ee ae ee !Agricultural Lime_______---__- 38.18 39.28
5811 United. States Gypsum Com- (|Ben Franklin Agricultural
pan | Gypsum (Land Plaster)-_-- 23.94 19.08

BorRAX IN FERTILIZERS.

The large amount of loss due to borax carried in fertilizers
in 1919 led to investigations by the Station. Preliminary results
have been published in Bulletin 288. And the results of a rather
extensive greenhouse investigation undertaken in cooperation
with the seven Stations in the Northeastern group of States ts
practically ready for publication.

Early in 1920 the Commissioner of Agriculture prepared
cards that were sent to all on the Department and Station mail-
ing lists urging that in view of the borax trouble of the preced-
ing year, farmers send samples to the Station for prompt exam-
ination for borax.

All the samples sent by correspondents and the official sam-
ples were tested for borax. In most cases they carried no ap-
preciable amount of borax and in no instance was the amount
large enough to have, in the light of the experiments above re-
ferred to, toxic effect. While growers should continue to send
‘samples to the Station in accordance with the suggestion of the
Commissioner of Agriculture, there is little likelihood that any
commercial fertilizer will again be offered with appreciable
amount of borax.

November, 1920

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE.
CHAS. D. WOODS, Director

ANALYSTS.

James M. Bartlett Elmer R. Tobey
Roydon L. Hammond C. Harry White

Official Jnspections

98

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, 1920

Cas. D. Woops.

The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the
law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds in Maine. It is the
duty of the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion to make analyses of the samples collected by the Commis-
sioner, and to publish the results of the analyses together with
the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained.
and such additional information as may seem advisable.

Norte. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be
addressed to the Bureau of Inspections, Department of Agriculture,
Augusta, Maine.

90 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, 1920

Tue Law REGULATING THE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS

The first law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds was
enacted by the Legislature of 1897. This has been revised by
the Legislature of 1905, 1911 and 1919. The following are the
sections of the greatest importance to the dealer and the user
of seeds. The most important changes made by the Legisla-
ture of 1919 is the declaration of noxious seeds and the vitali-
ty or germination guaranty required under section 3. As pro-
vided for under the inspection law, the Commissioner of Agri-
culture has proclaimed a list of seeds that will for the present
be considered as noxious. This list is given on pages 93 and 94

Section 2. The term “agricultural seed” as used in this chapter
shall be held to include the seeds of alfalfa, barley, Canadian blue grass,
Kentucky blue grass, ‘brome grass, buckwheat, alsike clover, crimson
clover, red clover, medium clover, white clover, field corn, Kaffir corn,
meadow fescue flax, Hungarian, millet, oats, orchard grass, rape, redtop,
rye, sorghum, timothy and wheat.

Section 3. Every lot or package of agricultural seed which is sold,
distributed, transported, offered or exposed for sale, distribution or trans-
portation for seed, in the state by any dealer in seed shall have affixed
in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a plainly written or printed
statement clearly and truly giving the name thereof and its minimum per-
centage of purity and freedom from foreign matter, together with the
name and approximate amount of each kind of noxious weed seed con-
‘tained therein, and also a guarantee of the germinating power of the
seed and the date of the test for germination.

Section 12. For the purpose of this chapter an article shall be deemed
to be adulterated:

In case of agricultural seed:

First. If its purity falls below its accompanying guaranty.

Second. If it contains the seed of any poisonous plant, or any kind
or amount of weed seed other than the kinds or amounts represented in
the statement required by section three of this chapter.

Third. If it, upon test of germination made within six months of
the date of test in statement under the provisions of section three herein
above, does not show the same germinating power given in said state-
ment prescribed by the provisions of said section three. Provided said seed
has been constantly kept under conditions not injurious to its germina-

ting qualities, and that a margin of tolerance of five per cent shall be
allowed.

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 98.

List of Noxious Weed Seeds Arranged Alphabetically by
Common Names.

Ball Mustard (Neslia paniculata)

Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)

Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)

Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)

Blue Bur or Stickseed (Lappula echinta)
Blueweed (Echium vulgare)

Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Charlock (Brassica arvensis)

Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Clover Dodder (Cuscuta species)

Clustered Dock (Rumex conglomeratus)
Common Darnel (Lolium temulentum)

Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Common (Annual) Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago)

Cow-herb (Saponaria vaccaria) ~

Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron ramosus)

Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Field Penny Cress (Thlaspi arvense)

Field (Perrenial) Sow Thistle (Sonchus arvensis)
False Flax (Camelina sativa)

Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)

Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)

Hare’s-Ear Mustard (Conringia orientalis)
King devil weed (Hieracium pratense)
Night-flowering Catchfly (Silene noctiflora)
Orange hawk weed (Hieracium aurantiacum)
Ox-eye Daisy (Crysanthemum leucanthemum)
Perennial Ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya)
Ribgrass (Plantago lanceolata)

Rutabaga (Brassica campestris) :
Small-seeded False Flax (Camelina microcarpa)
Spiny-leaved or Prickly Sow Thistle (Sonchus asper)
Sweet scabious (Erigeron annuus)

Tumble Mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum)
White Champion (Lychnis alba)

Wild Carrot (Daucus carota)

Wild Oats (Avena fatua)

Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)

Yellow Dock (Rumex crispus)

91

92 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

List of Noxious Weed Seeds Arranged Alphabetically by Sci-
entific Names. (Grays Manual. 17th Edition, 1908).

Agrostemma githago. Corn Cockle.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Common Ragweed.
Ambrosia psilostachya. Perennial Ragweed.
Ambrosia trifida. Great. Ragweed.

Avena fatua. Wild Oats.

Brassica arvensis. Charlock.

Brassica campestris. Rutabaga.

Brassica juncea. Indian Mustard.

Brassica nigra. Black Mustard.

Camelina microcarpa. Small-seeded False Flax.
Camelina sativa. False Flax.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. Ox-eye Daisy.
Cichorium intybus. Chicory.

Cirsium arvense. Canada Thistle.

Conringia orientalis. Hare’s-Ear Mustard.
Convolvulus arvensis. Field Bindweed.

Cuscuta species. Clover Dodder.

Daucus carota. Wild Carrot.

Echium vulgare. . Blueweed.

Erigeron annuus. Sweet scabious.

Erigeron ramosus. Daisy Fleabane.

Hieracium aurantiacum. Orange hawk weed.
Hieracium pratense. King devil weed.

Lappula echinta. Blue Bur or Stickseed.
Lychnis alba. White champion.

Lolium temulentum. Common Darnel.

Neslia paniculata. Ball Mustard.

Plantago lanceolata. Ribgrass.

Raphanus raphanistrum. Wild Radish.

Rumex conglomeratus. Clustered Dock.
Rumex crispus. Yellow dock.

Rumex obtusifolius. Bitter Dock.

Saponaria vaccaria. Cow-herb.

Silene Latifolia. Bladder Champion.

Silene notciflora. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Sisymbrium altissimum. Tumble Mustard.
Sonchus asper. Spiny-leaved or Prickly Sow Thistle.
Sonchus arvensis. Field (Perennial) Sow Thistle.
Sonchus oleraceus. Common (Annual) Sow Thistle.
Thlaspi arvense. Field Penny Cress.

OFFIcIAL INSPECTIONS 98. 93
EXPLANATION OF [ABLES

The tables giving the analyses of the samples collected by
the Commissioner of Agriculture during the year 1920 together
with the so-called official samples sent in by dealers are given in
the tables which follow. The seeds are arranged alphabetically
by their common name, the samples are arranged alphabetically
by the name of the town in which the sample was drawn. Each
sample is reported on two pages.

The table at the left gives the Station number of the sam-
ple, the name of the town where the sample was taken, the name
of the dealer from whom the sample was drawn and, when
known, the source from which the dealer purchased.

The table on the right hand pages gives the Station number
of the sample and the detailed guarantees and analyses. By
means of the Station numbers the two tables are readily com-
pared. On the right hand page the second column gives the guar-
anty of purity and the next column gives the percentage of
purity as found by examination in the laboratory. The three
following columns gives the impurities telling how much of
them are inert matter, such as dirt, hulls, etc., how much are
harmless seeds as clover and desirable grasses and how much of
the impurities are undesirable weed seeds.

The first column under noxious seeds shows whether or not
noxious seeds were declared. The next column shows whether
noxious seeds were found and if so their common name and
approximate number per pound. The law relative to the pres-
ence of noxious seeds is new and was not very generally fol-
lowed by dealers.

The three last columns on the right hand page have to do
with the viability of the seed. The first column under germina-
tion gives the guaranty as fixed by the dealer. The second col-
umn gives the results of the analysis for germination.

The last column gives what is called the actual value. The
figures in this column were obtained by multiplying the purity
as found by the germination as found. Of course this product
is not strictly accurate for the purity is found by weight and
the germination by count. But it gives an approximate idea as
to what part of the seed as purchased can be hoped to produce
actual plants of the desired kind.

94 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTIon. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

Station number.

