(1% S. % i^ill Etbrary ■Dfortn, (Carolina i?tatp (Collrgp S00606600 5933S This book must not be taken from the Library building. sioi A3 1857 JON 0 3 JUL "~ 1992 2 1£92 25M— 04S— Form 2 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/annualreportofohOOohio TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ©jjicr ^tate §oarb of ^grimlte, WITH AX ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OP THE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF OHIO: EOE THE "S'EAIR. 1857'- COLUMBUS: RICHARD NEVINS, STATE PRINTER. 1858. MEMBERS OF THE STATE BOARD FOR 1857. ALEX. WADDLE, President, South. Charleston, Clark Co. LUCIAX BUTTLES, Treasurer, Columbus. JOHN M. MILLIKIX, Recording Secretary, Hamilton, Butler Co. R. W. MUSGRAYE, Sulphur Springs, Crawford Co. THOS. S. WEBB, Massillon, Stark Co. ABEL KRUM, Cherry Valley, Ashtabula Co. B. STEDMAN, Cleveland. G. W. BARKER, Marietta. - JOHX K. GREEX, Carthage, Hamilton Co. LUTHER SMITH, "West Liberty, Logan Co. EXECUTIVE COiDJITTEE. ALEX. WADDLE, JOHX M. MILLIKIX, JOHX K. GREEN. JOHN H. KLIPPART, Cor. Secy, Columbus. 5933S PREFACE. During the session of the Legislature of 1857-58, it was deemed ex- pedient to revise the law regulating public printing, more particularly with a view to authorize the publication of public documents in a larger sized type. So far as the publication of the Agricultural Keports were concerned, the committees on Printing, from both branches of the Legis lature, selected from among the various Agricultural Eeports of the several States submitted to them, a Report of Massachusetts as a model in type, size, and style of binding, for the future Eeports of Ohio. The present volume is printed on the same sized type, and is of the same form as that of Massachusetts ; but the latter contains 736 pages only, while this contains 821. The larger number of pages in the present Eeport is to be attributed to the fact that it was impossible to estimate precisely the amount which the manuscript would make. Several articles, which were prepared with great care, were necessarily postponed ; among the more important of these is an elaborate essay on the "Climatology of the State or Ohio,'7 embracing all the results of records made in the State so far as they could be obtained, either in manuscript from the observers themselves, or from publications; also an essay on the " Influence of Forests upon Cli- mate ;" the "Natural History of Fishes in Ohio;"1 a catalogue of indigenous plants in Franklin and Fairfield counties; together with other papers of more or less importance, contributed by gentlemen whose competency and scientific attainments are undoubted. The essay on the origin, varieties, diseases, &c., of wheat, has extended Tj, PREFACE. to a much greater lex Q was originally con: tially in ->,uence of the detailed description and history of the varieties grown in Ohio, and partially in consequence of the extended d f in- &a, which affect the wheat plant The entire essay partak f more of the r of a camtnla i : n th an an : i ig i :.'_ : .position : in defense of any aneed, the can only say that he invariably was guided by what he considered the best and : >& Among the authorities c: ::cul- ricul- hnal] the sever. rmth the : :." I land, and :ntal Europe. Of lopedia oi Id Li 3tm d : K m V idenarten, and Putter and Wiesenkreuter; Fn $ Cecidoi »Ts Botani Mc :.::- ; i I ■ .. ' . pedia of Agricultcu : : 7 "-culture : C. "W. JoH-X- : - Farmc clopedia :: siology; Journal I1 ; RevneH ; Le Bor. dinier; Entomolc: '::): Memoire LedeMel aeilung derl :£ less r; JOHX H. EXIPPA ICULTUEAL EOOi£S, Columl L I2STDEX. Page. ; Area of Ohio " Areble land in Ohio. 1& Agricultural population, drafts on 44 Population, decrease of 45 College 82 Implements, awards on 139 Machines, awards on > 139 Boiler, awards on 144 Annual meeting, proceedings of 184 1 Reports 187 Eeports, publication of 193 Reports, report on distribution of. . 198 Meeting delegates of 200 Agriculture, general condition of 293 j Butter, Bread and Lard, awards on 156 Butter, how to make, by S. Farquhar 443 Bee culture 818 i Corn, acres planted, £c B23-3. .23-30 [ Cattle, number and value of 50-51 , Bestmean3 of testing. «* J. M. MiHikin's report en 74 Abel Krurn's report on 7b : C. Springer's report on 79 j Crops, Willard's statement on potatoes, . . 87 ! Kelly's statement on Onions 87 ; Crosby's report on Potatoes 88] Harris' report on Buckwheat. .... 8? : Corresponding Secretary, when elected. . 90 j County Societies may permit non-: dents to compete SO ; Cabineut ware, awards on 152 Coopers, Carpenters, 3 Origin of Short horns 239 History of Ohio Importing Co 301 Sale of Ohio Company's S02 Ohio Short-horns in herd -book. . . 306 Condition of tine, in Ohio 307 Feeding = ..... 312 Hoof-ail in Portage county 400 Chemistry of food 313 Non-nitrogenized principles 31. Linseed 320 Oil cake3 321 Rape cake 323 Mustard Cake 324 Leguminous 6eed3 327 Fenugreek 329 Cereal grains 330 Refuse grain 332 Brewers' grains 334 Distillery refuse 334 Roots (Potatoes) 335 Parsnips and Carrots . . .... 336 Mangolds 337 Turnips and Swedes 339 Green Food 340 Artificial Grasses 341 Hay and Straw. . . 342 Meadow Hay and Aftermath 342 Age of the animal 344 Kind of do 345 Temper of do 345 Purposes of do 345 Conditions on which digestibility of food depends 346 Coal Oils in Ohio, by J. E. Holmes 479 vm. INDEX. Page. Climate of Ohio, by C. Reemelin 556 Chess or Cheat (Bromus Secalinus) 685 Diascora Batatas 42 Devons, at State Fair 116-117 Dial, report on 148 Domestic animals — should be legally re- strained from ranning at large 197 Delegates, list or 210 Dairy and its Products 446 Drainage, Prize Essay on, by J. Brady. . 454 condition of in Ohio 476 Entomology, importance of 27 Education, agricultural, importance of. .62-66 Essays, Premiums on 74-86 Ergot, history and properties of 387 cause of Hoof-ail . . 391 Fishes, artificial reproduction of 59 Farms— Statement of I T. Reynolds ... 67 do W.D.Kelly 213 do Thomas Gardner. . 218 do Henry Ridenour . . 