LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE so Public Document No. 4 SIXTY-FOURTH ANNUAL KEPOET OF THE MASSACHUSETTS State Board of Agriculture. PART I. REPORT OF SECRETARY AND OTHER OFFICERS. 1916. BOSTON: WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 32 DERNE STREET. 1917. Publication of this Document approved by the Supervisor of Administration. TABLE OF CONTEE'TS. Part I State Board of Agriculture, 1917, Report of the Secretary, Fifteenth Annual Report of the State Nursery Inspector, . Ninth Annual Report of the State Ornithologist, Seventh Annual Report of the State Inspector of Apiaries, Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Dairy Bureau, Report on the Encouragement of Dairying Contest for 1916, Third Annual Report on Boys' and Girls' Club Work, Returns of the Incorporated Agricultural Societies, Directory of Agricultural Organizations, .... Index, 5 7 69 101 127 155 181 195 207 225 241 State Board of Agriculture, 1917. Members ex Officio. His Excellency SAMUEL W. McCALL. KENYON L. BUTTERFIELD, President Massachusetts Agricultural College. LESTER H. HOWARD, Commissioner of Animal Industry. F. WILLIAM RANE, Slate Forester. WILFRID WHEELER, Secretary of the Board. Members appointed by the Oovernor and Council. Term expires i HENRY M. HOWARD of Newton (P. O. West Newton) 1917 EDWARD E. CHAPMAN of Ludlow 1918 FRANK P. NEWKIRK of Eaathampton 1919 Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies. Amesbury and Salisbury {Agricultural and Horticultural), Barnstable County, . Blackstone Valley, Deerfield Valley, Eastern Hampden, Essex, Franklin County, Hampshire, Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, Highland, .... Hillside Hingham (AgricuUural ond Horticul- tural), ..... Hoosac Valley, .... Housatonic, ..... Lenox Horticultural, Marshfield {Agricultural and Horticul- tural), ..... Martha's Vineyard, .... Massachusetts Horticultural, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, .... Middlesex North, .... Middlesex South, .... Nantucket, ..... A. WILLIS BARTLETT of Salisbury, . JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable (P. O. West Barnstable), ..... JACOB A. WILLIAMS of Northbridge, STEPHEN W. HAWKES of Charlemont, OMER E. BRADWAY of Monson, FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen, GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jr., of Shelburne, HOWARD A. PARSONS of Amherst (P. O North Amherst), .... CLARENCE E. HODGKINS of Northampton HARRY A. FORD of Dalton, MILTON S. HOWES of Cummington (P. O Swift River) URBAN S. BATES of Hingham, . NATHAN B. FLOOD of North Adams. CHARLES W. FREEHAN of Great Barring ton, ....... ALFRED H. WINGETT of Lenox, WALTER H. FAUNCE of Kingston, . JAMES F. ADAMS of West Tisbury, . EDWARD B. WILDER of Dorchester, NATHANIEL I. BOWDITCH of Framing- ham, ...... GEORGE W. TRULL of Tewksbury (P. Lowell. R. F. D.) JOHN J. ERWIN of Wayland, . HERBERT G. WORTH of Nantucket, 1917 1918 1917 1919 1917 1919 1918 1918 1917 1919 1919 1917 1917 1917 1919 1917 1918 1917 1917 1919 1919 1917 ' First Tuesday in December. 6 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. No. 4. Term expires' Oxford JOHN F. FREELAND of Sutton. . . 1918 Plymouth County ERNEST LEACH of Bridgewater, . . 1919 Quannapowitt, .... CALVERT H. PLAYDON, D.V.S., of Read- ing 1918 West Taunton CHARLES L KING of Taunton, . . 1919 Weymouth (^Agricultural and Horticul- tural) HOWARD H. JOY of Weymouth (P. O. South Weymouth) 1917 Worcester CHARLES H. ELLSWORTH of Worcester, . 1919 Worcester North {Agricultural and Driv- ing Association) HENRY D. CLARK, D.V.S., of Fitchburg . 1917 Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical) ALBERT ELLSWORTH of Athol, . . 1918 Worcester South, .... WILLIAM E. PATRICK of Warren, . . 1918 Worcester County West, . . . LOUIS H.-RUGGLES of Hardwick, . . 1919 Member chosen by the Massachusetts Federation of County Leagues and Farm Bureaus. L. L. RICHARDSON of Leominster 1918 » First Tuesday in December. ®l)e ilommonrDcaltl) of itla00acl}U0ett0. SIXTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. PART I. REPOET OF THE SECRETARY FOR THE YEAR 1916. To the Senate mid House of Representatives of the Commomvealth of Massachusetts. A review of agriculture the country over reveals similar con- ditions in many sections. As a general rule, the spring was late and accompanied by damp, cold weather; serious floods in the south and middle west caused millions of dollars' damage to the crops of those sections, and had a direct bearing on the light yields reported. Seed germinated poorly and much reseeding had to be done, especially in the corn and cotton belts. Yields in the great crops of the country show a decided re- duction over 1915. In spite of adverse conditions the farmers of the country have never been so seemingly prosperous. The continuation of the war in Europe has stimulated a demand for all kinds of American goods to such an extent that prices have risen in this country beyond anything since the civil war. With wheat nearing the $2 mark, corn, $1.25, cotton close to 20 cents a pound, and all other staples in proportion, farmers are the least likely to suffer by reduced crops. Another factor bearing upon the low crops has been the labor situation, for with all of our industries working at the maximum, labor ordinarily available for farmers during the crop season has been employed in other ways and at prices prohibitive to the average farmer. Planting 8 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. was, therefore, curtailed, and most farmers only planted areas which they could take care of themselves or with the help of their families. In some sections crops were ruined owing to the impossibility of getting labor to gather them. All of these factors have no doubt increased the cost of production, and while it may seem that the farmers have reaped large rewards this year, this factor of increased costs must be taken into con- sideration. With the labor outlook as it is, and with no immediate relief in sight, the question of the use of machinery in agriculture comes more prominently in view, and eliminating those sections near cities where there is a possibility of the use of shifting labor, the agriculture of the next few years is bound to change to those areas where the use of machinery is possible and where crops may be produced more cheaply. This will un- doubtedly affect conditions in New England at least, where in our uplands and broken country there will be more opportunity to use rough land for the production of animals, and the larger, more open areas for crops. One noticeable factor has entered into agriculture this year quite prominently, and that is that large industrial companies using agricultural products have gotten together with the idea of stimulating production. Particularly is this noticeable in the wool industry, where all factors engaged in this business are getting together for the mutual benefit of all concerned. A large meeting is called, to be held in Chicago early in December, in order to get at some definite program, looking toward an increase in the production of sheep. Leather mer- chants and those interested in cotton are also alive to the problem of greater production, and are considering the question along lines similar to those interested in wool. A continued increase of interest in agriculture on the part of people of small means has been noted, and the fact that the referendum of 1916, authorizing cities to establish agricultural and horticultural schools, was accepted by every city in this Commonwealth is a good indication of the general interest in this subject. That great economic waste noted in my last report — namely, of the shipment of our soil fertility in the form of agricultural products, and with no adequate return — still goes Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 9 on in alarming proportion, and will undoubtedly continue so until we find ourselves face to face with the problem of practical conservation. In many sections of the country we are doing exactly what China has been doing for centuries, — taking crops from our soils, allowing erosion and returning nothing to those soils. The fact that there are over 2,600,000 tenant farmers in the country ought to be a severe indictment against us for our wasteful methods, for under no system does agri- culture depreciate so rapidly as by that of the tenant farmer. The secretary had a good chance to note this in the south recently, where one farm which prior to the civil war produced 40 bushels of corn to the acre now produces less than 10; and of tobacco over 400 pounds, now less than 100. The big questions confronting the agriculture of the country at this time, such as capital, labor, immigration, co-operation, markets, the elimination of waste in handling, storage and shipping, the lack of uniform laws between State and national governments, and the lack of a definite policy in agriculture, are being discussed on all sides. There is under discussion a national agricultural organization board whose work would be to assist in all kinds of agricultural organization. All of this goes to show that the people of the country are alive to the agricultural question. The country as a whole is each year finding out that we can grow many of the things that we believed impossible of pro- duction here a few years ago. The production of figs, dates, olives, certain varieties of other semi-tropical fruits, as well as vegetables, is an example of this. The shutting off of the im- ported supplies of certain agricultural products has turned our attention toward producing these crops in our own country; then, too, demand has increased so rapidly that it must be met by trying out all kinds of new things. Education in agriculture has reached the stage where not only agricultural colleges but special schools of agriculture are being established, as well as courses in high schools, and even in the field of private endeavor agricultural schools are being estab- lished. It is interesting to note that our colleges and universities are in many cases adapting their courses to some of the agri- cultural problems. 10 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Massachusetts Ckop Conditions in 1916. Certainly our farmers never faced such a difficult situation as during the year of 1916. Winter continued late so that in many sections of the State snow lay on the ground until early in April. This was followed by cold, damp weather during the late spring and summer. Not only was the rainfall in April and May well above the average, being about 3| inches in each of those months, but the rainfall in July, usually one of our driest months, reached the unprecedented total of 5.13 inches. This, of course, made haying conditions intolerable. The heavy pre- cipitation continued through August, making the summer, as a whole, one of the wettest which we have ever seen, as the following rainfall figures will show: April, 3.32 inches; May, 3.85; June, 2.94; July, 5.13; August, 2.75; September, 3.53; total, 21.52. Our State as a whole planted much less than the usual acreage of crops; particularly was this so on the lower lands, where the continued wet weather of the late spring made it impossible to work them at all. Many corn fields usually planted in late May or early June were too wet on July 1 and so only were planted to late ctops. Seed started slowly and was often replanted two or three times, but during the late summer, owing to more favorable weather conditions, the crops, as a rule, turned out better than the early season promised. The high price of many seeds was responsible for curtailing the planting of some crops, such as potatoes, beans and peas. Grass came through the winter well and got a good start except on low ground where it was flooded until late in spring. Everything pointed to a good crop, but much hay was ruined by the heavy rains during cutting season, and much of the first crop was not cut until late August. Where early cutting was done, however, very heavy second crops were harvested. Prices are quoted a little lower than last year, the figures being $20 for 1916 against $22.70 for 1915. Massachusetts has the highest figure reported for New England, while the country at large is only quoted at $10.68. There has been a decided falling off in corn this year, the Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 11 total figures for the State being 1,760,000 bushels as against 2,304,000 in 1915; but a greatly increased price somewhat offset the low crop, the price being $1.10 in 1916 and 82 cents in 1915. Potatoes were in most cases planted very late, and, largely owing to the lack of fertilizer, were a light crop. In some sections blight injured them materially, while in others rot set in late in summer. Seed also was very high and restricted planting. The crop this year was 2,180,000 bushels, with a price of $1.47; last year, 3,120,000 bushels, with a price of 92 cents. It is to be noted that we are steadily declining in the pro- duction of potatoes, — from over 4,000,000 bushels in 1914 to about half that in 1916. This is a very serious drop, particularly so in that prices have ruled high in these three years. Market-garden crops were fairly abundant and of good quality, although varying much with the location. Early crops out of doors were more or less injured by too much rain. Summer prices were high, and crops of all kinds sold well above the average; particularly was this so for beans, cabbage, lettuce, cucumbers, root crops and sweet corn. Greenhouse crops were in large demand, and this fall, for the first time in years, lettuce has sold at a profit. Celery, the great late out-of-door crop, has practically all been housed, and is in fair condition, although it should have had a longer growing season. Prices for this crop are good. Tomatoes were scarce and very high, as were also peppers and squash. Asparagus was fair and sold well. An estimate of the market-garden crops of the State shows that approxi- mately $10,000,000 worth were grown this year. The apple bloom of the spring gave abundant promise of a large crop, but cold, damp weather immediately followed, and there was a poor set of fruit in many places, and the continued bad weather conditions made spraying almost impossible. Spray mixtures, so often used with success in other years, either burnt the foliage this season or russeted the fruit, so that many fine orchards were partially ruined. No very satisfactory explanation of the cause of this could be made except that owing to atmos- pheric conditions the sulphur and arsenic in the spray mixtures became more soluble and burnt before they could dry. Spraying 12 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. during the middle of the summer was practically impossible, and in consequence much fruit was affected with what is known as the "Brooks spot," — a small black fungous growth spotting the apples, particularly at the calyx end. This condition, while not seriously affecting the quality of the fruit, reduces the value of the apples considerably, and there were few fortunate places in the State which escaped the trouble. This condition also pre- vailed throughout New England. " Baldwin spot" has also been abundant, and all of these troubles have seriously reduced the number of apples suitable for storage. Cold-storage apple holdings throughout the Nation are very much smaller than in 1915. In fact, only about 56 per cent of the quantity stored last year has been stored in 1916. In the New England States the proportion was even lower, the 1916 figures being 40 per cent of the 1915. It is evident from these figures that good apples will be exceptionally high in the spring of 1917. The demand for apples abroad has continued strong, and in spite of heavy ocean freights large quantities have been shipped and good prices realized. There seems to be a continued planting of apples in the State, but not on as large a scale as in the past few years. The feeling that over planting is likely to cause low prices in the. near future is prevalent in many places, and has had much to do with curtailing planting. Orchard fruits, other than apples, were particularly light; some peach sections had no crop at all, while others, particularly in Worcester County, were fair. Prices were good. Pears in the eastern part of the State were a fair crop and prices ruled high. Small fruits were abundant in most cases, especially so with strawberries, but as rain set in badly during the picking season, and as the fruit of many other sections ripened at the same time as Massachusetts berries, prices were very low toward the end of the season. Cranberries were a little less than last year, the crop being injured on some bogs by excessive rain, and on others by insects. Prices are good, fancies being quoted now at $8 to $10, and other grades at $6 to $8. The tobacco crop this year was planted and harvested under Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 13 fair weather conditions, and on the whole was good. Shade- grown tobacco has increased slightly this year, as has also the acreage for open-air tobacco. Onions, of which there is usually a very large acreage in the State, decreased somewhat this year, owing especially to bad weather conditions at planting time. The crop was only fair in size, but good in quality, and prices have ruled high. The Blueberry. Very much interest seems to be taken in the humble blue- berry. The government, through Professor Covill, has been at work, by breeding, to bring the blueberry up to a higher state of cultivation. Judging from results in the improvement of the size of the fruit, if an easy method of propagation can be found, the blueberry bids fair to become one of our easily cultivated fruits. Experiments in New Jersey show remarkable results as to yield and profit. This State, with quantities of natural blueberry soil, should consider this problem as one of the most important in relation to much of our wild lands. Certain areas with acid soils would require a great deal of capital to develop them for other crops, but planted to the blueberry could easily be made a source of much profit. Even now with very little work of clearing out brush and weed trees, the blueberry may be made a profitable business on much of our land. As yet, very few figures are obtainable as to the actual value of this crop in this State, but instances have been noted where families have sold as high as $500 worth of the fruit this season, and still quantities of the crop go to waste. Co-operation. In these days of high prices for all food products there seems to be a strong desire on the part of consumers to co-operate for their mutual benefit. In times of low prices for farm products there is always the cry from the farmer to co-operate in order to cut costs and get more closely in touch with the market, hoping thereby to get a larger per cent of the consumer's dollar. It seems strange that both these great interests cannot see the mutual benefit at all times of some co-operative plan 14 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. which will better distribute food when it is cheap and conserve it during periods of scarcity. One side gains something at the expense of the other, no matter whether prices are high or low. The side which gains the most in the long run is that side which can stand the losses best. Generally speaking, this latter is the farmer who can live even though his crops may not re- turn him a profit for a number of years. Under present con- ditions these two great forces are bound to be in conflict most of the time, the one blaming the other for adverse conditions. Just at present it is the consumer who can see nothing good in the producer, and all sorts of stories are prevalent from the farmer destroying his crops in order to keep up prices to the farmers combining to limit production. It is now the consumer who would co-operate. Little do consumers, as a rule, realize the cost of producing food products. To most of them the farmer's task is a simple one, — just planting the seed and harvesting the crop, — they not realizing the long struggle to get a farm on a paying basis, and the long hours of labor under all kinds of weather conditions. Little do they realize that if the farmer were limited to the eight-hour day food prices would be prohibitive. Before there can be any real co-opera- tion there has got to be a more sympathetic understanding between both sides of this great controversy. Possibly it is the business of the farmer to inform the consumer more about his business. Certainly the farmer should know more about the conditions which prevail in the cities, and to this end might it not be possible to arrange mass meetings to discuss this question and get a full expression of the whole vexed problem? There have been many requests made upon the Board this year for help in co-operative work. The secretary has spoken to several meetings along these lines, and while many persons are very glad to inform themselves there seems to be very little desire to go any further. Real work is more often undertaken by persons of foreign birth who have come in contact with the same sort of work in their own country. It should, however, be borne in mind that the process of co-operation is bound to be slow, and only as economic pressure is brought to bear will the movement gain much headway. Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 15 Rural Credits. The law passed by the State in 1914, authorizing the incor- poration of farmland banks, has not been made use of, although one charter has been granted to a Springfield group to establish a bank in that section. The passage of the national rural credits law has in many ways taken the incentive out of our people to make use of their own law, though the latter, in the opinion of the secretary, much better fits the needs of our State. The national law establishes twelve regional banks, creates the machinery to run them, requires capital to the extent of .$750,000 for each bank, and demands that the borrowers organize them- selves into groups of at least ten, whose total borrowings shall be at least $20,000. Appraisal of the property is made in a very cumbersome way, and the delays incident to obtaining a loan and the publicity attached to this system would in many sections of the country have a very bad effect on the free use of these banks. The law also allows for the establishment of joint stock banks under certain restrictions, and in many cases these would be in competition with the regional banks, and as the borrowing may be made more easily from the joint stock bank there would be little inducement for the farmer to borrow from the other. There are several good features to the national law, for example, the amortization system; but with both the State and national laws new machinery is necessary before any good may come to the farmer. What we need here in this State more than any other one thing to develop agriculture is capital, and it would seem that if savings banks, trust companies and co- operative banks had a little wider latitude in the lending of money, and could issue bonds on the mortgages held, and provide for their retirement by the amortization plan, no new machinery would be needed. A splendid start in this direction has been made by a Plymouth County bank, which now has a well-organized farm loan department. This department keeps two regular men in the field who are familiar with agricultural conditions in the county, and who actually urge farmers to borrow money from the bank where they see that the farmer is responsible and could do better with more capital. This work 16 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. has now been taken up by a Springfield Trust Company, and it certainly should be encouraged. If we could get one or two banks doing this work in each county of the State there would be no necessity for special farmland banks. The National Dairy Show and Eastern States Agri- cultural AND Industrial Exposition. Seldom in the history of the agriculture of this country has such an achievement as that undertaken by the business men of Springfield been accomplished. Less than one year ago, guided by a group of business men, Springfield undertook to establish a large agricultural and industrial exposition in that city, and, realizing the importance of a good send-off, they were able to get the National Dairy Show to come east for the first time since its incorporation. Money, grounds, buildings, etc., had to be arranged for in a short space of time, but through the energy and enterprise of the leaders, over $500,000 was raised. Land was purchased, and in spite of obstacles, such as high material cost, labor troubles and bad weather, the buildings were erected and grounds put in order for the opening of the National Dairy Show on October 12. The general plan of grounds, placing of the buildings, their decoration and arrangement, are very harmonious, and have an ease of access, convenience and general utility seldom found at such places. Special emphasis in the arrangement has been laid on the agricultural side of the whole matter, and it is to be hoped that this will continue. At this time not all of the buildings are completed, but plans are under way for their completion in the near future. The present group comprises the central building or coliseum, with the stock and machinery buildings on either side, the woman's building, horse barns and several smaller structures. Too much credit cannot be given to those men who have given freely of their time and money in furthering this enter- prise, believing as they do that in bringing the dairy show to New England they will be doing much in creating a new interest in this industry. The dairy show itself opened under most favorable conditions Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 17 of weather and season. Every bit of space was taken in the machinery building, with one of the most remarkable exhibits of dairy machinery ever brought together in one place. The cattle, of which there were nearly 1,000 in the following breeds, — Jersey, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Holstein and Guernsey, — were assembled from all over the country, and were certainly a splendid lot of animals. It was an inspiration to go among them and see to what extent careful selection and breeding has been carried. It is to be hoped that the lesson taught at this dairy show will impress itself upon all those interested in dairying to the extent that more pure-bred sires will be used by our farmers; and it seems fitting at this time to impress upon our Legislature that no greater service to the dairying interests of the State can be rendered than by the placing of pure-bred sires at many convenient places for use by those farmers who will avail themselves of them. The lesson of the dair.y show to Massachusetts should be larger production and the elimination of the unproductive cow. The Board through its executive committee was represented at the show on October 18, and had the honor of escorting the Governor and his party, together with Ex-President Taf t, to the show on that date. Many other members of the Board were present on the same day. Exhibition of the Board at the Dairy Show. Early in September the management of the dairy show requested the different State departments of agriculture in New England to make exhibits in connection with the exposition. Several meetings were held at which representatives of the Board were present, and it was decided to go ahead with the plan. As no buildings were available, an appeal was made to the Governor and Council for money to erect a building and place an exhibit. Twenty-five hundred dollars was appropriated from the appropriation for "extraordinary expenditures," and of this sum $1,500 was used to erect the building. Plans were not finally decided upon until about three weeks before the opening of the show, when it was decided to put up a small exhibit of the best quality crops in which our State excels. 18 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Apples, market-garden vegetables, corn, tobacco, onions, po- tatoes, cranberries, etc., were featured prominently. Added to this were exhibits by the Dairy Bureau, Nursery Inspector, Apiary Inspector, Ornithologist, Alfalfa Growers' Association, State Forester, Apple Grading Service and of the Board itself. Mr. A. W. Lombard was placed in charge of the exhibit, and the success of the show is largely due to his efforts. Special credit is due to all who took part in making the show a success, and the Board wishes at this time to thank the Governor and Council for making the appropriation which made the show possible. The exhibition was attended by large numbers of people, and from all quarters nothing but favorable comment was received. The building was far too small to accommodate the material which was received, but by making use of all available space the exhibit was made attractive. The Board's exhibit at Springfield has raised the question very much more prominently than ever before of the under- taking of a more definite system of displays, not alone in this State but in others where Massachusetts' products might be shown, and a general advertising campaign' started looking toward bringing more farmers to our State, together with advertising the wider use of all our agricultural products. We certainly can make a splendid showing, and as we have the products and the land to grow more we should not neglect the opportunity to talk about them. Such places as the large exhibitions in Madison Square Garden, New York, the Great Land and Market Show of Chicago, as well as many smaller cities of the country, should be visited. The Tractor for Massachusetts. Much has been said and written lately in relation to the use of traction engines in agriculture. This Board, at its summer meetings the past four or five years, has had demonstrations with several types of tractors, especially designed to do farm work. With the increased price of horses and the cost of keeping them there seems to be an increased demand for a type of tractor which will do the work of a pair of horses on a farm, and yet be within the reach of the farmer's pocketbook. This Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 19 machine should be able to plow, harrow, haul loads on roads and fields, handle harvesting machinery both in the field and stationary, burn cheap fuel and work under the trying con- ditions of grade and stones found on most New England farms. J\lany of the tractors now on the market have some of these qualifications and a few have a combination of them. There are none at present which seem to have them all, but judging by the strides which have been made in the last five years the day is not far distant when we shall have a machine which will come up to the requirements of the small farmer. The tj'pe of machine at the present time which comes nearest filling the requirements is too expensive for the average farmer to purchase, except in some co-operative way. This type, the Caterpillar, has been tried out under the most exacting con- ditions of soils, climate and grade, and it seems splendidly adapted to the uses of the small New England farm. This machine, and there are several different makes at work in the State, seems to go a long way toward solving the problem of clearing land of trees, rocks and stumps, and of ditching and hauling loads. It seems to be suited to the general work of the farm in fully as many ways as a tractor could be expected to be in farm work. That we are going to need the tractor in agriculture is apparent, and to those who are thinking of purchasing, a word of caution should be given. Remember these machines are perishable. The depreciation on all types is great, and es- pecially so on the light machines which are expected to do heavy work. They require skill in handling and care, and unless a farm has work enough to keep one busy a good deal of the time the purchase of such a machine would hardly be con- sidered a good investment. So far as the figures are obtainable at present there are over 100 tractors at work in the State. The Milk Situation. The past year has been marked by much agitation and some violence on the part of the farmers for an increased price for their milk throughout the whole country. Chicago was close to a milk famine in June. New York went tlirough one of the worst milk strikes known in its history, and from this strike the 20 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. farmers have realized a small increase, — not entirely satis- factory, but better than under the old conditions. The situation in Boston, where the milk comes from a wider territory than either New York or Chicago, was not so tense, principally because the organization among the milk producers was not so strong. The agitation, however, served its purpose somewhat in that an increased price was granted to most of the producers. The smaller cities and towns of this State have gone through similar troubles, and it is very difficult, looking at the matter from the farmers' standpoint, to understand the reluctance sometimes of the public to pay the slight increase asked by the producers. With all foods reaching an un- paralleled level, and in many cases increasing 50 per cent, which the public pays without a great deal of complaint, there is little reason why an increase in the price of milk should not prevail. The consumer does not always seem to realize that the increased cost of producing milk, in higher prices of feed, labor and cows, should in any way be offset to the farmer in an increased price for his product, nor does the consumer always realize that he is getting in milk the cheapest food which his money can buy. The past year has also seen the abolition by the Interstate Commerce Commission of the so-called leased car system all over New England, and the establishment of equal rates on all lines of railroads, the rates increasing in every 20-mile zone. This question of rates and the leased car system has been agitating this section for many years, and now that it is settled it is hoped that several evils of the milk problem have been averted for the present. At the hearings before the Inter- state Commerce Commission, both in Massachusetts and Wash- ington, this Board was represented by the Attorney-General, who also represented the State, and we feel sure that the interests of the State were well looked after. Certain members of the Board and Mr. Harwood of the Dairy Bureau have followed the hear- ings closely. With the rate and leased car questions settled there is a strong feeling among many producers that Massachusetts will stand a more equal chance in the competition for the milk market of our State. Certainly no great change can be looked Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 21 for immediately, nor is there likely to be any decided change in the near future, unless our producers can raise milk as cheaply as it can be produced and shipped to our markets from other sections. The dealers are going to secure their s apply where they can purchase it cheapest, and if rates compel them to come to Massachusetts, this fact will soon become known and stimulate an increase in Massachusetts-produced milk. Time alone will tell in this matter, but if the agitation con- tinues, and the demand is increased for pasteurized milk, Massachusetts will continue to be in as difficult a position as before, because pasteurized milk may be handled from distant parts more easily than fresh. The Boston Chamber of Commerce and other organizations have this year discussed very seriously the question of the grading and labeling of all milk, and while this seems to offer an inducement to the producer in an increase in price for pro- ducing a high grade of milk, the difficulty of establishing and maintaining a standard is apparent. Some of the larger dealers have already adopted a grading label, but as yet there is no official grade established. Many steps advocated by organizations are important in the solution of the milk problem, and we heartily endorse the establishment wherever practicable of county milk stations by the producers, also better systems of dairy management and better stock. An advertising campaign which will place in every house the leaflet on "Food Value of Milk" is highly recommended, along with a better system of city distribution. ^Massachusetts needs the dairy cow to go hand in hand with the development of the idle lands of the State, and while we may look forward in any event to the cultivation of these lands, quicker returns will be received if some form of animal hus- bandry goes with the work. Insects. There have been no very serious outbreaks of periodic insects this year, but the usual number of the more common pests has been noted. The gypsy moth has been very abundant in certain sections, and has done considerable damage on cranberry bogs and on farms adjacent to woodlands. There was an abundance 22 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. of potato beetles in many sections and some slight showing of cabbage and vegetable pests. In spite of the wet weather there was an abundance of red spiders on many out-of-door crops. Orchard insects were not as abundant, although aphis caused considerable damage early in the season. Codling moths, too, were bad in most of the apple sections. One encouraging feature of the insect situation is that some of our imported insects seem to be getting nearer a balance where their own enemies control them in this country; particu- larly is this true of the brown-tail moth and elm-leaf beetle, both of which have not been as bad the last two or three years as formerly. Many of the parasites and diseases of our im- ported insects have been brought into the country recently, and the effect of their work is now being noticed materially. The White Pine Blister Rust. The appearance of the white pine blister rust in this country in 1908 led in 1910 to a direct quarantine on all five-leafed pines coming from foreign countries. In spite of this fact the disease has secured quite a definite foothold, and its continued discovery has led to joint action by the several States, looking toward steps for control. A bill was introduced calling for an appropriation of $10,000 which, through the aid of the Massachusetts Forestry Associa- tion and others interested, was enacted, and the work started in the spring of 1916, with Dr. H. T. Fernald in charge and Dr. James F. Martin as his deputy. Dr. Fernald's report will cover the details of the work. The Nation-wide seriousness of the situation led to the forma- tion of an interstate committee on the white pine blister rust, and the secretary was chosen chairman. It was due to this committee's work that much of the information relative to this disease was spread about. The committee has had several meet- ings, and at the most recent one in Albany, New York, over 15 States, as well as Canada and the United States Department of Agriculture, were represented. Many problems connected with the question were discussed, and the following recommendations made: — Part I.] IIEPORT OF SECRETARY. 23 That a Federal quarantine be established on all trees and shrubs from foreign countries; that Congress be asked for an appropriation of $240,000 for work in blister rust suppression; that currants and gooseberries be declared a public nuisance and be destroyed in all sections where the disease has been found; that Congress establish a line north and south on the Great Plains, beyond which no currants or pines may be sent from the eastern part of the United States. The interstate committee has been reorganized so as to take in all areas in this country and Canada where five-needle pines grow, and the name has been changed to the " Committee for the Suppression of the Pine Blister Rust in North America." Clearly we are facing a very serious situation in relation to our white pines, and if we are to save this valuable tree to the State and Nation, drastic action must be taken at once. The Seed Situation for 1917. From the farmer's viewpoint the seed situation for 1917 is generally disturbing, due to a combination of causes. Weather conditions during the summer of 1916 in many parts of the United States were unsatisfactory for seed development and maturity, while seeds from Holland, France, Germany and Den- mark have been cut off by an embargo since the early part of the summer, and there is no assurance of its being lifted in time to affect the 1917 supply. The seed bean crop is short, due to unfavorable weather and labor conditions. Various estimates place it at from 15 to 40 per cent of normal. Sweet corn is estimated at 50 per cent, and peas at from 30 to 40. Eastern grown carrot seed was almost an entire failure. The principal seeds affected by European con- ditions include cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, mangels and beets from Denmark, celery, carrots, lettuce, radishes and turnips from France and onions and garlic from Italy. Danish seeds have been out of the market so far on account of the embargo, and it is impossible to say how long this condition will continue. Spin- ach seed, which last year sold for 12 cents, is now quoted at 60 cents. There are no available statistics as to the Danish supply which would be available to the country should the embargo be lifted, although it is reported that the Russian 24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. government has been a heavy buyer of Danish seed. French seed is very hard to get, only about 10 to 15 per cent of the orders being filled, and this same condition applies also to Italian seed. Sugar beet seed is very short, as there will be no available foreign supply. The only bright spot in the situation concerns the American grown grass and clover seeds. The supply of timothy, redtop and the clovers is adequate and prices will be normal. Alfalfa seed is reasonable and the demand increasing. Hungarian millet was almost a complete failure and will be scarce, but there seems to be plenty of the Japanese and golden varieties. Foreign grass seeds, on the other hand, are very scarce, and this will greatly affect the lawn mixtures in which such grasses as the fescues and bent are used. The outlook for seed potatoes is extremely uncertain. At present, prices are very high, although reports seem to indicate that adequate reserves for seed are being held. Red varieties are very short. At present no quotations on seed potatoes have been made. Farmers should give the seed proposition early consideration, especially on all kinds of domestic seeds. Certain varieties of beans are reported to be already exhausted, al- though there is a possibility of the visible supply of foreign seeds being augmented by a lifting of the present embargo. We have given far too little thought to the question of seed production. Here and there we find a man engaged slightly in this business, but principally in producing some particular strain for which he has a monopoly of the market. Large quantities of seed of best strains and purity should be grown here, and there can be no doubt that in this country "with the varied conditions there must be places where practically all the seed we need may be grown. There is another argument for the production of our own seeds in that there is no doubt that certain very destructive diseases have been imported into this country on seed brought from abroad, and we must look for a continuation of these introduced diseases if we continue to import so much of our seed. Prices for the next few years certainly should be attractive enough to stimulate the industry which when once established may easily compete with the world. Some phases of the seed Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 25 business should be attractive to those in remote sections from a market, or where shipping facilities render it impossible to ship out the fresh product. The Fertilizer Situation. The fertilizer situation, as outlined in my last annual report, has been profoundly affected by the war, and during 1910 has been anything but favorable for the farmer. The outlook for 1917 is not bright; in fact, nothing but the cessation of hostilities and the resumption of imports of potash and basic slag from Germany can materially lower prices. There have been no im- ports of potash salts from Germany since January, 1915, com- pared with a normal importation of 800,000 tons., The price of muriate of potash is now quoted at $450 to $460 per ton, and sulphate at $275 to $300. These quotations are practically nominal as it is almost impossible to secure the raw material. Chilean nitrate has continued high, and at present it is quoted at $70 a ton, about the same as last year. The fertilizer companies have been unable to secure basic slag from Germany, and the slag produced in this country is not of the required quality for fertilizing purposes. Acid phosphate is about SO per cent higher in price than before the war. jNIixed fertilizers have been sold, for the most part, on a no potash basis, and in some cases, notably in the Aroostook County potato-growing sections, some remarkable results have been obtained with these no potash fertilizers. Of course, this was on land which had received applications of potash during pre- vious yekrs, so that the crop must have been drawing on the reserve supply in the soil. The attempts to find profitable sources of potash in this country have continued. One source has been the waters of Jesse Lake in Nebraska, the evaporation of which has yielded some potash; and the same thing has been done with Searles Lake in California, with Great Salt Lake in Utah, and with sea water in California. The kelp of the Pacific coast has yielded some potash, as has the flue dust of cement works in parts of California and Maryland, and an alunite plant in Utah. It has been stated, however, on reliable authority, that if all the potash-producing plants in the United States were operated at 26 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. their full capacity every day in the year there would be pro- duced about 6 per cent of the actual potash which was annually imported from Germany before the war. It is recognized also by authorities in the fertilizer business that in none of these methods is the cost of production low enough to enable the domestic potash to compete with the German at the end of the war. Reports of other sources of potash are constantly being circulated, but seem to lack authoritative confirmation. Large deposits of phosphate have been discovered in the west, but here, too, it is doubtful if the material is available enough to compete in price with the phosphate rock of Florida, South Carolina and Tennessee. During the y^ar Congress authorized the erection of a govern- ment plant for the manufacture of nitrate from the air, but as this is to be used for ammunition, it will hardly benefit the fertilizer situation. It would seem as though there was a field for private capital to go into the business of manufacturing nitrates in this way, as is now being done successfully in Germany. To sum up, it seems as though our farmers must plan to place increasing reliance on animal fertilizers and soiling crops for the coming year. Poultry. Four things conspired to reduce the production of poultry and eggs in the State this year, — high labor costs, low vitality in eggs and chicks, bad weather, high prices of feed; and possi- bly a fifth might be mentioned in that high prices paid for poultry tempted many to sell off their stock rather than carry on the business at the increased costs. The long winter and late spring certainly had much to do with the low fertility, while bad weather served to cause much loss in the young chicks. The number of breeders of pure-bred birds seems some- what on the increase just now, and that many of these breeders are turning their attention from mere feathers to a utility strain in their several breeds is most encouraging. There certainly is room for improvement in poultry breeds, and especially so in strains which have greater vitality and consequently large pro- ducing powers of both meat and eggs. Much experimental work is now being done to eliminate disease among poultry. Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 27 Many States have funds for testing stock for white diarrhoea, and while the expense of this work should largely be borne by the poultrymen themselves, there should be more experimental work done, with the possible training of more persons to handle such troubles. It is gratifying to note improvement or achievement in any branch of agriculture, and one matter which has come within the secretary's notice deserves attention. The raising of tur- keys has become almost a lost art in our State, and it is only within a few years that there seems to have been a revival of this industry. That there has been a revival in turkey breeding is largely due to Miss Margaret Mahanney of Concord, who for the past few years has been steadily working to overcome those troubles which have caused the destruction of large quantities of turkeys in this country. That Miss Mahanney has succeeded is attested by the fact that she raises turkeys, and raises a very large per cent of those hatched. Her work has attracted attention in many States, and it has now come to the place where much of her time is devoted to assisting others in this work. The secretary would recommend to the Board that a committee visit the farm of Miss Mahanney in Concord and see the progress which has been made in this line of work> and if she is deserving of some recognition by the Board, that some suitable award be made her. Other lines of poultry work are not receiving the attention that would seem to warrant the high prices on all poultry products, and while ducks, geese and guinea fowl are raised in some quantities, we do not begin to supply the market demand in this State. The Production of Food Animals. Very little progress has been made during the past few years in the greater raising of meat-producing animals. There are a few herds of beef cattle in the State, but these are largely used for breeding purposes, and seldom does one see them in the market as beef. It is also discouraging to note that sheep are still continuing to decrease, while hogs seem to remain about the same, although there are some attempts to revive this industry in some sections. 28 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Arguments that there is no money in the business do not seem to be the final answer to this question. Capital, that ever-present factor in all development, has undoubtedly been attracted to those great centers where these animals are now produced on a large scale, and while we may have all the conditions necessary for their rearing, cattle, sheep and swine will not come back with- out some decided and joint effort on the part of the farmer and capitalist. Wild Game. Last year the secretary made several suggestions relative to the farmer and the game question, particularly in relation to pheasants. A bill introduced in an attempt to change the time of the open season on all game failed of enactment through the opposition of the sportsmen. Farmers have been most patient in regard to this whole question of game and of the sportsman, I)ut judging from the increase in posted land that patience is becoming exliausted. One thing that the sportsmen have got to understand is that if there is going to be a continuation of good feeling between them and the landowners, the sportsmen must respect the landowners' rights, and if these rights are not re- spected the conflict which is bound to follow is going to drive the sportsmen out of most of the land in the State. The bill asked for was not unreasonable and only shifted the season along so that very little of the open season came while crops were in the fields. It also gave the sportsmen one holiday during the open season, and apparently the only hardship it entailed was that the woodcock flight season did not come within that of the proposed open season. Pheasants have not been as numerous this season as last. That these birds are destructive more or less to crops is true; that they do a great deal of good is also true; but the damage done to growing crops by sportsmen during the early part of the season is great, and if the sportsmen only realized it, has resulted in much land posting. Wild deer are not as numerous in the State as they were six years ago, as the following table will show, and damage from them is reported as less: — Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 29 Su77imary of Deer shot during the Open Seasons of 1010 and 1916. County. 