ALFALFA.
9350 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert. Dickinson, Chicago, I].---_----_---------
9294 Van Buren. H. A. Gagnon. Stanford Seed Co., Inc., Binghamton, N. Y._-----
ALSIKE CLOVER.
9078|Ashland.. H.. Bi Bartlett: (& Cove so S5

9231 Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, Il].____-_--------------
9233 Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, IIl.--------------------
9324 Bangor. Bangor Farmers’ Union. H. W. Doughton, Inc., Phil. N. Y., Syracuse

9340 Bangor. C. M. Conant Co. F. H. Brastow & Son, South Brewer_-----------_

9331 Bangor. H. A. Dunning. Philadelphia Seed Co., Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.__------
9332|'Bangor. H. A. Dunning. Wm. S. Scarlett & Co., Baltimore, Md._------------
9352\Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, [ll.__---------__----
9321 Bangor. Thompson implement &> Seed). CoS
9248 Bath. Bath Grain Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.------------
9402 Belfast. Belfast Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Son, Ligonier, Ind._----- =
9400|Belfast.. A. A. Howes & Co. Thos. W. Emerson Co., Boston, Mass._---------
9145 Biddeford. Biddeford Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.

3
9261 Bridgewater. Fred W. Snow. John Watson Co., Houlton, Maine_-------------

9263 Bridgewater. A. M. Stackpole. John Watson Co., Houlton, Maine__-_--__-_---
9254 Brunswick. Brunswick Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.

9342'Bucksport. R. C. Marks. R. B. Dunning Co., Bangor, -Maine__-.___-_-._-_-_--
9149 Calais. Calais Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.__------
9388 Camden. Camden Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.__--

9301 Caribou. Caribou Grange Store. Nungesser Dickinson Seed Co., N. Y._--------
9298 Caribou. James H. Glenn. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill.--_--___-__-----

9303 Caribou. Mitton, Poland & Bishop. Craver Dickinson Seed Co. Inc., Buffalo, -
New MOr ke eee 3

9268 Fort Fairfield. Ames & Hacker. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Il].----------- rs
9287 Fort Kent. Phillippe A. Roy. R. B. Dunning Co., Bangor, Maine_---_____------ %
9036)}Houlton. John Watson & (00:22) eee

9095| Houlton: John “Watson & . Co.___------- es

a

Station number.

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 98.

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

!
Purity |IMPURITIES Noxious SEEDS
eal |
| | wa | |
Salon |
OR ouie saa | "
se 24/2 | Number Found in One Pound
2 |[s|.2)/8| 3
is = ee mM iS) |
E18 |e] 2lg| 2
xy Qo | S (<3) —)
Ses | eta) e| A
|
% Jo | %o\ To | %o
| |
98:0} 99.0) 1.0)_—-_| ---_| No |None.
98.1) 99:2) 0.8}----|----| No |None.
99:2) 99.2) 0.2) 0.4/0.2 | No (Night flowering catchfly 100.
96.8) 97.5|__-_| 2.5|____.| No Night flowering catchfly 1009.
98.7) 98.7|_.-.| 1.8)_._._| Yes |Night flowering catehfiy 500.
94°5; 92.5|_.._| 7.5|____| Yes |Small false flax 1000, Night
flowering catchfly 500.
98.0| 96.2| 0.9| 2.4/0.5 | No |\Night flowering catchfly 1300,
Small Fa!se flax 600, Curled
| dock 300.
97.5) 97.1)____| 2.9|___.| No |\Night flowering ecatchfly 3500,
Curled dock 500. Y
96.6, 96.5|____| 3.5|____. Yes Night flowering catchfly 500, |
| Curled dock 500, Small false
| | flax 590:
99.2) 99.3|____| 0.7|___| No |None.
94.0! 93.8|/_-__| 6.2|-__.| No Night flowering catchfly 5000.
97.0) 96.8}_--_| 3.2|_-_-| No |Curled dock 500, Night flowering
eatchfly 500.
99.0| 97.4)____| 2.6|____| No |Night flowering catchfly 1000.
96.0 88.8 --_-/11.2|____| No Night flowering catchfly 6500, |
| Small false flax 2000, Ox-eye
daisy 10909.
98.0} 98.2)____| 1.8/____| No |Curled dock 500, Night flowering)
| ecatehfly 500. |
97.0} 97:7|-_--| 2.3|____| No |Small false flax. 1000, Night |
flowering catchfly 500.
99109 99:2) eee 10812! No! None: }
98.0, 95.9) 0.3) 2.9'0.9 | No |Curled dock 1200, Night flower-)
ing eatchfly 500. |
95.0| 95.8|_2-_| 4.2|_-._| No |Ribgrass 500. :
98.0) 98.5|__..| 1.5|____| No |Night flowering ecatchfly 500.
97.0) 97.6\____| 2.4\____; No |Night flowering catchfly 500.
00.0} 97.1)_2-) 2:9|_-__| No (|Night flowering catehfly 3500.
97.5) 97.6\____| 2.4|____. Yes |Night flowering catchfly 1000,
Small false flax 500.
90.0| 87.4) 1.7) 6.214.7 | No \Night flowering ecatchfly 13900.
Small false flax 600, Curled
dock 499. Ribgrass 300, Ox-eye
daisy 200.
96.0) . 96.2'__--| 3.8,____| No Night flowering catchfly 500,
Small false flax 500, Curled
dock 500.
96.7) 97.4\_-__| 2.6|____| No |\Night flowering catchfly 4500.
96.0, 96.2)_-__| 3.8|____.| Yes Night flowering catchfly 1500.
99.0! 98.7, 0.3) 0.5/0.5 | No |Ribgrass 300.
99.0 99.2 0.1, 0.403 No (\Night flowering catchfly 600,

Small false flax 200.

95
GERMINATION
an
| o
| 2
S 3
1 | >
ag ep | fe
S as
Sel genes
6 |e | a
|
% % | %
90.0 89.8| 88.9
92.0, 86.0) 85.3
90.0 89.3, 88.6
90.0, 78.0| 76.0
90.0 75.8) 74.8
00.0/ 84.9] 785
90.0 84.3) sla
83.0, 87.5, 84.9
|
84.0, 88.5) 85.4
90.0, 85.8) 85.2
90.0 70.5, 66.1
90.0 79.7) 77.2
97.0} 87.1| 84.8
90.0/ 79.6) 70.7
00.0| 75.7| 74.4
90.0/ 80.2) 78.4
92.0) 91.0| 90.2
00.0 89.2} 85.6
00.0| 761| 72.9
00.0/ 79.1] 77.9
00.0; 77.5; 75.6
09.0/ 83.5/ 81.0
95.0/ 82.9! 80.9
90.0 69.0, 60.3
99.0 80.2) 77.2
90.0, 82.9| 81.7
90.0/ 79.4, 76.4
90.0/ 83.2; 92.1
94.0) 89.2} 88.4

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

96 Matneé AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

Station number,

9096|Houlton. John: .Watson: -& ‘Coi-2-52 3 eee

9113|/ Houlton. ~— John: Watson: > .& (CO ee ee ea

9114)Houlton. John Watson. i <Woee a ea e
9306 Island Falls. Island Falls Grange Store. Osear Holway Co., Auburn. Me._----
916§ Lincoln. Lincoln Farmers’ Union. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill.--------

9266|Mars Hill. E. M. Smith. E. W. Conklin & Sons, Binghamton, N. Y._---------
9125 Monmouth. Highmoor. “Warm.2-i2.-2522 22-2 ee Se ee

9311 Pittsfield. Eastern Grain Co. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Me._------------- =
9273 Presque Isle. Aroostook Cooperative Store. Mitton, Poland & Bishop, Cari-
bou, Maine. 22:2. ----).2-2 5.22. Se ee ee eee

9120|Presque Isle. E:. W. BRermald=-2-= = = ee ee

9277, Presque Isle. E. W. Fernald. Craver Dickinson Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.-----

9280| Presque Isle. E. W. Fernald. H. W. Doughtman Inc., New York__-_------------

9134 Saco. Scalés Hardware Co. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine _______-_----
9408 Skowhegan. Skowhegan Farmers’ Union. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Me.-
9292,\Van Buren. H. A. Gagnon. Sanford Seed Co., Inc., Binghamton, N. Y._-------

9175 Westbrook. Westbrook Farmers’ Union. Patron’s Cooperative Corporation,
Portland,. Maine---2-.2-222-3--- = 2 a ee ee ene

9370, Wiscasset. Wiscasset Grain Co. Wm. G. Searlett & Co., Baltimore________---.