223 do D. B. Kinney 229 Fat Cattle at State Fair 119 report on 121 Fishes, report on 124 Fabrics, Mill and Textile, award on ... . 150 Household, do .... 151 Flour and Starch, do 156 FJo wers, report on ... . 160 awards on 161 Fruits 162 Apples, awards on 162 Peaches, Pears, Ac, awards on. . . 162 Melons, Berries, ° Morrow 2o0 Muskingum 2i9 Noble 280 Ottawa 2S0 Pickaway 280 Pike 2S1 Portage 231 Preble 252 Putnam *-°3 Richland 284 Ross 285 INDEX. .Reports from counties — Continued. Page Sandusky 285 Seneca Stark 287 Summit 288 Trumbull 283 Tuscarawas 289 Union 290 Van Wort 291 Vinton 292 292 Washington 293 Wayne 294 Williams 294 Wool 295 Wyandotte 2 Steam ThreshiDg Machine 43 Sheep, number and value of 52-53 State Fair at Cincinnati 60-103-106 State Fair, programme of 111-112 s at 61-112 permanent location of 192 permanent location of, report on. . 199 State Fairs, expenses of 200 . . .67-73-175-1 S3 awards on commanded list 17° premiums on yearling Ewes 1S3 system of Book-Keeping 183 committees to report on different breeds of Sheen, Hogs, Ac 73 premiums for Essays 74-86 committee to report on plan of test- ".reeds of Cattle 7: preminmB on Reapers and Mowers 83 83 Short Hoins, list of entries of, at Fair. . . 112 awards on 115 Sheep at State Fair 129 Saxons and Grades 129 Mei ino3 do 130 l-on_- 131 Middle Wooled 132 F*t 132 Swine at State Fair 132 Large Breeds 132 Suffolks 132 Steam Fire Engine, report on 145 Saddlers, Tailors, Ac, awards on ware. . 153 Stoves, Casting , Ac, awards on 155 State Agricultural Convention 184 Seeds from Patent Office 249 Sheep, condition of, in Ohio 362 Page. Sorgho, history of 409 mills, description of 416 Lovering's experiments of 423 oeata of, in Ohio 437 discussed in Annual Convention. 195 report on, at Fair 142 Sorgho, or Chinese Sugar Cane 34 Soils, origin of 650 Salm Horstmar's experiments with artifi- cial soils 614 do white oats 615 do spring bar'ey 626 do winter •« heat 627 do spring wheat 630 do winter rye 630 Soils artificial, Salm Horstmar's experi- ments with 614 Do., Polstorf A Wiegeman's do 632-3-4-5 Treasurer's Statement 186 Treasurer's detailed report 15 Vehicles, awards en 152 ,'ries, awards on 164 Wood land in Ohio 13 d Reserve, area of 20 Water Elevator, report on 145 Wheat, acres sown, Ac 822-3 . . 21-25 loss by midge, Ac 26 Wheat, Essay on, by J. H. Klippart . .5 origin of 562 solid stemmed structure and composition of 5^1 germination of 5S6 analyses of •' do by Gilbert A .-G57 do Emmons 727-736 proper depth to sow 589 Saim Horstmar's exper'nts with. 627-30 Gilbert A La. do .640-56 region of, in the Univ. G75-82 first in Ohio 683 varieties of Gs3 hybridization of 693-99 .leation of 706 Conteur's do 721 Emmons' analysis of 717 varieties of in Ohio 736-60 plant, growth of 761 ::1 enemies of 7 vegetable parasites of 77 C animal go 732 PRESIDENT'S REPORT. To the General Assembly of the State of Ohio: I regret that in communicating to the Legislature the condition of the agriculture of the State, I cannot make a more favorable report. But the two last years have been so unfavorable to the prospects of the firmer in the production of his crops, followed as they have been by the late sud- den and extraordinary revulsion in the financial world, that it is cause of gratitude that they are not followed by general disaster and ruin. The drought of 1856 was so severe and long continued as to cut short all our productions, (an unusual occurrence where the crops and their periods of maturing are so diversified, as in this State,) which has been followed by the destruction of our greatest staple, Indian Corn, which though promising a large yield has been so seriously injured by the severe frosts of autumn, and the extreme wet weather, which has succeeded, as not only to render a very large portion of it unmerchantable, but to cause great quantities of it to rot in the fields, and very serious apprehen- sions are entertained that the injury is so great as to cause a deficiency of seed for the coming crop. The drought of 1851 was perhaps more severe than that of 1856, but, it was at a time when the wars in Europe created a demand for our pro- ductions at higher prices, and was followed by a year of abundant har- vests, which also met with remunerating prices, and the farmer might with some propriety look forward to the sale of his crops to relieve him from the embarrassment which the failure of the previous year occasioned. The returns of the township assessors since 1850, furnishing a con- densed view of the production of our great agricultural staples, Wheat and Indian Corn, are annexed, and are worthy of consideration: Year. Wheat. CORX. Acres. Bushels. ! Avera^e per acre. Acres. Bushels. kverage per acre. 1850 1,658,106 ! 28,769,139 ! 17).< 1,657,253 25,309,225 : 15}| 1,624,715 22,962,774 14 1,421,826 ' 17,118 311 i 12 1,475,935 | 11,819,110 8 1,407,773 j 19,569,320 ; 13 1,478,164 15,333,837 | 10 1 J 1537,947 ! 56 619,608 37 1,664,429 j 61,171.283 36 1,730,188 58,165.517 34 1,836.493 1 73,436,090 i 40 1,927,337 | 52,171,551 26 2,205,282 J 87,587,434 40 2 0R4 R91 ^Hno^n; 1 07 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 *" jwv*,"-"-" ~« D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College 12 From this it will be seen that the average production of wheat per acre is about 13 bushels, and of corn 34 bushels, and that there has been a gradual diminution of the amount of land cultivated in wheat and an increase in the amount cultivated in corn, suggesting that in a large por- tion of the State corn is considered a more certain crop and less liable to fluctuation in price, and the fact is apparent that the average product per acre of wheat is diminishirjg, to remedy which, should be the earnest con- sideration of the farmer. An efficient system of drainage is suggested as a remedy ; hitherto our efforts in this line have been confined to draining overflowed or swamp lands, by open ditches, but all our upland clay soils would, if properly underdrained, be better prepared to withstand the extremes of either wet or drought, and thus produce better crops. Having referred