1910. 1916. Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, . Norfolk, Plymouth, . Worcester, , Total, , - 40 214 181 - 26 - 2 - 23 268 167 216 164 180 139 - 22 - 16 - 60 403 159 1,281 999 A bill accompanying this report for the removal of protection from the starling should be favored. This bird is increasing very rapidly in the State, and as its food habits are now known it promises to be a most destructive pest. Flocks of these birds, ranging from 500 to 2,000, are not infrequent, and when they get to the point where their common food is scarce they will attack all kinds of fruits. Alfalfa and Cover Crops. We are glad to report continued interest in the growing of alfalfa. Indeed, the increased acreage of the crop is very marked throughout the State. Very much good work has been done along this line by the county agents. Very large yields have been common throughout the State this year, and while our climate often makes it difficult to dry the crop, in most cases it may be fed green. The Alfalfa Growers' Association has had much to do in keeping up the interest in the crop through meetings and demonstrations. The exhibit at Springfield by this association, in connection with the Massachusetts exhibit, was most interesting, and 30 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. showed many features necessary in growing the crop. A part of this exhibit was made by the experiment station to show, first, effect of Hme in various quantities; second, the effect of varying proportions of organic matter; third, the effect of inocula- tion; fourth, effect of potash; and fifth, varieties. The result of these experiments showed, first, that hme is useful up to three- quarters of the amount required to make soil neutral; second, that moderate amounts of organic matter are necessary; third, that inoculation with lime added did not show any particular results; fourth, that potash did not seem to be necessary; and fifth, that Spanish, Dakota, Common, Canadian, 24452 Yellow Flowered, Grimm and Baltic varieties were best in order named. As these results were from pot experiments their results might not apply to field culture, and in variety test none of these were wintered over. Several beautiful fields of alfalfa have been visited by the secretary this season, and in particular those of the Massachu- setts Agricultural College and Medfield State Hospital are worthy of special notice. The Worcester County Agricultural Society had a splendid exhibit in the competition and there were over ten entries. Cover and soiling crops, such as crimson clover, soy beans, rye, vetch, winter wheat, oats and peas are being grown more and more in the State. Many farmers are turning to these crops for their supply of nitrogen and for use in protecting land from washing in winter. More experimental work on these crops should be made, as it is undoubtedly true that more of these crops will have to be used as fertilizers grow scarce. One variety, lupine, does not seem to have been used a great deal as a nitrogen gathering plant, and yet its possibilities are great. Legislation necessary for 1917. The secretary has this past year spoken at several meetings in this and other States on a subject which he considers of vital importance in the future of agriculture, and especially that of Massachusetts. This subject is organization in agriculture. With an agricultural population of less than 8 per cent in our State, with large tracts of land lying idle, with capital more abundant Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 31 than anywhere in the country, and markets at our doors, the condition in which we find ourselves is certainly not healthy, agriculturally speaking. The point in this question to which your attention is most directed is of the necessity to organize for production as well as for sale; organizing for marketing has been advocated and carried out with some small results, but it is only beginning to dawn upon us that in order to have something to sell we must first grow something. True, we do have goods to sell, but only in a very few centers can you find large quantities of well-grown products of a given variety and grade. The necessity of really beginning all over again in the production of crops seems not to have occurred to us. We have thought that we could sell what- ever we have grown; instead, we find that we are face to face with agricultural products grown in other States by organizations which have all the machinery for handling the crop from the seed to the market. We have many splendid centers as yet untouched which, when organized to grow one particular crop or a succession of crops for the season, could easily, under good management, be- come prosperous, self-sustaining communities. Last year we presented to the Legislature a bill for a chief of markets, as an attempted first step in the general question of improving the sale of our crops. This bill failed to become a law, and it seems to the secretary that the time has now come to present the whole matter of organization and markets to the Legislature in order that the question may be more thoroughly understood. That this matter is not alone for the farmer's benefit ought to be apparent from the fact that increased pro- duction and better distribution should work for the benefit of the consumer as well as the producer, and that all interested in the upbuilding of the State should see in a better agriculture improved conditions in all walks of life. The productive use of the now idle land will certainly bring to the towns a larger population, increasing income from taxes, with a consequent bettering of school, civic and health conditions. Land values will certainly increase, and the effect from the success of one center is bound to be transmitted to those near by and from them to the cities. As a first step in this program there should be organized 32 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. under this Board a bureau of organization and marketing, the work of which shall be along these general lines. 1. To ascertain as far as possible the sections of the State adapted to the production of certain crops, and to organize these sections to produce such crops. 2. To connect these separate small units with a greater State- wide organization for the distribution of this crop, 3. Through the marketing department of this bureau to assist in placing these products on the markets to the best advantage of all concerned. 4. To assist cities and towns in establishing markets , and improving market facilities. Along with this general program should also go the move- ment to develop our now unproductive land areas both wet and dry. There are thousands of acres of wet land, much of it far more fertile and more easily workable than a great deal of the land now under cultivation, and where small areas of this land have been used very surprising results have been obtained. One section reports producing 6 tons of hay per acre; another better than $500 worth of market-garden crops. What is needed for this land is a comprehensive scheme for under- drainage in fairly large tracts. As these tracts are usually in the hands of several proprietors, in this work they simply must co-operate, and there must be some way of preventing one obstinate landholder from blocking the scheme for all. It was for this purpose that the statute which is now known as chapter 195 of the Revised Laws was passed in colonial days. This law is practically an enabling act which authorizes a majority of the proprietors of a tract of wet land to have com- missioners appointed by the Superior Court to do the work, and then the cost is levied and collected as taxes on the lands of the owners benefited. The great trouble with this law is that it does not provide for the payments to be made in installments. An amended act with this installment provision in it, and also a provision for the issue of bonds to defray the cost of the work until the installments are collected, was introduced by the Board last year, but was referred to the next General Court by the committee on joint judiciary. The secretary recommends that a similar bill be introduced Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 33 this year with the further amendment that the petition be filed with the county commissioners instead of with the Superior Court, as our courts are already overburdened with work. But this is not all our drainage program. In 1913 an act was passed empowering the State Department of Health and the State Board of Agriculture, acting jointly, actually to take some land by purchase, gift or eminent domain, drain it, and then sell it at cost; and $25,000 was given this Joint Board for use in this work. No land was ever actually drained under this act, however, as while preliminary surveys were still being made the Legislature of the following year gave this appropria- tion to the State Forester for use with the unemployed. After giving much thought to this question, it seems to the secretary that the function of the State should be to find out the facts about the wet land in the State, make preliminary surveys and maps, and have this information available for all, leaving the actual work of drainage to private capital, as has been outlined before. The secretary has, in company with a representative of the United States Department of Agriculture and the engineer of the Department of Health, made quite a study of the areas of wet land in the eastern part of the State, and has taken soundings in many of these places. These rather rough surveys show in most cases that the lands are very valuable, but the most important results that these studies show is that in order to be successful in agricultural development certain areas must be more carefully examined; also that certain areas would un- doubtedly be absolute failures unless handled in a very careful way. The net results of our work show that we need some trained person to go over the whole situation in the State thoroughly, and make a report on what should be done. To this end, besides passing the amended drainage bill, we should have an appropriation to carry on this work. There is every assurance at this time that if the State will show an interest in this matter, the United States Department of Agriculture will co-operate with us to the extent of furnishing an expert to do the preliminary work. The work of determining and mapping the forest lands of the State is now being done by the Forester's Department, and there certainly is no good reason why the 34 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. other lands should not be so determined. Together with this work should go a general soil survey of the State, for at the present time only three counties of the State have been sur- veyed and only one of these results published. In order to get the government to assist in this work the State must co-operate to the extent of furnishing some money. The secretary therefore recommends the introduction of a bill repealing the act of 1913 and amendments thereto, but giving the Board of Agriculture and Department of Health power, acting as a sort of joint drainage board, to do this preliminary work, and making the issue of county drainage bonds, under the other drainage bill, which has been outlined, dependent on the approval of this Joint Board. This will mean that the soundness of each drainage project must meet the approval of a body of impartial experts, the engineering department of the Department of Health looking after the engineering features, and the drainage committee of the Board passing on the agricultural value of each proposition. The secretary recom- mends that the Board be allowed an annual appropriation of $5,000 for this work. Other desirable legislation looking toward some of the matters we have presented or supported in the past should at this time be set aside to obtain those things which seem to be more im- portant in the immediate agricultural problem. The Board is rapidly nearing the place where we must in- crease our regular force if we are to take up new work. With our present office force and equipment we are handling about all the work that we can do effectively. Much new work has been added in the last few years without changing materially our office force or equipment. Since the year 1900 the work of the nursery inspection, apiary inspection, apple-grading inspection, distribution of bounty to poultry socie- ties, encouragement of dairying and encouragement of orcharding have been added to the Board's work, and in addition many more calls are made on the office force, due to greater interest in agriculture. It should be borne in mind that in all of this work and during this time practically no increases of salaries have been made to those who have had to bear the burden of work, while Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 35 in other State departments and institutions salaries have been largely increased. That new laws or rather new work by this Department should be undertaken is very apparent, but that the present system of adding new work without extra compensation will pro- hibit securing a high-grade staff is also apparent. For this reason the secretary recommends that he be empowered to employ assistants and that to cover the cost of this and of a new stenographer who is imperatively needed the appropriation for clerks be increased to $9,000, and be known as the appropriation for office assistance. Market Law. The Legislature of 1915 passed a law in relation to cities and towns of over 10,000 inhabitants establishing public market places before INIarch, 1916. The approval of such sites was left to the Board. In connection with this law the Board, as soon as possible after its passage, sent out notices to all towns and cities coming within the scope of the law, quoting the law and requesting that sites be named as soon as possible. Twenty cities responded, but owing to the slow process usually taken by correspondence, it was decided, in order to get a report before the time limit expired, namely. May 1, 1916, to visit all cities and towns not already complying with the law. The marketing committee undertook this work and employed Mr. John B. INIoore of Concord and David T. Barnard and N. B. Flood of the committee to do 'this work. Fifty-three cities and towns were visited, and now practically all of the cities and towns of the State which come under this law have market places set aside. Comparatively few of these places are used, however, and no doubt in many cities and towns they will not be used for years. However, their establishment gives the first step in a program for bettering the market conditions of the State. In connection with the work of these agents, many interesting points were brought out^ generally showing that while many places would like to do something in relation to markets, there is so little known about the whole question that it is impossible to get started right. All of this proves more and more con- 36 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. clusively that the estabHshment of a market bureau by the State could materially assist in solving many of the problems with which cities are confronted. Secretary's Travel. The secretary has not traveled very much outside the State this year, but has largely confined his efforts to getting better acquainted with certain problems within the State, such as drainage, markets, fruit growing and organization. An ex- tensive study of the Cape country has been made with the idea of recommending some action looking toward a greater develop- ment of that section. Some interesting facts stand out prom- inently in relation to that part of the State. The fisheries along the coast and the harbors where fishing vessels bring their catch are abundant. In the process of dressing fish for coolers and market much fish scrap is made. There are also quantities of fish below market grade which are not utilized. In this same section large quantities of seaweed may be found. Taken together these materials would seem to form the basis of a very cheap and high-grade fertilizer, the processing of which ought not to be very expensive. Added to this store of plant food there is in this section large quantities of land which only needs the elements contained in such fertilizer to make it produce abundantly. Much of this land lying between the hills of this region is amply protected from sweeping winds, — generally the drawback to successful farming in this section. Markets are abundant, and an ever-increasing summer population promises much to the person who will venture in Cape Cod farming. Travel in the State has been about 8,000 to 10,000 miles; outside State visits have been made to New York on apple- grading law and white pine blister rust; to Vermont on the New England Fruit Show; to the New Hampshire State College; and to Connecticut. Mr. P. M. Harwood represented the secretary at a meeting of the secretaries and commissioners of agriculture in Wash- ington, in May, when a National Association of Secretaries and Commissioners of Agriculture was formed. This association hopes to bring the problems of the various State departments in closer Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 37 touch with the work of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, where it touches more closely on control or administrative functions. While the secretary is not very strong for increasing the number of organizations, it would seem, however, that the time has come for a closer relationship between the State depart- ments of agriculture, in order that their work may be harmonized and made more effective. I The Massachusetts Agricultural Development Committee. This committee, which was organized in March, 1915, has held monthly meetings during the past year. Questions of relationships between organizations, the rural problem and a general plan for the gathering of statistics and facts relative to the agriculture of the State have been adopted by this com- mittee. The make-up of the committee has remained the same, although Mr. H. A, Moses, representing the League of Farm Bureaus, has not been able to attend, being actively engaged in the work of the Eastern States Agricultural and Industrial Exposition and the National Dairy Show. Mr. Moses' services have been greatly missed. While the work of this committee must of necessity be slow, it is nevertheless important, and although it lacks oflB- cial State confirmation its findings should have weight in that its personnel represents largely the official organizations in agriculture. The committee has been asked to come before the Commis- sion on the Investigation of Agricultural Education and state its views as to the agricultural development question. The Agricultural College and the Commission on In- vestigation OF Agricultural Education. One prominent factor in relation to the Agricultural College this year is the investigation undertaken by a commission ap- pointed by the Governor, under a law enacted for the purpose. The wording of this law places a greater work upon the commis- sion than the college investigation alone, in that it seeks to go over the whole agricultural situation and recommend some 38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. solution to many vexed points, such as duplication of work, types of education, consolidation or co-ordination. This commission's investigation touches closely upon many points of the Board's work, especially where the lines cross those of the agricultural college. The Board and the college have for some time past considered various phases of their work more or less unofficially, but during the past year one meeting of the trustees of the college and the members of the executive committee of the Board has been held, and the question of relationships was left, by vote of this meeting, to a committee of the trustees and the Board, two members of each body, with the president of the college and the secretary of the Board. This committee met and after going carefully over the matters under discussion voted to accept the following report as of the joint committee to both Boards: — I. The State Board of Agriculture and the Massachusetts Agricultural College are, or should be, regarded as public agencies, to be supported by public funds and to be subject to appropriate State control. II. The chief function of the State Board of Agriculture is adminis- trative. III. The chief function of the State Agricultural College is educa- tional. IV. There should be a standing joint committee on co-operation and adjustment, comprised of two or more members of the Board of Agri- culture and a similar number from the Board of Trustees of the college, in addition to the secretary of the Board and the president of the college. V. Memoranda of Agreement. — There should be a distinct written agreement on the form and method of division of labor in all cases where there is, in the opinion of either institution, any overlapping or duphca- tion of work. VI. It is understood that in the matter of employment of members of the college staff as executive officers in the control or other work of the Board, there will be definite agreements between the Board and the col- lege. Disposition of Certain Existing Pieces of Work. I. The college to take over the Farmers' Institutes. II. The Board of Agriculture to take over all control work now carried on by the college. III. All shows and exhibits at which prizes are offered to be under the auspices of the Board of Agriculture. Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 39 IV. The advertising of Massachusetts agriculture to be under the Board of Agriculture. V. The question of publications to be subject to agreement. VI. The question of the educational administrative work of the Board of Agriculture was left to Secretary Wheeler and President Butterfield for further consideration and report. At a recent meeting of the trustees of the college, after the committee of the trustees had reported to that body, the whole matter was referred back to the joint committee, and also a meeting of the trustees and Board was requested to go over this whole matter again. The work at the Agricultural College has been along the usual lines, although some new work has been taken up and some additions to the Extension Department have been made. The establishment of the market-garden experiment station, authorized by the last Legislature, at North Lexington seems to fill a demand created by the market gardeners for a place where experiments in their line of work could be carried on directly within the area where the greatest amount of work is done. This station is to be under the immediate charge of the Agri- cultural College, with Professor Harold F. Tompson in charge. The secretary has enjoyed very cordial relations with the college through many departments, visiting there over a dozen times and addressing some of the meetings during farmers' week. The college staff has continued to give us splendid service in the Farmers' Institute work and along other lines. One phase in the relationship of the college and Board should, as soon as possible, be placed on a more definite basis. We refer to college officials acting in the capacity of administrative agents in the control work of the Board. There are two such men now act- ing for us in the nursery and apiary inspection service, respec- tively. For fifteen years we have had the splendid services of Dr. H. T. Fernald in the nursery inspection work. He has given us unstintingly of his best thought and experience, and has placed the nursery inspection work of this State above reproach. Not alone for the actual control of diseases and insects has he worked, but for the general upbuilding of the business. He has represented us many times in Washington, 40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. delaying or averting adverse action against Massachusetts when such action threatened. With the advent of the white pine bhster rust the work of its control has been placed upon Dr. Fernald, and here again has he displayed the same ability to meet a diflBcult situation. Dr. Burton N. Gates, as Apiary Inspector, has also given to the Board valuable service, not alone in the suppression of bee diseases, but in hard work to build up the apiary industry. There is no doubt of the value to college workers in being connected with such work, as the experience gained is most valuable to them and the institution, too, for research and teaching, but the duties imposed by these laws should not be administered by members of the college staff, for in so doing they are likely to be involved in lawsuits and cases in court. The question of compensation is also difficult to adjust, and makes it seem as if the college man is receiving an extra salary, when in fact he is more likely to be underpaid by one depart- ment or another. The secretary would recommend, therefore, the adoption of recommendation VI. in the agreement between the two Boards. In other respects the lines of work between the two organiza- tions should be clearly drawn, so that there may be co-operation and definite understandings upon all questions. There has been some falling off in attendance at the Agricul- tural College this year. Some are inclined to lay the blame for this to the investigation now going on in reference to the col- lege, while others explain it as due to good industrial conditions, where many young men are finding profitable employment. Whatever the cause, it is to be regretted that there is a falling off in attendance, and it is hoped that it is only temporary. The Commission for Investigating Agricultural Education has had several public meetings at which questions relating to the college were discussed. This commission is composed of L. Clark Seelye, chairman, Pay son Smith, secretary, Charles E. Burbank, Warren C. Jewett and William F. Whiting, and it is understood that they are to investigate thoroughly all questions relating to agricultural education. Part L] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 41 Federation of Farm Bureaus. The very active organization known as the Federation of Farm Bureaus, and composed of delegates from the various bureaus, has the past year held its usual meetings and discussed topics along lines of its work. Particular emphasis was laid on marketing in the June meeting, and on organization for milk producers in November. The Board has enjoyed very cordial relations with the Bureaus, and has co-operated with them in many ways. Much help and in- terest has been manifested in the work of enforcing the apple-grad- ing law, and the Board at this time wishes to thank the Bureaus for their co-operation in this work. Institute and demonstration work has been greatly assisted by the Bureaus. One new county, Essex, has added a county agent, who is to be under control of the county school at Hathorne. Mr. F. Howard Brown has been appointed county agent, and is to devote his entire time to the work. Middlesex, while not organized with a regular bureau, has at present a worker among the market gardeners, and is further discussing the question of a bureau. On the whole, this work in most sections of the State seems to be going ahead rapidly, and where it is sticking strictly to agricultural work much good is being accomplished. On invitation of the Federation the secretary was appointed a delegate from this Board to the Federation of Farm Bureaus, and in the change of law regulating the make-up of the Board, which allowed a delegate from the Federation to the Board, Mr. L. L. Richardson of Leominster has been elected. Nursery Inspection. This work has gone this year much along the same lines as formerly, although the work has been increased to cover the gypsy and brown-tail moth inspection in smaller nurseries which were not covered by the government inspectors, whose work only covered stock going outside the infested zone. It has been more difficult than usual to obtain men for this work, and in spite of an examination held by the Civil Service Commission 42 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. very few good men were obtainable. The white pine bhster rust work also drew heavily on our supply of trained men. Stock from abroad came over in about the usual amount, although a great reduction was looked for. The work has progressed satisfactorily, and has the support of our nurserymen. The increase in the number of nurseries and a larger planting has made more demands upon our force. Apiaey Inspection. The very small amount allowed by the Legislature for carry- ing on this work makes it exceedingly diflBcult to cover the State properly for the suppression of bee diseases. Our inspectors are, however, giving much thought to the work, and are cover- ing a great deal of territory for the amount of money available. Every once in a while the cry is taken up by certain persons against continuing the disease control work among bees. Little do these persons appreciate the value of bees to this State. We are developing large fruit orchards as well as fruits of other kinds for which the bee is very necessary in fertilizing the blooms; also, the greenhouse cucumber industry is demanding each year more and more bees. All of these demands for bees cannot be met at the present time from .this State, and every time we bring new bees here we increase the danger from diseases. The honey output could undoubtedly be largely increased by the control of bee diseases, and in some sections of the State where there is an abundance of honey-producing plants bees kept for honey would un- doubtedly be most profitable. Along with this apiary work it would be advisable at this time for the State to take up the rearing of queen bees in large enough quantities to supply the demand within the State, as no doubt in some cases foul brood and other diseases have been brought into the State with queens, practically all of which are produced in other States. A disease known as bee paralysis has apparently made its appearance in some sections of the State this year, and while very little is known about its origin and control, we do know that this disease killed over 80 per cent of the bees in England. An English expert on bee diseases has been in the State a Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 43 good deal this season, and in company with Dr. Gates visited many yards and examined bees suffering from this disease. So far as we know, the disease has caused but little damage, but it must be carefully watched. In order to cover the State to better advantage this year there should be an increase of $1,000 in the appropriation for apiary inspection work. The Dairy Btjreau. Generally in the year of high prices of all foods greater activity on the part of persons inclined to disobey the dairy laws is looked for, but this year fewer prosecutions have been made than usual, although a strict watch has been kept for offenders. The Bureau, however, has had its hands full in the clean milk work, dairy inspection, milk exhibits, the preparation of various pamphlets, etc. The amendment to the dairy law, enacted at the. last session of the Legislature, has broadened the work of the Bureau in many lines, and work along several new lines has been planned, princi- pally looking toward a better dairying situation in the State. The general agent has kept in touch with work along dairy lines in various parts of the country, visiting Washington, New York and Rhode Island. He has kept in close touch with the various hearings before the Interstate Commerce Commission and our own Public Service Commission. Mr. Charles M. Gardner, who for six years was chairman of the Dairy Bureau, retired this year, and Mr. G. E. Taylor, Jr., was appointed on the Bureau. Mr. Gardner was an earnest, faithful worker for the Bureau, and an eflScient chairman, always looking to improve the standard of the Dairy Bureau's work. Those who have worked with him appreciated his talents and miss his energy. Mr. D. E. Bradway of Monson was elected chairman of the Bureau in place of Mr. Gardner. State Ornithologist. Interest in bird life is increasing in Massachusetts year by year, and the character of the work being done by our own State Ornithologist is being more and more appreciated, and is 44 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. enhancing the reputation both of Mr. Forbush and indirectly of the Board as a sponsor for this work. The year just closed has been an especially active one. In Massachusetts the ornitholo- gist has continued his experiments with birds as protectors of crops, and his investigations of the distribution of birds in the State and of the foods of birds. He has written during the year bulletins on "The Domestic Cat" and "Natural Enemies of Birds," and a circular on "Food Plants to attract Birds," and has revised and enlarged the "History of the Game Birds," which has now been published in a second edition. In the national field Mr. Forbush was appointed by the Federal Secretary of Agriculture as a member of a committee to pass on the proposed regulations for enforcing the migratory bird law. The National Conservation Commission also ap- pointed him on a committee to consider the conservation of wild birds and animals, and the question of reservations for their protection; and he represented the Board in Washington in support of an appropriation for the migratory bird law, and in support of the treaty with Great Britain for the protection of birds in the United States and Canada. An appreciation of Mr. Forbush's work, by Dr. W. T. Hornaday, one of the greatest conservators of wild life in this country, would not be amiss in this report. Dr. Hornaday says : — The Forbush literature that I already have acquired is immovably fixed in my own working library, from which nobody ever will be able to pry anjrthing loose while I live. Everything of yours that can be bought, we will buy for cash. Everything that is to be procured by favor, we will pray for. State Forester. It has been the custom during the past few years for the secretary of the Board of Agriculture in presenting his annual report to make some reference to the work being accomplished by the State Forester in the development of a definite forest policy. The secretary believes that Massachusetts may justly claim to stand in the front rank of the States pursuing an advanced and intelligent system of encouragement of forestry. The stability of forestry as an economic proposition depends in Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 45 large measure upon the proper protection given against all those agencies which threaten it, such as forest fires, insect depreda- tions and other dangers. It is gratifying to know that to meet the fire danger there has been created a splendid fire-prevention system. Under the opera- tion of this system few fires burn for any considerable time with- out being discovered and reported from some lookout station, thirty of which are now located at suitable points in the State. This has resulted in reducing the annual losses caused by forest fires from a sum well up in the hundreds of thousands of dollars a few years ago down to less than $50,000 the past year. The application of modern forestry principles to the work of suppressing the gypsy and brown-tail moths has been quite extensive during the past year, and the result has been ex- tremely satisfactory. Last year the secretary reported the purchase by the State Forest Commission of a tract of land comprising about 1,700 acres in the towns of Winchendon, Royalston and Templeton, and named the Otter River State Forest. During the twelve months just past the same commission has acquired two more tracts, one of 6,000 acres in the towns of Plj^mouth and Carver and named the Myles Standish State Forest. The second tract of approximately 1,000 acres in Middlesex County, in the towns of North Reading and Andover, has not yet been given a name. The awakened interest on the part of our citizens generally in all that pertains to forestry seems to assure a bright future for this important undertaking. Apple Grading. The apple-grading law as a compulsory measure went into effect on July 1, 1916. Six field inspectors were appointed, namely, Mr. Alden C. Brett of North Abington, INIr. F. H. Greeley of Salisbury, Mr. W. F. Plummer of Newbury, Mr. Karl INI. Perham of Chelmsford, and Mr. John H. Hardy, Jr., of Littleton. Mr. R. Edwards Annin, Jr., was appointed chief deputy inspector to have general charge of the work. The secretary and Mr. H. L. White also acted as inspectors in emergency instances. The county agents were also asked to co-operate in the work of advertising the law, and did so with 46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. good results. While the circuit of apple-grading demonstra- tions conducted by the Board in 1915 had brought this law to the attention of probably a majority of our farmers, still a number had not even heard of the existence of the statute, and so a large amount of educational work was carried on again this year. Demonstrations of the law were given by the Board's in- spectors in the following towns : — Amesbury. Amherst. Ashfield. Blandford. Brimfield. Bolton. Boxborough. Colrain. Dalton. Fitchburg. Franklin. Freetown. GranviUe. Greenfield. Groveland. Hathorne. Haverhill. Hopkinton. Leominster. Marlborough. Marshfield. North Brookfield. Northampton. Pepperell. Petersham. Segreganset. Springfield. Topsfield. Worcester. In addition, a number of demonstrations were held by the Farm Bureaus and at the Agricultural College in connection with the annual apple-packing school. In September regular inspection work was begun. The method pursued was as follows: inspectors are furnished with blanks on which to report lots of apples inspected. These are returned to the office, and in cases where the apples are found to be incorrectly graded or branded a letter is sent the offender, pointing out where the mistake was made and warning that packages must be properly marked in the future. Fourteen hundred and fifteen inspections of this sort were made from a total of 396 growers and packers. Of the violations discovered, practically all were cases of incorrect marking, i.e., some of the required marks on the barrels had been omitted, evidently through ignorance of the law and its regulations. In some cases, instead of a letter being sent to a grower, an inspector would make a personal visit and straighten the matter out in that way. A large amount of this personal work was done. Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 47 and an effort has been made to convince fruit growers that our inspectors' principal business this year was to help them under- stand the law. Most growers have taken the law in a good spirit, and it has not been found necessary up to the present time to conduct any prosecutions under it. Some trouble was experienced early in the season with out-of-State buyers, but in every case the offending party, when shown that he was liable to prosecution, has come around and promised to comply with the law. The fact that the apple crop was of such poor quality in some sections, of course, added to the difficulty of enforcing the law in its first year, and it is believed that with a crop of normal quality, such as we may hope for next year, a great improvement will be shown. After two years of educational work it may now be presumed that both growers and buyers are well acquainted with the provisions of the law, and in future its enforcement should be more strict. The secretary believes, however, that this year a lenient enforcement of the law was wisest, as we must have the enthusiastic support of our fruit growers in order to make it a success. Some of our fruit growers seemed at first afraid to pack under the law, and seemed to have the impression that its provisions were impossibly strict. For this reason more apples were shipped to the Boston market in bushel boxes than ever before, and many growers marked their entire crop ungraded when much of it would have conformed to a higher mark. Closer study will show that this law is in its essentials a simple one, and the secretary believes that another year will find a much larger proportion of the fruit packed under the Massachusetts standard A grade. The law should remain substantially the same as at present for another year at least. One minor change that should be made, however, is the elimination of the words "of the packer or" in section 5, so as to make every barrel bear the name of the person responsible for the packing. The cost of enforcing the law for the six months it was in effect in 1916 was about $2,000. There will be consider- able enforcement work during the months of December, January, February and March, which was not the case last year. I recommend that in addition to the above amendment an appropriation of $2,500 be allowed for the enforcement of the law during 1917. 48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. The Fairs. At no time during recent years have the agricultural, fairs of the State enjoyed such a run of good weather, for scarcely a fair this year had bad weather. Attendance in most cases was good, but often considerably reduced by the presence of infantile paralysis, which prevailed during the late summer and early fall. The general average of exhibits was high, although the hall ex- hibits in most cases were smaller and not quite as good as usual. Cattle were reported in abundance and of high grade. Certainly after the no-cattle fairs of 1915 it was pleasing to see the good showing made this year. Sheep, swine and poultry were made of special interest in many places, while in others the children's work formed an important part of the fair, although the infantile paralysis referred to did a great deal toward reducing the children's exhibits. There still seems to be a tendency among certain fairs to give a great deal more prominence to amusements and fakirs than is warranted in an agricultural fair. Those who contend that these things are necessary should take a lesson from the experi- ence of the exposition at Springfield, when, during the entire ten days of the National Dairy Show, not a fakir or other form of amusement was allowed on the grounds, and yet no one could complain of the attendance. The rise of the small town fair during the past few years is undoubtedly going to make serious inroads upon the attendance at many of the regular fairs, and unless the fair management is willing to meet this situation there is no doubt that quite a number of our older societies will have to discontinue their exhibitions. One possible solution of this is for a more frequent change in officers. New blood' is often needed to get things started in this way, as the community may have changed. Now that access to fairs is made easier and distances are not so important, larger membership could easily be obtained by reach- ing out into the towns surrounding the fair association. There should be less dependence placed upon the wealthy man in the association who is willing to make up the deficit, and an increased interest obtained by increasing membership. Some of these one- town fairs with their meager equipment are equaling the exhibits Part I. REPORT OF SECRETARY. 49 of our old-time societies, and unless there is a speedy reawaken- ing definite changes are bound to come about. The great variation in the quality and standard of exhibits has called for some definite standard of perfection, and we now have in process of preparation a model premium list for all fairs and in all classes of exhibits. It is hoped that this will be out before another season. Poultry Premium Bounty. The seventeen incorporated poultry associations holding shows in the year ending June 30, 1916, and applying for bounty, com- plied with the law and regulations of the Board in all but three instances. The delinquent associations were notified that they were not eligible, and the remaining associations awarded bounty, as follows: — First Premiums paid. Bounty. Amherst Poultry Association, Attleboro Poultry Association ■ . Eastern Massachusetts Poultry and Pigeon Association, . Gloucester Poultry Association, Holyoke Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association, Lawrence Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association, Lenox Poultry Association, Milford Poultry Association, New England Poultry Association, Northampton Poultry Association, Norwood Poultry Association, Quannapowitt Poultry Association, Springfield Poultry Club Worcester Poultry Association $133 50 294 50 98 00 62 00 330 00 152 00 181 00 240 00 262 00 336 00 60 00 82 00 383 00 355 00 S89 93 198 38 66 01 41 76 222 30 102 39 121 93 161 87 176 49 226 34 40 42 55 24 258 00 239 14 Total S2,969 00 S2,000 00 It will be noted that each association received about two- thirds of what it expended in "State first premiums." Yet, ac- cording to law, these premiums were advertised in its premium list as ofi'ered by the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture 50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. through the association. Since the amendment of the law in 1914, and the adoption of new regulations thereunder, there has been repeatedly brought to the attention of the. secretary by poultry show officers the inconsistency and even absurdity of requiring associations thus to advertise premiums, reimburse- ment for the payment of which the Board could not guarantee owing to the limit of the appropriation. No such difficulty is experienced in the case of the payment of bounty to the agricultural societies, for each society knows in advance that compliance with certain requirements will enable it to receive from the Commonwealth an amount equal to the amount expended in premiums up to the maximum fixed by statute. The aggregate sum needed for bounty to these societies is estimated in November each year on the basis of experience. The poultry associations are not so well established as to admit of such procedure, but it is recommended that the following plan be embodied in a bill to supersede existing legislation re- garding the payment of bounty to poultry associations. "State first premiums," as now defined by law and regula- tion, should remain the basis of payment. Each association incorporated primarily for the holding of exhibitions of poultry, and intending to apply for bounty on account of show to be held, should be required to file such intentions with the secre- tary of the Board of Agriculture on or before the first day of November in each year, stating the amount which siich associa- tion proposes to offer in "State first premiums," and, as now, in advance of its show, filing its premium lists and other printed circu- lars. From these certificates it would be a simple matter to pre- pare an estimate for submission to the State Auditor, by Novem- ber 15, of the aggregate required to reimburse in full up to a maximum, say, of $200 each, the amount to be fixed by law, all associations in need of assistance from the State. A principle on which, for ninety-eight years, bounty to agricultural societies has been granted ought to apply to the payment of bounty to the poultry associations. At least one association has established a juvenile depart- ment, and is offering "State first premiums" to boys and girls. This, together with a tendency toward the adoption of utility standards of judging and the holding of poultry institutes, is Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 51 worthy of commendation. The Board can well encourage such tendencies, and continue to emphasize the desirability of placing State money on best birds only of utility breeds. Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Club Work. The agricultural clubs were conducted along established lines with success in spite of the handicap of a slender appropria- tion. The "Home and School Garden Club," "Market-garden Club," "Corn Club," "Potato Club," "Pig Club," "Home Eco- nomics Club," "Canning and Marketing Club," "Poultry Club" and "Calf Club" comprise the activities of the year. The total membership of these clubs reached 90,000, with workers in nearly every town and city. The greater interest in the work is manifest in the more effective organization of local units, the zeal of the contestants, and the high standard and quantity of products shown at agricultural fairs and local exhibitions, the whole crystallized and reflected in the unparalleled exposition of garden products, live stock, canned goods, clothing and skill in judging, staged at the National Dairy Show in Springfield in October. The originators and promoters of this vast assemblage of products of the club boys and girls of all the eastern States deserve un- bounded credit. It goes without saying that the impetus there given many a young pig raiser, gardener or canner will show in the results attained by the next generation of farmers. No more fundamentally sound moveraent in support of agriculture has ever been launched than that having for its object the education of our youths in agriculture and the domestic arts for life on the farm, as producers of real wealth to the Nation. The agricultural societies with a yearly grant of $200 each from the State, as reimbursement for premiums paid to children and youths, should take the leadership themselves and co- operate with local workers for the purpose of improving the quality and quantity of products exhibited. Judging contests at our fairs, under competent supervisors, will accomplish more in this direction in one year than will result in ten years of mere exhibiting. The losers wonder why they did not win, and they ought to be shown; and the winners should be im- pressed with the points of excellence or near excellence of their 52 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. respective exhibits. Whereas 21 of the 33 societies applying for bounty expended in 1915 in excess of $800, the bounty available for general premiums and gratuities, only 13 societies paid out more than the $200 bounty in premiums to children. Is it not evident that the agricultural societies are not doing as much for children as the Commonwealth is ready to pay them for doing? Institute Work. The thirty-eighth consecutive year of institute work has been completed with the usual satisfactory results. The revised list of lecturers with subject index, as approved by the committee on institutes and public meetings, contains the names of five new speakers. Six lecturers were dropped. The call for practical speakers increases, and the institute staff is strengthened at every opportunity by the addition of dairy- men, poultrymen, fruit growers, market gardeners, and the like, who are doing something, have a story to tell and are capable of telling it. With few exceptions speakers are given a year's tryout before election to the staff. Poultry raising continues to be the most popular subject, as it is the most widely practiced agricultural industry; fruit topics stand second, while calls for lectures on vegetable grow- ing, dairying, farm management, marketing and forage crops, and on economic subjects, are frequent. Organizations to which the Board furnishes speakers are re- quired to print and display the official colored posters adopted in 1914, of which 8,025 w^ere printed the past year. These posters are also used in advertising meetings, exhibitions and demonstrations of the Board, and in calling attention to menaces to and legislation affecting agriculture. From 30 to 100 questionnaires on the topic under consideration were dis- tributed at each institute session. These have an inestimable influence on the discussion following the lecture. To these may be attributed in no small degree the cause for the frequent reports that unusual interest was exhibited in this or that institute. The following table shows the status of institute work for the last five years : — Part I. REPORT OF SECRETARY. 