BARLEY.
9339 Bangor. C. M. Conant Co. E. W. Conklin & Son. Binghamton, N. Y._--_----
9314,Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Me.--
9405|Belfast. Hall & Wilkins. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Maine__-----_--___------

9491|Belfast. A. A. Howes & Co. Thos. W. Emerson Co.. Boston, Mass.__-_------
9210 Berwick. A. D. Turgeon. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine--__-___-----_--
9147 Biddeford. Andrews & Horrigan. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine____---

9394 Camden. J. C. Curtis Co. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine________-- ——
9270 Fort Fairfield. S. Nightingale & Son. Stanford Seed Co., Inc.. Albany, N. Y.
9215;Lewiston. E. P. Ham. Wm. G. Scarlett & Co., Baltimore, Md._-__------------

9220 Lewiston. E. P. Ham. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co.. Bufialo. ING) YES
9214 Lewiston. Frank L. Heureux. Haskell Implement Co., Lewiston, Me eee ae
9241 Norway. ©. B. Cummings & Son Co. E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton,

New) Work.) 2223.2 20 eho en eo ee

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 98. 97

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

PuRITY |IMPURITIES Noxious SEEDS GERMINATION
| |
Hi a |
2 say isl. | *.
- | 3) Gere = ? 3
5 - oa eee | Number Found in One Pound : =I
Alt 3 n | ® oO | i
see eS a lS rela ce eee
Oo} s uo) ce | Wiel sa EF phe) ra
Spee sea) 2 | 8 Bee
epee alge | 2 Seles dies
n| © is S/F | A o z
% % | %o | To | % Jo % %
| |
| { 5 |
9096 97.0} 97.2) 0.4) 1.8/0.6 | No |Night flowering catchfly 1600, | 90.0) 85.4) 83.0
| pa Small false flax 300. Curled |
| | dock 200, Canada thistle 100. | |
9113, 99.0) 98.8) 0.1, 0.90.2 | No |Night flowering catchfly 400, 94.0) 93.0 91.8
Small false flax 100. | |
9114) 97.0) 96.2) 0.3) 2.6/0.9 | No |Night flowering catchfly 1400. | 90.0) 89.4) 86.0
9396) 97.5|° 97.4|.___| 2.6|____| No |Night flowering catechfly 500. 95.0} 86.4) 84.2
9168} 95.0} 95.3) 0.2) 3.3/1.2 | Yes Night flowering eatchfly 3000, 00.0! 84.4) 80.4
| Canada thistle 200.
9266] 97.6| 97.6|____| 2.4|____| No |None. 85.0; 88.5) 81.5
9125| 96.0| 96.1) 0.2) 3.3/0.4 | No \Night flowering catchfly 1500, 90.0; 88.6) 85.0
| Curled dock 100.

9311) 96.1; 96.7|/-_--| 3.3|----| No |Bitter dock 500. 90.0} 71.8) 69.4
9273) 97.0} 88.2) 1.6 6.04.2 | No |Night flowering catchfly 10500, 90.0! 68.6) 60.5
| | | Small false flax 1500, Ribgrass
| 1100, Ox-eye daisy 200, Curled

- | Nextt a dock 100.
9120} 95.0) 88.3) 2.5) 6.9.2.3 | No ‘Night flowering catchfly 7300, 92.0) 80.7) 71.3
| | | | | Small false flax 2300, Ox-eye
| daisy 500, Bladder campion
| | 400, Curled dock 200.
9277; 95.0) 92.9) 1.0) 5.1/1.0 | No |Night flowering catchfly 1800, 91.0) 68.2) 61.4
| j | | Small false flax 500, Ribgrass
| | 400, Canada thistle 100.
9280) 92.5} 87.2) 1.0] 9.4/2.4 | Yes Night flowering catchfly 9500, 87.0} 78.8) 68.7
| | Small false flax 300, Canada
thistle 100, Ribgrass 100, Curled|
| | dock 100.
9134) 95.0| 95.5) 0.3) 3.30.9 | No |Night flowering catchfly 2800. | 90.0) 82.4) 78.7
9408| 95.0) 96.0____| 4.0|____| Yes Night flowering catchfly 3500. | 90.0) 88.6) 985.0
9292 96.0/ 96.6)----| 3.4_-_-| No |Night flowering catchfly 5000, 90.0} 82.2) 79.4
| | | | Curled dock 500. |
9175| 00.0, 94.8)--__| 5.2|__--|. No |Small false flax 500, Clover dod-| 90.0) 986.2) 81.7
| heal as aa | der 500, Night flowering catch-
| Feeds let | fly 2000.
9370) 95.5) 95.7,_--| 4.3)___| No |Night flowering catchfly 4000. - 75.0| 85.0} 81.3
|
|
9339| 98.0) 98.2] 0.5| 1.2|__-_|,No |None. | 95.0} 96.5) 94.8
9314) 96.0) 96.6) 0.1) 3.2/____| No |None. | 94.0} 94.0) 90.8
9405, 98.5) 98.0 0.8| 1.00.04 No |None. | 95.0, 92.5 90.6
| | | |
9401)" 98:0) 991) (0:4)_--_|—2_— No |None. | 00.0} 97.0) 96.2
9210} 97.0} 97.6) 0.5) 1.8\|-__-' No |None. | 95.0} 98.0) 95.6
9147) 99:0} 97.0) 0.7] 2.:1)----| No |None. | 90.0) 98.5) 95.5
| |
9394; 98.0) 95.9! 1:0) 3.00.02 No |None. | 90.0} 91.5] 87.7
) 9970} 00.0} 96.7) 0.7) 2.5/0.04; No |None. | 98.0} 92.5) 89.4
| 9215| 97.9} 98.7| 0.7| 0.5\----| No |None. 80.0| 98.5) 92.8
} | | | |
9220) 98.0} 96.0| 0.4! 2.8)-___ No (None. | 90.0} 100.0} 96.6
9214) 98.6) 95.7) 0.9) 3.2|-___-| No |Mustard 30. | 96.0} 91.0} 87.1
r 9241) 97.38) 96.6) 0.8) 2.5|----| No |None. | 95.0) 96.5) 93.2

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

98 MaINnE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

Station number.

9138/Saco. Saco ‘Grain & Milling Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co.. Buffalo, N. Y.__
9416\Skowhegan. E. L. & A. Gerald. Gerrish & Smith, Waterville, Maine____-____
9383|Warren. A. & P. D. Starrett. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Auburn____--__

BUCKWHEAT (India Wheat).

9388|Bangor: /C) Mi. (Conanty CO: eases ee ee a ere ae oe ees
9365! Bangor: ORs Bl Dinning Gen Coy a Ne race ea Rae
9322|Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. George E. Hanson, Bradford
Center: .-Maine: 222 s.555 Se hs) ee ee ee ee oe

BUCKWHEAT (Japanese)
9253|Brunswick. J. B. Ham Co. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Me.____--____-___-___
9417;\Skowhegan. E. L. & A. Gerald. Osear-Holway Co., Auburn, Maine______----~-

BUCKWHEAT (Silver Hull)
9366|Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ml._-_---_------

CORN
angor Farmers’ Union. Everett Peacock Co., Chicago, Il].---------
- Mac Conant) (Com ssa hey Lek a Maer
_ M. Conant Co. Everett B. Clark Seed Co., "Milford, Conne=——

9328; Bangor.
9336) Bangor.
9337) Bangor.

B
Cc
Cc
9358|Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. W. H. Morehouse & Co., Toledo, Ohio___--_--
9359|Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. W. H. Morehouse & Co., Toledo, Onion see 5
9360/Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. W. H. Morehouse & Co., Toledo, Ohio_-_----_
9361/Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. W. H. Morehouse & Co., Toledo, Ohio_-----~-
9312\Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. S. D. Woodruff & Sons. New York
9313\Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed ©o., But-

| falo, Ni. Vie 205 2s - eo ee ee ee ee

9316)Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Me._-
O745\iBathy JBathenGrain OO. soe ae eee ee re Sah ge g i es
9207|Berwick. J. A. Tibbetts. Jos. Breck & Son, 52 N. Market sts “Boston “Mass.

9208|Berwick. J. A. Tibbetts. Jos. Breck & Son, 52 No. Market St.. Boston, Mass.
9142|Biddeford. J. Bean & Son. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine______---____
9252|Brunswick. Tondieau Bros. Edmund Lebel, Portland Road, Brunswick, Me._-

9392|Camden. J. ©. Curtis Co. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine_-_____-____--
9225|Lewiston. J. B. Ham Co. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Maine___-__-----.-------
9410|Madison. E. L. Hight. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Maine_-_-----_____--------

9411|Madison. E. L. Hight. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Maine____-_----.-----------
9265|Mars Hill. E. M. Smith. Jerome B. Rice Seed Co., Cambridge, N. Y.----------
9237 Norway. Norway Farmers’ Union. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

9380\Rockland. Main Seed & Horticulture Co. D. M. Ferry & ©o., Detroit. Mich.--
9186,Sanford. O. W. Brown & Son. E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton, N. Y._---
9211\So. Berwick. R. B. Rideout. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine____-_-_--_-

9180 Springvale. L. §. Bradford. E. W. Conklin .& Sons, Binghamton, N. Y._-----
9382/Waldoboro. J. T. Gay. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.------------
9374 Wiscasset. Wiscasset Grain Co. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston, Me.

“9138

Station number.

9416)

9383

9338)
9365

9322
|
|

9253
9417
|

9366)

9328
9336)
9337

9358)
9359
9360

|

9361
9312
9313)

9316
9245
9207

9208,
9142|
9252

9392
9225
9410)

9411
9265
9237

9380)
9186
9211
9180;

9382
9374,

OrriciAL INSpPEcTIoNS 98.

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

PuRITY /|IMPURITIES

Harmless Seeds.
Weed Seeds.

Guaranty.

ES Inert Matter.

x
a
ae
x

98:0) 99.4) 0.4)----|----|

90.0 100.0}
99.0; 100.0

SLO) TOTO) ee Re

99.0 100.0 ea eoree a

Oh) (Ode eS ES EN
99:0) 100.0/---|2-2_|_---

(S10) | TOOT) ae

O80) e100! 0) 2eee Se Esse)

Gish} = WOO 0) Ss Ee eee

Sipe C 0:0, mens eames ane
Glluat oo) Sees |e ie
1} Tayo) SE ae

oos°o Nejioyly
SSH HS

5 $3838

oOO oka)
2 SHS 2S

No}

Declared?

|None.
|None.
None.

|None
|None.

None.

None.
None.
None.
|

|None.

None.
|None.
|

|None.
None.
|None.
|

None.
None.
jNone.

|None.
None.
|None.

None.
|None.
|None.