to the returns of the assessors as furnishing valuable statistical information, permit me to suggest that it is highly important that the information they furnish should be obtained and published at a much earlier period. The returns for 1856 have been but recently pub- lished, whilst the crop has long since been consumed, and a large part of that of 1857 sent forward to market. If it were possible to furnish the information by the 1st of January in each year, of the products of the past year, the farmer would be apprized of the state of the market, and be on' an equality with the produce dealer. The crops of grass and oats, the past year were very good, and that of potatoes remarkably fine. The value of our dairy products according to the national census, in 1810, was $1,848,869, and in 1850, 3-1,11:9,379 pounds of butter, and 20,- 819,542 pounds of cheese were made in the State. The high prices which animal food of all kinds has brought (and is likely to bring for some time to come) has made stock growing a very remunerative branch of our farming, and taking into consideration the facilities which it affords for fertilizing the soil perhaps the most profitable. Ohio ranks in this branch as in grain growing, among the first in the Union, and it is gratifying to record that the strenuous efforts made by her farmers to improve the quality of their stock have been highly suc- cessful. In 1856 we shipped to Xew York 43,501 head of cattle for beef. It is highly probable that a large number of these were forced on that market by the great scarcity of food, as in 1857, with a better price, we sent forward but 30,001. "Wool is another of our staple productions ; the number of sheep in 1S57 being 3,215,639, valued at $5,357,275. I respectfully renew the recommendations of my predecessors for the protection of this interest by the imposition of a tax on dogs. Considerable attention has been given the past year to the cultivation of a new plant (Sorghum), and although the season was not the most favor- able for its production, it has been well ascertained that syrup of a good quality may be cheaply made from it, its value as a sugar producing plant is still doubtful. During the last harvest a trial of Reaping and Mowing Machines took place, under the direction of the Board, at Hamilton, at which sixteen machines were fully tested, all of which showed their capacity for harvest- ing grain and grass by horse power. The report of the awarding com mittee will be. found among the papers herewith submitted, to which I refer for full details. I should do injustice to the feelings of all the members of the Board- did I not embrace this opportunity of tendering to the members of that committee the thanks of the Board for the faithful and efficient manner in which they discharged their duties. The eighth annual fair was held at Cincinnati, on the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th days of September, 1857, and was attended by a very large con- course of exhibitors and spectators. The amount of premiums offered amounted to six thousand dollars, besides 500 medals and diplomas, which were so distributed as to encourage every improvement connected with agriculture and the mechanical arts. Fencing is a great tax on farmers, and is annually increasing as the supply of timber suitable for the purpose is diminishing. The estimate may appear large to those who have not investigated the subject but I am convinced that eighty millions of dollars is under rather, than above the actual amount invested in this State, in fences on farms. When Ohio was comparatively a wilderness, whose range was the great pasture ground of all the stock, there may have been some propriety in enacting that unless a crop was well protected the owner could not recover damages for its destruction. Now the wilderness has given way to pro- ductive fields, and there is no longer a necessity for compelling all the inhabitants of a township to fence against the stock of a single individual who may be so reckless of his own interest or his neighbor's rights as to turn it on the highway. If he chooses to grow stock he should be required to fence in, instead of requiring the neighbors to fence it out. So urgent has this matter become that in many portions of the State it has been attempted to substitute hedges — but so long as the law of inclosures remains as it is, their success is not very probable. To make a 14 good hedge it should be frequently closely trimmed at which times it affords a very slight protection to the crop enclosed. I deem it my duty to call the attention of the Legislature to the dis- criminations, made in the rates of freight charged by many of railroad companies of the State, on produce passing over their roads, as one which, exercised as it has been for some time past, deserves the serious attention of those whose duty it 13 to protect the rights and interests of the people of Ohio. The difference in the tariffs of through and local freight, is so great that it operates as a discrimination against the produce of this State, and in favor of those of our neighboring States, Kentucky and Indiana. Thus, when cattle could be shipped from Cincinnati to Buffalo; X. Y., for per car, the price from Columbus was $80 per car. I have been imformed that the same discrimination has been made on other articles of produce, and in some instances shippers have proposed to pay freight on their pro- duce from Cincinnati and ship from points nearer, to the place of destina- tion, and been refused. One of my predecessors justly characterized this as "a tremendous power by which not only the price of produce in different places might be affected, but the value of lands enhanced or depressed, at the will of those having the control of these corporations. I beg leave to refer to the report of the Treasurer of the Board for a detailed statement of the receipts and expenditures, and to that of the Corresponding Secretary for an abstract of the proceedings of the several county societies,[as well as a general view of the condition of agriculture throughout the State. Eespectfully submitted, A. WADDLE, Pre-s. 0. S. B. of Agriculture. TREASURER'S ACCOUNT. RECEIPTS. 