53 Year. Number of institutes, Number of sessions Number of institutes held by societies, Number of institutes held by other organi- zations. Total attendance Attendance per session, . . . . 1912. 138 154 111 27 18,172 118 1913. 144 174 106 38 20,017 115 1914. 161 188 86 75 22,049 120 1915. 153 189 78 75 20,009 107 1916. 161 185 71 54 One of the societies held 11 institutes; 3 held 4; 8 held 3; 6 held 2; 12 held 1; and 3 held none; 54 institutes were held by other organizations. To take care of the increased demand for institutes and publications, to provide for the administration of the apple- grading law, and the operation of a bureau of organization and markets, an increase of $6,500 is recommended in the appropria- tion for the dissemination of useful information in agriculture. Exhibitions and Contests. The public winter meeting of the Board at Horticultural Hall, Boston, in January brought out a splendid corn and apple show, as well as an exhibit of boys' and girls' club work. There were also exhibits from the Dairy Bureau, the State Ornitholo- gist, and a milk, cream and butter show conducted by the Massachusetts Dairymen's Association. The exhibition as a whole was far and away the best the Board has so far held in connection with its public winter meeting, and interest was evinced by the large attendance all three days of the exhibition. A special prize of $25 was offered through the Board by a friend for the best acre of potatoes in the town of Phillipston, and certain other similar prizes were offered in the same way. Some of the money offered at the dairy show at Amherst was provided by the Board, and a very good show resulted. The Board as last year offered prizes for a beekeepers' exhibit at the Worcester and Greenfield fairs. Under the direction of Dr. B. X. Gates a very attractive exhibit was gotten together. The orcharding contest was also conducted as in 1915 by the committee on orcharding and fruit growing, and judged by F. Howard Brown with the following results : — 54 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Class 1. Peaches. No entries. Class 2. Pears. Section 1 . — For best orchard of not less than 1 acre : First, Fred Steele, Stoneham, $25; no second prize; third, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $10. Section 2. — For the best crop from a single tree: First, W. A. Root, Easthampton, $10; second, J. Corey & Son, Truro, $5. Class 3. Apples. Section 1. — For the best orchard of 1 acre of standard apple trees; trees must have been planted in fall of 1911, spring or fall of 1912 or 1913, or spring of 1914: First, J. H. Hardy, Jr., Littleton, $25; second, R. L. Everit, Barre, $15; third, Patten Brothers, Sterling, $10. (Honorable mention and gratuities of $5 each, John Chandler, Sterhng Junction; J. T. Geer, Three Rivers; W. D. Gleason, Sterling Junction; C. A. Wilson, Medway.) Section 2. — For the best orchard of not less than 3 acres; trees must have been planted in fall of 1911, spring or fall of 1912 or 1913, or spring of 1914: First, 0. C. Searle & Son, Easthampton, $25; second, John Chandler, Sterling, $15; third, tie between A. S. Geer, Three Rivers, $5, and J. M. Burt, East Longmeadow, $5. (Honorable mention and gratu- ity, H. A. Dunbar, Richmond, $5.) Section 3. — For the best apple orchard in bearing, size of orchard not specified; no trees planted earlier than the fall of 1901 to be eligible: First, Edward F. Belches, Framingham, $25; second, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $15; third, Cyrus D. Ordway, West Newbury, $10. Section 4- — For best old apple orchard renovated: First, 0. C. Searle & Son, Southampton, $25; second, Wright A. Root, Easthampton, $15; third, Sumner L. Howe, Marlborough, $10. (Honorable mention and gratuity of $5 each to Naquag Farm, Rutland; Ralph F. Barnes, Marl- borough; the Misses Noyes, Methuen.) Section 5. — For the best yield of marketable apples from a single tree planted in fall of 1901 or later: First, W. A. Root, Easthampton, $10; second, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $5. Section 6. — For best yield of marketable apples from a single tree planted in spring of 1901 or earlier: First, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $10; second, 0. C. Searle & Son, Southampton, $5. In the class for renovated orchards Mr. O. C. Searle of Southampton had a good record with a yield of 1,200 bushels. In the class for best yield from single pear tree, W. A. Root of Easthampton won with a Clapp's Favorite tree yielding 20 bushels. In the class for best yield of apples from an old tree W. H. Part L] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 55 Atkins of South Amherst carried off first prize, with a yield of 45| bushels. In this connection an extract from the report of the judge may be of interest. We found different troubles more prominent in different sections as was to be expected, red-humped caterpillar being much more plenty in the cen- tral and western sections, while, of course, the gypsy moths were plenty in the eastern section, on account of the bad weather during spraj'^ time. The results of spraying, so far as gypsy moths were concerned, were largely nullified. . . . In spite of the shortage of labor this year on all the farms we have never seen finer orchards nor some in better condition. Meetings of the Board. The annual meeting of the Board was held in December for the first time, under the amended statute. The routine reports were read, policies adopted and legislative program outlined. The opportunity thus offered the Board to prepare its bills in advance of the convening of the Legislature proved to be of advantage in securing earlier action by that body. The change in the time of holding the annual meeting made it necessary to adopt other than a December date for the public winter meeting. The fifty-third annual public w^inter meeting was held, consequently, on January 4, 5 and 6 at Horticultural Hall, Boston. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Massa- chusetts Dairymen's Association, Massachusetts Milk Inspectors* Association and the Massachusetts Alfalfa Growlers' Association co-operated with the Board to make this the most successful meet- ing ever held. The Horticultural Society donated the use of its hall, and the Dairymen's Association took charge of the milk, cream and butter show, and exhibit of dairy appliances. The Dairy Bureau had a striking exhibit showing the food value of milk, and the results of the third annual clean milk contest. The State Ornithologist put up a unique exhibit of means of attracting and protecting birds. The Board conducted the apple and corn shows and an exhibit of its activities and publications and the annual State exhibit of boys' and girls' agricultural club work. In the adjoining room the Milk and Baby Hygiene As- sociation, Boston board of health, and Children's Hospital show-ed charts and photographs illustrating their work. jNIotion pictures 56 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. of agricultural industries in Massachusetts and elsewhere were introduced between lectures. The lectures and abstracts of the discussions were published in Part II. of the annual report for 1915. The attendance at the lectures averaged 300, and ranged from 150 to 500. Practically all visited the exhibition hall. The summer field meeting was held at the farm of Mr. B. W. Crissey, Great Barrington, on Wednesday, June 14. The Housa- tonic Agricultural Society and the newly formed Berkshire County Farm Bureau co-operated in making the meeting one of the notable agricultural meetings of the year. Some time was spent in ex- amining Mr. Crissey's herd of pure-bred Holstein cattle, and sev- eral draft mares with colts from Edgewood Farm and draft stal- lions from the Flintstone Farm in Dalton. A gasoline farm tractor from Mount Washington was demonstrated as used for plowing. The subjects and speakers were: "Sheep Raising," by C. L. Gold, president, Connecticut Sheep Breeders' Association; "The Func- tions of a State Department of Markets," by H. A. Emerson, deputy commissioner of the New York Department of Foods and Markets; "Raising Farm Horses," by L. L. Richardson, proprie- tor of Pine Stock Farm, Leominster; "Soil Improvement," by Dr. Henry G. Bell of the National Soil Fertility League; "The Berk- shire County Farm Bureau," by F. E. Peck, county agent for Berkshire County. The Great Barrington Grange served a bounteous dinner. Changes in the Board. The following changes have occurred in the personnel of the Board: Mr. David T. Barnard of the Deerfield Valley Society retires after three years of service, and is succeeded by Mr. Stephen W. Hawkes; Mr. John T. Bryan of the Highland Society retires after six years of service, and is succeeded by Mr. Harry A. Ford, who has previously represented the Hillside Society on the Board; Mr. H. S. Packard of the Hillside Society retires after three years of service, and is succeeded by Mr. Milton S. Howes; Mr. Edward H. Waters of the Worcester Society retires after three years of service, and is succeeded by Mr. Charles H. Ellsworth; Mr. James A. Rice of the Worcester West Society retires after three years of service, and is succeeded by Mr. L. H. Ruggles. Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 57 Work of the Office. The work of the office in all directions has shown a normal increase. More inquiries on a wider range of subjects requiring considerable investigation have been received than in other years. Many interviews have been held by the secretary and other officials of the Board. Correspondence is heavier than ever before, and calls for publications exceed the supply. In addition to the continuance of activities carried on in previous years, new functions have necessitated greater efforts and much overtime work by the clerical and stenographic staff, as well as the employment of temporary assistants from time to time. Of these, the administration of the apple grading and white pine blister rust inspection laws, and the preparation of an exhibit of Massachusetts products at the National Dairy Show at Springfield, while involv- ing field work chiefly, have brought greater pressure on the thought and time of the office force. The correspondence, re- cording and filing necessitated in these new fields have added so much to the normal activities that it will be necessary to add a permanent stenographer another year. The personnel of the office force has remained the same, ex- cept that jNIr. Timothy J. Lehane, messenger, left in June for service with the militia. This position has not been filled,, but the work has been performed by the employment of Miss Evelyn Towle of Cambridge, a few days a week as needed. A permanent messenger is required, however, if the work of receiving and shipping the publications of the Board is to be done efficiently. The library is becoming better known and more widely used for reference and circulation. Since the new recording system was put into effect a year ago 85 persons have taken out borrow- ers' cards and 200 books have been lent. The greatest demand is for publications on fruit, live stock and vegetables. Sixty books and 10 periodicals have been added to the library, while 33 volumes of pamphlets have been bound. Card cataloguing has continued throughout the year. A "visible" index has been purchased. Altogether SI 82.56 has been expended for books, periodicals and binding. 58 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Extracts from the Trespass Laws. Of the cloth posters containing extracts from the trespass laws, 5,000 copies were printed during the fiscal year 1916 at a cost of $233.41, and this supply just lasted out the year. Five hundred and seventy-three copies have been sold at 5 cents each, the total receipts being $28.65, an increase over the year 1915 of $9.85. Money received from the sale of these posters is credited to the Board's appropriation for incidental and contin- gent expenses. (Of the poultry thieving posters, which contain the law relative to the detention of persons entering poultry houses, 1,000 copies were printed at a cost of $43.39.) Legislation of 1916. Little new agricultural legislation of importance was passed by the General Court of 1916. Of 13 recommendations sub- mitted by the Board, 6 were enacted into law, and all but 1 of these were amendments to existing legislation. The public mar- ket act has been amended, providing that cities and towns may make rules for the government of public markets, subject to the approval of the State Board of Agriculture (chapter 79, General Acts of 1916). Several perfecting amendments to the apple-grad- ing law w^ere passed, the most important of which provided that apples in cold storage shall be subject to inspection. An amend- ment to the law relating to the membership of the Board of Agri- culture was passed whereby the Lieutenant-Governor and Secre- tary of the Commonwealth are dropped from membership and a representative of the Federation of Farm Bureaus and County Leagues is included. The nursery inspection law was amended so that nursery agents are required to secure licenses, and the nursery inspector is given authority to declare certain plants and shrubs a nuisance and to destroy them without the consent of the owner; $10,000 was appropriated for the extermination of the white pine blister rust, and transportation companies are required to notify the State Nursery Inspector of importations of certain fruits. The apiary inspection law was amended so that the apiary inspector now receives a fixed salary of $500 per year instead of a per diem rate, as before. Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 59 The law relating to the Dairy Bureau has been changed so that the Bureau may now spend some of its funds in general work for the improvement of the dairy industry, and the salary of the secretary is now paid from one appropriation instead of his receiving part of his salary as secretary of the Board and part as ex officio of the Bureau, as heretofore (chapter 46, General Acts of 1916). A resolve was also passed with an appropriation of $5,000 a year for three years to be used by the Board in the encourage^ ment of the dairy industry. This money has been given to the Dairy Bureau for use in offering prizes along lines similar to the clean milk contests of the past few years. The following legislative recommendations of the Board failed of passage: a resolve for the purchase of registered stallions by the State; a resolve giving the Board power to collect and circulate information relating to the agricultural resources of the Commonwealth; an act authorizing the appointment of a chief of markets by the State Board of Agriculture; an act increasing the salary of the general agent of the Dairy Bureau from SI, 800 to $2,300; and an act amending the drainage laws of the Commonwealth. Publications. The following publications were issued by the Board during 1916, and may be secured upon application to this office: — Name of Poblication. Pages. Number. Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1915, Part I., Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1915, Part II., Report of Secretary for 1915, ' . . . A History of the Game Birds, Wild Fowl and Shore Birds of Mas- sachusetts and Adjacent States. ^ Bulletin No. 2,' Apple Growing Bulletin No. 5,* Vegetable Growing, List of Available Publications, Circular No. 43, * Sewage Disposal in Rural Districts, Circular No. 44,* The Sanitary Side of Farm Water Supplies, . Circular No. 45, » The Starling 252 1,500 312 6,000 60 500 636 2,000 256 5.000 188 5.000 12 5,000 12 2,500 12 3,000 24 2,500 > Separate from sixty-third annual report. ' Second edition, revised. ' Fifth edition, revised. 60 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Name of Publication. Circular No. 47, ' Bird Houses and Nesting Bo^es, Circular No. 49, Food Plants to attract Birds and protect Fruit, Circular No. 50, i Apple Grading and Packing, .... Circular No. 53,2 Poultry and Egg Production, . . . . Circular No. 54,2 Standardization of Farm Products, Circular No. 55, ' Canning in Glass in the Home, Circular No. 56, ' Farm Management Circular No. 57, = Milk Inspection from the Producers' Stand- point. Circular No. 58, ^ Utilization of Surplus Farm Products, . Circular No. 59, ^ Rural Credits — their Object, .... Circular No. 60, Alfalfa Conditions in New England, Circular No. 61, Grading Milk, Circular No. 62, Domestic Science Teaching in Rural Districts, Economic Biology Bulletin No. 3, Natural Enemies of Birds, . Nature Leaflet, No. 35, ^ Window Gardening, .... Nature Leaflet, No. 36, < Hotbeds Nature Leaflet, No. 37, ^ How to test Seeds Nature Leaflet, No. 38,' How to Plant, Nature Leaflet, No. 43,* LeQpard Moth Apiary Inspection Bulletin No. lOA, Spraying v. Beekeeping, . Fourteenth Annual Report of State Nursery Inspector, Sixth Annual Report of State Inspector of Apiaries (Apiary In- spection Bulletin No. 10). Eighth Annual Report of State Ornithologist, .... Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Dairy Bureau Second Annual Report of Boys' and Girls' Club Work, Directory of Agricultural Organizations, Report of Encouragement of Dairying Contests, Food Value of Milk Leaflet, A (Milk) Breeders and Owners of Registered Pure-bred Dairy Cattle in Massachusetts. Manual of Agricultural Laws, White Pine Blister Rust, List of Institute Speakers, 1 Second edition, revised. ' Separate from sixty-third annual report. Number. 16 20 16 12 60 12 8 4 12 4 20 12 30 32 28 20 32 12 4 1 28 196 4 32 5,000 4,000 10,000 7,000 4,500 8,000 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 5,000 5,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 300 500 1,600 2,500 700 3,000 400 1,000 95,000 10,000 1,500 1,500 14,500 450 ' Fourth edition. * Third edition. A change was made during the past year in the printing of "Agriculture of Massachusetts." The volume was divided into two parts, the first part containing the report of the secretary and specialists, and the second part containing the papers de- Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 61 livered at the public winter meeting. Of the first part 1,500 copies were printed, and of the second, 0,000, as it was felt that reports of a routine nature were not of as much interest to the general public as the papers and essays which form the substance of the second part of the report. That this is true has been borne out by the comparative public demand for the two parts, and this method of printing the report has resulted in a saving of $1,400. Mr. Forbush published two more of his very popular eco- nomic biology bulletins during the year, No. 2 being entitled "The Domestic Cat," and No. 3, "The Natural Enemies of Birds." The cat bulletin was published under the auspices of the Board and distributed from its office, but as it was paid for by private subscription it does not appear in the tabulated list of publications. The demand for both these publications has been large, and bespeaks the growing interest in bird life and its relation to man. The Board also published during the year a large edition of a leaflet on the white pine blister rust. This leaflet described in a non-technical manner the rust and methods of combating it, and contained a colored plate showing different stages of the disease. The plate was furnished by the Massachusetts For- estry Association. An edition of 14,500 of these leaflets was published, and practically all of these have been distributed. During the year the agricultural laws of the Commonwealth have been compiled and a "Manual of Agricultural Laws" published, which has just come from the press. This pamphlet contains both the statutes relating to agriculture and digests from the principal court decisions thereon. To avoid duplica- tion, however, certain laws affecting agriculture which are con- tained in other State compilations have been omitted. This is the first time the agricultural laws have been compiled with any degree of completeness, and it is believed that this book will prove useful to many of our citizens. The by-laws of the Board, which were last published complete in 1894, are in need of codification, and this work will be under- taken during the coming winter. "With reference to the future policy of the Board concerning publications, it seems to the secretary that from now on more of our work should be devoted to such subjects as where, when 62 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. and how to market, the standardization of products and the> advertisement of the agricultural resources and possibilities of Massachusetts, and the question of farm credit and organization rather than to mere questions of production. Most farmers have no trouble in raising sufficient produce; the trouble is with the disposal. With forty-eight agricultural colleges and the same number of State departments turning out bulletins by the thou- sand every year on production, as well as the agricultural press and the large publishing houses, it would seem as though this phase of the question was thoroughly taken care of, but we are continually receiving questions such as these: "Where can I buy good land for peach growing in Massachusetts?" "What is land in Sherborn best fitted for?" "Is there much wet land in Massachusetts?" "Where is it?" "What is it worth?" As I have stated earlier in this report, we must do two things, — find out these facts and then publish them. In this way we can reach a thousand prospective purchasers of farm land to one whom we reach in a telephone conversation or by letter. Bulletins of Massachusetts Agricultuee. A second edition of Bulletin No. 5 on "Vegetable Growing" was reprinted during the year. Three of the articles in the first edition were omitted, and the following new articles added, namely, "Recent Advancement in Market Gardening," by R. L. Watts; "The Value of Experimental Work for Truck Farmers," by T. C. Johnson; "The Home Vegetable Garden," by Alden French; "Potato Growing in Massachusetts," by S. C. Damon; "Onion Growing in the Connecticut Valley," by Leslie R. Smith. A fifth edition of Bulletin No. 2, "Apple Growing," has also just come from the press. This is, unquestionably, the Board's most popular bulletin. In the new edition several articles which appeared in the fourth edition were left out, and the following new ones included: "Opportunities for Fruit Growing in Massa- chusetts," by F. C. Sears; "The New Orchard," by F. C. Sears; "The Massachusetts Apple Grading Law," by Wilfrid Wheeler and H. Linwood White. It is planned during the coming year to republish the bulletins on poultry culture and dairying, and, if funds permit, to add a new bulletin to the series, on what sub- ject has not yet been decided. Part I.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 63 Legislative AppROPiiiATioisrs. Object for which appropriated. 1916. Appropria- tion. Used. Administration: — Secretary's and first clerk's salaries, Clerks, Secretary's travel, . . . . Members' travel Incidentals Printing report and separata, Inspection and encouragement: — Nursery inspection, . . . . Suppression of blister rust, . Apiary inspection, . . . . State Ornithologist Dissemination Dairy Bureau Encouragement of dairying, Encouragement of orcharding, Bounties to agricultural societies. Poultry premium bounties, . Premiums to children and youths. Special exhibitions Massachusetts building at Springfield, Exhibit at Springfield, . . . . $4,800 5,000 500 1,700 3,000 6,000 14,000 14,000 2,000 2,500 8,000 9,800 5,000 500 30,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,500 1,000 $4,800 00 4,990 38 463 50 1,600 96 2.998 09 4,851 69 13,012 68 13,959 81 1.999 50 2,498 35 7,868 13 9,800 00 3,736 10 494 10 29,482 08 2,000 00 2,000 00 1,931 45 1,500 00 999 02 Conclusion. In concluding, the secretary would like to speak on one point which we must be prepared for sooner or later. The Board has now been in existence for sixty-four years, and during that period practically no changes have taken place in the form of organization. We have continued on the line of a plan which has stood the test of time, and while other States have been shifting from one style of organization to another, Massachu- setts has kept close to the traditions of those whose vision was farseeing. That the principle has been good is true, but we 64 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. must keep in mind that the units of an organization are what make the organization. Our State is changing in its attitude toward agriculture. New organizations are springing up. Many of them will be short-Hved; others are bound to go ahead. Many of the older institutions will give place to these new ones. The Board should be quick to grasp the meaning of these changes and demand a standard from its organization here represented that will prevent the continuance on the Board of the society or or- ganization which seems to perform a purely perfunctory duty. Membership here should be from and by only live bodies of men and women working for the upbuilding of the agriculture of Mas- sachusetts. This Board should be the leader in the agricultural activities of the State, and in order to do this should keep in close touch with all progress in agriculture. Farm bureaus and other county and town organizations are constantly discussing matters of importance relative to these questions. The members of the Board are often officers of these bodies or associated with them. Many of the problems which are discussed have to do with the Board's work. It is impossible for the secretary to know of all the questions under discussion in the State, and it should be the duty of the members of the Board to keep his office informed on all matters relating to agriculture in their section. In some sections boards of agriculture require their members to make a monthly report on conditions in their locality. Might it not be advisable to try this out here? With our organization we should be very near to all phases of the work, and a report from the practical farmers of the State would be very valuable. The opportunity in our State is large. The incentive to do is often lacking. More enthusiasm and inspiration are needed to go with good business judgment to make achievement possi- ble and develop efficiency. Summary of Recommendations of the State Board of Agriculture. 1. That there be established a director of organization and markets of the State Board of Agriculture. 2. That provision be made for the drainage of wet lands for farming purposes. Part l.J REPORT OF SECRETARY. 65 3. That the State Board of Agriculture and the Statie De- partment of Health be authorized jointly to make drainage surveys. 4. That the appropriation for tlie State inspection of apiaries be increased from $2,000 to $3,000. 5. That provision be made for the payment of bounty to poultry associations on a plan similar to that on which bounty is awarded the agricultural societies. 6. That certain perfecting amendments be made to the apple- grading law. 7. That protection be removed from starlings. 8. That the secretary be empowered to employ further assist- ants, and that the appropriation for this purpose be increased from $5,000 to $9,000. Recommendations of the Secretary (relative to Current Appropriations, not accompanied by Bills). For Action by the Board. 1. That the appropriation for incidental and contingent ex- penses be increased from $3,000 to $3,500. 2. That the maximum appropriation of $15,000 for State nursery inspection be allowed for the year 1917. 3. That the appropriation for the dissemination of useful in- formation in agriculture be increased from $8,000 to $14,500. 4. That the appropriation for printing the annual report be reduced from $6,000 to $5,000. Respectfully submitted, WILFRID WHEELER, Seer darn. Showing size of native trees attacked by the blister rust. Over 200 diseased twigs and branches were removed from these large native trees last spring. Since then it has been found neces- sary to remove some of the large limbs. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT State Nuksery Inspector. Pkesented to the Board and Accepted, December 5, 1916. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. To the State Board of Agriculture. I have the honor to present herewith the fifteenth annual report of the State Nursery Inspector. Nursery Inspection. For several years the gypsy and brown-tail moths have been present either in a number of nurseries in the State or so near by as to make it possible that these pests could be on nursery stock sent out on fall shipments. Inspection of the growing stock for other pests and diseases before the fall shipping season was as practicable as ever, but to make this inspection apply to the gypsy and brown-tail moths was impracticable, as the gypsy moth cannot be safely inspected for before the middle of September, and the brown-tail tents cannot in all cases be found before the leaves have fallen, which, with the late holding varieties of trees, is often not until the end of November in this State. To delay all inspection as late as this would mean that there would be no fall shipping by the nurserymen concerned, and would be likely to drive them out of business, and the situation was therefore serious. At that time the Federal government, recognizing the danger of shipping these pests to other parts of the country, not only on nursery stock but also on stone, lumber, Christmas trees and other commodities, placed a quarantine on the entire infested area, and to supervise the nursery stock placed Federal inspec- tors at the nurseries. These inspectors examine all stock dug for shipment after it has been brought to the packing shed, plant by plant, and issue shipping tags for each package. This seemed to open a way in which ample protection could be afforded purchasers of the stock. Accordingly, the usual nspection for all pests and diseases except the gypsy and 70 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. brown-tail moths was made, and certificates were issued, know- ing that the Federal inspectors would during their plant-by- plant inspection eliminate these insects. This plan worked out well for two seasons, but last spring the inspection service found that the legality of giving certif- icates that the nurseries were "apparently free from dangerous insect pests or fungous diseases" was being questioned. The matter was at once referred to the Attorney-General, who ruled that certificates stating that nurseries were "apparently free" when the gypsy or brown-tail moths were present could not be issued, even though the Federal inspection made sure that none of these pests should be sent out on stock. This decision meant an entire rearrangement of the inspec- tion procedure as hitherto conducted, and after a careful study of the situation only one solution of the problem seemed to be practicable. This was to inspect for everything except the two insects concerned, as before, and to make a special inspection for these as soon as this could be successfully done in the fall. If at this later inspection a nursery proved to be free from pests, the certificate would then be issued. This solved the inspection problem, but not how the nursery- men could ship stock during the fall, before the second inspec- tion. This difficulty was met by applying the power the in- spectors have always had to issue permits for the shipment of single packages of stock found free. As the early inspection takes care of all pests and diseases except the gypsy and brown- tail moths, and as the Federal inspectors have as their sole duty the discovery of these and their removal from all stock shipped, the appointment of these inspectors as State inspectors also has given them the right to attach State permits to the shipments, so that the nurserymen can carry on their fall trade as before. Nurseries where no Federal inspector is stationed are taken care of in the same way by the State inspectors. In practice, then, the plan works as follows: all nurseries are inspected before the fall shipping season begins for all pests and diseases except the gypsy and brown-tail moths, but where these last pests are found no certificate is issued. After being dug, stock sold from such a nursery is inspected by a Federal State inspector for these two pests, and if free is shipped under Part L] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 71 a permit certifying that the plants in that package are appar- ently free from pests and diseases. Later, when it becomes possible to do the work, the nurseries are inspected for the moths, and if free from them a certificate is issued. Thereafter the inspection of individual packages becomes unnecessary, so far as the State is concerned, during the life of the certificate, which expires June 30 the following spring. As the spring shipping season ends before either the gypsy or brown-tail moths spread from outside into the nurseries, this plan both meets the requirements of the law and enables the nurserymen to do business, though it greatly increases the work of the in- spectors and consequently the cost of the inspection service. During the present year this method has been followed and the first inspection has been completed. The second is nov/ under way, and should be completed before the end of Decem- ber, and shipping after inspection of the individual shipments, under special permits, has enabled the nurserymen to fill their orders for fall delivery as usual. The number of certificates thus far issued is, of course, rather small, but after the second insptection has been completed there is no reason why the usual number should not have been issued. The first inspection showed the nurseries generally to be in excellent condition, with perhaps less second-grade stock than usual, and for the most part well kept up and cared for. The second inspection thus far indicates fewer gypsy and brown-tail moths present than had been anticipated, and is good evidence that the practice of our best nurserymen of spraying their stock and all surrounding brush or woodland thoroughly each spring is a decidedly profitable one. One hundred and eighteen agents' licenses have been issued during the past year. Many of the agents are in this business for only a brief period, and no doubt do not know of the exist- ence of any law requiring them to take out a license. Where an agent does business only in a limited territory no knowledge of his activities in this line is liable to reach the authorities in charge, and there are certainly many unlicensed agents in the State in consequence. The section of the law requiring agents to obtain licenses is not entirely satisfactory in its wording, and sooner or later should be changed. 72 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Interstate shipments have varied Httle in number and quality of stock from former years. Some have been below the Massa- chusetts standard, and all such when found have either been returned to the shipper or destroyed. As in other years particular attention has been given to the examination of stock imported from other countries. Though we already have many insects and diseases which have reached this country and have established themselves here, there is no reason why others should be given an oppor- tunity to enter by failure to examine stock brought in, and every year dangerous insects and diseases are found by the inspectors on imported stock and destroyed. It is probably safe to say that in all probability some of these pests and diseases will reach this country somewhere, perhaps through some State where the inspection is carelessly made, but each year they are kept out is a distinct gain to our agricultural and horticultural interests. The possibility of the entrance of these foes of man into this country in spite of all protective measures which can be taken is so great that at a recent conference of workers on insect pests and plant diseases it was voted to recommend to the United States Federal Horticultural Board the establishment of an absolute embargo on the importation into this country of all plants except such as the Board, for sufficient reasons, should see fit to exempt from the application of the embargo. Whether this will be adopted by the Board is, of course, not yet known, but it at least indicates the views of a body of men who have given much study to the matter as to the liability of new pests and diseases reaching this country in spite of every precaution which can be taken. The following report on the import shipments received during the year beginning December 1, 1915, and ending November 30, 1916, indicates the number and sources of the shipments, and the pests and diseases found. During the year 594 shipments, comprising 5,181 cases, were received. Inspection of 59 of these shipments (263 cases) has not as yet been completed. In fact, most of them have not reached their destinations, having only just arrived in this country. Any pests or diseases found on these cannot therefore be included in this report. Part I.] STATE NrRSP:RY INSPECTOR. 73 Imported Nursery Stock, December 1, 1915, to December 1, 1916. Holland, . Belgium, England, . Scotland, France, Ireland, Japan, Bermuda, . Azores, Canada, Brazil, Central America, Italy, . Cuba, . Portugal, Nova Scotia, Total, . Number of Shipments. 253 175 65 30 25 19 9 2 2 2 Number of Cases. 594 3,166 1,409 215 47 75 53 197 4 3 5,181 Insectfi. N.VME. Found on — Country. 45 7 11 9 1 22 6 8 4 o 1 1 Gracilaria zachrysa Mey. (leaf miner), Peronea achalleriana L. (leaf webbing species). Xotolophus antiqua (L.) (European Tussock moth). Phytomyza aquifolii Duf. (Dipter- ous leaf miner). Chionaspis salicis L. (scale insect), . Lepidosaphes ulmi L. (oyster shell scale. ) Lecanium sp. (immature) (soft scale insect). Aspidiotus hederx (V'all.) (i\-y scale). Coccus hesperidum (L.) (soft brown scale). Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (scale insect). Strophosma coryli Fab., . Pontia rapse (L.) (Chrysalis), (im- ported cabbage worm). Azalea, .... Azalea, .... Rose, magnolia, laburnum, Juniperus virginiana. Azalea mollis. Holly, Lilac Lilac, box, Cratcpgus, Cor- nus, Japanese maples, Py- rus malus floribunda. Box, bay. Thuya, Ilex, Camellia, bay, palms, Bay, Kentia Oak Azalea mollis. Holland, Belgium. Holland, Belgium. Holland, Denmark. Holland. Holland. Denmark, Holland, England. Holland, Belgium, France. France, Belgium. Holland, Belgium. Belgium. Holland. Holland. 74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Insects — Concluded. Name. » Found on — Country. 2 1 Pterostichus vulgaris L. (ground beetle). Carabus granulatus L. (ground beetle). Andricus sieboldii (Htg.) (gall insect), Aphididae (plant lice), Polistes sp. (wasp), .... Aphodius fimetarius L. (dung beetle), Capsid (leaf bug), .... Psocid Blattid (cockroach) Carabus (near) nemoralis Miiller (ground beetle). Psychid (empty bag) (bag worm), . Elaterid (dead larva) (click beetle), . Lepidopterous cocoon (dead), . Arachnida (egg mass) (spider egg mass) . Acarina (eggs) (mite eggs). Snail (egg mass), .... Buxus (in packing), . Juniperus Oak Hydrangea, Japanese maple, Euonymus. Azalea (in packing), . Rhododendron, . Azalea (in packing), . Juniperus, .... In packing of shipment of orchids. Box Kalmia latifolia, Miscellaneous Shipment, Peach, .... Rhododendron, . Rose Azalea, .... Holland. Holland. France. Holland, England. Holland. Holland. Holland. Holland. Brazil. Holland. Holland. France. Scotland. Holland. Holland, Holland. Diseases. Name. Found on Country. Bacterium tumefasciens (crown-gall), Pitya cupressi Rehn., Botrytis lanea (leaf mold) Leaf spot, i Exobasidium azalea;. Rust, - Leaf spot, ^ Syringa persica rosea, Syr inga persica alba, flower ing cherry, Prunus, Cra- tsegus. Juniperus, . Laurus (leaves), . Pyrus malus floribunda. Azalea, Azalea, Aucuba (leaf and stem), France, Holland. Holland. Belgium. Holland. Belgium, Holland . Belgium. Holland. 1 Due to physiological causes, not a fungus. — Report of Department of Botany. 2 Material now in hands of pathological inspector. Federal Horticultural Board, for identifi- cation. Part I.l STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 75 Unidentified Insects. Name. Found on — Country. Not able to identify. 2 Egg masses (did not hatch), Lilac Holland. 1 Cocoon, Lepidopterous? (dead), Specimens still in Hands of Experts to be determined. Scotch Broom, France. 10 Species Hymenoptera, - - 2 Species Diptera, .... - - 10 Species Coleoptera - - 6 Species Lepidoptera, - - A few calls for the examination of places outside of nurseries, believed by their owners to be menaced by the presence of dangerous insects or diseases near by, have been received and attended to. Spring inspection for the pine shoot moth has been made as heretofore, with encouraging results, the insect being found only in a few cases. White Pine Blister Rust. In Co-operation with the United States Bureau of Plant Int)ustry. Last year's report presented a general outline of the situa- tion in- Massachusetts as regards this disease so far as it was then known. In brief, the nurseries were all believed to be free from it, and only two sections of the State were known to be generally infected, viz., a portion of Essex County and quite a part of Berkshire County. In addition to these two areas, single plantations here and there were known to be infected, and the trees concerned were being destroyed as the disease showed itself. A few scattered cases of currant infection in southeastern ^Massachusetts, discovered late in the fall, where no pine infection was known, were problems needing investi- gation to determine whether they indicated an unknown pine infection in that region, or that the disease had just entered that area on the currants. 76 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. The right of the nursery inspection service to take up and in- vestigate this disease outside the nurseries having been ques- tioned, it may be well to state that this has been done under the authority conferred upon the inspector by section 7, chapter 507, of the Acts of 1912, which reads, in part, as follows: — The state nursery inspector . . . may inspect any orchard ... or other place where trees, shrubs or other plants are growing out of doors, either on public or private land, which he may know or have reason to suspect is infested with the San Jose scale or any serious insect pest or plant disease, when in his judgment such pests or diseases are liable to cause financial loss to adjoining owners; and may serve written notice upon the owner ... or person in charge of trees, shrubs or other plants thus infested, of the presence of such pests or plant diseases, with a statement that they constitute a public nuisance, together with directions to abate the same, giving the methods of treatment for the abatement thereof, and stating a time within which the nuisance must be abated in accordance with the methods given in the notice. This portion of the law, then, distinctly authorizes efforts by the nursery inspection service to control dangerous insects and diseases throughout the State, and would seem to con- clusively settle the question of the right of the nursery in- spector to do this work. Moreover, so far as can be ascer- tained, there is no law permitting any other section of the State government to undertake it. The question whether this disease is a "serious plant disease" within the terms of the law comes next for consideration, and here an outline of its history in other countries must be given to throw light on this point. The pine blister rust is probably a native of Europe, and there it apparently originally attacked the Swiss or Stone pine {Pinus cembra). When the white pine was introduced into Europe the disease appears to have found in this tree one in which it can thrive even better than in its original host, and it rapidly spread to the white pines established in Europe. What it has done there on this new host may best be shown by statements of some of the European plant pathologists who have studied it most carefully. The disease was first observed in Sweden in 1887. Eriksson states that at first it attacked only young trees, but that later Showing trunk of a fair-sized tree badly diseased. Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 77 it also attacked quite large ones. In Finland Hisinger found thirty-year-old trees diseased and finally killed. Klebahn reports that large trees are usually attacked only on the branches. Kohler (1909) found the larger part of the white pines in the Altenburg Park dying from this disease. Somer- ville, writing of the disease in England, says: The disease is so much on the increase that it is not too much to say that the outlook in this country for the Weymouth (English name for the American white pine) and other five-leaved American pines is almost hopeless. . . . But it is to be feared that the day is not far distant when it will gain a footing in North America, and if it spreads there as it has done in Europe, the loss that will result through the destruction of one of America's most valuable lumber trees can only be described as ap- palling. Ritzema Bos states that the fungus is so prevalent in Hol- land that the culture of white pine is impossible. Ravn has stated that the white pine would be very successful in Denmark were it not for the attacks of this fungus. The blister rust, however, has resulted in the virtual abandonment of the use of this tree in that country. The above statements (taken from a United States Depart- ment of Agriculture bulletin on the blister rust) indicate that the disease is regarded as a serious one in Europe. Further quotations show that it is most serious on the smaller trees, the loss reaching 100 per cent in some cases. Whether the bliste'r rust will be as serious in this country as it is in Europe is the next question. Here, to a certain ex- tent, conclusive evidence is lacking, as the disease has not been here long enough to have had full opportunity to show what it can do. Still, in two or three places it has probably been present for twelve years or so, and some indications as to its effects, though not complete, are significant. As regards old trees the following statements may be of interest. Dr. Perley Spaulding of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry has probably had more experience with the blister rust than any one else in this country, having studied it ever since it was first discovered here in 1909, and having visited practically all the areas of serious infection many times to 78 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. observe the progress of the disease. In a letter dated November 27, 1916, he writes: — While we have not had the disease long enough in this country to show what it may do in mature white pines, we do have in a few cases very plain indications of what this disease will undoubtedly do either in mature or immature trees. We have instances of young stands of wliite pine up to twenty or twenty-five years of age where about 40 per cent of the total stand on quarter-acre plots is killed or has the main stem girdled by the disease, which of course means the death of the affected trees within a very few years. In these same cases 85 per cent of the total stand was affected. In the case of one large tree wliich I have had a chance to watch for several years, where a severe outbreak of the disease was present within 200 feet, I have seen numerous branches 3 and 4 inches in diameter taken off in the effort to remove the diseased parts of the tree. A disease which will do this sort of thing of course may ultimately take every branch off from the tree, no matter how large it may be or how healthy in other respects. There is no doubt that where this disease is allowed to go unchecked it will very seriously threaten the life of any white pines that may be in the vicinity, no matter how large or how small. Furthermore, it certainly will, by killing the branches, utterly destroy the beauty of valued ornamental trees by making them unsightly and by destroying the regularity of their branches, which is the great charm of this species. A large tree which once becomes infected in its branches cannot be thoroughly inspected for the disease, and for this reason efforts to cut out the diseased branches in a large tree are not only futile but are foolish. The result in such cases is that scattering infections remain in the top of the tree where spores are pro- duced, which because of their height from the ground obtain a maxi- mum distribution in the wind. Such trees are the most dangerous centers for the disease that we have to contend with. The oldest outbreaks of the disease of which we know in tliis country date back only some twelve years so far as we can judge from what is left within those in- fected areas. If within this time we may get dozens of 3 and 4 inch branches taken out of a tree 50 to 60 feet in height, what may be ex- pected after the disease has been in the locality twenty years ? Dr. J. F. Martin has had immediate supervision of the field work on the rust in Massachusetts during the year, and from his observations in the field presents the following statement: — While the disease has not been present in Massachusetts long enough to kill mature trees, it has given plenty of evidence of what it can do and what its ultimate effect upon such trees will be. At Lenox and Ipswich several trees ranging from 1 to 2 feet in diameter at the base Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 79 were found mth the twigs and branches badly diseased. They were growing under different environmental conditions; some in wild wood- land, others on the lawns of large estates serving an ornamental purpose, receiving excellent care and valued very higlily. These trees were en- tirely free from other pests, and evidently in a very vigorous and healthy condition before tliis disease reached them. It was not uncommon to cut from 100 to 200 diseased parts from such a tree, the infected parts ranging from tiny twigs to limbs 6 inches in diameter. In one case at Ipswich, a tree 1 foot in diameter at the base was found with the disease "fruiting" on the trunk about 10 feet above the ground. At South Weymouth large native trees were found with diseased branches. At Rehoboth trees varying from 10 to 35 or 40 feet in height were badly infected, the smaller ones usually being diseased at the base, while the larger ones had infected branches of various dimensions, and in some cases the main trunk was girdled by the disease about 10 feet from the top. It was estimated that the infection had been present at this par- ticular spot about seven years. The above facts indicate very plainly what effect this disease will have on our pine trees both large and small if time enough for its full development be given. On small trees the injury is extremely serious. No tree under twenty years of age (or, in fact, of any age) has so far been found which lias recovered from the disease. Where the attack is on the trunk, girdling ultimately results in the death of the tree. On a limb the disease girdles it and then generally works back to the tnmk and attacks that. The condition of thou- sands of young pines examined during the last five years amply attests this statement. If old pines in this country are crippled and young trees are killed, and no trees are known which have recovered, it would seem conclusive that the blister rust is a "serious plant disease . . . liable to cause financial loss" within the terms of the law, and that to declare it a public nuisance is entirely justified. It is only fair to state that two or three foresters and plant pathologists in this country doubt if the disease will ever become so serious as to require radical measures for its con- trol. On the other hand, those who have had the most experi- ence working with the disease in the field are all convinced that it is a serious menace to the white pines of this country. At a recent meeting in Albany, New York, of foresters, nursery inspectors and others who have had charge of the work of ascertaining conditions in the different States and in Canada, 80 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. where over forty workers from New Hampshire to Minnesota and from Canada to Virginia were present, it seemed to be the general consensus of opinion that the further planting of white pine, at least for a period of years, should not be advised. Explanation of Map. — The accompanying map represents the distribution of the white pine blister rust as found in Mas- sachusetts in 1916, and is not to be interpreted as indicating the present status of the disease, as practically all diseased pine and diseased cultivated Ribes found have been removed. In addition, the wild Rihes (of which there were thousands) have been pulled up in the three areas marked on the map by cross lines. It is interesting to note the many towns in which five or less infected places were found. There is undoubtedly considerable blister rust still in Massachusetts, but the State has been freed from this disease as far as was possible with the limited means at command. As a result of this year's work very little, if any, disease exists outside of the three generally infected areas out- lined in this report, but there is no doubt some infection which at present is in an unrecognizable form. Although in the three general areas referred to above an attempt has been made to remove all pine and Ribes found diseased, more blister rust undoubtedly exists in these regions in the incubation period, and very likely there is some elsewhere which has not been discovered as yet. Work during 1916 in Massachusetts. — The conditions found in 1915 were reported to the Legislature last winter, and an appropriation of $10,000 was made for the purpose of learning the condition of the entire State as regards the blister rust, and for its extermination so far as this could be accomplished, and the work was placed with the State nursery inspection service. As soon as it was possible to begin work and obtain men trained to recognize the disease, crews were placed in Essex and Berkshire counties, some of the men removing all cases of the disease found, while others scouted adjacent territory to locate the rust for the rest of the crew to remove as they came along. Before the field work began the Federal Congress appro- priated $30,000 for work on the rust in different parts of the United States, and a sum practically equivalent to that ap- propriated by the State was made available for use in Massa- STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE MAP OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF THE WHITE PINE BUSTER RUST AS FOUND IN iai6 SCALE OF MILES L.UUUL.L.LiUUUUl-ii-11-iUiU.l-il-iL-ll-il-il-HMI-iUil KEY '^ DouliffufGses i Tomsf0i/nifwifli(/msekufmf5m fioml^'Spkes • ,. ^ ' ' r • rg../s ^ % f r " " " -morefknJSp/jces A '' " ' ~ pm//jJ(^/'f/^orcphces %^ Areas in w/iicfi afl wild r/hs were desfroj^ed I limils of mas of genera/ /nfecl/on. Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 81 chusetts. A co-operative agreement with the Bureau of Plant Industry in charge of the government work was made, by which the salaries of most of the men employed by the State were paid by the United States, while their expenses were paid by the State. In addition the Bureau furnished three scouts, entirely at its own expense, to cover the State as far as possible and ascertain the conditions existing. Early work, therefore, was divided between scouting and elimination work. Later, when the disease began to make its appearance on the currants, it became evident that the rust was far more widely distributed than any one had supposed. The problematical area in southeastern Massachusetts proved to be generally infected by the disease, and everywhere its location by the scouts was a slow process, so much ground had to be covered. It finally appeared that if the distribution of the blister rust in the State was to be determined, all exterminative work must cease for a time, and the entire force be turned to scout- ing. Accordingly this was done, and every town in the State was inspected for the disease. It is manifestly impossible in such work as this to examine every pine, currant and gooseberry to be found. It was there- fore decided, perhaps somewhat arbitrarily, that infections less than 5 miles apart should be regarded as signifying con- tinuous infection, and currants and pines were examined at about half-mile intervals along all the main roads in the towns, and in cases where fuller knowledge of conditions seemed de- sirable the byroads and woods were also examined to some extent. Plantations where the disease had been found and those where the conditions were unknown were also gone over, and their surroundings for a long distance in every direction were scouted. While this work was not intended as exterminative in its nature, the scouts in every case where the disease was found reported it to the owner of the property, requesting him to destroy the plants infected, and in many cases did this them- selves by his permission. In the statements which follow, therefore, the places infected represent the conditions as found rather than those existing when the scouts left the town. 82 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Conditions found. — The blister rust, either on pines, cur- rants and gooseberries, or on both, was found in 209 towns and cities. Infected pines were found in 45 towns, 3 of which were only suspicious places. Infected currants (or gooseberries) were found in 205 towns, the number of bushes infected rang- ing from one to thousands. Three large areas in the State appear to have continuous in- fection. These may be termed the Berkshire, the Essex and the Plymouth County areas. In the first area diseased pines were found in 8 towns; in the second, in 13; and in the third, in 11. The other pine infections are isolated spots. The Berkshire area may be described as occupying the south- west corner of the State and extending north to or into the towns of Hancock, Pittsfield and Washington, thence along the line of the Boston & Albany Railroad east nearly to Westfield, then turning south through Southwick to the State line. Some of the towns next outside this line have infections, but most at least of these can be traced to sources outside the area above indicated. The Essex area includes practically all the towns in Essex County and a few in Middlesex. The towns next to this area, in which no infection has been found thus far, are Salem, Pea- body, Lynn, Saugus, Maiden, Winchester, Stoneham, Woburn, Burlington, Billerica, Lowell and Dracut. In the Plymouth area the most northerly towns found in- fected are Bellingham, Franklin, Norfolk, Walpole, Canton, Milton and Quincy; and from here to the Rhode Island line. Buzzards Bay and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, every town has more or less infection, though the places where the disease is present are often considerably distant from each other, so that the southern limit of the continuously infected area is probably from the eastern edge of Fall River north to the northern edge of Middleborough, 'thence easterly to the shore, at the southern edge of Kingston. The other places where infections occur can for the most part be traced to plantations of diseased pines started a num- ber of years ago, from which the trouble has spread locally. In some cases currant infection, far from any pines found diseased, have been the cause of much perplexity, but will Part L] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 83 probably be cleared up when a sufficiently thorough inspection can be made in the vicinity of these spots. Before the State had been completely scouted the appro- priation became exhausted, and the Governor and Council were apprised of the situation. After a hearing, at which the matter was fully presented, it was referred to the office of the Supervisor of Administration for more complete investiga- tion. A representative of that office went into the subject carefully, consulting the deputy located at the State House, and visiting places where the work of the disease was evident, and presented his report which resulted in the appropriation from contingent funds of $3,000 for the further prosecution of the investigation. Approximately $1,000 has been expended from the nursery inspection appropriation in determining the conditions in and around the nurseries, making a total ex- penditure from State funds of nearly $14,000. The United States during this year, I am informed, has expended about $12,000 in the State in scouting and as wages to State workers, making a total of between $25,000 and $26,000 in all. Too much cannot be said in commendation of the co-opera- tion received from the Federal government. The situation proved to be so far beyond what w^as anticipated that the State funds alone would have been entirely inadequate to cope with it. Last year our knowledge of the disease, except in the Berkshire area, was derived almost entirely from cases brought to our attention either by inquiries as to the cause of unhealthy plants or cases seen by the inspectors in the course of their work. Even with this knowledge only, the situation looked dangerous. Now, with the results of scouting in every town in the State available, it is much more serious, and had it not been for the assistance received from the United States Bureau of Plant Industry it would have been impossible to have covered the entire State and learn the facts. A more detailed statement of the work performed is given below, in order that a better idea may be obtained of what has been accomplished. In the towns of Lenox, Lee and Stockbridge an area of about 60 square miles was thoroughly worked, and all wild Ribes (currants and gooseberries) found were removed. Approxi- 84 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. mately 30,000 were pulled up, of which 10,000 were diseased. All infected cultivated Ribes within this area were also re- moved. Pine infections were present on large native trees and on small growth. Wherever such cases were found the whole tree or the diseased parts were removed as was deemed neces- sary. Similar work was performed at Ipswich, Topsfield and Hamilton and also at one place in Newburyport. In this region an area of about 40 square miles was thoroughly worked, and wild Ribes, aggregating in round numbers 17,500 plants, were pulled up. Of these, about one-third showed blister rust infection. Pine infection was found quite plentiful, and several thousand trees and parts of trees were destroyed in an attempt to put the trees in such a condition that there would be no immediate danger of their spreading the disease. During the summer the rust was found to be present along the New York-Massachusetts State line, and in co-operation with the New York State authorities an attempt was made to check its further spread. Investigation showed that there were practically no wild Ribes along the State line in the town of Mount Washington. From this town north along the State line a strip 2 miles wide by 25 to 30 miles long was thoroughly covered by a New York and a Massachusetts crew. In round numbers, 11,200 wild Ribes were removed from the Massachu- setts side of the line, and of these 2,380 were diseased. This work was discontinued after three weeks, as it became neces- sary to transfer all the men from elimination work in order to complete the scouting of the State. During the year 250 estates and pine plantations were ex- amined, 81 of which had infected pines. Some of these places were previously known to be diseased, while several others were discovered this year. Wherever diseased pines were found they were removed, and the surrounding country for a radius of 500 yards was thoroughly examined and all wild Ribes pulled up. A letter was sent to all the tree wardens in the State requesting the names and addresses of owners of planted pines in their respective towns. Many replies were received, and every plant- ing learned of in this way was visited ancj inspected. In addi- tion, several pine plantations not previously known to the in- Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 85 specters were found and examined while scouting the different towns for diseased Rihes. A total of 1,039,909 planted pines were examined and found to be free from disease; also several acres of native pines of all ages were inspected, some of which showed infection. Scouting the entire State for the rust necessitated the visiting of several thousand places and the examination of thousands of cultivated Ribes. There were 1,284 places which had diseased cultivated Ribes, and this figure does not include those found within the areas where complete elimination of all Ribes was attempted. In a few cases it was necessary to serve a notice ordering the removal of the diseased bushes. It was impossible to visit all of these places again to see if the notice was carried out, but this was done in many places, and in practically every case the bushes had been destroyed. It seems safe to assume, therefore, that most of the people complied with the law in this respect, and that the majority of the cultivated currants found infected this year have been destroyed. A total of 41,431 separate diseased pine trees or parts of trees were removed during the past year. In some cases 150 to 200 infected twigs and branches were cut off of a single 20- foot tree. In one case 194 diseased parts were removed from 30 large native trees; 200 were cut from 40 trees and 227 from 20 trees, etc. Many diseased trees and parts of trees were re- moved after the "fruiting" period of the pine had passed, but in Essex County alone, where considerable pine inspection w^as done at this time of the year, 9,722 "fruiters" were found and removed. The above figures give a further idea of the capa- bilities of this disease in its attack upon the white pine. Be- sides the white pine, one Pinus flexilis, one Pinus cembra and one Piniis Sp. (?) were found infected during the past year in Massachusetts. It was of interest to note that in a great many cases the soft, swollen, diseased bark of infected pines was more or less chewed off, presumably by squirrels or mice. These animals are per- haps attracted by the soft bark and the sweet pycnidial juices produced by the disease. On an estate in Massachusetts several young native pine seedlings were inspected on July G and no trace of the rust 86 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. could be found. They were again inspected eight weeks later, and several trees were found badly infected with the disease. This indicates that the disease develops very rapidly in the bark during the summer preceding the spring when it will fruit, and that by inspecting pines in the fall, which is practical with trained men, and removing the swollen, diseased parts, the spreading of millions of spores to the currants and goose- berries in the spring will thereby be prevented. Therefore all the infected plantations located outside the generally infected areas, and some of the plantings and estates having diseased trees within these areas, were reinspected. Fifteen estates and plantings were re-examined in this way, and on 13 of these 2,989 diseased trees and parts of trees were destroyed. Where not previously done, the country surrounding these diseased plantings was thoroughly covered for a radius of 2 miles, and all wild Ribes found were pulled up. The following is a list of different kinds of Ribes, arranged in their order of susceptibility, as determined from field observa- tions during the year : — Cultivated black currant. Common wild gooseberry. Cultivated red currant ] Wild black currant [ About equally susceptible. Wild red currant J Flowering currant. Cultivated gooseberries. Data obtained on white currants insufficient to enable classification. The rust appeared on black currants many miles from other diseased Ribes and from any known pine infections. It is difficult to account for this unless we admit that the wind will carry the spores long distances, or that pine infection exists near by which has not been found. The disease appears to work much faster upon the pines in the coastal region than in the Berkshires, although the ultimate effect upon them is the same. Rapid spread o^ the disease has been observed through thinly settled country, mixed woods, low lands and valleys, due, in part at least, to the unusual abundance of wild and cultivated Ribes. The rust seems to showing native thicket of young pine about 10 to 12 feet in height at Rehoboth, Massa- chusetts. The white tags indicate diseased trees, most of which are infected on the main trunk near the base. Large native tree which was badly infected with the blister rust. The pile of brush in the foreground is made up of diseased twigs and branches of various sizes cut out of this tree. Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 87 follow the valleys where they occur and its direction of spread is probably determined to a large extent by the wind currents. The spraying of Ribes for this fungus is not practicable. It has been discussed in other bulletins on the subject and need not be taken up here. Mountains appear to form a partial, local barrier to the disease depending on flora, height, etc. General results seem to indicate that the spores produced on pines may spread some distance to currants; that the spores produced on the currants during the summer are capable of being carried several miles in each generation, and that the spread of fall currant spores to pine is effective for a com- paratively short distance only. In 1916 the earliest date on which the summer stage of the blister rust was found on currant leaves was June 5. The fall stage was first found upon the currant on June 23. This dis- covery of the early formation of the teliospores shows that pines might have become infected this year at any time after June 23 until the leaves fall from the currants and gooseberries. During the scouting it was learned that wild Ribes were ex- tremely plentiful in many parts of Berkshire and Essex counties. In some cases as many as 5,000 were removed from a single estate. In central and southeastern Massachusetts they were very scarce except, perhaps, in spots here and there. These data should prove of great value in attempting further work in the control of this disease. Throughout the State during the past year many pine trees have been seriously troubled by a gradual browning, and some- times the ultimate dying of the needles. Many specimens and inquiries have come in, asking if this trouble was caused by the blister rust. In this connection it is well to remember that the latter is strictly a bark disease which girdles the limb or tree affected, finally killing it, and does not directly affect the needles. It is difficult to say exactly what causes the brown- ing and dying of the needles, but it is generally agreed to be of a physiological nature and is probably due to a combination of causes. One explanation is that weather conditions the past year were of such a nature as to produce rapid but soft and tender growth. As a result the delicate young needles of many trees were burned by the intense rays of the sun. Where this 88 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. burning was severe the needles were unable to recover, and gradually died. Another explanation is that the sapwood of the trunk becomes injured during the winter, due probably to an alternate freezing and thawing at exposed points of the trunk. If the tree has been weakened in any way it would be more susceptible to this winter injury. The latter causes the death of a portion of the sapwood, thereby producing a partial short- age of the supply of water from the roots to the top. This however, is not sufficient to affect the tree until very hot weather sets in, at which time the full supply of water is neces- sary for the needs of the tree. The result is a browning or dying of the needles. A few trees die from the effects of this trouble, but most of them recover their normal condition after a year or two. No known method of treatment can be suggested which will help in any way to relieve this trouble. A fungous disease of pine known as Phoma (Fusicoccum) sp. has been observed in various parts of the State, but it never becomes very serious except locally. It is often mistaken for the blister rust, which it resembles very much in some stages, and is usually found on low, moist ground. If occurring on high ground, the diseased trees are generally present in gullies or depressions, where they receive the wash from adjoining slopes. The disease attacks the bark, girdling small trees near the base and killing them, but seems to have very little or no effect upon large trees. The diseased bark becomes black, sunken and constricted. Small black pycnidia are formed, which produce spores capable of infecting other trees. Other States which are affected with the blister rust have taken active steps during the past year to learn the exact con- ditions of this disease within their borders. In so far as was possible they have attempted to eliminate diseased pines and Ribes, and to co-operate with neighboring States in the work. Further concerted efforts to control this disease are to be pur- sued actively by the various States concerned and by the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture during the coming year. If further work in the control of the blister rust is carried on next year it is extremely important and advisable that some Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 89 funds be made available for carrying on experimental investiga- tions. This is necessary in order to clear up as soon as pos- sible some obscure points, upon which future methods of control may largely depend. The question as to whether the spores will winter over on black currants needs further investigation; also more definite information on the exact distance the spores can be carried by the wind from pines to currants and vice versa is highly desirable. Until these points can be ascertained the present methods of control and eradication should be vigorously pursued. In one regard the work on the blister rust in the State this year may, in the opinion of the inspector, fairly be open to criticism. The practice of cutting off infected twigs and limbs on large trees, rather than cutting the entire tree, deserves some explanation. It was well understood from the beginning that the removal of evident infected places only on a tree would be liable to result in leaving behind others not then perceptible but which would develop later. Yet the primary purpose of any treatment was to remove all "fruiting" places as soon as possible, so that the spores would be destroyed before they could scatter and reach any currants. The cutting-off method was made use of only where the trees concerned were ornamental trees on residential estates. Else- where the tree as a whole was cut. On the estates the entire destruction of the infected trees would in many cases have been vigorously opposed by their owners, with applications for the hearings provided for by the law, and also by the issuing of injunctions to prevent their being cut. While these possibilities were not feared by the inspector he did greatly fear that the resulting delay would permit the scattering of the spores from the fruiting places without any possibility of preventing this, and his first aim was to check the spread of the disease. When by cutting out "fruiting" places, therefore, he could check the spread of the disease, while if, on the other hand, an attempt to destroy the entire tree would mean that he would be unable to work on the "fruiting" places even, until too late to prevent the distribution of the spores, it seemed that cutting out was the best policy to pursue. 90 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Retrospect. The first nursery inspection bill in Massachusetts became a law June 19, 1902. At that time such a law was desired for the better protection of purchasers of nursery stock, and by the nurserymen in order that they might ship stock to other States, most of which had laws requiring that stock shipped there should bear official certificates of inspection, which up to this time Massachusetts nurserymen were unable to obtain, no one having the authority to make inspections and issue the cer- tificates. At the time this law was passed only 32 nurseries, mostly small, were known to exist in the State, and an appropriation of $1,000 was considered ample for the work. The inspection of one nursery, however, frequently brought out the fact that there were several others in the neighborhood, and before the first inspection season had ended, 80 nurseries had been ex- amined. At first the work was limited to an early fall inspection of the growing stock at the nurseries and the destruction or fumigation of all infested or infected plants. As the number of nurseries increased, and the old ones grew larger, the work involved rapidly became greater. In 1915 only eleven months were covered by the report, due to the changing of the date of the annual business meeting of the Board of Agriculture. During this period the effect of the European war on the importation of nursery stock was felt to some extent, though Massachusetts still ranked fourth in the list of States receiving nursery stock from abroad. During the eleven months of 1915 covered by the report 3,854 cases were received. Special inspection during the spring for the European pine shoot moth first became necessary at this time, but as few of these insects were found it was hoped that this pest could be checked before becoming established. The Legislature during this year added the duty of inspecting imported fruit of kinds which also grow out of doors in this State to the inspection service, but because of the war practically none was brought in. Part L] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 91 Inspection of the stock growing in the nurseries at 163 places was made; 120 agents' licenses were issued, and interstate shipments were examined as far as possible. The blister rust on further investigation proved to be more widely distributed than had been supposed, and considerable time was devoted to gathering information as to the localities where the disease is found. The situation as regards this disease proved so serious that it was laid before the Legislature, and an appropriation was made for the investigation of the rust in the State and its control as far as possible. The results of this work are given elsewhere in this report. During the fifteen years the nursery inspection service has been in existence it has increased from a work employing three men for perhaps a month each to one requiring the entire time of two or three men and the employment during the busy seasons of from ten to thirty workers. When it was established it was recognized as calling for the partial time during three or four months of one man. Now its supervision alone is all that one man should attempt. The writer has seen the work develop for this period, and has endeavored to carry it as a side issue to his regular occu- pation. But now it has reached a stage when this arrangement is no longer wise. For the best interests of the service it seems to the inspector that the time is near at hand when an in- spector should be appointed who could give his entire atten- tion to the many duties which are required, and he therefore suggests that this should be given consideration, and plans laid to make this change at least within a year or two. Financial Statement. Nursery Inspection. Appropriation, $14,000 00 Compensation of inspectors, Traveling and necessary expenses, Supplies (postage, printing, etc.), Clerical services, .... Salary, chief inspector, . $6,069 02 6,186 06 207 60 50 00 500 00 $13,012 68 92 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Blister Rust Work. Appropriation, $10,000 00 From Governor and Council, .... 4,000 00 Compensation of inspectors, .... $5,605 38 Traveling and necessary expenses, . . . 8,201 37 Supplies (postage, printing, etc.), ... 141 31 Clerical services, 11 75 $14,000 00 $13,959 81 For the efficient supervision of the inspection work in the eastern district of the State the inspector is greatly indebted to the first deputy, Mr. R. H. Allen. The detailed work, lay- ing out the work and following up of the results on the blister rust has been in charge of Dr. J. F. Martin, who has also as- sisted in the preparation of a portion of this report, and whose unsparing efforts to thoroughly complete a task much greater than had been anticipated have been largely responsible for the satisfactory results obtained, — so satisfactory, in fact, that blister rust workers from several other States have visited Mas- sachusetts in order to learn how the work was being done. To both of these gentlemen and to the secretary of the Board, who has given freely of his valuable advice and counsel, the thanks of the inspector are offered. Without their assist- ance little could have been accomplished. H. T. FERNALD, State Nursery Inspector. Amherst, December 1, 1916. Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 93 Appendix. List of Massachusetts Nurserymen December 1, 1916. Adams, J. W., Springfield and Westfield.^ Alexander, J. K., East Bridgewater. Allanach, John, Marion. American Forestry Company, Framingham. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain.^ Atkins, P. A., Pleasant Lake. At water, C. W., Agawam. Bailey, L. H., West Newbury.' Barker, L. W., Hanson. Barr, George L., Worcester. Barrett, M. W., Hyde Park. Barrows, H. E., Brockton. Bay State Nurseries, North Abington and Rocldand.^ Bemis, A. L., Worcester. Bigelow, Palmer W., North Grafton. Borges, M. J., Jr., Fall River. Boston & Maine Nurseries, South Lawrence and Lowell Junction.^ Bowen, W. B., Whitman. Brandley, James, Walpole. Breck-Robinson Nursery Company, Lexington. Breed, E. W., Clinton and South Lancaster.^ Briggs, L. H., Smith's Ferr}\ Brightman, WilUam E., Westport.' Brown, John A., Concord. Brown, P. S., Scituate. Canning, E. J., Northampton. Carr, Charles, Dighton. Casey, C, Melrose. Chaffee Brothers, Oxford. Chase, Henry, North Springfield. Clapp, E. B., Dorchester. Clark, G. A., Waltham Highlands. ' Two nurseries. * Three nurseries. ' Small fruits. 94 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. fP. D. 4. Cogger, Thomas, Melrose. Continental Nurseries, Franklin. Coskery, Elmer, Newburj^jort. Crosby, H. M., North Harwich. Davenport, A. M., Watertown.^ De I'Etoile, Wilfred, Westwood.^ Dickinson, E. F., Billerica. Dighton Nurseries, Dighton. Dix, Irving W., Clinton. Dove, Paul, Wellesley. Draper, James E., Shrewsbury. Drew Orchards, Sutton. Dwyer, E. F., & Son, Lynn. Eager, George B., Wakefield. Eastern Nurseries, HoUiston. ElHott, W. H., Brighton.! Farquhar, R. & J., Osterville, Dedham and Sharon Heights.' Fessenden, B. & A., Townsend. Ford, J. P., East Weymouth. Foster, Fred W., Administrator (estate of C. H. Tebbetts) East Walpole. Framingham Nurseries, Framingham. Franklin Field Nurseries, Boston. Franklin Forestry Company, Colrain. Frazer, William R., Northborough. Frost, G. Howard, West Newton. GaUivan Brothers, Smith's Ferry. Gates, W. A., Needham. Gilbert, A. L., Springfield. Gowing, J. D., North Reading. - Gray, M. F., Mattapan. Greaton, C. H., Abbott's Run. Haendler, Max, South Natick. Hallen, C. E., East Dedham. Hamlin, Nathan B., Ponkapoag. Hare, Arthm- W., North Grafton. Harvard Forestry School, Petersham, N. H. HaverliiU Water Works, Haverhill. Heurlin, Julius, Braintree. Hill, Clarence, Seekonk. I Greenhouse stock. * Small fruits. * Three nurseries. Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 95 Hitchcock, E. M., Agawam.^ Horticultural Company, Worcester. Howard, J. W., Sonierville and Woburn.- Huebner, H., Groton. Hughson, L. T., Dorchester. Jack, J. G., East Walpole. Jahn, H. A., New Bedford. Jcnness, W. H., Roslindale. Jennison, W. C, Natick. Jolinson, E. C, Newburyport. Kakihara, Mrs. H., South Lowell. Kameyama & Serada, North Cambridge. Keene, C. R., Cohasset. Kelsey, Harlan P., Boxford. Kempton, Chfford, Longmeadow.^ Kent, R. R., Auburndale. King, B., Tewksbury.^ King, R. B., Nantucket. Kirkpatrick, George S., Winchester. Lamke, H. J., Pittsfield. Lawrence, H. V., Falmouth. Leuthy, A., Roslindale.^ Linde, Charles, Campello. Littlefield & Wyman, North Abington.* MacGregor, James, Braintree. Mann, C. W., Methuen. Mann, H. W., Stoughton. Manning, J. W., Reading. Margeson, I. I., Westwood. McCormack, J. J., Maiden. McLaren, A., Westwood. McManmon, J. J., Dracut. Merritt, Charles, South Weymouth. Miller, W. & Sons, LjTm. Murray, Peter, Fairhaven. New England Nurseries, Bedford. Newell, C. F., West Newbury. North Shore Fernery Company, Beverly.' North Shore Nursery Company, Beverly Farms. North WUmington Nurseries, North Wihnington. I Small fruits. ' Two nurseries. » Greenhouse stock. * Three nurseries. 96 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Old Colony Nurseries, Plymouth. Paillet, August, Montague. Palmer, F. E., Brookline. Parker, James G., Concord. Paul Revere Nurseries, Concord. Pease, Charles, Salem. Peckham Floral Company, Fairhaven. Phelps, F. H., Lee. Pomeroy, Edward A., Gloucester. Pratt, C. S., Athol.i Price, R. T., Lawrence. Prideaux, F., Swampscott. Pulsifer, C. Y., Gloucester. • Quinn, James, Brookhne. Rea, F. J., Norwood. Reynolds, John, Milton. Richards, E. A., Greenfield. Riley, Charles M., New Bedford. Ryan, H. A., Inc., Cambridge. Robbms, H. W., Littleton. Robinson, L. D., Springfield. , Robinson's Sons, D., Everett. Sawyer, F. P., CHnton. Shaw, F. H., Rockland. Sinclair, C. H., Smith's Ferry. Smith, George N., Wellesley Hills. Southuick Nurseries, Southwick. Southworth Brothers, Beverly. Spinney, Frank W., HaverhiU. State Forestry Department, Amherst, Barnstable and Titicut.^ Stearns, L. C, Bridgewater. Stevens, Abel, Wellesley. Story, A. T., Taunton. Sylvester, George F., South Hanover. Sylvia, M. B., New Bedford. Thurlow's Sons, T. C, Inc., West Newbury. Toomey, M. T., Wadsworth. Turner, C. B., Stoughton. Turner Hill Farm, Ipswich. Tuttle, A. M., Melrose Higlilands and Wakefield.^ 1 Small fruits. i * Three nurseries. ' Two nurseries. Part I.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 97 Volante, Peter, Newton Higlilands. Walsh, M. H., Woods Hole. Ward, Ralph M., Beverly. West Side Nurseries, Worcester and Auburn.^ Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.'^ Whitaker, W. E., Clarksburg. Whitcomb, F. W., Holbrook. White, A. T., Clifford. Winchendon Nurseries, Winchendon. Winthrop Gardens, Holliston. Woodhouse, R. H., New Bedford. Wright, George B., Chelmsford. Yetter, F. J., Greenfield. 1 Two nurseries. 2 Small fruits. Feeding Station at "The Katy Did," Port Clyde, Maine. Note cat guard on the post. (Photograph by courtesy of Mrs. Kate Denig Tower.) NINTH ANNUAL REPORT State Ornithologist. Presented to the Board and Accepted, December 6, 1916. NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. To the Honorable Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Gentlemen: — The interest in birds, in their utility and in the means for attracting and protecting them grows constantly; therefore the year has been marked by increased demands on the State Ornithologist, and it is no longer possible for any one man to meet those demands. During the year much necessary work was begun that could not be finished, and much more had to be deferred. Work of the Year. Much time has been taken in replying to correspondents who want to know many things, ranging from how long different species of birds live to how many birds there are in the world. All questions are willingly and cheerfully answered whenever an accurate answer is possible. Individuals, municipal, school or college authorities and park commissioners apply in numbers for advice regarding the best means of attracting birds to home, college, school or park grounds. This usually requires a visit to the grounds, personal inspection and advice and often a written report. Much information regarding the distribution of Massachusetts birds has been secured during the year by personal investigation and through correspondence. Publications of the Year. • Special Report. Mar. 31. A History of the Game Birds, Wild Fowl and Shore Birds of Massachusetts and Adjacent States, 621 pages. Illustrated with colored frontispiece, 36 half-tone plates and 114 line cuts. Second edition, revised and enlarged. This was noted as "in press" in the last annual report of the State Ornithologist. 102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Bulletins and Circulars. Mar. 14. Circular No. 45. The Starling, 23 pages. Frontispiece. Second edition. Mar. 31. Economic Biology, Bulletin No. 2. The Domestic Cat: Bird Killer and Destroyer of Useful Wild Life; Means of Utilizing and Controlling it, 112 pages. Illustrated with 26 half-tone plates and 24 Une cuts. Aug. 2. The same. Second edition, printed on Ughter paper to save postage. Aug. 12. Circular No. 49. Food Plants to attract Birds and Protect Fruit, 21 pages. Illustrated with 7 line cuts. Oct. 16. Economic Biology, Bulletin No. 3. The Natural Enemies of Birds, 58 pages. Illustrated with ,8 half-tone plates and & line cuts. Lectukes. The demand for lectures before schools and granges far ex- ceeds the supply. The demand has been met as far as time allowed, but the work that one man can do as State Ornitholo- gist with the limited time at his command for this purpose is hardly a drop in the bucket compared with what should be done in the schools of the Commonwealth alone. In addition to lectures given by the State Ornithologist, the following speakers have given similar service during the year, but all are engaged in other activities and can give comparatively little time to this work: — A List of Massachusetts Speakers on Birds and Bird Protection. Charles Crawford Gorst, 2 Arnold Circle, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Bird Music, Bird Habits and Bird Protection. Illustrated by colored charts and imitations of bird songs. Winthrop Packard, Canton, Massachusetts, Secretary, Massachusetts Audubon Society. Bird Music and Bird Welfare. Illustrated by lantern slides. Raymond J. Gregory, Princeton, Massachusetts, Chairman, State Grange Committee on Wild Birds. Mrs. E. 0. Marshall, New Salem, Massachusetts, Secretary, State Grange Committee on Wild Birds. Many Phases of Bird Protection and Bird Life. Dr. Eleanor Mellen (Mrs. George H. Mellen), 291 Lake Avenue, Newton Highlands, Massachusetts, member of the State Grange Bird Committee. Economic Value of Birds; Attracting Birds about the Home; How to Study Birds; Author of "Practical Methods of Attracting Wild Birds."" Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 103 Dr. John B. May, Cohasset, Massachusetts. Our Neighbors the Birds; Life and Habits of Birds; Methods of Attracting and Protecting Birds. Illustrated with colored bird portraits or lantern sUdes. Walt F. McMahon, Secretary, Massachusetts Fish and Game Protective Association, Room 748, Tremont Building, Boston, Massachusetts. Intimate Views of Birds; Studying and Photograpliing Birds. Illus- trated by lantern sUdes. Walter K. Putney, Superintendent of Schools, Ashland, Massachusetts. Birds and their Value to all Mankind; Bird Lore and Curious Old-time Beliefs. Illustrated by lantern slides. Mrs. Henry F. Whitcomb, Amherst, Massachusetts. Garden Planning and Planting to attract Wild Birds, etc.; Birds' Migrations; Economic and Artistic Value of Birds, etc. Illustrated by stuffed birds, skins, many colored plates and maps. Horace Tajdor, 294 Walnut Street, BrookUne, Massachusetts. Life and Song of Native Birds; Evolution of Bird Life, etc. Illustrated by lantern slides. Prof. Dallas Lore Sharp, Hingham, Mass. The Wild Life of Three-Arch Rocks. Illustrated by lantern slides. Legislation of the Year. The most important legislation of the year was pot State but national, affecting the birds of Massachusetts as well as those of all other States in the Union, and those of Alaska and Canada. The Federal law for the protection of migratory birds was the outcome of two bills, one presented in the House of Representa- tives by Hon. John W. Weeks of Massachusetts, and the other filed in the Senate by Hon. George P. McLean of Connecticut. These two bills were practically identical, and their provisions were enacted into law by Congress in 1913 as recorded in the annual report of the State Ornithologist for that year. This was the first legislation of this nature that had been enacted in the United States, and like all new and untried laws its pro- visions must be perfected in the light of experience gained in en- forcing them. But the enemies of the law are determined that the Federal authorities shall have no such experience. These enemies are found east and west, north and south, wherever men want unrestricted opportunity to shoot migratory birds all the time that they are there. Such men are perfectly willing that protection should be given these birds while they are elsewhere. The strongest organization opposing the Federal law was the In- terstate Sportsman's Association, composed largely of gunners 104 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. residing in Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and Illinois. This organization is said to contain about 2,500 members, and they sought to destroy the Federal migratory bird law, and even the Biological Survey which makes the regulations under the law, unless they could secure a special spring shooting privilege to their section. As noted in my report for 1915 attempts were made in that year to repeal the law; also the law was contested in the courts and carried up to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the case has been heard once, left undecided, scheduled for a rehearing, and jBnally indefi- nitely postponed. In the meantime, attempts have been made to defeat appropriations for the administration of the law, but these attempts have failed. In 1915 some changes were made in the personnel of the committee having charge of the Federal regulations under the migratory bird law. Just at that juncture the Interstate Sports- man's Association, through its legislative agents and congress- men at Washington, was able to bring such pressure to bear on the Department of Agriculture as to secure a promise of an ex- tension of the shooting seasons to March 10 in Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri, provided the gunners of those States would accept this as a compromise and cease their op- position. Already one month's extension had been granted to Missouri, and, grown confident by the apparent success of their efforts, the Interstate Sportsman's Association, or rather, per- haps, the extremists in that organization, refused to be satisfied with anything less than an extension of the shooting season to the 1st of April, and continued their campaign, directing their efforts first against an appropriation for the enforcement of the law and next against the proposed treaty with Great Britain, which was intended to strengthen the law and carry out its pro- visions in Canada as well as in the United States. Soon after the proposed change in the regulations was pub- lished by the Biological Survey, great opposition to the ex- tension of spring shooting developed, not only in the east where such opposition was to be expected, but in the west where ap- parently the malcontents had been having their own way thus far. It was shown that if such a privilege were granted, under pressure, to the gunners of a few States similar pressure would be brought to bear demanding similar privileges in many other PLATE I. Egg Clusters of the Gypsy Moth attacked by Chickadees. The holes in the upper ends of the egg clusters show where the work of the birds has begun. Gypsy Moth Egg Clusters destroyed by Chickadees. In this case all the eggs have been eaten from the egg clusters, and nothing is left but a little of the yellow down of which the cluster is partly composed. (See page 110.) (Original photographs taken on the estate of John C. Lee, Wellesley.) Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 105 States. Dr. Wm. T. Hornaday of New York made an investi- gation of the western "insurrection" and published a trenchant expose of the organization and methods of the malcontents which did much to prejudice their cause. It appears from this document entitled "The Missouri Campaign before Congress to destroy the Federal Migratory Bird Law," and from corre- spondence, that the opposition to the law was fostered largely by those who have shooting privileges or clubs at shallow lakes, which sometimes dry up in summer and autumn so that the ducks do not go there. The efforts of these clubmen were seconded by a large liquor dealer who sells to certain shooting clubs and controls certain liquor privileges which are patronized by many shooters. Publicity was given the movement by a newspaper man who had failed to secure an appointment under the Biological Survey, and who has been attacking the survey since. The organization petitioned Congress to appropriate no more money for the enforcement of the migratory bird law, and asked Representatives and Senators also to vote against the treaty with Great Britain, which contained the provisions of that statute and which if passed would become the law of the land throughout the United States and Canada and would presumably settle all questions regarding constitutionality. Through its newspaper connections members of the association were able largely to influence or control newspaper comment over a wide area, and so to shape public sentiment that the movement seemed formidable. They secured the signatures of about fifty Congressmen to their petitions. The INIassachusetts Audubon Society took the lead in putting the matter before the Audubon societies of the country and in rousing sportsmen to combat the Missouri movement. Dr. George W. Field, president of the National Association of Con- servation Commissioners, made several trips to the west and south and also to Washington in the interest of the appropria- tion and the treaty. The National Game Protection and Propagation Society brought its resources to bear. Finally an appropriation of $50,000 was granted by Congress for the enforcement of the Federal law, and the close of the open season in Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and Illinois was set back to January 1. 106 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. In the meantime, the treaty moved slowly, but it came back from Canada, having been ratified there, was signed by Robert Lansing, Secretary of State at Washington, and by Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, British Embassador, on August 16. It went on the 17th to President Wilson who signed it and sent it to the Senate with a note of approval. It went to the Senate com- mittee on foreign relations August 24. The committee trans- mitted it to the Senate August 25 where it was finally ratified August 29. This expeditious action on a State paper in the face of a vigorous and bitter opposition was not secured without effort. Senators Lodge and Weeks of Massachusetts were active in promoting the treaty, but much of the credit for its ratifica- tion so near the closing of the session is due to Senator Geo. P. McLean of Connecticut, whose industry and tact were con- stantly exerted for its passage. It has received the signature of King George of England and is now an accomplished fact. An enabling act by Congress and adequate appropriations will be required to secure its enforcement in this country. Thus, so far as the treaty is concerned, the work is only begun, but it is a good beginning. . An Attempt to nullify the Plumage Law. In December, 1915, a specious attempt was made to nullify the present Federal regulation prohibiting the importation of wild birds' plumage into the United States. The Paris Chamber of Commerce, instigated by the millinery trade of the French capital, addressed to the Secretary of State at Washington, through the French Embassy, a letter pointing out that the war found the French manufacturers in possession of large stocks of feathers, and requesting that a temporary tolerance permitting all kinds of manufactured feathers to enter the United States during the war be granted as a relief to the feather manufac- turers of Paris who could no longer sell feathers in Europe. This, it was asserted, would provide employment for a large number of women in Paris. This communication reached the Department of State and was said to have been referred to the committee on commerce of the Senate and the committee on interstate and foreign commerce of the House of Representatives. If it ever reached Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 107 the Senate it never escaped from the committee, and the women of Paris found other employment. Meanwhile, however, the smuggling of plumage into the United States began and still continues. At least, one large consignment was seized on the Mexican border and others are said to have come in by way of Cuba and Florida. Those who will persist in wearing these feathers should know that they are helping to depopulate the earth of bird life, and that in many cases the laws of at least two countries have been broken to serve them. •Bird Days and Nights in the Grange. State bird day exercises were held at Lunenburg May 20 and at Sandwich May 27. These meetings were arranged and con- ducted by the committee on wild birds appointed by the Master of the State Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, in conjunction with the Massachusetts Audubon Society and the Massachu- setts State Board of Agriculture. The work of arrangement was done largely by Mrs. E. O. Marshall, secretary of the com- mittee, and officers of the local granges in these towns. These meetings were largely attended. The forenoon was given up mainly to children, and many stayed for the afternoon meet- ings. The subjoined program of the Lunenburg meeting indi- cates its scope. I\Ir. Clayton E. Stone, a member of the State Grange bird committee and of the Lunenburg Grange, attended to the details which insured success. MASSACHUSETTS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. State Bikd Day. The Massachusetts State Grange and the Massachusetts Audu- bon Society co-operating with the State Board of Agriculture AND Lunenburg Grange at Lunenburg, Saturday, ]M\y 20, 1916. Presiding Officer, Ra>Tnond J. Gregor}^, Chairman, State Grange Com- mittee on Protection of Wild Birds. Program. 10.00 a.m. AtTownHaU: — Inspection of Audubon exhibit. Exhibit of young people's prize nest boxes and bird houses, and prize colored draw- ings. Exliibit of the Clayton E. Stone collection of 200 Massa- chusetts birds, mounted. 108 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. 