——— | ‘GaaH WAAd GAW AHL AO NOTLYOd Bees Ni berenNN LAL REPORT NEW YORK MeOLOGICAL SOCIETY CHARTERED IN 1805 OBIECIS OF THE \ =—_ A in 2. , cere? tae i, = gas ‘' fi > fF ‘4 y X. 7 * a i A / » ‘ - ' F i < 4 i ‘ - ¥ sd oa . a i ‘ _ ' List of Plustrations PorTION OF THE RED DEER HERD PoLtar BEAR Arctic Fox Boston Roap ENTRANCE SMALL-DEER HOUSE . New Boat House INTERIOR OF THE AQUARIUM BUILDING IN 1850 YELLOW PERCH CRAPPIE Larce-MoutHED Brack Bass Lonc-EARED SUNFISH Carico Bass CROSS-SECTION OF DAM WuitE PERCH Rock Bass . ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING NEST CATFISH WuHuite Bass PRIMATE HOoUSE Ear oF AFRICAN ELEPHANT SECTION OF SKIN OF AFRICAN ELEPHANT Actinomycosis, PLATE I ActInoMycosiIs, PLATE II Tue ALLIGATOR PooL ALLIGATORS IN THEIR SUMMER POOL FLORIDA CROCODILE RoUGH-EYED CAIMAN Heap oF FLorIDA CROCODILE AMAZON CAIMAN CAROLINA ALLIGATOR YounGc ScREECH OWLS Barn OWL SHORT-EARED OWL PAGE Frontispiece 30 8 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PAGE LoNG-EARED OWL : Z y : ; ; : : ; ; 2 7a Eccs AND YOUNG OF Lonc-EARED OWL . E : : ; : E72 YounG GREAT HorneD Ow1rs . 3 : : : : . : i Younc BARN OWL . : : : 2 g 3 : : : 174 BARRED OWL . ; : A : : ; : ee : 2 75 GREAT GRAY Owl AND ELF OWL. : ; : § : ; +) GZ Saw-WHET OWL . : 3 , : : 2 : 4 : 79 ScrEECH OWL . : : : : : : : : ; Be 17/0) GreaT HorNED OWL . ; : ; 5 : : : : Soe Snowy Ow. : $ , E : : : : : : pies Hawk Ow. é : ; : ‘ : f : : : 5 iey/ WESTERN BuRROWING OWL : f é : : : é : 5 ites FEeRRUGINOUS PigMy OwL i : : 5 : : 2 é . IQ! Board of Managers = See Hon. GEorGE B. MCCLELLAN, Mayor of New York, ‘/Hon. Moses Herrman, President Dep’t of Parks. CLASS OF 1908 HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBorn, HucuH D. AUCHINCLOsS, CHARLES T. BARNEY, CHARLES F. DIETERICH, WiLiiAM C. CHURCH, James J. Hix, LISPENARD STEWART, GEORGE F. BAKER, H. Casimir DE RuHaAM, GRANT B. SCHLEyY., GEORGE CROCKER, PayNE WHITNEY. CLASS OF 1909 Levi P. Morron, Manptson GRANT, ANDREW CARNEGIE, WILLIAM WHITE NILES, Morris K. JESupP, SAMUEL THORNE, Joun L. CADWALADER, Henry A. C. Taytor, Joun S. BaARNEs, Hucu J. CHISHOLM, WINTHROP RUTHERFURD, WILLIAM D. SLOANE. CLASS OF 1910 F. Aucustus SCHERMERHORN, CLEVELAND H. DopceE, Percy R. Pyne, C. Lepyarp BLAIR, GEORGE B. GRINNELL, CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, Jacos H. Scuirr, NELSON ROBINSON, Epwarp J. BERWIND, FREDERICK GILBERT BOURNE, GEORGE C. CLARK, W. AUSTIN WADSWORTH. mana F ae ee a ee: PA ag ee OFETCERS OF THE New Pork Zoological Society President: HON. LEVI P. MORTON. First Vice-President: Second Vice-President: HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. JOHN L. CADWALADER. Executive Committee CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman, JOHN S. BARNES, MADISON GRANT, Mey oR. PY NE, WILLIAM WHITE NILES, - SAMUEL THORNE, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, LEVI P. MORTON, Ex-officio. Secretary: MADISON GRANT, 11 Wall Street. Treasurer: PERCY REYNE, 52 Wall Street. Director of the Zoological Park: WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 183d Street and Southern Boulevard. Director of the Aquarium: CHARLES TOWNSEND: Battery Park. Architects: HEINS & LA FARGE. Consulting Landscape Architect: JAMES L. GREENLEAF. Consulting Engineer: H. De B. PARSONS. Scientific Council WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Chairman. J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History. FRANK M. CHAPMAN, American Museum of Natural History. WILLIAM STRATFORD, College of the City of New York. CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Editor of Forest and Stream. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Columbia University. CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director of the New York Aquarium. MADISON GRANT, Secretary New York Zoological Society, Ex-officio. CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman Executive Committee, Ex-officio. Officers of the Zoological Park WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Director and General Curator. ERS Mae GE ee ea cartacn icone Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer. RAYMOND EE. -DERMARS * Sante riee cate errr Curator of Reptiles. CG Wil GETANSR BEB Ee ec esate sto ines Serene ate Curator of Birds. ee WVBR RIE eee ane a eee ete ae Chief Forester and Constructor. GEORGEIME BRERBO WIR R aa yee scam ieeae ee Civil Engineer. TBIE\VAUS| AIR: SSyANPBOURIN Ge aac posensos Photographer and Assistant Editor. Medical Staff. HARIOW BROOKS MEDit 23) encase ate eee ee Pathologist. Was ETD SBE ATR SD SVeS hte cick anton eae ee V eterinarian. Aquarium Committee CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Chairman. CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. BASHFORD DEAN, Columbia University. ALFRED G. MAYER, Tortugas Laboratory of Carnegie Institute. CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. THOMAS H. MORGAN, Columbia University. EDMUND B. WILSON, Columbia University. WILLIAM E. DAMON. ROSWELL MORSE SHURTLEFF. Officers of the Aquarium CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director. LEONARD B. SPENCER....Asst. in Charge of Fresh-water Collections. WASHINGTON I. DE NYSE..... Asst. in Charge of Marine Collections. BBEN RI SAMBPSONSE. 2c eae ee Clerk and Disbursing Officer. MEMBERS OF THE New Pork Zoological Society Honorary fH#lembers Pror. J. A. ALLEN, Pror. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Tue Duke or BepForp, Mr. ArtHUR ERWIN Brown, Dr. Frank M. CHAPMAN, Pror. DANIEL GrirRAUD ELLIoT, *Sir WILLIAM FLOWER, *Dr. F. L’Hoest, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Hon. Lionet WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Dr. Puitip LutTLey ScCLATER. BARNEY, CHARLES T., CARNEGIE, ANDREW, ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM, Baker, GEorGE F., BARNES, JOHN S., BERWIND, Epwarp J., BourRNE, FREDERICK GILBERT, CADWALADER, JOHN L., DIETERICH, CHARLES F., *Dopce, WILLIAM E., *GOELET, ROBERT, GouLpD, GEORGE J., Goutp, Miss HeLten MILLer, *HUNTINGTON, C. P., Morcan, J. PIERPONT, Wenefactors ScuiFF, Jacop H., THORNE, SAMUEL, *WuHitTNeEy, Hon. WittiaAM C. Founders Morton, Hon. Levi P., *OTTENDORFER, OSWALD, Payne, Cor. OLiver H., Pyne, Percy RIVINGTON, ROCKEFELLER, JOHN D., SCHERMERHORN, F. AuGustTUus, THompeson, Mrs. FrepertIc FERRIS, SLOANE, WILLIAM D., Taytor, Henry A. C., Trevor, Mrs. JouHn B., *\/ANDERBILT, CORNELIUS, VANDERBILT, WILLIAM K., Woop, Mrs. ANTOINETTE ENO. Associate Founders *BABCOCK, SAMUEL D., Briair, C, Lepyarp, *CARTER, JAMES C., CuIsHoLM, Hucu J., CROCKER, GEORGE, Jesup, Morrts K., Osporn, Pror. HENRY FAIRFIELD, *SCHUYLER, PHILIP, STEWART, LISPENARD, Stokes, Miss CAROLINE PHELPs, Sturcis, Mrs. Frank K., TIFFANY & Co., VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS. *Deceased. 14 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Patrons Morris, Miss EvA VAN CortTLaANDT, Morris, NEWBOLD, *ARNOLD, HICKS, Aucuincioss, Mrs. Hucx D., Buiiss, CorneELIuS N., *Briss, GeorGceE T., BREWSTER, RosBeErtT S., CLARK, GEORGE CRAWFORD, CLARK, Mrs GEORGE CRAWFORD, *CONSTABLE, FREDERICK A., *Cook, Henry H., Dopce, CLEVELAND H., ERET, GEORGE, *FLOWER, RoswELL P., Forp, JAMEs B., Forp, J. Howarp, HARKNESS, CHARLES W., HAvEMEYER, Henry O., HAvEMEYER, WILLIAM F., *Hewitt, ApramM S., Hitt, JAMES J., *HOFFMAN, VERY Rev. E. A., *[SELIN, ADRIAN, James, D. WIx1Is, James, NorMAN, Jenninecs, Miss A. B., KENNEDY, JOHN STEWART, Lewis, Mrs. GEORGE, Maver, Dr. ALFRED G., Morris, A. NEWBOLD, Morris, Mrs. A. NEWBOLD, ApAMS, Epwarp DEAN, AcneEw, Miss A. G., ANDREWS, ConsTANT A., ANDREWS, J. SHERLOCK, AvucHINcLoss, HucuH D., Avery, SAMUEL P., BALLANTINE, Rosert F., Bareour, THOMAS, Bargour, WILLIAM, BarHypt, Mrs. P. Hack ey, Barnes, Miss Cora F., Barnes, Miss MILprep, BeeBe, C. WILLIAM, BELMONT, AUGUST, Betts, SAMUEL ROSSITER, BisHop, HEBER REGINALD, BLACKForD, EUGENE G., Botpt, GEORGE C., Bonn, FRANK S., Booty, WiLL1AM H., Bowporn, GEorGE S., Brown, Greorce McKesson, Bruce, Miss Martixtpa W., Osporn, WILLIAM CHURCH, *Osporn, Mrs. WILLIAM H., Poor, Henry W., *Pyne, Mrs. Percy R., Ropinson, NELSON, Ryan, [HomaS F., *SCHERMERHORN, WILLIAM C., ScHLEy, GRANT B., SELIGMAN, ISAAc NEWTON, *STICKNEY, JOSEPH, SticKNEY, Mrs JosePH, Taytor, JAMEs B., Jr., THORNE, EDWIN, TuHorneE, Francis B., THorRNE, Henry S., THORNE, JoEL W., TuHorNE, LAnpon K., THorNE, Miss PHEBE ANNA, THORNE, SAMUEL, JR., TuHorne, S. BRINCKERHOFY, THORNE, VICTOR C., THORNE, WILLIAM, TyaverR, Mrs. Marcaret T., Twomp ty, H. Mck., Von Post, HERMAN C., *Wess, WILLIAM H., *WOoOLFF, A. Life Members BurDEN, HENRY, 2D, BUSHNELL, JOSEPH, Butter, WILLIAM Mitt, CAMMANN, GEorGE P.. Camp, Hucu N., CHANLER, WINTHROP, CuisHoLmM, HucH J., JR, Cuurcu, E. Dwicut, CuurcH, WILLIAM CONANT, CLARKSON, BANYER, Cor, WiLiiam R., CoLGATE, WILLIAM, CoLtiarp, Mrs. Georce W., ConYNGHAM, WILLIAM L., CoomGale CorNING, JOHN J., Coxe, DAVIES, CRANE, ZENAS, CRIMMINS, JOHN D., CuvtrmrnG, Ce Davis, E. W., Davis, JoHN W. A., pECopPET, Epwarp J., *Deceased. ELEVENTH DELAFIELD, ALBERT, De RHAM, CHARLES, DIcKERMAN, Watson B., DickeEy, CuHar es D., Ditmars, Raymon» L., Dopce, GEORGE EGLESTON, Dopcr, MarceLtus Hart Ley, DoELcER; CHARLES P., Dor cer, PETER, DorELcerR, PETER, JR., Draper, Mrs. Henry. Du Bots, Miss ETHEL, Du Bots, Miss KATHERINE, Du Bots, Wittiam A., DunscomMBE, GrorGE ELswortH, Dwyer, THOMAS, ELLioTt, SAMUEL, Exuis, W. Drxon, Ery, AmproseE K., Eno, Amos F., FarrcHILD, Hon. CuHar es S., Fercuson, Mrs. FARQUHAR, Ferercuson, Miss May, FrieLp, CoRTLANDT DE PEYSTER, FLEITMANN, WiLL1AM MEDLICcoTT, Fiint, CHar es R., FrencH, S. Barton, Gerry, Expripce T., GooDWIN, JAMES J., GRANT, Mapison, GUGGENHEIM, S. R., GUNTHER, BERNARD G., GUNTHER, FRANKLIN L., HAGENBECK, CARL, HARKNESS, Epwarp S., Harkness, Mrs. S. V., HARRAH, CHARLES J., Harris, ALAN C., Haupt, Dr. Louts, HaveEN, GEORGE G., HEARN, GeEorcE A., HENDERSON, CHARLES R.., Hicernson, Cor. JAMEs J., Hitt, Hueu, Hopkins, Georce B., HornabDAay, WILLIAM T., Husparp, THomas H., HuntTINGToN, ARCHER M., Hyper, JAmes H., Jackson, THEODORE F., JENNINGS, OLIVER G., KING, GEORGE GORDON, KXNGSLAND, WILLIAM M., Kisset, Gustav E., Kunuarpt, W. B., La Farce, C. GRANT, Lanopon, Woopsury G., LANIER, CHARLES, ANNUAL REPORT. Ler, CHARLES NorTHAM, Leeps, Mrs. WarRNER M., LEHMAN, S. M., LounssBery, RicHarp P., Low, C. ADOLPHE, Low, SETH, Lypic, Davin, Lypic, Capt. Puitip M., McAtpIn, CHARLES WILLISTON, McComps, J. Scort, McKim, CuHar es F., McLane, Guy RicHarps, MaAcKAY, CLARENCE H., MacKay, Dona zp, Macy, V. Everitt, MAITLAND, ALEXANDER, Matiory, CHARLES H., Marc, THEOPHILUS M., Markoe, Dr, Francis H., MarsHALL, Louis, MERKEL, HERMANN W. Mixxer, Dr. Georce N., *MITCHELL, ROLAND G., Moore, Mrs. JAMES Amory, Morean, J. P., Jr, Morris, JAMES, Nessi1t, A. G,, NEWBOLD, THOMAS, 15 Nicuots, Mrs, Witt1am GILLMAN, Nites, J. Barron, Nives, WiLL1AM WHITE, ParisH, Henry, PARRISH, JAMES C., PEABopy, CHARLES A., PERKINS, WILLIAM H., Puiprs, Henry, PHOENIX, Lioyp, PHOENIX, PHILLIPS, PIERREPONT, JOHN JAY, PincuHor, J. W., Potter, Mrs. Henry C., Pratt, DALLAs B., Proctor, A. PHIMISTER, QUINTARD, GEORGE W., RAYMOND, CHARLES H., RIKER, SAMUEL, JR., Rogs, J. HAMPDEN, Rogsins, MiLton, Rocers, ARCHIBALD, Russ, Epwarp, RUTHERFORD, WINTHROP, Sampson, Henry, Sanps, WILLIAM R., SCHERMERHORN, J. EGMONT, SCHIEFFELIN, EUGENE, ScuirF, Mortimer L., Seton, Ernest THOMPSON, SHELDON, CHARLFS, *Deceased. 16 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SHERMAN, GEORGE, SHERMAN, WILLIAM WATTs, ‘ SHIELDS, GEORGE O., Stmpson, Miss JEAN WALKER, Stoan, BENSON B., SLoAN, SAMUEL, SLoAN, SAMUEL, JR., *SLOANE, JOHN, SPEYER, JAMES, STETSON,FRANCIS LYNDE, SturRGES, FREDERICK, SturGes, FRANK K., THALMAN, ERNST, Tuompson, Lewis S., Tuompson, WILLIAM P., TicForD, FRANK, Topp, WILLIAM R., TOWNSEND, CHARLES H.., Trevor, HENRY G., Trevor, JOHN B., UHLMANN, FREDERICK, WapswortH, Major W. AUSTIN, WAINWRIGHT, RICHARD T., WALKER, Dr. HENRY FREEMAN, W aArBurG, FELIx M., WARREN, SAMUEL D., Watson, Francis A., WeEtcHER, Mrs. FANNY AVERY, WHEALTON, Louis N., WHITEHEAD, PAUL, WHITNEY, Harry Payne, WHITNEY, PAYNE, Wittets, Howarp, Wine, JoHNn D., Woop, Miss ELEANoR DENNISTON. Annual Members ABEEL, GEORGE, ABEEL, JOHN H., ABERCROMBE, Davin T., ACHELIS, FRITz, ACHELIS, JOHN, ApAMS, FRANK LANSON, ADAMS, FREDERICK T., ADAMS, SAMUEL, ApAMsS, THATCHER M., ADRIANCE, Rev. Harris Ety, AGENS, FREDERICK GIRARD, AGNEw, ANDREW G., AGNEW, Mrs Corne ius R., AITKEN, JOHN W., ALDEN, R. Percy, AvpricH, Mrs. JAMES HERMAN, ALEXANDER, Mrs. CHartes B., ALEXANDER, DoUuGLAs, ALEXANDER, FRANK D., ALEXANDER, JAMES W., ALEXANDER, Dr. WELCOME T., ALEXANDER, Mrs. WILLIAM, ALEXANDRE, J. HENRY, ALLEN, ETHAN, ALLEN, JAMES LANE, Ams, Max, AMUNDSON, JOHN A., ANDERSON, A. A.., ANDERSON, P. CHAUNCEY, ANDREINI, J. M., ANTHONY, WILLIAM A., APPLETON, FRANCIs R., APPLETON, JAMES W., ARCHBOLD, Mrs. J. F., ARCHBOLD, JOHN D. ARCHER-SHEE, Mrs. Martin, AREND, F. J., ARMowR, GEORGE A., Armour, Mrs. HERMAN O., Astor, JOHN JACOB, AUCHINCLOoss, Mrs. Enear S., AUCHINCLOss, HuGH, AUCHINCLOss, JOHN W., AUSTIN, GEORGE C., Aycricc, B. ARTHUR, AYER, FREDERICK F., BAKER, STEPHEN, BaLpWIN, FREDERICK H.., BaLpwiIn, Dr. JArep G., BALDWIN, JARED G., Jr., BANFIELD, ELwoon, Bancs, Dr. L. Botton, Banks, THEODORE H., BarBeEy, Henry I., Barciay, J. SEARLE, JR., Barcitay, Mrs. REGINALD, BARNARD, J, AUGUSTUS, Barnes, Epwarp W., Barnes, Mrs. Harriette S., Barnes, HeErsert S., Barnes, J. SANFORD, JR., Barney, A. L., BarRNEyY, ASHBEL H., Barney, Miss KATHERINE L., Barney, Mrs. J. STEWART, Barney, N. C., Barnum, WILLIAM M., Barr, WILLIAM, Barron, Dr. JoHN C., BARRON, GeEorGE D., Bartets, WILLIAM, BATTERSON, JAMES G., * Deceased. ELEVENTH BAUMANN, GUSTAV, BAXTER, GEORGE S., JR., Bayarp, Louis P., Bayiges, Epmunp L., Bayuies, Mrs. NATHALIE E., Bayiis, WILLIAM, BrEaAcH, FREDERICK C., BreacH, WALTER R., BEADLESTON, ALFRED N., BEAL, WILLIAM R., BEARD, DANIEL CARTER, BECKER, CHRISTIAN, BecKErR, PHILIP, Beers, M. H., Bett, Epwarp, BELMONT, Perry, BEMENT, EDWARD, BeNKARD, Harry H., BENJAMIN, EuGENE S., BENSON, FRANK SHERMAN, Benson, Miss Mary, Benson, Miss Tuyrza, BEROLZHEIMER, E., BERNHEIMER, CHARLES L., BERNHEIMER, SIMON E., Bertron, S. R., Bickmore, Pror. ALBERT S., Brier, Mrs. SyLvan, BiceLtow, Henry B., BILLINGS, FREDERICK, Briuines, Miss Mary M., BircHALL, W. H., Birp, Epwarp Dimon, Brrp, GEORGE, BisHuop, Miss Mary CUNNINGHAM, BiacpEN, Mrs. Jura G., Bien, IDE CCe Buatr, J. INSLEY, BLAKE, Dr. JosEPH A., BLAKESLEE, T. J., BLatcHForD, Mrs. SAMUEL A., Buss, ERNEST C., Biopcett, WILLIAM TILDON, Brioopcoop, Rosert F., BLOOMINGDALE, JOSEPH B., Bioss, JAMEs O., Boas, Emit L., BorEKELMAN, Pror. BERNARDUS, Boettcer, H. W., Bocert, Epwarp C., BorssEvAIN, G. L., Botton, Mrs. JoserH B., Botton, JouHn W., Botton, THOMAS, Jr., Bonp, ALFRED H., Bonn, WiLLt1AmM Epwarbp, BonneR, G. T., Bonner, Mrs. PAut R., ANNUAL REPORT. Ly, BorGSTEDE, JOHN G., Bortanp, J. NELSON, BorLanp, WiLL1AM G., Borne, JOHN E., Boreter, Exiyau S., Bowporn, TEMPLE, BoweEN, CLARENCE WINTHROP, Bowers, Joun M., Braprorp, J. H,. Brapb.ey, Epson, BrabLey, J. R., Brapy, Mrs. J. R.. Brapy, Nicuovas F., BRAINARD, IRA H., BrAnp, Oscar J., BRANDRETH, COURTENAY, BRAUN, FREDERICK, BREIDENBACH, CHARLES M., Brewer, WILiIAM A., Jr, Brewster, Mrs. BENJAMIN, BREWSTER, GEorGE S., BrRINKERHOFF, ELBERT A., BRINSMADE, CHARLES LYMAN, BrisTo.t, Pror. CHARLES L., BrisTor, JOHN I. D., Bristow, WILLIAM B., Bronson, Dr. Epwarp BENNET, Brown, Hon, Apprson, Brown, CHar tes F., Brown, Epwin H., Brown, Miss Eten W., Brown, JOHN Crossy, Brown, VERNON CARLETON, Brown, WaAtpron P., Browninc, J. A., Browninc, WILLIAM H., BRUCKER, CARL, Brunn, Jutius W., Bryant, Dr, Josep D., Bryce, Mrs. WILLIAM, BUCHANAN, WILLIAM, Buckner, THoMAs A., Bupp, Henry A., BuLkKLey, Epwin M., Butxktey, Mrs. Epwin M., Buti, CHARLES LIVINGSTON, Butt, Ropert Macray, Butt, WitiiaM L., Butt, Dr. WiLL1AM T., Bumpeus, Pror. Hermon C., BurpbEN, JAMES A., Jr., Burcess, Epwarp G., BurkKgE, B. J., BurRLEIGH, GEORGE W., BurveicH, Mrs. Greorce W., Burnuam, Mrs. Doucras W., Burr, WINTHROP, Burras, H. K.,, *Deceased. 18 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. BurRILL, ALFRED C., Busy, JouN S., BuTLer, ARTHUR W., CaEsar, HENRY A., Cater, Amos H., *CALHOUN, HENRY W., CALMAN, ALBERT, CaLMAN, HENRY L., CAMMANN, EDWARD C., CAMMANN, HENRY LOoRILLARD, CAMMANN, HERMANN H., CANFIELD, GEORGE FOLGER, CANFIELD, RICHARD A., Cannon, H. W., Jr., CANNON, JAMES G., CapezaA, IT. D. M., Carey, Henry T., CARPENDER, WILLIAM, CARPENTER, PHILIP, CARRERE, JOHN M., CARROLL, RoyAL PHELPs, CARSTENSEN, Mrs. JoHN, CarTER, Mrs. MARGUERITE, *CASTREE, JOHN W., CASWELL, JOHN H., Catucart, Miss JENNIE R., CerERO, R. L., Cuasot, THEODORE J., CHAMBERS, FRANK R., CHAMBERS, JAMES, CHAMBERS, JOHN A., CHAMPOLLION, ANDRE, CuHapin, Mrs. ALFRED, Cuaprn, Miss Marte Bowen, CHAPMAN, HENRY OTIs, CHAPMAN, JOHN Jay, CuHauncey, ELIHU, CHENEY, GEorGE L., CHESEBROUGH, RoBeErT A., CHICHESTER, CHARLES DARWIN, Cuttps, EVERSLEY, Cuiups, WitiiaM H., Cuisoim, B. OGDEN, CuHoateE, JosEPH K., CuHuRCH, CHARLES T., GuurcH, E. D., Jr. CuwurcH, Freperic E., Cinenciee, 19. Se CuurRcH, THEODORE W., CLAFLIN, JOHN, Criark, D. CRAWFORD, Ciark, J. MITCHELL, Crarke le. G. Ciark, W. A., CLarK, WILLIAM N., CxiarKeE, E. A. S., CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS, CLAUSEN, GEorGE C., CLEARY, JOHN, CieMeEnts, G. H., CLEVELAND, CHARLES D., Crype, WitiiaM P., CocHRANE, JOHN W., CocKerorT, Miss E. V., CocKraNn, Hon. W. Bourke, CopMAN, Mrs. OGDEN, CorFin, DANIEL M., CorFINn, WILLIAM EDWARD, CoHEN, SAMUEL M., CoLtBron, PauL TOwNSEND. CoLsurn, N. A., Cosy, Howarp A., Cote, Epwarp F., Cottier, PETER F., CoLLiER, PRICE, Cottier, Mrs. R. J., CoLLIns, CLARENCE LYMAN, Cottins, Dr. Stacey Bupp, Cotutins, Mrs. ELen, Cotiins, Miss GERTRUDE, CoLLorbD, GEORGE W., Comstock, Mrs. H. G., Conpon, THomMAS GERALD, Concer, HENRY C., CONTENT, Harry, Compe, T. Gorton, Cooper, THEODORE, Corspin, AUSTIN, Corpin, Mrs. AusTIN, Cornine, C. R., CorwINneE, WILLIAM R., CostaIN, EuGENE H., CosTER, CHARLES, Coster, Epwarp LIVINGSTON, Coster, Henry A., Cowpin, WINTHROP, CowL, CLARKSON, Cow tes, Davo S., Cox, CHARLES F., Cox, JENNINGS S., Cox, Marx T., CRAIGIE, ARCHIBALD WALPOLE, Cram, Mrs. KATHERINE G., CRANE, ALBERT, CravaTH, Mrs. Paut D., CRAWFORD, THOMAS, CRAWFORD, Dr. W. H., CrAWFoRD, WILLIAM, CrickMore, H. G., CROMWELL, JAMES W., CROMWELL, LINCOLN, CRONEMEYER, ROBERT, Cross, GeorceE D., Cross, Mrs. C. VANDERBILT, CrossLey, G. REGINALD, CRUICKSHANK, JAMES, *Deceased. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. Curtis, Epwarp W.., CuTLER, CHARLES F., CuTTER, RAtpeu L., CutTtinG, R. Futon, Cuttine, W. Bayarp, DaILey, GRANVILLE F. Dary, Mrs. Marcus, Damon, WiiiiaM E., Dana, WIiLLiaM B., Dantes, GeorceE H., Darps, CHARLES A.. DAVENPORT, ProF. CHARLES B., Davenport, Mrs. Ira, Davince, WILLIAM H., Davies, FREDERICK M., Davies, J. CLARENCE, Davies, JULIEN TAPPEN, Davies, WILLIAM GILBERT, Davis, CHARLES H. Davis, DaNIet A., Davis, GHERARDI, Davis, HowLanp, Davis, JosePH P., Davis, M. B., Davis, Morcan, Davison, CHARLES STEWART, Davison, GEorGE Howarp, Day, ARTHUR M.., Day, Mrs.Henry MILts, DEAN, Pror. BASHFORD, De Copret, HENRY, DeEEVES, RICHARD, De Forest, Ropert W., DecENeER, J. F., DeGorcourtA, A. V.. De Ktiyn, B. F., DELAFIELD, FREDERICK P., DeELAFIELD, Miss Jutta LIVINGSTON, DELANO, FREDERIC A., DELANO, WarRREN, JR., DeELANOY, WILLIAM C., DELESKER, CHARLES, DEMING, L. C., DenickeE, J. B., Dersy, Dr. RicHarp H., De Ruam, H. Casimir, DEVEREUX, WALTER B., De VINNE, THEODORE Low, De Witt, Wa trteR G., De Witt, WiLLiaM G., DEXTER, STANLEY W., Dey, ANTHONY, Deyo, Rosert E., Dickerson, E. N., DrexL, Georce H., Dienst, A. P., Dimock, GeorceE E., Dixon, Dr. Georce A., Dixon, Ropert NICER, Dopp, Ropert H., Dopce, D. Stuart, Dopcr, Miss Evizapetu W., Dopce, Miss Grace H.., Dopce, NorMAN W., Dopce, Mrs. Wixii1AM E., DouseE, JOHN, Dominick, H. BLANCHARD, DommenricH, L. F., Doremus, F. S., DousLepay, F. N., Doue.as, JAMES, DoucGLass, ALFRED, Dows, Mrs. Dayin, Dows, Mrs. Davin, Jr., Dows, Tracy, DRAKENFELD, B. FERDINAND, DRAYTON, J. COLEMAN, DraZ, FRANCIS, DreESSEL, JoHN A. H., DRUMMOND, I. WYMAN, Duane, RicHarD BACHE, DuBots, CoRNELIUS, DuBors, Dr. MatrHew B., Duties, WILLIAM, Jr., DUNCAN, STUART, Duncan, W. BUTLER, Dunpas, RatpH Wokrts, DunuHAM, Dr. CARROLL, DuNnHAM, Epwarp K., DunuHAM, G. H., Dunn, Gano S., DuNNE, Epwarp B., DuryvEA, Harry H., Duryea, Gen Hiram, DutTcHER, WILLIAM, Epear, D., EpGar, HERMAN L. R., Epear, Miss Juria L., EpcGar, NEWROLD, EDGELL, GEORGE S., Epmonps, JoHN W., Ecerton, M., EGGELING, OTTO, EGGLESTON, D. S., Erpiitz, ROBERT JAMES, Exvsers, Mrs. FRitTz, Exper, Mrs. Matitpa A., ELDRIDGE, FREDERICK L., ELpRIDGE, ROSWELL, ELprRIpGE, WILLIAM T., Exuis, WILLIAM H., ELLswortH, DuNCAN S., ELLSwortTH, LINCOLN, EMANUEL, J. H., Jr., Emery, JoHN J., EmicuH, Mort, *Deceased. 1G. 20 NEW = YORK ~ZOOLOGIGAL *SOCIPIY= Emmet, C. TEMPLE, Emmet, Miss Lynpra F., Em™MET, Ropert TEMPLE, ENpIcoTT, ROBERT, ENcLisH, E. M., Eno, JOHN CHESTER, EpsTEAN, EDWARD, ErpsiorH, R., ERDMANN, MarrTIN, ETTLINGER, Lovuts, Eustis, JoHN E., Evans, Mrs. CADWALADER, Evans, RICHARD, Evarts, A. W., Evarts, SHERMAN, FABBRI, ALESSANDRO, Fapsri, ERNESTO G., Fappri, Mrs Ernesto G., FAHNESTOCK, Harris C., FAHNESTOCK, WILLIAM, FAIRBANKS, Henry P., Fak, GUSTAV, Farco, JAMES C., FARNHAM, PAULDING, FARRELLY, T. CHARLES, FARRINGTON, HARVEY, FEARING, GEORGE R., FEARON, J. S., FELLOWES, CORNELIUS, Fercuson, Harry L., FERNstTROM, H., Fretp, WiLt1am B. Oscoop, FrscHer, WILLIAM H., FisHER-HANSEN, Cart, FisHe_Er, L. G., Fisk, Harvey Epwarp, FitzGERALp, Gen, Louts, FLAGLER, Harry HARKNESS, Fiint, AUSTIN, JR., FLower, ANSON R., Four, FRANz, Foot, JAMEs D.. ForBACH, CHARLES, Forp, Miss Lesta, *FORRESTER, GEORGE B., Foster, Epwarp W., Foster, GIRAUD, Foster, J. HEGEMAN, Foster, MAcoMBE G.. Foster, Scott, Fow.er, THomas PoweELt, Fraser, ALEX V., Fraser, Mrs. Georce S., Fraser, Miss S. GRAceE. Fraser, WILLIAM C., FRENCH, Dr. CEcIL, FRENCH, DANIEL C., FrieD, SAMPSON, FrRIssELL, A. S., Furpa, Dr. Cart, Fuxtpa, Dr. CLEMENS, FULLER, CHARLES D., Futter, Mrs. EuGENE, Futter, Henry D., FULTON, JOHN, Jr., Funke, EpmMunp A., Ganz, ANTHONY, GARLAND, JAMEs A., GarRETT, JOHN W., GauTIER, Dubey G., Gay, JosepPH E., Geer, Mrs. WALTER, GERARD, Mrs. JAMES W., GERLI, EMANUEL, GERRISH, JOHN Brown, Gerry, PETER G., GersTER, Dr. Arpap G., GILBERT, CLINTON, GILLETTE, Dr. CuRTENIUS, GitsEy, HENRY, JR, GLaztier, Henry S., GLEASON, MICHAEL, Giyn, W. E., GoapBy, W. H.. Goprrey, Mrs. E. D., Gopwin, Harocp, GoL_pscuMw7tT, S. A., GoopHUE, CHARLES E., GoopHUE, Mrs. S. C., *GOODMAN, SAMUEL, Gooprince, Mrs. F. G., Goopwin, A. C., GOTTHELF, CHARLES, GOTTHELF, HERMAN, GOTTHOLD, FREDERIC, GouLp, CHaArLes A., GouLp, CHARLES W., GouLp, Epw1n, GouLp, GeorceE H., GOULDEN, JOSEPH A., Grant, R. S., Graves, WILLIAM L., GrREEFF, ErneEST F., GREENE, GEN. FRANCIS V., GREENOUGH, JOHN, GreENwooD, Isaac J., (REER, CHARLES, GreEGoR, ELMER R., GRIFFITH, DANIEL J., GRINNELL, GEORGE Birp, GriscoM, CLEMENT A., Jr., GRISWOLD, CHESTER, Gross, FRANK, GUGGENHEIM, SIMON, GULLIVER, WILLIAM C., GuRNEE, WALTER S., *Deceased. ELEVENTH: *GWYNNE, JOHN A., Haas, OrrTo, Hauge, JAMES D., HaicutT, CuHartes S., HaIneEs, CHARLES D., Harnes, Henry F., Ha.tock, CHarLes P., HALLs, WILLIAM, JR., Hatsteap, Miss L. P., HaMeERSLEY, Louis Gorpon, Hamitton, Miss ADELAIDE, ANNUAL REPORT. Hiryarp, Georce D., HINCHMAN, WALTER, Hirscu, Cuar.es H., Hiss, Purrip, HitTcHcock, CENTER, FNGCART sine HocHscHILp, BERTHOLD, HopENpPyL, ANTON G., Hor, Ricuarp M., Hor, Mrs. Ricuarp M., Hor, Mrs. Rosert, Hamitton, Miss ELizABETH STEWART,HOFFMAN, Mrs. E. A., Hamitton, WILLIAM PIERSON, HamMMonp, JAMEs B., Hammonp, Mrs. JoHN Henry, Hawnson, Pror. Harry D., HARBECK, CHARLES T., Harp, ANSon W., HARDENBERGH, Mrs. JoHN A., HaARDENBERGH, T. E., Harmon, Mrs. CLIFForD, HARPER, LATHROP C., Harvey, Eby, HASKELL, GrorcEe M., HASSLACHER, JACOB, Hastincs, Mrs. THoMAs, HaveMevyer, F. C., Jr, HaAvEMEYER, H. O., Jr., HaveMeyer, T. A., HAvEN, GeorceE G., Jr., Havens, ALBERT G., Hawe, MattrHew, Haw ey, Epwin, Haynes, WILLIAM De Forest, HeEcCKSCHER, JOHN GERARD, Hences, Jos E., HEIMAN, ABRAHAM, HEIMAN, E., Herman, Mrs. SopuHir, Hens, Georce L., HEINSHEIMER, L. A., HEINTZ, JOHN C., HEITEMEYER, CLEMENS, Hetp, Dr. R. JoHNnson, HENCKEN, HANCKE, HENpRICKS, FRANCIS, HENKEL, JOHN, HENRIQUES, Dr. H. A., HERMANN, FERDINAND, HeErRRMAN, Mrs. EstHEr, Herter, Dr. CHRISTIAN A., Herzoc, Lewis, Hess, SELMAR, Hewitt, Mrs. Asram S., Hewitt, Hersert H., [Rbetey 1 Bgnl aye Hii, HENry, Hitts, Mrs. Atrrep K., Horsroox, Mrs. F. S., Hoipen, Epwin B., Ho.peEn, Georce A., Hoiiins, Henry B., Ibl@wiigina, daly Jak, Hort. Henry. Homans, Mrs. Epwarp C., Hootey, Epwin S., Hopr, M. G., Hoppin, HAmILTon L., Hoppin, SAMUEL HowLanp, Hoppin, Witt1Am W., Jr., Hosxier, H. C., How tanp, Henry E., How.anp, Mrs. Henry E., Hoyt, Cotecarte, Hoyt, WaAtrTeR S., Hoyt, GeraAtp L., Hoyt, Goorp, Hoyt, Mrs. JESSE, HucGHEs, CHARLES E Humpureys, Mrs. HUNTINGTON, Rev. W. R., HuprFeEL, J. CHRISTOPHER G., Hussey, WILLIAM H., Hustep, Miss M. KaTHERINE, Hustep, SEyMour L., Jr., Hutcuins, Aucustus SCHELL, Hutter, Kart, Huvyier, JouHN C., Hype, B. T. Bassirt, Hype, CLARENCE M.. Hype, Dr. Frepertck E., IncHES, GeEorGE B., TpAUMIS See alae INNEsS, GEORGE, JR., INSLEE, Mrs. HELEN C., IsELIN, ADRIAN, JR., ISELIN, C. OLIVER, IsELIN, CotumBus O’DOoNNELL, IseLtn, Miss GEORGINE, IsELIN, JoHN H., IsHAM, CHARLES H., IsHAM, SAMUEL, VOR Van lean Ge Jackson, FREDERIC WENDELL, *Deceased. | DWARD WALSH, DG. NEW YORK -ZOOLOGICAL = SOCIETY. Jackson, Dr. GrorcGeE THOMAS, Jackson, R.G, Jackson, SAMUEL MACAULEY, Jacos, CHARLES, Jacos, LAWRENCE, Jacosr, Dr. A., Jacosus, JoHN S., JACQUELIN, Hersert T. B., JACQUELIN, JoHN H., JAMES, ARTHUR CuRTIS, James, Dr. Rosert C., James, Dr. WattTer B., JANEWAY, Dr. Epwarp G., JENNINGS, FREDERICK B., JENNINGS, PHILANDER R., JENNINGS, WALTER, JESTER, CLAUDE W., JoHnson, Mrs. F. Corr, JoHNson, Guy B., JOHNSTON, WILLIAM J., JoLINE, ADRIAN HoFFrMAN, Jones, H. Botton, *Jones, Mrs. JoHNn D., Jones, Lewts Q., Jupson, H. J., Kaun, Louts, Kaun, Otto H., KALLMAN, CHARLES, KANE, JOHN INNEs, Kane, Miss Louisa LAncpon, Kane, S. NICHOLSON, KEECH, FRANK B., Ketiey, AusTIN P., Kettoce, Mrs. CHARLES, KELLY, EUGENE, Kemp, ARTHUR T., . Kent, Epwin C., KEPPEL, FREDERICK, KEUFFEL, WILHELM, Kipper, JAMES HaTHAWAY, KIMBALL, ALFRED R., Kinc, EpwaArp, Kinc, JAMES Gore, Krnc, Mrs. Leroy, Kine, N. K., Kine, Wit1tiaAmM F., Krnney, Morris, KitcHING, FRANK W., Kraw, Marc, KLEE, BENJAMIN, Knapp, Dr. HERMAN, Kwapp, JoHn M., KNOEDLER, ROLAND F., KOHLMAN, CHARLES, Korg, Gustave F., Koppret, FREDERICK, KUHNE, PERCIVAL, KuNHARDT, Henry R., Kuttrorr, ADOLF, LacomseE, Hon. E, Henry, LapEew, Mrs. Epwarp R., Lacat, Dr. GEorGE, LAMBERT, Dr. ALEXANDER, LAMBERT, Dr. SAMUEL W., Lamont, Mrs. Dantet S., Lanpon, Mrs, E. H., Lanpon, FrRANCcIs G., LANE, Epwarp V., Z., LANE, JAMES WARREN, LaneE, J. D., LANGELOTH, J., LANGMANN, Dr. Gustav, LatHrop, FRANCIS, LATTING, CHARLES P., LAuUDAUER, I. N., LAWRENCE, Cyrus J., LAWRENCE, JOHN BuRLING, LAWRENCE, NEWBOLD T.., LAWRENCE, TOWNSEND, LAWRENCE, WALTER Bowen, LAWRENCE, W. V., LAYNG, J. D., Lepoux, Dr. ALzBert R., Lee, Mrs. Freperic S., Ler, Pror. Freperic S., Lee, J. Bowers, Lez, Witttam H. L., LEFFERTS, MARSHALL C., LEITNER, JACOB, *Le Roy, ALFRED, LesHe_r, A. L., LETKEMANN, H. V., Levy, EMANUEL, Lewis, FrRepERIC ELttort, Lewis, Percy Pyne, Lewis, WapswortH RUSSELL, Lewis, Dr. WILLIAM J., LEWISOHN, ADOLPH, Lipsey, O. B., LIEBENAU, ALBERT, ey LIEBERTZ, JOSEPH, Lincotn, LoweELt, LircHFIELp, Epwarp H., LiTTAUER, WILLIAM, *LIVERMORE, JOHN R., Livincston, WitiAmM S., LoBENSTINE, WILLIAM CHRISTIAN, Lockwoop, Wi..tston B., Locan, WALTER S., LoncFrELLow, Mrs. FREDERICK W., LoweELt, Miss CariLottaA RUSSELL, LoweLL, JAMEs R., LUCKSINGER, JACQUES, LueEpe_r, A., Lusk, Pror GRAHAM, LuTTGEN, WALTHER, *Deceased. ELEVENTH LYMAN, FRANK. Lynne, Francis E. P., Lynope, Roiiin H., McAtan, JouN, McAtprin, Mrs. Cuartes W., McAtpin, Georce L., McCrurg, S. S., McCurpy, Ricuarp A., McKim, Rey. HASLtett, McKim, Joun, A., McKim, Leroy, McKinney, GLENN Foro, McLean, JAMES, McLean, MarsHaAtt, McVickar, Epwarp, Mack, Jacos W., Mactay, Mrs. Rosert, Macy, Georce A., MaceeE, JOHN, Macer, F. Rosert, Mant, WILLIAM, Marrs, Georce H., Matt, PIerre, MANN, WILLIAM DALTON, Mapes, DANIEL, JR., Mapes, Ernest S., Marxkoe, Dr. J. W., Mar.incG, ALFRED E., Martor, Henry S., Mars, C. P., MarsHALL, CHARLES H., Marston, Epwin S., Martin, WitiiAM R. H., Martinez, Micuat R., Masten, RicHarp R., MatHews, THOMAS, MatrHiessen, Miss Marie, MAXWELL, ROBERT, MEHL, Henry, MEHLTRETTER, CHAS. F., MELLEN, CHarLEs S., Meyer, Tuomas C., Meyrowirz, Emit B., MuIppLEBROOK, FREDERICK, MIKKELSEN, Mrs. M. A., pEMiLHAUv, Louis JoHN, MitBaNk, ALBERT J., Miter, Mrs. CuHartes E., MiLter, Epwarp F., Miter, RosweE Lt, Mitiiken, S. M., Mirits, AprAHAM G., Mitts, ANDREW, Mitts, D. O.. Mirtmine, C. E., Mircue tt, F. KenpDALL, MitcHett, H. RaymMonpn, Moencu, Hwco, ANNUAL REPORT. Morrat, GeorGeE Barcnay, MontTANT, ALPHONSE, MontcoMery, Ricuarp M., Moore, CASIMIR DE R., Moore, CHARLES ARTHUR, JR., Moore, Miss Fairu, Moorg, Dr. Joun W., Moore, Miss K. T., Moore, Mrs. W. D., MoreGan, Miss ANNIE T., Morean, Miss C. L., Morean, Epwin D., MorGan, Georce E., MorcGan, Georce H., Morecan, Mrs. J. B., Morcan, Mrs. J. Pierpont, MoreGAan, JuNtus S., Morcan, Mrs. Junius S., Morcan, Dr. THomas E:-, Morris, Dave H., Morris, ForpHAM, Morris, JOHN JAcop, Morris, Dr. Lewis RUTHERFURD, Morse, CHarites H. Mortimer, RICHARD, Morton, A. L., Morton, Mrs. Henry SAMUEL, Mott, Henry C., Mott, JoHN Bowen, Mort, JorpAN L., Jr., MUELLER, CHARLES F., Munroe, HENry W., MurcGatTroyD, JOHN, Myers, JosepH G., NerILson, Dr. Howarp S., NELson, JAMES W., NESMITH, JAMES, NEUMER,. FERDINAND, NicHors, Acosta. NicHots, Georce L., NicHoLs, JoHN W. T., Nixes, Rosert L., Nose, ALFRED, Norrie, A. LANFEAR, NotTMAN, JOHN, Noyes, Mrs. Henry D., *OAKLEY, H. CRUGER, O’ConNELL, MICHAEL, OGDEN, CHARLES W., *OGDEN, M. C.. Otcott, DuDLEY, 2D, OLSEN, CuHar_es P., OLYPHANT, ROBERT, OLYPHANT, Rosert M., Ownativia, JOHN VICTOR, O’RourkKE, JOHN F., Osporn, Mrs. HENRY FAIRFIELD, OSTRANDER, Miss Mary M., *Deceased. D4 NEW. YORK, ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: Otten, Mrs. GERTRUDE, OUTERBRIDGE, Dr. PAUL, OvENS, JAMES, OVvERTON, Dr. FRANK, Painter, Dr. H. McM., Parmer, S. S., Pancoast, RICHARD, Parsons, Epwin, Parsons, Mrs. Epwin, Parsons, H. de B., Parsons, JOHN E., Parsons, WILLIAM Barc.ay, Paterson, R. W., PAUL, JOHN J., Pau, W. A. O., Peapopy, STEPHEN, PELL, STEPHEN H. P., PELTON, FRANKLIN D., PENDLETON, FrRANcIs Key, PENFOLD, WILLIAM HALL, PENNIMAN, GEoRGE H., PERKINS, GEORGE W., PERKINS, Rosert P., PETERS, CHARLES G., PETERS, SAMUEL T., Peters, WILLIAM RICHMOND, PFIZER, CHARLES, JR., PICKHARDT, CARL, PIEL, GOTTFRIED, Pret, MIcHAEL, Pierce, Henry Cay, PIERREPONT, Miss ANNA JAy, Pierson, GEN. J. FRED, PincuHort, GIFFoRD, Piatt, FRANK H., Piatt, Miss Marton. ErRSKINE, PiyMpPtTon, GILBERT M., Poccensure, H. F., Potiock, GEorcE E.., Poor, Henry V., PorTER, CLARENCE, Porter, WILLIAM L., Post, Apram S., Post, Epwarp C., Post, GeorcE B., Jr., Post, Mrs. AL wwe; Post, Wittiam H., PosTLEY, CLARENCE A., Potter, Miss BLANCHE, Potter, EpwARD CLARKSON, Potter, FREDERICK, Potter, Miss MartTuHa, Ports, WiLL1AM Brevoort, Pratt, GeorceE D., PRENTICE, JOHN Hitt, PRENTISS, GEORGE LEwIs, Prime, Miss CorNeELIA, PRINCE, Epwarb S., Prince, Pror. J. DyNELEY PRYER, CHARLES, Putnam, WIL11AM A., Pye, JAMES TOLMAN, Pyne, M. Tayvtor, Pyne, Mrs. M. Tay tor, QuIntTARD, Dr. Epwarp, Ranp, GeorceE C., RANDALL, FRANK E., RANDOLPH, EpMuND D., RANDOLPH, WILLIAM W., RANFT, RICHARD, RApPALLo, Epwarp S., RATHBORNE, RICHARD C., RaucH, WILLIAM, Rawtiins, J. ARMSTRONG, Reap, WILLIAM A., REDMOND, GooLp H., RepMonpD, Henry S., ReEEsE, T. T., REIMER, Otto E., REINCKE, E. A., REINHARDT, GEORGE N., Reyno3ps, E. B., ReyNotps, JAMES Bronson, RHINELANDER, CHARLES E., RHINELANDER, FREDERIC W., RHINELANDER, Miss SERENA, *RHOADES, JOHN HARSEN, RICHARD, AUGUSTE, RIcHARD, EpwIn A., RicuHarps, E. O., RIKER, JOHN L., RIKER, SAMUEL, RreLey, H. Ditton, RreLey, JULIAN A., Ripiey, Louts A., Rives, GeorceE L., ROBBINS, CHANDLER, Rosertson, Mrs. Fanny P., Rospertson, R. H., *RoBINs, THOMAS, Ropinson, Ett K., Rortnson, G. H., Rogirnson, G. N., Ropinson, Henry A., Ropison, WILLIAM, Rockwoop, WILLIAM H., Rog, FRANK O., Roe, Irvine L., ROELKER, ALFRED, RoeEsLerR, AUGUST, Rocers, E. L., Rocers, JAMEs H.., ROKENBAUGH, HENRY S., RoMAINE, W. Tyson, RooSEvELT, W. EMLEN, Root, ErrHv, > *Deceased. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. Rose, JoHN J., Ross, P. SANForD, Rossiter, E. V. W., RotH, FRepErIcK G. R., RoTHWELL, JAMEs E., RoweLL, GeorceE P., RunNcGIus, Cart, RuNYON, CARMAN R., RUPPERT, JACOB, Ruppert, Mrs. J Acos, RUPERTI, JUSTUS, RUSSELL, ARCHIBALD D., RyAn, J. D., RYLE, ARTHUR, Sim Jorn, Fo L., SACKETT, CLARENCE, SacKeTT, Miss GERTRUDE T., Sackett, Mrs S. E., SaGE, DEAN, SacE, JoHN H., Sace, Mrs. RuSSELL, SAMPSON, ALDEN, SAMPSON, CHARLES E., SAUTER, FREDERICK, ScHAEFER, HENRY, ScHANCK, GEorGE E., SCHANG, FREDERICK, ScHAur, ©. F., SCHEFER, CARL, SCHIEFFELIN, Mrs. H. M., SCHIEFFELIN, WILLIAM JAY SCHILLING, Ropert H.., SCHIRMER, GUSTAV, ScHIRMER, RubDOLPH E., Scumipt, F. LEeopotp, ScHmitt, WILLIAM P., ScHNEIDER, G. E., ScHOLLE, A. H., ScHULTZzE, JOHN S., Scuuyter, Miss Louisa Lee, ScHWaARzZ, HEnry F., Scott, Hon. Francis M., Scott, WILLIAM, ScRIBNER, ARTHUR H., ScRYMSER, JAMES A., SEARES, Rosert B., SEDGWICK, ROBERT, Seg, A. B., SELIGMAN, ALFRED L., SELIGMAN, JEFFERSON, SETON, ALFRED, JR., SEWALL, FRED. W., SEXTON, LAWRENCE E., SEYBEL, DANIEL E., SHapiro, D., SHAW, CHARLES HERBERT, SHaAw, JAMEs G., SHAW, WALTER W., bo nN SHEFFIELD, JAMES R., SHELDON, GEORGE R., SHELDON, WILLIAM C., *SHERMAN, GARDINER, SHIPWAY, JoHN H., SHURTLEFF, RosweL_t Morse, SEIGEL, JACop, SILLECK, HENRY G., Jr, SILLecK, Mrs. Henry G., Jr, SILLIMAN, HARPER, Stumons, JoserH F., Srmpson, Joun W., Stimpson, WILLIAM, SKEEL, FRANK D., SximpMorE, WILLIAM L., SLADE, Francis Louis, SmILey, DANIEL, SMILLIE, CHARLES F., SMILLIE, JAMEs D., SMITH, AUGUSTINE J., SmitH, F. M., SmitH, H. SAnzorn, SmiTH, J. Henry, SmitH, Lucius H., SmiTH, NATHANIEL S., SmitH, Puitir S., SmitH, Rogert W., SmitH, Dr. SAMUEL, SmitH, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, SMITHERS, CHARLES, SMITHERS, F. S., SmMyYTH, Pup A., Snow, C. G., SoLTMANN, E. G., SorcHon, Mrs. Vicror, SoOUTHACK, FREDERICK, SPEAR, JAMES, JR., SPEDDEN, FREDERIC O., Sperr, Mrs. Ceciria M., *SPENCER, SAMUEL, SPIEGELBERG, F., SPITZNER, GEORGE W., SpoFForD, Mrs. J. L., Sprinc, Miss ANNA RIKER, SPRINGMEYER, ALBERT A., Spurr, E. W., Sourss, CHARLES F., Sourss, Dr. Epwarp H., STAFFORD, WILLIAM FREDERICK, StanpisH, Mytes, STANTON, JOHN, STANTON, JOHN R., Starr, Lours Morrts, STEBBINS, JAMES H., Steers, HENrRy, STEEVES, JOHN F., STEINBECK, EDWARD, STEPHENS, OLIN J., *Deceased. - 26 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. STERN, ISAAC, STERN, VEsty J., STEVENS, ALEXANDER H.., STEVENS, FREDERIC W., STrewArtT, WILLIAM R., STILLMAN, JAMES A., STILLMAN, LC. E., Stimpson, Dr. DanieEt M., Sroxes, H. B., Top, J. KENNEDY, Hopoy lal sk. Tousey, WILLIAM, TowNSsEND, Epwin S., TOWNSEND, ISAAC, TowNSEND, J. HENRY, TOWNSHEND, JOHN, Tows, CoE DowNnINnc, TrAvER, A. P., Stoxes, Miss Orrvia E. Petes, TRASK, SPENCER, Stone, Mason A., Trotter, WILLIAM, Stone, WALTER KING, TROWBRIDGE, FREDERICK K Stout, ANDREW V., Truax, Hon. CHartes H., Stout, JosepPH S., Trustow, T. Brooks, Stow, GEorcE G., TUCKERMAN, ALFRED, Strance, A. B., TUCKERMANN, PAUL, SrraTForD, Pror. WILLIAM C., TurNure, Mrs. ARTHUR, STRAUSS, FREDERIC, TurnurRE, GEo. E., STREAT, JAMES, TWeEbDELL, WILLIAM H., Streeter, D. D., JR, Unpberwoop, WILLIAM LYMAN. Sturces, Henry C., UpMANN, CArt, STUYVESANT, RUTHERFURD, VALENTINE, Dr. WILLIAM A., SuLiivAN, Mrs. JAMES, Van CorTLANpT, AUGUSTUS, SuUTPHEN, JOHN S:, JR., VANDERBILT, ALFRED G., Swayne, FRrANcIs B., VANDERPOEL, Mrs. JoHN A., SwEnson, S. J., VAN DER SMISSEN, Dr. G. J., Taser, Miss Mary, Van Empurcu, D. B., Tart, Henry W., Van Nest, Mrs. ALEXANDER T., TALcort, JAMES, Van Nest, G. WILLETT, TATHAM, CHARLES, Van Norden, THEODORE LANGDON, Tatum, A. H., Van NorvEN, WARNER M., Taytor, Dwicut W., Van Pett, GILBERT S., TaAyLor, GEORGE, Van WINKLE; Encar B., VARNUM, JAMES M., Verpi, Miss Mary, Victor, A., VIELE, HERMAN K., VIvANTI, FeRRUCCIO ANSELMO, VoceL, HERMAN, *Vorce, A. D., WADDINGTON, GEORGE, WapsworTH, CLARENCE S., WapswortH, W. P., Wacne_r, H. Wo. C., WAGNER, OTTO, Wacstarfr, C. Du Bots, WAINWRIGHT, J. HowArp, Watcott, Freperic C., WALKER, GEORGE L., WaLkeEr, GEORGE W., WaLkeEr, Roper, JR., WaALsH, SAMUEL A., WANNINGER, CHARLES, Warpurc, PAUL M.. Warp, ARTEMAS, Warp, Mrs. GEorGE CAROT, Warp, Henry C., Warp, J. Q. A., *Deceased. Taytor, Mrs. HENRY OSBORN, Taytor, Henry R.., Taytor, HERBERT C., Taytor, JAMES B., TAYLOR, KNOX, TAYLOR, LLOoyD, Taytor, MOSEs, TAYLor, STEVENSON, Tenney, C. H.., TERRY, JoHN T., Terry, Rev. RODERICK, THACHER, Mrs. Georce W., THATCHER, | HOMAS, Tuayer, Harry BATES, Tuomas, Dr. ALLEN M., Tuomas, SETH E., THORNDIKE, Dr. TowNSEND W., THORNE, JONATHAN, TuHorNE, NEweeErRY D., Tuorne, W. V. S., TirFANY, Louis C., Titrorp, Henry M., Titt, BENJAMIN B., TiLTon, JosEPH W., TIMMERMANN, Henry G., ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. W ARDNER, HENRY STEELE, WARDWELL, WILLIAM T., WARREN, JOHN Hopart, WATERBURY, JOHN L., Watson, CHARLES F., Watson, Rev. J. HENry, WEATHERBEE, Epwin H., Wess, F. EGERTON, Wess, Dr. W. SEWARD, WELLING, R. W. G., WELLS, OLIVER J., WENDELL, Evert JANSEN, WeENDELL, Mrs JAcos, WERTHEIM, H. P., Westover, M. F., Wetmore, EpMUND, WHEELER, Everett P., WHEELOCK, Dr. GEorGE G., Waite, ALAIN C., Wuirte, Horace, Wuirte, JoHN Jay, Wuire, LEonARD D., *W HITE, STANFORD, Wire S: V., Waite, WILLIAM W., WauuitenHouse, J. HENRY, WHITEHOUSE, WILLIAM F., Wuitinc, Dr. Cuartes A., Wuitinc, Miss GERTRUDE, Wuitinec, GILEs, WHITMAN, CLARENCE, WHITMAN, WILLIAM, JrR., Wuirtney, Miss E. C., Wuirrince, F. W., WICKERSHAM, GEORGE W., WIENER, FELIX F., Witets, JouHN T., WitiiaMs, Mrs G. G,, bo ~] Wiiiams, Mrs. Percy H.. WILLIAMS, RicHArD H., Jr, WILLIAMS, THOMAS, WILLIAMS, WALDRON, Wits, CHARLES T., Witson, Dr. EpmunpD B., Witson, GEORGE 1., Witson, Henry R., WILTSEE, ERNEST, WINANT, FREDERICK, WINKELBACH, L. O., WINTHROP, EGERTON L., WintuHrop, Ecerton L., Jr, WintHrop, Ropert DUDLEY, WISNER, CHARLES, WITHERBEE, FRANK S., WitrHaus, Dr. RupoLeH A., Wotrr, EMIL, Woop, ARNOLD, Woop, GILBERT CONGDON, Woop, WatrtER J., Woop, WILLIAM CoNGDON, Woop, WiLi1AM H. S., Woopcock, EDWIN, Woopuows., J. S., Woopwarpb, JAMEs T., Wricut, J. DUNBAR. Wricut, Mrs. J. Hoop, Wricut, JoHN Howarp, WricuHt, Mrs. Mapet Oscoon, Younc, A. Murray, Younc, FREDERICK STAFFORD, Younc, Georce W.., YounGc, JOHN ALVIN, YouNG, JOHN W., Younc, RICHARD N., ZABRISKIE, ANDREW C., ZINSSER, AUGUST. Corresponding fHembers Barpour, Mrs. S. E., Brown, HERBERT, Brown, WILLIAM Harvey, *CORNISH, C. J., Exrop, M. J., GoLpInc, Capt. THOMAS, GRIFFITH, WILLIAM A., STONE, ANDREW J., Witson, T. E. Summary of Membership Benefactors Total number of Founders ee Patrons Life Members Annual Members Total of all classes ea) one: 26 oivauietiel eof fel ie! Teuie, .e/ is’ Te) .s)) 0) se: elmo: ee) ce! /@) (©) (ee Associate Founders Piciah simgieyhalsijalicte» ! ot le/ (ef 2- eee, (sire) © 0! 6 <6 mie, olan el ot ert eite lm ne.ksl eel ge! ole) ecliavie aie. .s. 0% 6 eiveviel ells) (o.e, alieicanre: ae) elle, ea /e i.e. *Deceased. I8 NEW YORK ‘ZOOLOGICAL «SOCIETY. Qualifications for Reqular Membership Annual Members ...... $ 10 Associate Founders ..$ 2,500 Lite (Members) 2s... 222 200, “Hounders) =e o6o eee 5,000 PAtLONG ei aoe £000") Benetactots. Gace vies ce 10,000 Form of Bequest I do hereby give and bequeath to the “NEw YORK ZOOLOGICAL Society, of the City of New Vork,.. 2S ee ' \ ty * fi . wae” - 7 r r +3 . / S i UVAd WVTOd hoe Ok tO F eee eee CUTIVE COMMITTEE TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. HE Executive Committee of the Board of Managers of the New York Zoological Society takes pleasure in reporting that during the year 1906 continuous and satisfactory progress has been made toward the completion of the Zoological Park and the Aquarium. The scientific work of the Society still remains somewhat in the background pending the completion of the large amount of construction still going on at the Park. The most important events of the year have been: The development of the North End of Baird Court and the Concourse; and the new and important approach to the terminus of the subway system at West Farms now practically completed. This new entrance involved a restudy of our original plan for this part of the Park and a large amount of road-building and planting, together with the construc- tion of a Pavilion and gates, and of the large Boat House on Bronx Lake. The building for small deer has also been substan- tially completed, although not yet opened. Plans have been made for the remainder of the buildings in the Park, and the end of 1908 should see the end of construction on a large scale, provided the City continues to maintain its present liberal attitude towards the Society. During the past year the attendance at the Zoological Park reached the total of 1,321,917, being an increase of 88,390 over the attendance of 1905. These figures relate to the fenced por- tion of the Park, and do not include the visitors to the area lying east of Boston Road and to Bronx Lake, which has become a favorite resort for visitors during the summer. The attendance at the Aquarium for the year 1906 has been the largest in the history of that institution, and reached the enor- mous figure of 2,106,569, which is 380,399 more than last year, and represents an average daily attendance of 6,040. Since the original opening of the Aquarium, it has been visited by 17,103,- 328 people. The total annual cost to the City for the maintenance of the Zoological Park and for the Aquarium is about 5% cents per visitor. 39 NEW YORK ZOOLOGIGALSOCGIEGY. The membership of the Society on January I, 1907, was as fol- lows: Benefactors seca eee 5 Pounderss:ceai aerate ec hce een 20 Associate -MOMndenrs® <5 Wot Se ee 10 Patrons vnc ee ete Sane ee a ere 44 hide: (Menibenseaccretar fecha eer 195 Annual Wenmihers ase te oe eee 1,293 FINANCES. Animal Fund.—During the year the Animal Fund has been increased by gifts amounting to $10,250.00 and by $14,204.64 from the Park privileges. This last account would have been greater except that a large portion of the proceeds from Park privileges has been retained in order to supply the equipment needed for the new Boat House. During the year there was expended for animals the sum of $23,039.71, leaving a balance of $1,355.16 on January I, 1907. Income Account.—The Income Account still remains insuff- cient to meet the increasing needs of the general purposes of the Society. There appears to be no way in which this fund can be increased except by the establishment of an Endowment Fund, which the Committee hopes will ultimately be provided. An increase in the membership list would also result in an increase in the Income Account, and it is hoped that all the members of the Society will do what they can to accomplish this. General Fund.—The General Fund shows a balance of $6,039.- 32, and has been but little used during the current year. It is hoped that this fund will be increased during the year by some substantial gifts of money available for the general purposes of the Society. Ground Improvement Fund.—There has been expended during the year from the Ground Improvement Fund $163,479.09, leav- ing a balance available of $313,580.32, most of which will be used to construct the Elephant House. With the approval of the Mayor, an application has been made to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment for a bond issue of $500,000, $250,000 to be issued during the year 1907, and $250,000 to be used during 1908. Maintenance of the Zoological Park.—The amount provided ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. +. ~~ for the maintenance of the Park for 1906, $144,905, has been barely sufficient to maintain the Park during the year. The needs of the Park during 1907, owing to the completion of the Small Deer House, and the opening of the new Entrance Pavilion, and to the general increase in the Collections, will tax the resources of the Society heavily, as the City has seen fit to decrease the amount appropriated by $3,406.25, leaving as maintenance for 1907 only $141,558.75. Your Committee is not informed of the reason of this decrease, but assumes it was due to a lack of ade- quate knowledge of the needs of this Society. Maintenance of the Aquarium.—The amount appropriated for the maintenance of the Aquarium for 1906 was $45,000, which has proved sufficient with close economy to maintain that institu- tion during the year. The same amount has been provided for 1907. Aquarium Improvement Fund.—During the year the Aquarium Improvement Fund was drawn on to the extent of $8,622.89, and it now appears probable that we can complete the necessary altera- tions to the Aquarium and have a small balance on hand. In the Treasurer’s report, detailed statements of the different accounts are set forth at length. IMPORTANT GIFTS TO THE PARK. The most important gifts during the year have been: One hip- popotamus, presented by Mr. Samuel Thorne; an African rhinoc- eros, presented by Mr. Frederick G. Bourne; five sea-lions, pre- sented by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff; one pair of black bears, presented by Mr. Emerson McMillin; one pair of black bears, presented by Mr. E. H. Harriman; one pair of black bears, presented by Dr. A. B. Duel; one pair of jaguar cubs, presented by Mrs. Arthur Curtiss James; two manatee and two Florida crocodiles, presented by Mr. A. W. Dimock; five buffalo and five elk, pre- sented by Mr. T. D. M. Cardeza. A number of smaller gifts have also been received during the year, a full list of which will be found on page 113 of this report. PUBLICATIONS. During the year the Annual Report and four quarterly Bulle- tins have been published and sent to all the members of this Society, together with an edition of the Guide Book. An entire new Guide Book, brought fully down to date, is now being pre- 34 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGEERY. pared, and will be published and sent to the members early during the year. NEW BUILDINGS AND INSTALLATIONS. The Glass Court, which is really an addition to the Bird House, was completed during the year, filled with small birds, and opened to the public early in October, 1906. The Small-Deer House, occupying the site of the old Antelope Range, west of the Antelope House, is nearly completed and in all probability will be occupied about May 1. Baird Court.——The western and northern boundary walls, bal- ustrades and approach steps to Baird Court have been entirely completed, and the sloping Italian Garden will be prepared and planted during the Spring. Contracts for the pavilions and gates at the entrance to the Concourse itself were awarded during the year. The work is now under way and will be completed early in the Spring. The Feed-Barn and enclosing fence have been completed and the work shops and storage yards are now entirely screened from view. At the Boston Road entrance, the retaining wall and plaza, the entrance pavilion, and all the walks connecting with the Antelope House and Buffalo Range have been completed, together with a large amount of planting. The Public Comfort Building on Boston Road was partly finished, but owing to an irregularity in the contract between the City and the contractor, work was sus- pended. The building, however, will be completed during 1907. The Boat House has been finished and will be ready for use early in the Spring. The upper floor of this building will be used for a restaurant, and will largely increase the receipts of the Privilege Account. A large amount of miscellaneous construc- tion work has been done, the details of which will be found in the report of the Director of the Park. PLANS FOR 1907. The most important building remaining to be constructed in the Park is the Elephant House. Plans for the building have been carefully studied during the year and are now in the hands of the Park Department, and a contract for the construction of this building will be awarded at an early date. Plans have been prepared for a zebra installation, to occupy ll te ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 35 the site of the old Caribou Range, which will contain, when com- pleted, a large collection of Equidae. Plans for the Administration Building, to occupy the northeast corner of Baird Court, are nearly completed, and the contract for it will be awarded as soon as funds are available for this pur- pose. This building, when completed, will be the headquarters of the Society, and will contain a collection of paintings and a library available for public use, under proper restrictions. It will also contain the Collection of Heads and Horns referred to below. Carefully studied plans for the Biological Laboratory, to occupy a site near the present Service Building, are now ready and only await the necessary funds to be placed under contract. EAST SIDE EXTENSION. Plans have been prepared for the newly acquired addition to Bronx Park to the east. These plans involve a series of roads and paths connecting with those of the Zoological Park. A re- adjustment of boundaries on that side of the Park will probably be necessary. ANIMAL COLLECTIONS. The animal collections at the Park have been greatly increased in numbers and in value, notably in the Department of Birds. At the close of the year the Park contained 3,624 specimens, being an increase of 753 specimens over the year of 1905. The total number of animals represents 808 species, while last year the total number of animals represented 656 species. The number of species and specimens in the different departments are as follows: Mammals so... <4 620 sueeiieds 189 species |B TCR(G Ses ee ee 2,104 AGTS Coe Reptiles and Amphibians .... goo i‘ 13055 Potals Vase 3,624 ce 818 At the very close of the year the Society received a young male African rhinoceros, purchased for the Zoological Society at Mombasa, East Africa, by Mr. Richard Tjader, and by him brought to New York. 36 NEW 2 YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEDY, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. The Medical Department during the year continued to show the results of its careful organization. The death rate has been held down to what appears to be its normal amount. There have been substantially no deaths among the important animals of the Park. Of course there is a certain amount of loss in any Zoo- logical Park, owing to the fact that a considerable number of the specimens are naturally short-lived. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT. Under this head, reference must be made to the large amount of planting that has been done in the Park, amounting to 12,450 shrubs and 6,135 trees. Careful effort has been made to repro- duce the original forest flora in the Zoological Park. Mr. James L. Greenleaf has continued to give this Society the benefit of his advice, and Mr. Merkel, the Chief Forester, has ably carried out the plans of the Committee. Efforts to save the chestnut trees were made during the year, but without notable success. In the other forested areas of the Bronx no efforts were made to con- trol or eradicate that disease, and it is feared that the Cytospora will ultimately destroy all of our chestnut trees. GAME PROTECTION. The work for the protection of game, an important feature of the work of the Society, was done under the Department of Game Protection, with Mr. George O. Shields as chief game pro- tector. A special report of the work of this department will be found elsewhere in this report. The National Government has accepted the Society’s offer of a buffalo herd, to be placed on the Wichita Forest Reserve. Fif- teen thousand dollars was appropriated for fences and other improvements, and a contract for the work was closed in Novem- ber. Active construction is now in progress, and the Range will be ready for occupancy early in the coming Summer. The but- falo presented by the Society will be shipped next Autumn. THE NATIONAL COLLECTION OF HEADS AND HORNS. The Executive Committee has determined to establish, under the auspices of the Society, a National Collection of valuable or record heads and horns, realizing that the time is fast approach- BEEVENDED ANNUAL “REPORT. 37 ing when it will be no longer possible to obtain notable specimens of heads, antlers and horns of our large game animals. — This collection will be located in the new Administration Building. As a nucleus, Mr. Hornaday has presented his entire collection, which is the result of many vears’ careful work and numbers 131 specimens, as follows: SHRGA 0" RAGE Wig ee Re ee te ear 19 [sesh eine VCC OT Ciacci a 8 aribous Woosesand: Decking... 3. 3 ears. PMBIES HOM CMM Ne eee ee eae ESTs o 44 Bisons, buttaloes-and-others. .. 622. ae. . 21 PR KCr Beto et ee Se nays 5 Neneh, bea 3 Ea It is hoped that the members of the Society, and sportsmen gen- erally, will from time to time present to the Society notably fine specimens, which will be properly exhibited. It is the intention of the Society to show a complete set of each type of heads of each species of large American game. PRESERVATION OF BRONX RIVER. During the year the Society obtained the appointment of a Commission to consider the possibility of the preservation of the entire Bronx Valley from Bronx Park to Kensico Dam, under the Chairmanship of the Secretary of this Society. This Com- mission has reported to the Governor in favor of the proposed parkway, and expects to obtain during the year of 1907 legisla- tion which will make possible the creation of a parkway fifteen miles long, affording complete protection to the river and its banks. This done, Bronx River can be saved for the uses of the Zoological Society for all time. NEW YORK AQUARIUM. During the year the work of improvement at the Aquarium was continued. New boilers and a ventilating system were installed, and the long continued work of replacing the rusted out iron pipe with new lead lined pipe went on. As soon as the new lead lined pipe is completely installed, the storage reservoir can be placed in commission and this much needed improvement made available. 38 NEW” YORK ZOOLOGICA SOCcilETx. The most notable addition during the year were two Manatees, a 400-pound Loggerhead Turtle, seven specimens of the Giant Snapping Turtle of the lower Mississippi River, averaging 80 pounds each, two large Tarpons, which were taken in pound nets in New York Harbor. The exhibits of fishes and other forms of aquatic life were as extensive as the number of tanks in the building permitted. Owing to the use of all the available space, no further addition to the collections is possible. The fish-hatchery was operated as usual as a_ fish-cultural exhibit, and large quantities of young fry were turned over to the State Fish Commission. OBITUARY. The Committee has lost during the year two of its Patrons, Mr. A. Newbold Morris, who had maintained for many years his interest in the Society, and Mr. Philip Schuyler, who was a member of the Executive Committee from the beginning, and whose loss was felt all the more keenly because his death was the first break in the ranks of the founders and organizers of the New York Zoological Society. The action taken by the Executive Committee upon the loss of Mr. Schuyler follows at the end of this report. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The Committee desires to express its appreciation of the con- tinued devotion to the interests of the Society of the Director of the Zoological Park, and of the Director of the Aquarium. Mr. Hornaday’s serious illness during the year, from which he is now happily fully recovered, brought home to the Committee the full appreciation of his importance and value to this Society. The staffs of both the Park and the Aquarium have been loyal and devoted to their work, and the Committee desires to take this opportunity to express its sense of appreciation. The Com- mittee desires also to acknowledge the courtesy and _ interest shown by the Mayor, Hon. George B. McClellan, and by the Comptroller, Hon. Herman A. Metz, and to the Hon. Moses Herrman, President of the Park Board. During the various changes in the Commissionership of the Park Department for the Borough of the Bronx, the members of that department have been uniformly helpful and friendly toward the work at the Park, and ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT. 3¢ special acknowledgment is here made to Commissioner Joseph I. Berry, to Mr. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer; Mr. William P. Hennessy, Assistant Engineer, and Mr. G. K. Ackerman, Chief Clerk, who have continued to be helpful and friendly, and this Society desires to record its appreciation of their co-operation. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Percy R. Pyne, MADISON GRANT, WittiaAM WHi+te NILEs, JoHN S. Barnes, SAMUEL THORNE, Levi P. Morton, ex-officio. January 1, 1907. In Hemoriam. By the tragic death of Mr. Philip Schuyler on Thanksgiving Morning, November 29, 1906, we have lost one of our oldest, stanchest, and most beloved friends; a member of the Society from its organisation; elected on flay 14, 1895, a member of the original Board of Managers, and elected a member of the Executive Committee soon after its organization; serving on the Com- mittee for eleven pears; lopval and confident of Success, even in the early days of doubt and difficulty, his memorp Deserves our gratitude, and the gratitude of the City of New Dork. May he always remain fresh in our minds and hearts as a perfect example of a Christian gentleman, public spirited, and devoted to his country, his city, and his friends. tie NATIONAL COLLECTION OF HEADS AND HORNS. OTWITHSTANDING the existence of game laws, and the constant efforts of many persons who believe in the protec- tion of wild life, it is an undeniable fact that, in nearly all parts of the world that vet are inhabited by large animals, the creatures of horn, hoof, and claw are rapidly disappearing. In Alaska, the finest hunting ground possessed by this nation, we regretfully admit that the existing game law appears to have availed very little in checking the appalling slaughter of moose, caribou, and mountain sheep. Although in Africa the English are doing their utmost to con- serve their remaining stock of large hoofed mammals, in the best game districts it is practically certain that the various species are being killed more rapidly than they breed. But for the timely and thoughtful efforts of the Duke of Bed- ford, Pere David's deer, of Manchuria, would have been com- pletely exterminated, actually before our eyes, five years ago. To-day, not one living specimen remains save in the Woburn Park herd of His Grace. In view of facts such as the above, it has seemed to the Secretary of the Society, and the Director of the Zoological Park, the im- perative duty of American sportsmen, zoologists, and taxider- mists, that a complete and perfect collection of the heads and horns of the world’s ungulates should be formed in America, without delay. In viewing the whole situation, it has seemed desirable that the Zoological Society should accept the ownership of such a collection, in case it is formed, and assume the duty of maintaining it acceptably and in perpetuity. Accordingly, the creation of a great collection, to be national in the scope of its founding, has been seriously proposed; and the title chosen for it is “The National Collection of Heads and Horns.” It is believed that the sportsmen and naturalists of America will be found willing to form the collection; and the New York Zoological Society, by a formal resolution adopted on December 20, 1906, by the Executive Committee, has decided to accept, maintain, and suitably exhibit the collection. On the date mentioned, Mr. Hornaday presented to the Society, as a 49 NEW YORE” ZOOLOGICAL. SOCIETY, nucleus for the proposed collection, his private collection of 131 heads and horns, representing 108 species. A list of the species contained in this gift is published herewith. As an evidence of his keen interest in the success of this under- taking, Mr. Charles T. Barney, Chairman of the Executive Com- mittee, purchased and presented to the Society (at a cost of $2,500), the magnificent pair of world’s record elephant tusks which reached the Zoological Park on February 4, 1907. In length they far surpass all other tusks ever known to have come from any living species of elephant, and in curve and symmetry they are remarkably beautiful. The longest tusk measures eleven feet, five and one-half inches, the other eleven feet, and the weight of the pair is 293 pounds. They are from an African elephant, and it is reported that they once were owned by King Menelik, of Abyssinia, who presented them to a European political officer. They were offered for sale in the London ivory market, were bought by Mr. Rowland Ward, from whom they were purchased by the order of Mr. Barney. In every respect these astounding specimens—which scarce can be credited until seen—are fit to start a national collection. It is proposed that the collection to be formed shall include two series of specimens, one to be arranged zoologically, the other geographically. It is intended to collect not only heads, horns, and tusks, but also game records and photographs. At first the collec- tion will be installed in the picture gallery of the Administration Building, and exhibited under proper restrictions, but it is rea- sonable to suppose that later on it will be housed permanently in a building specially erected for it. Naturally, the standard of acceptance will be made sufficiently high that only particularly fine specimens will be admitted to the exhibition collections, so that any sportsman may fairly regard it as an honor to be represented in the National Collection. MG W.. Dee Treasurer’s Reports. For THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1906. The annual expenditure of the various funds ts shown in the appended statements. General Fund. Gachmineimreasity, January 1, 1900. -...-. 22-5: RECEIPTS. SalesotmeAquarium Publications =..........---. EXPENDITURES. NOMI MEME DIICATIONS: 22..¢5.0 ce. os seek ess ihicomem Account: (@ranster) .02.2:24 a. 6a. 2. NGentectS. COMMISSIONS: so..0- once sn slne se: H. R. MitcHELL, Chief Clerk. January I, 1907. $10,028 Percy R. Pyne, Treasurer. 44 8 44 44 44 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Jneome Account. Cashtin’ ireasunyas janianys ie O0ON peer eae NS a RECEIPTS. itesmembershipy oie. Sect eee ee oe $3,200 00 IATiTitial SUES A Pina ee lore Oe eee ee 12,110 00 Stokes? tpind: Cities ashes oe Cee ote 135 00 WN CLALIT see eee eee ary eT ee 5 00 Aquariin= publications: see eee ee eee 236 52 General iund (transite), saa enna oe ee eee 3,000 00 18,686 52 $18,687 64 EXPENDITURES. Stationery and oiicesuppltesemema: anaemia $795 59 Annual: repotteoiict 25.5 ae eae cee ae 2,429 58 General soricevexpenSes: escheat oe oe ee eee 1,881 05 Bibra ny Oe eee eee eh ee Oe ne 319 16 Mathinevcincularsy sere acer ee er re 774 67 Miscellaneoussexpenseses sateen ase ee eo eee 2,534 26 Photographissandusitdesasssnee tee eee rree acer 923 16 Wichita bp aitalowhendieaeee yey eerie teeter ree II2 49 iineasune G/SvolicerexXpenSesee rete ees eee eee 510 29 SecretanysiSalanyeces soccer ne ee race eter 4,000 00 Offices furniture, wee eee eee aoe 59 50 Museummsupplies avai ete creer rae ae keane 48 13 Games protectionhe cme hea eee eee 1,240 26 Interests ps cone nee ees ee eee 821 62 Bulletins tenet sori Miron Cee oe ee Q5I 14 Bimplovers-siistrances srr. a: cian sce -o ceric reer 439 88 Paplications tor members me ace eerie ce eee 36 82 Au ditzot ACCOUNTS ere ae earn 150 00 InSuranCet inten eee a oe ero: Ch Rec eee 253 23 $18,280 83 Gasheibalance ws Decembeneci.5 LOCOme- pen eee aeeeeaer 406 81 $18,687 64 H. R. MitcHeE Lt, Percy R. Pyne, Chief Clerk. Treasurer. January I, 1907. ELEVENTH Animal Fund. Cash in Treasury, January 1, RECEIPTS. Special Subscriptions: @liviers Payne eo oi8. 