1856. Dec. 3, balance on hand per settlement $6,838 25 1857. From Dr. Sprague, balance due from him as per account 74 59 May 2, from Treasurer of State 3,643 20 Dec. 4, L. English, for tents rented to J. M. Kinney 125 00 Receipts of Cincinnati Fair : Admission tickets $16,894 75 Entry .... 685 00 §17,579 75 Less counterfeit money received at the Fair 49 00 J 17.530 75 Received Cincinnati subscription 3,000 00 Received Burnett & Guille, for refreshment stands 500 00 Received B. Stedman, sale of Cleveland lumber 1,587 10 $33,298 89 EXPENDITURES. 1856. Dec. 3, order to Hughes & Beebe, furniture for office $5 75 «* 3, paid Ohio State Journal Company, printing 76 75 " 19, expenses of Board at December meeting 130 35 Expense for Columbian Hall for Convention 30 00 1857. Jan. 5, H. W. Derby, rent to date 37 50 " 17, Kilbourn, Kuhns & Co., hardware 4 16 " 23, J S. Abbott 9 95 Expenses of Board at January meeting 138 50 March 28, Executive Committee 3,000 00 April 16, H. W. Derby, rent to date 37 50 " 27, Middleton, Wallace & Co., for diplomas 47 25 " 27, O. S. Journal Company, printing 42 20 " 30, Jacob Hare, rent of lot to store lumber 15 00 May 4, J. Geary & Son, subscription to City Fact 6 00 June 22, Advertising in Indiana Farmer. . , 6 00 " 24, C. Clark & Co., printing premium list 200 00 July 1, H. "W". Derby, rent to date 37 50 16 1557. July 1 - ring reaping and mowing trial in Iowa Farmer $9 00 " " •' " Rural New Yorker 36 75 C. Clark "evins, job printing 3 50 S. D Harris, advertising reaping and mowing trial 22 88 Aug. 5, Executive Committee 1,000 00 " 14, Ohio Statesman, subscription 6 00 Sept. 5, Executive Committ-ie 1,000 00 ; Poster S-S t> a 160,975 176,538 j 104.366 222,988 : 204 598 i 187,577 135,854 159,819 100,671 i 85,026 112,143 59,978 ' - ! 13,966 12,536 125,592 5,522 51,179 45,799 19,608 62,278 56.213 5,434 30,686 143,444 34,389 38,860 45,629 24.265 12.268 3,275 133.473 169,500 114,535 114,371 250,863 207,893 156,683 56.915 131.004 164,207 200,848 181 592 90,357 115,255 150 513 -- ~ 231,964 244,455 191,687 $7 44 4 25 13 21 3 71 15*41 12 01 24 64 8 62 12 40 17 61 16 49 12 34 14 98 10 75 9 47 14 61 6 64 $9 98 8 70 16 98 12 04 6 69 8 41 23 65 17 — 41 00 15 50 24 80 25 01 23 43 20 65 13 39 16 95 33 96 4 01 5 19 9 19 15 B5 13 35 15 31 26 26 8 54 21 14 17 05 .... 2 51 4 74 7 M 9 45 17 29 20 04 32 33 9 10 10 61 41 62 5 10 10 39 3 40 3 50 , 34 104 H 45 80 53 48 65 79 100 42 42 64 39 24 79 163 B7 29 72 111 "1 147 90 53 61 16 89 103 115 53 se 19 1 | DESCRIPTION AND AMOUNT OF ATERA3E VALUATION P£S COCSTIES. Acres of Valuation TAXABLE LANDS IN 1553. ACRE. Arable Meadow Unculti- 4a a ! or plow or j vated or '3 g£j IS « 9 1853. land. of land. land, i pasture j wood — — - >~ 3S ! land. land. 1 1 Under a merit an ization i Under a meut of a -s S3 « 0/ - l-l o Acres. , Acres, i Acrei. 1 Highland. . . 338,391 | $5 627,606 144 479 33,209 ! 160.703 $11 33 $18 24 60 Hocking : 247,546 1,697,503! 71,069 13,506 1162,971 3 75 7 41 97 264,945 3,601,373 144,154 25,567 1 95,224 9 20 14 73 60 313,450 6,363,933 61,977! 96,189.155,234 12 23 22 82 86 Jackscn .... 235,102 I 4 20 6 18 47 Jefferson . . . ! 257,117 4437,038 130,203 19,933 106,976 17 32 19 41 12 390,053 5,274,320 145,786 39.570 1 131,729 11 81 14 53 23 Lake 144,657 3,086 133 33,002 60,940 | 50,745 13 19 23 95 81 Lawrence. . .1 239,916 ........ 27,723 4,963 153,509 5 40 6 60 22 429,619 8.357,010 195,372 52,029 , 181,718 14 17 22 36 57 292,320 3,993 012 72 329 39,584 130,107 8 55 15 07 76 Lorain 305,828 4,941,555! 34,347 129,342 ' 142,139 9 89 18 44 86 200,432 1,692,137 25,547 12,901 162,023 4 07 9 12 124 Malison. ... 233,612 4,356,904 35,523 120.659 124,070 8 58 16 14 88 MaboniDg . .1 265,264 6,361,049 76,874 92.290 96,100 16 18 26 61 64 251,602 4,034,2^6 51,458 72,134 127,950 7 63 16 90 120 265,439 5,713,239 , 94,694 93,905 ! 76,840 11 40 24 44 114 260,416 2,123,169 61,473 9,403 189,540 5 25 8 99 71 270,143 | ...... 4 55 5 91 20 254,142 6,364,833 121,978 11,442 129,722 16 52 23 34 71 234,976 2,329,345 119,166 9,236 166,574 5 65 8 91 57 Montgomery 236,713 9,620,173 162.172 20,485 ' 104,056 23 64 37 03 56 Morgan .... 259,636 3,057,304 93,266 25,737 133,598 9 43 12 95 37 Morrow .... 251,517 3,979,957 ' 93,185 40,135 ' 118,197 17 01 Muskingum. 419,134 8,177,234 214,920 14,610 189,604 14*69 20 36 44 Noble 254,926 2,377,206 78. 235 51,816 : 124,875 9 71 155,642 960,929 i 8,623 ; 2,767 144,247 9 26 6 90 205 Paulding . . . 135,159 496,245 1 6,024 1,386 127.749 2 60 3 77 44 256,713 2,951,909 104,032 50,796 101,885 10 49 12 21 16 Pickaway . . 311,059 7,054,457 100,956 66,879 143,224 17 75 23 72 33 191,143 1,368 072 42,633 23.934 124,576 S 35 7 71 m . Portage .... 315.937 6,550,636 81,013 132,070 102,904 13 45 24 35 81 1 Preble 268,255 5,691 715 142,234 4,401 123,619 16 29 23 89 46 Putnam .... 244,544 1,178,617 , 26,119 10.103 208,322 3 53 5 00 41 i Richland . . . 312.724 4.370,029 148,593 38.955 125,173 12 14 15 91 31 392,395 6,972,811 ' 153,016 ,■ 51,941 187,939 16 15 18 89 16 ; Sandusky . . 255,399 2,181,382 62.548 29,500 163,051 6 57 9 32 42 260,931 1,831,572 46,559: 20,060 194,212 8 65 8 00 344,317 5413,939 ' 144,940 28.233 171,044 12 23 17 12 39 i Shelby , 241,754 2,942,967 64,065 11,995 165,724 8 49 13 14 54 , Stark 357,725 7,690,689 216,757 26,423 114,544 17 19 24 41 41 ' Summit .... 261,417 6,258,573 116,663 \ 62,726 ! 82,028 16 10 29 11 80 Trumbull... 397,204 6 073,040' 56,537 152,942 155,71"? 12 63 17 33 36 Tuscarawas 355,124 5,091,135 181,391 21,075 153,658 10 70 16 20 51 269,471 2 800,935 j 39,938 i 44422 185.111 4 77 10 92 128 1 Van Wert... 233,291 1,032,458 19.219 3,285 1,353 2 03 4 60 121 241,033 1,398,923 I 35,409 i 23,256 177,373 6 03 Warren 252,947 6,946,711 113,492 38,552 : 100,903 22 60 31 10 37 Washington 376,920 3,038,805 ■ 61,648 61,427 253,445 5 75 9 00 56 343,059 6,018,145 169,785 22,030 151,274 , 13 09 , 19 36 47 Williams . . . 