‘None.
|None.
|None.

|None.
|None.
\None.

|

|None.
|None.
|None.

Noxrtous SEEDS

| Number Found in One Pound

Charlock 20, Ox-eye daisy 20.

Ragweed 510.

|Ragweed 10.

99
GERMINATION
hes
2
= s
& >
a 3 =
ape (une (anes
5 ic) .)
6 | mw | <
Tore Toa Yo
90.0} 100.0) 97.0
90.0} 99.0} 95.8
00.0; 97.0) 93.4
95.0) 81.0! 80.2
98.0; 90.0) 87.7
00.0) 58.5) 58.0
90.0) 97.0) 96.8
88.5] 93.0) 90.9
87.0} 41.0) 40.7
99.0) 98.0) 98.0
90.0} 90.0) 90.0
90.0) 90.0) 90.0
95.0, 96.0; 96.0
91.0) 94.0) 94.0
93.0} 93.5; 93.5
83.0} 85.0) 85.0
85.0} 87.0) 87.0
90.0} 99.5) 99.5.
92.0} 91.0) 91.0
83.0] 70.0] 70.0
85.0) 90.5) 90.5
80.0) 86.5) 86.5
90.0) 81.0) 80.3
00.0) 96.5) 96.5
85.0) 88.5) 88.5
97.0) 98.5) 98.5
97.0) 94.5) 94.5
92.0) 86.5) 86.5
00.0; 96.5) 96.5
90.0) 85.0! 85.0
00.0} 82.5) 82.5
87.0) 93.5) 93.5
90.0} 90.0} 90.0
87.0] 96.0} 96.0
90.0| 70.5) 69.4
86.0} 89.5) 89.5

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

100

Station number.

9353
9351

9234
9327
9333

9315
9247
9404

9398
9209
9152

9195
9202
9217

9227|
9412)
9235)

9185
9177

9334
9396
9150

9389
9393)
9196)

9198)
9224
9222)

9169
9148)
9378

9139
9183,

9119)
9242)

Maine AGRICULTURAL. EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

Descriptwe List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

; CRESTED DOG’S TAIL.
Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Nungesser Dickinson. Co., New York

: ENGLISH RYE GRASS.
Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Nungesser Dickinson Co., N. Y.----------------

HUNGARIAN.
Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. Illinois Seed Co., Chicago, Ill._-__________-_---___
Bangor. Bangor Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind
Bangor. H. A. Dunning. Wm. G. Scarlett, Baltimore, Md

Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Bufialo
Bath. Bath Grain Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.-------------
Belfast. Belfast Farmers’ Union. R. B. Dunning Co., Bangor, Maine____------
Belfast. A. A. Howes & Co. Thos. W. Emerson Co., Boston, Mass._------_--
Berwick. A. D. Turgeon. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine__--___---------
Calais. Calais Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Son, Ligonier, Ind._-_-------

Kennebunk. George EH. Cousens. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine_-------
Kennebunk: * George WW.) duarrabeen &) OOM ies same eae eae ee ee ee ey
Lewiston. Napoleon Beuregard. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston___-

Lewiston. J. B. Ham Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.--------
Madison. E. L. Hight. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.------------
Norway Lake. Norway Lake Supply Co. Illinois Seed Co., Chicago, Ill.____--

Sanford. O. W. Brown & Son. E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton, N. Y._---
Springvale. W. H. Sherburne. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine____------

JAPANESE MILLET.
Bangor. H. A. Dunning. C. M. Conant Co., Bangor, Maine_____-___-----------
Belfast. A. A. Howes & Co. Thomas W. Emerson Co., Boston, Mass.__------
Calais. Calais Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.__------

Camden. Camden Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.___-
Camden. J. ©. Curtis Co. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine___-_____--____
Kennebunk. George E. Cousens. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine___-_-__-

Lewiston. Haskell Implement & Seed Co. E. W.-:Conklin & Son Ine., Bing-
Ham tone Ne | oes ee ea ee

Lincoln. Lineoln Farmers’ Union. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill.-_------
Portland. Allen, Sterling & Lothrop. E. W. Conklin, Binghamton, N. Y.-----
Rockland. L. N. Littlehale Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. ¥.----

Saco. Saco Grain & Milling Co. Nungesser Dickinson Seed Co., New York----
Sanford. O. W. Brown & Son. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine-----_--_-

OFFicIAL INSPECTIONS 98. 101

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Purity | OfLPURITIES) Noxious SEEDS GERMINATION
|
: vid
= n «
2 ae 5
Shp ee son anita | Number Found in One Pound : 4
[=| mb cs n r<B) oO : inal
Re S| 2 o mo | ~ >
q q : See Re o qa 2 i
£ SS & 2 || 3 Lo} a eS | g Ss
Cds 2 ee) ees S Belpre
o
Simone | eae | a 6 | w | 4
% Jo | %o | Yo | %o| fo % %o
9353} 97.0) 97.4|_---| 2.6|----| No |Spring sow thistle 2000, Ribgrass| 91.0) 15.0) 14.6
1000.
9351| 95.0} 98.2|-_| 1.8|__--| No |None. 90.0| 77.5; 76.1
| |
|
9234) 97.9| 98.0|----| 2.0/----| No |None. | 90.0} 84.5| 82.8
9327 95.0] 98.2|_-__| 1.8|_-:-| No |None. 00.0/ 88.0! 86.4
9333/ 97:4) 98.9|._| 1.2|____| No |None. 84.5| 68.0] 67.1
9315) 97.0| 98.9|--__| 1.1|----| No |None. 85.0) 82.5) 81.5
9247| 97.0| 97.9|_-__| 2.1|__--| No -|None. | 90.0) 92.0 990.0
9404) 99.6) 99.5 eer No |None. | 95.0, 96.0) 95.5
9398) 97.0/ 97.7|_---| 2.3|----| No |None. 86.0} 75.5] 73.7
9209] 97.0] 99.0| 1.0/----|----| No |None. 90.0| 82.5) 81.6
9152| 95.0} 98.9} 1.1/----|_--| No |None. 00.0, 91.0 90.0
9195] 98.0| 983|--| 1.7|----| No |None. 82.0| 88.5) 87.0
9202/ 00.0) 99.2'---_| 0.8_---_| No |None. 00.0 11.0 10.9
9217) 99.0! 99.0|----| 1.0/----| No |Ragweed 500. 92.0) 90.5) 89.6
9227) 98.0} 98.2)____| 1.8|--=-| No |None. | 90.0 94.5 92.8
9412) 97.0} 98.3!_-__| 1.7|_---| No |None. 90.0 90.0) 88.4
9235| 98.8) 98.7/----| 1.3|----| No |None. 90.0) 87.0} 85.8
y | |
9185| 99.7] 99.6'___-| 0.4|__-_| No |None. 92.0 89.5) 89.1
9177| 98.7} 99.0)--_-| 1.0)e- No |None. 82.0, 88.5) 82.6
| | | | | |
9334) 97.2| 97.5|_---| 2.5|---_| No |None. 90.0 91.0 88.7
9396, 98.0/ 98.2 0.1__-_|1.7 | No |Ragweed 1100. 92.0 92.5, 90.8
9150| 90.5, 96.6 0.8 9.224 No |Ragweed 800. 00.0, 82.0) 79.2
9389] 00.0) 96.5----| 3.5----| No |None. 00.0| 84.5) 81.5
: 9393/ 90.0 97.8|.---| 2.2/__-_| No |None. 85.0/ 59.5 58.1
9196) 90.0), 98.8,_---| 1.2-___| No |None. | 82.0} 65.0) 64.2
| | | |
9198, 99.0| 97.4 0.1\----.2.5 | No |Ragweed 500. | 92.0} 91.0) 88.6
9224) 98.0} 99.0----| 1.0|_---; No |None. 80.0 82.5 81.6
= 9222) 97-2) 97.7)__--| 2.3|----) Yes |Ragweed 1000. 80.0 82.5) 80.6
| We eel trie |
9169| 97.0| 99.0|----| 1.0\----| Yes None. 75.0, 61.0) 60.3
9148| 97.5) 98.4 --_ 1.6----. No |Ragweed 500. 75.0, 56.5, 55.6
9378| 97.0 99.0 --__| 1.0|----| No |None. 85.0| 84.5} 83.6
9139) 82.0) 99.4 0.3_-_'0.3 | No |Ragweed 400. 90.2} 91.0) 90.4
9183| 97.0, 98.4 ----| 1.6|___| Yes |None. 75.0, 80.0) 78.7
9419| 00.0) 98.6----| 1.4\----| No |None. 0.00, 92.5 91.2
9242, 94.0 981 0.4 0.11.4 | No Ragweed 300. 86.0, 54.0, 52.9
| | |

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

——

eS ne ee ee ee ee ee ee a a ee a ey a
ry =

102 MaINneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

Station number.

MAMMOTH CLOVER.
9347|Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, Wl.
9095} Houlton: John. Watson €o:-.2:.-2--.-- 2 ea

9108| Houlton: John ‘Watson. C0.-22=-=2255-3 = ee eee =
OATS... -

9356, Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Ralph Copeland, Orono, Maine ________-_--____

925)| Bath. Bath Grain Co. Paris Flouring Co., Portland, Maine ee oe eee ee

9406 Belfast. Hall & Wilkins. William Donahue Co., Boston, Mass.___-./-—~ re ae

9141 Biddeford. J. Bean & Son. Kendall & Whitney, Port!and, Maine_-______-_--_
9395,'Camden. J. ©. Curtis Co. Kendall & W hitney, Portiands Maine] ees
939); Cainden. H. H. Stover ’o(, eEme Ia Ti e

9281 Fort Kent. Fred Micheaud. E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton, N. Y¥.__------
9197, Kennebunk. G. W. Larrabee & Co. Josgph Breek & Suns. Koston Mass.----
218 Lewiston. Napoleon Beaurregard. Haskell Seed & Implement Co., Lewiston, Me.