10.45 a.m. At Town Hall: — Young people's meeting. Free stereopticon pictures by Walt F. McMahon, Secretary of the Massachusetts Fish and Game Protective Association, and Walter K. Putney of Ashland Grange. 12.00 M. Award of prizes. 12.30 P.M. Basket lunch : — Coffee and sandwiches free, given by Lunenburg Grange. 1.30 P.M. On the Common: — Welcome by J. P. Gilchrist, Master of Lunenburg Grange. At Town Hall: — Children and Birds, by Edward E, Chapman, Master of the State Grange. Value of Birds to Farmers, by Wilfrid Wheeler, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Value of Birds in Forests, by Edward Howe Forbush, State Ornithologist. Experience in attracting Birds by Nest Boxes, Bird Feeding and Control of Enemies, by William P. Wharton of Groton. Bird Music and Bird Welfare, by Winthrop Packard, Sec- retary of the Massachusetts Audubon Society. Bird Walks, if Practicable. Children's bird days were held under the supervision of the lecturer of the State Grange, Mrs. George S. Ladd, at Grafton May 13 and at Ashland June 10. These were very successful meetings and were enjoyed by the children. At the Grafton bird day a large number of nesting boxes and bird houses, made by the children, were put up in the forenoon by the youngsters, who were taken by citizens who furnished automobiles to the places where the nesting boxes were to be erected. The phenomenal success of this meeting and the great attendance were due largely to the excellent executive work of Mrs. F. J. Goff, lecturer of the Grafton Grange. The program of this meeting is given for the benefit of those in other towns and granges who may desire to arrange such exercises. GRAFTON CHILDREN'S ANNUAL BIRD DAY. Under Auspices of Grafton Grange, Churches and All Organiza- tions OF THE Town, Saturday, May 13, 1916. 12.30. Parade by school children accompanied by Lyman School Boys' Band. Marshaled by Camp Fire Girls and Boy Scouts. 1.00. Lunch for cliildren. Part L] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 109 .15. Band concert on Common. ^^.30. Judging of bird houses and collections of woods on Common. 1.45. Town Hall: — Welcome by John B. Knowlton, Master, Grafton Grange. Music b}^ school children, under direction of Miss Flora Randall. Solo, Mrs. Elizabeth E. Rutter, Grafton. Stereopticon lecture, 60 sUdes on Birds and Bird Houses, b}'- Walt F. McMahon, Secretarj^, Fish and Game Association, Boston. Addresses by RajTnond J. Gregorj^, Chairman of State Grange Bird Committee; Edward Howe Forbush, State Ornithol- ogist; Winthrop Packard, Secretary, Audubon Society; Miss Margaret Brigham, Grafton; Mrs. Geo. S. Ladd, Sturbridge; Mr. Walter Putney, Ashland. Charles Crawford Gorst, Musical Genius of Birds. Other organizations in other towns selected and celebrated bird days. Many subordinate or local granges celebrated bird nights during the year. The following circular prepared by the secretary of the bird committee of the State Grange, and published by the lecturer of that body, will give some idea of how these activities were directed : — Suggestions for Bird Nights (April or May suggested). Birds are most in evidence in May, when it is courting time and singing time for most, and in June, when the greatest numbers are nesting. But bird nights are useful at any season. Data and questions may be kept for spare moments, or when programs need something more. Decorations. — Two-cent Perry pictures are large (7 by 9) and beauti- fully colored. In Sturbridge Grange a large collection of these was laid against the wall, and a j'oung man, a bird student, showed the appropriate picture as he spoke of the birds he had observed and read of. The 1-cent Reed pictures are comparatively accurate and all of native birds, 80 of them, thus being better for contests. Audubon colored pictures, accompanied by attractive leaflets and out- line drawings, are unexcelled for beautj', but cannot be seen at a distance as well as Perry pictures. Lists of Species seen. — Yearly lists ought to begin on January 1, but if not, can be recalled and recorded. Lists may be read on bird night. Daily Usts may be read and discussed. (One member beat the record with 57 species on May 27, 1914.) Reed's "Land Birds and Water Birds" are best for beginners. Fuller descriptions are in Chapman's and Hoff- man's books. Essays. — Any bird, as the bluebird, the barn swallow, the downy woodpecker, the ruffed grouse, makes a good subject. An ideal paper truthfully records one's own observations, verified and enriched by reading. 110 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Observe, confer with and read reliable authors, then write. Other sul - jects: Our permanent residents; the thrush family; the sparrow famil;^; our water birds; our game birds and how to conserve them; value of birds to trees; the relations of birds, trees and insects. Which are doing most to hold injurious insects in check, birds or men? References. — The Audubon Society, 66 Newbury Street, Boston, has leaflets about any bird you want. For interesting facts, especially eco- nomic, the State bird books "Useful Birds and their Protection" and "Game Birds, Shore Birds and Wild Fowl" are in every pubUc library in the State and sold at cost, $1, by the Board of Agriculture, State House, Boston. E. H. Forbush is the author of both. Readings. — More people wiU be interested in truthful pubUcations like the above than in fancies and guesswork. Dramatic readings might be arranged from Percy MacKay's "Bird Masque." This was played before President Wilson. Stories. — Hunting with bird glass or camera, feeding birds, or watch- ing birds' nests, etc., make stories which many students are eager to tell. Discussions. — Subjects: Could a bird club, organized by grange ofiicers, be made a " community service " in this town? Could we make a bird sanctuary in this town? (See bird club number of "Bird-Lore," September-October, 1915.) Could we combine to keep large areas posted, co-operating with the State Fish and Game Commission? Can we hold in check rats and mice, and lessen the kind of cats that hunt birds? (Reference: "Rats and Rat Riddance.")* Bird Laws, State and National. — A lawyer should lead in this, or write to the Fish and Game Commission, State House, Boston, and the Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. Music. — Reading and piano representations of bird music from Matthews' "Field Book of Wild Birds and their Music." Contests. — 1. Some 30 or more of the most common of Reed's minia- ture bird pictures are tacked around the hall with names covered. Those who make the best lists of these are given prizes. 2. Each member wears something to represent a bird. The best repre- sentation may receive a prize. But this is more certain to succeed if names of birds are "jumbled," that is, letters misplaced and pinned to each member. Then members go around examining, and those who get best Usts get prizes. This is very lively and social. Prizes. — Prizes may be offered at the beginning of the year or on bird nights, and awarded on bird nights, grange fair nights or at close of year . For best essays by members. For best essays by school children. For most practical winter feeding device. For most practical summer watering device. For most practical nest box or house. Greatest number of occupied bird houses reported. Best success in attracting birds. Best yearly list of species seen or heard. , Best daily list of species seen or heard. Best imitations of bird notes. Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. Ill Prizes may be as follows: — An Audubon picture and leaflet, 2 cents. Portfolio of bird pictures, 50 cents. Reed's "Land Birds," 75 cents. Reed's "Water Birds," $1. Useful Birds and their Protection, $1. Wire suet holder, 15 cents. Or crocheted suet holder, which is given away by the secretary of the bird committee at New Salem, who is ready to aid in any way. The chairman at Princeton is also always glad to help. Recommendations for Legislation. The State Grange effort in bird study is exerted partly to interest the children; also the National Association of Audubon Societies, acting with the Massachusetts Audubon Society, has enrolled 23,760 Massachusetts school children in classes for the study of birds. There is much sporadic and often ill-directed effort toward bird study and bird-house building among the children in the public schools. The demand for definite in- struction is growing. It must be met and the energies of the young properly guided, otherwise harm as well as good may result. Such instruction as is given should be standardized, and the work should at least be started in the right direction. Bird Study in the Schools. Every year the State Ornithologist is called upon by teachers in rural schools for information or literature that will enable them to teach the children about birds or to answer questions asked of them by the children. The country school is situated where the birds are, and many of the pupils are at the very age when eagerness for knowledge regarding birds and other living animals may be best developed; but in these country schools which have such excellent facilities for bird study at their very doors this study, as a rule, is most neglected. Some city schools have teachers or supervisors of natural science or nature study. ]\Iost country schools have none, and many teachers know so little about birds that they cannot instruct the chil- dren. Others who have some knowledge of birds do not know how to interest the children, or consider that it is not their business to interest them in ornithology. 112 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. The study of birds has a remarkable educational value and should be advocated not for the sake of the birds alone but for the good of the children. It gives to many of them a new out- look, a new interest in life, and develops their observational faculties in a natural way. The first task is to arouse the child's interest. Colored plates will do this. Any teacher or older pupil could readily learn to know most of the more common birds by using a field manual illustrated by colored plates, such as may be procured now at small cost, but the child should be brought into contact with the birds themselves. If we are to have bird study at all in our rural schools it must be taught in such a way that both parents and school committees can see that it has some elements of utility. The purposes of bird study in the schools are set forth briefly by Gilbert H. Trafton, an educator of experience in this branch, in the following words : — The chief purposes of bird study in the schools may be briefly stated as follows: first, to give the children greater pleasure in living, through an acquaintance with the birds; second, to teach them the economic value of birds; third, to teach them to protect and aid the birds. ^ Bird study in the public schools need go no further than this. This has a practical and rational side. It needs no excuse for its introduction. It need not interfere to any extent with the regular curriculum. The interest awakened in birds among pupils of the lower grades undoubtedly would turn a few of them to ornithology or kindred sciences, but these pupils would pursue the study further. They would get their scientific train- ing in the higher institutions of learning or continue the work as an avocation, which would add to the richness and fullness of their maturer years and enable them to pass on some of their interest and knowledge to their children's children. It is admitted now generally that a benevolent humane interest in birds is desirable in the young, but little is done by the Commonwealth to stimulate that interest. As noted in my last annual report, a committee of school superintendents acting under a suggestion from the State Board of Education has drawn up and published a plan of a course on physiology, hygiene, nature study, plays and games for rural schools, which I " Bird Friends," Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1916, page 279. PLATE II. "Knv. WuL:-.Li:.'.r "Buff," regardant but harmless. Cage or corral for cats. This saves the birds. Shows roof, leaping shelves and boxes. This cage is 24 feet long, 12 wide and 8 high. Base- board extends 1 foot into ground. Cage covered with 1-inch mesh chicken wire. (Photograph by courtesy of Dr. Emily G. Hunt, Pasadena, California. See page 121.) "C.^TXip Cottage." ' Nibbs" quiescent. Interior of cage, showing open end of subway, made of drain tile of 13-inch interior diameter, connecting with house cellar. Ground in cage planted with grass, catnip, etc. (Photograph by courtesy of Dr. Emily G. Hunt, Pasadena, Cali- fornia. See page 121.) Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 113 includes bird study, but the Commonwealth has done little, if anything, toward the actual establishment of bird study in rural public schools.^ Such instruction as is given there is voluntary and sporadic on the part of teachers or philanthropic associa- tions, and has no place in the school curriculum. The Com- monwealth should do something annually to stimulate interest in bird life in the schools. . Bird Talks in the Schools. The impossibility of supplying from this office the school demand fcjr lectures on birds is shown by the experience of Henry Oldys of Silver Springs, Maryland. In March, 1915, he was engaged by the Massachusetts Audubon Society and the National Association of Audubon Societies to give free lectures in Massachusetts on the utility of birds, with imitations of bird songs. He took more than 100 engagements in a month and filled 90 of them. Most of his audiences consisted of school children or contained them. Provision should be made for the employment by the Com- monwealth of a first-class speaker, approved by the State Board of Education, to tour the public schools of the State annually and give talks to at least one grade in each town regarding the usefulness of birds and the means of protecting and attracting them. Nothing will so arouse the interest of children in school hours as good colored plates properly explained and correct imitations of the songs of birds. This will lead many of them to an interest in the living birds. The speaker would require but one hour from each pupil in one grade, or perhaps . two grades, during each school year, and in that one hour a trained man could put a few facts so forcibly and clearly before the children that many would never entirely forget them. Bird Day in the Schools. Every public school teacher and pupil in this enlightened Commonwealth should be required by law to give up one school day in each year to the study of birds. We have already an 1 Bulletin of the Massachusetts State Board of Education No. 8 contains a suggested course of Btudy in practical science designed for certain rural schools. It was arranged by teachers in State normal schools, and contains suggestions regarding bird study, helping the birds and the value of birds. 114 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. arbor day which is observed more or less, and in some schools the birds and the trees together are the subjects of school exercises. Occasionally some organization gets out an arbor day manual with some reference to birds, but we should have one day devoted to birds, when children can learn about the birds and be taught to feed them, to put up bird houses and to plant shrubs and trees that furnish food for birds. There should be a bird day manual printed annually at public expense, illus- trated by one colored plate at least and giving suggestions for the observance of bird day. This manual should be distributed free of charge to all public school teachers in the State. Most of the States have had already some form of bird day exercises, and Florida, South Dakota, Utah, Kansas, Illinois, Washington, Virginia, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Pennsylvania and Alaska officially celebrated a definite bird day this year. Why does Massachusetts lag behind in this movement? A Report on the Birds of Massachusetts. In answering questions about birds from people in all parts of the Commonwealth during the past twenty years I have learned something about what the people of Massachusetts desire to know about birds, and it is time to begin to get to- gether a report that will furnish such knowledge. Already two volumes have been published by this Board on the birds of the Commonwealth, but they have included only part of its bird life and have been devoted mainly to recording the destruction of birds by man, their utility and the means for their protection. It is purposed now, if the Legislature will provide the means, to publish a report on all the birds of Massachusetts, dealing with the distribution of each species in our territory, and giving in concise form such information as will be most valuable to in- clude in such a work. Each species should be fully described and figured in colors. Next to the bird itself the colored plate is the most important means of interesting the student and determining the identity of the bird. Both male and fe- male should be figured, and where the seasonal plumages differ greatly other figures would be needed. This would be a work of at least four years, as it would be hardly possible to have the drawings completed in less than three years. Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 115 An Assistant to the Ornithologist. Considering that the present incumbent of the office of State Ornithologist is already fully occupied, it may be asked how such a work as is proposed can be produced. As the labor of the office increases annually, an assistant should be provided in any case. This would give the ornithologist time for the study and travel necessary to complete the work on the birds of the State, and eventually would provide a trained man to fill the vacancy in the office that must occur sooner or later. The Starling. The introduced starling is now common in many towns in the State and numerous in some areas. Many complaints have been received regarding its destructiveness to fruit and to native birds. It is a useful bird, but wherever it has been introduced into a new country and become established it has sooner or later increased so in numbers as to be more or less injurious. Even in England, where it is native, its numbers now are so great that it is destructive to certain crops. In Massachusetts it is still protected by law with other insectivorous birds. It is time to remove such protection from it, as has been done in New York, Connecticut and Vermont. The friends of the starling need not fear its extermination or any serious deple- tion of its numbers. It is now well established, is as crafty as the crow, much more prolific and will be protected by its many friends. The English sparrow is not only proscribed by law, but municipal authorities are required by law to destroy it — yet it is still with us. The starling is much better able to take care of itself than is the sparrow. If jegal protection be removed from the starling an opportunity will be offered for farmers to protect their fruit and grain from its ravages, and, for those who prefer other birds, to prevent it from driving out native species or destroying the eggs or young. If the starling is to be kept on the protected list, then the jay, the crow and the crow blackbird should be protected, as they are in some ways more desirable than the starling. There are many ob- jections to the introduction of birds from foreign countries that 116 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. do not apply to native birds. The United States government now wisely prohibits the importation of foreign birds for libera- tion here. The Nesting-box Campaign. The campaign to induce Massachusetts manufacturers to make and sell inexpensive nesting boxes and bird houses and to influence people to make them and put them up goes briskly on. Hundreds if not thousands of nesting boxes and bird houses have been made and erected by school children. In some cases this work has been encouraged by teachers. Most manufac- turers soon tire of the business of making nesting boxes as it is not profitable, but Winthrop Packard of Canton sells about 10,000 paroid boxes a year, and several other Massachusetts manufacturers dispose of a lesser number of wooden boxes an- nually. Now comes John C. Lee of Wellesley, a public-spirited citizen, if ever there was one, who induces manufacturers to make nesting boxes and feeding appliances by the thousand at the lowest possible rates, and then turns them over to the public at cost; also he furnishes plans, patterns and specifica- tions so that any one can make these boxes. Mr. Lee has become convinced by his experience in attracting birds on his own estate that they render efiicient assistance in destroying insect pests, and he is doing missionary work to spread the idea of bird protection. He has observed chickadees eating the eggs of the gypsy moth upon his trees. Plate I. shows some egg clusters of this moth when first attacked by chickadees, and others where the birds have destroyed all the eggs, leaving only a thin coating of the yellow covering hairs attached to the bark. This is not a new discovery, as I have already reported the chickadee, the downy woodpecker and nuthatches as feeding on these eggs,^ and about 50 species of birds are known to destroy other forms of this moth; but the experience of Mr. Lee in- dicates that the habit of eating these eggs is spreading among the birds, as it had not been noticed previously in the region about Wellesley. Mr. Lee has experimented with nesting boxes similar to some advocated in my previous reports, and has improved upon 1 Annual reports of the State Ornithologist for 1910 and 1911. PLATE III. VVellesley Bird Box. This is both inexpensive and effective. Note entrance guard of galvanized iron. (Photograph by John C. Lee. See page 117.) VVellesley Bird Box with Top off. (Photograph by John C. Lee.) Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 117 them in some respects. His method of fastening the top so that it may be quickly removed is simple and inexpensive, and his plan of covering the wooden top with roofing paper so that the paper overhangs in front and at the sides is an excellent one to keep the contents dry. He has not only perfected an inexpensive wooden box but has arranged to secure large numbers of small nesting boxes, made of heavy two-ply roofing paper, that may be packed flat and sold at $5 per hundred. They may be put together by the buyer, as all are punched ready for the fasteners. Each of Mr. Lee's nesting boxes is provided with a galvanized-iron plate sur- rounding the entrance hole, — a very necessary adjunct in a land of squirrels and woodpeckers. The roofing paper boxes are yet untried, but somewhat similar domiciles have been used by the birds. Probably, however, they should be put up where they will be in the shade during the hotter part of the day. The wooden boxes have been very successful. Mr. Lee is not a dealer in nesting boxes, but will supply at cost those who can use 100 or more, and is glad to furnish patterns to those who will make the boxes for their own use; therefore his plans are published herewith. ]Mr. E. C. Ware of Wareham has invented a nesting-box trap for the English sparrow which is somewhat similar in design to that presented at the Annual Congress of the American Ornithologists' Union at Philadelphia in November by Ernest Thompson Seton. Mr. Seton invented his box years ago, while Mr. Ware, working along the same lines, perfected his early in 1915. Mr. Seton asserts that the chief advantage of the box is not that sparrows are caught, but that the others become suspicious of the box, and after one or two have been trapped in it no English sparrow will enter, while native birds will con- tinue to nest in it. The trap will not spring on the entrance of the bird, but is sprung by the owner, who by day or night pulls a string when the bird is inside. This closes the entrance with a shutter and thus imprisons the bird, after which it may be taken out by opening the top. 118 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Experiments with Nesting Boxes. Experiments with nesting boxes were continued at Wareham during the year. The erection of numerous boxes in the woods was discontinued, but a few were put up there for chickadees and flickers, and two were set up on the edges of the woods for bluebirds or swallows. Several small boxes for chickadees were placed in second- growth woodland and in thickets near the ground. These, evidently, were popular, not only with the chickadees but alsa with deer mice, bumblebees, hornets, wasps and gypsy moths. They were too accessible to cats, also, and only one brood of chickadees was reared in them. Boxes for chickadees are safer if raised 15 to 20 feet above the ground. The number of nesting boxes in the open at the Wareham station was increased largely in 1916 over those of 1915 by the addition of many boxes taken from the woods, but, owing to unusual mortality among both old and young birds, fewer young were reared in 1916 than in 1915. This appeared to be due chiefly to severe, unseasonable storms in June. In past years birds have had excellent success in rearing their young in boxes facing to the south or southwest. Such southerly rain storms as occurred in those years were brief and warm, but in 1916 several long and severe storms came with southerly winds, and, as a result, many young tree swallows and two adults- were found dead in the boxes. One family each of flickers and bluebirds were destroyed also. The southerly gale blew so hard and long that much rain drove into all the entrance holes and even through cracks and joints. This is unusual, and has not occurred before in our experience at this season, but we will now try facing the entrance to the northwest, as in our ex- perience in this region no long storm was ever known to come from that direction. If the nesting boxes are not watched closely in such cases and the dead birds removed, the living ones are likely to desert both the boxes and the neighborhood, and apparently some such desertions occurred in this case, as the number of birds about the boxes was much greater in early spring than last year, but fewer pairs bred. Again this year a pair of chickadees built their nest in a box PLATE IV. % I I FKONT rk ^ ^ }\ % S\OE B Wellesley Bird Box. (Xo Patents.) Plans and Specifications. -~ Of ^2-inch white pine, rough sawed; interior dimensions, 4 by 4 by 7. Entrance Guard of Thin Galvanized Iron. — One and one-half inch opening for bluebirds and swallows, l}:i inch for smaller birds. Dimensions of Stock: Top, 5 by 6'^ inches; front and back each 5 by 7J2 inches; sides, 4 by lli inches; bottom, 4 by 4 inches. The box is put together with IJ-i-inch galvanized box nails. The roofing paper and entrance guard are fastened with Ja-inch galvanized tacks. Tuo-Ply Roofing Paper for Top, 7 by SVi Inches. — Cut at the corners to turn down 1 inch on each side. The top of the box is removable, but is held in position by a piece of galvanized No. 16 soft iron wire looped over a tack on each side. Two holes about 1 inch apart are bored in the upper part of the box in a downward direction from the inside, so that when the cover is off, the box can be nailed to a post or tree with 25i-inch galvanized wire nails. A B. Part I.] RErORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 119 with an entrance but 1 inch in diameter. The female laid eggs but deserted them, and the nest was occupied by bumblebees. The 1| or 1\ inch entrance is probably best for chickadees. A Warning against Deep Nesting Boxes with Smooth Inner Surfaces. The necessity of examining nesting boxes frequently was shown by our experience this year with three deep flicker boxes made of planed boards. On the first inspection two dead adult tree swallows were found in one, and, later, several were dis- covered in the others. The cause of their death was not under- stood at first, but daily examination of these boxes revealed the fact that if tree swallows entered them and went to the bottom they could not get out. Many thus trapped were liberated. A close watch of the boxes seemed to prove that these birds use their wings in climbing out of a deep cavity and escape by both fluttering and clinging. If the inner surface of the wood is smooth, neither wings nor feet find any hold, and the birds flutter and die in their attempts to escape. When the interior surface was roughened, or when a piece of fine wire screen was tacked on the inner front surface, the birds easily escaped. This showed the necessity of having all deep nesting boxes roughened or scored inside from bottom to entrance hole, to provide a ladder for the escape of old or young birds. 'A Successful Nesting Site for Wrens. The reproduction from a photograph shown on Plate V. represents a cow's skull hung up in a tree as a nesting place for wrens. In the annual report of the State Ornithologist for 1914 the success attending the efforts of Dr. B. H. Warren in colo- nizing birds on Wallop's Island, Virginia, was reported. Since then the Liberty Bell Bird Club of Philadelphia has established a bird sanctuary on the island, and for want of more genteel nesting boxes they hung up for the wrens 24 empty cow skulls that were found bleaching there. Almost immediately 23 of these were occupied by wrens, so writes jNIr. Charles P. Shoff- ner, secretary of the club. The wrens found these nesting places safe, as the occipital entrance to the brain cavity is so small 120 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. and the skulls so strong that most of the enemies of these birds cannot get at the eggs or the young. A wren has been known to use a human skull for the same purpose. Mr. Harold Bailey showed me how Carolina wrens built their nests in old tin cans thrown into the bushes that line the steep banks of the river at Newport News, Virginia. The house wren has been known to use old straw hats and felt hats hung up out of doors, or even the pocket of a coat hung up and forgotten. New and Inexpensive Feeding Appliances. Mr. Lee, whose nesting boxes- have been referred to on a pre- vious page, has also perfected inexpensive and successful feed- ing appliances to attract birds. Many people now believe that a number of small feeding places for birds are more useful than one large one, as the birds are less likely to quarrel over them. Mr. Lee has invented a substitute for the rather ex- pensive German food bell. This consists merely of a bottle, a tube, a galvanized iron or zinc shield, and a small earthenware tray such as is used under small flower pots. Almost any one can make this arrangement with perhaps a little help from the tinman. (See Plate VI.) The bottle is filled with bird seed or fine chick feed and placed in the hanger, then turned upside down and hung in a tree. This hanging device has been tested for parts of two seasons. The birds come to it readily and the seed is well pro- tected from rain or snow. It comes down as the birds eat it from the tray, and if either bottle or tray is broken another may be secured in almost any town. The large box shown on Plate VI. is used for feeding scraps from the table to birds in winter. All scraps and waste from kitchen and table may be utilized thus in winter by those who do not keep hens or pigs. The box is hung up in the trees to baffle dogs, cats and rats. At first, the cover is left off so that the birds may find the food, and those who desire to feed crows may leave the box uncovered most of the time. Crows do little harm in winter and much good. If it is desired to feed only smaller birds, and perhaps squirrels, the cover may be replaced after the birds have become accustomed to feed from the box, and there will be room enough at the sides for them to get in. PLATE V. Cow Skill occupied as Nesting Box by Wrens. Birds are not very particular about the size or shape of their nesting cavities. Twenty-four skulls were hung up on trees at Wallop's Island, Virginia, and 23 were occupied immedi- ately by wrens. (From photograph by Charles P. Shoflner, Secretarj-, Liberty Bell Bird Club. Philadelphia. See page 119.) Part 1.1 REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 121 To PROTECT Feeding Stations and Nesting Boxes from Climbing Animals. Nesting boxes and feeding boxes mounted at least 7 feet from the ground, upon iron rods or pipes, are not much molested by climbing animals, although rats and probably squirrels can climb up a 1-inch galvanized iron rod or pipe. The device shown in the frontispiece is a sufficient safeguard against cats if made large and placed at least 6 feet from the ground, but a gray squirrel frequently has surmounted a similar device at our experimental station at Wareham, and I have known one to go up a tree trunk surrounded by a zinc band 3 feet wide. The perfect inexpensive squirrel protector has yet to be devised. Control of the Cat. No publication that has appeared from this office has met with greater appreciation or a larger demand than the bulletin on the domestic cat as an enemy of birds. The first edition of 20,000 copies was exhausted almost at once. Offers to buy the bulletins in large quantities came from many States, but these orders could not be filled. No money was available for print- ing another edition. Later a second edition of 8,000 copies was published by subscription, and this is nearly exhausted. The bulletin was reviewed by many newspapers and magazines, and thus the immense destruction of birds by cats was brought be- fore the public. This has resulted in unusual activity in the suppression of the vagrant or vagabond cat, and some com- munities have established a license or registration plan under which unregistered cats are destroyed humanely by officers ap- pointed for the purpose. Many people in many parts of the United States are experimenting with different means of con- trolling or confining their own cats during the nesting season of birds. Some keep them in a chicken coop; others intern them under the piazza; still others use a collar and a leash attached to an overhead wire. Plate II. shows a successful arrangement utilized in California. Since the European war began Germany has been unable to supply this country with the usual quota of cat skins for the fur market. This has resulted in a demand here for native cat 122 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. skins which have sold at prices varying from 20 cents to $2, according to size, quality and color. There is hope for the future of the birds in the constantly increasing prices of fur. Eventually this will act as a bounty on the vagrant wandering cat. Few if Any Birds killed by Spraying. All dead birds sent in during the summer as victims of the work of spraying the trees with poisonous insecticides were ex- amined, and in all cases where death was not evidently attrib- utable to other causes they were analyzed for arsenic. In no case was any perceptible trace of the poison found. Thus far the evidence of poisoning by spraying is chiefly negative, as in nine years only three birds that possibly were poisoned by spraying have been found. Many tales are told of the great numbers of birds killed by the spray, but the birds so poisoned are not forthcoming. They do not reach this office. While it is quite probable that where large quantities of poison are used and trees are heavily sprayed some birds may be poisoned, and while it may be possible that they are sometimes fatally affected by drinking water contaminated with spray, or by drinking the spray itself, there is as yet no evidence that would convince a careful investigator that any great numbers of birds are killed by spraying. On the other hand, many so-called wild rabbits or hares have been picked up dead where spraying has been done, and, al- though the stomachs of these rabbits have not been analyzed, it seems probable that they were killed by spraying, as they live mainly on vegetable matter, while in spring and early summer when spraying is done the birds live chiefly on insects and will not touch those that appear sickly or are dying from the effects of the insecticide. The Heath Hen. Three days were spent on Martha's Vineyard in April in an attempt to determine by personal observation whether the efforts to prevent the extinction of this bird give any real promise of success. I am convinced from personal observation that there were then at least ten times as many heath hens upon that island as were there when the Massachusetts Board PLATE VI. Wkllesley Food Hell. An inexpensive and effective appliance for feeding birds. (Photograph by John C. Lee. See page 120.) WtLLESLEY Receptacle for Feedini! Birds on Iahi.i. mraps. These appliances were invented by John C. Leeof Wellesley. (Photograph by Mr. Lee. See page 120.) Part I.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 123 of Commissioners on Fisheries and Game first undertook to save them from complete extinction. After a rather careful sur- vey of the island I felt sure that some 800 birds had been ac- counted for. Others believed that there were as many as 2,000, but in any case the experiment seemed quite certain of suc- cess. Since then, however, a severe fire has swept the breeding grounds, and it is now believed that the number of birds has been much reduced. The Purple Martin. Despite the unseasonable storms of the past few years martins have increased in some localities. Mr. J. A. Farley has secured a statement from E. W. Padelford of Kingston who asserts that the species has been slowly increasing there since 1907. Mr. Farley says that in 1915 martins were nesting at two localities in Carver and one in Westport. They have also settled again at Middleborough and at Rock Station, and have been reported near Springfield and at Gardner. The martins seen in Wareham in 1915 did not appear in 1916, and apparently most of the young birds which were hatched in Massachusetts in 1916 must have been destroyed by the storms of June. Martins nest, however, as far north as Toronto, Canada, and J. H. Fleming writes that he has observed there the same habit of taking green leaves for their nests that Dr. B. H. Warren has noticed in Pennsylvania. Mr. Fleming be- lieves that the leaf cutting usually is done in hot weather when the young are unfledged, and suggests that it may be a device to cool the nest as well as to line it. , The Evening Grosbeak. In the winter of 1915-16 this species was reported in small flocks from parts of Essex, Middlesex, Worcester, Hampden and Berkshire counties, and from so many localities that it seems probable that the flight covered most of the State, particularly as the species was reported also from Maine, New Hampshire and Connecticut. This seems to be the greatest New England winter migration of this species on record, and may indicate that the bird, once almost unknown here, is about to extend its range permanently to this region. 124 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4, Parti. An Abundance of Birds, An unusual abundance of small birds was noted during the spring and summer in many parts of the State and in other States. This has been credited largely to the effect, of the Federal law for the protection of migratory species, but other factors probably were responsible in part. If the time ever comes when the bird laws and regulations are properly adjusted and reasonably enforced, nothing more can be done in that direction. The greatest possibilities of increasing the numbers of useful birds lie in the direction of so educating the individual that each landowner will do his part in protecting and fostering such birds on his own property. Respectfully submitted, EDWARD HOWE FORBUSH, State Ornithologist. SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. Presented to the Board and Accepted, December 5, 1916. SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. To the Honorable State Board of Agriculture. The demands for the services of the apiary inspector and his deputies have been as great or greater than in previous years. Unfortunately, service must be proportioned to an insufficient appropriation, as this Board I bfeheve well realizes. Yet an analysis of the work done is favorable in proportion to the funds used. The question arises, however, would it not be good policy for the State to provide for more extensive. State- wide assistance to the beekeepers? There are two ways of furnishing, inspection service, as prac- ticed in different States of the country. One is to hit merely the high spots, that is, to visit the larger apiaries, assuming that the lesser apiaries need no inspection service. This policy, for Massachusetts at least, is fundamentally wrong, as often the large apiarist is quite as able to cope with infectious bee diseases as the small apiarist. It is argued, however, that the large apiary is of more economic importance than the small. This may not be entirely true, as the apiary of a few colonies may become in time a commercial yard of greater economic importance. In the inspection work of Massachusetts a more conservative policy has been adhered to, namely, systematic inspection over given areas, governed by the intensity of the infection and the success with which the beekeepers are meet- ing it. However, this policy, which was early agreed to, is somewhat more costly than if the inspectors were to visit ex- clusively large apiaries. Nevertheless, the policy has in a great measure met the demands for Massachusetts, and at the same time overcomes the frequent objection elsewhere to "skipping apiaries." The large beekeeper and the small beekeeper, the 128 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. long-experienced and the beginner or novice, always have equal access' to the best energies of the service proportionate to avail- able funds. The figures for the work for the year show that upwards of a hundred more apiaries were visited in 1916 (1,622) than in the year previous, and that the number of colonies examined (4,121) exceeded that of the previous year. Moreover, 132 of these apiaries were visited two or more times, and some even four, five or six times. This amount of work was done in spite of the excessively rainy season during the early part of the in- spection period, when the best efforts of the inspectors were foiled. It is in the early season, too, that inspection is par- ticularly important and urgent. As an example of the thoroughness with which the inspection work is carried on, and showing that all apiaries, large and small, are visited, it has been calculated that the average num- ber of colonies maintained in the apiaries inspected in 1916 is three and a fraction. Doubtless had inspection been in terri- tory free from disease, the average number of colonies in an apiary would be much greater. It is encouraging, too, to find there are marked reductions this year in the percentages of infected colonies, as is mentioned below. Early in the season, the year 1916 promised to be phenome- nal in clover honey production. The remark was common, "I never saw so much white clover." To the beekeepers' great disappointment it rained and rained. While the bees did their best, and in some instances much better than might have been expected under the circumstances, it is difficult to estimate what the clover honey crop would have been with favorable w^eather. This was the first year in five or six that clover growth approached a high standard in Massachusetts. The year, however, was not without its important results; the State apiary produced a grade of clover honey which ex- celled in color, flavor and body similar honey sampled by the writer over a wide range of the eastern United States. A com- parative display was made at the Eastern States Exposition in October. It demonstrated that Massachusetts beekeepers can with care and skill secure clover honey equal to any offered by eastern producers thus far known. Part L] STATE INSPECTOR OF APrARIES. 129 Each year the records would indicate that there are some- thing over 200 new beekeepers in the territory inspected. While this year 177 are recorded having discontinued beekeeping, there were 427 names of new beekeepers added to the list, making a net gain of 250. Visit of English Authority. On May 3 Mr. C. Hanslope Bocock of Newmarket, England, presented a letter of introduction from the British Beekeepers' Association and the "Board of Agriculture." In England Mr. Bocock had been associated with the investigations of the adult disease of bees, called Isle of Wight disease, also known as Microsporidiosis, said to be caused by Nosema apis. It had been presumed in England that possibly the adult bee disease of the United States, called "bee paralysis," might be the same or a similar disorder, the symptoms being somewhat compar- able. Further, the symptoms of the alleged spray poisoning of bees in Massachusetts and elsewhere are similar. For the pur- pose of studying the adult disorder occurring in this country, Mr. Bocock planned a circuit of the eastern half of the United States, stopping in Massachusetts first, where the inspector traveled with Mr. Bocock, visiting representative apiaries in practically every quarter of the State. Mr. Bocock spent in all about ten weeks with the inspector, in May, June and August. Visits were also made to apiaries in Connecticut, Long Island and in New York State. After finishing his work here, where he was supplied a table in the laboratory of the veterinary department of the Agricultural College, he left for Washington, afterwards visiting Chicago, Iowa and Ohio, then returning to Amherst. Some of the observations which have been made in this connection are recorded elsewhere. Brood Diseases of Bees. While primarily the function of the inspector might be to suppress infection of contagious diseases in apiaries, the work is much more broad, ranging from the most elementary in- struction to most advanced beekeeping discussions. It has been urged always, by the inspector, that the deputies give as 130 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. much time as is warranted to general assistance of the bee- keepers, aside from strictly disease problems. 'Such service has been offered even more this year than heretofore. Some might claim that general instruction takes time which should be used for disease suppression, yet in the long run it will be found that the time thus spent will earn large interest. Brood diseases, particularly European foul brood, is the sad- dest side of beekeeping; without question it has gathered the heaviest toll from the apiarists. Fortunately, however, it can be checked — held at bay. The apiarist can keep at work de- spite the infection if he will attend to business. The general suppression, accomplished elsewhere in the country, is fast be- ing realized in Massachusetts. Each year, when new territory is inspected for the first time, or in localities where apiarists are not particular in keeping up the standard of their stock and maintaining freedom from in- fection, there is an increase in the number of apiaries which have had to be quarantined. This year the number was 255, which is slightly in excess of the figure for previous years; yet this does not represent the status of the disease situation as adequately as the figures below, wherein the numbers of in- fected colonies are presented. A large number of these apiarists have treated the disease and have been released, — in all, 201, — which includes 5 apiaries held in quarantine from the pre- vious year. The next season, however, will show 94^ apiaries held in quarantine, either for failure to complete instructions; inability or disinclination to follow the recommendations of the inspectors, in a word, delinquents; or, in a few instances, where funds have not enabled revisitation for the purpose of pro- nouncing the apiary freed from infection. American Foul Brood. — American foul brood, once prevalent in the State, has largely passed, so that only occasionally are colonies found to-day. This year American foul brood infec- tion totaled 80 against 104 colonies the year previous and 121 colonies in 1914. This is a relatively constant annual decline of from 17 to 24 colonies per year, respectively. European Foul Brood. — By far the greatest percentage of brood diseases encountered in Massachusetts is European foul 1 Fifty-four of which were quarantined in 1916, and 40 previously. Part I.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 131 brood, of which 397 colonies were found infected. But this is a considerable reduction over 1915, as that year also showed a reduction over 1914. Thus year by year the number of infected colonies is being reduced. A more graphic representa- tion is the ratio of this number of colonies to the number of apiaries in which European foul brood was found, it being 397 colonies infected in 189 yards. This, how^ever, is but 1.17 per cent of the apiaries which were visited during the year. There cannot be any doubt in any experienced apiarist's mind, nor can the competent inspector deny, that European foul brood is tricky, treacherous, evasive, subtle in symptoms, — in a word, is difficult to handle. Likewise it is less easily eradicated than American foul brood, which does not seem to possess the peculiar evasiveness of European foul brood, due to its so-called spontaneous disappearance. It is thought that this at times may occur on account of environmental and racial conditions. This peculiarity of European foul brood, however, affords a point of attack for the rational and painstaking bee- keeper, which as yet is but imperfectly understood. It has long been recognized that European foul brood can be checked; in this the value of certain types or strains of Italians have been observed to possess peculiarly resistant qualities, which, according to some, are mere expressions of thrift, — " good housekeepers; " that is, they do not allow the dead to accu- mulate in the alleys. If a diseased larva appears it is appar- ently at once pulled out and disposed of before, it w^ould seem, there can be any further spread to a neighboring cell. This form of thrift, however, may also be supported by a further physical character, more nearly approaching what beekeepers call "immunity to European foul brood." Experiments have been and are being carried on in an attempt to analyze these circumstances. Already considerable light has been obtained, and the preliminary results are looked for in a publication now in preparation. For the present, beekeepers are urged to use only the strains of Italians which appear to possess these resistant qualities, coupled, of course, with the other desirable characteristics. It will not be wise to perpetuate a strain which has in its history, especially recently, European foul brood. Requeen and re- 132 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. queen, using stock which does not show disease. This seems to be the safest insurance a beekeeper can take out on his stock. The time will surely come, if this method is followed, when many beekeepers will not be able to show the inspector a single case of European foul brood. This result has been brought about both here and in other States. But the speed with which the conditions will prevail over the State rests in a measure with the beekeepers, — their keenness in selecting their queens and their readiness' to secure superior stock. It is an unexpected pleasure to be able to report that some of the localities which a year or two ago were as European foul brood ridden as any in the State, this year showed not a single case. This applied to single towns in some instances, and also to- a group of towns. Other localities are also reduced to al- most disease-free condition. American Foul Brood and European Foul Brood in One Colony. — Beekeepers from time to time have thought that they have had both American and European foul brood in a given colony. Inspectors occasionally from first examination find difiiculty in determining which disease is present, or whether both may be present. A case of dual infection is re- ported this year from the laboratory of the Bureau of Ento- mology.