65 Shwe co dees $1,000 Samieledshorne: 3.53.00 e 27-9". “ 2 Fidentatas-.-0 >... 2r= 3 4 Po) B21 Wes Ses (00 ees 620 i DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. C. William Beebe, Curator. In this department the leading event of the vear was the as- sembling of a large collection of North American song-birds in an addition to the Large Bird House, which is known as the Glass Court. The thirty-nine large cages of that structure provided accommodations for a great number of passerine birds, and they were promptly filled. The song-birds previously quartered in the noisy parrot-room of the main building, and handicapped by their screaming neighbors, were removed to the new cages, where they were able to exercise their powers of song. Of the nineteen families in the Order Passeres, eighteen are repre- sented by living specimens, the majority of which are ranged, by Families, in zoological sequence. There is cause for satisfaction in the fact that on December 31, 1g06, the Zoological Park contained living examples of 26 Orders of Birds out of the total 31 Orders. The net increase over the bird collection of 1905, is 136 species, and 549 specimens, making a grand total of 2,104 specimens. The birds of the United States are represented by about 170 species, of which about 70 belong to the Order of perching birds. Throughout the year, the collection of wild geese was made a special feature. A representative series was installed in the Ducks’ Aviary, for which large descriptive labels were prepared and dis- played. The series contained seventeen species out of the world’s total of thirty-five species, and it attracted much attention. The owl collection was enriched by the addition of a fine pair of giant eagle owls, and also tawny, Cape eagle, horned, and srass owls, and European little owl. Other important additions 58 NEW" uWXORKs “ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIE AY consisted of five young frigate birds from Mexico, weka rails from New Zealand, several rufous tinamous, brush turkeys from Aus- tralia, quail doves, Wonga-Wonga pigeons, thicknees, maribou storks, red kites, a bataleur eagle, chattering lory, alpine chough and Himalayan finch. The most serious loss of the year was the old California condor, which died from swallowing a rubber band, administered by some visitor. By great good fortune, a second specimen had been purchased and received in the collection a few days previous to the tragedy. The new bird, “General,” which, from the egg up, was studied and photographed by Mr. W. L. Finley, is now protected from the treacherous public by two screens of wire mesh. In September, First-Keeper Stacey arrived from London with a very fine consignment of birds, chiefly in exchange from the London Zoological Society’s Gardens, and it is hoped that other exchanges with that institution may be effected. Among the gifts received during the year, special mention should be made of five flamingoes from Mr. James McLaughlin, ten Curacoa birds from Captain Edgar A. Holmes, a white gyr- falcon from the captain of the steamer ‘Furnessia,” and a Euro- pean curlew from the captain of the steamer “Oscar II.” The Curator of Birds has greatly advanced the labeling of the bird collection as a whole, by the production of many descriptive labels of large size, and maps of distribution. For some of the latter, a special copper frame has been designed and made by our workmen, with very satisfactory results. A series of twenty- two large descriptive labels of important avian Families has been printed and framed, the majority of which have been placed in the Glass Court. The health of the birds generally has been excellently main- tained. It is well understood that, in every vivarium which con- tains hundreds of small and delicate birds, many deaths must occur each year. As with the mammals, however, the largest and most important specimens are the ones which live longest; and the deaths among the tiny species are not noticed by the public. The general extent and richness of our bird collection is well shown in the following summary : ELEVENTH Orders Rheiformes, Struthioniformes, Casuariformes, Tinamiformes, Galliformes, Columbiformes, Ralliformes, Podicipedidiformes, Lariformes, Charadriformes, Gruiformes, Ardeiformes, Palamedeiformes, Pheenicopteriformes, Anseriformes, Pelecaniformes, Cathartidiformes, Accipitriformes, Strigiformes, Psittaciformes, Coraciiformes, Trogones, Coccyges, Scansores, Piciformes, Passeriformes, 59 ANNUAL REPORT. LIST OF BIRDS ON HAND DECEMBER 31, 1906. Species. Specimens LRU ONE SIS ss ate i ear ea I 2 GishricWesan ace. chee sho a 2 2 Emeus and Cassowaries. 2 2 ANTRAL OUS ore Riad ae chs lis ce 2 5 Quail and Pheasants..... 58 189 Pigeons and Doves..... oir 16a Coots and Gallinules..... 7 20 Giese nereetca hae satis ces I I GullseanGdaienmis ate. es II 36 Plovers and Sandpipers... 7 19 Cranes’ Semenia ss ..sc 1s 9 17 Ibises, Storks,and Herons 22 76 SHORE AIMEES weed hoe ewer oe: I 3 Flaming ees. @.rc0 sas 2 9 Swans, Geese, and Ducks 45 Bas Cormorants and Pelicans. 9 25 New World V-ultures.... 5 12 Hawks and Eagles; Old- Words Nadlttnes ese.) 19 40 Owishr eer iene eset ss 5 29 Parrots, Macaws, and COCKatOOS ss leas ck Roti 40 IOI Kingfishers and Horn- bills mcsertiee oqo 2 5 erOSOnsSeesse ay oae see va I 2 GUIEKOOSs Sita pI s oes acre: 2 2 TROMCANS setts Se enters 4 5 Woodpeckers: =.%.).2.% os 3 3 Thrushes, Sparrows, and all Perching Birds....184 1,053 ee eater OE rows, San eee ee ee 4QI 2,104 26 Orders DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES. Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator. The Lizard and Tortoise Yards at the eastern end of the Rep- tile House, and the extra-hot compartments within, have proven very successful. Throughout the warm weather of the year this installation was a favorite feature with visitors. hibited outside, during the warm months, the big tropical lizards Here were ex- 60 NEW, YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEIEY: and various species of tortoises, the latter ranging in size from specimens six inches long to the ponderous giant tortoises from the Galapagos and Aldabra Islands. Here, for the first time in the Park, it was possible to properly exhibit the iguanas, monitors, and tegus which, even in the best indoor cages, are compara- tively dull and listless. Placed outside they soon become quite different creatures, rushing about at surprising speed, and dis- playing all the ferocity, cunning, and hunting instincts of the warm-blooded beasts of prey. When naturally and unreservedly displayed, their habits are in marked contrast to many former records of these creatures, from which it would seem as if many of those records had been based on theories, only. In our sunny yards, with the large iguanas enjoying practical liberty, we have noted that they are by no means “largely herbivorous.” They are markedly carnivorous, sometimes even inclining toward can- nibalism; and for this reason we are careful to stock our yards with specimens of almost uniform size. To add to the natural aspect of the Lizard and Tortoise Yards, a small cedar tree was planted in the iguana enclosure; and on sunny days it was decorated with clusters of the South American and Mexican tree iguanas, singularly striking in their display of various shades of green. Some large cacti and other plants of a similar nature furnished hiding places for the smaller species that live chiefly upon the ground. During the cold months all the lizards and tortoises are kept in the glass-covered annex of the east end of the Reptile House, where a generous supply of heating pipes, and diffused sunlight throughout the day, maintain a high temperature. The collection of crocodilians has grown substantially, not only in the number of individuals and species exhibited, but in the size of the specimens. Observations on the growth of these rep- tiles have been of much interest, and that subject is treated at length elsewhere in this volume. The ten-inch alligators installed in the Reptile House at the opening of the Park, over seven years ago, have constantly and rapidly increased in growth. The specimens first outgrew their section of the turtle crawl, after that a lobby cage, then a double lobby cage, and finally the large tank at the east end of the Reptile House on the main floor. Last summer they were placed outdoors, in the rock-bound pool formerly occupied by the sea-lions. In this commodious pool they basked in the hot sun, and grew until the approach of frosty weather, when an embarrassing situation was presented. It was discovered that these alligators had outgrown all available ac- ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 61 commodations, and as a last resort a sort of mezzanine floor, of wire, was hung in the northern end of the large alligator pool in the Reptile House. Fortunately, a few of the individuals have attained such size and strength as to enable them to hold their own among our largest crocodilians, and through these our main exhibit of large specimens has been materially strengthened. While no species of special importance have been added to the collection of non-venomous snakes, a considerable number of poi- sonous serpents, new to our collection, have been placed on exhi- bition. Among these may be mentioned a representative series of African vipers, which, while strikingly sinister in form are gen- erally decorated with the strangest of patterns, combined with the richest colors imaginable. Two of the most interesting of these African snakes were brought to this country from the Congo Free State, by Mr. Samuel P. Verner, who transported one of them in an ordinary basket for a distance of about five hundred miles, despite the hysterical complaints of his superstitious black carriers. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ON HAND DECEMBER 31, 1Go06. Species. Specimens. (CIA! COATT) RS ol pcre RNa pth OR et arRe 34 194 BOOM UA a fe ecereepesuswecae eh owe pode 4 55 AP ceiwilia) ake sone yas eyats «=o < ewas A 16 150 PO nla ie acetate ce pie aseceosts, eo 69 Bu2 5 TAB) MN OI ee ec a Roe ne RN 15 183 Mo Palle acces cee eset tens Ge otaies 138 goo The total census of the Zoological Park collections at the end of 1906 is as follows: SUMMARY OF COLLECTIONS. Species. Specimens. INAS Sia ok Ae a 189 620 IBUPCIS a 6 Sa art 491 2,104 IRVSCIETINEC LS 2s cee ae nea EQ phitg! PROMPT AAIG" (ayes 2 Coane oe el sl> © ae 15 183 Wotaloee as eee on 818 3,624 Paeiedscs@OVCE MOO: fs. 2- 2 «7 LOI 757 62 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. GROUND IMPROVEMENTS: UNDER THE DIRECTION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK OFFICERS. Hermann W. Merkel, Chief Constructor and Forester. The work accomplished under this head marked an important advance toward the final completion of the internal improvements of the Zoological Park. Several forces of men, under experienced foremen, were throughout the working season diligently em- ployed in the very numerous tasks of miscellaneous construction which were of such a nature that they could not satisfactorily be performed by contract. Completion of the Service Road.—The long-contemplated sec- tion of the Service Road between the Rocking-Stone and the 3uffalo Entrance was at last undertaken, and carried to satisfac- tory completion. It is by far the best piece of road-making in the Park. In order to carry the route down the steep eastern slope of Rocking-Stone Hill, it was necessary to run through the Buffalo Corrals very near the north end of the Buffalo House. The engineering was very satisfactorily accomplished by Mr. Beer- bower. To prevent washing on the steep hillside, flat concrete gutters, with a raised outside rim, were combined with tar- surfaced Telford macadam, and the finished result may well be taken as a model for park roads in such situations. Naturally, the new connecting link is of great advantage to the business interests of the Park, and in addition to that, it is used by a majority of our visitors, in preference to the stone steps near by. The Buffalo Corrals—The invasion of the original Buffalo Corrals rendered necessary a complete remodeling of the accom- modations for our American bison—now numbering thirty-four head. To meet the new conditions, on a permanent basis, a spa- cious new corral and two small yards for ill-tempered individuals, were constructed immediately south of the old corral, and in front of the long, open shed hurriedly erected in 1905. Around these enclosures, and also around what remained of the old corrals, new fences were erected, on heavy steel posts. The unpaved surface of all these corrals and yards was covered with Telford macadam, thoroughly drained, and the whole system of yards was put on a first class and permanent basis. At the same time, advantage was taken of the opportunity to erect a chute in which to capture and crate animals that are to be shipped away. Yards Around the Small-Deer House—Owing to the many difficulties presented by the slope of the ground surrounding the Small-Deer House, it was deemed advisable to follow the same ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 63 course which had proven so satisfactory in developing the yards of the large Antelope House on ground equally difficult. The Executive Committee decided that it would be best, and also most economical, for all work in connection with the outer enclosures of the Small-Deer House to be performed under the daily personal supervision of the officers of the Park. Immediately upon the com- pletion of the walls and roof of the building the grading began, and was completed in sufficient time that the concrete coping, and the macadam of the entire eastern series of seventeen yards, was finished before the arrival of freezing weather. Not only that, but all the steel posts for those yards were set, in order that the erection of the fence panels and gates could proceed during the mild weather of winter and early spring. At the earliest possible moment in the coming spring, work will begin on the western series of yards, and it is our intention that by July 1, or earlier, they also will be completed. Meanwhile, the com- pleted eastern series will be occupied by animals now on hand, in storage. Fences and Gates.—To meet the peculiar demands of the small hoofed animals, the fences, partitions, and gates of the corrals described above demanded careful consideration. After much experimenting the Director and Chief Constructor finally pro- duced two entirely new types of fences and gates, and it is be- lieved that they will successfully meet the wants of this peculiar situation. The two fences consist of new combinations of netting, coiled spring wire, iron rods, and structural steel, designed to be satisfactory to the eyes of the visitor, safe for the captive animals, adequate protection against sharp horns, yet no obstruction to air currents in hot weather. At a later date these fences may be figured for the benefit of all persons who are interested for prac- tical reasons. Owing to the practical difficulties involved in making the iron- work to fit the sloping ground, and for other reasons, it has been found advisable to make all these fences in our own work- shop. The metal work for the eastern series of yards has been produced both expeditiously and economically, and is now ready tOLELeCt. The West Farms Entrance Plasa, excepting the cut-stone wall and steps, was constructed and paved by the Park construc- tion force; and the stone for the retaining wall also was selected and delivered on the ground by our men. This improvement required 3,700 yards of filling, and 12,000 square feet of paving. The brick wall around the Feed Barn and Service Yard was 64 NEW) -YORK "ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIETY. erected partly by the Park force, and partly by James Henderson under a smali contract for laying the brick. The walls, pilasters and gate-posts are capped with green tile to match the roof of the barn, and the whole effect is very satisfactory. The wall varies in height from seven to nine feet, and its total length is 800 feet. The erection of the new barn rendered it possible to remove a large assortment of unsightly temporary sheds, after which all the ground surrounding the barn was macadamized, and surfaced with tar. The completion of the barn and its enclosing wall have made a great change in what previously was an unsightly spot. Antelope Shed.—The temporary presence in the Antelope House of two elephants, two rhinoceroses, one hippopotamus, two tapirs, four zebras, and a wild ass, all belonging in other buildings, has had the effect of crowding out of that building a number of valu- able antelopes. To carry the latter through the winter, it became necessary to erect in the Service Yard, with all possible haste, a shed about seventy feet long, and finish it before cold weather. This structure was rushed into existence, and is now serving a very important purpose. From end to end it is filled with valu- able tropical animals which rightfully belong in the Antelope House, and which will return thither at the earliest possible moment. Western Boundary Fence.—€*arly in the year a new boundary fence was erected along the western side of the Park, from Pelham Avenue to 182d Street, a distance of about 3,000 feet. As usual, this fence consisted of extra heavy steel wire attached to heavy steel T-posts set on the stone retaining wall, or in con- crete. Work on Baird Court.—The completion of the northern wall and steps to Baird Court rendered it possible to finish the surface work on the north end of the Court, above the Sea-Lion Pool and Fountain. The walks on all that area were paved with Telford macadam, and tarred on the surface. The grass plat was filled in with top soil and graded, and around the space which lies between the Lion and Primate Houses, about 650 feet of granite coping were set. The sloping garden received about 500 cubic yards of top soil. Beaver Pond Pipe-Line.—The plan for supplying a good stream of water from the Bronx River into the head of the Beaver Pond, undertaken in 1905, was completed in 1906 by the erection of a stone dam across the old raceway below the water- fall, and laying from it to the hydraulic ram about fifty feet of twelve-inch cast-iron pipe. When this was finished, the ram was PLAZA AT BOSTON ROAD ENTRANCE. View Directly South, Before Planting Was Completed PLAZA AT BOSTON ROAD ENTRANCE. View Directly South, After Planting and Terrace Wall were Completed. 66 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. immediately started pumping a three-inch stream of water into the head of the Beaver Pond; and this has continued automatically ever since, save in midwinter. The result is a great improvement in the quality of the water in the Beaver Pond, and the creation of a desirable running brook traversing the lower end of Beaver Valley. Water Supply at Bear Dens.—For several years past, the sup- ply of water for cage-washing purposes at the Bear Dens has been very inadequate, due to a feeble source of supply on 182d Street. To remedy this difficulty permanently, a line of two- inch pipe 400 feet long was run from the four-inch water main in front of the Reptile House eastward to the Bear Dens, by which there has been secured at the latter point a pressure of forty-five pounds per square inch against thirteen pounds per inch pre- viously. This also gives an increased supply of water at the Res- taurant and Buffalo Corrals. Tar Surface on Walks.—Our method of tar-coating the sur- face of walks has been found so successful and satisfactory we have resolved to treat all our macadam walks by that process. In 1905 it was not possible to apply tar to the surface of all the walks that were constructed during that year. The process is necessarily somewhat slow, and can not be hurried with accept- able results. This branch of work was taken up as early as the season would permit and continued throughout the year. To facilitate the work, a surface burner was purchased and used as occasion demanded. During the year 28,000 square feet of walks were surfaced with tar and half-inch stone, and rendered properly smooth, frost-proof, permanently dry, and free from an objection- able quantity of dust. With the important thoroughfare known as Osborn’s Walk, from which the whole surface of fine screenings had been worn off, leaving the walk unpleasantly rough, a new experiment was tried. The walk was swept free from dust, a coating of hot tar was applied upon the irregular surface, the half-inch stone was applied in a thin coat, and it was saturated with tar. The bond thus made proved quite effective, and the success of this experi- ment will lead to other work of a similar kind. The principal walks re-built, or re-surfaced, were Osborn’s Walk, Pheasants’ Aviary Walk, and the two walks leading from the west and north to the new Boston Road Entrance. Near the Service Building a new walk and road combined was built to connect Beaver Valley with the Service Road, at the Rep- tile House. This connecting link is much used by visitors. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 67 “West Farms Block.’’-—For convenience this name is applied to the recent addition to Bronx Park which was made at West Farms. Owing to the fact that its surface lies well below the level of the Boston Road, which bounds it on the west, a very con- siderable amount of filling is necessary to bring its surface up to an acceptable grade. During the year about 5,000 yards of soil were hauled to this spot and disposed of to the best advantage ; but even with this, much more work remains to be done. Work on this feature will be taken up actively in the early spring. Much of the stone for the entrance walk that is to be built there is already on the ground. The Large Buffalo Range, from which, as a sanitary measure, the top soil was removed to a depth of six inches, was worked over and seeded down with red-top—a grass which it is believed will be better for the buffaloes than the unwholesome mixture of old grasses which originally covered the range. Miscellaneous Items.—Of the very large number of minor per- manent improvements carried out during 1906, mention should be made of the following :— Several thousand yards of top soil for the sides of the Con- course have been hauled and stored at the eastern end of Cope Lake. A flight of steps forty feet wide was built at the Fordham Entrance, because of an important change in the level of the street. Cages for breeding birds were built around the outside of the Breeding House, situated near the Aquatic Birds’ House. A water gate, of iron and wood, was built and hung under the Pelham Avenue bridge, to protect the interior of the Park. A concrete root-cellar was constructed in the Nursery. Two new drinking fountains were installed—near the Fox Dens and the Aquatic Birds’ House. Important alterations were made in the Pavilion lunch-room, at the Rocking-Stone Restaurant. Concrete floors were laid in all the deer houses not previously provided with them. The following figures give a summary of what was accom- plished during 1906 on some of the lines mentioned above: Wolke surtaceds with tat)... 02: 28,000 square feet. Walks resurfaced with stone....... 17,000 : i Rem anvalicS ab tiillitetec eos > achat ct andere: 3,200 Semacer roads: DUE tins... ose ss 3,600 ce New fencescerected 145... 11 Eubcerie oso linealy ~~ Guard wires erected along walks.... 17,300 68 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Planting.—The most important item of planting accomplished during the year was the screen of tall red cedars placed by con- tract between the Boston Road Entrance Plaza and West Farms, under the direction of Mr. James L. Greenleaf, Consulting Land- scape Architect. Some very necessary planting was done on the islands and shores of Lake Agassiz. The rhododendron groups along Beaver Valley Walk were strengthened, and the border plantations along the western and southern boundaries of the Park were increased by the addition of many new conifers. The summary of plantings for the year shows additions to the extent of 2,035 trees, 12,450 shrubs and vines, and 4,100 peren- nials. These are now generally in excellent condition. Insect Pests.—During the year 1906, 11,194 tent caterpillar nests were found and destroyed, against 40,300 in 1905, a de- crease of almost 75 per cent. Three hundred and fifteen cocoons of noxious insects were collected, against 700 last year. Ovyster- shell, San Jose and other scales are now rarely found, due largely to the thoroughness with which spraying was accomplished by our machine. The results obtained by spraying the chestnut trees were not so good, and it is now feared that all but a few of these trees—not only in the Zoological Park, vut in all this section of the city—are doomed. The forester has kept close watch for immune trees, so that seed may be gathered from them, but so far he has been unable to find a single specimen. Several egg-masses of the Mantis religiosa, or praying mantis, were hatched, and about eighty young specimens were liberated. Eggs and cocoons of other predaceous insects will be collected, and the insects liberated. Forestry.—Six hundred and twenty-five trees, including the chestnuts, were pruned and treated. Thirty-five dead trees were cut out and removed, as against two hundred last year, appar- ently proving the value of previous care. The general maintenance work of mowing lawns, edging the walks, the care of the thousands of newly planted trees and shrubs, and the mulching of lawns with about 400 loads of fer- tilizers, was also done by the forestry force. A larger number of men were employed this year than heretofore, and the improve- ment in the Park as a whole was noticeable. Good Order.—Notwithstanding the fact that during the past year there were eight arrests and convictions for offenses and depredations committed in that part of the Park lying east of the Boston Road, the crowds that thronged that region during the ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 69 summer months were, as a rule, orderly and quiet. The boisterous element was not nearly so troublesome as heretofore. Forest Fires.——The matter of forest fires is one which will have to be more vigorously dealt with in the future—probably by having more watchmen on crowded days, and also by securing the arrest and conviction of persons who either carelessly or maliciously cause fires to be started. In the dry days of autumn, it is not an uncommon occurrence for our force to be called upon to extin- guish from twenty to thirty fires in one day, some of which are lighted with malicious intent. Shooting.—The shooting of Zoological Park birds and squir- rels now seems to be a thing of the past, as no arrests for this offense were made in our grounds during the year. On the whole, the problem of controlling the rowdy element seems to be satis- factorily solved. This is due in a great measure to the persistence and faithfulness of Special Officer Van Benschoten. CONTRACT WORK IN GROUND IMPROVEMENTS. Conducted under the direction of the Park Department for the Borough of the Bronx. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer ; W. P. Hennessey, Asst. Engineer. Small-Deer House.—The most important building erected in 1906, was designed to accommodate a large number of small tropical deer, antelopes, and gazelles, such as now are rapidly accumulating. It has become well nigh an impossibility either to house in winter or properly exhibit in summer the delicate, yet very interesting small hoofed animals of the tropics and sub-tropics, without a special building. Accordingly a spacious structure 156 feet long by 46 feet wide was planned to occupy the open space immediately west of the Antelope House, origi- nally known as the Prong-Horned Antelope’s Range. A contract for this building, which is to be called the Small-Deer House, was let in 1905, to Guidone & Galardi, at a cost of $41,543. Work began very early in the spring, and by the end of December the building itself was complete. The cage work of the interior is now going in, and the installation will be ready for use about May 1, 1907. As previously stated, all the work on the yards and fences surrounding the building is being performed by a force of men under the direction of the officers of the Zoological Park. ‘ASNOH WAAC TIVNS ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 7A Walls and Stairways of Baird Court.—This contract was let in 1905, to the John V. Schaefer Company in the sum of $67,000, and a beginning was made in that year. Work was prosecuted throughout the working season of 1906, and the contract was completed in October. The Feed Barn, erected by William H. Wright & Son, was completed in the summer of 1906, and immediately occupied. Its cost was $15,316, and it forms a most valuable addition to the plant necessary for the economical maintenance of the Park. The Glass Court, which is really an addition to the large Bird-House, specially designed for American song birds, was completed by the George L. Walker Company, at a cost of $24,- 199, and occupied in September with a very full collection of birds. Two Toilet Buildings, east of the Bronx River, were com- pleted early in the spring, by Guidone & Galardi, at a cost of $8,385. The Public Comfort Building on the Boston Road, near the Boat House and new entrance, suffered a misfortune. In the belief that the contract awarded to Mr. J. J. Buckley in 1905 was generally satisfactory, Mr. Buckley promptly began active opera- tions, without waiting for the formal approval of the contract by the Law Department of the City. After a considerable amount of work had been performed, the Corporation Counsel decided that because of the adjournment for one week of the meeting of the Park Board on the date set for the opening of bids, the con- tract was invalid, and a reletting was necessary. This unfor- tunate circumstance delayed the erection of this building for an entire year. It stands to-day as it was left by Mr. Buckley when the contract was disapproved; but a new contract was let in January, 1907, and work will recommence early in the spring. The Entrance Pavilion at the new West Farms Entrance was not completed in 1906, but it will be ready for use early in the opening of 1907. This contract is with William Horne & Com- pany, and the amount, without the registering turnstiles, is $5,008. Pelham Avenue Entrance, Concourse, and Western Approach to Baird Court.—A contract in the sum of $58,379.50, which was awarded in October to the John V. Schaefer, Jr., Company, em- braces three important improvements, which, when completed, will mark the practical finish of the northern end of the Zoological Park. The new entrance is intended to admit carriages and automobiles, as well as pedestrians, to the Concourse, by which to approach the broad stairways at the north end of Baird Court. 