9413 Madison. H. cid "Hight. Merrill & Mayo - Co., W raterus: Maine: 228i eae ee
93uy Pittsfield. Eastern Grain Co. Casco Grain Go. aa

9369 Portland. Patron’s Cooperative Corporation. Iinois Seed Co.__________-_--_- ;
9275 Presuue Isle. Aroostook Cooperative Store. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Me.__
9376 Rockiand. G. H. Hart. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Mame__-___-—-==— =

9184|Sanford. O. W. Brown & Son. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine_---_----_
9l7y Springvale. L. S. Bradford. Joseph Breck & Sons, Bostén) Mass]

ORCHARD GRASS.
364/Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Nungesser Dickinson Co., New York _______-_--
931s, Bangor. Thompson liunplement & Seed Co. William F. Chick, Bangor_—-_-____

RAPE.
9251 Bath. Pine Tree State Seed Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. ¥.---
9146) Biddeford. Andrews & Horrigan. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine_—___--
9191 Kennebunk. George E. Cousens. Kendali & Whitney, Portiand, Mame.

9188\Sanford. S. J. Nowell. Joseph Breck & Son, Boston, Mass.-_-__--___---------
9409 Skowhegan. Skowhegan Farmers’ Union. T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va.

RED CLOVER. ;
9079) Ashland: EH... B: Bartlett; & (Co.2-=-._- +235
923U' Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, Ill.________-—--_-_-___-
9232 Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, Tl._-______----------__-

9330 Bangor. Herbert A. Dunning. tie eee Seed Co. Ine., ae Pave

9346 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, TD Se ee es
9349 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicaco, i
9320 Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo
9246 Bath. Bath Grain Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.--------------
9403 Belfast. Belfast Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, jbils eee ee

Se aaa

Station number.

9347
9098,
9108)

9356
9250

9406

9141
9395
9390

9281
9197
9218)

9216,
~ 9413,
9309,

9369
9275,
9376)

9184
9179

9364
9318

9251
9146
919)

9188
9409

9079
9230
9232
9339
9346
9246

9320
9246)

9403

BD
ee
3
3s EI
S 5
5 5
o =)
% | %

i

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 98.

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

PURITY

99.0| 98.8
00.0 98.8
00.0) 97.5
99.0) 96.1
99.0) 95.9
00.0| 98.9
97.4) 97.5
99.0| 99.2
98.0) 99.0
97.0) 97.5)
99.6 96.9)
00.0) 94.0
99.7| 99.7
00.0) 98.4
96.3) 97.9)
98.7) 99.3)
90.0) 97.9
75.0) $2.6
$3.0, $2.8)
98.0 99.6
98.0| 99.7
99.0) 99.8)
98.0| 99.8]
90.0) 99.9)
99.1) 99.2)
98.5| 98.7}
98.5) 99.0]
99.2) 99.4)
99.4| 99.4]
23:0). 98.0,
|

98.0) 98.1)
98.0} 98.0
| |

so2

ow Bint

IMPURITIES

Inert Matter.

x

ooo

Hs
Dim io

alee ie
INE

Fo.

Harmless Seeds.

Weed Seeds.

a
a

Declared?

| No
|

Black mustard 130, Curled dock

-/None,

Noxious SEEDS

Number Found in One Pound

Bitter dock 200.
Curled dock 100.
None,

None.

20.
Mustard 10.

|Ball mustard 10.
Ball mustard 10.
/Curled dock 50, Mustard 10.

None,
‘None.
|None. |

|None.
|Mustard 10. ;

None.

|Mustard 10.

‘|None.

None.

/None.
Bitter dock 2000.

None.
|N one.
|None. ;

|None.
Night flowering catchfly 50.

|None. |

Night flowering catchfly 100.
Curled dock 500. Wild carrot 500.)
Ribgrass 500, Wild carrot 500.

None.
|None.
Ribgrass 4500.

|Ribgrass 2000.
|Ribgrass 1500, chicory 500, wild
earrot 500.
|Ribgrass 2500, wild carrot 1000. |

103
GERMINATION
Lass
Oo
=
= sj
bol —
Bode |e
) S S
o a <q
% | % | %

00.0} 97.0) 94.6
99.0} 95.0) 92.1
0} 92.0) 86.5

90.0) 95.5) 95.1
00.0/: 93.5) 93.2
80.0| 88.5] 83.3
00.0| 85.0) 84.8
80.0| 79.5} 79.4
92.0) 92.0 91.
92.5] 92.0) 99.8
80.0) 80.5} 79.7
86.0] 92.8) 92.9
93.0 92.3) 91.7
85.0} 84.5) 79.4
90.0 92:0) 90.2
90.0, 93.9} 92.0

88.3} 86.7

93.0

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

Station number,

9399| Belfast. A. A. Howes & Co. Thos. W. Emerson Co., Boston, Mass.___________
9255 Brunswick. Brunswick Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.
9344 Bucksport. R. C. Marks. R. B. Dunning & C.o, Bangor, Maine

9151,Calais. Calais Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Son, Ligonier, Ind

9387,\Camden. Camden Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.____
9299'Caribou. Caribou Grange Store. Nungesser Dickinson Seed Co., New York____

9297|Caribou. James H. Glenn. Albert Dickinson, Chieago, Tl.____-_____________

9304,Caribou. Mitton, Poland & Bishop. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, Ill.___--_______
9302,|Caribou. W. C. Spaulding. R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, Maine

9271\Fort Fairfield. S. Nightingale & Son. Stanford Seed Co. Inc., Albany, N. Y.
9282;Fort Kent. Fred Michaurd. Wm. G. Searlett & Co.. Baltimore. Md._-__--_-___
9284 Fort Kent. G. H. Page. The Stanford Seed Co. Ine. Binghamton__--__--____
9286) Fort Kent. Philippe A. Roy. R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, Maine______-_____
9037) Houlton. «John (Watson: & Co. a
9097 Houlton: : John: Watson.-& Co. SS ee
9099| Houlton. Joho Watson” &) Cot Ea BUSA See Es
9112|Howton:,. John. Watson =:& "COs ne eee
9308 [sland Falls. Island Fal!s Grange Store. Oscar Holway Co.. Auburn. Me._____
9201) Kennebunk. George W. Larrabee Co. Joseph Breck & Son, Boston, Mass.___

9223|Lewiston. J. B. Ham Co. Milwaukee Seed Co., Milwaukee, Wis.___-------~---

9226\Lewiston. J. B. Ham Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.__-__---__

9267|Mars Hill. E. M. Smith. E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton, N. Y.____---_---
9127|\Monmouth. | Highmoor \-Warm! 22222 3 Se ee eee

9249| Norway. C. B. Cummings & Sons Co. Haskell Seed & Implement Co., Lewiston
9310| Pittsfield. Eastern Grain Co. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. Wie
9274, Presque Isle. Aroostook Cooperative Store. Mitton, Poland & Bishop, Caribou

9119] Presque. Isle. “E. BW. : Fernald: 12-220 =) ee
9276|Presque Isle. E. W. Fernald. Albert Dickinson, Chicago. Ml.._--__--________- —
9278, Presque Isle. E. W. Fernald. H. W. Doughten Ine. Philadelphia, N. Y., Syracuse

ee

BPR ir ee UN. Vee

OFFIciIAL INSPECTIONS 98. 105

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

——
Purity |IMPURITIES Noxtous SEEDS GERMINATION
i gi F
2 Behe 3
5 : B/ 2/28 Number Found in One Pound : 3
q Bb 3 mn o oO bb >
» s n o ro ney ;
q q : 2] ® a = mo
° 3 so) q = 3 a
= u qa » ko) 3 a q 3
Ee) 3 3 = = o = Gs =) »
S fs} iS) a Se 5 3 iS 3
| @ | Es Sh eee S| |
% % |% | % | % % % %
‘9399| 98.0). 98.2)/_--_| 1.8|_--_| No |None. 85.0) 96.5) 94.7
9255) 99.0) 99.2|----|----|---__| No |Ribgrass 1500. 00.0} 91.0) 90.2
9344) 98.0) 98.2)_--_| 1.8|_-__| No |Ribgrass 2000, chicory 500, wild 00.0} 46.3) 45.4

carrot 500.
9151} 99.0) 98.6] 0.3} 0.1/1.0 No |Ribgrass 2900, wild carrot 300, 00.0} 80.9) 79.7
chicory 100.