260,228 1,072,204 62,5-55 1,220 196,452 3 03 4 35 43 Wood 347,086 1,957,675 34,656 8,734 : 302,001 2 83 5 93 109 Wyandotte . Total 234,124 2,645,603 45,49S 48,621 254,125 6 17 1 10 87 76 ,24,811,455 : 382,725,323 1 $13 86 $17 21 20 The Western Keserve, embracing a tract of about eight millions three hundred thousand acres, is in general better adapted to grazing and dairy- ing than to the growth of cereals ; consequently we do not find a solitary- county within the original limits of the Reserve, which, in 1856, produced one hundred thousand bushels of wheat, nor with the exception of Erie and Huron counties, that has, during the same period, produced half a million bushels of corn. But the cereals are by no means neglected on the Reserve; Geauga county producing in 1856 the least of any of the Reserve counties : it then produced 26,426 bushels of wheat, and 126,259 bushels of corn. The year 1856 may, perhaps, be considered a year of rather less than average productiveness so far as cereals are concerned. Taking the pro- ducts of 1856 as a basis, the estimates will be within the truth, which, after all, is perhaps the safest course to be pursued. In 1856 Butler was the only county in the State that produced more than 600,000 oushels of wheat ; Montgomery the only one that produced over 500,000, and under 600,000; Greene, Stark and Preble each over 400,000, and under 500,000. In 1850 Stark produced over 1,000,000 bushels. The following 11 counties produced each over 300,000, and under 400,- 000, viz: Brown, Champaign, Clark, Darke, Fairfield, Highland, Miami, Muskingum, Ross, Warren and Washington. The following 15 counties produced each over 200,000, and under 300,000, viz : Adams, Belmont, Clermont, Clinton, Franklin, Hamilton, Licking, Monroe, Morgan, Pern-, Pickaway, Richland, Seneca, Tuscarawas and Wayne. From this it appears that there are four counties only in the Northern half of the State that produced over 200,000 bushels of wheat in 1856. Paulding county pro- duced the smallest quantity, viz : 8,337 bushels. During the year just closed the most bounteous crops have rewarded the toil of the cultivators of the soil throughout the State. All the cereal crops — being the kind of crops for which Ohio occupies a proud position, and for which she ranks among the first States in the Union — have yielded more than ordinarily abundant. They were remarkably free from disease, whether by destructive insects or other extraneous causes. In several counties the midge {Cecklomyia tritici) made its appearance, but the depredations caused by it were less severe than in former }Tears. But in the Province of Canada this scourge was terribly destructive during the past year, destroying at least one third of their crop or about 8,000,000 bushels. The most important crop in the State is the wheat crop ; the extent of its culture is indicated in the following exhibit compiled from authentic sources : 21 o" oo f ►< fe s 53 .s - •^ 4i to 5 s :? £ O — -<3< — t~- cs cs us — i» u- tt jc; x us -h t- — cm cs cs cs cs — x us x bo xi cs ~) — ~; — cs ~ cs — c- -^ cs cs — o is .— us oe r: ! cs i tt cs cs .cm v~ cs cv =' cs x us — ad — ?J "* i~ cs •-= M ■<* 6 — — ?! Ct — B4 u~ — ta '~r 1-i cs cs' t- — = cs « « o x cs (QaioooDdaH c; eio^G' us r- i? ?? ~ us r- us us ?! — to id ~ r-" ~ — us' ^;)h.i3srt-;«r. us r;ir-* cs x rj; p -^ vs us -j — ,_- ,_- a -_ -, — 03 x' r-' C! t *» cs -r -r x ' j— cs — us cs us t-^ us w Tf ~ sc; -• ua — — ' ^ _ _, _ „ _ „ _ _ _, __ _lpi„„„„„„_„p,„i_| ^ ■ iftw • o r; o rs =-. ,-s C. CQCteTaimrsn? CI rt i-l CS - .(E-iSS- US CJ 00 •«-«—«-■« • t^X .5iCaooa • ^_<^— C\—_ C\uS_^ • tit^X^uS^t- ! np Ct " t~-" cs c: -ir — ■ ■«• -^ tp " f-~ us" t— " — " is i-i ts ^ cs C) — rs r~. ci « cs -^> c< CS • X ff( — — t- ^ c Xi •f-C^CEt^— xcs O • u- — •_ — . O — C. CS » 1 ci c~ cs" ee? x" cs" <* •••^ &'~ 'SiiJ* • • ' I I I I I I I 22 in o >n t» iri ei ; cm ©i c^ o o cm cc t— ' oo © m" od 05 t- m in co' co co' cm •*»■ in co cm — ' n^ociH-^HOiMintsaot-n^int^qnHq^CTQOt-oai^oiOHO to od ^ ^ificido^MffiBSiaioowrinciiftt'^wuiBeiWf-ri go" 1—, • r-t — I >-l i-H >-l F-Hf-I t^.-ic»ini-i©i-i^^co^GOr~coin^i-;.-ieMT^3}^aiGqpppi--;incMtqr-_ «' ci in o'^ oi o< 0 ^ x w a d iri ^ ih oi ri « rf ^ in n n w ih •* o o fi cd 0 CTiOHCocor-t"Wcoc)XOo^io,*nt-oi'^T(i'*Hiawinii-ie>>q 00 cm m' to in cj ^' — ' --i 10 ©* cr' cm •■* in c-' cm ti< -- cm -■* m' e no « « te 6 1»' ■* to ^ r-Kiit3oocwoxtshODUiflT|i*iflnnhh,*Hh.t-icoqton'»q m cm s*T^o»in^'ei«irtr~^^'w^'t-s,9inr^oi^'t--"c'5os"^t~'r~'-|t^W'^,in rH n .neon •oiMOHHinooor-.tOHoq • p •<* ->* t> ■inw^0OL'5t»q bin ' in tji t» ; cm cm ci © ci t- © m i 00 t- o r-' ; to © e— ' oi ;■"*'—' cm" — 1 in cd r- Cj„ ' „ ,_ ,— | rH r-li-lCN i— I ■— I i-l rtCIH 1— InHrt r- I CM i— I CI i— i r-« i-l Nt-nncr-rtO-tonnn-oocoTi"jici-HfM^min'*oco-n'* 00i-iWC0,!|i-«^i3lCTl^O>«Ci0jaj0iQ0!Or»05nCT»Oe5t£C!f»(Mt't3^' ost-t^aoGocooim GM^pin CM_^pin r^co^p^p^ pc^t^pco^pc-^ppto^in^ t~" >* co" co" ci" so" m ©" gc" to' m" o* co" tP t»" '*" -**" cm" p-T to" cm" m" o* t— * 05" -*" cm" co" m" to -*" CM CM r-, r-. CO i-i 1-1 1-1CM1-1 CM1-1 r-i 1— 1 r— 1 CM CM CO CO -^< 00 r- t*-\n tj>-"*< . ■** to to t— — inoonmH«t»tocot»tO'#oi>t- m -* r~ cm •-< •w cm — 1 -» go co •-ifci'tsnoiwot^oo-ininninh-'^Offmnff!--' Oin^COOlO • t-_-3no)tot~'Hinrjiaoncoo5xcnflot,5ine)o^ic?o — go o-~;QOinait»oooinooot~t-wiiotHt^nt-.u5(ocnoo)Oonh-to co •«* ^ gc t-- cm r- m to in at^c^T^oc^Tj^i-^o^CTin co_pp p CM__t— ^to co cm ■—,£-_ pto co* co co" t— " co ---" r^* r- in" co" co" — * ©" — *" rj" cm" — T © to" co* 13* cm" rji i-<~ — c" in go" go" to" o" in* CMCM 1-1 CM M ri (?) 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C| C X h; X Ol O L1W CT «o 00 ■* M tt tJ X R t' 00 C! nN-n:: >.- t-' t- >» iti o -«' t-' x x co" x si t-' iri tj< -^ ci co i-i x" ci in i* ■ h.Hrfxr-.^t>.ac!x« ; ci •** in eo od t- ' co" ci si co ci • rJ<--prJC*rJ< • • • • i — t--" C: O r-' t-^ r-' CO ci t~-° ci ' ' ' * OlrtCTW-l-irtrt r-1 i-H ' " ' ' CO t-" 1— ( un -a^c* rj.°i P p OQ — oo p "0 eo © x_ x_ p -«r t-_aac;c-.