^ "In the examination of about 5,000 suspected sam- ples of bee comb and brood from every section of the United States and several foreign countries, the writer has never until recently observed both American foul brood and European foul brood in the same comb." The present writer, however, is given to understand that there have been brought to attention some few isolated cases of dual infection prior to the present one. In fact. Dr. McCray says, "So far as the writer is aware this is only the second authentic report, confirmed by labora- tory finding, of the presence of these two diseases in the same comb." The particular sample referred to is in Bureau of En- tomology, Beekeeping No. 4982, from Patterson, Stanislaus County, California, diagnosed on May 4, 1916. Sacbrood. — A year ago some unusual conditions with a ma- lignant type of sacbrood were reported. During the current 1 Arthur H. McCray, M.D., Agricultural Assistant, Bureau of Entomology. Report of the Finding of American Foul Brood and European Foul Brood in the Same Bee Comb. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 9, June, 1916. Part I.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 133 year no general infection has been observed, yet some cases are reported, as having been a severe tax on the colonies. A close record of this disease has been kept and includes any colony which showed even a few cells. The disease appeared in 60 apiaries. The Untidy Yard. — There has been progress, however slight, in the effort of beekeepers to keep their apiaries sanitary. This season 298 orders for cleaning up scraps of comb, empty hives and general debris have been issued, including the 255 apiaries with disease. Diseases of Adult Bees. Bee Paralysis. — Mr. Bocock on his arrival suspected that the so-called " Nosevia disease," or "Isle of Wight disease," or, as it has been termed, " Microsporidiosis," might be the same as the "bee paralysis" of the United States, which is usually characterized as a disorder of the southern States. Typical cases of bee paralysis in New England have been few. However, during the past year a number of convincing cases were reported by the inspectors, and in many instances observed by the writer, together with Mr. Bocock. The first case observed was in Connecticut on June 3. This colony, headed by a Georgian Caucasian queen, was rapidly dwindling. Samples of bees were taken, as were samples from other ques- tionably affected colonies in the same apiary, with the result that Mr. Bocock found only a few young forms of Nosema apis (sample No. 132). This colony was closely watched during the remainder of the season. After requeening it was reported to have recovered. One of the worst cases observed during the season was that in Hampshire County (sample No. 142). Another apiary which was seriously depleted was on Long Island (samples Nos. 150-152). In some instances the following treatment was applied with pronounced success: the colony was merely dequeened and allowed to remain so for a week or possibly more, whereupon a vigorous Italian queen was substituted. Usually all further symptoms of paralysis disappeared. The case in Hampshire County, Massachusetts (sample No. 142), upon the examination of samples of adult and dying bees 134 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. by Mr. Bocock, revealed abundant young stages of Nosema apis. This colony and others under observation in Hampshire County have been under the supervision of a single apiarist, and each colony was headed by a queen procured from the same source at a distance. Some of these colonies did not recover; usually, however, from the lack of proper and prompt handling. It was Mr. Bocock's final conclusion that paralysis, as known in the United States, differs from the Isle of Wight disease as experienced in England, although some of the symptoms are comparatively the same. It may be further concluded, for the present at least, that bee paralysis is not dangerously infec- tious or contagious, and that in some instances requeening will be found remedial. Unusual Adult Mortality. — About the last of May, shortly after Mr. Bocock arrived,^ he commenced to point out adult bees which he called " creepers," — abnormal in their behavior. These bees were often shiny, suggestive of the characteristics applied by beekeepers to "robber bees," which are usually thought to be old bees with frayed wings. The "creepers," however, were not entirely "old bees," but rather adult bees of all ages. These "creepers" may be characterized as having lost their power of flight; tossed into the air they sail down or drop heavily to the ground, not as a healthy, heavily laden bee who can direct her course and ease herself as she alights. They are often otherwise active, and have been described as "jumpers," typifying their continual effort to get somewhere by actively lurching forward at irregular intervals. Sometimes they creep to the top of a grass blade and tumble off; again, in short grass they may be seen "streaking" along, tumbling, rolling over and even taking short flights of a foot or so. Closer examination reveals one or both pairs of the wings un- hooked, resulting in a crossing of the wings, a distortion. These "sick bees" are laden with feces in many instances, "malodorous" and liquid, which they have difficulty in voiding. This may cause an abnormal appearance of the abdomen, a dis- tention, perhaps causing the anterior of the abdomen to hang downward or even drag. 1 May 26. Part I.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 135 The legs, in what appears to be advanced symptoms, may be paralyzed, resulting in the loss of use of one or more pairs. Such bees have been observed on their backs "kicking," as it would seem, in an effort to right themselves. There is a tendency for the stricken individuals to crawl from the hive, although they are noticeable often on combs removed from affected hives, particularly near the top or on the top of the frames. In crawling from the hive the more vigorous ones appear to be anxious to go to the field, if not aerially, over land, and have been found a hundred feet or more headed away from the hive. Some observers claim that these sick bees finally turn and return toward or into the hive. This could easily disseminate the malady; in fact, it is be- lieved in England, as the Isle of Wight disease is understood, to progress with prevailing winds and by "drifting" of the bees. Not all individuals return to a colony, however, for a very noticeable symptom among the stricken bees is their "bunching" in the grass, on the hives and alighting boards. These bunches of bees appear to be tired of existence and prob- ably soon perish, although some believe they may revive. The mortality is not confined to the immediate vicinity of the colonies in the apiary. Stricken bees have been observed about the neighborhood of the apiary, "creeping" in the grass along paths, in clover lawns, dying or dead on flowers, and in some instances even bunched alongside a walk. This obser- vation has been made in England, confirmed in Amherst by Mr. Bocock and others, and reported from other States. It should not be concluded that this adult mortality is iden- tical with the Isle of Wight disease of England, yet the symp- toms herein mentioned are approximately the same as those outlined in the British Leaflet on "Microsporidiosis."^ A description of the widespread prevalence of an adult mor- tality over the United States and probably Canada cannot be undertaken here. The writer has, however, observed the dis- order in varying degrees of intensity in several localities of Massachusetts. It has been reported by the deputies, and from some of the largest apiaries in eastern and central New 1 Microsporidiosis of Beea, or Isle of Wight Bee Disease. Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Leaflet No. 253. 136 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. York State the trouble has caused considerable anxiety. In August the writer also saw suggestions of the persistence of the disease in the yards of some of these New York apiarists. Speaking with them on the subject, they were sure the whole- sale destruction of their bees, by thousands and tens of thou- sands, had not occurred in former years. Moreover, one man, who first noticed it in one of his several yards, upon riding up and down the country, found the trouble in nearly every apiary, large and small, where he called. The press and beekeeping periodicals indicate that this or something similar is of even wider scope, including Ohio and probably the far west. This report does not pretend to go into the circumstances, methods of examination and findings of this oflfice, yet Mr. Bocock's diagnoses, which represent a beginning of a much- needed investigation, are presented. In some instances the writer's observations are included and are so indicated. Part I. 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M t4 ^ "o ^ ;2 O IM ^ »^ u fi tJ o o O o O o bC >H >H >* > 0. >< ^ ;>* _C » ^ » ^ S fc t3 s OQ (D > li^ c o S 8 09 u 1 "S "3 8 § S ^ c 0 C3 3 ; •a D- .jj o fi & o 3 3 a O* XI 2 d 1 I t4 1 *u >. J >> .S a W S. !S 02 GQ to to o «d «» Under the auspices of the Agricultural College Experiment Station. 142 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. shortly after one of the lower branches of the tree had been sprayed, a honeybee was seen to return, but left abruptly. Observations were made throughout the day at intervals and also on the following day and days. Counts of bees observable on the sprayed half of the tree were made. Immediately follow- ing each count similar counts were made in the unsprayed half. In no instance were there as many bees to be observed in the sprayed portion as in the unsprayed portion, yet the total which appears below, of bees observed, is not sufficient to be of absolute significance. Apparently, too, after the first day there was an increased number of bees in the sprayed portion, although there was a seeming falling off" of the number of bees in the unsprayed portion, a balancing which suggests the loss of repellent powers in the sprayed portion and a decrease in the general activity of the bees working linden; hence the ob- servations may be questioned. Finally, on the third or fourth day, scarcely a bee could be seen in any portion of the tree. Examination of other European linden trees about the campus showed comparable conditions. While somie of the trees were in full bloom others had passed. Apparently honeybees were not working all linden bloom as they do sometimes. To summarize, the following comparative observations are presented: — « Table 2. — Results of Lime Sulphur as a Repellent. In the sprayed half of the tree : — 15 honeybees. Some wild bees. 1 milkweed butterfly. Flies of various types numerous. In the unsprayed half of the tree : — 53 honeybees. Wild bees. Flies numerous. 4 Bombus. The Municipal Use of Repellent Sprays. — One of the cities in Massachusetts \\^hich is reported to have suffered a severe loss among the bees — due, as it is alleged, to their having been poisoned by sprays used particularly in forest and shade-tree spraying — is Newton. Quoting from a letter, the writer says: — Part I.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 143 For several years we have had more or less complaint, especially in the Waban section, that at the time of sprajing colonies of bees were practically exterminated. Last year I tried notifying all those I knew who kept bees that we would be spraj'ing a't or about a certain time, and requested that their bees be closed up for a few days during this period. I had hoped that this might prove satisfactory, but I am afraid it did not, as the result showed that a great many bees were killed last year [1915], due in a great many cases to the fact that rainy and stormy weather interfered with our schedule of spraying, so that we were unable to spray in a certain section when we had planned to. Such an arrangement, while it might appear theoretically possible from the beekeeper's standpoint, could hardly be ex- pected to give general relief. The use of repellent sprays, how- ever, ought to give greater protection. Fortunately the writer's proposal has been tried by the city of Newton during the year 1916, at the particular suggestion of Mr. Gourley, a resident beekeeper. He and others of whom the writer has inquired report very favorable results. A fumigant of the sulphonaphthol type, used largely for disinfecting purposes and known as "Milkol," was "used in proportions of 1 pint of Milkol to 100 gallons of arsenate of lead solution. According to the reports so far [July 24, 1916] the results have seemed to prove satisfactory. The present year we used this only in one section of the city. If we have complaints in the future from any other section where bees are kept I shall be glad to use the mixture there; in fact, I think the cost of using it in all our spraying operations, all over the city, would not be very great."^ This marks the first munic- ipal effort toward co-operation among intensive sprayers with beekeepers. It is hoped that like experiments may be tried elsewhere. Apiaky Supervision. Co-ordinated with the disease investigations, referred to in "Miscellaneous Work" of the service, an apiary in Wilbraham, which had shown the presence of European foul brood for sev- eral successive years, was taken over on July 27 to be directed by the inspector. The apiarist had previously met with only partial success in the treatment of his colonies, due to several factors. Discouraged, he was inclined to destroy all diseased 1 Letter from Forest Commissioner Wm. W. Colton. 144 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. colonies and trust to luck for the remainder. Even at so late a date as approximately August 1, it was deemed advisable to demonstrate that this apiary could be saved. Immediate steps were taken. The condition of the apiary is tabulated as follows : — Table 3. — History of Wilbraham Experimental Apiary. Date. Number of Colonies Diseased with European Foul Brood. July 26, 1915, June 23, 1916, July 27, 1916, September 2, 1916, 13 17 12 While it cannot be said that the apiary is yet entirely freed from the disease, it being quite possible and probable that there will be a recurrence of it in 1917, yet the apiary was pre- served practically intact and made ready for winter. Combs were not destroyed, as is usual in the shaking treatment; moreover, some honey was taken after the direction of the apiary was started, previous to which, however, little or no honey had been obtained. The demonstration thus far is largely suggestive, and can only be concluded after another season's work. It is highly convincing, however, that it was entirely unnecessary to sacrifice 17 colonies of bees, with the probability that some. of the remaining 9 would later have had to be sacrificed. In the short space of a very few weeks the apiary which could have been appraised at only a low figure was becoming of value. The direction of this apiary next season should bring it into profitable condition. Winter Loss. Through the records of the inspection work, a close estimate of the percentage of mortality among colonies of bees is annu- ally obtained. In the sixth annual report a statistical table was presented. The figures for the past winter, 1915-16, are based 1 Two weak colonies had been united for the purpose of controlling th infection. 2 Suspicious, but not definite. Part I.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 145 on records of 835 apiaries, there being in these 3,516 colonies, fall count. In the spring of 1916 these apiaries had lost 882 colonies, or 25 per cent, the spring count being 2,634 colonies. The winter loss among these apiaries, however, has been prac- tically made up, the present count, as closely as can be ascer- tained, being 3,504 colonies. For the winter of 1916-17 bees have gone into winter condi- tions strong and well stored. Fortunately, with sugar at high figures, it was not necessary to feed for winter stores to any great extent. In apiaries where the colonies have been pro- tected or carefully housed, as in the cellar, there should be a slight mortality, barring, of course, disastrous climatic or dis- ease conditions during the current winter. It may be recorded that disaster or fatality of colonies suffering from Isle of Wight disease, as experienced in England, is particularly a winter mortality, and hence should this malady be found to occur in this country, comparable disaster might be anticipated. As yet, however, there is nothing which would particularly fore- cast this winter mortality. Suggested Lines of Work for the Inspection Service. There are a number of lines of work suitable for the apiary inspection service which may be proposed. Your secretary in his report has already alluded to one, — the rearing of select queen bees. He has also said that one of the most urgent things for the success of Massachusetts agricultural develop- ment is "capital." The apiary inspection service needs capital. With the funds available the work can only be partially car- ried on. Given additional capital, however, it would be quite possible to increase the amount of inspection service, and at the same time expand it along collateral lines. Wax Rendering. — Wax rendering for the beekeepers is car- ried on at the Agricultural College, and vast quantities of raw material are reduced to marketable form. Much, possibly 75 per cent, of this raw material would be destroyed by the bee- keepers were it not for the rendering facilities offered. The rendering of old combs in small quantities or in large quanti- ties is a tiresome, dirty process, even when the beekeeper is lucky enough to have sufficient equipment, which may cost 146 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. more than he would be warranted in laying out. The purpose of the central rendering plant is based on a double saving for the beekeeper: first, by sending his comb for extraction a higher per cent of marketable wax is obtained than it is usu- ally possible to obtain by home rendering processes; second, it is cheaper to pay a nominal fee for the rendering service, and also the transportation charges, than to render the wax in- suflBciently by home processes. Moreover, shipments to buyers of wax or makers of foundation can be made from the central plant in larger quantities and at a cheaper transportation rate than the beekeeper can get for his small shipment. The figures obtained as experimental data from rendering these large quantities of raw material should be of ultimate benefit to the beekeeper and wax worker, demonstrating ef- ficiency, shrinkages and the presumed difference in character of raw materials and products. These data it is expected will soon be available in a publication. Central Honey Handling Station. — As the central . wax ren- dering service is a demonstrated success, so it may be advis- able to centralize the handling of other crops of beekeepers, as, for instance, their honey. In some States already comb honey is co-operatively graded and marketed. The writer is not aware of any co-operative extracting or bottling. It may readily be forecasted, however, that a co-operative extracting plant, say for a limited district of extracted honey production, might be made eminently successful. This being the case, the development of this phase of honey handling might naturally result in a central bottling establishment. The Public and Honey. — In the handling of honey it has become more manifest this year than in the past that the pub- lic is more deeply interested in the utilization of honey than heretofore. To the surprise of all beekeepers, even in this year of large crops, their product has moved more rapidly than in any year previous. Never, as one man has expressed it, in his recollection of beekeeping has honey moved out of the hands of the producer so rapidly. Up to the first of August a prom- inent beekeeper of Illinois having 525 colonies in the spring, as he announced at the several beekeepers' conventions in Massa- chusetts, had harvested 90,000 pounds of extracted honey. It Part I.] STATE • INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 147 was then estimated that probably 60,000 pounds more would be taken, — in all an average of about 290 pounds per colony, spring count. It might well be the function of the apiary inspection service to promote the interest and reliance of the public on Massa- chusetts honey. Only a small portion of the honey consumed in the State is locally produced, but this output can be in- creased; also, those marketing honey can supplement their own product with equally good grades of honey from elsewhere in New England or the east. It might well be the function of the inspection service to further the public interest in the utili- zation of honey and the producers' and bottlers' interest in the marketing of honey. The Raising and Distribution of Queen Bees. — As has been suggested in the report of your secretary, in order to safeguard the interest of Massachusetts beekeepers and possibly (while it has not been demonstrated) eliminate the possible transmission of infectious diseases of bees through the introduction of foreign queens, the State might well maintain a queen-rearing apiary for the purpose of producing superior queens for distribution in Massachusetts. It has not .been determined whether this could be done so as to reduce the current price of queens, whether a part of the expense of the raising of queens might be borne by local beekeepers' associations and the State, or whether the queens might be distributed at cost. State queen rearing is not new; the project has been taken up by both State and Federal governments. During the current year at least one State has reared and distributed queens to her bee- keepers. In at least one province of Canada a provincial bee- keepers' society has procured reputable queens for its members. Should it not be desirable for Massachusetts to rear queens for her beekeepers, it might be well to assist in procuring reliable, prolific and healthy stock by taking, say, a portion of the queens reared by a given producer. Concerning this subject Massachusetts has peculiarly appro- priate localities for the production and mating of pure stock. Should this service be undertaken, every emphasis should be laid on procuring stock not only high in honey-producing quali- ties, but also high in qualities resistant to European foul brood. I 148 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. "While Massachusetts has had for years an acknowledged repu- tation of having from two to five queen producers, lately these have discontinued their business, and but few queens are now locally produced for sale. A physical limitation on Massachu- setts queen rearing is the nature of her late springs, wherein only with difiiculty are the first few weeks of the queen-rearing season carried on. Displays at Fairs and Expositions. — Akin to some of the proposals herewith outlined is the importance of making dis- plays of bees, beekeepers' equipment and especially products, from an educational standpoint, at local and State fairs and expositions. The dairy show of this year has particularly de- monstrated the possibilities, which as yet have been but par- tially worked up. Educationally, this problem has two phases, — the benefit to the beekeeper and the benefit to the consumer. The beekeeper has opportunity for consultation, the learning of new methods and the seeing of new materials, while the public increases its insight into the nature of honey, how it is pro- cured and produced, and gains a closer contact with the bee- keeper. The public enjoys buying of the producer. In many instances, through a display at a fair, the public gains its first acquaintance with honey. Those few beekeepers who have made sales of honey at fairs know how eager the public is to buy. This sale of honey at fairs, while yet immature in its development, has peculiar educational value. Even though the marketing of the crop of 1916 has been phenomenal, showing that there is a public demand for very large quantities of honey, yet it is only due the public to further demonstrate to them the value of the use of honey in the home. This in turn would be of direct assistance to the beekeeper. Miscellaneous Work. Publications. — As usual the apiary inspection service has distributed large numbers of bulletins, including publications issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. This department, however, has not issued this year any publication suitable for distribution to the entire mailing list in Massachu- setts, as has been heretofore customary. Bulletin No. 10, which has been issued in divided form as Part L] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 149 Bulletin No. lOA of the Apiary Inspection Scries of the Board of Agriculture, is entitled "Sixth Annual Report of the State Inspector of Apiaries for the Year 1915." There was distributed to a limited extent a very technical publication ^ by Dr. E. B. Holland of the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College Experiment Station which appeals to the spe- cialist and experimenter. Meetings. — The usual number of beekeepers' society meet- ings, field days and conventions, of grange meetings and lec- tures before college biological societies, have been given during the current year. Of the meetings held before beekeepers' societies the most notable is the circuit series arranged by the inspector for Mr. C. P. Dadant, editor of the "American Bee Journal," Hamilton, Illinois, who addressed on successive days during the latter part of July and August nine beekeepers' so- cieties in New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont and New York. The writer accompanied Mr. Dadant on a part of his engagements, meeting him in Connecticut and go- ing with him throughout Massachusetts and into New York State. It is highly advantageous to the beekeeping interests of the State to utilize prominent apicultural talent by arranging sequential conventions or meetings. It is necessary, however, that some one person act as a booking agent for the many bee- keepers' societies, which service the inspector is glad to render. A similar series of meetings was arranged for Mr. F. C. Pellett of Iowa, who spoke in the east in January. Special Exhibitions. — Besides the speaking engagements there have been special demonstrations and exhibits, notably at the Amherst Fair, Greenfield Fair and the National Dairy Show. For the display at the Greenfield Fair, under the aus- pices of this Board, a part of the Massachusetts Agricultural College exhibit equipment was utilized. At the dairy show in Springfield, of which your secretary has already made mention, the beekeeping display was essentially that of products, and consisted of -honey raised at the college apiary as well as by the beekeepers. Bee Disease Investigations. — While not a part of the specific work of the inspection service, the bee disease investigations * Detection of Arsenic in Bees. Excerpt, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1916. 150 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Part I. carried on under the direction of the Agricultural College Ex- periment Station have concerned your inspector in many ways. The investigational work is closely linked with the field work; through the latter much valuable material is obtained both in specimens and observations. In this report it is usual to refer briefly to the results of this line of disease work, which at pres- ent is temporarily discontinued, Mr. Arnold P. Sturtevant hav- ing resigned to engage in similar research for the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture. The results of the investigations, which are of particular im- portance to the beekeepers, and which have been carried on in a number of apiaries both in Amherst and elsewhere, will be reported in a separate publication. Financial Statement, November 30, 1916. Appropriation, ..... $2,000 00 Services of inspectors, . $1,171 00 Traveling and necessary expenses. 673 06 Postage, 38 81 Printing and office supplies. 14 88 Stenographic and clerical services, 101 75 1,999 50 Balance, $0 50 Respectfully submitted, BURTON N. GATES, State Inspector of Apiaries. Amherst, Massachusetts, December 5, 1916. TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT DAIRY BUREAU Massachusetts Board of Ageicultuee. REQUIRED UNDER Chapter 89, Section 12, Revised Laws. January 13, 1917. Dairy Bureau — 1916. OMER E. BRAD WAY, Monson, Chairman. GEORGE W. TRULL, Tewksbury, P. O. Lowell, R. F. D. GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jr., Shelburne. Secretary. WILFRID WHEELER, Executive Officer and Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. General Agent. P. M. HARWOOD, Address, Room 136, State House, Boston. REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. The work of the Bureau for 1916 has been notable on account of the interest, manifested by the large number of entries, in the clean milk contest; and the increased call for demonstrations, lectures, pamphlets, etc., relating to the food value of milk; also by the small number of violations of oleomargarine and reno- vated butter laws. The Legislature of 1916 was asked by the State Board of Agriculture to appropriate $50,000 annually for three years to encourage and improve the dairy and live-stock interests of the State. The committee on agriculture reported the resolve, but reduced the amount to $15,000 annually. The ways and means committee, however, still further reduced the amount appropriated to $5,000 per year, which left the matter virtually to be a call for continuation of the special work already begun by the Dairy Bureau of the Board and continued during the three previous years. In pursuance of this resolve $2,700 was offered in prizes for a clean milk contest. A new plan of awarding prizes was adopted because the time had come when the difference in results was so slight in individual cases that it could be determined only with the use of a high-power magnify- ing glass. Heretofore the prizes had been awarded in one, two, three order. This year the prizes were awarded in three classes, namely, superior merit, merit and honorable mention. There were three divisions of contestants, namely, (a) owners, (6) juniors, and (c) employees. The total number of applicants was 653, of which 578 competed in the contest. Out of this number 132 won superior merit; 101 merit; and 81 honorable mention; a total of 314, or more than one-half the total contestants. It should be remembered that the object of this contest is to edu- cate and encourage clean milking, a fundamental necessity in securing a clean product. In addition to the foregoing prizes $250 was offered co-operative creameries for excellence in con- dition of cream as delivered. 156 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Food Value of Milk. In 1910 the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, at the request of the Dairy Bureau, asked Professor Washburn of Vermont to deliver a lecture on "Food Value of Milk" at its Public Winter Meeting. This lecture was later repeated in Worcester at the expense of the Bureau. Shortly afterwards the general agent wrote "Circular No. 1," of which several editions were issued and rapidly exhausted, and the subject "Food Value of Milk" was added to his list of lectures. In 1914 and 1915 several editions of "Leaflet A" were issued. In 1916 an illustrated folder was published and nearly 100,000 copies have already been distributed. We believe this work has been pro- ductive of good results. Lectukes. The general agent has delivered 19 lectures upon dairy sub- jects during the year, and has attended several dairy conferences at Washington and represented the secretary at the organiza- tion of the National Association of Commissioners and Secre- taries of Agriculture. Bacteriological Laboratory. The Bureau has equipped a bacteriological laboratory in Greenfield which will be operated for the present by the Franklin County Farm Bureau. The establishment of this laboratory is an experiment, and from the present outlook it appears that it will be found to be of great benefit to the farmers in its locality. National Dairy Show. The National Dairy Show was held at the Eastern States Exposition grounds, Springfield, and was perhaps the most notable event of the year. The Dairy Bureau contributed and Mr. A. W. Lombard had general charge of Massachusetts build- ing exhibits, which were highly commended by visitors. Mr. Lombard presided at the meetings of the International Associa- tion of Dairy and Milk Inspectors and was re-elected first vice- Part L] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 157 president for the ensuing year. The show as a whole was splendid and the effect upon the dairy industry of the State should be the awakening of new enthusiasm and endeavor. Dairy Situation. It is with pleasure that we note an increase of 2,618 cows taxed in 1916 over 1915, and also the increased price which the dairyman is now receiving for his milk. Best of all is the fact that apparently the time has come when an increase in the price of milk is not so seriously objected to as formerly. To be sure, some consumers are using less milk as the price advances, but that milk is relatively cheap as compared with other forms of animal food is coming to be realized. Milk receipts in Boston indicate increased consumption. (See page 164.) The year now ending discloses the situation of a comparative milk shortage acknowledged even by the milk contractors them- selves. This is largely due to the enormous demand for evapo- rated and powdered milk abroad. Milk in Massachusetts towns is now selling at 8 and 9 cents per quart and in some instances (as on the Cape) at 12 to 14 cents. The price of ordinary market milk in Boston is 10 cents per quart, fancy grades ranging from 12 cents upward, and in most instances at an advance over former prices. In the early part of the year the Interstate Commerce Com- mission held an investigation of the railroad rates pertaining to the milk supply of several large centers in this country. The first of these meetings was held in Boston. The result of this investigation is that the former unsatisfactory condition has been straightened out and fair and just rates established. These rates increase with each 20-mile circuit distance from Boston, applicable only to interstate traffic. The abolishment of the so- called leased-car system was accomplished. Nearly every dairy interest in the State, and in fact in New England, was repre- sented at this hearing which was thoroughly exhaustive in its investigation. The Board of Agriculture was efficiently repre- sented by the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth. The general agent attended the hearings and offered several wit- nesses, and the testimony of the one accepted, Mr. Clifton E. Walcott of Barre, proved of great value. We congratulate all 158 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. concerned on the outcome of this investigation. We are pleased to note further that there are now on foot definite and well-con- sidered plans for solid co-operation of -milk producers in both small and large units in this State. Such co-operation, if effected and carried out in proper spirit, can but be of material and lasting benefit to the milk producers. More and more it is settling into the minds of our people that the solution of the milk producer's troubles is not so much a matter of legislation as it is a matter of co-operation and business efficiency. Condensed Milk. The Boston Chamber of Commerce reports that the amount of condensed milk handled in Boston in 1916 was 2,945 barrels and 762,446 cases. This is a decrease of 2,431 barrels from the number of barrels handled in 1915 and an increase of 352,974 cases. (See table on page 163.) Oleomargarine. The number of licenses in force in the State in 1915 was 1,089, and in November, 1916, was 916, including two manu- facturers' licenses. In Boston the number of packages handled as reported by the Chamber of Commerce in 1915 was 69,041; the number in 1916 was 40,988, a decrease of 28,053 cases. (For additional statistics see table on page 161.) Renovated Butter. In 1915 there were 39,056,180 pounds of renovated butter produced in the United States, while in 1916 there were 34,- 514,527 pounds, showing a decrease of 4,541,653 pounds. (See table on page 162.) Butter. The Chamber of Commerce reports the average wholesale price of butter in Boston market for 1916 as 33.7 cents, an increase of 4.5 cents per pound over that of 1915. The con- sumption of butter, Boston output, during 1915 was 81,617,503 pounds, while in 1916 it was 79,279,456, showing a decrease of 2,338,047 pounds, due undoubtedly to the increased price. It is unusual to note an apparent decrease in consumption of Part L] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 159 butter, oleomargarine and renovated butter all in one year. So far as butter is concerned this should never be the case in a community where the population is increasing. Butter is a relatively cheap, heat and energy producing food even at present prices. Local Milk Inspectors. The number of local milk inspectors in this State is increasing each year, there now being one hundred more than in 1910. Most of these men are doing excellent work in their respective localities. They are intelligent, enthusiastic and ready to co- operate and this Bureau has found them of great assistance in promoting any work tending to improve the condition of the milk supply. They have a strong State association. Personnel of the Bureau. The personnel of the Bureau is as follows: Omer E. Bradway of Monson, chairman, George W. Trull of 'Cewksbury and George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shelburne. The executive force, agents, analysts, etc., are as follows: executive officer and secre- tary, Wilfrid Wheeler; general agent, P. M. Harwood; analysts, B. F. Davenport, M.D., Boston, and Gilbert L. Clark, Emerson Laboratory, Springfield; agent, A. W. Lombard; and five others have been employed temporarily. Mr. Charles M. Gardner of Westfield, who served as chairman of the Bureau for several years, retired at the beginning of 1916. The State owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Gardner for his efiicient service during the troublesome years of dairy agitation. Summary of Police Work. Total number of inspections, 5,661 ^ Number of inspections where no samples were taken, . . . 4,759 Number of samples of butter, oleomargarine and renovated butter, all purchased, 752 Number of samples of milk and cream, 80 Cases entered in court, 19 Convictions, 19 Addresses by general agent, 19 > There were 70 extra samples taken during the year, therefore this number is .70 less than the sum of the next three items. 160 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Cases prosecuted during the twelve months ending November 30, 1916, by months and courts, with law violated, and results, are as follows: — COUKT. Month. Num- ber. Law violated. Con- victed. Nol- prossed. Dedham, Northern Norfolk Dis- trict. East Brookfield, Western Worces- ter District. Lowell Police Worcester, Central Worcester District. Attleboro, Fourth Bristol Dis- trict. Barre, Trial Justice, . Fitchburg Police, December, . January, January, February, . February, . February, . March, 1 1 6 2 2 1 6 1 milk, . 1 milk, . 6 renovated butter, 2 milk, . 2 renovated butter, 1 milk, . 4 oleomargarine, 2 renovated butter. 1 1 6 2 2 1 6 - Total, 19 19 _ Note. — The Bureau is indebted to the milk inspectors of Massachusetts for assistance which has resulted in court cases. The charges in the several cases entered in court for the year ending November 30, 1916, have been as follows: — Furnishing oleomargarine in restaurants, etc., without notice to guests, 2 Selling renovated butter in unmarked packages, 10 Selling adulterated milk, 5 Selling oleomargarine in unmarked packages, 2 19 The following table shows the inspections without samples, and the number of samples taken during the past fourteen years: — Years. Inspections without Samples. Samples. 1903-15 (inclusive), 73,142 4,759 21,446 1916 902 years Total for fourteen 77,901 5,564 22,348 1,596 Part L] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 101 Oleomargarine. ~ The following figures, taken from the annual report of the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue for 1916, show the production, withdrawn tax paid, withdrawn for export, and withdrawn for use of the United States, of the two classes of oleomargarine, as defined by act of May 9, 1902, covering the period of fourteen years since it went into effect on July 1, 1902: — Oleomargarine (Pounds). , Product taxed at Rate of 10 Cents per Podnd. 1 Product taxed at R.'^te of M Cent per Pound. Years. Pro- duced. With- drawn Tax paid. With- drawn for Export. With- drawn Free of Tax for Use of the United States. Produced. With- drawn Tax paid. With- drawn for Export. With- drawn Free of Tax for Use of the United States. 1903, . . 5,710,407 2,312,493 3,334,969 67.573.089 66,785,796 151,693 - 1904, . . 3,785,670 1,297,068 2,504,940 - 46.413,972 46,397,984 123,425 - 1905, . . 5,560,304 3,121,640 2,405,763 - 46,427,032 46,223,691 137,670 - 1906, . . 4,888,986 2,503,095 2,422,320 - 50,545,914 50,536,466 78.750 - 1907, . . 7,758,529 5,009,094 2,695,276 - 63,608,246 63,303,016 129.350 - 1908, . . 7,452.800 4,982,029 2,522,188 - 74,072,800 73,916,869 109.480 - 1909, . . 5,710,301 3,275,968 2,403,742 - 86,572,514 86,221,310 112.958 _ 1910, . . 6,176,991 3,416,286 2,767,195 - 135,685,289 135,159,429 97.575 - 1911, . . 5,830,995 2,764,971 3,054.344 - 115,331,800 115,448,006 91.750 - 1912, . . 6,235,639 3.174,331 3,044,122 - 122,365,414 121,945,038 106.160 - 1913, . . 6,520,436 4,090,658 2,417.973 3,300 138,707,426 138,242,848 59,686 - 1914, . . 6,384,222 3,831,706 2.121. 102 469,340 137,637,054 137,747,982 22,540 110,020 1915, . . 7,595,141 3,753,012 3,0S1,.356 734,030 138,214,907 137,693,610 31,172 1916, . . 6,748,940 3,403,287 2,561,613 746.281 145,760,973 145,443,578 26,076 2,2.50 Totals, . 86,359,361 |46,935,638 :37,336,963 1 1 1.952.951 1,368,917,030 1,365,065,623 1,278,285 112.270 Renovated Butter. The following figures, from the same source as the preceding table, show the production and withdrawn tax paid of renovated butter, 1902-16: — 162 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Renovated Butter (Pounds). Years. Production. Withdrawn Tax paid. 1903, . 1904, . 1905, . 1906, . 1907, . 1908, . 1909, . 1910, . 1911, . 1912, . 1913, . 1914, . 1915, . 1916, . Totals, 54,658,790 54,171,183 60,029,421 53,549,900 62,965,613 50,479,489 47,345,361 47,433,575 39,292,591 46,387,398 38,354,762 32,470,030 39,056,180 34,514,527 660,708,820 54,223,234 54,204,478 60,171,504 53,361,088 63,078,504 50,411,446 47,402,382 47,378,446 39,352,445 46,413,895 38,285,114 32,513,244 38,924,828 34,572,335 660,292,943 Butter. The following table shows the average quotation for the best fresh creamery butter, in a strictly wholesale way, in the Boston market for the last ten years, as compiled by the Boston Chamber of Commerce: — Months 1916. Cents. 1915. Cents. 1914. Cents. 1913. Cents. 1912. Cents. 1911. Cents. 1910. Cents. 1909. Cents. 1908. Cents. 1907. Cents. January, . 32.0 32.5 32.5 33.9 36.9 28.8 33.5 30.9 29.7 30.4 February, 32.0 31.1 28.8 34.9 32.5 26.9 30.5 30.0 32.1 31.7 March, 34.5 30.3 27.7 36.4 32.1 24.2 32.0 29.1 30.2 30.2 April, 35.9 30.1 25.1 34.5 32.7 21.7 31.5 27.9 28.4 32.2 May, 35.4 28.7 25.8 28.7 30.4 22.8 29.0 26.6 24.1 31.4 June, 29.7 28.5 27.5 28.2 27.9 24.2 28.2 26.4 24.5 24.3 July, 29.0 27.3 27.9 27.5 28.1 26.0 28.6 27.2 23.6 25.9 August, . 31.2 26.0 30.1 28.2 27.1 27.2 29.6 28.2 24.5 26.0 September, 33.6 27.1 30.9 31.3 29.1 27.7 29.6 31.3 25.3 29.2 October, . 35.1 28.5 30.9 31.2 31.0 30.4 29.4 31.7 27.5 29.9 November, 37.6 29.1 32.4 31.9 32.9 32.5 30.2 31.4 29.5 27.1 December, 38.5 31.2 32.7 33.8 34.0 35.0 30.0 32.9 31.0 27.5 Averages, 33.7 29.2 29.4 31.7 31.2 27.3 30.2 29.5 27.5 28.8 Part I.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 163 The Chamber of Commerce figures regarding the butter business in Boston for 1915 and 1916 are as follows: — 1916. Pounds. 1915. Pounds. Carried over in storage, Receipts for January, February, . March, April May June July August, Septemh>er, October, November, December, . ,119,100 ,848,659 ,769,297 ,911,830 ,052,249 ,863,803 .361,341 ,375,446 ,680,632 ,629,484 188,022 148,953 475,818 Total supply, Exports for year, deduct, Net supply Storage stock' January 1, deduct. 88,424,634 698,142 87,726,492 8,447,036 Consumption for year, 79,279,456 8,963,202 3,353,765 3,089,346 3,996,912 5.674,340 7,797,597 16,267,690 14,473,792 10,149,845 7,882,845 4,273,764 2,943,272 2,178,513 91,044,883 308,380 90,736,503 0,119,000 81,617,503 1 Stock of Terminal Refrigerating Company not included January 1, 1917. Receipts of Condensed Milk. The Chamber of Commerce figures regarding the receipts of condensed milk at Boston for 1915 and 1916 are as follows: — 1915. 1 1916, Barrels. Cases. Barrels. Cases. January 60 24,915 . 102 28.588 February, 226 41.733 71 36.339 March. 201 40.436 130 52.484 April, 302 39.980 [ 233 46.987 May, . • 237 27,491 342 124.630 June, . 264 37,407 998 113.489 July. . 940 33,428 304 70,044 .\ugust. 1,223 22.515 53 70,780 September, 470 28,692 125 79.595 October, 1,222 29.877 49 68.745 November, 167 51.748 465 44.145 December, 64 31.250 73 26,620 Totals. 5,376 409.472 2.945 762,446 164 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Milk. Milk brought into Boston by Different Railroads, December 1, 1915, to November SO, 1916, as reported by the Pxiblic Service Commissioners (Quarts) . Date. Boston & Albany. Boston & Maine. New York, New Haven & Hartford. Totals. December, , January, February, March, April, . May, . June, . July, . August, September, October, November, Totals, . 1915. 1916. 615,403 701,161 727,720 382,592 718,742 845,125M 820,126 1,073,899 1,107,427 966,061 8^6,028 757,767 6,808,526 6,957,325 6,686,546 7,271,876 7,028,386 7,957,182 7,353,317 7,316,241 7,123,805 6,787,075 7,847,783 8,514.086 1,521,927 1,627,965 1,496,699 1,614,443 1,669,509 1,814,785 2,084,549 2,125,203 2,110,465 2,022,766 1,863,593 1,300,111 9,612,051% 87,652,148 21,252,015 8,945,856 9,286,451 8,910,965 9,268,911 9,416,637 10,617,0923^i 10,257,992 10,515,343 10,341,697 9,775,902 10,607,404 10.571,964 118,516,214M Milk brought into Boston annually by Railroads for the Years Ending November 30, 1906, to November 30, 1916, inclusive (Quarts). 1906, 114,233,967 1907, 109,882,190^ 1908, 103,831,2781 1909, 108,082,936 1910, 100,606,3621 1911, 90,092,772 1912, 104,019,234 1913, 107,306,849 1914, 103,638,225 1915, 109,507,9501 1916, 118,516,2141 Part I.] REPORT OF TIIP: DAIRY BUREAU. 165 Comparative List of Nu7nber of Cows assessed in Massachusetts, May 1, 1906, April 1, 1915, and April 1, 1916. 1906. 1915. 1916. Decrease. Increase. Counties. 1906-16. 1915-16. 1906-16. 1915-16. Barnstable 2,448 2,249 2,200 248 49 - - Berkshire, . 17,404 14,113 14,509 2,895 - - 396 Bristol, 13,702 12,447 13,477 225 - - 1,030 Dukes, 656 637 681 i 1 - 25 44 Essex, . 17,131 12,776 12,573 4,558 203 - - Franklin, . 12,715 10,382 10,757 1,958 - - 375 Hampden, . 12,096 9,302 9,118 2,978 184 - - Hampshire, 14,383 11,433 11,585 2,798 - - 152 Middlesex, . 29,508 22,892 23,800 5,708 - - 908 Nantucket, . 378 420 359 19 61 - - Norfolk, 11,200 9,235 9,246 1,954 - - 11 Plymouth, . 8,465 7,477 7,663 802 - - 186 Suffolk, 1,186 837 812 374 25 - - Worcester, . 40,544 30,816 30,854 9,690 - - 38 Massachusett 181,816 145,016 147,634 34,207 522 25 3,140 Net increase for State, 1915-16, 2,618. List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Market Price. Location, Farm. Owner and Manager. Ap- proxi- mate Num- ber of Cows. Where marketed. Agawam, Reilly Farm, . Agawam, Colonial Farm, Agawam, Elm Shade Dairj-, . Amherst, H. M. Thompson's farm, Amherst, U. G. Groff's farm, Andover, Arden Farm, . Andover, Shattuck Farms, Arlington, L. M. DoUoS's farm. J. J. Reilly, owner and manager. H. E. Bodurtha, owner and manager. S. S. & E. F. Bodurtha, owners and managers. H. M. Thompson, owner and manager. U. G. Groff, owner and manager. VVm. M. Wood, owner; J. M. Putnam, superin- tendent ; Austin C. Hug- gins, manager of cream- ery. F. Shattuck, owner and manager. L. M. Dolloff, owner and manager. 17 12 25 25 34 55 50 8 Springfield. Springfield. Springfield. Holyoke. Amherst. Andover, Lawrence, Woburn and Bos- ton. Lawrence. Arlington. 166 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regidar Market Price — Continued. Location, Farm. Owner and Manager. Ap- proxi- mate Num- ber of Cows. Where marketed. Ashland, H. W. Chadbourne's farm Auburn, Wellswood Farm, Barnstable, Bay Farm, . Barre, Highland View Farm, Beverly, Bull Rush Farm, Beverly, Cherry Hill Farm, Bolton, Wataquodock Farm, Braintree, F. H. Sanford's farm, Brimfield, Clarence B. Brown's farm. Brockton (Montello Station), Dutch- lahd Farm. Brookline, Louis Cabot estate, Charles River, Needham, Walker- Gordon Farm. Chilmark (West Tisbury P. O.), Oak view Farm. Concord, Middlesex School Farm, . Concord, Alfred Curtis farm, . Concord, Jens Michelson farm, Dighton, Rock Farm, . . Dorchester, Codman Farm, . East Lexington, Geo. C. Hatch farm. East Lexington, Chester Lawrence farm. East Longmeadow, Peter Kronvall farm. East Lynn, East Walpole Everett, Joseph H. CannoU's farm Everett, Thomas F. Leavitt's farm Fairhaven, Dana Farm, . Fairhaven, Lewis F. Blossom's farm Framingham, Millwood Farm, Framingham, Waveney Farm, Framingham, Cherry Meadow Farm. H. W. Chadbourne, owner and manager. George O. Keep, owner and manager. H. C. Everett, owner and manager. D. A. Howe, owner; W. E. Howe, manager. George R. Wales, owner and manager. H. P. Hood & Sons, Paul Cunningham, owner and manager. F. H. Sanford, owner and manager. Clarence B. Brown, owner and manager. Fred F. Field, owner; Earl D. Upton, manager. Louis Cabot, owner; R. Barkhouse, manager. Walker-Gordon Labora- tory Company, owner; John Nichols, manager. J. F. Adams, owner and manager. Middlesex School, . Alfred Curtis; owner and manager. Jens Michelson, owner and manager. J. W. Earle, owner; Ralph Earle, manager. Watson B. Fearing, owner and manager. George C. Hatch, owner and manager. Chester Lawrence, owner and manager. Mrs. Peter Kronvall, man- ager. J. D. Coombs, lessee and manager. Geo. A. Flympton, owner; Eben Voorhees, man- ager. Joseph H. Cannell, owner and manager. Thomas F. Leavitt, owner and manager. Eliza N. and Edith Dana, owners and managers. Lewis F. Blossom, owner and manager. Mrs. E. F. Bowditch, owner; J. P. Bowditch, manager; F.E.Barrett, superintendent. Reginald W. Bird, owner; A. E. White, manager. D. M. and E. F. Belches, owners; E. F. Belches, manager. 37 30 25 26 156 35 20 21 70 10 100 17 40 25 20 15 158 20 10 8 3 100 12 300 50 35 Brookline, Newton and Boston. Worcester. Barnstable. Worcester. Beverly. Brookline and Bos- ton. Boston and vicinity, by Alden Brothers Company. Braintree. West Warren. Brockton. Brookline. Boston and vicinity. Vineyard Haven and Edgartown. Concord. Concord. Concord. Fall River. Boston. Arlington and Lex- ington. Arlington and Lex- ington. Springfield. East Lynn. Boston and vicinity, by Elm Farm Milk Company. Everett. Everett. Fairhaven, Marion and Mattapoisett (in summer). Fairhaven. Boston and Welles- ley. Boston, by Alden Brothers Com- pany. Framingham. Part I.