9387| 93.0} 98.0)----| 2.0/----| No |Ribgrass 3500, wild carrot 500. 00.0} 82.0) 80.3
9299| 00.0) 98.8/----| 1.2/____| No |None. 00.0) 82.5) 81.5
9297| 98.0) 97.7|____| 2.3|___-| No |Ribgrass 500. 85.0) 77.9) 76.1
9304; 95.1) 98.3/---_| 1.7|___-| No |Wild carrot 2500, curled dock 500.| 85.0) 90.6 989.0
9302) 97.5) 98.0/-_--_| 2.0/--__| Yes |Ribgrass 1500. 90.0) 86.8} 85.0
9154) 97.3) 97.5/---_] 2.5|_-__| No |Curled dock 500, ragweed 500, | 90.0) 86.5) 84.3
black mustard 500.
SOLS 99 5 O95 aes eee Ee No: None: 92.0} 91.6) 91.1
9271) 99.5) 99.2)____|____|__-__| No |None. 92.0} 85.1) 84.6
9282) 98.1) 98.7)__--|____|__-_| Yes |Ribgrass 1500. | 90.0) 90.8) 89.6
G28 4 AO em OE S| aaa == ONO |None. 90.0) 82.3) 80.4
9286) 97.3) 97.5) 0.7) 0.61.2 | No |Curled dock 500, ribgrass 300. | 90.0] 73.9) 72.1
9037} 99.0) 99.1] 0.3) 0.1/0.5 | No |None. | 90.0) 81.5; 80.7
9097) 99.0) 99.5} 0.2) 0.2)0.1 No |None. 92.0) 84.1) 83.7
9099; 98.5) 98.7) 0.6) 0.2/0.6 | No /Wild carrot 100, chicory 100. | 90.0) 85.0) 84:3
9112) 98.5) 98.8) 0.4] 0.7\0.1 | No |Wild carrot 100. 90.0} 90.0) 88.7
9308} 98.5) 98.6)___-|_-__|____| No |Wild carrot 2500, ribgrass 2000. 92.5} 90.0) 88.7
“9192| 98.9) 99.0|----|----|----| No |Ribgrass 1500, wild carrot 1000. 90.0) 78.5) ‘77.7
| | | |
“9201 00.0} 97.9) 0.7; 0.80.6 | No |Ribgrass 200, wild carrot 100, | 00.0| 72.6) 71.1
| | common sow thistle 100.
9223) 99.0) 84.6) 3.0) 3.88.6 | No |Ribgrass 1600, curled dock 900, | 95.0) 71.0| 60.0
| wild carrot 400, night flower-| |
ing catehfly 300, bladder cam-|
| pion 200. | |
S206 O8'0) 98 r4 eee Se | No |Wild carrot 2000, ribgrass 1500,) 90.0/ 91.8) 90.3
chicory 500. | |
*9267| 99:3) 99.5)_--_| 0.5/-2--| No |None. I 9020) ) 91-5 91.0)
9127| 99.2) 99.1] 0.1| 0.2\0.6 No |None. 94.0} 92.4) 91.6
9240) 99.0! 97.7| 0.3) 0.5/1.5 | Yes |Ribgrass 1600. | 89.0] 73.6) 71.9
9310) 98:2) 98.8/_-__] 1.2|____| No |None. ; 80.0) 85.1) 84.1
9274) 98.0 9930) eee |a=—— |____| No |Wild carrot 2500. | 92.0) 91.0) - 90.0
-9119| 97.0] 96.9] 0.3|---_|2.6 | No |None. | 91.0| 92.6) 89.7
C2EG) Gish) Giks} Sees Eee [e=2e| NO |Wild carrot 3500, ribgrass 1000. | 00.0) 91.5: 89.9
9278) 98.5) 98.6). |_-_= |----| No |None. | 92.0) 84.1) 82.9
9279| 97.0; 97.2) 1.6 0.2/1.0 | Yes Curled dock 200, ribgrass 100, Aca 82.8) 80.4
| | ragweed 100. . | |
-9135| 98.7) 97.6) 0.9) 0.4/1.1 No |Ribgrass 900, ragweed 300. | 90.0) 77.8} 75.9
*9415| | 97.5| 98.5]--__|____ |.---| No |None. | 85.0| 87.6 86.3
| 88.5) 87.6

9293] 98.0] 99.0/_--_|--_-|---_| No |None.

90.0

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

106 MaIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

Station number.

9295|Van Buren. Jos. Martin & Sons. Chicago Seed Co., Chicago, Ill.__._---_______
9296 Van Buren. Jos. Martin & Sons. Milwaukee Seed Co., Milwaukee, Wis

9384 Warren. Ae) 86. SP De IS Genre tie eS a i ee z

g174 Westbrook. Westbrook Farmers’ Union. Patron’s Cooperative Corporation,
Portlamd; Maines. os Sask i ee eR ge
9371 Wiscasset Grain Co. Wm. G. Scarlet & Co., Baltimore, Md

RED FESCUE.

9355|Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Nungesser Dickinson Co., New York__----._-.—
: REDTOP.

9229|Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, I.---__-._--_--_____.--

9326|Bangor. Bangor Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.______

9341| Bangor. C. M. Conant Co. Whitney Eckstein Co., Buffalo, N. Y

9319|Bancor,- Thompson implement & Seed Con. ee eee ee
9397 Belfast. A. A. Howes & Co. Thomas W. Emerson Co., Boston, Mass.__--__-
9144 Biddeford. Biddeford Farmers’ Union. N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.

9345|Bucksport. R. C. Marks. R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, Maine__-___----______
9194;|Kennebunk. George E. Cousens. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine______-- .
9199, Kennebunk. George W. Larrabee & Co. Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass.__-

9221| Lewiston. E. P. Ham. Wm. G. Searlet & Co., Baltimore, Md.-----------___-
9170\Lincoln. Lincoln Farmers’ Union. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill.-------- :
9123|Monmouth. Highmoor Farm_-__-_---___--_-__-_-_-----__--________-__- ee a

9204 North Berwick. Johnson Bros. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine__------- :

9239 Norway. Norway Farmers? Union. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

9236|Norway Lake. Norway Lake Supply Co. Haskell Implement & Seed Co.,
Lewiston: 22222203 sass oe es 2 re

9377;Rockland. L. N. Littlehale Co. Whitney Eckstein Co., Buffalo, N. Y.---------
9136,Saco. Saco Grain & Milling Co. Kendall & Whitney Co., Portland, Maine__-_-
9407 Skowhegan. Skowhegan Farmers’ Union. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Me._

9414\Skowhegan. Steward & Smiley. Gerrish & Smith, Waterville, Maine_________-
9385 Warren. A. & P.D. Starrett. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston, Me._-
9172: Westbrook. Westbrook Farmers’ Union. Patrons’ Cooperative Corporation,.

Portland, “Miain@= 2 oe ee S
9373) Wiscasset. Wiscasset Grain Co. Wm. G. Scarlett & Co., Baltimore, Md.___--_-

RYE.
9228 Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. C. E. De Puy Co., Pontiac, Mich,___-__--_-.-----.
9329 Bangor. Bangor Farmers’ Union. Thos. W. Emerson Co., Boston, Mass eee
9362 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. W. H. Morehouse & Co., Toledo, Ohio_-------_-

SHEEP FESCUE.

9354 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Nungesser Dickinson Cova New vores anaes
SIBERIAN MILLET.
9348 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, ml (ee ee ee

9418\Skowhegan. EH. ii: & QA. Geraldo 2 2-222 ee

="

—

Station number.

9354

9348
9418

|

|

OrFiciAL INSPECTIONS 98. 107

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Purity |IMPURITIES Nox1ous SEEDS ‘| GERMINATION
1 |
a \|
mel oS \lgeise
3 Soelazs lice Number Found in One Pound : oe
le PSPs esa ees £ Wes
a oC Za es) q o =
B| Ble] 2/3] 2 Se eaine
4 i) o 3 (5) [S) 5 5 ha ee
S | ee ene 6 | & || <
% % | %o| % | % % % %
| | |
99.0, 92.9 0.6 1.74.8 No |Riberass 300, chicory 200. 96.0, 81.1 75.8
99.0} 96.7) 0.4) 1.0)1.9 No |Mustard 100, curled dock 100, 90.0 81.9 79.2
| | night flowering catchfly 100. |
98.0} 98.4)---|____|__-_| No |Ribgrass 1000, night flowering 00.0, 75.6 74.4
ecatehfly 500.
00.0) 98.0) 0.4) 0.8/0.8 No |Common sow thistle 100, ribgrass} 90.0) 91.6 89.8
| 100.
94.1) 94.5 pales. 9 ae ves IRipenaan 4500. 91.7; 91.5| 86.4
91.0) 93:8}-=--| 6.2/----| No |None. 90.0} 29.0) 27.2
: | |
|
90.0} 91.4) 5.0} 2.4/1.2 | No |None. 60.2| 72.5) 66.2
00.0) 90.2) 7.4) 1.6/0.8 | No |None. 90.0} 83.2) 75.0
90.0) 92.4) 6.2) 0.2/1.2 No |None. 90.0; 88.0 81.3
90.0] 90.8] 7.4) 1.00.8 | No |None. 7.9) 61.0) 55.8
90.0) 89.4) 7.2) 2.6/0.8 | No ‘Daisy fleabane 1000. 90.0} 83.7) 74.8
*90.0| 93.2) 5.8) 0.2/0.8 | No |None. 00.0! 90.5) 84.3
| | |
90.0| 90.8, 7.2, 1.20.8 | No |Daisy fleabane 1000. 00.0} 82.0) 74.4
90.0} 91.6) 6.4) 1.4/0.6 | No |None. 00.0} 58:2) 53:3
90.0) 92.6) 6.0) 0.80.6 | No |Daisy fleabane 1000. 90.0) 61.5; 56.9
| | | | | |
92.7; 94.2) 5.0/-___\0.8 | No |Daisy fleabane 1000. 80.5} 85.2) 80.3
90.0} 89.6) 7.8 1.4_---| Yes Daisy fleabane 1000. 90.0) 77.2) 69.2
98.0) 98.9) 0.6) 0.2/0. No |None. 92.0} 92.0) 90.9
| | | : |
90.0) 90.2) 7.0 1.61.2 | No |None. 90.0, 55.7) 50.0
90.0) 92.0) 6.2) 1.0)0-8 | No |None. 90.0) 81.0! 74.5
90.0) 89.6) 6.6, 2.01.8 | Yes |Daisy fleabane 1000. 90.0} 74.5) 66.7
| | i | |
| | | |
| | |
90.0| 92:2| 6.8|-..11.0 | No [None. 90.0, 90.2| 93.2
90.0} 90.8) 7.2) 0.81.2 | Yes |Daisy fleabane 1000. 90.0} 70.5) 64.0
90.0| 89.4) 7.4) 2.2/1.0 | No |None. 90.0) 77.0) - 68.8
90.0| 92.2| 6.8] 0.4/0.6 | No |None. 90.0, 86.7 79.9
90.0} 91.8) 5.6, 1.80.8 | No |Daisy fleabane 1000. 92.0 80.0) 73.4
90.0) 89.8) 6.0) 2.6/1.6 | No |Daisy fleabane 1000. : 90.0| 78.0} 70.0
| | | | | : | |
92.3] 93.0) 6.6) 0.2/0.2 | No |None. 74.0) 53.2) 49.5
eal | |
Nn XRT BX) es | No |None. 95.5) 98.0) 94.8
98:0) 99.5) 0:4/----}=___ No |Curled dock 20. : 95.0) . 96.0} 95.5
9810159970) 029 ses | ae No |None. 95.0; 96.0) 95.0
eer eh] | |
| | | | |
95.0| 95.4|----| 4.6|-_-- No None. | 89.0) 46.5] 44.3
Fe | | ls
95.0/ 97.7|.--.|-._-|.__-__-| No |Ragweed 500. 90.0| 85.5] 83.5
9870) 99.2)----|-=-=|=--=| No |None. 00.0! 91.5) 90.8