^r:'!rTfH o i-h eo cfx C! to ci : o~x"r-^Qo't- — "o" cTc;*Qo"in"cn ci"-**"i~-":-f x'l-Tin O* CS> (CJ *-t f-t i-i -w CJ i-i so ancTjusxcicco^ofxtla-nmi^'tfciftta'^OTii'? ' in C^p^Tr q:ci_r:_n_c;_c«_r:_iBC«-_i_-- crs -^i— i x r; ci -^ re o oa t^ ci t— "x t- ~ in m ci T^Tf cs>eo"in rn co"oo cT^'^'cs o"-^x ©co co" m" -^ c* ^ ct cicji-i Rmijh co c a r:n o t^ O • I r- M h « T t3 fh f^ N l1 wn m rii t« .^in i — i an -v^irrT-T/^r^''— '<—?*** ' — " C5 ID — e cfi-i — x co" — i eot- m Tj>"i«'co"-^,"i.n Tj<"o'o"n"x i^xTc^cTr-t cs m C< C-Ir-I i-lQt COCJi-l COi-i-^Cli— 1-^< Cii-i'^1 ■ OJ C5 CO Ci — ■* C! CJ S> Ci n XOTjift^CX^DOOl be : ^ ~ — - SCO a3 >5 S fes E? "S >-.~ x _ aj >5 " -C PL,PL,CL,p3PHaJ02cca:cQCQE-iE-it)>->??^^f5ot 21 BUSHELS OF WHEAT GATHERED. 1851. 1553. 1514 1:55. 1556 Adam Allen Ashland .... AehUl -".a. . .... Belmont. . . . . Brcc-n Butler Carroll CLa:. ' '. ;•!. . ..-:£ Clermont....; Clinton Cilnmbiana. . ; Coshocton . . . C.-^- :' :'.... Darke ..... ... Delaware... .1 Fairfield .... Fulton Gallia Geauga Green Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison .... Highland . . .J Hocking Holmes . . . .1 BntoL Jackson :n . .. . Knox Lake Lawrence ...I Licking < Lqgaa Lorain L : ; . = Madison .... -■-'- ... '.: . !'. .: - .... Meiina M-ere-r Miami .... M .... M . :. ' _• :„-:. y. : :_• ...... Morrow y. - - '-. . : _• - J. Noble .... Ottawa . . . 231.277 633996 I " ■ 667,311 529,390 577,231 491,954 606,261 • . I 97,966 94,207 . ; -" 149,564 121 J " 125,433 59,526 576,258 ■ I 787 355,051 • a ' ' i 495,392 . 159 762.267 25.959 a 64,610 325,497 350 303 120,099 565,565 301.219 " "• . 364,432 ljf 13J96 65,411 149,140 299,426 573,176 196,006. 162,361 563,461 427 7] I 600,641 447 319 283 I9t ." 519,094 125,357 373,939 ... . . 214,194 609,724 119,480 :"."." 781 139 055 124,931 61,040 -- K 367,592 79,264 430,645 25 959 c"4-;:: 426,114 331,428 94 163 469,401 446,645 1 15.165 193,307 63,257 I i 142,645 20:1,749 (67,55! a 566,952 754,Kld 257 .- " i . 473,331 209,653. 130,403 256,456 397,625' 325,131 ! 535,510 421,463 24 -.257 216,209' 390,791! 597,310 B4,124 I i I 569,323! 113,124: : :• - - 4 115.179 U 3 92,1111 146 92- 36,652' 318,174 26.670 S8.72 i . ,::; i 426,114 116,469 . - . . . „ -' 16,067 ' i . 372.639 52,736! 77 212,340 " - B 253,849 166 392 .- • 4199'i9 . 3 ■ 497^7 416 0S0, 104 766 901,975 44,352 191,096 116.650 75.102 14S.424 96 615 394,852 316.721 367,030 155,132 410,294 393,433 236,624 264,293 333,999 165,135 51.CG9 293,593 71.151 107 122.510 469,004 107.672 115,644 145,066 36 615 373,257 21 3,246 53.214 I • . 41,634 165,305 21,423 285 " 177 "- 207,721 171,703 111,303 1 88,1 116.771 65102 24,347 290,655 266,205 79,345 55,77 E 183 142 745 - 155,910 120,352 366,360 - 326,514 4;9.377 172 71 40,393, 225.695 269.O06 284 695 26,532 66,579 56,935 65,82* 164 990 17G,338 71.531 165,532 51,779 167,763 253 999 19 31 37.254 -- ' 70,408 320,965 555 54* 375,538 246,373 317.400 321,350 396,266 447,-13 636.661 159,715 356,129 106 142 125,156 354,136 331,322 249,519 393 714 357,430 175,47- 378 926 271,901 175,076 2-1,449 126,258 363,996 14^ 207,611 173.754 :■ 95,505 136,023 .- '. 47.12S 31,265 181,786 370,476 313.528 15,213 30,454 29,550 92,509 123 537 119 663 31.149 50,599 50,025 343,056 403,60? 596,923 90.549 151,419 266,362 265,760 251.928 49,6H 24,224 177 272 253,330 73,219 40,146 91,661 26,426 3 ' 355 126 423,000 221,689 293,6.3 1-" Jt 159,133 213,441 16.229 94 9-9 9,259 36,230 30,021 119,109 224,610 132,600 1.277 10^77 a - ' 3 444,172 G93 166.r35 236,526 J --.974 119,141 132,161 150,4-2 it - 66,617 60,150 132,570 150 963 103(61 165 521 250.39- 147,711 45,590 110.316 12ii, 206 36,713 67,310 46,721 27,247 71.605 76,607 214.574 241.2H0 239,360 39,731 191 360 166 12.635 13,204 26,751 10,057 10 041 11,657 51,627 112,531 67,096 73.997 181 " 90,657 26,175 79,541 72,729 42,331 136 162 -- 71 .- . 1 221,393 1-5,699 71,554 13-. 954 69 902 216,131 6^0,063 330,550 199,901 369,157 207 - " 409,364 502.210 305,070 387,01 5 295,362 21,361 57,742 79.584 403,774 462,042 352.362 177.275 309 033 165 529 13 297; 15,179 14,622 25 BUSHELS OF WHEAT GATHERED— Continued Counties. 1850 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. Paulding 19,588 13,858 17,304 18,470 314 2,943 8,337 Perry 537,90i» 413,694 421,286 292.164 214,733 318 5U7 238,712 Pickaway . . . 338,829 295,964 274,257 213.168 238,807 356,764 277,816 Pike 52.596 45,708 60,641 55,727 64,115 79,276 62,438 255,402 232,563 193,375 132,555 92.769 252,297 94,189 Preble 471,605 376,561 341,896 298,298 222 490 4^9,681 443,516 Putnam .... 96,368 127.328 69,798 69,352 3,837 27,153 30,695 Richland . . . 795,213 557,059 470,643 242977 45 669 208,723 247,321 359,046 296,430 327,603 291 990 295,613 438,440 374,166 Sandusky . . . 330,344 244,822 210,466 193,656 22,018 75,163 71,424 29,117 38,188 60,967 73.2*8 26,270 98,956 82,783 836,824 725 513 428,052 402 9S7 172,035 245,850 Shelby 239,820 243,110 194,501 219,956 63,456 153 294 127,841 Stark 1,071,177 892,233 956,513 612,256 493,066 923,102 433,214 Summit .... 485.404 415, S90 460,132 324,882 173,073 416,398 197,821 Trumbull . . . 190,017 205,464 156,411 103.117 71,497 172,173 61,637 Tuscarawas . 883,071 656.172 669,131 437,223 316,793 489,238 222,327 103,202 122.826 92 601 70,701 38.759 84,553 80,276 Van Wert . . . 60.604 78,950 61,734 59,467 24,318 46,424 22,325 77.244 83,900 87,470 78,809 87,538 105,097 81,547 447,042 325,118 369,311 299,048 297,954 338,574 398,599 Washington . 264,316 224,800 243,681 222 594 245,949 373,107 318 600 832,059 105,272 88,274 885.510 136,416 52,111 478,560 140,643 41,669 217.381 67,648 3,164 426,746 73,009 19,626 273,395 34,195 29,H93 "Wood 141,226 80,963 23,453 80,193 83,383 Total.. 