7 NEW “YORIG -ZOOEOGICAL, SOGIERY. The new western approach leads from Bird’s Valley Walk to the stairs which rise to the level of Baird Court at the western end of its transverse axis. All three of these very indispensable improvements should be completed in 1907. The Granite Steps at the Bear Dens, leading up to Rocking- Stone Hill, were completed by John Fury in the autumn of 1906, and are a very satisfactory piece of work. The Retaining Wail and Balustrade, a massive structure of cut stone to support a terrace about seven feet high, was constructed across the north end of the West Farms Entrance plaza, by Leslie McHarg & Co., at a cost of $4,770, and completed promptly in 1906. As noted elsewhere, the construction and surfacing of the plaza itself was performed under the direction of the officers of the Zoological Park, by the Park improvement force. MAINTENANCE. Mr. H. W. Merkel, Chief Constructor; Mr. E. H. Costain, Asst. Forester and Captain-of-the-Watch. As the size of the whole Zoological Park establishment in- creases and the number of buildings and collections multiply, the demands for maintenance become more numerous and more urgent. Thanks to the fact that, with few exceptions, all the improvements made have been of the most substantial and per- manent character, thus far the annual outlay for repairs to build- ings has been small. The time will come, however, when the an- nual budget for repairs will require consideration. The work of keeping the whole Zoological Park in clean and acceptable condition is really very great. Necessarily it requires a large force, and in that force we may fairly count quite two- thirds of the men and boys employed in the Park. Aside from the immense amount of hard labor involved in caring for the animals, and in keeping their quarters clean and wholesome, the labor of mowing, and of sweeping and clearing up the litter left by great crowds of visitors, is really very great. In order to lessen the cost of handling waste paper, dry straw, and luncheon refuse, it seems absolutely necessary that a small crematory should be established in some central situation, to save the cost of the long haul to the nursery. I regret to be obliged to report that the maintenance fund appropriated for the support of the Zoological Park during the ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 73 year 1907, is not sufficient to meet the demands that must be made upon it. The great increase that was made in the bird collections during 1906 has correspondingly increased the cost of the monthly food supply. In addition to this, another mammal keeper must be engaged forthwith, and two gatekeepers must be added to the maintenance force, early in the coming spring. The new Small- Deer House also involves expenditures which can not be evaded. Notwithstanding all this, however, the appropriation for 1907 is about $3,500 less than that for 1906. I am unable to see how it will be possible to maintain the Zoological Park through the year 1907 with the funds available, and I fear a deficit of at least $5,000. In this connection we offer as an exhibit the following enu- meration of features which require to be maintained for the uses of the public, all the year round; and we invite comparisons in maintenance requirements and expenditures with those of other public institutions, wherever found: 10 Large animal buildings, (all heated). 10 Small animal buildings, (4 heated). 12 Large groups of outdoor dens, aviaries and corrals. 3 Animal storehouses, for winter use, all heated. 2 Restaurants. 6 Public-comfort buildings. 8 Entrances. 234 Acres of Park lands. 30 Acres of lakes and ponds. 7.78 Miles of walks and roads. 10.55 Miles of fences. 3,624 Living mammals, birds, and reptiles. It must be borne in mind that, despite the short period of its existence, the Zoological Park is to-day a very large institution. In extent of equipment, and in number of animals, we believe it is surpassed by only one other zoological establishment of a sim- ilar nature. DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION AND PRIVILEGES. H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk; Wm. Mitchell, Assistant. Although the disbursements on account of Maintenance and Ground Improvement through this department did not materially 74 NEW “YORK “ZOOLOGICAL “SOGIETY, increase in 1906 over the previous year, all branches of the Privi- lege Department showed a gratifying increase in volume, and a corresponding increase in profits. For several years the privi- leges have been much in need of further development, and the Society has only been awaiting the arrival of a more favorable period in construction work to put them upon a new and better basis, fully up to the general standard set for the Zoological Park as a whole. Several important steps in this direction will be taken during the coming season. The old, obsolete and unsightly soda foun- tains, which heretofore have been leased by the year, are to be replaced through the purchase of the latest and most improved Twentieth Century Sanitary fountains. For the purpose of mak- ing these and other improvements, all of which will add largely to the net income from privileges, the Executive Committee has authorized the expenditure of a considerable sum out of the net profits accumulated during the past season. The privileges, if legitimately developed within the limits demanded for the con- venience and accommodation of visitors, will, we predict, within a year or two put the Animal Fund on a basis enabling the Society to purchase many desirable, rare, and expensive animals when offered without drawing from funds that should be devoted to other purposes. Boat House.—Early in the year 1906 it was found that it would be impossible to get the Boat House completed in time to open it this season, and the boating privilege was therefore re-let to the former lessee for another year, for the sum of $1,525. Work on the building was begun during the summer, and proceeded rapidly. At the close of the year it was practically finished, and will be turned over to the Society about March Ist. It has been decided to open this building in April, 1907, with a combined restaurant and lunch-room service. The north room will be fitted up as a dining-room, with a seating capacity of about one hundred. In the south room, adjoining the serving- room, a popular-priced lunch room will be opened. This will comfortably accommodate about eighty persons. The large fire- place at one end of this room will be a pleasing and attractive feature, especially in winter, when the lunch-room will be kept open for the accommodation of skaters, and visitors to the Park generally. In the extreme south end of the building, there are two serving- rooms, in one of which there is to be a lunch counter, and in the other a modern soda fountain of large capacity. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. (65) A new thirty-foot electric launch has been purchased, and will be put in commission on Bronx Lake at the opening of the next boating season, to make regular trips between the Boat House and Bronxdale landing. Ten cents will be charged for a trip of more than a mile, and stop-over checks will be given at the upper landing. To this will be added the ordinary business of boat- letting, which always has been profitable. New and up-to-date boats will be purchased and added to the present equipment as rapidly as circumstances seem to demand them. We confidently expect this business, as a whole, will prove to be one of our most popular and profitable privileges. Rocking Stone Restauwrant——On the whole, the past year has been a very successful period for the Restaurant, and while the net profits did not quite equal those of last season, an increase would have been shown, but for the unfavorable weather in the month of October, when the attendance fell off more than 50,000, as compared with that of the previous year. An important improvement developed was the establishment of our own laundry, which, in addition to giving us better work than we were able to secure outside, saves us the constant annoy- ance of the slow and uncertain deliveries which we had experi- enced from independent laundries. Soda Water.—The manufacture of our own ice cream, as inau- gurated in 1905, was continued with increased success. Not- withstanding the enormously high prices we were obliged to pay for ice during the entire season, the profit from soda-water alone was $4,032.76 as against $2,946.07 in 1905. ‘The net profits of the soda-water stands for the year, including the sales of can- dies and cigars, reached a total of $5,414.08. Souvemr Postal Cards.—The sale of souvenir postal cards was continued under the plan adopted in 1905, and but for an un- avoidable delay in the delivery of stock ordered in the early part of the vear, the sales would have doubled those of last year. This privilege netted $1,295.55 for the Animal Fund in 1906 as com- pared with $760.77 in 1905. Many new subjects were added to all series of cards. Our souvenir postal collection appears to be the largest and most complete in the animal line to be found any- where, and new subjects are constantly being added. The increase in the sales of souvenir postal cards was so marked as to be worthy of special mention. In September they sometimes reached a total of more than $50 per day. Guide Book.—The completion of several important buildings and installations, and the large additions to the animal collections ‘souRIJUY SULT ISOM Iv9U ‘oy XUOIG UO poyENyS ASNOH LVOd MAN ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 77 of the Park, both in numbers and species, made it absolutely nec- essary that the Guide Book to the Park be thoroughly revised, and considerably increased in size. The first issue of the Giraffe Edition was exhausted early in the year, and it was therefore necessary to get out a small issue of 7,000 copies of that Edition, and thereby postpone the revision of the Guide until the spring of 1907. The profits for the year were $1,335.75. Souvenir Books.—Ilt has long been our desire to increase the size of our small book of views to twenty-four subjects, and make other improvements in the illustrations which would make it still more attractive. On that basis an order was placed for an edition of 5,000 copies, and they will be delivered early in the spring. The large books of Park views, which sell at fifty cents and one dollar, were sufficiently popular that the supplies were exhausted before the close of the season, and orders were placed for a revised edition of each size. The profits realized for the season from the souvenir books were $368.37. Riding Animals.—The riding-animal establishment now has a well recognized popularity, and continually increasing patronage from children of all classes. Great care is taken to keep the ponies and vehicles up to a proper standard, and the attendants neatly uniformed. The business for the year showed a satisfactory in- crease over 1905, and profits reaching the sum of $1,503.32. Gate Receipts.—Since the opening of the Park, there has been a constant and gratifying increase in receipts for admission on closed days, with the single exception of the year 1904, when there was a slight falling off. The year 1906 was no exception to the general rule as will be shown by the following table, showing receipts by years. Year. Gate Receipts. UO OS ate tae Nea te orc Ae oe ieee $1,869.35 MON ae eR NS Sarah e iey sie Pa cso ahal Gas ae <2 2,998.80 HOO 2a gellar cles nat) st acy cae gee cfaNe cs oa sae “2 4,250.50 HORAN ger eA Mons ted Brae naar omen te “sl 5,912.95 TOD zy Geel ane Se ae oe 5,421.90 1G CS RSE cae Ph ASIC Rete ga 6,849.00 iG. S.o aac iy one a ee 8,132.35 Feed Barn.—The Feed Barn which was under construction at the close of last year, was completed in 1906, and is proving to be a valuable factor in the economic handling of the constantly in- 78 NEW “YORK ZOOEOGICAL ~SOCIETY, creasing quantity of hay, straw, and feed required in the main- tenance of our very large collection of hoofed animals. This building, in addition to providing stable facilities for a number of horses, as well as space for carriages and vehicles in the base- ment, has bins and storage space on the two upper floors for a supply of hay and grain sufficient to last several months. Ice Manufacturing and Refrigeration Plant.—VThe difficulty experienced during the last season in obtaining the large quantity of ice that is now required in the general maintenance of the Park, for the preservation of the large amount of meat and food supplies continually on hand, the care of museum specimens while awaiting autopsy, as well as for the needs of the Restaurant and Soda Water Department, brought home to us very forcibly the absolute necessity of our being able to take care of our own de- mands for ice and refrigeration without depending on conditions beyond our control. In 1906 we were unable to harvest a sufh- cient crop of pond ice to fill our two small ice houses, but even had they been filled, their contents are now totally inadequate for our present needs. We urge the erection during the coming season of a building suitable for the storage of a liberal quantity of ice in one end, when a crop is obtainable, and the other end to be fitted with a combinafion refrigeration and ice-making machine of about ten tons capacity, thus placing us on a safe basis regardless of weather conditions. CIVIL ENGINEERING. George M. Beerbower, Civil Engineer. The volume of engineering work continues as great as ever, and during the year it covered many different pieces of work. Of these the most important were the eastern end of the Service Road, the yards around the Small-Deer House, the Service Road from the Reptile House to the Beaver Pond, the wall and yards surround- ing the new Barn, the West Farms Entrance plaza, and the site and yards of the Elephant House. Mr. Beerbower superintended the construction of the Feed Barn, which was designed by him, and furnished all surveys around the Boat House. He perfected the automatic turnstile invented by him last year, and it is now being manufactured for the Boston Road Entrance. The official map of the Zoological Park has been brought down to date, and engraved anew for the Guide Book under our engineer’s direction. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 79 During the coming year, much engineering work will be re- quired in the western yards of the Small-Deer House, the Zebra Houses, and the Elephant House yards and walks. PHOTOGRAPHY AND PUBLICATIONS. Elwin R. Sanborn, Photographer and Asst. Editor. Both in variety and importance, the duties of Mr. Sanborn con- stantly increase. The extent and scientific value of the Society’s collection of more than 3,000 animal photographs is now becoming generally known, and its sphere of usefulness is rapidly widening. It is no exaggeration to say that the animal photographs made by Mr. Sanborn to serve the special purposes of zoology have fixed a standard of considerable value in such work. It is a fact, however, that even yet there are many persons who hold firmly to the belief that inexperience and an ordinary camera can, without any special facilities, secure good photographs of wild animals in captivity, provided a “permit” can be secured. For many reasons, it is a practical impossibility to permit every person who holds this belief to test it in the Zoological Park. During the year Mr. Sanborn has made-up and put through the press the annual report and the regular numbers of THE BuL- LETIN, all illustrated from photographs made by him especially for those publications. His photographs of living amphibians were especially successful, and marked a great advance beyond all previous efforts with animals of that branch. The coming year promises to be for Mr. Sanborn’s department an unusually busy one. Aside from the regular publications there is to be issued the first number of a new publication on the Na- tional Collection of Heads and Horns, and a new and extended edition of the Guide to the Zoological Park. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The Director gratefully acknowledges the special devotion to duty of all the officers of the Zoological Park staff during his four months’ absence in 1906 on account of illness. It is both a duty and a pleasure to assure the members of the Society that under Chief Clerk Mitchell, as Acting Director, the affairs of the Park were most admirably conducted, and in the administrative 80 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. machinery of the establishment there was not the slightest abate- ment of efficiency. On the whole, the year 1906 may now be regarded with a feel- ing of satisfaction and gratitude. Our relations with the public and the city government were maintained on the basis of good- will that has heretofore prevailed. The good reputation of the Zoological Park force has also been well maintained. Our pleasant relations with the officers of the Park Department for Bronx Borough are unchanged, and remain a constant source of benefit and satisfaction. Respectfully submitted, WILLIAM T. Hornapay, Director. ‘Wid PIO UY wor ‘oSQr ‘11 s9quiajdag ‘uapiey o[jsvg Je RoLIOWW Ul pury AuUdf Fo aoUvAvoddy 4s11y ‘oSgt NI ONIGIING WOIWVNOV AHL AO AOIMALNI PeeOwOr tak DIRECTOR OF THE AOWARIUM TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS N DECEMBER, 1906, the New York Aquarium completed its first decade, with a record of over seventeen millions of vis- itors. Its patronage by the public has been astonishingly large and in the matter of attendance it is probably unequaled by any institution in the world. A building three times as large would be required to comfortably accommodate the visitors which throng it. The Zoological Society, in the four years of its management of the institution, has been engaged in improving the building in various ways, the work of the past year having included new boilers and a new ventilating system. The tedious work of re- placing worn-out piping with lead-lined pipe, which has been in progress for several months, is still going on. In addition to the regular maintenance fund, the City has gen- erously provided an improvement fund, which has made the work of the past four years possible, while the maintenance fund has permitted of a number of minor improvements each year. An- other year’s work should place the equipment of the building in such condition that its collections can be made more varied and interesting than heretofore. The employees, most of whom have been in the Aquarium many years, continue to render good service, and may be considered ex- perts in their line of work. Their duties are exacting and include cleaning and heating of the building, the care of the different water svstems, the feeding and care of the collections and attention to the comfort of visitors. They have gathered by seining from local waters, practically all of the fresh and salt-water fishes now in the Aquarium. It is not possible to create any further exhibition space in the present building, which is stocked to its fullest capacity, and addi- tions can no longer be made without rejecting important species now on hand. The collections do not change much from year to year, but interesting species are added as opportunity affords. The exhibits 84 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. are varied and include fishes, turtles, crocodilians, salamanders, frogs, marine mammals, and invertebrates, all of which are dis- tributed according to the space available. The exhibits in gen- eral are larger and more varied than those of any other aquarium. A small fish-hatchery, maintained as an exhibit of fish-culture, continues to be of interest to the public, and has been supplied annually with fish eggs by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries from Government hatcheries. The collection of tropical fishes from the West Indies receives some additions each summer, and annual exchanges of fishes are made with the aquariums at Detroit and Washington. Among the larger animals received during the year were a 400-pound loggerhead turtle, seven specimens of the giant snap- ping turtle of the Lower Mississippi, two large tarpons, two manatees, three hawksbill turtles, and two sea-lions. The tarpons —accidental wanderers from the South—were taken in New York Bay and were objects of great interest during the summer. The experiment of keeping sea-lions in the building has re- sulted satisfactorily. It was feared that these naturally noisy animals would be disturbing to visitors, but they have been trained to a condition of comparative quiet. The collection of sea turtles is exceptionally fine, consisting of loggerheads—the largest weighing 400 pounds; green turtles— the largest weighing 313 pounds ; hawksbills—the largest weighing 60 pounds, and a Pacific green turtle of about 50 pounds. The floor pools available for large aquatic animals, being only seven in number, a definite limit is placed on exhibits of this class. The work of photographing living fishes and other aquatic forms in the Aquarium has been continued as opportunity afforded, so that the best of illustrations of this character are now available. ATTENDANCE. For the past three years the attendance at the Aquarium has been increasing. The year 1906 has proved to be a record year, the total number of visitors having been 2,106,569—a daily aver- age of 5,771. The increase over the year 1905 amounts to 380,399. The summer attendance was exceptionally large; that of the month of August having been 369,547—a daily average of 11,921 for the month. The Sunday attendance during August varied from 20,000 to 27,000. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 85 The following table shows the attendance at the Aquarium in 1906 by months: January ...Number of visitors 106,242 Daily average 3,427 February ... 7 2 100,321 :: - 3,583 March. ..... i “ 121,197 3,909 Pepi ss... x: . = 191,463 6,382 IMANe 32. s,s oa % 210,027 6,775 Mees o. rs < 178,815 5,960 | CLS eee 2 261,376 8,431 PNUSTISE soe 2 ‘ i 360,547 % O21 September .. _ 267,799 - rg 8,926 Weber. ... = s 138,727 4,475 INovember .. “ : 100,184 5 Tate sa aO December .. x 5 60,871 "a s 1,960 Birkle nets 2 Mite hk oe 2,106,509 4 Es Sig With the close of the year 1906, the Aquarium completes its tenth year. The total attendance for these ten years amounts to 17,103,328—a daily average of 4,685. This appears to be, from the data available, a world’s record. The attendance for the past ten years is shown in the following table: (S07 2 os eae eae Visitors 1,635,252 Daily average 4,480 SS oe ae a ra % 1,689,471 e 4,628 i300) Oe ee 3 1,841,330 ‘ ak 5,044 i o22) Bae : 1,585,584 2 iD 4,344 [TOL eee = 1,644,856 at — 4,506 (0020 cies. < 1,700,453 + » a eA,O5O MO te 25'S Ss eed. - 1,547,873 s a 4,240 3 Ou: SU aa fe 1,625,770 2 i 4,554 50 = ae No ee * 1,726,170 ; ;: 4,7 2 HEM Ser. os ° 2,106,569 = a Wil LEC UAL Se ee he Oka Ae Pe ae 17,103,328 ‘ eee st(a5 “Includes twenty-one days of December, 1806. AID TO SCHOOL TEACHERS. For several years the Aquarium has supplied to teachers of biology in the City schools, specimens of marine invertebrates for class work and for small aquaria. This work was continued 86 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIETY. during 1906. The number of schools in which aquaria were either installed or renewed was 104, some schools having two or more aquaria. They were supplied with specimens only at the request of the principal or the teacher, and in most cases delivery was made at the schools by a messenger from the Aquarium. Inexpensive aquaria have been provided either by the Board of Education or by the teachers themselves. Sea-water has been supplied from the Aquarium with marine plants, in order that the school aquaria might be made self-sustaining or “balanced” by the necessary plant life, to secure oxygenation of the water. Specimens have been sent to teachers in the kindergartens and in a few hospitals, as well as to those in primary and grammar schools. University professors have also used considerable mate- rial, consisting of both marine invertebrates and fishes. Many classes, accompanied by teachers, have visited the Aqua- rium, the total number of pupils for 1906, as far as enumerated, being 5,503. They have had the freedom of the Aquarium labora- tory, where living corals and other delicate organisms offer op- portunity for natural history study. Instruction in caring for small aquaria has been given constantly by Mr. Spencer of the Aquarium staff, who has also managed the delivery of specimens. The Aquarium makes no charge for material or delivery, merely desiring to be of service to the teachers. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The United States Bureau of Fisheries has supplied most of the eggs of fishes required for the hatchery, which, as a practical illustration of the art of fish-culture, is an important feature at the Aquarium. Eggs of the smelt and yellow perch were furnished by the New York Fish Commission. Mr. A. W. Dimock, of Marco, Florida, presented two mana- tees. The larger of these, a specimen ten feet long and weighing 910 pounds, was injured in capture and did not live long. The other specimen, six feet in length, is in fine condition after five months of captivity. Both of these animals were transported free from Miami, Flor- ida, to New York, through the kindness of Mr. Theo. G. Eger, Vice-President of the Clyde Steamship Company, and Mr. J. P. Beckwith, General Traffic Manager of the Florida East Coast Railway. The Zoological Society is also indebted to these gentle- men for the free transportation of specimens received in 1905. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 87 Messrs. Wm. Currys’ Sons of Key West, Florida, presented two unusually large specimens of the hawksbill or tortoise shell turtle, which had been living in a salt water pond at Key West for eight years. Mr. Frederick H. Shelton of Philadelphia presented twenty- seven specimens of fresh-water turtles, representing five species, some of which were new to the Aquarium collection. Mr. Emil Gottsleben of Rum Clay, Bahama Islands, presented a large hawksbill turtle. Other important gifts of aquatic animals were received from Dr. Alfred G. Mayer, Director of the Marine Biological Labor- atory at the Dry Tortugas, Florida: Capt. Paul Jacob, of the Hamburg American Steamship Graecia: Master Billy Clark, of New York, and Master Edward Redfield and Miss Bessie Red- field of Closter, N. J. Captain Jacob presented to the Zoological Park, through the Aquarium, specimens of iguanas from the West Indies. Mr. Henry Bishop of Baltimore presented several Japanese goldfishes. The late Mr. Philip Schuyler purchased and presented to the Aquarium a collection of excellent negatives of living fishes of Florida and the West Indies, which will be reproduced from time to time in the publications of the Society. AN OLD PICTURE OF THE AQUARIUM BUILDING. The frontispiece to the present report, showing the interior of the Aquarium building, formerly called Castle Garden, in 1850, is reproduced from an old and rare print. Some of the older members of the Zoological Society will doubtless recall the occasion when Jenny Lind made her first public appearance in America, which it commemorates. The following historical note is reprinted from the Aquarium Infor- mation Circular as an accompaniment to the picture: “The Aquarium building was erected in 1807 by the United States Government as a fort, called Southwest Battery, and after the war of 1812 was called Castle Clinton. It has a battery of 30 guns, the embrasures for which still remain in the outer wall, which is 9 feet thick. The old ammunition rooms are surrounded with walls of masonry 15 feet thick. In 1823 the building was ceded by Congress to the City of New York and used as a place of amusement called Castle Garden, which had a seating capacity of 6,000. It was connected with Battery Park by a bridge, the intervening space having since been filled in. General Lafayette S8 NEW “YORK” ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ioe) was received here in 1824; President Jackson in 1832; President Tyler in 1843; Louis Kossuth in 1851. Professor Morse, in- ventor of the telegraph, demonstrated here in 1835 the practica- bility of controlling the electric current. Jenny Lind began sing- ing here in 1850 under the management of P. T. Barnum. Among other notables received here were President Van Buren and the Prince of Wales. The building was used as a landing place for immigrants from 1855 to 1890, during which period 7,690,606 immigrants passed through its doors. It was opened as an aqua- rium by the City on December 10, 1896, and on November 1, 1902, its management was transferred from the Department of Parks to the New York Zoological Society, a private scientific association with a membership of 1,644.” RECORD OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES AND SPECIFIC GRAYV- ITIES AT THE NEW YORK AQUARIUM DURING THE YEAR 1906. (From daily observations made by Mr. W. I. De-Nyse).* ; Temperature Specific Months. of Water. Gravity. JAMUARY 4.2... Gagheutaw Seteree meee ee Ses 39 1.014 Rebruatiye cries oo hee oer ee 30 1.012 IWiaaClhi..\ns ss Lose ote cence tee sire: 38 I.O11 PATTI Sos eS ote, teh ecco che cise ny aaee 43 T.O10 MAY <1 5 cic! Date cee Se eee cere ee CS 52 1.013 [ob eYenpeee aun ane Stee mak an UMA Sm Sie 62 1.013 IAD, ete ee seecnc Russe ape eee pe eee 69 1.013 PATIOS Facet eee ooo oe sant eats meen Te 1.014 September jie cee eee Se kate ee fil 1.015 Qetobenes 2 hic sats wae sece nets 63 1.010 MOVED ERs Gort kos arse oper eee ee 54 1.014 WECeMmIbeK er resets eae a ea 43 1.014 *Density observations were made with samples of water brought to a temperature of 60 degrees Fahr. YELLOW PERCH. ae eeVOIVANON- OF FISHES «IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL PONDS. By C. H. TOWNSEND, DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM. Formerly Chief of the Division of Fisheries, U. S. Fish Commission. URING the time that the writer has been responsible for the correspondence of the New York Aquarium, there has been frequent inquiry for information respecting methods of stocking and managing small fish ponds. The inquiries in gen- eral have related to the character of ponds, their water supply and management: the kinds of fishes desirable, their feeding, propa- gation, capture, and the sources from which they might be pro- cured. In some cases applicants were referred to the National or State fish commissions, while in others such information was given as was possible by letter, with references to book and articles that might be helpful. 90) NEW “YORK > ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIETY: Several ponds and lakes situated on the country estates of New York gentlemen who wished advice on stocking and caring for ponds, were visited by special invitation. These were both natural and artificial, large and small, deep and shallow, spring fed, and supplied by streams, with fish and without. Some of the ponds which contained fishes had never yielded much either in the way of sport or food. Most pond owners confessed entire ignorance of the subject and the writer’s search for literature on pond culture, to fit the varying conditions met with, did not reveal as much as could be desired, especially that based on American con- ditions. The professional fish-culturists of this country apparently owe the private citizen something more in the way of advice in home fish raising than he has yet received. It would seem that notwithstanding the abundant literature relative to public fish-culture, which has been distributed freely in this country, there has been left almost unconsidered, a field of pond culture simpler and cheaper than that connected with our admirable system of stocking public waters, and with possibilities greater than have been realized. Wholesale methods in fish- culture, requiring artificial fertilization of eggs, hatchery build- ings, and series of rearing ponds, are seldom applicable to the farm and the private estate. The writer devoted considerable time to the study of small, natural and artificial lakes in the region about New York, with a view to ascertaining their possibilities for producing the com- moner kinds of fishes with a moderate amount of expense and care. It is hoped that the present paper, relating merely to the actual requirements for success in home fish raising, will be of interest not only to members of the New York Zoological Society, but to the out-of-town public in general. It is presented as a primer on the subject, not as a general treatise, a brief list of works of the latter class being appended. Its publication will at least serve the original purpose of the writer—that of facilita- ting the handling of a portion of the correspondence of the Aquarium. As a good many years have passed since he served an apprenticeship at a government fish-hatchery, recent publications on fish culture have been used freely. Acknowledgments are hereby made to the authors of the works mentioned in this paper. The photographs of fishes published herewith, were made by Messrs. Elwin R. Sanborn and L. B. Spencer, from specimens living in the New York Aquarium. Pond Culture in General.