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

108 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

£5

Qo

,Q

S|

= Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

q

&

—

3

~

mM
|
| SOUDAN GRASS.

9367 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Nungesser Dickinson Co., New York____-_--___
SWEET CLOVER.

9357|Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Nungesser Dickinson Co., New York____--____--

TIMOTHY.

9080/Ashland. H: By Bartlett, "& \Coe ee ee
9243|Auburn. Oscar Holway Co. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Il]._---_._________
92744 Auburn Oscar] Holway,) CO == noes ee
p28 Banger: Bangor Farmers’ Union. H. W. Doughten Ine., Phii., New York,
VACUSe: «sso so soso! 4 oa sae ee ee

9325;|Bangor. Bangor Farmers’ Union. Thos. W. Emerson Co., Boston, Mass.____-
9335|Bangor. H. A. Dunning. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Maine__--______-__________
g249|Bath: Bath: Grain. Co... 20-2 2) ee eee

9206| Berwick. J. A. Tibbetts. Thompson & Hoague Co., Coneord, N. H.--__---_---
9143/Biddeford. Biddeford Farmers’ Union. N. Werthsimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind.

9262\ Bridgewater. Fred W. Snow. E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton, N. Y._-_---

9264|Bridgewater. A. M. Stackpole. John Watson & Co., Houlton. Maine___---____
9343)Bucksport. R. ©. Marks. R. B. Dunning. & Co., Bangor, Maine_-----_------_-_

9386|Camden. Camden Farmers’ Union. Orman Keene, North Appleton, Maine____

9300'Caribou. Caribou Grange Store. Nungesser Dickinson Seed Co., New York__--
9305\Caribou. Mitton, Poland & Bishop. Albert Dickinson Co.. Chicago, HIl.__----
9375|Damariscotta. G. E. Gay. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine___---_-----_--

9269) Fort Fairfield. Ames & Hacker. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, IIl._----------
9272\Fort Fairfield. S. Nightingale & Son. Osear Holway Co., Auburn, Maine___-

9283|Fort Kent. Fred Michaud. Osear Holway Co., Auburn, Maine___---_--_-----___
9285|Fort Kent. Philippe A. Roy. R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, Maine__-------~-
9935| Houlton. John’ \Watson '&) (Co

9190|Houlton. John Watson & (o.__-----------------------------------____-________--

9115| Houlton, John (Watson. &. ©0:.2---- 2 ae
9307 Island Falls. Island Falls \Grange Store. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Me.__--

9198 Kennebunk. George E. Cousens. Kendall & Whitney. Portland, Maine_______-
9200 Kennebunk. George W. Larrabee & Co. Jos. Breck & Son. Boston, Mass.__--
9219| Lewiston. E. P. Ham. Wm. G. Scarlett Co., Baltimore, Md.--------__-_____--

9167 Lincoln Lincoln Farmers’ Union. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 1 6 Begs Se ere
9153| Milltown... S28) Pineo.. CG. ‘M. Conant Co: Banco: Mane
9126 Monmouth) HighmMoorm Marnie ==. 22) = =. a ee

9295 North Berwick. Johnson Bros. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine__---_--_-
9238 Norway. Norway Farmers’ Union. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
9171)Presque Isles Hl -We” Hermald: eee ns

9192\Presque isles . We -Hernald se ee ee
9379 Rockland. L. N. Littlehale Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co.. Buffalo. N. Y.---
9149 Saco. Saco Grain & Milling Co. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine_-__----

OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 98. 109
Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.
Purity |[MPURITIES Noxious SEEDS GERMINATION
|
Bi a
2 5/3 3
Sythe Se Sirs Number Found in One Pound : =
q b os n oO a czy >
q = so a 2 D $s a al =
3| 8 S| as Mee trey a ae S 5 S
3 iB} Hw | BR | o 3 8 =
g 3 S 2 cops S S iS) =)
nl) © ey St esl = Qa o) oa =
% % |%\% | % Jo % %
at | —$—| |
9367| 90.0] 95.2) 4.5| 0.3|----| No |None. 85.0| 78.0| 74.2
| ] |
| | | |
9357| 98.0) 97.8,-_--|____|_-__| No |Wild carrot 1500. 90.0} 70.0} 68.4
be |
9080| 99.5) 99.6) 0.2 0.10.1 | No |None. 90.0) 94.7) 94.3
9243| 99.9} 99.4|____|____ |---| No |None. 92.0] 93.0} 92.4
GAA eo 16 |e OOM ee oe | No |None. 96.0} 93.5) 98.2
9393 OOIG hs OOulee =| ee No |None. 00.0} 87.7) 86.9
| |
| | | | | |
9325| 9910| 99.5/_.-_| 0.5|_---| No. |None. 95.0| 93.5) 93.0
GER] GEO) GR ase| SULLOLE! Nis “livers, 90.0 90.0, 88.9
9249| 99.5] 99.4)____)____ |----| No |None. 92.0] 91.2! 90.7
9206) 99/6) 99.6|-_--| 0.4|_--_| No. |None. 95.0); 91.7) 91.3
9143) 99.5|> 99.5) 0.2, 0.20.1 No |None. 00.0) 94.5) 94.0
9262| 9916) 99.6|-___|-__|___- No |None. 93.0] 85.2) 84.9
G2CA MOOG 199 sana aA S es No |None. | 96.0] 92.7) 92.4
9343) 99.5| 99.6|.22-|__-_|___ No |None. | 00.0| 90.7/ 90.3
oesal| Caylee Ean Raa eae No |None. | 94.0) 94.2) 98.6
| |
9300) 00:0) 99.6|-—4)_-_-)____ No |None. | 00.0} 91.0, 90.6
S305 9926/99: Gees 2) No |None. 95.0) 89.0) 88.6
9375] 98.0] 98.5|____|__-_|---- No (None. 93.0| 90.0; 88.6
Gis OO ogrG [ek No |None. 93.0| 88.5| -88.2
9269| 99.5) 99.8|22--|_--- | -- No |None. 95.0| 91.5) 91.3
SDT) COA) OSE ia a ESS No |None. 92.0] 90.0, 89.3
9283] 99.6] 99.6|_-__|_--_]__.- | No |None. | 97.0] 92.2) 91.8
9285] 99.5] 99.7|__._|____ |----| No |None. | 95.0) 92.5) 92.2
9035| 99.5] 99.6} 0.2) 0.1/0.1 No |None. 94.0/ 93.7| 93.3
| | | | |
9100] 99.6] 99.6) 0.1) 0.2/0.1 | No |None. 96.0/ 93.5) 93.1
9115) 99.6] 99.6) 0.2) 0.10.1 | No |None. 95.0| 93.5) 93.1
9307) 99.6! 99.7|__-_|_=__|.---) No |None. 97.0| 92.0) 91.7
| = |
9193) 98.0! 98.8|_---|_---|---- No |None. 00.0/ $2.0, 81.0
9200! 99.0| 99.3)____|____|____| No |None. 96.0| 95.5) 94.8
9219} 99.6| 99.6) 0.2) 0.1\0.1 | No. |None. 92.0} 90.5} 90.1
9167| 99.7} 99.4! 0.3) 0.2/0.1 | No |Curled dock 100. | 94.0] 97.0] 96.4
9153| 99:5] 99.6|_-__|___-|____| No |None. 94.0) 90.2) 89.8
9126] 99.5] 99.6) 0.2| 0.1/0.1 | No |None. 93.0| 91.7| 91.3
| | |
9205| 98.0] 98.4|--__] 1.6]_-__| No |None. | 92.0] 89.2) 87.8
9238] 99.5] . 99.4|--__|____|___-| No |None. | 94.0] 90.5) 89.9
9121| 99.8} 99.7] 0.1| 0.1|0.1 | No |None. 90.0] 71.2| 71.0
9122; 99.5} 99.5) 0.2) 0.2/0.1 | No |None. 98.5) 95.7) 95.2
9379| 99:5] 99.6|_-..|__-_|----| No |None. 96.0) 94.7) 94.8
9140] 98.0! 98.2|_--_| 1.8 = No |None. 93.0] 87.7| 86.1
| | |

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

110 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1920.