28,769,139 25,309,225 22,962,774 17,118,311 11,819,110 19,569,320 15,333,837 The wheat crop of 1857 lias been variously estimated by competent persons to be from 25,000,000 to 28,000,000 bushels. The crop was greater in area and more prolific than that of the preceding year. From the pre- ceding statistical table, it will be seen that the wheat crop has gradually been decreasing, not only in the area devoted to it, but in the quantity produced per acre. The crop of 1850 was sown on 1,658,106 acres, yield- ing upward of seventeen bushels per acre, on an average, throughout the State. In 1855, there were more than 250,000 acres less in wheat, pro- ducing less than fourteen bushels per acre. In 1854, the average produc- tion was less than eight and a half bushels per acre, owing to the depre- dations committed by the red weevil, or midge (Cecidomyia tritici) in some portions of the State, and to freezing out, or winter-killing in other por- tions. The next year, (1855) however, almost 70,000 acres less (than in 1854) produced about seven and a half million bushels more of wheat. The farmers of Ohio are seriously asking the question: "Shall we con- tinue the culture of wheat, or shall we abandon it, and if it is abandoned, what shall be substituted for it? If the wheat cultivators of Ohio had practised a general system of underdraining their clayey soils, and had thoroughly understood the D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College 26 natural history of the midge, a loss of nearly ten million bushels of wheat in 1664 could have been avoided. Owing to the depredations of the midge and other insects, and owing, also, to ll winter-killing, " or '•freezing out," the farmers of Ohio have lost nearly twenty million bushels of wheat during the five years last past. From 1S50 to 1S53, both i . the crops averaged l-i.6 bushels per acre; the crop of 1S51 then should i been 21,548,651 bushels, instead of which, it was 11,819,110 bushels only, being a decrease from the average aggregete of 9.729.511. The crop of 1S56 was less than the average from 1850 to 1S53 by 0,247/: I 7 ; the losses attributable to destructive insects, want of underdrawing, fcc, may be stated as follows : 1853 3,640,348 bushel*. 1854 9,729,541 1856 6,247,357 Total 19,617/246 Or about 11 per cent, of the entire amount produced from 1850 to 1856, both inclusive, or 30 per cent, of the amount produced during the four years from 1853 to 1856. There is no industrial pursuit in the State other than that of agriculture which could sustain such extensive lossess without seriously emba i not only those immediately concerned, but the entire industrial community. Notwithstanding the average as well as the aggregate of the corn crop varies considerable, vet such extreme variations are not as observable in it as in the wheat crop. "Wheat is liable to be winter-killed, then to be attacked by the Hessian fly, then by the Vibrio tritici, then by the midge, the thrips and a host of other insects, then by rust, and last, though perhaps not least, it is liable to be smutted, whilst the only cause to which a short crop of corn, can, as a general thing, be traced, is the unfavorablencss of the season. ^Vere losses of similar amounts to occur in any other department of life, there is no doubt that legislative aid would be invoked to prevent a similar recurrence. Are the ravages and depredations of the "midg and '"fly" beyond legislative control? It is the conviction of the writer that as much may be done, and as happy a result consummated from lative action, with regard to destructive insects, as in former days with regard to the depredations of bears and wolves. These insects just refer- red to, are as much, and no more, beyond legislative control than is ignor- ance. By a judicious system of common schools, the legislature of Ohio has very much improved the mental condition of society, and equally so may it modify or entirely prevent, the ravages of the weevil or midge. 27 ^ The French Bureau of Agriculture appointed a Mods, Bazix to study the Natural History of the 2 ' nd report to the Bureau the best method of avoiding the effects or entirely annihilating the insect After are of close observation and diligent investigation, he made a report, in which he details his observations and in which he demonstrate* that the ravages of the insect may be avoided. The writer has translated this report from the French into English, and has made it a part of this report. The weevil is, however, very much decreasing throughout the State, The cause of this disappearance is fully explained in M ons. Bazls% report. The State of Xew York has appointed a State Entomologist, (Dr. Asa Fitch), who has already published two invaluable reports, which h proved to be of inestimable value to the agriculturists and horticulturists of that State. TTere the insects of Ohio idem: ^ with tb I Xew York, the reports of the entomologist of tha: ould answer for this latitude and longitude as well as for those where the observations and investigations were conducted; but, unfortunately, the insects differ, : only in species, but in genera also; and thus are we deprived of enjoying the benefit of the labors of our s a this direction to more than a very limited extent. The appointment of a State Entomologist, although equally as important and fully as desirable as the office of School Commissioner, is. after all, perhaps not the most advisable method of eradicating the evils consequent upon the ravages of insects injurious to vegetation. The evils, incon- veniences and disadvan:. ;ing from ignorance, are so manifest and palpable that no argument is required to direct public attention to the cause of education; in fact, in rural districte, the acquirement of anything more than a district school education is regarded as a sure relief from the toil and drudgery of farm work; not unfrequently, however, is this relief secured at the expense of the morality, usefulness and happiness of the individual. But arguments and an intimate knowledge of entomology are required to convince the agricultural public of the extent, metamorphoses, fecundity, as well as the mos: 1 methods of destroying those ins.:- whose existence is obtained and continued at a sacrifice of the farmer's hopes. Entomology should be taught as a branch of popular education m every rural district throughout the State, and the young agriculturist should be as familliar, not with the names only, but the insects themselves. in all their various stages of