—It should be made clear that the in- ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. O1 structions which follow will be of little use to those who suppose that the pond can be filled with fishes and left to take care of itself. To be made productive it will require intelligent care and consid- erable work. Those who are not interested to that extent may as well abandon the idea of raising fish and save the expense of stocking the pond. For the encouragement of those who are disposed to make a trial it may be stated with perfect fairness that food fishes can be raised with no more difficulty than chickens or vegetables. All persons who have experimented with the poultry yard and the garden know that they demand attention. A neglected fish-pond may be compared to a neglected garden, and will eventually reach the same gone-to-seed condition. The raising of trout is not considered in this connection: Trout require special conditions of water supply and temperature and there are already in existence many volumes on the subject of trout breeding. While it is a fish that most owners of ponds hope to cultivate, it is essentially one that can not be managed except under naturally favorable conditions, and it demands more atten- tion than it is likely to receive at the hands of the amateur. Trout culture is in active progress all over the land, and there are nu- merous commercial trout culturists from whom fry and yearlings may be purchased. Brown trout and rainbow trout, it should be stated, are more suitable for small lakes than brook trout, and will stand warmer water and grow considerably larger. The brook trout does not naturally inhabit waters having a tem- perature much above 60 degrees. With the ordinary run of ponds in the New York region, where the water becomes rather warm in summer, it is necessary to restrict the list of available fishes to the basses, perches, and sunfishes to which they are adapted. This paper therefore deals with the commoner fishes only. There are few sections of the country so lacking in native fishes that enough black bass, rock bass, yellow perch, white perch, crappie, blue-gill sunfish, long-eared sunfish, or catfish can not be procured for the purpose of stocking. State fish commissions can not usually furnish fishes for private waters, and much of the fish stock supplied by the national com- mission for private waters has, through ignorance on the part of the recipient, been lost, washed away by floods into public waters, or consumed when mature, without the conditions neces- sary to propagation having been supplied. Some of the above named pond-fishes occur in almost every 92 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL SOGIEEN- CRAP PU. county, and are to be found in the streams, lakes, and ponds of the region about New York City and on Long Island. A little preliminary personal effort in fish-catching and transporting on the part of the pond owner, will help to increase his interest and knowledge, and thus increase the chances of the pond getting some necessary attention later on. Fishes already acclimatized are safer for stocking than those brought from distant points in the north or south. In transporting fishes all necessary changes in temperature should be made gradu- ally. Changing to a lower temperature is safer than to a higher. State fish commissioners are usually able to inform corre- spondents where desirable kinds of pond-fishes occur in each state. In applying to the Fisheries Bureau at Washington for fishes, it is necessary to send full information respecting the extent, depth, summer temperature, etc., of the waters to be stocked, and to do the same through local representatives in Congress. Fishes will not be sent at once to a single applicant, but only after enough applications have been filed to warrant large shipments to each state. Long delays are therefore liable to happen. It is possible to procure the fry of bass and some other species from dealers. If they can not be purchased it will be necessary to procure them from the nearest lake or stream, which can be ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. wo) od) LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS. done, if necessary, with ordinary fishing-tackle. For transporta- tion a couple of milk cans of the pattern used by dairymen will be most convenient and the cans will be almost indispensable in handling the fishes from the pond later on. The fishes need not be injured by the hook, if they are unhooked carefully, and they will stand the trip in wagon or baggage car very well, if they are not crowded, and the temperature of the water is kept down with a little ice. A net over the top of the can is better than a close cover unless the latter be well punctured. Ice must be used sparingly and should be placed on the net cover —not in the water. If a fisherman, who has a seine, can be hired, so much the better for the fish. The fishes wanted may very likely be found in one’s own neighborhood, and it may only be necessary to subsi- dize the barefoot boy, who won't take long to find some stock for the pond. Beware, however, of the common sunfish, which is usually too small to be worth saving and becomes a positive an- noyance when one is angling for something larger. Other species which it is well to avoid are the pike and pickerel on account of their voracity and destructiveness to other species. Practice teaches one rapidly, but it is unwise to try to get along without study when helpful books may be had. If fish raising is to be merely a passing fancy it is just as well not to O4 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. attempt it, but interest in most things comes with learning about them, so the books should be read at the beginning—not after fail- ures have led to discouragement. Natural Ponds or Lakes.—lt is assumed that the position of the natural pond is such that no arrangement can be made for drawing off the water. Its possibilities will therefore have to be consid- ered separately. Its fish life moreover can never be brought under complete control. If the character and abundance of the fish life in the pond are not known it is desirable that it be ascertained as far as possible by fishing or netting. If the pond is without any fishes it should, of course, be stocked at once, and the selection of fishes made with due regard to its natural conditions. The extreme depth, mid- summer temperature, plant life and character of the bottom of the pond should all be ascertained. The summer bottom temperature of deep ponds should be known. It can be taken by lowering the thermometer in a pail and allowing it to remain some time. If pulled up rapidly the temperature will not have time to rise ma- terially. A series of bottom temperatures will serve to indicate the presence of bottom springs. A wide area of shallow water in a pond not well supplied by springs or rivulets usually means great warmth in summer. If such a pond can be temporarily lowered and deepened in places, its conditions for fish life would be greatly improved as there is a decided difference in temperature between surface and bottom waters. Below six or eight feet the temperature decreases at the rate of about two degrees for each foot of depth. Increased depth would also give fishes an additional chance for life in winter when heavy ice diminishes their supply of air. A small pond, supplied chiefly by rainfall, may be increased somewhat in water supply by leading to it ditches from adjacent fields; while its depth may admit of some increase by embank- ments. If water can be had by boring, an artesian well may make just the difference between a poor pond and a good one. Fish- ponds should have water plants to afford shelter for young fishes and harbor the various forms of aquatic life on which they feed. Several kinds of common pondweeds will serve for this purpose. The broad leaves of water-lilies afford shelter in summer for the larger fishes and should be introduced. If the pond be very small and unshaded, some floating boards will afford shelter. Too many large fishes in the pond are detrimental since they are consuming the food supply and are themselves going to waste. When such fishes can not be taken with the hook as sometimes happens, they ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 95 so aye tan eat LONG-EARED SUNFISH. should be removed with a seine if it is possible to do so, and marketed. It is important that the mature fish crop of a pond be utilized and the young of the year be given a chance to develop. The accumulation of large fishes serves no useful purpose, but re- sults in overstocking, exhaustion of the food supply, cannibalism, and stunted growth. If a natural lake or pond is already stocked with carp, which are not desired and can not be entirely removed, their further increase may be checked by the introduction of black bass which feed freely on young carp. Black bass will also keep other species in check by devouring their young, and thrive amazingly in the process. If the waters contain black bass, or other fishes, which have become stunted from overcrowding and the exhaustion of the natural food supply, it is important to reduce their number by any methods of fish catching that will prove effective and to restore the food supply by introducing other species. If numerous adult yellow perch are added their young will contribute to the food of the bass, and other large species. Ex- periments have shown that fishes stunted from overcrowding are not necessarily permanent dwarfs, but will attain a larger size if well fed or removed to more favorable waters. No fishes could be more stunted and worthless than those now swarming in the lakes of Central Park, yet we have succeeded in doubling the size of such fishes in two years: Stunted European rudd, transferred from Central Park to Prospect Park, began developing, and later, when we seined them out for exhibition at the Aquarium, it was 96 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SD tier a CALICO BASS. found that their size compared favorably with that which they attain in Europe. It has been shown at government fish cultural stations and else- where that a few adult carp placed in waters overstocked with bass do not increase in number, their young being wholly con- sumed each season. It is well to introduce only a limited number of carp, since too many of them, owing to their rooting habits, will not only destroy the water plants, but also make the water too roily. It has been found that the introduction of carp for feeding fishes, is also favorable in ponds containing crappie, the slight roiling of the water, which they cause, being beneficial to the latter rather than otherwise. It should not however be intro- duced into overstocked bass waters as a food supply until yellow perch or other species have been tried. All ponds, whether natural or artificial, containing food-fishes should be stocked with brook-minnows, shiners, chubs, fresh- water killifish and other small species to constitute a food supply. The killifish and other small species, it may be noticed in passing, ELEVENTH. ANNUAL. REPORT. Q7 are useful in small ornamental ponds in destroying the larve of mosquitoes. The full use of the fish crop of a large natural pond or lake can seldom be secured by ordinary fishing. It is necessary that seines and trap-nets be used. Experience has proved that such ponds usually contain many large fishes which will not take the hook. A deep spring-fed lake on Long Island had for years furnished only moderately good bass fishing and no one imagined its wealth of fishes until We embankment which formed it gave way and distributed hundreds of good sized black bass on the flats below, many of them weighing from four to six pounds. It is possible that these fishes were so well fed on the small fry of their own CROSS-SECTION OF THE DAM. A—Embankment. B—Ground-Ditch. C—Solid Ground. D—Water. E—Drain. F—Penstock. H—Sliding Water-Boards. kind, as well as other species coming over the dam from the pond above, that what the angler could offer did not tempt them. The introduction of new adult stock may be desirable in an old pond where there has been in-breeding, but overstocking is the main trouble, the remedies for which are thinning-out and re-es- tablishing the food supply. Owing to the customary preference for “game fishes,” many excellent pond species, such as rock bass, calico bass, yellow perch, white perch, long-eared and blue-gilled sunfish and catfish, have been overlooked. Other kinds such as the warmouth or the white bass, inhabiting waters of the south or middle west, are equally desirable. All of these fishes increase rapidly, take the hook readily and are good food-fishes. They will multiply in 98 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. favorable waters with less care than probably any other native fishes. With the exception of the catfish, they will take the artif- cial fly and afford good sport. They are of considerable com- mercial importance since, according to government statistics, the quantity annually sent to market exceeds twenty-eight million pounds. Nearly all of them are known to attain weights ex- ceeding two pounds. Ponds Made by Damming Streams.—Ponds created in this way should on no account be completed without the placing of drain pipes and penstocks, so that the water can be lowered and the fish life controlled. There are marketable fishes going to waste in ponds everywhere for lack of simple facilities for get- ting at them. The deepest portion of the pond should be at the lower end, where the fish will gather when the water is drained down. Ditches dug in the bottom of the pond, leading to the deep hole or “kettle,” will greatly facilitate the concentration of the fishes at that time. Two or three ponds will be found to be much more satisfactory than one, since they will permit of the sorting of fishes according to size. Angling or other fish catching would then naturally be confined to the pond containing the large fishes. If properly managed, a series of fish-ponds will naturally yield a surplus for the market. It is dangerous to construct a fish-pond in a narrow ravine as the dam is liable to be broken during spring freshets or ex- ceptionally heavy rains, and the pond will gradually fill up with silt. Even if the embankment is not broken during high water it is difficult to screen it so that the fishes will not escape. A safe plan is to make the pond at one side of the stream, by excavation and embankments, leading the water to it through a ditch, and damming the stream sufficiently at the ditch-head to divert a portion of its flow. In case of freshets, the deep pool formed in the stream by the dam at the ditch-head, naturally receives the silt brought down stream; thus guarding against the filling up of the fish-pond. The ditch itself should be screened at both ends to prevent the ascent of fishes to the stream, and keep floating drift out of the ditch. If the pond can be excavated in marshy ground, so much the better. A layer of clay on the bottom will render it more water- tight that it would be otherwise. The embankment should be broad, and before it is thrown up, all sod should be removed so that there will be no subsequent seepage caused by the decay of vegetable matter. The earth used for the embankment should also ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT, 99 be free from sods or other matter liable to decay. The ground cleared for the embankment should have a ditch extending its full length into which the new earth will settle, thus increasing the stability of the dam. The embankment of the dam if it is to be six feet high should be ten or twelve feet wide at the base and four feet broad on top. The earth used in its construction will naturally be derived from the bottom of the proposed pond, which will, of course, serve to increase its depth. The overflow should be large enough to carry off the surplus, when the water is high, without danger to the dam and the outlets in general should be screened with wire netting to prevent the escape of fishes. The drain for drawing off the water should, of course, be put in place before the dam is thrown up. Earthen drain-pipes are risky, as no matter how closely the joints may be set and cemented, plant roots will eventually find their way in- side and clog them up. Iron pipe of not less than four inches diameter, with the joints well soldered, is more reliable. A hollow log will serve the purpose of a drain-pipe, and wear well. If the drain, or bottom outlet, is built of concrete and large enough to be conveniently cleared, it would be more effective in lowering a large area of water. The upper end of the drain should fit tightly into the foot of the upright penstock in the pond. The penstock itself is merely an upright drain or sluice of planks or concrete, having about the same capacity as the drain- pipe itself. It is fitted on one side with short “water boards” sliding in grooves which can be removed one after another, to permit the escape of the water. A heavy plank should connect the head of the penstock with the top of the dam. Before the new pond is filled, all roots, stumps, rocks and every- thing else that would prevent the free sweep of a net along the bottom, should be removed. All ponds, whether natural or artificial, accumulate debris of which they can not be cleared, except when empty. A muddy pond will give the fish a muddy flavor. When the pond is being cleaned, it is necessary to remove the fishes from the deep hole or kettle. Any attempt to remove decayed matter and sediment, while fishes still occupy the deeper portions of a pond, may be fatal to them, as dangerous gases are then liberated among the crowded fishes. If the pond is very foul, it should be only par- tially lowered at first and the fishes removed with a seine. With a reserve pond or two, it is possible, not only to thor- oughly clean a pond, but to “winter” it: that is, leave the bottom 100 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGIGAL “SOGIETY: WWistiIns, ieee exposed for a time to the action of the sun and frost. It destroys excessive plant growth and kills out destructive water beetles and other enemies of young fishes and is approved by most profes- sional fish culturists. With a series of ponds constructed at different levels, the overtiow of the upper ponds will serve to feed those below. The more fall there is to the water the better will be its aeration—a matter of great importance to small ponds. It is desirable that surface water caused by rainstorms be kept out of small ponds by banking up or ditching. The following instances, among many which came under the writer’s personal observation, will serve to show some of the diff- culties in the way of successful management, where ponds are constructed without provision having been made for drawing down or seining: A certain deep lake of about two acres in Connecticut, formed at great expense by damming a brook, is without any provision for drawing down. The conditions prevailing in it are unknown, and nothing but hook and line or some form of trap-net are available for ascertaining its contents, since its borders will not permit of the use of a drag net. In the meantime, snapping turtles kill the young ducks on it each summer, and there is no way of getting rid of them. Another pond, which could not be lowered, was believed to be ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 101 ROCK BASS. without fishes, until the use of a seine in one corner showed that the yellow perch fry introduced two years before had already attained good size. The presence of snags elsewhere in this lake prevented the use of the net. The management of this pond will always be difficult and unsatisfactory. A lake in the Zoological Park, stocked with yellow perch fry in 1903, Was represented to be without fishes, until the use of a seine, sent from the Aquarium a year later, showed it to be well supplied. The full utilization of this lake is however impossible, since its bottom has many scattered rocks which prevent effective seining. If the rocks had been removed originally, a good sized seine would sweep it from end to end. Water Supply.—The water supply of the fish-pond is the most important thing to be considered. It must in fact be taken into consideration before the artificial pond is made. The flow of water should be abundant. About twice as much will usually be required as the beginner thinks is necessary. Ponds fed by strong springs are excellent and are not subject to the dangers to which stream-fed ponds are exposed. Their tem- perature is naturally more equable throughout the year and they are less liable to heavy freezing in winter. In warm weather and in the winter time, pond-fishes avoid extreme temperature by frequenting the vicinity of bottom springs. Spring-water, how- ever, contains less life available as fish food, and less air than 102 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. that from brooks. Its value for pond supply will be improved, if it can be led some distance as a rivulet. Fish-life in small ponds with limited water supply will suffer from heavy ice in winter. The ice should be broken daily, and masses of brush and branches placed partly in the water will aid in keeping air holes open, especially if they are moved by the wind. Extent and Depth of Ponds——The extent and depth of ponds made by damming streams, will be governed somewhat by the nature of the situation available. A pond of an acre or more in extent, and with eight or ten feet of water in the deepest part, will, if properly managed, give ex- cellent results. It may be necessary to make it less than one- quarter of an acre in extent, but a small pond should have an extreme depth of not less than six feet, although it is quite pos- sible with a strong water supply to raise fishes in very small and shallow ponds. This, however, means active cultivation, with daily feeding of the fishes, numerous ponds to permit of sorting, and all the details of a fish-cultural establishment. -As a matter- of-fact, nearly all of the extensive fish-breeding carried on by the National and State fish commissions has been done in ponds of rectangular shape, averaging perhaps less than 100 feet in length and 25 feet in width, having depths of only three or four feet. Such ponds are worked in series, as nursery and rearing ponds, and there are generally two or more ponds of large size in which fishes of different growths can be held. The following extract from the report of the fish commissioner of Indiana for 1903-04, is worth inserting in this connection : “Mr. Carl H. Thompson, of Warren, Indiana, has a fish pond 60 x 120 feet in surface dimensions, and from four to six feet deep. In May, 1895, he placed in this pond four pairs of small- mouthed black bass. Fifteen months later he seined the pond and took therefrom, by actual count, 1,017 black bass averaging one pound each. In addition to the above he took between six and seven hundred yellow perch, weighing, according to his statement, ‘not less than 250 pounds.’ This makes the production of the pond amount to 1,267 pounds for a period of fifteen months.” The whole subject of fish-culture of this character—carried on in small excavated ponds, will be found, discussed at length, in the “Manual of Fish Culture,” referred to later. Ponds to be used for black bass and in fact most other fishes, ought to be several acres in extent and quite deep. In general, ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 103 fishes kept in small ponds do not attain the size of those in large ponds since their range and food supply are restricted. Feeding.—lf large numbers of black bass, rock bass and calico bass are removed for safety to smaller ponds where they may exhaust the natural food supply, it will be necessary to feed them. li they are put in small “nursery ponds” where they are crowded, feeding is imperative. The principal natural food of fishes is fish, which should be perfectly fresh. For young fishes it must be cut and boned, then rubbed through a fine wire screen. Fresh meat or liver must be prepared in the same way. For the details re- specting the feeding of young fishes the reader is referred to the “Manual of Fish Culture,” or some other work on the subject. Adult fishes kept in restricted quarters will also require feed- ing. They may be fed iargely on live minnows. Among the fish-foods used at the New York Aquarium, are live minnows, live shrimps, chopped fish, beef, liver and clams. It is a mistake to suppose that fishes do not require an abun- dance of food. They may /ive without it but can not grow. Water Plants—About one-quarter of the ordinary pond should be as shallow as 10 or 12 inches and planted with pondweeds, such as Potamogeton, parrots-feather (Myriophyllum), water- celery (Vallisneria), hornwort (Ceratophyllum) and Cabomba. Suitable plants for the purpose may be found in most streams and ponds, and there are many others than those mentioned. Water plants that are satisfactory in some regions may, however, not be so in others farther north or south. Water-plants are neces- sary as shelter for young fishes, and greatly increase the various forms of small aquatic life necessary for their food. They also serve to aerate the water, which is most important in small and sluggish ponds. They may be planted by tying to stones and dropping them from a boat, or set in the ground after the water has been partially lowered. The slightly greater depths—from one to three feet, may be planted with water-lilies, while the more extensive and deeper portions should be kept clear of vegetation. If the vegetation becomes too thick it can usually be pulled out with a rake, but it is sometimes necessary to cut it with the scythe. Willow and other trees should be planted at some points to furnish shade. Aquatic insects, crustaceans and mollusks, bred among pond- weeds, constitute no small feature of the ponds food supply. It is recorded in the “American Fish Culturist,” that an electric light over a certain pond was found to attract insects which fell in the water in such numbers as to supply an important quantity of 104 NEWYORK ZOOLOGICAL “SOCGIEEY. fish food. If the pondweeds, together with the brook-minnows, frogs, crustaceans and other small fry which are to establish the natural supply of food, can be introduced a year before the stock fish are put in, the conditions for success will be greatly improved. Spawning Places.——Fish-ponds should be supplied with spawn- ing conditions suitabie to the fishes occupying them: Small- mouthed black bass, which make their nests in gravel, will require gravelly bottem: JLarge-mouthed black bass, which nest among the roots of plants, will find the conditions they require among the weeds of the pond. Yellow perch, which spawn among twigs under water, are easily accommodated—pieces of brush may be set firmly in the bottom where the water is shallow, in the branches of which they will deposit large whitish masses of spawn. If the brush tops extend several inches above the surface of the water, so that they will be swayed by the wind, and kept free of sedi- ment, the hatching of masses of spawn will be greatly facilitated. Rock bass and the various species of sunfish which, like the small-mouthed black bass, make their nests in gravelly places, will absolutely require places of that character if they are ex- pected to increase and a few cartloads of gravel dumped around the lake in water about two feet in depth will furnish the necessary conditions. Since ponds, to be successful, must have proper spawning condi- tions, some study of the habits of pond fishes is important and there are numerous helpful books available. It is now the custom with professional fish-culturists to supply artificial spawning nests in ponds containing small-mouthed black bass. These are small shallow boxes about two feet square filled with mixed gravel and sand, which early in the spring are placed everywhere in shallow water around the pond. They are at once appropriated by pairs of basses seeking spawning places. The boxes have boards nailed on two sides at adjoining corners, which extend about a foot higher, affording shelter for the basses similar to that which they naturally seek under the shelter of submerged logs. Basses guard their nests for several days after the spawn has been deposited, and it is the custom at fish cultural establishments to place over the nest before the young fishes leave it, a light circular frame of ircn covered with cheese cloth, one end of which protrudes above the water. This prevents the young fishes from wandering away from the nest, and makes it possible for them to be removed with the dip net to nursery ponds, where they ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 105 are safe from their enemies and the cannibalistic tendencies of their parents. One of the numerous private ponds visited by the writer, a pond half a mile in length, was examined with great care and found to be totally lacking in gravel areas. Although it had been stocked several times with smali-mouthed black bass, there had apparently been no natural increase. With a mud bottom it afforded no spawning surface whatever for this species. The writer recommended the introduction of numerous artificial Spawning nests, or the introduction of the large-mouthed bass which would not require gravel beds, but could spawn among ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING NEST. the abundant water plants. It is probably unnecessary to add that there should be no fishing allowed during the spawning sea- son, which with most of the fishes mentioned is in the spring months. Number of Fishes Required.