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 167 List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Market Price — Continued. Location, Farm. Owner and Manager. Ap- proxi- mate Num- ber of Cows. Where marketed. Franklin, Ray Farm, Gardner, Lakeside Farm , Gardner, Rockland Farm, Gardner, Otto Wickman's farm, Gloucester, Howard P. Lane's farm, Gloucester, H. Wallace Lane's farm, Gloucester, Peter Hagstrom's farm, Granby, C. W. Ball's farm, . Great Barrington, Lone Pine Farm, Greenfield, Wayside Farm, Groton, G. W. Greenhalge's farm, . Hamilton, Miles River Farm, Hardwick, Louis H. Ruggles' farm, Hard wick. Mister Farm, Haverhill (Bradford District), J. B. Sawyer's farm. Haverhill, North Broadway Milk Farm. Haverhill (P. O. East Haverhill), Fred Kimball's farm. Holyoke, Whiting Farm, Ipswich, Albert Elwell's farm, Ipswich, Upland Farm, . Kingston, Miss Helen Holmes' farm, Lee, John Goodrich's farm, . Leominster, Boutelle Farm, . Leominster, Sholan Farm, Lexington, H. Swenson's farm, Lexington, Kelsey Ranch, E. K. Ray estate, owner; Joseph G. Ray, trustee and manager. J. Henry Ware, owner and manager. Willis E. Knight, owner and manager. Otto Wickman, owner and manager. Howard P. Lane, owner and manager. H. Wallace Lane, owner and managerl Peter Hagstrom, owner and manager. C. W. Ball, owner and manager. W. B. Nisbet, owner; Michael Conden, man- ager. Frank H. Reed, owner; Mr. Purrington, man- ager. G. W. Greenhalge, owner and manager. Maxwell Norman, owner and manager; C. E. Johnson, superintend- ent. Louis H. Ruggles, owner and manager. Mary A. Mixter, owner; Dr. Samuel J. Mixter, manager; J. S. Clark, superintendent. J. B. Sawyer, owner and manager. E. A. Emerson, owner and manager. Fred Kimball, owner; Leonard Kimball, man- ager. W. F. Whiting, owner; John F. Richardson, manager. Albert Elwell, owner and manager. F. P. Frazier & Son, owner; Benj. F. Barnes, manager. Miss Helen Holmes, owner and manager. John Goodrich, owner and I manager. I E. H. Boutelle, owner and manager. Paul Washburn, owner; A. G. Hollquist, man- ager. H. Swenson, owner and manager. Harry S. Kelsey, owner; S. H. Parks, superin- tendent. 100 Boston, by Elm Farm Milk Com- 7 pany. Gardner. 25 Gardner. 5 Gardner. 50 Gloucester. 30 Gloucester. 5 Gloucester. 29 Holyoke. 20 Great Barrington. 25 Greenfield. 25 75 Boston and vicinity, by D. Whiting & Sons. Boston. 60 Boston. 200 Boston. - Haverhill. 40 Haverhill. 50 Haverhill. 19 100 20 40 30 40 40-50 52 Holyoke. Ipswich and Essex. Boston, Manchester, Magnolia, Beverly and Beverly Farms. Kingston. Lee. Leominster. Leominster. ArUngton, C a m - bridge and Somer- \-ille. Boston. 168 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Market Price — Continued. Ap- proxi- Location, Farm. Owner and Manager. mate Num- ber of Where marketed. Cows. Longmeadow, Hillbrow Farm, H. AL Burt, owner and manager. 20 Springfield. Lowell, Hood Farm, C. I. Hood, owner; J. E. Dodge, manager. 120 Lowell. Ludlow, E. E. Chapman's farm, . Edward E. Chapman, 22 Ludlow and Indian owner and manager. Orchard. Lunenbujg, Clover Hill Farm, W. J. Fish, owner and manager. 60 Fitchburg. Lunenburg, Sunnyside Farm, George M. Proctor, owner; Fred A. Miller, manager. 48' Fitchburg. Lynnfield, N. F. McCarthy's farm, N. F. McCarthy, owner; Eben Holmes, manager. 30 Wakefield. Marlborough, Fairview Farm, Elmer D. Howe & Son, owners and managers. 10 Marlborough. Medford, Hillside Farm, 20 Gow Alberton Harris, owner 10 Medford. Street. and manager. Medford, Mystic Valley Farm, 75 John J. Mulkerin, owner 16 Medford and Arling- Arlington Street. and manager. ton. Methuen, Bragdon Farms, E. L. Bragdon, owner and manager. 30 Lawrence. Methuen, Cox Farms, Louis Cox, owner; L. Coburn, manager. 31 Lawrence. Methuen, Howe Farm, . E. D. Taylor, owner and manager. 50 Lawrence. Methuen, Spring Valley Farms, Fred Miller, owner and manager. 50 Lawrence. Methuen, S. W. Williams' farm. S. W. WilUams, owner and manager. 30 Lawrence. Millis, Lowland Farm, . E. F. Richardson, owner and manager. 25 Boston. Milton, Highland Farm, Patriquin & Newton, lessees; George Patri- 65 Milton. Needham, K. E. Webb's farm. quin, manager. Kenneth E. Webb, owner and manager. 31 Needham. Newton, Greenwood Farm, . M. Barry, owner and man- 30 Brookline and New- * ager. ton. Newton (P. O. Waban), W. B. William B. McMullin, 17 Needham and New- McMuUin's farm. owner and manager. ton. Newtonville, Willow Farm, 120 Far- D. F. Smith, owner and 60 Newton, Brookhne well Street. manager. and Boston. Norfolk, Meadowside Farm, . T. D. Cook & Co., owners and managers. 35 Boston. North Amherst, The Elms, . R. D. Dickinson, owner and manager. 30 Amherst. North Amherst, E. C. Harlow's farm, E. C. Harlow, . 35 - Northampton, W. J. LaFleur'sfarm, W. J. LaFleur, owner and manager. 14 Northampton. Northampton (Florence), Straw- Mrs. E. K. Learned, 12 Northampton. berry Hill Farm. owner; Wilfred H. Learned, manager. North Attleborough, Halliday Farm, Fred F. Halliday, owner; Robert C. Halliday, manager. 9 Pawtucket, R. I. North Brookfield, Blanchard Farm, 0. W. Means, owner and 20-30 Springfield. North Falmouth, Manuel G. White's manager. Manuel G. White, owner 6 North Falmouth. farm. and manager. North Grafton, Bonnybrook Farm, Everett N. Kearney, owner and manager. 60 Worcester. North Tewksbury, Mountjoy, Miss Florence Nesmith, owner; C. E. Lougee, 50 North Tewksbury. North Tewksbury, Hood Farm, manager. C. I. Hood, owner; J. E. Dodge, manager. 135 Lowell. Tart 1.1 REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 169 List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and Clea7ili7iess and selling their Product higher than the Regular Market Price — Continued. Ap- proxi- Location, Farm. Owner and Manager. mate Num- ber of Cows. Where marketed. North Reading, H. A. Upton's farm, H. A. Upton, owner and manager. 12 Peabody. North Reading, Maple Leaf Farm, W. P. Turner, owner and 27 Everett. Oak Bluffs, Woodsedge Farm, manager. F. VV. Chase, owner and manager. 20 Oak Bluffs. Paxton, E. G. Richards' farm. E. G. Richards, owner and 40 Worcester, by C. manager. Brigham C o m - pany. Worcester, by C. Paxton, Echo Farm, W. J. Woods, owner ; 40 Joseph Graham, man- Brigham C o m - ager. pany. Pepperell, George Shattuck's farm, George Shattuck, owner 75 Boston and vicinity. and manager. by D. Whiting & Sons. Boston. Pittsfield, Abby Lodge, . A. W. Cooley, owner; Mr. 35 Carlson, manager. Pittsfield, Mr. Bardwell's farm, Mr. Bardwell, owner and manager. 14 Pittsfield. Pittsfield, E. W. Page's farm, E. \V. Page, owner and manager. 8 Pittsfield. Pittsfield, Sampson Farm, Mrs. Charles Wilson, owner and manager. 24 Pittsfield. Reading, Hillcrest Farm, Lawrence B. Lewis, owner; Wm. Shaw, manager. 40 Maiden. Revere, Mrs. M. L. Mahoney's farm. Mrs. M. L. Mahoney, owner; J. J. Mahoney, manager. 25 Maiden. Saugus, Oaklandvale Farm, . Frank P. Bennett, owner and manager. 112 Lynn. Southborough, Deerfoot Farm, Robert M. Burnett, owner, 150 Boston , Brookline and Cambridge. South Hadley, Joseph A. Skinner's Joseph A. Skinner, owner 16 Holj'oke. farm. and manager. South Hadley, Frank H. Metcalf's Frank H. Metcalf, owner; 30 Holyoke. farm. E. W. Turner, manager. South Hadley, H. B. Lang's farm, H. B. Lang, owner and 36 Holyoke. South Hadley, John E. Lyman's manager. John E. Lyman, owner 14 Holyoke. farm. and manager. South Hadley, James H. Jones' James H. Jones, owner _ - - farm. and manager. South Lincoln, South Lincoln Dairy South Lincoln Dairy Com- 175 Boston, Cambridge Company. pany, owner; W. A. Blodgett, manager. and Brookline. South Natick, Carver Hill Farm, . Carver Hill Farms, Inc., 75 Wellesley, Boston, owners; Austin Potter, Natick, Needham, manager. Brookline and Dover. Southville, Waumesit Farm, . R. F. Parker, owner and 20 Boston and vicinity, manager. by C. Brigham Company. Sherborn, H. X. Brown's farm. H. N. Brown, owner and 40 Boston. Sherborn, Dexter Farm, . manager. George T. Dexter, owner 23 Boston and vicinity, and manager. by Alden Brothers Company. Sherborn, J. M. Merriam's farm, J. M. Merriam, owner and 40 Boston. South Franklin, Ellersie Farm, manager. Oscar Swanson, owner; 75 Rhode Island and R. A. Messerli, manager. Boston. Sterling, Twin Oaks Farm (P. 0. James F. Pratt, owner and 100 Milk, Boston, by Al- Pratt's Junction). manager. den Brothers Com- p an y ; cream, Worcester. Stoneham Valley Farm, . John P. Hylan, owner and manager. 11-12 Stoneham. 170 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Market Price — Concluded. Location, Farm. Owner and Manager. Ap- proxi- mate Num- ber of Cows. Where marketed. Stoughton, Tobey Farm, Swansea, Meadow Spring Farm, Taunton, George Soper's farm, Templeton, Dolbear Hill Farm, Waltham, Pleasantdale Farm, Warren, Maple Farm, Wayland, Perkins' Estate, Westfield, Woronoak Farm , . Weston, Charles Merriam's farm, Weston, Ferndale, . . Westwood, Fox Hill Farm, West Newton and Barre, Wauwinet Farm. Woburn, John Day's farm , Worcester, Pleasant View Farm, Worcester, Lewis J. Kendall's farm, Worcester, Intervale Farm , Worcester, Village Farm, E. B. Hutchins, owner and manager. Jas. H. Gildard, owner and manager. George Soper, owner and manager. Harvey O. Winch, owner and manager. C. U. Hubbard, owner and manager. J. R. Blair, owner and manager. S. N. Sanders, manager, . Edgar L. Gillett, owner; N. J. Weidhaas, man- ager. Charles Merriam, owner and manager. Frank H. Pop, owner and manager. Joshua Crane, owner; L. W. Jackman, manager. George H. Ellis, owner; P. F. Staples and R. M. Handy, managers. John Day, owner and manager. Warren C. Jewett, owner and manager. Lewis J. Kendall, owner and manager. J. Lewis Ellsworth, owner and manager. H. B. Prentice, owner and manager. 30 25 3.5 27 12 55 51 70 132 400 18 40 40 14 30 Brockton. Fall River, Taunton. Gardner. Weston. Boston, by C. Brig- ham Company. Waltham. Westfield. Waltham. Weston and Newton. Boston. Boston, Brookline and Newton. Winchester. Worcester. Worcester. Worcester. Worcester. Note. — Deerfoot Farms Dairy, office at 172 Tremont Street, wholesale distributing house at 132 Central Street, Boston, milk received from milk depots at Southborough and Northborough, sells milk of superior quality and cleanliness at a price above that of ordinary market milk, and handles the product of 129 dairy farms, averaging about 10 cows each, located in Southborough, Northborough, Westborough and Holliston. Most of these farms, therefore, at some time during the year come properly within the requirements of this list. Part LI REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 171 List of Massachiisetts Dairy Farms making Certified Milk. Ap- proxi- Name, Location. Owner and Manager. Certified by — mate Num- ber of Cows. Where marketed. Birchfield Farm, South Lawrence Grinnell, Medical Milk 24 New Bedford. Dartmouth. owner and man- ager. Commission of New Bedford. Cedar Crest Farm, VVal- John C. Runkle, Medical Milk 90 North Shore, tham. owner; Louis W. Commission of Cambridge Dean, manager. Cambridge. and Boston. Cedar Hill Farm, Waltham, Miss Cornelia War- Medical Commis- 124 Waltham, Cam- ren, owner; sion of Cam- bridge and Charles Cahill, bridge. Boston. manager. Cherry Hill Farm, Beverly, H. P. Hood & Sons, Medical Milk 300 Boston, North owners; 0. H. Commission of Shore and , Perrin, manager. Boston. Lawrence. A. T>. Davis' farm, Shef- A. D. Davis, owner - - 60 Some in Great field. and manager. Barrington; balance out- side of State. Gilbert Farms, Brookfield, A. W. Gilbert, owner and manager. Medical Milk Commission of Springfield. 20-25 Springfield. Indian Bridge Farm, Way- Edmund H. Sears, Medical Milk 16 Waltham. land. owner; Walter Jauncey, Jr., man- Commission of Cambridge. Ledyard Farm, Andover, . ager. J. A. & W.H.Gould, Medical Milk 50 Maiden, Mel- owners and man- Commission of rose, Wake- agers. Maiden. field and Ev- erett. Massachusetts Agricultural Massachusetts Agri- Medical Milk 65 Boston. College Farm, Amherst, cultural College, J. A. Foord. Commission of Boston. Oaks Farm, Cohasset, C. W. Barron, Medical Milk 125 Cohasset,Brook- owner; W. S. Kerr, Commission of line and Bos- manager. Cohasset. ton. Oliver Prescott's farm, Oliver Prescott, Medical Milk 25 New Bedford. Dartmouth (P. 0. North owner; Harry W. Commission of Dartmouth). Martin, manager. New Bedford. Prospect Hill Farm, Essex, J. A. & W.H.Gould, Medical Milk 175 Boston, Brook- owners and man- Commission of line, Jamaica agers. Boston. Plain and North Shore. Seven Gates Farm, North W. L. Webb, owner; Medical Milk 20-25 Marthas Vine- Tisbury. 0. L. Curtis, man- ager. Commission of West Tisbury, Inc. Medical Milk yard. Walter A. White's farm. Walter A. White, 30 New Bedford. Acushnet. owner and man- ager. Commission of New Bedford. Adams, Amesbury, . Amherst, . Andover, . Arlington, . Ashburnham, Ashland, Athol, List of Local Milk Inspectoks. Milk Inspectors for Cities and Towns. . Dr. A. G. Potter. . James L. Stewart. . Nelson C. Haskell. . Franklin H. Stacey. . L. L. Pierce, D.V.S. . James F. Hare. . Ralph W. Bell. . Jolin H. Meany, V.S. 172 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Attleboro, Avon, . Barnstable, Bedford, Bellingham, Belmont, Berkley, Bernardston, Beverly, Billerica, Boston, Braintree, Bridgewater, Brimfield, Brockton, Brookline, Cambridge, Canton, Carlisle, Charlemont, Chelsea, Chicopee, Clarksburg, Clinton, Cohasset, Colrain, Concord, Conwa}^, Dalton, Dana, . . Danvers, Dedham, East Douglas, Easthampton, East Longmeadow, Everett, Fairhaven, Fall River, Fitchburg, . Framingham, Franklin, . Gardner, Gill, . Gloucester, Gosnold, Great Barrington, Solomon Fine. R. A. Elliott, M.D. George T. Mecarta. Dr. Immanuel Pfeiffer. Dr. Norman P. Quint, West Medway. Thomas F. Harris. Alton A. Haskell. G. P. Morton. Henr}'^ E. Dodge, 2d. Albert H. Jones. Professor James 0. Jordan. F. Herbert Gile, M.D. Joseph Brennan. J. Walter Brown. George E. Boiling. W\ E. Ward. William A. Noonan, M.D. H. E. Berger, Jr., Wellesley Hills. Benjamin F. Blaisdell. Charles E. Graves. Dr. W. S. Walkley. C. J. O'Brien. Cassius Quackenbush, North Adams. Gilman L. Chase, M.D. Darius W. Gilbert, V.S. Earl W. Goodell, P. 0., Bardwell's Ferry. Harry E. Tuttle. A. J. Patterson. H. Ward Ford. ' Chas. W. Robertson, M.D., North Dana. Wm. Hugo Nappe. Edmand Knobel. Frank E. Correll. George L. McEvoy. Henry S. Ashley. E. Clarence Colby. Andrew N. Bruckshaw, M.D. Hemy Boisseau. Jolm F. Bresnahan. Fred S. Dodson. J. Newton Blanchard. Harry O. Knight. George L. Marshall. Dr. G. E. Watson. John T. Cornell, Cuttyhunk. Dewitt Smith. Part I.] ]U^:P0RT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 173 Greenfield, Groton, Hadlej', Hamilton, Haverhill, Hingham, Hinsdale, Holyoke, Housatonic Hudson, Hull, . Lancaster, LawTence, Lenox, Leominster, Lexington, Littleton, Lowell, Ludlow, Lunenburg, Lynn, . Lynnfield, Maiden, Mansfield, 2 Marblehead, Marlborough, Marion, Medford, . Medwa)', . Melrose, Middleborough, Milton, Millbury, . Monson, Montague, Nahant, Natick, Xeedham, . New Bedford, Newburj'port, Newton, North Adams, Northampton, North Attleborough, Northborough, . George P. Moore. Herbert Rockwood. Henry S. Shipman. Dr. C. S. Moore.i Dr. Homer L. Conner. Quincy Bicknell. Alfred N. Warren. Daniel P. Hartnett. .1. J. Barr. William H. Clark. Carroll A. Cleverly. George E. Howe. Dr. J. H. Tobin. Joseph J. Kirby. William H. Dodge. L. L. Pierce, D.V.S., Arlington. N. B. Conant. Melvin F. Master. A. L. Bennett, D.V.S. Dr. Charles E. Woods. George A. Flanagan. Franklin W. Freeman. J. A. Sanford. Andrew M. Stone. John J. Cassidy. Chester A. Vose. Winslow .Joj'ce. Norman P. Quint, West Medway. H. E. Berger, Jr., Wellesley Hills. Dr. F. A. Robinson. Wallace C. Tucker. Fred A. Watkins. Dr. E. W. Capen. Frank Dubie, Turners Falls. Robert L. Cochrane. Thomas A. Doyle, D.Y.U. H. E. Berger, Jr., Wellesley Hills. Herbert Hamilton, D.V.S. Dr. R. D. Hamilton. Arthur Hudson. C. T. Quackenbush. George R. Turner. Hugh Gaw, D.V.S. Everett C. Valentine. Inspector of dairies. » Milk samples taken to .\ttleboro for inspection. 174 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. North Brookfield, North Dana, Northfield, North Readmg, Norton, Oxford, Palmer, Paxton, Peabody, Pelham, Pepperell, Pittsfield, Plainville, Plymouth, Provincetown, Qmncy, Reading, Revere, Rutland, Salem, Salisbury, Sandwich, Saugus, Scituate, Shelburne, Shirley, Shrewsbury, Somerville, South Hadley, Southborough, Southbridge, Springfield, Sterling, Stoneham, Stoughton, Stow, . Sutton, Swampscott, Taunton, Tisbury, Topsfield, Wakefield, Waltham, Ware, . Wareham, Warren, Dr. Windsor R. Smith. Chas. W. Robertson, M.D. E. C. Field, Northfield Farms. J. H. Spear. Edmund H. Elliot, Chartley. Richard C. Taft. M. H. Davitt, V.S. H. S. Robinson. Edward F. McHugh. Charles H. Jones. Dr. Fred A. Davis, East Pepperell. Dr. Bernard M. Collins. John C. Eiden. Walton E. Briggs. Antone Dennis. Daniel Scouler, Jr. Carl M. Smith. Joseph E. Lamb, M.D. Lewis Drury. John J. McGrath. John F. Pike. J. E. Holway. , A. W. Sawyer. George T. Otis. G. J. Tower, Shelburne Falls. John H. Riley. C. I. Rich. Herbert E. Bowman. George F. Boudreau. Dr. John W. Robinson. Albert R. Brown. Stephen C. Downs, Fred L. Robertson. Arthur S. Wilder, Sterling Junction. Lawrence E. Doucett. William E. Ferrin. Fred E. Whitcomb. Charles A. Hough. Clarence W. Horton. Lewis I. Tucker. Charles S. Norton, Vineyard Haven. Charles S. Moore, Danvers. Carl M. Smith, Reading. Charles M. Hennelly. Fred E. Marsh. John J. Beaton. Joseph St. George. Part I.] REPOPxT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 175 Warwick, . Watertown, Wellesley, . Wendell', . Wenham, . Westborougb, West Boylston, Westfield, . Westport, . Weston, West Springfield Weymouth, Whitman, . Williamstown, Winchendon, Winchester, Winthrop, . Woburn, Worcester, . Charles E. Stone. E. B. Johnson. H. E. Berger, Jr. Chas. A. Fiske. C. W. Patch. Charles H. Reed. Dr. A. M. Tyler. William H. Porter. George A. Tripp. H. E. Berger, Jr., Wellesley Hills. J. A. Morrill. George B. Bayley, South Weymouth. E. A. Dyer. G. S. Jordan, V.S. Dr. G. W. Stanbridge. Maurice Dinneen. S. A. Mowry. D. F. Callahan. Gustaf L. Berg. Each of the following towns has reported that milk inspection is done bv its local board of health: — Sherborn. Stockbridge. Sturbridge. Walpole. West Brookfield. The following towns report that the animal inspector of their town inspects the dairies: — Foxborough. | Sturbridge. Creameries, Milk Depots, etc. Co-operative Creameries. XXJMBER AND LOCATION. Name. 1 Superintendent or Manager. 1. Ashfield, 2. Belchertown 3. Cummington, 4. Easthampton, 5. Monterey, 6. Xorthfield, . 7. Shelburne, . Ashfield Creamery, . Belchertown Creamery, Cummington Creamery, Hampton Creamery, Berkshire Hills Creamery Northfield Creamery, Shelburne Creamery, William Hunter, manager. M. G. Ward, president. D. C. Morcy, superintend- ent. E. B. Clapp, treasurer. F. A. Campbell, treasurer. C. C. Stearns, treasurer. E. P. Andrews, treasurer. 176 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Proprietary Creameries. Number and Location. Name. Owner or Manager. 1. Amherst, .... Amherst Creamery Companj', . R. W. Pease, manager. 2. 3. Amherst, .... Heath Fort River Creamery, Cold Spring Creamery, Clarence M. Wood, manager (estate of E. A. King, owner). L. J. Fontaine, Waltham. 4. Hinsdale, .' . Hinsdale Creamery, . Walter C. Solomon, pro- prietor. Educational . Location. Name. Manager. Amherst Dairy Industry Course, Massachu- setts Agricultural College. W. P. B. Lockwood, pro- fessor in charge. Principal Milk-distributing Depots. Name. Location. Manager. Acton Farms Milk Company, Alden Brothers Company, Anderson Brothers, . Bonnie Brook Farms, Mohawk Dairy Company, Boston Jersey Creamery, Brigham, C, Company, . Brigham, C, Company, . Bristol Creamery Company, Columbia Creamery, Deerfoot Farms Dairy, . Elm Farm Milk Company, Elm Spring Farm, . Franklin Creamery Company Hampden Creamery Company Hood, H. P., & Sons, Somerville, Windsor Street, . Boston office, 1171 Tremont Street; depot, 24-28 Duncan Street. Worcester, Eckman Street, . South Sudbury, .... Boston office, 1047 Kimball Build- ing. Boston, 9 Fulton Street, Cambridge, 158 Massachusetts Av- enue. Worcester, 9 Howard Street, . Boston, 132 Central Street, . Springfield, 117 Lyman Street, Boston, 132 Central Street; depots at Northborough and Southbor- ough. Boston, Wales Place, Waltham, Ellison Road, Boston, 147 Harrison Avenue, Everett, Orient Avenue, Bostxin, 494 Rutherford Avenue; branches, 24 Anson Street, Forest Hills; 886 Broadway, Chelsea; 298 Dorchester Avenue, South Boston. Brookline, 136 Westbourne Terrace. Lawrence, 629 Common Street. Lynn, 193 Alley Street. Maiden, 425 Main Street. Medford, 452 High Street. Watertown, 479 Pleasant Street. Arthur B. Parker, treas- urer. Charles L. Alden. Presi- dent; John Alden, treasurer. Anderson Brothers. Norman E. Borden. Claude E. Davis, treas- urer. Theo. P. Grant, presi- dent and manager. John K. Whiting. C. Brigham Company. William L. Johnson. H. A. Mosely. S. H. Howes. James H. Knapp, treas- urer. G. W. Barrow. Tait Brothers. Frank H. Adams, treas- urer. Charles H. Hood. Part I.l PvEPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 177 Principal Milk-distributing Depots — Concluded. Name. Location. Manager. Learned, G. S. (Fitchburg Creamery). Llanwhitkell Farms Creamery, Lyndonville Creamery Associa- tion. Nash, Charles A., Newhall, J. A Perry, A. D Plymouth Creamery Company, Prentice, H. H., & Co. (Berk- shire Creamery). Rockingham Milk Company, Somers Creamery Company, Springfield Creamery, Tait Brothers, . Turgeon, Frank H., . Turner Center Dairying Asso- ciation. Wachusett Creamery, Whiting, D., & Sons, Fitchburg, 26 Cushing Street, Boston, 23 Ferry Street, Watertown, 86 Elm Street, . Springfield, 120 Oakland Street, Newburyport, 32 Monroe Street, Worcester, £[ansas Street, Boston, 268-270 State Street, Pittsfield, Crane Avenue, Charlestown, Boston office, Han- cock Square; depot 330 Ruther- ford Avenue. Springfield, 178 Dwight Street, . Springfield, Main Street, Springfield, 37 Vinton Street, Boston, 213 Camden Street, . Boston office, 63, 67 and 69 Endicott Street. Worcester, 6 Lincoln Street, . Boston, 570 Rutherford Avenue, . G. S. Learned. Nelson P. Cook, man- ager. 1 Willis C. Conner, man- ager. Charles A. Nash, man- ager. J. A. Newhall. A. D. Perry. John W. Davies. H. H. Prentice. Rolan H. Toothaker, president. W. M. Cushman. F. B. Allen, proprietor. Tait Brothers, proprie- tors. Frank H. Turgeon. Irven L. Smith, man- ager. E. H. Thayer & Co., proprietors. George Whiting. Modified Milk Laboratory. H. p. Hood & Sons, Walker-Gordon Laboratory, D. Whiting & Sons, . Boston, 494 Rutherford Avenue, Boston, 1106 Boylston Street, Boston, 570 Rutherford Avenue, C. H. Hood. George W. Franklin. George Whiting. Receiving Depot for Milk, for Shipments to Neiv Rochelle. Borden Condensed Milk Com- pany. Wxllow Brook Dairy Company, Willow Brook Dairy Company, West Stockbridge. Sheffield, North Egremont, Frank Percy. George Wyble. Encouragement of Dairying Expenses. Agents, compensation, $294 00 Agents, expenses, 605 72 Total, $899 72 Cash prizes, 2,836 38 Total expenditures, $3,736 10 178 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Part I. Regular Bureau Expenses. The following is a classified statement of the expenses for the year ending November 30, 1916: — Agents, expenses, Agents, compensation, Assistants, Bureau, expenses, Bureau, compensation. Samples purchased, . General agent, traveling expenses, Analysts, analyses, . Analysts, court attendance, . Photography, lantern slides, etc.. Mileage, Postage, Telephone, Printing, . Supphes, Bacteriological laboratory. 11,547 06 2,684 00 17 78 389 11 330 00 157 28 341 45 300 50 60 00 183 40 360 00 100 00 35 65 967 21 226 56 300 00 Total, $8,000 00 P. M. HARWOOD, General Agent. Accepted and adopted as the report of the Dairy Bureau. OMER E. BRADWAY. GEORGE W. TRULL. GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jr. REPORT ox THE Encouragement of Dairying Contests, 1916. ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING PRIZE CONTESTS, 1916. p. M. HARWOOD, GENERAL AGENT, DAIRY BUREAU. Prizes offered. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has placed at the disposal of the State Board of Agriculture a sum not exceeding $5,000 annually for three years to be expended in the encour- agement of practical dairying and the production of milk and dairy products of superior cleanliness, and in developing the live stock industry of the State. Massachusetts has an enviable reputation as regards the character of her milk supply. It is the purpose of the State Board of Agriculture to do all that it can to maintain and improve the character of the milk produced and offered for sale in this Commonwealth. Realizing the importance of "clean milking" as the basic factor in producing clean milk, and to encourage farmers to become more proficient in this work, the Board through its Dairy Bureau offered prizes aggregating S2,700 for 1916, as follows: — (a) Owners. Com'petition open to Practical Dairymen. For superior merit, SI, 000 divided, no competitor to receive more than S40. For merit, SoOO dix-ided, no competitor to receive more than S20. For honorable mention, certificate. For best single result, special sweepstakes certificate. (6) Juniors. Competition open to the Boys and Girls, under Eighteen Years of Age, on Farms Eligible in (a). For superior merit, S400 di\ided, no competitor to receive more than .S20. For merit, $200 divided, no competitor to receive more than SIO. For honorable mention, certificate. For best single result, special sweepstakes certificate. 182 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. (c) Employees. Competition open to Employees, Men and Women, over Eighteen Years of Age, who do the Milking on Farms Eligible in (a). For superior merit, $400 di\dded, no competitor to receive more than $20. For merit, $200 divided, no competitor to receive more than $10. For honorable mention, certificate. For best single result, special sweepstakes certificate. In addition to each cash prize in the above classes a cer- tificate of award will be given to each individual winner. In response to the above, 653 entries were made and 578 actually competed. In (a), owners, 374 competed and the following awards were made: — (a) Oioners. Superior merit: — Edwin H. Alderman, Middlefield. Lars Anderson, Holden. Fred L. Batcheller, Sutton. Beeman Bros., West Brookfield. John Bergstrom, West Millbury. Charles A. Bowker, Worcester. Charles A. Brewster, Salisbury. Alphonso E. Brown, Lunenburg. Bryant Bros., Dracut. Clarence E. Buckley, Northborough. Ernest W. Burks, Natick. Joseph W. Clark, West Brookfield. Joseph Henry Clough, Lowell. Michael J. Conway, Taunton. Arthur W. Cutler, West Brookfield. Herbert A. Day, Warren. Lorenzo Dean, Boj^lston. Samuel Donnelly, East Longmeadow. Albert Elwell, Ipswich. C. Bertram Epps, Winchendon. Wellman J. Fish, Lunenburg. Fred L. Fisher, Norwood. Chauncey Gleason, Haver liill. Bert Green, Ware. Benjamin B. Green, North Wilbraham. Mrs. Katie Haas, West Springfield. Peter Hagstrom, Gloucester. WiUiam A. Hale, Gardner. Part I.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 183 Superior merit — Continued. William E. Hartnett, Westminster. Emil Hendrickson, Templeton. David F. Henshaw, West Brookfield. Erick Hermanson, Templeton. Benjamin Horin, Westminster. Robert Jackson, Hardwick. Matthew Jacobson, Boylston. Lee S. Jenks, Agawam. Everett N. Kearnej'', North Grafton. Charles H. Kelso, Westfield. John E. Kincare, Newton Center. John I. King, Provinceto^Ti. Willis E. Knight, Gardner. Mary Larnard, Amesbury. Leblanc Bros., Dracut. Lincoln Bros., Taunton. Frank H. Linnell, South Hyannis. Nils J. Lofmark, Sheffield. Charles E. Lougee, North Tewksbury. George E. Lowry, Williamstown. Marchant M. Martin, Southborough. Edwnn B. Mellen, Winchendon. David H. Mitchell, New Bedford. Charles H. Morlbck, Winchendon. H. Irving Morlock, Winchendon. Nadeau Bros., Fitchburg. John Olson, Raynham Center. Josiah Q. Packard, Brockton. George Parker, Sandwich. Howard A. Parsons, North Amherst. Per Persson, East Longmeadow. Enoch E. Peterson, Prescott. Ida M. Peterson, Agawam. T, Watson Phelps, Northampton. William B. Pierce, Taunton. H. Waters Putnam, Sutton. Irving W. Putnam, Sutton. Clayton N. Rhoades, WiUiamsburg. George F. Ribero, Frankhn. Justin F. Rice, Barre. Gustavus A. Rossier, Paxton. Johann Salstrom, Millbury. Charles Sej'fried, Conway. Charles H. Shaw, Middleborough. Thomas Simmons, Ware. 184 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Superior merit — Concluded. Albion G. Smalley, West Boylston. George E. Southworth, Dana. Albin Spyut, Ipswich. H. Arthur Standish, Middleborough. John Talvitie, Gloucester. Fred H. TurnbuU, Berlin. Joseph Vaine, Winchendon Springs. Agostino Visocchi, North Sudbury. Elmer J. Wade, Taunton. John B. Walker, Orange. Manuel G. White, North Fahnouth. George C. Wilkins, Plainville. Albert L. Woodis, North Brookfield. Merit: — John H. Ahola, Gloucester. Leonard Anzi\dno, Brookline. Henry S. AsWey, East Longmeadow. William H. Atkins, Amherst. Merton R. Bennett, Ludlow. Felix Bobard, Wilbraham. Fred Bowser, Woburn. Harry M. Burt, Longmeadow. Frank E. Buss, Leominster. William J. Cameron, Ipswich. Edwin H. Cande, Sheffield. Harry L. Carpenter, Attleboro. George A. Chapin, Hampden. Frank G. Clark, Montgomery. George B. Clark, Concord. Laurens Clark, Montgomery. Sereno S. Clark, Williamsburg. Bert A. Cluff, Dracut. Frank A. Cottrell, Middlefield. Charles E. Cutler, Boylston. Grover N. Dodge, Billerica. Jacob Dreizen, Taunton. John Fostini, Taunton. Everett B. Fox, Dracut. Leslie B. Gregory, Winchendon. Hilda Hall, North Wilbraham. Arthur S. Harris, Fitchburg. Clifford R. Harris, West Millbury. Robert Hertel, Fitchburg. Gordon Hutchins, Concord. Part I.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 185 Merit — Concluded. Edwin Ilsley, Newbur3^ Carl A. Johnson, East Longmeadow. Joseph Kasprzak, Monson. Louis J. Kendall, Worcester. Ignacy Kobis, Ware. Mrs. Ida Lehto, Lanesville. John J. Lemaire, Taunton. Joseph A. Maille, Dracut. Louis X. Malhoit, Sutton. Louis Matson, ]\lillbury. William R. Michel, East Longmeadow. Fred Miller, Methuen. Francis E. IMorlock, Winchendon. Edward M. Nason, Haverhill. Carl E. Nelson, Gardner. James A. Noyes, Newbury. Otto Paaponen, Westminster. ' F. J. Pomeroy & Son, Agawam. Elmer L. Powers, Greenwich. John Quirk, Ware. Reid Bros., East Longmeadow. Renalta Rhomberg, Dracut. Evan F. Richardson, MiUis. Dell R. Rideout, Raynham. Frank F. Rosa, Dighton. Fred Samble, Hampden. Burt A. Sanborn, Auburn. Sumner C. Schwartz, Agawam. Chandler E. Smith, Leominster. John B. Souza, Taunton. Sylvester Spellman, East Longmeadow. Walter Steele & Son, Stoneham. John C. Summn, Lancaster. John G. Taylor, Granby. George H. Timmins, Ware. Olie A. Tuttle, Hardwick. Ernest M. Meweg, Westminster. Fred L. Warren, Dalton. Kenneth E. and Vincent 0. Webb, Needham. Mary Abby and Flora White, Heath. Otto Wickman, Gardner. Harvey 0. Winch, Temple ton. Edgar D. Winslow, Ware. Ada ^L Worsham, Lunenburg. 186 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Honorable mention : — John Aalto, Westminster, Jacob Anderson, Gardner. Lawrence E. Andrews, Essex. Frank J. Berry, Hardwick. Charges A. Bigelow, Northborough, Richard Binnall, Gardner. Lewis F. Blossom, Fairhaven. Arthur G. Boynton, Woburn. James C Bradway, Monson, Curtis H. Burdette, Northborough. John L. Collins, Woburn. Samuel G. Copeland, West Bridgewater. John Day, Woburn. Pardon H. DevoU, New Bedford. John Fay, Brockton. Charles W. Felton, Enfield. Frank F. Ferreira, Falmouth. John J. Finnegan, Sharon. George M. Folsom, Taunton. George H. Gould, Taunton. Albert L. Hauck, West Brookfield. Charhe B. Jordan, Holden. Caroline R. King, Raynham. Henry E. King, Taunton. P. John Landers, Belchertown. Alexander Larson, Hampden. Ulric F. LeDuc, Chesterfield. Clinton F. Markham, East Longmeadow. Elliot B. Markham, East Longmeadow. Edward N. McGowan, East Templeton. Oliver W. Means, Brookfield. Frank Nietupski, Ludlow. Elbridge Noyes, Newbury. John Nygard, Templeton. Benjamin F. Paige, Hanson. Earle M. Parsons, Northampton. Eldon H. Price, Lunenburg. John Quinn, Kingston. G. Ashley Randall, Belchertown. John J. Reilly, Agawam. William Reimers, Monson. John T. Rogers, East Longmeadow. William J. Rudkin, Rockland. Michael Sacks, Leicester. George A. Smith, Rockland. Isaac B. Snow, Greenfield. Part I.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 187 Honorable mention — Concluded. CUfton B. Walcott, Barre. Harrison S. Williams, West Springfield. George W. Crowell, Taunton. In (6), juniors, 65 competed and the following awards were made: — (&) Juniors. Superior merit : — Fred L. Batcheller, Jr., Sutton. John G. Berry, Hardwick. Albert N. Brown, Lunenburg. Percy K. Brown, Lunenburg. Albert E. Elwell, Ipswich. Franklin S. Epps, Winchendon. Clifton B. Green, North Wilbraham. Isadore Majmard Horin, Westminster. Robert J. Jackson, Hardwick. Prentiss R. Jenks, Agawam. Howard Jordan, Holden. Jolm E. Kincare, Jr., Newton Center. Fay B. Montague, Northampton. Ruth Persson, East Longmeadow. Maxine A. Rhoades, Williamsburg. John Talvitie, Jr., Gloucester. Charles Visocchi, North Sudbury. Merit: — Dominic Anzivino, Brookline. Charles G. Bigelow, Northborough. Victor M. Cluff, Dracut. Irving C. Flagg, Westford. Laurie L. Harris, Fitchburg. Leonard F. Lemaire, Taunton. Norman G. Oakes, Clarksburg. Clifford A. Rideout, Raynham. Honorable mention : — Paul Bradford, Acushnet. Earl Bradway, Monson. Arnold G. Brewer, New Marlborough. Ralph M. Brown, Brimfield. Albert E. Carpenter, Attleboro. Leo P. Cluff, Dracut. Samuel A. Cutler, Boylston. Grace B. Filer, Brimfield. 188 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Honorable mention — Concluded. Walter Kasprzak, Monson. Walter Larson, Hampden. Joseph Lesniak, Taunton. Leon E. McGowan, East Templeton. Agnes Nietupski, Ludlow. Ralph A. Price, Lunenburg. Irvin W. Ribero, Franklin. Kenneth M. Shaw, Sutton. Antone P. Silvia, Taunton. » Edward Tenney, Deerfield. John Wirf, West Brookfield. In (c), employees, 139 competed and the following awards were made : — (c) Employees. Superior merit : — Cecil E. Alderman, Chester. Victor Anderson, Holden. Fred Everett Challet, Northampton. Michael J. Conway, Jr., Taunton. Herbert R. Cowles, Westfield. Arthur C. Davis, Sutton. Joseph S. Davis, Sandwich. Thomas Ferguson, New Bedford. Elmer W. Fish, Limenburg. Leonard C. Fisher, Norwood. Joseph A. Foster, Provincetown. W. P. Gleason, Haverhill. Stanislaus Lechezainski, Ware. Daniel N. Morrison, Gardner. Edward F. Parsons, North Amherst. Kenneth K. Putnam, Sutton. Edwin F. Ribero, FrankUn. Hobart E. Rice, Barre. Clarence A. Rossier, Paxton. Jeffrey Roy, Leominster. Fred G. Stone, North Grafton. Fred Toppinger, Sheffield. Arthur A. Turnbull, Berlin. Edward Vaine, Winchendon Springs. Joseph Visocchi, North Sudbury. Leon E. Waltz, Westminster. William J. Weagle, Ipswich. Howard R. Whitcomb, Lunenburg. Merton E. Wilson, West Brookfield. Part I.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 189 Merit: — Joseph E. Berthiaume, West Millbury. Floyd E. Boj'^ea, East Longmeadow. ^Albert B. Cutler, Boj^lston. Martin Gogoliski, Newtonville. Harry Hertel, Fitchburg. Leonard I. Ilsley, Newbury. Herbert E. Kendall, Worcester. Frank H. Lambson, Montgomery. Manuel Lopez, Falmouth. Daniel J. Quirk, Ware. Nicholas J. Samble, Hampden. Carl F. Schatz, Heath. Robert A. Sherman, Hyannis. Henry W. Shook, Sheffield. Samuel Sirotin, Taunton. Manuel Souza, Taunton. Lawrence Stuart, RajTiham. Harry A. Tarbell, Leominster. D\saght Taylor, Granbj'. Elmer Wambolt, Milhs. Theron E. Warren, Dalton. Everett P. Watson, Needham. John Wendler, Hampden. Robert L. West, Ware. Alton B. Winslow, Ware. Joseph Woiril, Worcester. Honorable mention : — Fred H. Abbott, Northborough. Chester Cameron, Ipswich. John T. Clearj^, Sharon. Harry Cowan, Holden. Mary Danckert, Northborough. Benjamin H. Davis, Taunton. Clover Delisle, Raynham. Arnold C. Dow, Greenfield. Lewis Elwell, Essex. Almon D. Flagg, Greenfield. Maurice Flagg, Westford. Harold R. Goodnow, Greenfield. Roland M. Hauck, West Brookfield. George A. Hughes, Brookfield. Arthur E. Leary, Rockland. Austin K. Noj'-es, Newbury. George D. Paige, Hanson. 190 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Honorable mention — Concluded. Nelson T. Rogers, East Longmeadow. Frank E. Rudkin, Rockland, Harry E. Shepardson, Norwood. Walter B. Shaw, Sutton. George Underwood, East Longmeadow. Fred P. Winch, Templeton. In (a), owners, a sweepstakes certificate was awarded to William A. Hale of Gardner. In (6), juniors, a sweepstakes certificate was awarded to Albert N. Brown of Lunenburg. In (c), employees, a sweepstakes certificate was awarded to Elmer W. Fish of Lunenburg. Additional Prizes. Prizes offered to Local Inspectors of Milk. Experience has shown that best results come from personal solicitation and direction. These prizes, for meritorious results only, and aggregating $125, were offered with that end in view, (a) To local inspectors of milk in cities and towns supplied by more than fifty dairies, and having fifteen or more separate entries in the 1916 clean milk contest, for the greatest number of superior merit cottons the following prizes were offered : — First prize, . $25 00 Second prize, 20 00 Third prize, 15 00 Fourth prize, . . . 10 00 Fifth prize, 5 00 The following awards were made : — First prize, Gustaf L. Berg, Worcester. Second prize, Stephen C. Downs, Springfield. Third prize, John F. Bresnahan, Fitchburg. Fourth prize, Harry O. Knight, Gardner. Fifth prize, Lewis I. Tucker, Taunton. (6) To local inspectors of milk in cities and towns supplied by less than fifty dairies, and having five or more separate Part I.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 191 entries in the 1916 clean milk contest, for the greatest number of superior merit cottons the following prizes were offered : — First prize, $16 00 Second prize, 12 GO Third prize, 10 00 Fourth prize, 8 00 Fifth prize, 4 00 The following awards were made : — First prize, G. W. Stanbridge, Winchendon. Second prize, Fred E. Marsh, Ware. Third prize, George W. Smith, Ipswich. Fourth and fifth prizes not awarded. Similar prizes were offered Massachusetts creameries but without results, except in one instance, namely, Hampton Co- operative Creamery of Easthampton, which was awarded a gratuity of $20. Prizes offered to Co-operative Creameries. Realizing the importance of remunerative outlets for cream in those sections of the State where stock raising requires that the skim milk be kept at home, the Board of Agriculture inaugurated a system of prizes to educate and encourage a better cream product delivered at our creameries. Seven prizes, aggregating $250, were offered. There were four entries in the contest, and three of the contestants attained meritorious results and were awarded prizes. Ashfield Creamery, Ashfield, scoring 96.09, was awarded first prize; Shelburne Creamery, Shelburne, scoring 91.37, was awarded second prize; and Cum- mington Creamery, Cummington, scoring 74.20, was awarded third prize. The judge in the clean milk contest was Dr. Charles E. ]\Iarshall, and in the creamery contest. Professor W. P. B. Lockwood, both of Amherst. Our thanks are especially due to these gentlemen who gave their time and efforts free of charge. THIRD ANNUAL REPORT BOTS' AND (jIRLS' CLUB WOEK. THIRD ANNUAL REPORT ON BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. Boys' and Girls' Clubs as a means of interesting young people in agriculture and household arts are nation-wide in their scope. The growth of the work in Massachusetts makes the work of administration more complex from year to year. In former years the work in this State w^as managed directly from the Agricultural College. During the past year the work in Franklin, Hampden and Worcester counties has been under the immediate direction of the County Farm Bureaus. In each of these counties one member of the staff devoted his time to the Boys' and Girls' Clubs. Plymouth and Hamp- shire counties have had similar directors during a part of the year. A small district comprising Framingham and adjoining towns has employed a director. In addition to these county agencies, the vocational agricultural departments and the agri- cultural schools of the State have been active in promoting and supervising the work. One form of local supervision which stands out unique, in a class by itself, is the work of the Plymouth County Trust Company. This institution employs an agricultural adviser, who acts both as a director of Boys' and Girls' Clubs and an adviser to adult farmers. There is close co-ordination between his work and that of the County Farm Bureau. It must be said in this connection, also, that the readiest avenue of approach to the boys and girls is through the public schools. It is due to the sympathetic good will of the school superintendents of the Commonwealth that this important work has reached its present magnitude. The active aid of this body of men and women is essential to the future success of the Bovs' and Girls' Clubs. 196 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Club Enterprises. Nine distinct lines of work have been carried on during the past year, — corn growing, potato growing, market gardening, egg production, home economics, canning, home gardening, pork production and calf raising. These are the main activities of an all-round farm home, representing as they do the field, the garden and the household. Table I. shows how these various activities are distributed. It will be noted that every county is represented. The table presents some facts worthy of note. Worcester County leads all the other counties, except in pork production and home gardens; it stands almost alone in calf raising. Worcester County was fortunate in having an expert adviser for this line of work. Other counties were advised not to take up this work till experts could be secured to direct it. Plymouth County stands out as the leader in pork production. This may be accounted for by the fact that the promotion of the pig club was made a special feature of the work of the Plymouth County Trust Company. Middle- sex County leads its closest competitor, Essex, by nearly 4,000 in home gardens. It may be further noted that the scale of popularity, as shown by the totals, is in the following order: home gardens, home economics, market gardening, canning, egg production, pork production, potato growing, corn growing and calf raising. This order is likely to fluctuate from year to year; it depends quite as much upon the interest and activity of club directors as upon the interests of the boys and girls themselves. The study of this table should not be passed without a brief reference to Dukes and Nantucket counties. It is a pleasure to know that they are represented. The numbers, however, are in no sense a measure of the interest of those counties in this great work. Appeals for aid have been coming from those counties ever since the club work started, nine years ago. The children are there. The wellspring of interest is there. Some means should be found whereby those counties may share in the great benefits of this work now enjoyed in nearly all other parts of the Commonwealth. Part I.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB ^YORK. 197 Table L — Distribution of the Work by Counties and by Clubs, 1916. Club Enterprises. c S c •3 s •o CorNTIES. £l 3 § 3 =: 3 3 0 o 8 o 611 ji 3 a O "■a »H fI c O u S^ •? g So oO CS bl C3 °o o U PL, s Ph s O Ph o w H Barnstable, . 3 16 4 5 13 7 7 - 346 401 Berkshire, . 2 11 3 1 86 6 10 - 650 769 Bristol, 5 16 21 23 53 56 36 - 3,404 3,614 Dukes, - - - 1 - 2 - - 16 19 Esses, . 3 11 43 40 68 40 34 - 6,017 6,256 Franklin, 6 8 21 96 295 4 28 - 1,704 2,162 Hampden, . - 84 311 110 227 259 36 4 4,086 5,117 Hampshire, 27 41 63 42 55 40 65 - 2,390 2,713 Middlesex, . 15 27 103 145 274 296 35 - 9,917 10,812 Nantucket, . - - - - 1 - - - 1 Norfolk, 16 45 66 159 172 72 51 - 3,450 4,031 Plymouth, . 22 75 100 29 157 79 215 - 4,211 4,888 Suffolk, - - - - . 45 10 - - 1.181 1.236 Worcester, . 73 170 626 382 1,439 330 127 71 3,185 6,403 Totals, 172 504 1,361 1,033 2,885 1,201 634 75 40,557 48,422 Note. — The above figures are to be considered only as close approximations, as the data from which they were compiled were not always complete. Competition of Cities, Towns and Schools. An important feature of the club work is the promotion of competition among cities, towns and schools. These are divided into six classes, — cities, towns of more than 7,500 population, towns of less than 7,500 population, schools of more than eight rooms, schools of two to eight rooms, and rural schools of one or two rooms. The two main reasons for promoting this line of work is for the purpose, first, of enlist- ing the interest of school superintendents; and second, of inducing local communities to secure paid supervision of the work during the summer. How valid these reasons are will appear from the following list of important cities competing for the large silver cup: Beverly, Brockton, Gloucester, Hoi- 198 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. yoke, Lowell, Maiden, Marlborough, New Bedford, Newbury- port. Revere, Salem, Springfield, Taunton and Waltham. All but two of these cities reported that the garden work would be looked after during the summer vacation by paid super- visors and inspectors. This practice ought to be encouraged, and, if possible, extended to all parts of the Commonwealth. It is the surest if not the only means of preventing a lapse of interest in the movement. Towns. — The towns having a population of more than 7,500, in competition for a silver cup, are as follows: Adams, Arlington, Easthampton, Framingham, Leominster, Methuen, ]\Iilton, Natick, Palmer, Ware and West Springfield. All of these towns paid for some supervision during the summer, some of them during a part and others during the entire season. The towns of less than 7,500 population in the competition are as follows: Abington, Ashfield, Brimfield, Carver, Concord, East Bridgewater, Easton, Erving, Freetown, Hampden, Hanover, Hanson, Hull, Leverett, Marion, Mattapoisett, Mid- dleborough, Norwell, Orange, Pembroke, Plainfield, Plympton, Rockland, Russell, Scituate, Sherborn, Shutesbury, Stoughton, Tolland, Wareham, Wendell, West Bridgewater, Whitman and Wilbraham. Twelve of these thirty-four towns reported their intention of paying for supervision. In addition to the fore- going list, quite a number of towns and cities not in com- petition for a prize reported the employment of paid super- vision. This appears to be the most hopeful feature of the whole enterprise. Schools. — No schools of more than eight rooms appear to have entered the competition. Schools of two to eight rooms in the competition are as follows: Carter Street School, Lowell; Tenth Street School, Lowell; Center School, Lunenburg; Roslindale School, Boston; Field Grammar School, Leominster. Schools of one to two rooms and small clubs are as follows: Trowbridge School, Groton; Moors School, Groton; Center School, Pembroke; Russellville School, Hadley; Roslindale Club, RosHndale; North End Garden Club, Boston; Bay State Road Club, Boston; South Bay Union Roof Garden, Boston; College Club School Garden, Lowell; Belvidere Garden Club, Lowell. Part I.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 199 Exhibitions of Products. Fairs. — This has not been a favorable year for children's exhibitions. Some were omitted on account of the prevalence of infantile paralysis. Nevertheless, most of the societies under the authority of the State Board of Agriculture carried on the Children's and Youths' Department as in past years. Local Exhibitions. — In addition to the regularly organized societies, nearly sixty local exhibitions were held in various parts of the State. Some of these were under the auspices of the local grange, some under the school, some under the board of trade or other volunteer organizations. From the incom- plete data at hand it appears that 6,259 young people ex- hibited products of the garden and home. The total number of articles displayed was 12,523. The total amount of money paid to the exhibitors in premiums and other awards amounted to $1,606.11. This manifestation of local interest is a good sign; it is of a piece with the growing tendency to employ paid super- vision during the summer. Both are important factors in the administration of the work and should be encouraged and more fully developed. Prize Winners of 1915. It is impossible to check up all the records and award the prizes before the date set for filing this report. Hence, the awards made, if reported, must be inserted in the report fol- lowing the year in which the work was done. The following is a list of winners in the various clubs in 1915: — Home Economics Club. First Prize. Effie Gaboon, Harwich. Second Prize. Marion Anthony, Framingham Normal School. Dorothy Rhoades, Worcester Normal School. Third Prize. Kenneth Ljoich, Lowell. Gladys Bro^vTi, Wellesley. Anka Doycheff, Campello. Dorothy Hirst, Fairhaven. Marion Hurlburt, Orange. Ruth Loud, North Abington. Mildred Martin, Ashfield. Dorothy Miles, Holden. Ethel Miller, Williamsburg. Gertrude Peterson, Orange. 200 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Third Prize. Madeline Pickett, Brockton. Edith Plumb, Oakham. Maxine Rhoades, Williamsburg. ^ Hermine Schulz, Roslindale. Dorothy West, Harvard. Helen Wold, Orange. Canning and Marketing Club. First Prize. Ethel Spooner, Brimfield. Second Prize. Daniel Harkins, Brockton. Hermine Schulz, Roslindale. Third Prize. Harry A. Ball, West Bridgewater. Andrew C. Rice, Wilbraham. Gust W. Anderson, Brockton. Helen Streeter, Cummington. Blanche Regnier, Cheshire. Nellie Streeter, Cummington. Gladys Estabrook, Brimfield. Mildred Martin, Ashfield. Ethel B. Smith, Brockton. Cathleen Galvin, Dorchester. Cecelia Conlin, Hopkinton. Market-garden Club. First Prize. Gust W. Anderson, Brockton. Second Prize. Richard W. Arms, Hopkinton. Harry A. Ball, West Bridgewater. Edward Caldon, West Springfield. John E. Devine, Amherst. Frank J. Kokoski, Amherst. Roman Swaikowsky, Hadley. Mary KelUher, Brockton. Third Prize. Frank J. Kokoski, Amherst. Walter R. Carlson, Brockton. Earl W. Kelton, Orange. Robert J. Damon, Williamsburg. Philip C. Landers, Brockton. Milan A. Logan, Brockton. Robert Cary, Brockton. Charles L. Merrick, Wilbraham. Leslie S. Lockwood, Fitchburg. Charles A. O'Brien, Brockton. Florence Chapin, Chicopee Falls. Inez Bedard, Oxford. Ethel B. Smith, Brockton. Maxine Rhoades, WilUamsburg. Agnes Laffan, Atlantic. Part I.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 201 Corn Club. First Prize. F. Earl Williams, Sunderland. Second Prize. Bernard Hartnett, North Hadley. Third Prize. Ralph Walker, Marlborough. Albert Jacques, Amherst. John Bishko, North Hadley. Edward Parsons, North Amherst. John E. Devine, Amherst. First Prize. Second Prize. Third Prize. First Prize. Second Prize. Third Prize. Potato Club. Isadore Horin, Westminster. LaA\Tence Estes, Windsor. Sanford Hawley, Hadley. Andrew C. Rice, Wilbraham. George Munson, Bisbees, R. D. Arnold Hale, Lee. Walter S. Anderson, Southwick. Ralph Estes, Windsor. M. F. Killian, Brimfield. George Bichette, Hadley. Harold A. Cady, Windsor. Clarence W. Holway, Holden. Wintlii'op H. Howard, South Easton. Frank A. Homer, Jr., Wilbraham. John Ivillian, Brimfield. Howard M. Estes, Windsor. Elmer S. Howard, South Easton. Poultry Club. J. Harold Merrick, Wilbraham. Sidney Dorrington, Westfield. Alfred Praters, Rehoboth. Norman E. Hall, Pratts Junction. Le\\'is G. Kelley, Marlborough. John Mastoo, Ludlow. Rufus Putnam, Rutland. Alfred Seher, Westfield. Floyd Small, BerUn. Ralph WiUiams, Harwich. Rufus Eldredge, East Longmeadow. Sidney Melbourne, East Longmeadow. Charles Depoyan, Bridgewater. Charles Albro, Monson. Roy Mellen, Rutland. George Shumway, Monson. Gordon McKay, Taunton. 