Descriptive List of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

Kind of Seed. Name and Place of Business of Retailer and Jobber.

Station number.

9182 Sanford. O. W. Brown & Son. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine____--____
9189 Sanford. S. J. Nowell. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine__________--____--_
9178 Springvale. W. H. Sherburne. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine___________-

9291 Van Buren. H. A. Gagnon. Stanford Seed Co., Binghamton, N. Y.-----------.
9289 Van Buren. W. F. Paradis. The Stanford Seed Co. Inc., Binghamton, N. Y.
9290 Van Buren. W. F. Paradis. The Stanford Seed Co., Binghamton, N. Y.___---

9288 Van Buren. Fred J. Parent. R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor Maine_____________
9281,Waldoboro. J. T. Gay. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.------------
9171|/Westbrook. J. W. Morris. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine____--____--___
9173, Westbrook. Westbrook Farmers’ Union, Patron’s Cooperative Corporation,

Portland, ‘Maines: 222254 =) i. 2 ee sz

9176 West Gorham. J. S. Watson. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine____--___---
9372, Wiscasset. Wiscasset Grain Co. Wm. G. Scarlett & Co., Baltimore, Md._-----

SPRING WHEAT.
9363 Bangor. R. B. Dunning & Co. Albert Dickinson, Chicago, I[]._-----------------
9317 Bangor. Thompson Implement & Seed Co. Dr. Clough, Bangor, Maine__-_---
9391\Camden. J. O. Curtis Co. Kendall & Whitney Co., Portland, Maine_-__-_--_-

9260|/ Houlton: John. Watson & (Co0\j22222-2222 22 ee eee =

9137 Saco. Saco Grain & Milling Co. Whitney Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, N. Y.--

WHITE CLOVER.
9190 Kennebunk. George E. Cousens. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine_-____--
9203 Kennebunk. George W. Larrabee & Co. Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass._-_--

9181\Sanford. O. W. Brown & Son. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine__---__---
9187 Sanford. S. J. Nowell. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Maine_-__-_-_____------

OrFicIAL INSPECTIONS 98. 111

Results of Examination of Official Seed Samples, 1920.

| Purity IMPURITIES) Noxious SEEDS _ GERMINATION

i)
Number Found in One Pound : =
ie >
S|
od =
Selasaelnne
5 Cnah ke
Ge ee |) ot
|
‘oO % | Fo
lees
None 93.0; 90.0) 88.5
None | 00.0} 987.5) . 87.2
None | 92.0) 98.0) 97.6
None 93.0; 89.0) 88.8
None 95.0 94.5 93.8
None 93.0) 91.2) 90.9
None. | 93.0| 93.7) 93.2
|None. | 90.0! 85.2) 84.8
‘Small false flax 500. 93.0| 79.2) 78.0
|None. | 90.0 97.2) 96.8
| | | |
‘None. | 96.0 94.2 93.7
‘None. | 95.0) 91.2) 86.3
| | |
.6| 0. Ball mustard 30. | 95.0 91.0) 89.7
ES Os None. 98.0 99.0! 98.3
9391 5| 0. None. | 95.0) 97.5| 97.0
| | |
1) 4.3.

| | | | | |
9260, 00.0 94.1, 4.3 1.10.3 | No Ball mustard 60, black mustard) 00.0 88.0) 82.8
| | | | 40, giant ragweed 30, hare’s

|

| Kpelle | ear 10. |
9137, 98.0, 99.6) 0.2, 0.1--- No None. 90.0, 100.0, 99.6

| ae | | | |

Perec || ees
9190 94.0 95.2_-__|__-_---_. No Night flowering cacthfly 500. | 75.0 55.7) 53.0
p203 1596/0) 96:8) 2-2/2 = |= = No None. | 00.0) 51.0) 49.3
Pes ne | a6 Invone. | 75.0| 58.2) 511
9187) 96.0| 96.5|--_-|----|---- No None. 92.0 57.0) 55.0

*Obtained by multiplying per cent purity by per cent germination.

112 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1920.

INDEX TO ANALYSIS OF SEEDS EXAMINED

(A lial fae tes son eaieae ae
Alsike Clover......
Barleyemgn on tsn sec
Buckwheat seo
Clover alsike.......
mammoth .
LEC Se Eros
SWiEELi a serait
white ...2.
Corner ai & See eres
Crested Dog’s tail...
English Rye grass.

Fescue grass, red..

sheep

Plounearian ee acts:
Japanese millet ....
Mammoth clover....

C)atSC Se pee rneenace

Rapes. ahs eee

@\ a) 0!-6, ee) © (0 \0 18 6 00) 0 ee) 10) 0) of olive Le) (a eee sel ailelels elie

eo fe) ole. ee 0 |e: e)\\e/,e) («| «| s) ele (elie) _erieljells nile) \s\.olleMelo hoses watts

© © @:\e\ (e's 0:00) 60) ‘ee se) 0) «)\ele) «) o) 0, es) eer enelamsiveiiel alle

2) (0, 0 @ ee (e's fee) esa (eye) ee) [e) ee jwnellewele \el= ele t=iielialais

©, fe, 05 fe ese! fe e}re' ele) 0) 0) <0, e. alle apehiemenielelie louis letint = aetlede

‘© |0 je "o -© (ene. (¢ ‘c/s \s) 6 0 7s (0) \0)\e) eels ejelehelaleceveleieielip is

wert ia ee er a COON fi OOO OOS 6 oO neo 43

*:0 (ee; © 10) (ojo (a! sce) o 2 je. /e |0) ox 0) al selene. el oe =malenelavewe

oie. 0 «6 (eo: Je 1e) 0) e (ele a) 6) 0: [e) 0. /s) ole eles sine lia ioelad i= lellene nic.

@:\@! fa, Ye) le: 0} (© 1a) eo: ‘e: ef (a) «) elieinn) ofa. je) eens) ele) ia) sileleempileiele

© .\0, '@, ©, (ee! 0, (0) 0: » ©) e)\e: 0) =) 0/0) lela ini eiais| |e! sire! ofiekeeltalioliie

©. 'e © (0 te. se (eo: eee (eo: 2 fe 9! (0) e7/e ve) (s\ lela sob =| fall) oe pamela ie Tame

©. 0-0 e-16 _0' (0), 0) «| a0 01.0) (a) s,0lode isieeleleWelle Mall etal = irells

©:--@ “efe4,0) (e, © 6) 0 tee). e):e Je) a)lesso) alls iuhisineial oq ef alin elo alietalia

© se! ‘pal fe) (0, 'e fe! 0 (0 0 9) 06 ene eo) esa e al sta l-veialn dete ie i oisis

oe) ee: "e 0: © 0 0: 0] 0) 0) .0\ 6 ole) 0). 4a) @iLe\cliolis ce ejlelietialine age in,

a ©. 0.6 ee © © 6; © «(0 site a}/s\/e si eiteie| le (alalte! («=| altawetelienals

©) @. 0! (w (9,16, (0 © “e.@ “e\{eb'al.0 0 .0) Jali’ \s a) ws) elle of lei lo teliol pwustallul alte

©, 0) © “eo, Ke “c) 0,10) 0! 0. 0) eh 0) ©] © (0! \e) ois; a) oho? es ineliwielin) alle

@; fe! ei cw, e),eife eee; 0) 0) ©: a: 0 (e) eee) fe ef lini is! ie) cllehios oie ela tulle

Redtopesse eee
Sheepetescic aes
eSiberianenarlleteess
Soudan erasse meee
SIWCCENCLOMET A Eee
Abia Reese. - Be
Wheat, spring.....
Wihite clover -. 3. -

2! 0 .@ fel je). <0) (e; (e: 0) 0.0) @)10) © (e «| sie) wl eipale) 0)lat el avetellsieiele

O[@' (0) “@, ‘a\"e) (0) 0 0,6 |(e\ \e) ©) 0 6| 0) eee) a) a, ote lle)| ol ele el amsien alone

CHS ea eC a Ne CC MS OPO OO Ob oo ao ao

2 0/50 e\ 0 © \e «ee eile 2) «)/0),0\e 1's) 60). oe) v)seltelofalw heeliolfelre

a ee COC mC Oi rec OO Oo oo Om aS

(0) \e, (e:\0' e e\'e\ 6: 0 ei) \0) ©: ©, 0010. ejla|-e) olsiiells)s«s0)ltullel sel alinita

©. @| @,6\\ © 2 e\\e) © © ‘0+ 0 6 0 6)f0) «| 0(e enol sh alislia(bellerlelseleliniialta

00170020

wa '