—In stocking waters it is not nec- essary to have a large number of adult fishes. For a pond of about an acre in extent, twenty pairs of black bass will be suffi- cient, and perhaps fifty pairs of any of the other kinds of fishes mentioned. These numbers will in fact suffice for still larger ponds and should be reduced for smaller-ponds. When the con- ditions are right the progeny of the first year will usually stock 106 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. CATETSHe: the pond to the limit of its natural food supply. It should be borne in mind that heavy stocking serves no useful purpose, unless it is the intention to catch some of the adults the first year. It is just as well to stock with two or three kinds of fishes and time will show which species are the best adapted to that particular body of water. With black bass the yellow perch may be placed with safety, not only on account of the food it supplies to the former, but also on account of its own value as a food fish. It is remarkably prolific, and with a good start can usually take care of itself. The same may be said of the catfish. It is harmless, since the basses and sunfishes are active in guarding their own nests. The yellow perch and the catfish may also be introduced into ponds containing rock bass or calico bass. There is no reason why black bass, rock bass, and calico bass should not be kept together if the pond is of considerable size. Commercial Importance of Certain Basses, Perches, etc-—The following figures relative to the annual catch and value of the fishes named, are derived from recent Government statistics and show only the quantity and value of fishes marketed. There are no means of ascertaining the catch of the same species made by anglers and other non-professional fishermen, although the ag- gregate must be very great. The catch is of course made in public waters: ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 107 WHITE BASS. Pounds. Value. [SLC Ke EEC Aa ee 1,939,571 $150,471 Sie ctleneen CHS 0 acs Be Sale oe ate POT 220 181,504 Pmbttee Chel me. cs eas 5 oe 1,397,306 161,188 Crappie and Strawberry Bass...... 2,686,230 161,122 probe call kinds))s..)5 se aee a ox es 2,094,946 52,846 Wamestat all kinds) 0.4 bo. vee wees 13,103,700 534,425 Wilovta eee neta) Sri. tS EER es 28,292,979 $1,141,556 The Large-Mouthed Black Bass, ( Micropterus salmoides). This species is one of the best for ponds. It grows faster and larger than the small-mouthed black bass, and will take the hook in winter when the latter will not. It is easier to cultivate and will thrive in warmer and more sluggish waters. While not so gamy, it can be depended upon, under ordinary favorable conditions, to furnish a good supply of fish-food for the table. Spawning as it does among the roots of water plants, a gravelly bottom is not essential unless other species are kept with it. In the south it reaches its greatest development, Florida specimens sometimes exceeding twenty pounds. In the north its average weight is less than four pounds. The Small-Mouthed Black Bass, (Micropterus dolomieu) is generally considered the pluckiest of game fishes. If sport with 108 NEW YORK: ZOOLOGICAL. SOGIEEY.. the rod is the main object, this is probably the fish to introduce. Its weight sometimes exceeds six pounds—two and a half being the average. Unlike the large-mouthed bass, it hibernates in winter. It requires gravel bottom for spawning. Under the best conditions, with a good food supply and con- siderable area and depth of water either species of black bass may increase in size at the rate of about a pound a year. In lakes of several acres in extent they will do better than in small ponds. Both species may often be taken with the trolling spoon when other lures fail. The black bass spawn from March to June according to the climate. Their cannibalistic tendencies are strong, and the small fishes should be kept separate from the large ones. Rock Bass or Red Eye, (Ambloplites rupestris). Next to the black bass this is one of the most satisfactory species to cultivate, especially in spring-fed ponds. Its natural range has been a increased by artificial introduction. The rock bass increase rapidly and a pond of several acres properly stocked will soon fill up with them. It is an excellent food-fish, reaching, it is said, a weight of two pounds in some waters, but in most ponds a quarter of a pound would be nearer the average. The rock bass is one of the easiest fishes to catch, readily taking worms, pieces of fish, grasshoppers, and other baits. It will also take the artificial fly or small spoon either in casting or trolling and is a vigorous fighter on the line. It builds and guards its nest like the small-mouthed black bass, and in the pond may be provided for in the same way. Yellow Perch, (Perca flavescens). Jf the pond is to be stocked with yellow perch there will be “something doing,” since it is a remarkably prolific species, likely to take care of itself and reaches a good size. It is an ideal pond-fish, readily caught and good to eat. It has been introduced everywhere, and is therefore the most easily procurable fish for stocking. Although its weight in New York State sometimes exceeds three pounds, the average of those taken in ponds is not much more than half a pound. Its flavor is best in spring and fall. In summer it should be skinned to avoid any muddy flavor, but with this fish, skinning is no more difficult than scaling. The largest fishes are to be found in the deepest water. The usual run of fish baits are effective in fishing for it, and it may be taken with the artificial fly or by trolling with spoon or minnow. The yellow perch lays its eggs in masses in shallow water as ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 109 soon as ice is permanently off the water. When pieces of brush are placed in the water the fishes will deposit their whitish egg clusters among them. If the egg masses are removed in buckets of water to some place where they can be protected, the yield of small fishes will be greatly increased. : Calico Bass, (Pomoxis sparoides) and Crappie, (Pomo.xis an- nularis). These fishes are highly recommended for ponds. They breed rapidly, are excellent pan-fishes, and do not disturb other species. The range of the calico bass is somewhat more northern than its near relative the crappie, with which it is often confused, but both species have been widely distributed by artificial means, and can be procured in most of the Eastern States. They may be kept in ponds with bass, perch, or sunfishes, thrive with little care and will stand rather warm ponds. If the pond is large and the water deep, the size of the fish is apt to be larger. Good baits for catching them, are live minnows, worms, cray- fish, tadpoles, and crickets ; cut bait is also effective. Both species are active on the line, and will take the artificial fly. White Perch, (Morone americana). This is mainly a fish of coastal waters, ascending streams to spawn. It is frequently land- locked in fresh-water lakes and breeds there, and has, at times, been common in Prospect Park lakes in New York City. It is a first class food-fish attaining a weight of two pounds, but the average fish in fresh-water is not much over half a pound. It spawns from April to June among weeds and brush. The usual baits are available in taking it, and it will give fair sport with the artificial fly and light tackle. White perch in bass ponds are liable to annoy the latter during the nesting season. White Bass, (Roccus chrysops) and Yellow Bass, (Morone in- terrupta).—The white bass, inhabiting the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi region, and the yellow bass of the lower Mississippi, are both available for pond culture. The former has been intro- duced into many of the smaller lakes of New York and New Jersey, and has proved to be satisfactory as a pond-fish, making rapid growth the first year. Both species attain weights of as much as three pounds, take the usual baits of fresh-water fishes, and will rise to the artificial fly, the first being especially gamy. Blue-Gilled Sunfish, (Lepomis pallidus). This is the largest of the sunfishes. It thrives in ponds and will live in as warm water as any native food-fish. It attains a weight of two pounds, although the average is less than one pound. It is highly recom- mended for ponds. All the sunfishes are prolific, and like the basses make their nests 110 NEW. YORE - ZOOLOGICAL SOGIEPY: on gravelly bottom and guard them. All are good food-fishes, are caught with a greater variety of baits than most fishes and rise to the fly. Common Catfish, (Ameiurus nebulosus). If you must have a fish-pond, and do not intend to give it any attention whatever, stock it with catfish. They will come as near to raising them- selves as anything you can get except carp. If you want fish to catch and fish to eat, and perhaps some to sell, try catfish. There are several chances out of ten that they will grow without care, and they can be kept in ponds containing other fishes. Catfish for stocking can be found anywhere, are easy to transport, and there are several kinds from which to select. One of the best is the marbled catfish (A. marmoratus). They will weigh three- quarters of a pound when one year old, and three pounds when three years old. They can be caught with hook and line, and so easily that children will do most of the catching. Any kind of bait will do, and they can usually be caught in winter when other fishes are half torpid. When taken from a muddy pond they should be put in a tank of running water for a few days, when their flavor will be all right. All catfish should be skinned before cooking. They are as near boneless as any fish to be found, and if you have been falsely educated as to their edible qualities, just try them. According to negro philosophy “‘a catfish on the line is worth two whales in the water.” A BRIEF LIST OF USEFUL WORKS ON FISH-CULTURE. A Manual of Fish-Culture.—By fish culturists in the service of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Original edition pub- lished in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1897, pages 1-340. Revised edition published separately in 1900. The most useful work on the subject, especially to professional fish culturists. Probably out of print. It may sometimes be found on the shelves of second-hand book dealers. Separate chapters on the basses, crappies, etc., distributed free by the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Modern Fish-Culture in Fresh and Salt Water. Yred Mather. A useful work of 333 pages by an experienced fish culturist. Contains important matter on ponds and their management. New York, 1900. The Habits and Culture of the Black Bass. Dwight Lydell. Published as follows: Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. tit 1902, pages 39-44. Transactions American Fisheries Society, pages 45-57. Report Indiana Fish Commissioner, 1903-04, pages 320-331. An excellent paper on the subject. The Propagation of the Small Mouth Black Bass. Seymour Bower. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1896, pages 127-136. Very useful. The Breeding Habits, Development and Propagation of the Black Bass. Jacob Reighard. Published as Bulletin No. 7 of the Michigan Fish Commission. Pages 1-73 (from 16th annual report) ; and also as Contribution No. 97 from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Michigan. An excellent paper in which the subject is brought up to date. Fish Hatching and Fish Catching. Seth Green and R. B. Roosevelt, Rochester, 1879; 245 pages. Contains useful matter on ponds, and on the habits of fishes. Book of the Black Bass. James A. Henshall. Cincinnati, 1900; 463 pages. Contains much on the habits of bass that will be useful to the pond culturist. Domesticated Trout. Livingston Stone. A standard work on trout culture, which contains more or less matter on ponds. The third edition, 1877, 367 pages. Later editions are available. An Anglers Paradise and How to Obtain It. J. J. Armistead, London, 1895, pages 1-304. An excellent work on trout culture, containing several chapters on ponds and their management. The Carp and Its Culture. Rudolph Hessel. Published in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1875, pages 865-900. Contains much useful matter on the construction and care of ponds. Utilizing Water by Fish-Culture. Paul Benecke. Published in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1883, pages I10I- 1142. Contains abundant information on the management of natural and artificial ponds. Pond-Culture. Carl Nicklas. Published in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1884, pages 467-655. A lengthy dis- cussion of the subject, especially on the construction and man- agement of ponds. Notes on Fish-Culture in Germany. S. Jaffe and others. Pub- lished in the Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1895, pages 311-324. Fish-Culture on the Farm. J.J. Stranahan. A decidedly useful but rather brief paper published as follows: In Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1902, pages 130-135. In American i fa bY NEW??? YORE ZOOLOGICAL. SOCIETY. Fish-Culturist, May, 1904, pages 20-23, and in the Ohio Farmer. Not issued separately so far as known. Construction of Ponds and Pond-Culture Methods. By J. L. Leary. A brief, but useful paper published as follows: In Trans- actions American Fisheries Society, 1904, pages 139-142. In American Fish-Culturist, January, 1905, pages 23-25, and in Report of Illinois Fish Commission, 1902-04; pages 41-43. Not issued separately so far as known. Fish Culture for Farmers. By William E. Meehan. A useful paper. Published in the Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for 1895, pages 115-134. List of Gifts HOPE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, (Complete from January 1, 1906, to Janwary 1, 1907.) Asseson, Dr. Atice, New York City: Yellow-Shaited Flicker. Austin, E. H., Gaylordsville, Conn. : _Horned Grebe. Ayars, WILLIAM StTEWarT, State College, Pa.: Horned Grebe. Baker, L. L., Steward, Yacht “Narada,” New London, Conn.: Golden Baboon. Bampsy, JoHN, New York City: Alligator. Bargour, Greorce, New York City: South American Otter. Baum, RicHarp, New York City: Mockingbird. BENDA, WLaADySsLAW T., New York City: Slender-Billed Cockatoo. BENEDICT, CHARLES P., New York City: Dipsas Tree Snake. Bercer, Miss Ena, Stapleton, Staten Island, N. Y.: South American Turtle. Berry, Dr., New York City: Yellow-Shafted Flicker. Burss, Miss S. (through Mr. J. Bardusch), New York City: Golden Pheasant. Borovac, M., West Seneca, Erie County, N. Y.: Florida Gallinule. Bourne, FrepericK G., New York City: African Two-Horned Rhinoceros. Boyp, Mrs. G., Jersey City, N. J.: Blue Jay. Bray, Georce W., New York City: Coati Mundi. Bressier, A. E., Athens, Pa.: Fox Squirrel. Brey, Mrs. F. W., New York City: ’ Box-Turtle (8 specimens), Cumberland Turtle. BrosEMANN, F. G., New York City: Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. Brown, CLARENCE D., New York City: Muskrat. Brown, Epwin Lewis, New York City: Spotted Pond-Turtle. Brown, Hersert, Yuma, Arizona: Diamond Rattlesnake, Gila Monster, Horned Rattlesnake. BurteicH, G. W., New York City: Agouti. Capy, Pierre, Bloomfield, N. J.: Collection of Salamanders, Newt, Red Salamander (3 specimens), Bull Frog, Salamander (74 specimens). \— 114 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Canavan, Miss JosePpHINE, New York City: Painted Turtle. CAPTAIN OF THE STEAMER “FurRNEssIA,” New York City: Gyrfalcon. 5 CAPTAIN OF THE STEAMER “Oscar Seconp,’ Hoboken, N. J.: European Curlew. Carpveza, T. D. M., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.: Elk (5 specimens), Buffalo (5 specimens). CaTERSON, Epwarp, New York City: Alligator. CHIEF ENGINEER OF THE STEAMER “Ex Cin,’ New York City: Purple Gallinule. CuurcyH, Mrs. E., New York City: Northern Yellowthroat. CLARKE, ALAN R., New York City: Painted Turtle (2 specimens), Box Tortoise, Snapping Turtle. CLARKE, Harotp, New York City: Wood-“Turtle.” Cottier, Ropert, New York City: Red-and-Blue Macaw. CRUICKSHANK, Ropert F., Big Indian, Ulster County, N. Y.: Ring-Necked Snake. Davies, OLiver M., Columbus, Ohio: Black Hawk. DE ANDRADE, ALFRED, New York City: Anaconda. DENGLER, Otto, New York City: Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Dopce, Marcettus Hartitey, New York City: Boa (2 specimens), Razor-Billed Curassow, Ocelot, Black Capuchin Monkey. DoNnNELLY, JosEPH, New York City: Crow (2 specimens). Dorn, RicHarp, New York City: Bull Frog, Wood-“Turtle.” Dove, ApAM, New York City: The following specimens were collected by Mr. Dove and Mr. Pearsall in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: 6 Rattle- snakes, 20 Garter Snakes, 2 Black Snakes, 4 Water Snakes, 3 Milk Snakes, 9 Storer’s Snakes, 3 Ring-Necked Snakes, 3 Green Snakes, 1 Ribbon Snake, 1 Hog-Nosed Snake. Total, 52 specimens. Duet, Dr. ArrHuR B., New York City: Alaskan Black Bear (2 specimens). Duntze, G., New York City: Great Horned Owl. Dursin, THomaAS, New York City: 6 Cowbirds, 6 Indigo Buntings, Scarlet Tanager, 2 Baltimore Orioles, 2 Song Sparrows, Catbird, 2 Red-Winged Blackbirds, 3 Bobolinks. 2 Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks, Bluebird. Total, 21 specimens. Durieux, Mrs. A., New York City: Snapping Turtle, Wood-“Turtle.” Ercuuer, Miss Etsie, New York City: Alligator. Extason, Car, Hollandale, Florida: Coachwhip Snake, Scarlet Snake, Corn Snake, European Ring Snake or “Ringelnatter.” FICKINGER, WALTER, New York City: Painted Turtle. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 115 Bierver eG lslip eile. ale: Crab-Eating Raccoon. FoiietTt, RricHArp E., Boston, Mass. : Canada Porcupine. FrencH, Dr. Cecit, Washington, D. C.: 4 Bull Snakes, Water Snake, 2 Hog-Nosed Snakes. Gammon, R. J., Bedford Park, New York City: Alligator (specimen 4 years old). Ganpic & Bium G., New York City: Coyote (2 specimens). GarDINER, Prescort, Ridgewood, N. J.: Raccoon. Geer, P. W., the Davenport Farms, Morris Plains, N. J.: Bob-White. Gitmour, Miss Carrig E., New York City: Alligator. ; Goett, Epwarp, New York City: Pine Snake, 2 Ribbon Snakes, Water Snake, Red Salamander, 7 Pond Frogs, also a number of Water Newts. Gooxin, A. S., New York City: 2 Canaries. Gray, Miss Hazet, New York City: Guinea Pig. Gunozen, Joun, New York City: Alligator. HaicutT, C. L., Yonkers, New York: Slender-Billed Cockatoo (2 specimens). Hatten, Miss Litzyian, Highland Park, IIL: Alligator. Harriman, E. H., New York City: Alaskan Black Bear (2 specimens). Hartzoc, Second Mate, Steamer “Fulda,’ South Brooklyn, N. Y. C.: Gallinule. Heppen, Mrs. F. S., Philadelphia, Pa.: Chipmunk. Hepricu, Hans, New York City: Green Snake, Milk Snake. HEnNFeELD, D. C., New York City: Alligator (3 specimens), Rubber Boa. Hottister, Miss Martua, Mamaroneck, N. Y.: Alligator (3 specimens). HoimMes, Caprain Epcar A., New York City: 3 Troupials, 2 Curacao Mockingbirds, Curacao Sparrow Hawk, Curacao Ground Dove, Bare-Eyed Pigeon, 2 Blue-Headed Parrots. Hortmes, Mrs. Epcar A., New York City: Yellow-Faced Parrakeet (2 specimens). Hotmes, Witiiams, New York City: Worm Snake. Hoover, Miss, New York City: Screech Owl. Howarp, D. W., New York City: Jacobin Pigeon (2 specimens). Hurrer, Sr., Juttus, Little Rock, Ark. : Collection of Salamanders, comprising specimens of: Desmognathus brimliorum and Spelerpes multiplicata; also 2 Western Painted Turtles, 4 Striped Swamp Snakes, Soft-Shelled Turtle, 2 Miter Snakes. Hurtz, Mrs. Georce A., Sound Beach, Conn. : Alligator. 116 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Huss, Coronet Henry, Mount Vernon, New York: Common Macque Monkey. IRELAND, Aucust P., New York City: Alligator (3 specimens). Jackson, Mrs. R. G., Yonkers, New York: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Jacos, Paut, Steamer “Grecia,” New York City: Rhinoceros Iguana (2 specimens). James, Mrs. ArtHuR Curtiss, New York City: Jaguar (2 specimens). Jounson, W. J., New York City: Moss Monkey. Jones, Dr. J. S., Galveston, Texas: Sapajou Monkey. Jones, L. Q., Newport, R. I.: Raccoon. KENDAL, WILLIAM H., Binghamton, N. Y.: Red Fox (2 specimens), Silver Fox. KENNEY, JOHN, Williamsbridge, N. Y.: Banded Rattlesnake. Korn iG PortaGhestersN sya Sparrow Hawk (3 specimens). KLEINE, CHARLES, New York City: Barn Owl. Krause, THEoporE, New York City: Sea-Gull. KroEMER, ArTHUR F., New York City: Yellow-Faced Parrakeet. Kuper, KATHERINE B., New York City: Alligator (2 specimens). Kutzurn, A., New York City: Canary. Lapp, Jr., Henry M., Rutherford, N. J.: Agouti. Lanois, ALFreD, New York City: Canary. Lauber, Jr., GeorcGE, Greenwich, Conn.: Woodchuck (2 specimens). LINDEMANN, JOHN, Westchester, New York City: Jackdaw (2 specimens), Magpie (2 specimens). LyncuH, Mrs. F. P., New York City: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. McCormick, J. K., New York City: Marsh Hawk. McCoy, Grorce W., Garrison, New York: Copperhead Snake. McLoucHuiin, JAMES, New York City: American Flamingo (5 specimens). McMiiuin, Emerson, New York City: Black Bear (2 specimens). Macuens, Rosert, Purser of the Steamer “Flandria,’ New York City: Rhinoceros Iguana (4 specimens), Spotted Cavy. Mackey, WiLit1AM H., New York City: South American Tortoise. Martin, C. V., New York City: Macaw. Maxon, Wii1i1AM R., New York City: Central American Tortoise (3 specimens). ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. alee Mayers, Jor, Highbridge, New York City: Alligator. Meaper, H. L., New York City: Pine Snake. Merzcer. Mrs. A., New York City: Bluebird, Starling (3 specimens), Red-Winged Blackbird (2 speci- mens), Junco, Song Thrush. Meyer, C. A., New York City: Blue Jay (2 specimens). Miter, CHARLES F., East Orange, N. J.: 20 Water Snakes, 7 Garter Snakes, 3 Ribbon Snakes, 26 Brown Snakes, to Muhlenberg’s Turtles, 6 Musk Turtles, 1 Red Salamander, 5 Sculptured Terrapins, 10 Spotted Turtles, 16 Box Tortoises, I Snapping Turtle, 7 Wood-‘“Turtles,’ 24 De Kay Snakes, 1 Blue- Tailed Lizard, 111 Frogs, 68 Newts and Salamanders of various species, I Wood Frog, 2 Bullfrogs, 4 Painted Turtles, 8 Pond Frogs, 20 Salamanders. Total, 351 specimens. Mititer & Booze, Asbury Park, N. J.: Alligator. Mitts, Ocpen, Staatsburgh, Duchess County, N. Y.: Great Horned Owl. Mirne, Miss Katuerine, Long Island City, L. I., N. Y.: Common Macaque Monkey. Mote, R. R., Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, B. W. L.: The following Snakes and Lizards from Trinidad: 1 Tree Boa, 1 Coral Snake, 2 Striped Snakes, 1 Blind Snake, 1 Lira Snake, 6 Worm Lizards, 2 Coluber variabilis, 1 Helicop angulatus, 4 Lio- phis cabella, t Oxybelis acuminatus, 3 Geckos, 1 Polychrus mar- moratus, 4 Tegu Lizards. Total, 28 specimens. Morris, Miss Cora Hemen, “Avylon,’ Westchester, N. Y.: Red Fox (2 specimens). Munson, Dr. A. E., New York City: Yellow-Shouldered Amazon Parrot. NaTHan, EF. J., New York City: Chipmunk. Nicuotson, A. M., Orlando, Florida: Rattlesnake, Garter Snake (2 specimens), Water Snake. Notan, F. P., Kinderhook, Columbia County, N. Y.: Milk Snake. Nott, Dr. JoserpuH L., New York City: Raccoon. Ocpen, Miss Fiorence, New York City: Alligator. O’Hara, CuHaries, Brooklyn, New York City: Geographic Terrapin. PearSALL, Morris, New York City: The following specimens were collected by Mr. Pearsall and Mr. Dove in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: 6 Rattlesnakes, 20 Garter Snakes, 2 Black Snakes, 4 Water Snakes, 3 Milk Snakes, 9 Storer’s Snakes, 3 Ring-Necked Snakes, 3 Green Snakes, 1 Ribbon Snake, 1 Hog-Nosed Snake. Total, 52 specimens. : PIcKERING, Miss M. H., East Orange, N. J.: Golden-Naped Amazon Parrot. Pierce, Henry Cray, New York City: Monkey. Potter, L., New York City: Yellow-Headed Parrakeet (2 specimens). 118 NEW “YORK” ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: PreCHTAL, Hans, Chief Cook of the Steamer “Prince Eitel Frederic,” New York City: Hawk. REDMOND, GERALDYN, New York City: California Quail (10 specimens). REEBER, JOHN, New York City: Red Fox. REINHARDT, Rospert F., New York City: Red Fox. Reiss, A., Bronxdale, New York: Screech Owl. peor gic First Officer of the Steamer “Flandria,’ New York - ity: Murine Opossum. RESLER, ApoLpH, New York City: Red-Backed Salamander (2 specimens), Spotted Salamander. Ropinson, Mrs. G., New York City: Pig-Tailed Monkey. Ropinson, Mrs. G. RapciiFFE, New York City: Canary (2 specimens). Ross, ALEXANDER, Wakefield, New York: Painted Turtle. St. GeorceE, Carpet B., Tramore, Ontario, Canada: Flying Squirrel (5 specimens). SaLtLey, THomMAS Pickens (through Roundsman Francis J. Kavanagh), Newport News, Va.: White-Nosed Coati Mundi. Scrimceour, Mrs. JosEPHINE, Galveston, Texas: Sapajou Monkey. SHaw, R. E., West Esmont, Va.: Common Ring-Necked Snake, Pilot Black Snake. Sway, Mrs., Hoboken, N. J.: Yellow-Headed Blackbird. SuHearer, Mrs. Kate, New York City: White-Headed Mannikin. SHELTON, F. H., Philadelphia, Pa.: 7 Diamond-Backed Terrapin, 4 California Terrapin, 2 Troost’s Ter- rapin, 4 Cumberland Terrapin. SHERWIN, Frep., Terrace Park, St. Lawrence County, Morristown, N. Y.: Flying Squirrel (6 specimens). Srunmis, F. M., New York City: Alligator. Smiru, C. E., South Norwalk, Conn. : Bald Eagle. Situ, R. H., New York City: Fox Squirrel. Spear, Jr., JAMES, Philadelphia, Pa. : Mexican Boa Constrictor. Stees, Haroip, Sparkill, New York: Water Snake. - Stevenson, Mrs. Pau Eve, Garden City, L. L: Blue-Headed Amazon Parrot. Stoxes, Mrs. Horace, Hackettstown, N. J.: Alligator (2 specimens). ; Straus, JosepH A., New York City: Painted Turtle (2 specimens). Stryker, Epwarp, New York City: Painted Turtle. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 119 SULLIVAN, Epwarp J., New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.: Blue-and-Yellow Macaw. THorNE, SAMUEL, New York City: Hippopotamus. ~ Toomey, JoHN, Bridgeport, Conn. : Gray Fox. Trapp, F., New York City: Barred Owl. Van Ditton, Davin, Athenia, N. J.: Turkey Vulture. Van Tasset, AprAM C., New York City: Amazon Parrot. VEAIL, IRA E., Columbus, Ohio: 2 Newly-Hatched Loons, 2 Loon Eggs. VELTING, GEORGE, Van Nest, New York City: Male Purple Finch, Male Red-Winged Blackbird, American Crossbill. Wa ter, Anton N., New York City: Tarantula, Cuban Ground Boa. WaTERBURY, STANLEY A., Woodhaven, L. I.: Fox Squirrel (5 specimens), Flying Squirrel (2 specimens). WerneER, Mrs. ALINE, New York City: Australian Bush Cat. WETHERELL, G. H., New York City: Common Box Tortoise. WHEALTON, Dr. A. W., Chincoteagne, Va.: Military Macaw, Red-and-Blue Macaw. Wiccers, A. F. A., New York City: Banded Rattlesnake (3 specimens). WiLiiAmMson, THomas M., Erie, Pa.: King Snake. Witson, Georce, Harrison, Westchester County, N. Y.: Sapajou Monkey. Zatra, Aucust J., Hoboken, N. J.: Paradoxure (2 specimens). #HMliscellaneous List. ALLGOEVER, GEORGE, New York City: Terrarium. CRANE, WarREN C., New York City: A collection of admission tickets to the London Zoological Garden. Hornapay, Wittiam 1T., New York City: Collection of 138 heads and pairs of horns, representing 108 species of ungulates, given as the nucleus for a national collection of heads and horns. Described and listed in a special publication. Trevor, Mrs. J. B., Glenview, Yonkers, New York: Cycas Palm. Woop, Greorce S., Westchester, New York: Ficus elastica. Gifts to the Library. AMERICAN Museum oF Natura History, New York City: Memoirs, Vol. IX, Parts 1 and 2. BrooKLyn INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND ScreNcES, Brooklyn, New York City: Six numbers of the Bulletin. Report for 1905. CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, (through Charles B. Davenport), Washington, D. C.: Inheritance in Poultry. By C. B. Davenport. 120 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL -SOGIBTY, ESE oF BoranicAL RESEARCH, CARNEGIE INstITUTE, Washington, Recherches sur la Faune Parasitaire de L’Egypte, Premiére Partie, Par le Dr. Arthur Looss. Contributo Alla Entozoologia D’Egitto, Per il Dott. Prospero Sonsino. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND Lagor, BUREAU OF FISHERIES: The Golden Trout of the Southern High Sierras. By Barton Warren Evermann. GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY DEPARTMENT OF CANADA, Ottawa, Canada: Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1901, 1902-03. HaGMANN, Dr. G., Zoologische Sammlungen: As Aves Brasilicas. By Dr. G. Hagmann. NaTAL GOVERNMENT Museum, Natal: First Report of the Natal Government Museum, (1904). Annals of the Natal Government Museum, Vol. I, Part 1. New York BoranicaL Gardens, New York City: 64 Pamphlets on Zoological Subjects. PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF ScIENCES, Philadelphia, Pa.: Proceedings, Vols. LVII and LVIII. SCHLESISCHE GESELLSCHAFT FUR VATERLANDISCHE CULTUR-BRESLAU, (through Herrn Karl W. Heirsemann) : Drieundachtzigster Jahres—Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft ftir vaterlandische Cultur, (1905). SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C.: Annual Report, 1902, 1904 and 1905. A Contribution to the Oceanography of the Pacific. By James M. Flint. Unitep States COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES: Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands, collected by the S. S. “Albatross” in 1902. By Professor C. C. Nutting. Unitep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, D. C.: Yearbook, for 1904 and 1905. Unirep States GEoLocicAL Survey, (Dept. Int.) : The Geography and Geology of Alaska. By Alfred H. Brooks anid others. Unitep States NationaL Museum, Washington, D. C.: Annual Report, 1902, 1904 and 1905. Proceedings, Vols. 30 and 31. University oF Montana, Missoula, Montana: The Butterflies of Montana. By Morton J. Elrod. VON PLEYEL, JOSEPH: Die Schulsammlung. By Joseph von Pleyel. Gifts to the Aquarium. Aurens, Mrs. Wa ter, Jersey City, N. J.: Collection of Frogs, Newts and Turtles. ANDERSON, JOHN J., New York City: Box Tortoise and Spotted Turtle. Ayer, Miss Marcaret, New York City: 2 Alligators. Baxer, F. M., Staten Island, N. Y.: Painted Turtle. BEALE, Frep A., New York City: Crocodile. BrsHop, Henry, Baltimore, Md.: 12 Fancy Goldfishes. BLANK, Wa tteR, New York City: Horseshoe Crab. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 1 Al Carron, Harry, New York City: Alligator. Carson, Miss, New York City: Horned “Toad.” CasEy, WILLIAM, New York City: Turtle. CxHase, E. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.: 2 Lizards from Kentucky. CrarK, MASTER Bitty, New York City: Box Turtle, 2 Wood-“Turtles,” 13 Spotted Turtles, 2 Painted Turtles, 16 Newts, 12 Crayfish, 1 Peeper-Frog, and frog spawn. CiypE STEAMSHIP Co., (through General Manager Theo. G. Eger), and Frorma East Coast Rattway, (through General Traffic Manager J. P. Beckwith) : Free transportation for two Manatees from Florida to New York. CocKRANE, W. W., Harpers Ferry, W. Va.: Large-mouth Black Bass. Corte, S., New York City: 2 Large-mouth Black Bass. CoLtumBiA University, New York City: 2 Salamanders, 3 Leopard Frogs, 24 Newts, 3 Necturus, 1 Goldfish Currys’ Sons, WILLIAM, Key West, Florida: 2 Hawksbill Turtles. Dimockx, A. W., Marco, Florida: 2 Manatees. DONE Gs 030 .ork street, Jersey, (City, N. Je: Mantis Shrimp. Eaton, Mrs. E. C., Newark, N. J.: Alligator. Ecpert, Master Rag, Staten Island, N. Y.: Painted Turtle. Evans, Miss Florence ADELE, Montclair, N. J.: 2 Alligators. Fenprick, Miss KatHarINA F., New York City: Green Turtle. FREDWAY, C., Ridgebury, N. Y.: Box Turtle. GoTTSLEBEN, Emit, Rum Cay, Bahama Islands. Hawksbill Turtle. GreeNus, Miss Grace, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Chameleon. HANNIGAN, WiLLiam D., New York City: Alligator. Hanninc, Dr. J. H., New York City: Chameleon. Hayner, A. D., New York City: Alligator. Hopson, Mrs. E. €., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Alligator. ININMAN, C. D., 1142 Franklin Avenue, Bronx, New York: Painted Turtle. Jacos, Capt. Paut, Steamship “Grecia,” New York City: Collection of Hermit-Crabs, Inagua Island, Bahamas. James, J. B., New York City: Pikefish, Kanzow, O. C., New York City: Hawksbill Turtle. Kent, Master Soromon, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Wood-Turtle.” 129 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. KinneEAS, VANCE Lines, New York City: Alligator. Krant, Master Leon, New York City: Painted Turtle. LinpaBury, Miss M. A., Wharton, Morris County, N. J.: Alligator. Lomr, © Brooklyn No Ya: Box-Turtle. Mattoon, Miss Laura I., Springfield, Mass.: Alligator. Mayer, Dr. A. G., Carnegie Institution, Dry Tortugas, Florida: 20 Land-Crabs, 3 Hermit-Crabs, lot of Loggerhead Turtle eggs. Morcan, MAster JozE Wricut, New York City: 3 Spotted Turtles. Morrison, Pau F., Ellis Island, N. Y.: Alligator. Munson, Harry, Munson, L. I.: Alligator. Murray, L., New York City: Turtle. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL Park, Washington, D. C. (through Dr. Frank Baker, Supt.) : 2,000 pounds quartz-rock for decorating exhibition tanks. Newsaue_r, Gus, Williamsburg, N. Y.: Snapping Turtle. New York Forest, FisH AND GAME Commission, Albany, N. Y., (through John D. Whish, Secretary) : 250,000 Yellow Perch eggs, 500,000 Smelt eggs. New York SHELLFISH COMMISSION, New York City, (through Hon. B. Frank Wood, Supt.) : Collection of Starfishes. New York ZooLocicaL Park, New York City: California Sea-Lion. Nicuotay, W. A., Brooklyn, New York: 2 Alligators. Nieman, Hans, New York City: 3 Turtles. O’Connor, P. J., South Brooklyn, New York: Spanish Snail. Otiver, H. W., New York City: Wood-“Turtle.” Parker, WiLtt1aM W., New York City: Box-Turtle. REDFIELD, Master Epwarp and Miss Bessie, Closter, N. J.: 4 Wood- Frogs, 1 Newt, 1 Mud-Minnow, to Snails, 18 Salamanders, 2 Box-Turtles, 3 Wood- “Turtles,’ 2 Spadefoot Toads, 2 Musk- Turtles, 4 Painted Turtles, 2 Muhlenberg Turtles, and a quantity of frog spawn and wood mosses. RoosEvELT, R. B., Jr., New York City: Alligator. SaLtsBurY, Miss Littran, New York City: Diamondback Terrapin. ScHNEIDER, H., New York City: Land Hermit-Crab. Scupper, Capt. Ep., Northport, Suffolk County, L. I.: 2 Sea-Anemones. SHELTON, FREDERICK H., Media, Pa. 14 Painted Turtles, 6 Yellow- Bellied “Sliders,” 5 Diamondback Ter- rapin and 2 Alligator Snappers. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. ils bo SU) SHort, Mrs. E. L., New York City: Alligator. Stuart, Master Lyman Knicut, Newark, New York: 2 Leatherback Turtles. Staus, Master Georce, New York City: Painted Turtle. TuxeEpo Crus, (through Edwin C. Kent), Tuxedo, N. Y.: 4,000 eggs of Brown Trout. U. S. Bureau oF FisHerteEs, (through Hon. George M. Bowers, Com’r.), Washington, D. C.: Fish eggs as follows: 500,000 Pike-Perch, 30,000 Whitefish, 5,000 Rainbow-Trout, 10,000 Brook-Trout, 10,000 Lake-Trout. Usue_r, Mrs., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Painted Turtle and Spotted Turtle. Vaucut, JoHN N., New York City: Mantis Shrimp. Watson, Miss KatHarineE H., New York City: Alligator. Weaver, MAstTER JosEPH, New York City: Alligator. WEEKs, C., New York City: 2 Alligators. WenzeEL, H. D., New York City: Alligator. WESTERVELT, Miss RacHet, New York City: Musk Turtle. Wuirripce, F. W., New York City: Alligator. . Woop, Miss ErHet Constance, Flatbush, L. I.: 8 Yellow-Bellied Salamanders. Wray, Master Rosert, Closter, N. J.: Red Salamander. Zepr, ALBERT E., Hyde Park, New York: 2 Alligators. Exchanges. Detroir AguartiuM, Detroit, Mich.: 14 Whitefish, 29 Short-eared Sunfish, 33 Rock-Bass, 8 Sauger Pike, 13 Red-Horse, 10 Pike-Perch, 5 Stone-Roller, 1 Pickerel, 9 Crappie, 6 Channel-Catfish. FrencH, Dr. Cecit, Washington, D. C.: 3 Painted Turtles, 7 Red-Bellied “Sliders” and 8 Yellow-Bellied “Sliders.” SHELTON, F. H., Philadelphia, Pa.: 3 California Turtles. Purchases. STEAMER “ANGLER’—Collections from the “fishing banks” off the New Jer- sey Coast: 70 Codfish, 182 Sculpins, 12 Starfishes, 14 Rock-Crabs, 93 Mutton- Fish, 102 Dogfish, 92 Blackfish, 174 Sea-Ravens, 14 Anglers, I Flounder, 107 Skates, 12 Bergalls, 5 Sea-Bass, 3 Puffers, 1 Trig- ger-Fish, to Fluke, 3 Sea-Robins, 1 Conger-Eel, 1 Lobster, 2 Spider-Crabs, 1 King-Crab and numerous pieces of coral, mus- Selsuere: 124 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Jacor ScHNoor—Collections from the pound-nets at Port Monmouth, N. J.: 2 Sturgeons, 1 Loggerhead Turtle, 1 Tarpon, 29 Weakfish, 1 Sand- Shark, 11 Yellow Mackerel, 5 Pilot-Fish, 4 Thimble-eyed Mackerel, 1 Tripletail Flasher, 21 Balloon-Fish, 25 Orange Filefish, 11 Pom- pano, 1 Moonfish, 2 Remora, 4 Sea-Bass, 8 Bluefish, 17 Massa- chusetts Filefish, 9 Redwinged Sea-Robins, 10 Puffers, 5 Skates, 1 Dogfish, 2 Flukes, 3 Shiny Toad-Fish, 5 King-Crabs, 4 Blue Crabs, 4 Menhaden. TropicAL FrsHes—From Bermuda: 1 Octopus, 13 Spot Snappers, 15 Cowfish, 66 Angel-Fish, 11 Butterfly- Fish, 44 Surgeon-Fish, 8 Princess Rockfish, 12 Common Rock- fish, 13 Nassau Groupers, 12 Spotted Morays, 4 Spiny Lobsters, 27 Coney, 54 Mud Parrot-Fish, 2 Strombus, 2 Tiger Rockfish, 3 Queen Trigger-Fish, 32 Yellow Grunts, 1 Black Grunt, 1 Striped Grunt, 34 Trunkfish, 2 Porcupine-Fish, 45 Sergeant-Major, 113 Four-eyes, 30 Hinds, 5 Salmon Rockfish, 36 Common Trigger- Fish, 97 Squirrel-Fish, 1 Striped Remora, 9 Hogfish, 3 Yellow- tails, 5 Red-finned Parrot-Fish, 8 Red Rockfish, 1 Brown Moray, 2 Green Moray, 3 Green Parrot-Fish, 16 Blue Tang, 4 Hogfish, 3 Red Snappers, 2 Gray Snappers, 1 Tom Tate, 3 Crawfish, 2 Ladyfish. Other Purchases. 1 Green Turtle, 30 Sea-Horses, 2 Small Crocodiles, 1 Hawksbill Tur- tle, 4 Large Hellbenders, 6 Mud Puppies, 7 Starfishes, 26 Ane- mones, 26 Sea-Squirts, 36 Sand-Dollars, some Chiton, lot of coral, 1 Tarpon, 2 Harbor-Seals, 5 Alligator Snapping Turtles, 16 Leopard-Frogs, 9 Bullfrogs, 5 Yellow-Bellied “Sliders,” 1 Red- Bellied “Slider.” Gifts to Aquarium Library. CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, Washington, D. C.: Publications on Aquatic and Marine Life. Chimeroid Fishes. Dean. GraHamM & Co., ANpREW B., Washington, D. C.: 3 colored plates Crustacea of Hawaiian Islands. Int1nots FrsH Commission (through N. H. Cohen, Pres.), Springfield, I1.: Report Hlinois Fish Commission, 1902-04. ItttNors LABorAtory oF Naturat History (through Dr. S. A. Forbes, Director), Urbana, IIl.: Bulletins of Illinois Laboratory of Natural History. Jennincs, G. E., New York City: Fishing Gazette for 1904 and 1905. Mark, Dr. E. L., Cambridge, Mass. : Collection of pamphlets on zoology. MassacuuseEtts Fish AND GAME Commission (through George W. Field. Chairman), Boston, Mass. : Report of Massachusetts Fish and Game Commission, 1905. ScHuUYLER, Puuiwip, Irvington, N. Y.: Collection of 50 negatives of living fishes. TowNsEND, CuarLes H., New York City: Records and Bibliography of Steamship “Albatross.” Townsend. Illustrations showing condition of Fur Seal Rookeries, 1895. Town- send. Fishes of New York. Bean. Tracy, Pror. Henry C., Providence, R. I.: The Fishes of Rhode Island. H. C. Tracy. ‘ASOOH ALVWINd eee a le a, ‘ REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN. By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. NE fact which has greatly impressed me in the study of the diseases of wild animals is that in order to obtain the best results, the statistical method should be used to a great extent. The collection of a large number of cases, with a careful analysis of recorded dates, can not but yield valuable conclusions. In this connection we are gratified to note that the London Zoological Society is now engaged in the investigation of diseases of wild animals that die in their Gardens. With the work of the Philadelphia and Washington Gardens, where such investiga- tions have been carried on for several years, we feel that we are no longer alone in this field, that the boundaries of comparative medicine will be constantly extended, and that the theories of the past may fall before the revelations of the future. Pneumonia.—As in former years, a considerable number of deaths has been due to pneumonia. Most of the cases met with are well defined cases of lobar penumonia. The animals most often affected have been the primates, the next in order being the hoofed animals. A number of cases of broncho-pneumonia have been met with among the sea-lions and harbor seals. The pneumonic condition in these animals is invariably fatal. Pneu- monia is also a frequent complication in animals suffering from gastro-enteritis and other diseases which tend to lower the re- sistance of the body forces. We contemplate making a special study of pneumonia during the coming year, especially among the primates, where its rav- ages are most serious. Bacteriological investigations will be made to determine whether the pneumococcus is constantly present in these cases, or whether many other infective agents may not con- tribute to the disease. Gastro-Enteritis—Fewer deaths from gastro-enteritis have oc- curred during 1906 than in any previous year. Among the buf- falo herd, where this disease has previously been so troublesome, no deaths are to be recorded. Throughout the past vear the herd has been maintained in fine condition. 128 NEW,” YORK -ZOOLOGICAL, (SOGIELY Among the mountain sheep there have been a number of deaths from gastro-enteritis. The chief etiological factor in the causation of this disease has been the grass growing upon their ranges. During the summer, the ranges were thoroughly denuded of grass, and covered with ashes. Since then there have been fewer cases of the disease, and it has been possible to keep the animals on exhibition most of the time. At one time during the past summer there were as many as seven animals in the hospital suffering from gastro-enteritis, most of them from Mountain Sheep Hill. If the disease is taken in its earliest stages, the great majority of cases readily respond to treatment. Cage Paralysis.—Deaths from this troublesome disease have been fewer in number than during any previous year. Our treat- ment of the disorder in the early stages, as outlined in previous reports, continues to give satisfactory results. There are at the present time several cases of cage paralysis in the Primates collection, that have been under treatment for over two years, and all of them show a considerable improvement in condition. PARASITIC DISEASES. Intestinal Parasitis—But few deaths were directly due to intestinal parasitis, and those which took place were among ani- mals of no great value, generally the small mammals. It is an interesting fact that a large percentage of the small mammals which come to our collections, harbor some type of intestinal parasite, which, if not speedily relieved, will result in setting up a fatal enteritis. The occasional administration of vermifuges to these animals greatly reduces the number of deaths which we would naturally expect from this condition. Tape-Worm Cysts.—In the medical reports of past years, fre- quent mention has been made of the prevalence of tape-worm cysts in a large percentage of the animals dying in the Park. During the past two years there has been a great reduction in the number of cases met with, and especially in 1906, when the condition has been noted in only two or three instances. Verminous Broncho-Pneumonia in Elk.—There have been no deaths from this disease during the past vear; and the elk herd, generally, was never in such good condition as at the present time. The reasons for the improved condition of these animals were fully discussed in the last report of this department, and need no further comment at this time. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 129 Unusual Parasites—Two different species of abdominal filariz have been found in South America monkeys, both of which are apparently new to science. Several types of encysted parasites have been found in the intestinal walls of a number of Asiatic animals. A black ape, (Cynopithecus niger), from Celebes, died as a result of a hemorrhagic dysentery caused by the irritation and erosion of a great number of encysted worms, which had buried themselves in the mucosa of the large bowel. A more detailed examination will be made of these parasites at some future time. Ouarantine.—While it is to be expected that from time to time infected animals will creep into our collection, despite the most careful supervision, we are happy to say that no serious outbreak of infectious or contagious disease has occurred during the past year. ; Distemper.—Three cases of this disease occurred during 1906. The introduction of the disease can be traced directly to several domestic dogs which were captured within the confines of the Park, and were temporarily confined in one of our hospital cages, awaiting the arrival of the S. P. C. A. wagon. The Eskimo dog “Bridge” contracted the disease, but after a prolonged illness finally recovered. The two cases, which resulted fatally, were among the coyotes which had been moved to the hospital cages while their dens were being painted, and were thus exposed to the contagion. Distemper is a highly contagious disorder, and one with which medical treatment is often very unsatisfactory. The method which we endeavor to follow in regard to this disease, is to closely inspect those animals which are subject to the disease, when they first reach the Park, and to immediately quarantine sick animals upon the first suspicious symptoms of the malady. Unless the animal is particularly valuable, it has always seemed to us best to destroy it at once, and thoroughly disinfect the cage in which it has been confined. Owing to the large number of animals in our collection, which are directly susceptible to the contagion of distemper, no precautions, however stringent, could be con- sidered unjustifiable. So long as such measures are strictly en- forced we may feel reasonably safe from an epidemic of dis- temper. Tuberculosis—This disease has been confined almost exclu- sively to the animals in the Primates collection, the single excep- tion being that of a binturong or “bear cat,” (Arctictis binturong), which showed on autopsy an extensive pulmonary and lymphatic tuberculosis. This animal was in the collection only a few weeks. 130 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Of the nine cases of tuberculosis occurring among the Pri- mates, six of these died, or were destroyed, while under quaran- tine control, and previous to their admission to the exhibition halls. Of this number, the only specimen of value was a young chimpanzee, which had been deposited in the Park only a short time. Several monkeys have died of an advanced pulmonary tuberculosis within a few days after their arrival. These cases were in animals that had been in captivity for some time, and were received at the Park as gifts. Fish Poisoning.—Several cases of this apparently unavoidable condition have occurred in our fish-eating animals. The large quantity of fish used, and the great difficulty we experience in demonstrating the toxic properties when present in the fish, make it practically impossible to entirely eliminate the danger arising from an exclusive diet of fish. However, every possible care is exercised in procuring, inspecting, and administering the fish. Injuries.—Fortunately the number of deaths during the past vear were not numerous, and may all be classified as unavoidable. Several fallow deer and one fine red deer buck were killed by corral mates, as a result of fighting. These accidents are due to the inevitable quarrels which occur between the males during the breeding season. Unusual Diseases.—Among the rare conditions met with during 1906, the following cases may be mentioned: necrotic inflammation of the bladder in a buffalo, resulting in rupture and death from Uremia; malignant tumors of the lungs, with metastases in the intestines and kidney, in a red fox; hypertrophy of the pyloris, causing death by obstruction of the pyloric orifice in a young black bear; a food toxenua in a European reindeer. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 13 » REPORT ON II14 DEATHS AMONG THE MAMMALS DURING 1900. ararae rear een alters a Se ech Beem se Sey eh ew = Se sew eke set een g E BeiOsh ices | seal = PPPOE S02 cca icacecscceeceetesas'ers0s f Bi Cee 1 19 CraASELO=CINLCTILIS 392.5. ns sek csecere eseocan| cones 2 zal est 4 Basaran tee 14 BPE RENOSIS Hs. .5, cdc Scesceteicssones Peo acids (eal Na Perera eo Eee Eee 10 RecthetSHLIC-CHECTIUIS wo... .cscseenscdeetenseolss caves 3 NS) aeeaees Dial eeeee 6 REISE BIL ES oe eens sacet Si qo'sarcduocacaabsssasos 2 6 Dail heesees Tatil oe =e 11 RRs Lees eet es eser soca dacs see ccaca lovee on. | eocled leases eal aceeecdd Bacher 2 Malnutrition and Atrophy...........)...... Bean Re se i leoneneel Bopeees eae 4 1 LE STS! 5 2 ia er ee ae PE Deal eee cca Salne. <3 eset, 1 eee ALALYSIS 5. 25. .chcccveccdees savers OPT sein cate Macrae Heresenl Wee ame 2 BS HWE O1SO MING wc os nesc cc ceesocdessneseleaedies 7 Nee Ge ecllapeccesl Beceoed Maceeee 2 EMeatyb cHAUISEION 2. .c.2.<¢.ccseseescecdeelce vs 1D oe Sea faerie cee a 1 NESE MICA OLSOMIMNO sone sncsascasceest on ce.ce el bemene ancl See Vk Lr 3 fiiccemmite, POISONINS : , 1.2.5 2a-c0cosscexe| os aoe Enos ee 1lgal ee ten ere 1 Biimens Poisoning.) ...0:.....c0.cec-ceve|s0a0s- Rea beeeet ifeaiense he ce 1 Pie mare De GUINOn OF Time se Sette! dl 2). cawalwteceaslacsdess| Seaesae 1 atom Gl the 7 P VIOTIS. y....0ccccaossvel.6 «ss Pk Ue (eke (MARR ote b| RoR 1 CimGWOSISIOL EHEMEIVER:, ..scacs.econcees ilies eter aallestoces BAtoao Racnoeo asetoce 1 | cag aS Rk ak ee ae 1 an a ee 4 Fatty Degeneration of the Heart..|......|......] 2 |...2...|scccess[eeseess 2 Kalled by Cage Mates...............3- Seale fee eens 2 Vesatyee 16 Wecidental Deaths (Umavoidable) e422) Wo Vins. ac|s.-cccc|-csoees) ocesece 1 No Lesions to account for death...) 4 | 2 | 5 |.eseeleeeeejeeeee 11 TSI caer ere eure ees ae DOSS 2225. Niel pol at *It is to be noted that only three of these cases occurred in the exhibi- tion collection. The others represented specimens recently received, and still in quarantine, and therefore might fairly have been omitted from this list. Respectfully submitted, W. Rep Brarr, D.V.S. Veterinarian. January 1, 1907. A PECULIAR SKIN DISEASE IN AN ELEPHAMG By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. N VIEW of the fact that diseases of the elephant have received but scant mention in any literature with which we are familiar, it has seemed advisable to make special mention of an infectious disease of the skin which recently affected our small East African elephant, “Congo.” o ETIOLOGY, The condition may be described as a seborrhoeic folliculitis, or chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles, produced by localized infection with a coccus known as staphylo- coccus pyogenes. The fact that this organism is almost constantly present on the surface and in the sebaceous glands of the body accounts for the frequency with which it is found in surgical infections. The occurrence of an injury, which may be trifling in extent, develops a point of lessened resistance in which the organism may find a suitable field for its development. If introduced into the circulation in sufficient numbers, this pathogenic organism gives rise to septicemia, or pyemia. It is of interest to note that this same coccus is frequently present in the human, where it pro- duces the pustules of acne, and is concerned in the eruption of smallpox. SYMPTOMS. In this particular case the disease was indicated by the appear- ance of cutaneous pustules, which were painful on pressure, and which involved the entire thickness of the skin. The swelling of the skin gradually increased; cracks and fissures were formed, and the patches surrounding the pustules became necrotic. In some places this was only superficial, while in other parts it was very deep. In the former case, tough, tenacious scales were formed upon the skin, and in the latter the whole skin shriveled up right down to the subcutis, and was thrown off by suppura- tion. This severe condition, of large sections of skin suppurating, was particularly marked along the back and hips. Here numer- EAR OF AN AFRICAN ELEPHANT, EXTERNAL SURFACE, The pit-like depressions represent the healed pustules. tS Sa ? ‘i SECTION OF SKIN ON THE HIP OF AFRICAN ELEPHANT. Two nodules with the wax-like pus adhering, and a number of healed pustules are shown. 134 NEW YORK. -ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ous abscesses developed, which became confluent, forming large sloughs. The pustules or nodules, which were at first small, firm, and painful, later showed on their summit a dry, tenacious scab. From these nodules could be squeezed little tallowy or pus-like plugs, which left behind cup-shaped ulcers with jagged edges. The disease was first confined to the back, neck, and loins, but gradually involved the entire surface of the skin. The further spread of the disease upon the animal resulted from rubbing or scratching, whereby the pustules were emptied of their contents and scattered over the body, the bacteria entering the hair fol- licles or excretary ducts of the sebaceous glands and thus setting up new foci of irritation. It may also have been spread by the process of “oiling,” or by the earliest medication. Excepting for the “hide-bound” condition of the skin there were no marked constitutional symptoms at any time during the course of the disease, which covered a period of several months, so that from the point of view of general health the prognosis is not grave, the chief functions being perfectly regular. TREATMENT. Owing to the thickness of the elephant’s skin, and to the depth of the suppurating foci, antiseptic washes or ointments applied locally are of little or no benefit. The treatment of the affection is essentially surgical. The skin was thoroughly cleaned with soap and warm water, in which creolin to the extent of I per cent. solution was added. After washing and drying the skin, an ointment of zinc oxide and sulphur was applied, and well rubbed in. This was allowed to remain for twenty-four hours, when it was found that the scale-like scab on the summit of each pustule could be easily removed. The scab being removed, each nodule was pressed, the contents of the pustule evacuated, and the cavity washed out with creolin solution. When the nodules are emptied of the pustular plugs, the surface gradually cicatrices, and recov- ery takes place completely within a few weeks. The skin, how- ever, remains somewhat lighter in color at the seat of the pustule, owing to the partial discoloration of the epidermis. Sulphur was given internally for several weeks, and owing to this drug’s alterative and stimulating effect on the skin, it was of considerable benefit in relieving the “hide-bound” condition. During the treatment of this condition, no starchy food should be given; raw potatoes especially should be avoided. Warm bran mashes and boiled carrots may be given frequently. PLATE TI, A—Lower jaw of a Florida Deer, showing complete destruction of a portion of the left branch, and beginning erosion of the right. B—Normal lower jaw of a prong-horned ante- lope. C—Lower jaw of a prong-horned antelope, showing actinomycotic lesion. D—and E—Lower jaws of black mountain sheep, showing enlargement of the bone, and nu- merous fistulous openings. ACTINOMYCOSIS IN THE BLACK MOUNTAIN SHEEP. By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. UITE recently, while examining several specimens of horned game which had been received from the Northwest by Mr. Fred. Sauter, taxidermist, of 42 Bleecker Street, New York, Direc- tor Hornaday’s attention was called by Mr. Fred. Sauter, Jr., to a strange disease that was manifest in several fresh heads of moun- tain sheep. In a lot containing the heads of six black mountain sheep rams. (Ovis stonet), from the Stickine River country, northern British Columbia, the lower jaws of three revealed the presence of actinomycosis, or “lumpy-jaw,” in a severe and far advanced stage. Two cases were particularly severe, and the jaws affected were at once placed by Mr. Sauter at our disposal. The specimens referred to above were shot by Mr. Charles A. Cass, of Tyrone, Pa., “north of the Stickine River, and also north of the Sheslay, not far from a lake called Tach-sa-min-e.”’ The presence of this dread disease in wild animals far removed from contact with domestic ruminant animals of any kind from which it might have been acquired is very startling. The com- plete isolation of the black mountain sheep of the Stickine coun- try from all domestic cattle, sheep, prong-horn antelopes, deer, and all other animals hitherto known to be infected by lumpy-jaw, forces upon us the conclusion, that in this instance it has developed independently of infection from domestic animals. It is to be hoped that all the Ovis stonei now afflicted by this deadly disease will be killed by sportsmen before they have time to communicate it to all the hoofed animals of their region, and especially to the animals of their own species on the south side ot the Stickine River. The result of this newly found menace to a very important and interesting wild animal will be watched with keen, and even painful, interest. It is entirely possible that we will witness within a few years the extermination of a large and vigorous species by natural causes. Actinomycosis is a chronic infective disease which occurs in cattle, hogs, sheep, and horses, and occasionally is met with in PLATE Sit: Profile of the lower jaws of black mountain sheep, showing enlargement of the bone, fistulous openings, and loss of the molar teeth. ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT. 139 man. Among wild animals in captivity we have seen the disease in mule deer, Florida deer, prong-horned antelope, and in a grizzly bear. Experimentally, the disease has been produced in calves, dogs, goats, and guinea-pigs. The disease now recog- nized as actinomycosis has long been known to stockmen and veterinarians as “lumpy jaw,” “wooden tongue,” cancer of the tongue, etc., but it was not until 1876 that its true pathology was demonstrated by Bollinger. When he had identified and accu- rately described the pathogenic organism, new observations of the disease were rapidly made, not only in animals but in man. Studies of the last few years appear to have established the fact that there are a number of closely allied organisms belonging to the group of actinomyces “ray fungus,’ and that the clinical phenomena ordinarily cailed actinomycosis may be due to any one of several closely allied parasites. All of the actinomyces are branching fungi, non-motile and spore-forming. As a rule the disease appears sporadically. It may, however, attain an enzootic distribution. It is quite widely distributed in the temperate zones, but has not yet been recognized to any extent in the tropics. The disease as seen in wild animals is especially virulent, runs a very acute course, and is invariably fatal. In this respect it differs from the affection as seen in the domestic animals, where it generally assumes the chronic form, and where the treatment with iodide of potassium is followed by marked improvement. The “ray fungus” may, under certain circumstances, exhibit a general distribution. We have observed several cases of general- ized actinomycosis—prong-horned antelope and bear—with me- tastases in the cervical lymph nodes, stomach, diaphragm and liver. Cause.—The cause of actinomycosis is the propagation in the tissues of the actinomyces, or “ray fungus.” This fungus is supposed to grow especially on cereals, particularly barley, the beards of which favor its entrance into wounds of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth; but since the disease is of frequent occurrence on our western ranges, where the cereals do not exist, it would seem that it must be traced to other forms of graminee, or to diverse vegetation and soil. The period of dentition and the attendant laceration of the gums affords good opportunity for the entrance of the fungus; hence, youth is a strongly predisposing condition. The winter season is the main period of invasion, the dry, fibrous fodder tending to scratch or wound the mucous membranes of the gums, cheeks, and tongue, and thus open a portal of entry for the para- 140 NEW YORK —~ ZOOLOGICAL, SOGIEEY: site. The disease has been successfully transferred by innocula- tion, as proved by experiments on calves, dogs, and rabbits by Johne, Crookshank and others. Diagnosis.—Actinomycosis is an unusually easy disease to rec- ognize, particularly on account of the characteristic lesions, and to the presence of quantities of yellowish or grayish granules rep- resenting clusters of actinomyces “ray fungus” which are present in the pus and liquid from the suppurating lesions. The organism grows in the form of little rounded masses resembling grains of iodoform, or as a result of calcareous deposit, grains of sand. Upon superficial examination, especially when the disease is generalized, and the liver and lungs are involved, actinomycosis may be confounded with tuberculosis. In these cases microscopic examination makes certain the diagnosis. Demonstration of the Parasite——The organism appears in the pus from suh-acute or chronic suppurative lesions zs grayish or yellowish granules, usually less than I mm. in diameter. These granules are friable, and when gently crushed beneath a cover- glass and examined under the microscope, they are seen to have been broken up into hyaline rounded masses, at the margins of which are fine radial striations or filaments of bulbous or club- shaped cells, all closely set together. It is owing to this characteristic arrangement of the filaments that the name “ray fungus” is applied. The club-shaped bodies are variable in size, and are composed of a hyaline substance. Not all of the granules have these “clubs.” In the granules obtained from the lesions of wild animals—antelope—they are much less frequently observed than in those obtained from the lesions in cattle. Contrasted with the frequency of actinomyeosis in the head, that of other organs is comparatively rare. Actinomycosis of the jaw bones frequently attacks young ani- mals, and its usual seat is in the region of the molar teeth, (Plate II) although it occasionally affects the incisors. The earliest change consists of a swelling of the bone, generally in the middle region of the row of molars. This swelling, which is at first firm and painful to the touch, gradually increases in size, invades the deeper regions of the skin, and is followed by the formation of abscesses which soon show points of fluctuation. These ab- scesses opening on the surface, discharge a whitish, creamy, odorless pus. The cavity of the abscess shows no tendency toward healing, and the opening through which the pus has escaped is transformed into a fistula. (Plate I.) Later on, the ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 141 pus discharge acquires-an offensive odor, and the fistulous open- ings are surrounded by exuberant granulations, forming a fun- goid mass. The adjacent tissues become hardened, and the jaw becomes greatly deformed. The tooth sockets undergo extensive ulceration, with the result that the molars become loose, and in many cases fall out. For reasons difficult to explain, actinomyco- sis attacks the bones of the lower jaw much more frequently than those of the upper jaw. The actinomycotic lesions in the internal organs are generally rounded masses of different sizes, enclosed in a fibrous capsule cf variable thickness, hard and resistant at the surface, and some- what softened toward the center. They are generally slightly elevated above the surface of the invaded tissue, grayish white in appearance, and surrounded by an area of redness. Direct infection from actinomycotic animals to man has been doubted and even denied, yet in view of the many cases of suc- cessful innoculation it can not be considered as impossible. The general consensus of opinion is, that there is no danger of persons contracting this disease from eating the flesh of affected animals, provided the visibly diseased portions are removed. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. x YORI NEW 142 USNOH ATWLdaa “lOOd YOLVDITIV AHL GROWTH OF THE ALLIGATOR. By RAYMOND L. DITMARS, CURATOR OF REPTILES. OR an indefinite time, many authors of natural history essays have insisted that tortoises and crocodilians require an amazingly long time to attain full growth and maturity. These assertions have, without doubt, been prompted by observations made under conditions which positively retarded the natural growth of the reptiles. Unfortunately, theory appears to have elicited much elaboration in some writings. Particularly plausible assertions have been so frequently exploited as to be generally quoted nowadays in the best text books. There is some solid foundation, however, for the pronounced theoretical side of the question, for of all reptiles, tortoises and crocodilians grow at a tardy rate as compared with representatives of the other orders. While the average lizard or snake attains maturity in one or two years, (exclusive of the hibernating season, if there be any), a tortoise or crocodilian may require five years or more, according to conditions, before reaching the stage that might be designated as a young adult. From that point it con- tinues to increase steadily in size until it reaches maximum adult dimensions. The latter period, embracing a slower growth, may cover from five to ten years—possibly more; and the reptile con- tinues to survive to a surprising age as compared with lizards and snakes, The present article has been prepared with two objects in view. The first is to correct the erroneous and theoretical impres- sions concerning the growth of crocodilians, using as a subject of our observations the American Alligator, (Alligator mississip pien- sis). Our second object is to furnish information that may possibly be of value to experimenters in alligator culture. There have been numerous rumors of alligator farming in the interests of the leather trade, but it seems those attempts have always been dis- couraged by the idea that the slow growth of the reptiles would render success quite impossible. As an illustration of how efforts to start alligator farms have been discouraged, we may quote 144 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL ~SOGIETY. ALLIGATORS IN THEIR SUMMER POOL. from an authority of the United States Fisheries Bureau, who says, in one of the government publications: “Alligators grow very slowly. At fifteen years of age they are only two feet long. A twelve-footer may be reasonably supposed to be seventy-five years of age.” Our observations in the Reptile House have enabled us to look well into the development and habits of the Alligator. This article is the result of seven years’ accumulation of notes, during which time, among several series of examples, the writer has been able to gauge the rate of growth of the Alligator from the time of hatching up to the twelve-foot reptile—and a specimen of the latter size is a giant, nowadays. In a period of six years, the writer has succeeded in hatching alligator eggs, and rearing the young to a length of over five feet. Inasmuch as alligators of various sizes were received at the Reptile House seven years ago, at the opening of the building, we are able to approximately carry our records of the rate of growth from the young specimens hatched in the Park, through other series that have attained much larger growth during the time specified. As-will be explained later, wild crocodilians seem to grow much faster than those in captivity, notwithstanding: all possible facilities and food abun- ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 145 FLORIDA CROCODILE. dance in the latter state. It would therefore appear that the rate of growth figured in a following list is actually below the normal, rather than above it. The table in question, however, was com- piled from actual specimens and the tape line, all theoretical de- ductions being eliminated. Our observations in the Reptile House were made under what we consider the best possible conditions. Our alligator quarters are commodious, giving the reptiles ample room for swimming, while they are provided with banks floored with sand upon which the animals may emerge from the water. During the cold months of the year the water of the tanks is kept heated, by means of a submerged pipe, to a temperature ‘varying between 90 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit, while the temperature of the Reptile House ranges from 75 to 85 degrees F. Owing to a generous supply of tropical plants, the atmosphere of the building is very moist. We find that if alligators are kept in water of a lower temperature than that mentioned during the cold months they feed indifferently and irregularly, even though the temperature of the air is satis- factory. They prefer to pass the greater part of their time in the water, consequently this medium, to promote normal development must have.a high temperature. The average captive “‘pet”’ 146 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. alligator that appears to indefinitely remain the same size, or to grow at a rate that would require a stupendous period to bring it to maturity, is an individual whose growth has been arrested by the effects of cold water, and an insufficient depth of that medium for proper exercise. In addition to the tepid water of the Reptile House tanks, the high temperature of the building and moist atmosphere, the feed- ing of our crocodilians is a matter regulated with thorough system. It is highly essential that all crocodilians receive plenty of bone nourishment. Beef and fish alone are insufficient to pro- mote rapid growth, or cause the animals to attain a large size. Our freshly hatched crocodilians are first given a diet of earth- worms and minnows. Upon this they are kept for about two months, when dead mice are occasionally given them. As soon as they show an increase in size, the quantity of food is cor- respondingly increased. Earthworms are then excluded from the menu, while small rodents are given frequently, in alternation with frogs, fish, and scraps of beef. Young rats and sparrows are soon added to the list. It will be realized that this food produces good bone develop- ment. Our medium-sized alligators receive small hares, pigeans, and large fish, all of which are entire. This food supply, we are convinced, closely approaches the diet of the wild alligator. The amount of food consumed by our specimens is not nearly so great as might be imagined. Usually they are fed twice a week, and at most three times a week. The average wild alligator should fare fully as well as this. If there is a scarcity of larger food it may always resort to a fish diet, for the waters of the most of the southern bayous usually teem with finny creatures. At this point it is well to bring forward the answer to a query that may at once present itself to the reader: How does the growth of captive alligators compare with that of alligators in a wild state? We have already explained that our captive exam- ples have proven their ability to attain maturity in a comparatively brief period, in comparison with the great number of years so generally alleged to be necessary in completing the process. We are moreover quite convinced, when considering our observations of wild alligators and their haunts, that the rate of growth noted in captivity by no means represents a forcing process, and that wild crocodilians actually grow faster than the rate we shall pres- ently describe in detail. To be more emphatic, the writer would state his belief that alligators occurring even in the northern por- tion of this species habitat, where there is a quite prolonged ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 147 hibernating period, show a more rapid growth than that given in the table relating to our captive specimens. As evidence on this point, we may cite certain experiments that have been conducted in the Zoological Park. Two lots of alligators, each containing about a dozen speci- mens, have been placed under the different conditions. One lot was kept outside, in a pond where the reptiles enjoyed compar- ative freedom, the other lot remained indoors, in one of the capa- cious tanks of the Reptile House. The outside specimens soon became wild, and very difficult to approach. As a result, they received food with less regularity and in smaller quantity than the indoor specimens; but at the end of the warm season, they were invariably found to be considerably larger than the latter. There is a powerful and mysterious tonic in the outdoor air, the summer rains, and the muddy waters of a natural pool. The writer has noted the same result with snakes and lizards. He has set free young specimens of the latter kind in localities where they could be readily found again, and has kept members of the same broods indoors, endeavoring to “force” them by feeding them as frequently as they could properly assimilate their food. Yet we found the results to be the same as with crocodilians. The wild reptiles, when recaptured, were probably a third larger than those so carefully reared in confinement. The coastal, swampy regions of the southeastern portion of the United States—the home of the alligator—are particularly condu- cive to the rapid growth of their reptile denizens. The favorite abode of the alligator is in the “low-grounds” rather than in large bodies of water. These ordinarily embrace combinations of jun- gle-like thickets, small savannas, and stagnant ‘‘water-holes.” After heavy rains much of these areas are covered with water. The writer’s studies of the alligator at home were conducted in the immediate vicinity of the Savannah River, about forty miles above the city of Savannah. His work was confined to the river low-grounds, a vast tract teeming with reptiles. Alligators were found in isolated pools and small lakes, the larger examples gen- erally in the larger bodies of water. Over a great part of this country it was difficult to distinguish firm ground from the swamp, as masses of water hyacinths and rushes flourished in luxurious profusion. Over terra-firma itself the going was exceedingly difficult, com- pelling us to tear our way through thorny bushes, or masses of cane, eight to ten feet high. In August the heat was intense, the temperature frequently reaching 105 degrees F. in the shade, and 148 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ROUGH-EYED CAIMAN. it was rendered all the more unendurable to human beings by Its excessive humidity. In the “’gator holes” the water was tepid, and teeming with fish, among the latter being catfish of huge proportions. At times we passed shallow pools recently evaporated, and giving off an overpowering stench from masses of decomposing fish. No alligators were seen in the Savannah River itself. They lived mostly in the surrounding swampy country, where they were fairly secure from molestation. As night fell upon these swamps, bringing a much lower temperature, the heated ground and tepid water of the pools gave off a steamy vapor which spread and stratified over the tree-tops, or floated in long, ghostly streamers into the shallow and undulating valleys of the hammock land. Owing to this apparently ever-present, nocturnal miasma, there was never anything but a pale and sickly moonlight over the low- grounds, although as we often made our way into the higher pine lands a few miles away, the unwholesome atmospheric conditions gave way to nights wonderfully clear. In those moisture-laden and heated swamps, the rapid development of large reptiles may be surmised. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 149 HEAD OF FLORIDA CROCODILE, Many alligators never attain a length of much over seven or eight feet. These are stunted individuals that have had the mis- fortune to take up their abode in localities wherein food had become scarce, or presented little variety. Sometimes we find localities where there exist whole colonies made up of stunted members. It is possible to retard the growth of captive speci- mens by feeding them raw beef only, or a diet composed entirely of small fish, and excluding whole, warm-blooded prey, with its attendant bone nourishment. If the process is continued for several years’ time with a specimen about half grown, and then a miscellaneous and wholesome diet is substituted, the reptile will grow but little afterward and perhaps not at all, although it may become sexually mature and vigorous, and breed regularly. Like all crocodilians, the alligator constructs a regular nest by heaping up a great mound of twigs, dead grass and rushes, to- gether with fallen masses of the familiar hanging moss. The eggs, to a considerable number, are deposited well to the bottom of this mound, where the heat generated by the decomposing vegetation produces their development. The period of incubation appears to be lengthy, taking at least eight weeks. There is ap- parent variation in the egg-laying period. In Hampton County, South Carolina, the writer collected alligator eggs during the middle of August. The eggs collected at that time hatched during the following October. Through the courtesy of Dr. Albert M. Reese, of Syracuse University, however, the writer has 150 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: AMAZON CAIMAN. been furnished with advance sheets of a paper* by him which shows that in Florida the alligator deposits its eggs much earlier in the year. Dr. Reese made detailed investigations of the nesting habits with a view to obtaining embryological material. The following is an extract from this article: “One of the first things to be determined, of course, in the col- lection of embryological material is the time at which the eggs are laid. Judging from the statements of native hunters the laying season of the alligator might be thought to be at any time from January to September. As a matter of fact, the month of June is the time when most, if not all, of the eggs are laideasaeee Clarke gives June 9th and June 17th as the limits of the laying season in Florida, but I found at least one nest in which eggs were laid as late as June 20th; no eggs were found before the first date given by Clarke. It seemed quite certain that the laying, during the season in question, had been delayed by an extreme drought that had dried up the smaller swamps and reduced the alligator holes to mere puddles. *This paper is to be published officially at Washington. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 151 UpLUPAE SL ULAESROE EMT peer a ® eh CAROLINA ALLIGATOR. “Nests were found in considerable numbers as early as June 8th, but no eggs were laid in any of them until the end of the dry period, which occurred nearly two weeks later. Almost im- mediately after the occurrence of the rains that filled up the swamps, eggs were deposited in all of the nests at about the same time. From the fact that all of these completed nests had stood for so long a time without eggs, and from the fact that all of the eggs from these nests contained embryos in a well advanced state of development, it seemed evident that the egg-laying had been delayed by the unusually dry weather. Eggs taken direct from the oviducts of the alligator that was killed at this time also con- tained embryos that had already passed through the earlier stages of development. Thus it was that the earlier stages of development were not obtained during this summer.” On August 12, 1900, the writer discovered an alligator’s nest close to a causeway (an ancient rice ditch) in Hampton County, South Carolina. It consisted of a mound of decomposing veg- etable matter about five feet in diameter and three feet high, half hidden among some bushes at the border of a pool. At one side of the nest, inward toward its center fully two feet, protruded two 152 NEW “YORE ZOOLOGICAL (SOCIETY. thick basal stems of a large bush, these fully an inch and a half in diameter, but about them the material composing the mound was as carefully matted down as on the clear portions. The eggs were discovered about two and one-half feet down in the center of the mound, in a single, irregular mass. They looked strangely white and immaculate as compared with our hands and clothing after breaking our way through the swamp. There were thirty-seven eggs, averaging two and one-half inches long, and an inch in diameter. Their shells were hard and brittle, con- siderably thicker than the shell of a hen’s egg, and when struck. together produced a metallic sound. The entire nest and its contents were packed on our horses, brought to the nearest railway station, and shipped to the Zoological Park. During all our work there was no hint as to the whereabouts of the parent alli- gator, though from the appearance of the much matted grass at the edge of the pool it would seem she frequently visited the vicinity of the nest. The pool itself was barely eight feet in diameter, and was well sounded, but the result convinced us that the female alligator was not hiding at the bottom. Near by was a series of bayous connecting with the Savannah River low- grounds. It was from the eggs in this nest that we hatched the specimens which prompted the writer to prepare the present article. The eggs began hatching on the 14th of October. But five alligators emerged, the remainder of the eggs having evidently been spoiled in the severe shaking received in transit. From the time of their arrival in New York to the period of hatching. —the five hatching within a week’s time,—the eggs were buried in the medium composing the original nest, which was kept well moistened. The process of incubation was carried on in one of the Reptile House cages, at a temperature averaging 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Upon hatching, the little alligators were very stout of body, with a chunky head, and short snout, the head being decidedly convex at the top. They averaged eight inches in length, and showed a weight of one and three-quarters of an ounce each. As they were very well nourished by the egg yolk at the time of hatching, they refused food for some days. They were decidedly active, swimming or crawling about a shallow tank of warm water. When disturbed they “barked”? vigorously, and made efforts to snap at the observer’s fingers. At the present time, these alligators are over five feet long. The following table shows their increase in weight: ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 153 October, 1900—Hatched...... Weight 134 ounces. Octohier- 1601 455 san ese eS | 4, 6)4 ounces: EMO USES HOOD tifa einai tase Acs Sos Sa fe Vipounds: LEST Tel SF 810% = ae ce a See a Metohery TOOG Pe ae ae Sasi ee to) “3 By combining his notes on three series of alligators, the writer is enabled to prepare the following table, showing the rate of growth of the Alligator as he has observed it: GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN ALLIGATOR. peetime Of hatching ........ 8 inches. Weight, 134 ounces. PMIMONIENEV.CAly fe S15 crarcicus cies ie acci es 1 foot 6 inches. PGR ORAVICALS§ s12.cins co tes Ws fs co-ess 2 feet 2 inches. PMGEEEIGCe AVEAES), f/=.. 2 ¢/s fos cies ts 3 feet 1 inch. ENGBTOULRY. CALS oon. oc sean 3 4 feet — inches. PNEMIDVCREY. CATS: (alsrcic toes alesse ote 4 feet Io inches. PERO URVICATS cocci) ava e's cys ba tees 5 feet 4 inches. Weight, 50 pounds. PMEBGOVIEI SY CATS.. bys cass clots sie 8 6 feet 2 inches. (Maturity.) EMPRGISHt VEATSi (5 52s oo os. aee 6 feet II inches. PEMTNITIERYEALS) aces «6 Acjpcisiee o/s, 8 feet 2 inches. ANE TG SCENES ohemlog darts Oe etiae © feet 3) inches: EMMCLEV EMMY CALS =o .c-cne chien ss atte: 1o feet II inches. PNGEEWIEIVEVEATS | 2 2c ss 1c.s II, 1871, 126. 158 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIETY. The Order Strigiformes, or Owls, as we know these birds to-day, forms a group very homogeneous, both in structure and appearance, and there are few people who can not name an owl on sight. They number over two hundred species, or if we include geographical races and sub-species, the total is not far from three hundred and twenty-five different forms. They vary in length from five inches to over two feet, and in character from the tiny, insect-eaters to the fierce eagle and horned owls. Their diet em- braces almost all forms of terrestrial life, from insects, worms, and snails to fish, frogs, lizards, birds, bats, moles, mice, and even rabbits, large game birds and hawks. In one of the most recent classifications, owls are divided into two very unequal Families: I. Strigidae, with a single genus, containing the Barn Owl, and its twenty or twenty-five geographical species and races. II. Bubonidae, with thirty genera, including all the remaining species of owls. Owls range over the whole globe, extending far into the polar regions and even to the most isolated oceanic islands. OWLS AND MANKIND. The word owl has its counterpart in many languages ; in Anglo- Saxon, Ule; in Swedish, Uggla; in German, Eule; and all of these hark back to the Latin Ulula, which was obviously an at- tempt to imitate the note of some one of these birds. The mystery of their life by night, their weird unearthly hoots and screams and their sometimes almost human expression must have made owls objects of terror to our primeval forefathers in the far distant past. Ever on the lookout for evil omens, these birds must have satisfied the most lively imaginations in this respect. In many parts of the world, gruesome superstitions con- nected with the owl are still prevalent, as is hinted in some of the local German names, “corpse-hen,” “death-owl” and “sorrowing mother.” On the pampas of Argentina in South America, the former wildness of the burrowing owl was due to the superstitious fears of the native tribes, who called it “Sister of the Evil Spirit.” They killed it on every opportunity, and would never camp, or stop, or rest where an evil owl had been seen. With the advent of Europeans, this persecution ceased, and the birds soon became tame and fearless. With the owl has always been connected the idea of femininity. Among widely separated savage tribes it is the woman’s bird, the death of which is certain to be followed by ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 159 the death of a woman. The bat stands in the same relation to man. When owls came to be better known they gained in character, and from their solemn demeanor and judicial frowning mien were deemed of great wisdom. Thus, among the Greeks, we find the owl sacred to Minerva, the Goddess of wisdom and the liberal arts. To-day in Rome and Athens we often meet vendors of tiny owls, each fastened by one leg to a perch. The modern mind, filled only with hard, practical ideas, has no desire for these owls as poetic emblems of a past deity, and wastes not a moment’s thought on the cruelty of it all. The little feathered beings are sold to be used as lures for still smaller birds. The owl is taken to the woods, fastened to a stake and lime sticks are then set about it, to entangle all the birds, from the size of a wren to a sparrow, which soon gather about their little enemy. Myriads of these song birds are devoured by the Latin peoples, who seem to prefer the half-mouthful of a song bird’s breast, to the trouble of hatching and rearing poultry. Only in the last few years when our grain crops reach from ocean to ocean, and the devastations of hordes of mice have touched one of the deepest chords of man’s nature—his purse— is the owl getting due credit for his value and economic impor- tance. If every owl on our continent was suddenly swept out of existence, it is doubtful if, after a few years, a single crop of grain could be raised successfully. It would take the mice and other rodents and many injurious insects but little time to confine all their ravages to the hours of darkness. Hawks would in such an event, become almost useless to man, and though weasels and minks might increase prodigiously, yet without the deadly swoop of the owl, the mice would soon overrun the land. Thus the relation of owls to mankind may be resolved into four differ- ent phases, and man’s estimate of the bird has varied from fear to admiration ; from disregard to appreciation. Certain owls possess an attribute which will stand out in increas- ing importance, especially during the coming years, when their wild haunts will be curtailed more and more by the inroads of man’s unnatural environment: the ability readily to adapt them- selves to life in his very orchards and streets, as shown by the screech owl. As a whole, owls do well in captivity, only a few species being intractable. Although they never really lose their innate wildness, yet by rearing a nestling by hand, it can be so far tamed that it 160 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. will recognize its owner, and allow him to take almost any familiarity with it. If occasionally given its freedom it will return to its human home. In Zoological Gardens, owls live and thrive for long periods of time, and sometimes nest and rear their young. It is not sufficient, however, to feed captive owls on a diet of raw meat and liver. To remain in perfect health, they occa- sionally require dead mice, sparrows, or pigeons, the fur, feathers, and bones serving to keep their digestive organs in good con- dition. If the regurgitative function is not exercised, the birds will not long survive. As regards snowy owls, special arrangements are necessary. They will not moult well or live long if compelled to endure the heat of our southern summers, but if confined in a large flying-cage in a cool, dark cellar, every feather will be moulted, and bones serving to keep their digestive organs in good con- in as perfect condition as if they had spent the preceding months on their native tundras of the Arctic Zone. PARALLELS AND RELATIONSHIPS. As we pass in review the larger mammals and birds we per- ceive two important groups of predatory creatures which, by stress of the struggle for food, have become adapted to a nocturnal life. Among mammals the Felidae or cats, and among birds the owls, both live by the chase and both are fitted for a more or less nocturnal existence. This similarity of life has brought about certain resemblances between the two unrelated groups. Cats have a stealthy, noiseless gait—owls fly silently; the eyes of cats are large and usually yellow—the same is true of owls; talons are developed to a high degree in both groups, and both cats and owls voice their emotions in deep, sonorous tones or in high- pitched weird screams. Another curious but wholly superficial likeness, is the resem- blance of the feather horns or ‘ears’ of many species of owls, to the alert ears of the cats and other Carnivores. These elongated feathers have, however, no connection with the real ears of the birds. If we compare owls with the diurnal birds of prey—hawks and eagles—we find many and much closer resemblances. But these two groups are by no means as closely related, structurally, as ornithologists have heretofore thought. Many of the resem- blances are merely parallelisms due to the identity of methods of hunting their prey, and are only beak and talon deep. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 161 Though some of the smaller species of owls feed largely upon insects, there is another nocturnal group of birds which is wholly insectivorous. These are the nighthawks and whip-poor-wills (Caprimulgidae ), and in the noiseless flight, large eyes, and dark mottled plumage we find corresponding resemblances between the two groups. Examination of the internal structure shows that a real affinity exists, the connection being especially clear through the closely-related, fruit-eating, oil-bird (Steatornis), which ts the sole representative of its Family Steatornithidae. There still remains much to be learned from the structure of owls, but it is probable that if their line of descent could be re- traced, we would find it coalescing sooner with that of the oil- bird and the nighthawks, than with any other living groups of birds. ADAPTATIONS OF PLUMAGE AND BODY. Owls are eminently fitted for their :fe—a nocturnal predatory one, and in all parts of their body we find delicate adaptations to this end. Unlike the nocturnal apteryx the sense of smell is but slightly developed. In owls, the senses of sight and hearing are the only means used to reveal the whereabouts of the prey. Taking the plumage as a whole, we find that each feather 1s more or less soft and fluffy especially at the tips of the barbs, resulting in a downy condition of the entire outline. The ab- sence of barbicels accounts for this, and on many of the body feathers we find that even barbules themselves are less numerous than on the corresponding feathers of other birds. Even the pri- maries or flight-feathers and the tail-feathers, the stiffest and strongest on the body, are surprisingly soft to the touch, and at first thought this softness would seem to be a great disadvantage to the bird in flight. Closer examination of the wing feathers of a barred or screech owl shows that, intrinsically, the vanes are as impervious to the air as those of a pigeon or hawk. There ts no radical loss of barbules or barbicels, and hence the feathers are perfectly adapted for flight. An interesting condition, exists however. The barbules along the distal side of each barb are greatly elongated, being often six or eight times as long as the peeves along the opposite side. Near the base of the barbules, the barbicels are as well-developed and numerous as in any bird of strong flight, but the elongated distal portions are soft and fluffy, and all are bent slightly upward so that they lie on the upper face of the vane. Hence the surface of the feather is covered with a 162 NEW. YORK “ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. dense pile or nap of hair-like barbule-tips, and this furry coat, like the muffled oars of a boat, deadens all sound and renders the flight of an owl almost noiseless, at least to our ears. About the eyes of an owl, two more or less circular feather disks radiate outward, each composed of stiff loose feathers, whose de- generate barbs and Larbules are often in the form of broad spatu- late scales. These disks prevent the soft head plumage from blowing into the eyes of the bird and also perhaps aid in directing the scant light-rays of twilight, inward to the seat of vision. This latter suggestion receives confirmation from the fact, that in those species of diurnal habits, the disks are imperfectly developed. Owls have large strong beaks and the upper mandible is always prominently hooked, serving, as in the hawks, to tear the prey into pieces when it is too large to be swallowed whole. Connected with this habit of swallowing the prey entire whenever possible, owls, in common with many other birds, have the ability of being able to disgorge inedible portions of the food. After a midnight repast of mice, several oval pellets of fur and bones will be regurgitated, the latter cleansed of every bit of flesh, and the skulls of the rodents in as good condition as if prepared by some skilful osteologist. ADAPTATIONS OF SENSE ORGANS. From the outer contour of the feathers no hint is given of the real size of the head and neck of an owl, and when we feel be- neath the neck plumage, it is always a surprise to find how slender this string of vertebrze and its scanty covering of flesh really is. The skull is large in comparison with the body, but the greater part of the cranium is taken up by the eye-sockets. The remark- able development of the sense of sight may be appreciated from the fact that the cubic contents of each eye is slightly greater than the capacity of the entire brain cavity, at least in the common screech owl. This does not mean that the brain of an owl is unusually small, but only emphasizes the great size of the eyes. The pupil is round and the iris is capable of remarkable volun- tary contraction and accommodative expansion—the enlarged pupil thus formed, admitting all the light rays which are available in the dim twilight which characterizes even “darkest midnight.” There are few more beautiful sights than that seen through the ophthalmoscope, looking into the eye of a great horned owl, and it js well worthy of brief description. When the pencil of light ELEVENTH: ANNUAL ~-REPORT. 163 strikes the retina, the iris contracts, only to enlarge a moment later, and the whole optical fundus, with the delicately pigmented choroidal coat, veined with its myriad of blood vessels, becomes plainly visible. Below the level of the pupil and to the nasal side may be seen the curious fan-like pecten, throbbing rhythmically, its black tissue crumpled into a half dozen folds. We know nothing positively concerning its function, but judging from its elastic nature, and the frequent enlargement and contraction as the flow of blood fills it or flows back, considerable weight is lent to the theory that it functions in accommodation—in pressing for- ward toward the lens and perhaps aiding in changing the angle of refraction of the vitreous humor, thus altering the shape and consequently the focus of the eye. In the snowy owl at least, there seems to be a certain amount of regular pulsation—about twenty-four to the minute.