202 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Third Prize. Norman Whittaker, Saxonville. Arthur Clark, Eastham. Stanley DeQuoy, Georgetown. Ernest Phipps, Holliston. Forrest Paige, Hardwick. Franklin G. Woodard, Marlborough. Murray Graves, Williamsburg. Edward Graves, Westhampton. Pig CM. First Prize. Willard Buckler, Pittsfield. Second Prize. Edmund Ferranti, West Bridgewater. Edward Fydenkeve, Amherst. William Hagan, Barre. John Howard, West Bridgewater. Homer Marsh, Dudley. Walter Miller, Methuen. John Rand, Wilbraham. Harry Rice, South Sudbury. Wilfrid Selkeld, Petersham. Herbert Tupper, North Wilbraham. Harold Turner, North Reading. C. Wilson Walker, Marlborough. Willard Buckler, Pittsfield. Pearl Howard, Barre. Third Prize. Herbert Townsend, Shelburne Falls. Robert Wells, Cummington. Dean Eldridge, Amherst. Harold A. Legare, Petersham. Merrill E. Flagg, North Orange. Kenneth Spring, Orange. Ray Thompson, Barre. Charles Merrick, Wilbraham. Arthur Lincoln, Raynham. Ralph Williams, Harwich. John Reagan, West Bridgewater. Myron Gale, Amherst. John E. Connors, Raynham. David U. Law, Lynnfield. Gertrude Cummings, North Sudbury. Mildred Wood, Merrimac. Barbara Priest, Middleton. Gladys Harlow, North Easton. Mary Devine, Amherst. Juha Davidson, Auburn. Merna Van Buskirk, Bellingham. Part I.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 203 Awards made to Cities, Towns and Schools. Cities: — First, Brockton. Score 941. Second, Lynn. Score 840. City schools: — First, Brockton High. Score 1,569. Second, AA^iltham North Grammar. Score 1,493. Towns over 7,500: — First, Milton. Score 840. Second, North Attleborough. Score 606. Towns less than 7,500: — First, Hadley. Score 1,232. Second, Groton. Score 879. Village schools: — First, Wilbraham. Score 1,273. Second, North Hadley. Score 1,250. Possible score in above cases, 2,000. Exhibition at Springfield. The boys and girls of ^Massachusetts held an exhibition of products in conjunction with the Eastern States Agricultural and Industrial Exposition at Springfield, Massachusetts, Octo- ber 13 to 20, 1916. The products were displayed in a building erected and arranged for this purpose. The following extracts from the New England Journal of Education, November 2, 1916, may indicate the general character and significance of that exhibition : — The exhibits included all the common products of the garden and field, as well as articles of such handiwork as clothing, fancy needlework, cookery, canned goods, photographs of many activities and written stories of individual effort. The long tables covered with corn, potatoes, beans, bread, eggs and the hundred other things, the long line of tastefully made garments, the extensive bank of canned fruits and vegetables, — all made an impressive sight. Its significance is deepened, however, by the re- flection that this great exhibit was the outcome of several years of effort in the promotion of this new type of education. Every loaf of bread, every sample of corn or potatoes, every cluster of fruit jars or of canned vegetables, every cackling hen, every squealing pig, was the objective embodiment of an accompHshment, — an accomplishment attained by some one of the many thousands of individuals enjoying the benefits of this sort of education. Every "vsTitten story exhibited contained a record of some boy's or girl's success. 204 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. In addition to this extensive display of products, the 13th of October was devoted to exhibitions of strength, skill and mental ability on the part of the boys and girls themselves. The program of the day was divided between the phj^sical and the mental. The physical events included such contests as running, jumping, throwing, lifting, chinning, etc. The mental activities consisted of com- petitive judging and competitive demonstrations. The judging and demonstrating were done by teams from different States or counties. There was also judging among individual competitors for prizes. In this prize-winning battle of boy and girl wits, the contestants passed judgment upon the merits of market gardens, exhibits of corn, potatoes, canned goods, bread, garment work, poultry, pigs and dairy cattle. Each competitor recorded his judgment on a score card, which was checked up and compared with the judgment of some expert in each line. Tliis judg- ing process, wherein the mind of the boy or girl is alive to the good and bad points of an article under inspection, is greatly superior to the mere display of an inert object on exliibition. It is a more vital aspect of this type of education. Another aspect of the work of this memorable day was the competitive demonstrations. In these contests the boys and girls worked in teams and as individuals. They showed how to prepare, sterilize and seal fruits and vegetables for home use, how to plan, cut and sew a garment, how to make bread, how to obtain and care for the various milk products, how to cut up a pig's carcass, how to plan and build various structures of wood, how to handle eggs, how to kill and dress poultry, how to select and care for seed corn, how to select and pre- pare potatoes for planting, how to cleanse utensils for handling milk, how to tie knots, and, above all, how to talk about the demonstration wliile it was being made. The demonstrations indicated above are the crowning arch in this type of education. . . . The merit of it all lies in the fact that such common things and such homely activities lend them- selves so readily to the methods and purposes of education. The home arts and the outdoor crafts have been in all ages the chief means of pre- paring the young to participate in the activities of adult life. . . . The boys' and girls' share in the Eastern States Exposition represented an effort to show how this wealth of material may be utilized by the schools for highly educative ends. Recommendations. From a survey of the many features of the Boys' and Girls' Club, the following points seem w^orthy of special note: — 1. Summer supervision should be developed to the greatest possible extent, possibly by means of State or Federal aid. 2. The Children's and Youths' Department of the Agricul- Part L] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 205 tural and Horticultural Societies is to be commended and should be continued. 3. The law granting the bounty to the Children's and Youths' Department should be amended so as to permit the society paying premiums in this Department in excess of the $200 bounty to be reimbursed for the excess; provided, that the total reimbursement for all premiums paid to children and adults shall not exceed the amounts now allowed by law. 4. Local exhibitions of products and demonstrations of work should be encouraged. 5. It seems inadvisable to hold two State-wide exhibitions the same year. 6. The work of the Boys' and Girls' Clubs should be broad- ened so as to include Insect Clubs and Bird Clubs. This might be done by amending the law relative to insect control in such a way as to allow bounties to members of these clubs for gathering insect eggs and cocoons. One town cleared itself of tent caterpillars by paying the children at the rate of one cent for ten nests. The function of the Bird Club would be one of preservation rather than of destruction. 7. The plan of awarding prizes should be so modified that a person who wins a first prize should be required to compete in a different club thereafter, or increase his enterprise by a good margin if he wishes to compete in the same club twice. Financial Statement, November 30, 1916. Appropriation (through Board of Agriculture), . . $2,000 00 Cash prizes, . . 546 50 Cups, badges, buttons and ribbons, .... . . 429 46 Prize trips, . . 962 99 Printing, judging, storage, . . 61 12 Overdraft, . . . 07 Respectfully submitted, W. R. HART, Specialist in Charge of Boys' and Girls' Club Work. Amherst, Mas8achx73ETT8, December 4, 1916. fiis'a:n'cial retue:n's AND Analysis of Premiums and Gratuities OF THE INCORPORATED AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, WITH MEMBERSHIP AND INSTITUTES, For the Year 1916. 208 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Financial Returns of the Incorporated SOCIETIES. Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricul- tural and Horticultural), . Barnstable County, Blackstone Valley, Deerfield Valley, . . . Eastern Hampden, Essex, ..... Franklin County, . Hampshire, .... Hampshire, Franklin and Hamp- den, ..... Highland, .... Hillside Hingham (Agricultural and Hor- ticultural), .... Hoosac Valley, Housatonic, .... Lenox Horticultural, Marshfield (Agricultural and Hor- ticultural), .... Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts Horticultural, ^Massachusetts Society for Promofr ing Agriculture, ■* Middlesex North, . Middlesex South, . Nantucket, .... Oxford, Plymouth County, Quannapowitt (Association), West Taunton, Weymouth (Agricultural and In- dustrial), .... Worcester, .... Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Association), Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical Association), Worcester South, . Worcester County West, 1881 1844 1884 1871 1856 1818 1850 1814 1818 1859 1883 1867 1860 1848 1910 1867 1859 1829 1792 1855 1854 1856 1888 1819 1909 1913 1891 1818 1913 1867 1855 1851 C 3 M < 81,002 32 1,740 00 3,000 00 4,094 01 3,000 00 4,527 20 1,000 00 3,255 26 8,141 29 3,262 00 3,113 32 17,406 15 2,006 00 6,335 33 2,103 33 3,755 33 4,552 17 525 00 3,000 00 3,000 00 3,500 00 4,400 00 800 00 1,000 00 100 29 10,270 00 7,730 00 3,602 63 3,400 00 3,127 40 3,175 00 $119,924 03 T3 C3 ^ o ©5 S g >!BCQ 1 S8,421 69 2 12,476 1 9,326 15 1 9,750 00 1 20,350 00 * 4,400 00 6 24,825 00 1 6,125 00 1 33,050 00 1 3,120 00 1 5,620 50 8 3,900 00 1 15,000 00 6 29,940 68 112,793 97 1 16,700 00 ' 3 4,778 35 »< 815,175 10 1' 6,831 77 1 15,200 00 18 3,500 00 I 11,625 00 II 2,231 93 1 36,727 83 111,708 20 19 15,450 00 2 103,484 05 2 0 48,349 70 18 15,000 00 1 21,950 00 18 9,100 00 $1,316,911 80 Assets. $8,497 96 12,671 97 9,647 17 9,933 28 20,622 90 4,703 68 24,940 14 6,125 00 33,173 52 3,244 58 6,272 67 3,924 85 15,012 50 29,980 82 3,074 94 16,700 00 5,001 24 877,156 07 7,086 85 15,566 77 3,651 01 11,641 91 2,239 68 37,013 68 1,795 81 15,455 85 103,802 27 50,952 10 15,001 09 22,007 64 9,121 12 $1,386,019 07 $7,896 69 10,000 00 9,226 15 9,500 00 20,050 00 5 3,400 00 23,825 00 6,075 00 32,450 00 3,000 00 5,250 50 2,500 00 14,700 00 29,000 00 16,000 00 2,750 00 518,564 63 15,000 00 3,500 00 11,000 00 36,127 83 15,000 00 90,258 88 47.599 70 15,000 00 20.600 00 8,000 00 $50 00 3,216 ! 200 00 $976,274 38 $3,468 80 1 Invested in real estate, crockery, tables, etc. 2 Invested in real estate, trust fund, crockery, tables, etc. 3 Trust funds. * Invested in a mortgage, crockery, tables, etc. 5 Mortgage. 5 Invested in real estate and stocks. ' And interest. 8 Invested in real estate, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc. ' Invested in real estate, stocks, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc, 10 Stock. Part I. RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 209 Societies for THE Year ending Nov. 30, 1016. Assets — Concluded. Ll\bilities. 4 to o i3 3 to a o 3 •a "O § s m ro C-l .-3 S ■o U) rs a a a 3 a 03 Ui o _3 K 33 '■5 a 1 O So 3 1 1 o £3 _2 3 s U) o o M CQ O a O H fh O S 2 $525 00 $76 27 $2,252 34 $152 34 $1,500 00 $600 00 1 - 3 $1,951 88 525 00 $30 00 165 09 2,094 34 $169 60 124 74 - 1,800 00 2 - - 100 00 - 32102 3,792 50 - 92 50 2,500 00 1,200 00 3 - - 250 00 148 00 35 28 1,550 00 - - 1,550 00 4 - - 300 00 42 50 230 40 7,759 00 - 110 00 5,049 00 2,600 00 5 - - 1,000 00 - 303 68 3,600 00 - - _ 3,600 00 6 $1,000 00 - - 50 00 65 14 6,332 70 - 132 70 1,300 00 4,900 00 7 - - 50 00 - - 3,225 00 - - 750 00 2,475 00 8 _ - 600 00 - 123 52 6,500 00 - _ 4,000 00 2,500 00 9 - - 120 00 - 124 58 - - - - - 10 - - 370 00 - 652 17 256 77 - - - ' 256 77 11 _ 500 00 900 00 _ 24 85 _ _ _ _ _ 12 - - 300 00 - 12 50 12,412 59 - 749 99 9,000 00 2,662 60 13 500 00 15 68 425 00 - 40 14 2,846 56 - 50 00 - "2,796 56 14 - 2,368 97 425 00 - 280 97 - - - - 15 _ _ 700 00 - _ 4,306 50 6 50 12 800 00 _ 3,500 00 16 - 1,778 35 200 00 8.00 214 89 25 00 - 25 00 - - 17 278,000 00 - "54,610 47 - 25,980 97 - - - - 18 _ 3,614 97 ~ ~ 255 08 - _ - - : 19 20 - - 200 00 300 00 66 77 16,491 23 25125 1,239 98 12,000 00 3,000 00 21 — — — — 15101 — — - — — 22 - - 625 00 - 16 91 2,625 00 - - 2,500 00 125 00 23 - 2,192 93 39 00 - 7 75 - - - - 24 - - 600 00 125 00 160 95 19,425 32 - 1,775 32 13,400 00 4,250 00 25 - 669 04 1,039 16 12 00 75 61 - - - - - 26 _ - 450 00 _ 5 85 4,305 57 _ 645 57 3,500 00 160 00 27 - 11,286 81 1,938 36 - 318 22 5,000 00 - - - 5,000 00 28 - 750 00 2,048 30 554 10 44,287 56 - 1,311 61 9,000 00 33,975 95 29 _ _ _ 109 3,711 93 _ 66193 3,050 00 _ 30 - - 1,350 00 35 00 22 64 7,992 38 202 75 - - 7,789 63 31 - 400 00 500 00 - 21 12 1 - - - - 32 $279,50000 $25,528 63 $68,141 99 $2,798 80 $30,308 57 $160,792 29 $630 10 $7,871 68 $87,549 00 $84,741 51 1 1 Invested in bank funds, crockery, tables, etc. >J Estimated. 13 Invested in real estate, notes, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc. '* Invested in real estate, library, stocks, bonds, crockery, tables, etc. J' Includes library, $45,110.47. ' « Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns. 1' Invested in notes and bank funds. 1 > Invested in real estate. '• Invested in notes, crockery, tables, etc. " Invested in real estate and bank funds. 210 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Financial Returns of the Incorporated Societies SOCIETIES. Receipts. 1 g. 2 c il s a i '3 >. jjW dlffl 6-73 « s .2 fe 1 -^ £3 £-3 ■s ■$ ^ p a p c fe c ^ .2 Q o H « a «3 0 c c« ^ m c c 'z Q W O 1 Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Hor- ticultural), $3,571 10 $896 30 - - $3 00 $70 00 - $1,282 50 2 Barnstable County, 14,655 77 966 50 $307 27 - 30 00 2,336 00 $659 20 4,219 75 3 Blackstone Valley, 7,023 71 1,000 00 - - 33 00 42 00 100 50 2,326 71 4 Deerfield Valley, . 2,225 85 908 60 - - 10 00 - 255 00 76 85 5 Eastern Hampden, 4,834 09 1,000 00 - - 20 00 25 50 432 00 2,227 60 6 Essex, .... 6,993 77 940 50 1 247 18 - 24 00 1,826 00 154 50 1,300 50 7 Franklin County, 16,910 33 1,000 00 - $50 00 40100 49 00 645 00 6,639 00 8 Hampshire, . 2,412 13 87170 - - 45 00 330 99 103 50 572 00 9 Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . 17,280 66 1,000 00 - - 178 50 - 51150 6,307 25 10 Highland, 1,246 50 929 65 - - 17 00 - 35 00 207 85 11 Hillside, 2,261 37 1,000 00 - - 7 00 - 26 00 919 75 12 Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural), . 1,470 20 95145 27 10 - 105 00 2135 - - 13 Hoosac Valley, 6,550 15 709 40 2,287 60 - - - 642 75 2,253 30 14 Housatonic, . 14,173 94 1,000 00 60 25 00 216 00 1,567 00 5 75 5,001 75 15 Lenox Horticultural, 1,566 00 713 43 99 32 - 282 00 188 00 - 283 25 16 Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural), . 13,194 54 853 10 4 82 - 120 00 - 1,884 00 2 4,606 76 17 Martha's Vineyard, 1,524 63 935 32 73 95 - - 170 - 324 26 18 Massachusetts Horticul- tural, .... 30,169 69 1,000 00 322 44 12,040 00 340 00 * 8,408 75 - 3,772 25 19 Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agri- culture, ^ - - - - - - - - 20 Middlesex North, . 1,210 26 800 42 286 84 - 27 00 - - - 21 Middlesex South, . 5,774 16 1,000 00 - - - 159 20 670 25 1,776 50 22 Nantucket, . 1,856 42 893 75 - - 34 00 45 00 75 00 565 04 23 Oxford, .... 4,710 84 939 75 - - 20 00 - 627 35 1,911 50 24 Plymouth County, 902 52 624 45 94 72 - - 183 35 - - 25 Quannapowitt (Associa- tion), .... 20,925 40 1,000 00 - - - - 527 00 2,788 75 26 West Taunton, 1,174 50 340 80 25 96 - - - 9 50 323 56 27 Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial),. 5,373 73 844 80 - - 10 00 30 90 412 80 3,043 20 28 Worcester, 43,154 01 935 25 482 00 - 95 00 11181 2,464 65 22,028 60 29 Worcester North (Agri- cultural and Driving Association), 12,693 81 984 62 - - - 154 30 98 90 2 6,198 20 30 Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Me- chanical Association), 12,074 13 1,000 00 - - 253 00 95 50 1,880 75 6,590 50 31 Worcester South, . 6,794 55 953 25 - - 13 00 2 70 1,017 30 2,800 05 32 Worcester County West, 6,256 44 911 10 10 00 - 10 00 40 00 327 70 2,558 25 $270,96520 $27,904 14 $4,26980 $12,11500 $2,29350 $15,68905 $13,56590 $92,90548 1 Income from mortgage. 2 Includes grandstand receipts. 3 Included in gate receipts. * Includes legacy, $5; fund, $1,500; subscription, $1,775. Part I.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 211 FOR THE Yeah ending Nov. 30, 1916 — Concluded. Receipts — Concluded. EXPEXDITURES. a 1 a 6 •73 C a 1 3 s T3 to B 3 c8 -3 . d a ■| C si _0 «a "3 . f^s a w c o, 2S o a o3h 6 "3 o 11 • a J) Hi a s 1 O a o < H £ z u fe ;3 t— 1 < $463 10 $856 20 $3,494 89 $996 80 $288 83 $1,722 55 $8100 S405 71 1 $1,470 65 1,213 75 3,452 65 14,490 68 1,169 45 2,885 40 7,637 86 $9 65 8100 2,707 32 2 985 50 165 00 2,371 00 7,267 11 1,346 50 260 78 3,070 74 - 130 00 2,459 09 3 126 75 144 50 19 15 3,285 35 1,745 45 337 44 695 71 4 50 30 00 472 25 4 185 25 476 75 466 99 4,603 69 1,167 35 324 50 915 84 - 333 50 1,862 50 5 - 19150 2,309 59 6,827 11 1,306 75 2,288 90 2,260 07 12 75 148 30 810 34 6 982 75 1,181 20 5,962 38 16,845 19 3,335 40 5,599 77 5,052 90 10 00 185 81 2,661 31 7 18 20 80 34 390 40 2,412 19 1,087 50 47 97 - - 210 30 1,066 42 8 1,387 25 1,442 75 6,453 41 17,157 14 3,774 75 6,292 25 1,464 10 _ 97 46 5,528 58 9 - 25 50 3150 1,266 55 951 10 - 315 45 - - 10 28 05 180 50 100 07 1,791 70 1,077 55 102 25 57159 - 6 31 34 00 11 - 257 50 107 80 1,458 64 1,004 92 6182 17108 _ _ 220 82 12 357 35 176 50 123 25 6,537 65 737 60 76 02 832 00 9 00 583 50 4,299 53 13 1,799 75 2,853 00 1,705 09 14,573 32 6,130 75 1,269 81 7,160 16 - 12 60 - 14 - - - 1,514 21 953 25 - 560 96 - - - 15 1 - 817 56 4,908 30 13,724 39 966 05 700 00 1,388 90 20 00 160 00 10,489 44 16 - - 189 40 1,375 30 927 85 - 305 00 - - 142 45 17 - 4,286 25 - 23,489 39 8,091 75 506 17 14,891 47 - - - 18 - - 6 96 00 1,091 98 840 70 - 207 78 43 50 - - 19 20 94 00 464 69 1,609 52 5,707 39 2,501 15 - 588 33 ' 1,576 99 1,040 92 21 24 50 60 40 158 73 2,408 70 1,086 25 442 80 256 17 - - 623 48 22 716 00 184 00 312 24 4,693 93 1,068 75 192 46 1,407 27 - 125 00 1,900 45 23 - - - 857 85 778 85 - 67 00 - - 12 00 24 509 75 706 50 15,393 40 20,764 55 1,053 50 40144 5,171 13 _ 35195 13,786 53 25 - 18 00 456 68 1,107 42 345 25 249 82 74 20 - - 438 15 26 220 50 207 79 603 74 5,376 71 870 80 620 85 3,139 22 _ 199 00 546 84 27 3,334 25 5,279 72 8,422 73 42,835 79 10,456 76 3,015 97 27,856 47 10 00 215 65 1,280 94 28 3 _ 858 95 4,398 84 11,587 10 1,028 77 1,048 60 105 04 4 00 2,296 15 7,104 54 29 1,036 50 1,093 35 124 53 12,073 04 1,011 00 1,511 63 7,422 00 26125 1,867 16 30 524 00 545 00 939 25 7,257 45 4,359 78 - 1,921 73 15 00 269 38 69156 31 537 35 697 30 1,164 74 5.835 32 1,691 25 331 18 2,101 21 12 00 1,152 90 546 78 32 $14,338 35 $24,071 40 $63,127 58 $263,71173 $63,863 58 $28,856 66 $99,333 93 $150 40 $8,508 05 $62,999 11 5 Represented on the Board bj^ sp)eciai enactment, and makes no returns. • Payment on note. ' And notes. 212 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered, awarded SOCIETIES. Total Premiums and Gratuities. Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul- tural) Barnstable County, ....... Blackstone Valley, Deerfield Valley, Eastern Hampden, Essex, .......... Franklin County, Hampshire, ......... Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . . . . Highland, ......... HUlside, Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural), . Hoosac Valley, ........ Housatonic, Lenox Horticultural, ....... Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural), Martha's Vineyard, ....... Massachusetts Horticultural, . . . _ . Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, i Middlesex North, Middlesex South Nantucket, Oxford, Plymouth County, Quannapowitt (Association), West Taunton, Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial), Worcester, . . . . . . . . _ . Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa- tion), Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical As- sociation) Worcester South, Worcester County West, SI, 864 05 2,305 50 1,909 75 1,260 50 1,948 25 2,167 00 3,167 25 2,024 25 2,569 25 1,009 30 1,290 00 1,323 30 1,904 75 3,666 95 1,308 00 1,456 00 945 40 11,138 50 1,034 30 2,027 20 1,396 50 1,664 45 726 50 1,338 50 375 90 1,502 25 11,711 25 2,679 65 2,215 50 2,204 25 1,277 30 $73,411 55 S874 40 1,171 05 1,104 00 857 45 960 85 1,109 25 1,584 65 906 25 2,145 75 740 40 861 45 828 22 582 85 2,609 70 836 00 848 35 799 65 7,750 00 679 75 1,236 70 937 75 929 80 723 45 933 25 294 75 753 45 7,423 75 977 55 931 00 1,279 00 792 70 $874 40 1,015 70 1,055 75 857 45 960 85 1,109 25 1,584 65 906 25 2,145 75 740 40 861 45 828 22 582 85 2,609 70 836 00 843 20 799 65 7,750 00 679 75 985 45 937 75 929 80 723 45 933 25 294 75 723 65 7,423 75 977 55 931 00 946 90 792 70 $44,463 17 $43,641 27 1 Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns. Part I. RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 213 ANT) PAID, AXD I NSTITUTES HELD, I.V THE Y EAR ENDING No\ '. 30, 1916. Faums, Farm Improve- Farm AND Pet Stock. Field and Garden ~~ MENT, ETU CROPS. ■?" ■o "d •6 o ■3 O 0) ■a "5 (11 a ;2 C3 "2 ~ In 'f- "3 ta (S 'a in ';3 O ■< Ph O < fe O < f2 $1,220 00 $456 00 $456 00 1 $94 00 - - 1,183 50 483 50 414 75 $93 00 - _ 2 104 00 $98 00 $98 00 1,429 00 726 00 684 75 _ _ 3 120 00 115 00 115 00 954 00 584 00 584 00 - _ _ 4 237 00 104 00 104 00 1,123 00 486 50 486 50 _ _ _ 5 54 00 34 00 34 00 1,189 75 600 00 600 00 186 00 S6 00 $6 00 6 101 00 101 00 101 00 2,496 00 1,116 75 1,116 75 7 - - - 1,532 00 564 50 564 50 - _ _ 8 215 00 215 00 215 00 1,612 25 1,479 25 1,479 25 - - _ 9 - - - 765 50 538 25 538 25 - - _ 10 100 00 90 00 90 00 867 00 569 95 569 95 _ _ _ 11 - - - 350 00 182 12 182 12 34 00 _ _ 12 - - - 1,371 00 323 00 323 00 - _ _ 13 - - - 1,855 00 1,398 25 1,398 25 277 00 255 00 255 00 14 50 00 - - - - - - - 15 100 00 - - 748 50 460 50 459 00 85 50 _ _ 16 9 00 3 00 3 00 617 90 481 60 481 60 - - 17 18 110 50 60 25 60 25 334 00 212 25 212 25 - - - 19 20 40 00 13 00 13 00 1,397 00 928 75 677 50 _ _ _ 21 123 00 32 00 32 00 743 75 629 25 629 25 162 00 91 00 91 00 22 73 00 40 00 40 00 1,285 50 661 00 661 00 23 28 00 28 00 28 00 452 50 466 75 466 75 15 75 7 00 7 00 24 30 00 23 00 23 00 620 00 263 00 263 00 - 25 - - - 58 25 40 00 40 00 _ _ _ 26 - - - 1,020 00 513 60 489 60 - _ _ 27 - - - 10,462 00 6.463 75 6,463 75 70 00 70 00 70 00 28 - - - 2,182 00 664 50 664 50 - - - 29 96 00 49 00 49 00 1,626 00 578 00 578 00 _ _ _ 30 186 00 115 00 49 00 1,513 50 739 80 654 60 _ _ _ 31 107 00 64 00 64 00 877 50 510 50 510 50 - - - 32 $1,977 50 $1,184 25 $1,118 25 $41,886 40 $23,121 32 $22,649 37 $923 25 $429 00 $429 00 214 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered, awarded and SOCIETIES. Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticultural), . . . . Barnstable County, .... Blackstone Valley, .... Deerfield Valley Eastern Hampden, .... Essex Franklin County, .... Hampshire, ...... Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . Highland, ...... Hillside, Hingham (Agricultural and Horticul- tural), Hoosac Valley Housatonic, ...... Lenox Horticultural, .... Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul- tural), ...... Martha's Vineyard, .... Massachusetts Horticultural, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture,' Middlesex North, Middlesex South, Nantucket, Oxford, Plymouth County, . Quannapowitt (Association), West Taunton, Weymouth (Agricultural and Indus- trial) , . Worcester, ...... Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Association), Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical Association), . Worcester South, Worcester County West, Farm and Garden Products. $324 05 435 75 189 75 73 50 400 75 403 00 341 50 282 75 474 00 109 75 104 00 736 05 119 75 539 25 1,258 00 240 00 140 00 11,078 50 260 80 346 25 203 00 125 50 113 75 148 50 257 65 228 25 902 00 351 50 366 50 191 75 178 25 $206 15 261 00 172 25 60 25 260 95 262 25 255 25 181 00 241 75 89 75 72 75 465 30 49 75 304 95 836 00 155 35 127 50 7,750 00 194 75 127 90 70 25 96 25 87 50 112 00 199 75 123 60 673 00 237 00 234 00 146 60 140 20 $20,924 05 $14,195 00 $14,052 20 $206 15 203 70 172 25 60 25 260 95 262 25 255 25 181 00 241 75 89 75 72 75' 465 30 49 75 304 95 836 00 151 90 127 50 7,750 00 194 75 127 90 70 25 96 25 87 50 112 00 199 75 117 80 673 00 237 00 234 00 70 35 140 20 Dairy Products. $3 25 11 00 10 00 12 00 32 00 7 00 57 00 19 00 36 00 5 00 4 00 3 50 18 00 40 00 12 00 10 00 16 00 12 00 75 6 50 22 00 11 00 23 00 14 00 $385 00 $8 00 5 00 6 00 26 00 4 00 43 00 13 75 18 00 5 00 2 50 3 00 4 00 40 00 4 50 12 60 3 00 3 00 50 13 00 4 00 23 00 10 00 $251 85 $8 00 5 00 6 00 26 00 4 00 43 00 13 75 18 00 5 00 2 50 3 00 4 00 40 00 4 50 12 60 3 00 3 00 50 13 00 4 00 5 00 10 00 $233 85 ' Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns. Part I.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 215 PAID, AND Institutes held, in the Year ending Nov. 30, 1916 — Continued. Domestic Manufactures. Agricultural Implements. Grange Exhibits. i -a 12 0) ■a OS •ji •6 -0 ^ ta j; '3 ta '«■ "n te '3 C < C4 O ■< d, O < ti. $180 75 $147 25 1147 25 $90 00 $65 00 $65 00 1 375 25 363 30 340 00 - - - 40 00 - - 2 142 00 82 75 75 75 - - - 35 00 20 00 20 00 3 96 00 89 85 89 85 - - - - - - 4 92 50 83 40 83 40 - - - 45 00 - - 5 94 25 48 00 48 00 $28 00 $5 00 S5 00 205 00 150 00 150 00 6 121 75 68 65 68 65 - - - 50 00 - - 7 80 50 67 00 67 00 - - - 110 00 80 00 80 00 8 157 00 136 75 136 75 - - - 75 00 55 00 55 00 9 129 05 107 40 107 40 - - ~ - - - 10 190 00 114 25 114 25 - - 25 00 12 00 12 00 11 149 75 147 80 147 80 _ _ _ 50 00 30 00 30 00 12 390 00 202 10 202 10 6 00 4 00 4 00 - - - 13 825 70 496 50 496 50 : _ _ 130 00 115 00 115 00 14 15 240 00 203 00 202 80 _ _ _ 30 00 25 00 25 00 16 168 50 174 95 174 95 - - : : - ~ 17 18 114 00 77 50 77 50 - - - 45 00 - - 10 29 118 95 77 05 77 05 - ■- - 125 00 90 00 90 00 21 140 75 112 25 112 25 - - - - - - 22 118 45 89 55 89 55 - - - 50 00 40 00 40 00 23 66 50 84-20 84 20 - - - 50 00 50 00 50 00 24 110 00 105 25 105 25 - - - 430 00 430 00 430 00 25 59 25 54 50 54 50 - - - - - - 26 197 50 96 25 96 25 _ _ _ 50 00 20 00 20 00 27 255 25 204 00 204 00 - - - - - - 28 146 15 76 05 76 05 - - - - - - 29 116 00 66 00 66 00 _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 170 00 134 60 62 95 - - - 120 00 120 00 105 00 31 100 55 68 00 68 00 - - - - - - 32 $5,146 35 $3,778 15 $3,676 00 $34 OO $9 00 $9 00 $1,755 00 $1,302 00 $1,287 00 216 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered, awarded and SOCIETIES. Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticultural), . . . . Barnstable County, .... Blackstone Valley, .... Deerfield Valley, ..... Eastern Hampden, .... Essex Franklin County, .... Hampshire, ...... Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . Highland, ...... Hillside . ■Hingham (Agricultural and Horticul- tural), ...... Hoosac Valley, Housatonic, ...... Lenox Horticultural, .... Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul- tural), Martha's Vineyard, . . . . Massachusetts Horticultural, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, 2 . . . . . Middlesex North, .... Middlesex South, Nantucket, ...... Oxford, ....... Plymouth County, . Quannapowitt (Association), West Taunton, Weymouth (Agricultural and Indus- trial), Worcester, Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Association), Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical Association), . Worcester South, Worcester County West, All Other Objects Strictly Agricultural. $46 00 73 00 5 00 18 00 15 00 > 170 00 8 00 $335 00 $55 25 2 35 15 00 > 135 00 $207 60 $49 25 2 35 15 00 3 135 00 $201 60 G bfi •-5-S o ^ < $525 00 50 00 255 00 425 00 645 00 103 50 511 50 10 00 635 00 1,555 00 1,830 00 480 00 90 00 590 00 460 00 350 00 590 00 420 00 1,880 75 1,010 00 299 00 $12,714 75 $1,632 00 326 00 740 00 1,022 50 1,540 00 318 75 1,629 00 40 00 1,540 00 3,390 00 3,720 00 1,280 00 300 00 1,200 00 960 00 3,028 25 1,675 00 3,260 00 2,350 00 750 00 $32,646 40 ag OS $753 51 154 75 65 75 50 00 31 60 6 00 425 00 172 58 58 25 5 00 28 00 40 81 ♦40 00 342 16 783 77 228 85 189 81 3,175 84 1 Estimated. 2 Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns. RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 217 PAID, AND Institutes held, in the Year ending Nov. 30, 1916 — Conclufhrl. o NtTMBER OP Per- sons RECEFVING. si Number or Members. 1 o hi .2 3o (2 . 3 a g a C5 -a c U m m °|:2 ts 0-3 < ll 3 a .2 '3 B 0 a> 0 3 -J3 .a 2 e 3 o o n< £ 1 3h^ So 3 ■s 3'S gM < £ O z < s (2 H 'Z < 263 12 $232 00 184 36 220 4 55 1 $1,063 12 185 169 12 - 201 161 362 4 64 2 1,233 90 166 12 10 5 00 287 256 543 1 63 3 250 00 ■200 - 24 12 00 983 263 1,246 3 124 4 840 00 148 17 21 91 35 316 163 479 1 75 5 - 249 21 24 - 760 16 776 8 176 6 625 GO 300 36 14 44 00 1,000 50 1,050 5 54 7 290 00 210 1 15 - 250 180 430 - - 8 2.109 37 447 - 28 67 00 738 250 988 2 72 9 - 181 - 16 - 235 136 371 3 76 10 - 218 - 17 - 643 41 684 1 80 11 _ 300 215 8 _ 396 131 527 3 60 12 386 00 182 - 9 15 10 377 15 392 - - 13 1,367 45 468 - 14 474 65 1,851 92 1,943 3 77 14 - 37 - 7 24 50 115 22 137 1 30 15 1,099 00 196 144 27 50 528 310 - 838 3 57 16 75 00 60 147 6 3 15 65 72 137 3 36 17 - 306 76 75 721 00 733 194 927 11 166 18 - 186 10 12 75 599 270 869 7 104 19 20 155 00 382 15 22 75 00 137 114 251 2 137 21 - 138 - 1 - 219 423 642 4 35 22 743 80 184 - 14 - 329 262 591 2 225 23 - 457 145 14 - 470 439 909 1 48 24 659 20 286 4 18 - 12 - 12 1 50 25 10 00 137 9 8 - 54 11 65 2 45 26 593 00 302 54 13 _ 495 13 508 3 128 27 7,744 43 324 10 72 1,687 50 1,553 248 1,801 2 32 28 1,067 81 537 25 15 5 60 56 1 57 6 73 29 1,434 75 170 _ 21 46 75 430 214 644 2 47 30 1,213 60 112 85 12 - 530 742 1,272 2 35 31 295 50 178 - 26 - 323 56 379 2 92 32 $23,255 93 7,331 1,195 587 $3,505 85 14,869 5,181 20.050 92 2,316 ' Decorated trucks with vegetables, fruit and flowers. ♦ Music. 218 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Analysis of Premiums offered, awarded and paid to SOCIETIES. Total Premiums. Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul- tural), Barnstable County, Blackstone Valley Deerfield Valley Eastern Hampden, Essex, .......... Franklin County, Hampshire, ......... Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . . . . Highland, Hillside, Hingham (Agricultural and Horticutural), . Hoosac Valley, Housatonic, ......... Lenox Horticultural, Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural), Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts Horticultural, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture,' Middlesex North Middlesex South, Nantucket, Oxford, Plymouth County, Quannapowitt (Association), West Taunton, . . . . _ . Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial), Worcester, ■ Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa- tion), • Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical As- sociation), ......... Worcester South, Worcester County West, $244 25 370 00 401 75 227 25 344 40 529 75 240 75 232 75 326 00 253 00 255 50 220 75 287 25 335 25 175 75 288 90 193 10 341 75 172 00 238 30 440 00 185 60 61 75 147 15 77 50 247 75 433 75 250 00 233 00 193 60 311 20 $122 40 158 00 212 00 122 25 206 50 197 50 149 75 181 25 278 25 170 70 201 10 156 50 145 25 131 10 117 25 124 20 124 75 341 75 161 70 194 25 148 50 138 95 55 40 120 25 50 50 117 35 299 75 170 30 80 00 170 00 128 00 $122 40 153 75 212 00 122 25 206 50 197 50 149 75 181 25 278 25 170 70 201 10 156 50 145 25 131 10 117 25 122 85 124 75 341 75 161 70 194 25 148 50 138 95 55 40 120 25 50 50 116 25 299 75 170 30 80 00 129 15 128 00 $8,259 75 $4,975 45 :,927 90 ' Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns. Part I. RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 219 Children axd Youths in the Year ending Nov. 30, 1916. Farms , Farm Improve- ment, ETC. Farm AND Pet Stock. Field and Garden Crops. 1 i ^' ■6 c8 -d i 03 "2 la if 3 ta 'f "a tel is '3 O < fS O <<. ^ O < fa $87 75 $38 50 $38 50 1 - - - 111 00 41 50 39 60 $30 00 - - 2 $10 00 $10 00 $10 00 198 25 88 25 88 25 - - - 3 _ - - 96 25 42 00 42 00 - - - 4 _ _ _ 157 00 86 00 86 00 - - - 5 62 00 _ _ 163 00 83 75 83 75 16 00 - - 6 _ _ 81 00 42 50 42 50 - - - 7 57 00 57 00 57 00 46 00 25 25 25 25 - - - 8 - 115 00 84 25 84 25 - - - 9 _ - - 58 00 57 50 57 50 - - - 10 _ _ _ 130 50 110 75 110 75 - - - 11 19 00 17 50 17 50 - - - 36 00 $8 00 $8 00 12 57 00 54 00 54 00 17 00 15 00 15 00 - - - 13 40 00 38 00 38 00 94 00 29 50 28 50 42 00 6 00 6 00 14 96 50 96 50 96 50 - - - - - - 15 - - 25 00 4 90 4 90 48 00 - - 16 - - - 17 00 57 75 57 75 - - - 17 - - - - - - - - - 18 _ _ _ _ - - - - - 19 52 00 66 00 66 00 32 50 20 00 20 00 - - - 20 37 50 22 25 22 25 - - - 21 64 00 16 00 16 00 107 00 43 25 43 25 12 00 - - 22 12 00 8 00 8 00 48 75 30 50 30 50 2 75 2 50 2 50 23 15 00 13 50 13 50 - - - 24 _ _ _ _ — — — — — 25 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - 26 90 00 31 00 31 00 15 00 11 00 11 00 - - - 27 - - 303 75 212 25 212 25 - - - 28 - - - 27 00 17 90 17 90 - - - 29 24 00 9 00 9 00 18 00 10 00 10 00 _ _ _ 30 12 00 12 00 12 00 77 50 70 50 52 00 - - - 31 18 00 6 00 6 00 163 00 50 50 50 50 - - - 32 $613 50 $421 00 $421 00 $2,241 75 $1,309 05 $1,287 55 $186 75 $16 50 $16 50 220 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Analysis of Peemiums offered, awarded and paid to Children SOCIETIES. Farm and Gabden Products. Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul- tural) Barnstable County, Blackstone Valley Deerfield Valley, Eastern Hampden, ........ Essex, Franklin County Hampshire, ......... Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden Highland, HiUside, Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural), . Hoosac Valley, ........ Housatonic Lenox Horticultural, ....... Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural), Martha's Vineyard, ....... Massachusetts Horticultural, . ' Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, ' Middlesex North, Middlesex South, Nantucket, ......... Oxford, .......... Plymouth County, ........ Quannapowitt (Association), West Taunton, Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial), Worcester, Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa- tion), Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical As- sociation) Worcester South Worcester County West, $92 25 113 50 91 25 66 25 107 75 113 25 92 00 49 00 77 50 71 75 50 00 100 00 100 25 45 50 51 25 135 90 123 35 341 75 58 50 97 05 123 00 48 85 21 50 103 40 56 25 104 00 113 00 125 00 83 75 49 00 80 75 S35 50 42 50 60 25 40 00 96 25 57 25 56 50 38 75 77 50 51 25 24 00 82 50 35 50 23 20 9 00 64 00 44 25 341 75 60 20 83 75 46 50 33 85 21 15 107 55 41 75 64 65 82 00 65 10 31 25 53 75 47 00 $35 50 41 25 60 25 40 00 96 25 57 25 56 50 38 75 77 50 51 25 24 00 82 50 35 50 23 20 9 00 63 65 44 25 341 75 60 20 83 75 46 50 33 85 21 15 107 55 41 75 64 05 82 00 65 10 31 25 39 90 47 00 $2,886 55 $1,918 45 $1,902 40 ' Apple-judging contest. 2 Bird houses, farm models and collections of insects and weeds, etc. 3 Corn, potato and stock judging. * Judging grains and vegetables, and records in egg and pork production, home economics and canning and marketing. Part I. RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 221 AND Youths in the Year ending Nov. 30, 191G — Concluded. Domestic Manufactures. All Other Objects Strictlt Agricultural. T3 rs •6 •§ t o ^ ■;o O 03 _-w ta E£ '« ta is o < a. O < (2 $64 25 $48 40 $48 40 1 115 50 74 00 73 00 - - - 2 102 25 53 50 53 50 - - - 3 34 50 25 25 25 25 $30 25 $15 00 $15 00 4 73 15 17 75 17 75 16 50 16 50 1 6 50 5 109 50 31 75 31 75 = 66 00 2 24 75 2 24 75 6 47 50 32 25 32 25 S20 25 »18 50 5 18 50 7 34 75 14 25 14 25 M6 00 M6 00 M6 00 8 109 50 97 00 97 00 5 24 00 6 19 50 6 19 50 9 123 25 61 95 61 95 _ 10 75 00 66 35 66 35 - - - 11 65 75 48 50 48 50 - - - 12 68 75 35 00 35 00 6 34 25 «5 75 «5 75 13 113 75 35 40 35 40 - - - 14 28 00 11 75 11 75 - - - 15 80 00 55 30 54 30 - - - 16 52 75 22 75 22 75 - - - 17 18 29 00 15 50 15 50 - - - 19 20 103 75 88 25 88 25 - - - 21 134 00 42 75 42 75 _ _ - 22 29 75 20 60 20 60 8 43 50 8 43 50 8 43 50 23 25 25 20 75 20 75 - - 24 43 75 12 70 12 70 _ - - 25 21 25 8 75 8 75 - - - 26 38 75 10 70 10 20 _ _ - 27 17 00 5 50 5 50 - - - 28 98 00 87 30 87 30 - - - 29 107 25 29 75 29 75 _ _ _ 30 55 10 33 75 25 25 - - - 31 49 45 24 50 24 50 - - - 32 $2,050 45 $1,131 95 $1,120 95 $270 75 $179 50 $179 50 ' Corn, potato and canned products judging, and horsemanship. • Includes scoring vegetables, $13.50. ' Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns. 8 Judging corn, potatoes and tomatoes. DIRECTORY OF THE Agricultural and Similar Organizations OF Massachusetts 1917 State Board of Agricultuee, 1917. Members ex Officiis. His Excellency SAMUEL W. McCALL. KEXYON L. BUTTERFIELD, President Massachusetts Agricultural College. LESTER H. HOWARD, Commissioner of Animal Industry. F. WILLIAM RANE, State Forester. WILFRID WHEELER, Secretary of the Board. Members appointed by the Governor and Council. Term expires' HENRY M. HOWARD of Newton (P. O., West Newton), 1917 EDWARD E. CHAPMAN of Ludlow 1918 FRANK P. NEWKIRK of Easthampton 1919 Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies Ameshury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticultural), Barnstable County, . Blackstone Valley, Deerfield Valley, Eastern Hampden, Essex, Franklin County, Hampshire, Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, Highland, .... Hillside, .... Hingham {Agricultural and Horticul- tural), .... Hoosac Valley, Housatonic, .... Lenox Horticultural, Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul- tural), .... Martha's Vineyard, . Massachusetts Horticultural, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, Middlesex North, Middlesex South, Nantucket, .... Oxford A. WILLIS BARTLETT of Salisbury, . JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable (P. O., West Barnstable), ..... JACOB A. WILLIAMS of Northbridge, STEPHEN W. HAWI\ES of Charlemont, OMER E. BRADWAY of Monson, FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen, GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jr., of Shelburne, HOWARD A. PARSONS of Amherst (P. O. North Amherst), .... CLARENCE E. HODGKINS of Northampton HARRY A. FORD of Dalton, ' . MILTON S. HOWES of Cummington (P. 0. Swift River) URBAN S. BATES of Hingham, . NATHAN B. FLOOD of North Adams, CHARLES W. FREEHAN of Great Barrington ALFRED H. WINGETT of Lenox, WALTER H. FAUNCE of Kingston, . JAMES F. ADAMS of West Tisbury, . EDWARD B. WILDER of Dorchester. NATHANIEL I. BOWDITCH of Framinghara, GEORGE W. TRULL of Tewksbury (P. O.. Lowell, R. F. D.) JOHN J. ERWIN of Wayland, . HERBERT G. WORTH of Nantucket. JOHN F. FREELAND of Sutton. 1917 1918 1917 1919 1917 1919 1918 1918 1917 1919 1919 1917 1917 1917 1919 1917 1918 1917 1917 1919 1919 1917 1918 ' First Tuesday in December. 226 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Term expires ' Plymouth County ERNEST LEACH of Bridgewater, . . 1919 Quannapowitt CALVERT H. PLAYDON, D.V.S., of Reading, 1918 West Taunton CHARLES I. KING of Taunton, . . 1919 Weymouth {Agricultural and Horticul- tural) HOWARD H. JOY of Weymouth (P. O., South Weymouth), 1917 Worcester CHARLES H. ELLSWORTH of Worcester, 1919 Worcester North {Agricultural and Driving Association), . . . HENRY D. CLARK, D.V.S., of Fitchburg, . 1917 Worcester Northwest {Agricultural and Mechanical) ALBERT ELLSWORTH of Athol, . . 1918 Worcester South WILLIAM E. PATRICK of Warren, . . 1918 Worcester County West, . . . LOUIS H. RUGGLES of Hardwick, . . 1919 Member chosen by the Massachusetts Federation of County Leagues and Farm Bureaus. L. L. RICHARDSON of Leominster 1918 ' First Tuesday in December. Part I.] AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 227 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD. President, First Vice-President, Second Vice-President, Secretary, OFFICERS. . His Excellency SAMUEL W. McCALL, ex officio. . JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable. . FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen. . WILFRID WHEELER of Concord. Office, Room 136, State House, Boston. Executive Committee. Messrs. Johx Bursley of Barnstable. O. E. Bradtnay of Monson. George W. Trull of Tewksbury. William E. Patrick of Warren. Frederick A. Russell of Methuen. Henry M. How.\rd of Newton. George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shfelburne. Jacob A. Williams of Northbridge. A. Willis Bartlett of Salisbury. Committee on Agricultural Societies. Messrs. O. E. Bradway of Monson. Albert Ellsworth of Athol. J.\C0B A. Williams of Northbridge. Herbert G. Worth of Nantucket. Howard A. Parsons of Amherst. Charles I. King of Taunton. Committee on Domestic Animals, Poultry and Dairy Products. Messrs. William E. Patrick of Warren. Herbert G. Worth of Nantucket. Henry D. Clark of Fitchburg. John F. Freeland of Sutton. Harry- A. Ford of Dal ton. Committee on the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College and the Massachu- setts Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Messrs. John Bursley of Barnstable. Frank P. Newkirk of Easthampton. William E. P.<.trick of Warren. John J. Erwin of Wayland. Charles W. Freehan of Great Bar- rington. COMMITTEES. Committee on Orcharding and Fruit Growing. ISIessrs. Frederick A. Russell of Methuen. Alfred H. Wingett of Lenox. Edward B. Wilder of Dorchester. Stephen W. Hawkes of Charlemont. Henry M. How.\rd of Newton. Committee on Grasses and Forage Crops. Messrs. George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shel- burne. U. S. Bates of Hingham. N. I. Bowditch of Framingham. Calvert H. Platdon of Reading. Ch.\rle8 H. Ellsworth of Worces- ter. Committee on Markets and Trans- portation. Messrs. A. Willis Bartlett of Salisbury. Charles I. King of Taunton. Nathan B. Flood of North Adams. Edward E. Chapman of Ludlow. Charles W. Freehan of Great Bar- rington. Committee on Farm Tools and Machinery. Messrs. Jacob A. Williams of Northbridge. Ernest Leach of Bridgewater. Clarence E. Hodqkins of North- ampton. H. H. Joy of Weymouth. Milton S. Howes of Cummington. 228 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. Committee on Institutes and Public Meetings. Messrs. George W. Trull of Tewksbury. James F. Adams of West Tisbury. George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shel- burne. Clarence E. Hodgkins of North- ampton. L. L. Richardson of Leominster. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. Messrs. Henry M. Howard of Newton. John J. Erwin of Wayland. Walter H. Fatjnce of Kingston. Clarence E. Hodgkins of North- ampton. Louis H. Ruggles of Hardwick. The Secretary is a member, ex officio, of the above committees. DAIRY BUREAU. Messrs. George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shelfeurne, 1917; O. E. Bradway of Monson, 1918; George W. Trull of Tewksbury, 1919. Executive Officer, ....... Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord. General Agent, . . . . . . . . P. M. Harwood of Barre. OfSce, Room 136, State House. STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. Henry T. Fehnald, Ph.D., of Amherst. STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. Edward Howe Forbush of Westborough. STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., of Amherst. Chemist, Entomologist, Botanist, Pomologist, Veterinarian, Engineer, . Agricultural Club Work, SPECIALISTS. J. B. Lindsey, C. H. Fernald, . A. Vincent Osmun, F. C. Sears, James B. Paige, William Wheeler, William R. Hart, Amherst. Amherst. Amherst. Amherst. Amherst. Concord. Amherst. Part I. AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 229 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Location, Amherst, Hampshire County. The Corporation. Members of the Corporation. Ch.vrles H. Preston of Danvers, . Frank A. Hosmer of Amherst, Davis R. Dewey of Cambridge, John F. Gannon of Worcester, Arthur G. Pollard of Lowell, George H. Ellis of West Newton, Elmer D. Howe of Marlborough, . Edmund Mortimer of Grafton, N.\th.a.niel I. BowDiTCH of Framingham, William Wheeler of Concord, Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, James F. Bacon of Boston, . Frank Gerrett of Greenfield, Harold L. Frost of Arlington, Term expires . 1918 . 1918 . 1919 . 1919 . 1920 . 1920 . 1921 . 1921 . 1922 . 1922 . 1923 . 1923 . 1924 . 1924 Members ex Officiis. His Excellency Samuel W. McCall President of the Corporation. Kenton L. Butterfield President of the College. P.^YSON Smith, . . . . . . ... State Commissioner of Education. Wilfrid Wheeler Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Officers op the Corporation. His Excellency Governor Samuel W. McCall of W'inchester, Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord, ..... Fred C. Kenney of Amherst, ..... Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, President. Vice-President. Secretary. Treasurer. Auditor. Examining Committee op Overseers from the State Board of Agriculture. John Burslet of Barnstable. Frank P. Newkirk of Easthampton. William E. Patrick of Warren. John J. Erwin of Wayland. Ch.*.rle3 W. Freeh an of Great Barrington. Mass.vchusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., . Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., . Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, F. C. Sears, Henry T. Fern.\ld, Ph.D., . James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S.. John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E., Director. Vice-Director. HorticuUuriat. . Pomologist. Entomologist, Veterinarian. Meteorologist. 230 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. s o < o Q <; o « H X E-i ;?: o Q Eh :?: H cc H « H . ■a f=^" o "i:^ W ffi O O ^ 00 _- I ^ ^ MM S ^ _; • ^ C en ^iJ § Ph M 03 g .9 ■5 ° — 9 «3 O :2 t E -2 • 3 . cS CO m Pi'fl . c3 a s :z ■- ^ pi CO ZO • •s b W 3 £ ^ K 9 ^^ >-5 1-5 -5 O JH ■Q -d m I* 9 ^ a ^ "3 1-^ a »5 ►i? 0) l=i hJ « •»< w -s ^ ; p. ^ B^ « -7^ c3 >,.s s; o -r) to ^ H^l >S ^'^ ^: 2 g 9 ^ S Q >> 2 "' "3 t: -c 9 -S" 9 « O 3 >H X! O K fe t) PQ £ o . o d m 9 ^ . Ph i-H c8 . - Jl a a a 03 . U w^5 < H ja '^ Ph 03 13 a fcl ° s c3 W ^ Ph . - • W "^ H a, o '3 9 . « ^ 9 I 9^ 9 -^ & «) tS J5 _9 "rt ^ U d o > 03 a « ,_; : 'z cd ^ o £ K £ fe o W 03 c« ci M Q O W [in W O fc o H —^ ^- P 2 P^ H P4 ^ ?n o o h-l O 02 g:2 ^^ -3 o ca iJ o. 90>-3 9 SS^-ZO 2" m m ft a. £ g .a p;nQpL||v;tqSSUi i> i rs .5 o o »Ih E^H nd Uh Sffl £B .£3 t> s ^ IE =2 3 2 » ^ c3 c! ^ =5=^ rt ?^ •« s §s s Part I.l AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 231 ^ s s E O c9 .a . ■* . ^ w .s «■ V B o Ml cS » o "e o V 0) v a cQ o ^ = ill o c 2 ^ i2 a M _: rH ■H ^ - ■3 — » O ~ CJ OS- ^ --2 2 c3 c -Pi; 2 ■S K k ^ . w ** ^ •§ C J2 "O £ 3 ^ fa = o -^ c ■£ ? 5^2 U d -5 o o ^.2 •T3 125 -^ ^ W S? a «■ -4 > ^ Ml i'i II 2 1^ < O O H t3 S o "3 Q ^ o o '5 3 «e^d ■^ ^ 3 ■^ "^ o « 00 -<■ p., H ' —- 3 " . 1^ o fe ^ « ? c. 3-5 3 K.?S o m c 3 o ■^ £ - ■i. S ' CQ OJ ej C; ,,_. 2 C3 0 0 '-' <; fa s cfl P5 fa ^ 03 ■3 _ -H 3 -3 _-H 65^^ 1 1 c < 4, g « o >:>.'''^ < O t, o o 232 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. to ^ <^ t •n g zn S ^ J o- S. -4^ "^ Lh m ^ 1 § _^ r r° r *< s OO 7^ t^ 4^ ^^ Q-i M • ^ en CO C >l O '— ' lO 1 < 1 s i2 _j o cc H .2 o 3 S « c W P ^ £3 S «) g g § Ph lo CO ^ 00 O =3 J ^' 1 C o o ;g CO ^ 1 lid J^-s tf|pi .2 -S -S . 11.2 E S E ami § S § s ►^ K . . fi -i . . O q; m «2 5^ § M 02 -c i2 Cj 'S >. d 0. P _: O S s ^ f^ !C 5! 1 s 5 CO 1-5 0 CO 0, f? o 02 3 ^ -: § 1 ^ P2 -5 fl( - M ^ K ^• -s.s e . 2 1 P I] ^ « 1-^ o g ^ ^ 3 S 1-1 2 M g 2£^l^ H^ P 2 O hj <: :^' o H . O o o ►-5 73 U3 ^* § M ^ o n S 0) a> 1 o ft >> § § ^ ^ 13 © • S lU !> O ft S p4 S <; S ;z; . 1 >, 3 ^ B 3 3 O o 1 ? aj o 1 1 -0 OJ PQ S c3 O CD OJ <1 a rt ^ CS ^ -d « 4) a c "l^ =5 S & S rt £ •= o £ in |l§ ■5 (^ ^ ^ iJ m T? -s" i ^" rchild. Butts Hubba C o 1-5 3 £ S ^ 02 5= « ^ § j; 2 ^ o ftj 111 fiH O >:q fe o 1 c & o K " 2 a; -Si o a ay, B r, Bol den. "a (^ ^ 5 fe PL| 02 t> * ^ i " - ^1 Belcherto Bolton, 1 Holden, Needham |il ft C S -" ■* fe- fli 02 t> Part I.] AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY 233 o s? .'- sj . o ■a a Iq C J3 H O w ^ _j- . c^ - « S f2 a . r\ ^ c • — M -3 ij a Q g ^ c:) -S w S ^^ i S « o e 2 Ph !? ° - °-— 'Z 5 a ^ fc* > in Jj j3 ^ •" O -^ 50 . O W . >- CO 1-5 W T 1-3 ■£ £ ^H d fc fe Ph O K H Z O < o 111^ o I o U — * _ ^ c ,5i c c >- * tn ■g^ fc^ § S fe C m c3 o S E ^ < < a P3 M H Q & j=" i- = C P O GJ ffiKKiJPHCot)?^ 234 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. < "3 B 5S W s ^ CO cc ^ W 2 2: ^ qT C r SO S ^ » 2 ^' ^ ►^ W i O S •■S -? S S S "2 -^ ^ o O m o w w fl o 2 ^ ij &3 s S s Ji a) c8 > W a . C3 II ^1 _g > < CO c Q -5 2 w q c . S 3 ^ IZ ^ 'JZ O S ' O J3 - - ^ ^ - -o ^ O O t^ "5 ^ 2 si p^- ^ a . ^ C5 -a r O "^ I P I ^ o 3 .5 S "3 :^fa 8 II o ^ H ^N S 2 - C 3 . ^1 P M fa ^ tn ^p fa =: a S c c fa TS O o 1 .2 o 5 Z ^d o <^ >-= cc <^ ^ o 3 ^ B P £ ° ^ S ;3 :z; :z M O « C ►=! ►5 fti r C u o e '5 .2 £ C3 p^ 3 V; h O « — t, t, ^ 09 Q 2 < 6 S3 u <; ^ 1 >. .!-; o c. o Ch 3 1 " 3 (^ «« s n o C s i 3 O w w \^ ^ 3 b§^22 i o - CL, O 1— JJ •t: - -a ^ S « * g >s a M 1-^ K4 If S 2 < .2 PL, >> ^ 2 z z 236 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. o o -d -0 . M o c be c: n _d « -S3 1 & 3 2; 1 w 2 -+^ 3 CO (-"^ CO 5< Eh a O 1 1 a *-. Q 2 C c3 QJ o pi 1 rt 2 ?: -d PL( "0 O^l^fe O ^' ►J^ §.« 1 II S^ S r-; -S o O^ WO ri 2 1 o "3 bl) ^ •g^ b 2 o ^ S fc." 3 "oj +i :3 « o a, c o Pi > . 'Z _e O .^ ^ • • > • H o ■a < o o CI a 03 > -.2 6 -w o3 t. «3 'S ii •o o 3 a a" g 2 O CO o 4 o .2 '^ l-l o O 03 •3 .2 . I3 ° § 2 Pm t. >- 1 g^l C 3 S o _ b£ -»^ 03 O) 1 o 3 & ■ij qH c3 1-3 a a" 0 f=^'s' _J' 0 "S a tf b to 1 . 01 ^ 2 p:) 2 S 0 0 0 . +j tS f^ « CO m S 2 ^ ;3 0 03 ^ ■^ - C^) Tj< ^ . A^ a ^■1 a" c3 03 0 03 J3 0 C3 S to 0 0 "a S 03 m "0 rf PQ at A . *j C3 -t^ -^ ■s iJ s ►2 a ^ Si 0 H 03 03 03 •% 03 S "" d 03 -a a 03 a 3 0 A ■a □3 c a ■ 3 03 S 03 w a 3 0 0 a 0 c3 oT c; . £ ;. 03 a 2 2 oT 0 fc* 1^ 2 a" s a m 0 03 Q. c3 m m g 03 0 E c3 (« fe 03 A -1 P3 PQ 1-1 w H tM i ■ 03 1-4 ft S . c S- 03 • 3 a .2 c /4 0 03 A 0 1 '^ c3 d '7\ ^ PQ ro tn *S 0 M _a 1 ■1 s ^l 2 a o3 03 "0 . B 03 a 2 t- CJ P^ 03 0 03 g-1 ■d a C3 a % PQ •43 ft 1 s PQ g ^ 03 1 1 ^PQ |1 0 « 03 ^ .2 0 CO % PQ ft i 03" a' .2 .2 1 CO 03 3 So 2 S a 03 ft i 1 ^ 03 ^ CO m 1^ 03 -B 1 S < m 03 03 03 0 03 Sj2 Part I. AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 237 2 c" ta o a ^ o o • u ampton. a St., Bro Uxbridge o O O S < • 2 3 forth Mail orth c o 2 H ?.£ S tC •^ CO s; j3 ■z .S-g £ to c - (M . W D " « o •j^ d t. H IM o S 72 ""l a to aj -3 3 a -^ '-' o E B £ 03 o 1 a < ■0 • . Peck, . Bostoi . Putna d O 5 Em 33 03 K « K '^ fa , •£ 2 CiS fa J -^ 6 •Jl no ■-s t .2 o 0. (1h tb & •t^ u :ue. lliamsbui Qgham. ck. 5 Salisbu u H Z 1.1 o E 2 3 M a o _d Q S3 e, Dalton hacher, Y Stevens, " 1 Mittineag amon, Wi ;h, Framii omas, Ro worth, 32 1 CL, 66^ g S U^ Company, Charles R. D N. I. Bowditc Lyman P. Th J. Lewis Ells Fred G Thomas Joseph •3 8 ^1 S'] - >^ >> ^ - J- o >> -2 . >i ■«>->,>> -^ C >i .,^ C -2 *i *J *^ C 3 .w c 3 B d C H Sod 3 0 S 3 2 O kshire Co nstabic C' nklin Cou o u r\ O o O s ■3 a Hampshin Middlesex Plymouth Worcester S 5 g P3 n fa 3 H 3 pq E o" 53 3 . fa o • ■ t£ c3 . . . o >1 o d ei urcau, Ii ircau, In £ Bureau, Bureau, lureau, tureau, I •o^ E 2 "c S £ £ fa a ." > o a • Farm Farm 1 Farm E Farm E .11 si >.o * >> - ^ >> >. ^ 2 3 i II § 51 e Coi d Fa Cou a liirc C sex C< Ith Co tor Co || I. O 3 a •*' _ Berkshi Cape C Frankli 1 3 iddlei ymou orccs § 3 S ii sSS^ S o o o p-3 < o s < O o Eh W o <; H ^; & o u F. Howard Brown, Hathome. W. Ide, Scgrcganset. W. A. Munson, Walpolc. o H o s F. A. Smith, Hathome. G. H. Gilbert, Scgreganset. F. W. Kingman, Walpolc. o H O 2 Hathornc, Scgrcganset, Walpolc s < Essex County Agricultural School, . Bristol County Agricultural School, Norfolk County Agricultural School, 238 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. 4. rockl than m S dow osto W g i-s r-i a* H g < s Q .5 ^ « == • . bi £ " (u t," ? a •" K £ +^ -a g. I W - !* -- J S 1-3 ■^ o p :z: u i-i d a H 5 a ►>^ 0) O (_ gam I .9 a ^'d .is S a -< «^ 5 • ^ '^ - '''Co m PQ S P S M ^ S s s o o c; O O) _ ■g - c3 c3 ci c3 to g O M W W M S a m 1) a) a;