metamorphoses as eggs, larva?, crvsalis, imago and fully developed male and female, as he is with the horses or c'ows on the farm The most happy consequences would result, were it possible to induce every teacher of a common school in the rural districts to collect a 28 ©abinet of insects in the immediate neighborhood of the school, and teach the pupils their names, habits, metamorphoses, qualities, &c. This, although not an immediate remedy, is one which certainly will embrace alarge field, and when put into operation cannot fail of being eminently successful. The crop next in importance to wheat is that of corn — next in impor- tance, so far as exports are concerned, but in all probability first in impor- tance for domestic consumption. The spring of 1857 was exceedingly backward, and at one time it was supposed that the crop of corn would scarcely be worth the expense of gathering in the fields, such a crop as there might be. It is exceedingly unfortunate that this supposition should prove true — not, however, with respect to quantity, as was predicted in the spring time, but with regard to the quality. The summer and early autumn were very favorable to the growth and maturity of corn, but an excess of moisture prevailed at a later period in the autumn, at a time when the heat of the sun was requisite to mature the corn properly. In consequence of this humidity, a great proportion has not matured, and being unfit for use, is therefore lost to the cultivator. Many persons supposed that notwithstanding the corn had not matured, yet that it might with impunir to stock. In almost every instance where it has been fed, although cattle and hogs at first refused to eat it, but finding no alternative other than starvation, they ate it, sickened and died. The digestive organs of hogs and cattle are as delicately constructed, and just as susceptible of derangement, or liable to have their functions arrested or impaired from improper food, as are those of man. Annexed is a statement compiled from authentic sources exhibiting the number of acres in corn, the bushels gathered, and the average per acre in every county in the State for the years 1850, '51, '52, 5, and '56. From this compilation it will be observed that none of the counties in the Northern half of the State, nor any out of Miami or Scioto Valleys produced I 0 bushels of corn in 1856. The counties each of which produced 2.000.000 bushels and upwards, are Butler, Fayette, Pickaway, and Boss. In 1855, Ross and Pickaway counties, embracing a territory somewhat less than 1,200 square miles, or about three-fourths of a million of acres, produced 7 ,1 00 bushels of corn. There are several States in the Union which do not produce as much corn as these two counties did in 1855. In 1856, Clinton and Franklin counties, each produced between one and a half, and two million bushels. The following eleven counties produced between one, and one and a half million bushels, viz : Champaign, Fairfield. 1 1 . Hamilton, Highland, Licking, Madison, Miami, Montgom- ery, Preble and Warren. Geauga produced 126,259 bushels only, being the smallest amount produced by any one county in the State. 29 o o o 55 o r— in ca -3> — ~ x a-, in — -? — ~ ca x — ra ca va — ; ~* ~> — 5 x 3 — CO QO ^ 7i ca ~) ~; ca ~ l_- t~. t Tf — 93 — in ~ ~; ~! eo — — t t~ — t -r ; f ; c » 0 t=' — — Di ■=: — ' X (O 7\ >0 03 co — t- — X SO i- 60 — X — cr: ;a •» ca t - — t-- ■ ea ca B o i-H r: :i r: r r. ~ ■? r: o " r ^ •? ■? ~ ~ r. .-; .- :i r; .-: o r t :i ^ .". t ~ r * u? ca ca ca ca ?? -.a ia tj- ;a a) — >Q :; on s> ?» ■>* x — .— so — «* — ;o — x — -o ca >cx ■< r- a? lo bo i-^ssi o x ai oi *» ad ^« to «o«o" no eni oo en >d r* id st i«» ks r~ co e> r- ca ri X Ui ca — ■ a» ~< a« ca -* ca — . at -; ci o; ca ~i r-i a< « co — -j -) si ca — — co a« ca 3 3 pa on co r- so ca x x na *a x ia x zi ~ .— . 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CJ CM —I CM CM rH CO H i-l CM >-l 01>*-ip!31-#fflO(MHOi.10DCD- (COOOOtOSlCnCM-iCD-* Ow^BOi^SCTCiinon'JrHsicrjc^nroar-ift^oit^ co.-'* in. to. -h irtinsiMo^s ^.o.cm en uo.si eo.t-.oqo ©.en cm. en. © to" cri -i"t^ ©"o"t— cri cri cm"©" co"c-T cm" co m »—""**•># cm" co" si iri to" CJC-CM.ie0.lCMr~rtCMCOCMCMi1>iCMCM rl ■** CM CM i-lr-t nMii-tsn^NnoMnr-iMOTiiooNt-Hcmmh cooCTsWf'COrtrtnii'^otofCTOi^OrtnHn-iH i— ;, t-~_ co. h_ -..{>._ ©^ c^ ^_ cji. e^ in_ Tr -i_ c>_ en. t^^ en o co co ao t- si ss" co" cf si" cm" co" oo" iri © si" c> t-" oo" o" i-T oo" o m" cm" oo 'r-T si" to oo~cm" rtlflfl CO rt t^ i-l M H r-l rt H 11 i-l W nCOrln i-l tOSltO^T'O'^ftOt-CJCOOtOtOt-.Sl-- THO^OinCNto-#.TOco(Mn-r CO Cl o O C lO _ _ ^7" ^— ' »"^ ~^ I— ^— ' m 'jV ^»-' ^T -^ ^— ' ^X t'J xT I— ^ * i— j »^rf *—* ■ ~* to o oo.i-.co.©.in •>* si_to in_to cm cm o co si o oo si_r~ ^om oo*i— "cm tr- sTt- to" in o co t- m irisfcrico j--""^" i-T <-T iri t-"-"* i~-" iltOCM CM 1— ihHfflHHH MH H^lllH oiocooi-oonw- it— tot— ooiiHtHiflpih.p. i — i coo moMOXuOr- CMi-it-~to-#m — siincositocMooaocoss in_t— ^-^j" ■^."^^t' i—i o_co oo_to_it^_ m co si cs iri to to~sTcM m m irioi'i-"oo"r-rco"-i'>-i,-i| m"co m s" ^tOCJ CM iit- Hhhh huh hi*hh t~-ot-tor— t^so-h to to m -m cm o co ox m CMCCCDT7> ^ 5 -i 3 i £-w § a § § to . i> h fl g « 3 a g.S S S 5^5 8 ?» Ei 3.2.-S 5 g 3-~ o 5 "3 S^-S 5 C 3 a =s-5Jr>5h?r,l0kr IHHHMrlCUHplr^MMKiCQCOCQ^HrSr^^iSpSEScSfcSCat 32 BUSHELS OF CORN GATHERED. Cooties. 1550. 1:51. Adams Allen Ashland. . . . Ashtabula . . Athens Auglaize . • . Belmont. . . . Brown Butler Carroll Champaign . Clark ...... Clermont . . . Clinton Columbiana. Coshocton . . Crawford . . . Cuyahoga . . Dai ke Defiance. . . . Delaware . . . Erie Fairfield. . . . Fayette. . . . Franklin . . . n Gallia G=auga. . . . Greene Guems v . . . Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison . . . Henry Highland. . . Hocking. . . . Holmes Huron Jackson .... Jefferson . . . Knox Lake Lawrence. . . Lickicg . . . . Lo-an Lorain Lucas Madison. . . . Mahoning . . Marion .... Medina Mi:! Mercer Miami Momoe Mon'go nery. Mort an Morrow Muskingum . Ottawa Faslding . . . 1852. 1553. 1554. 1555. 330,811 500,512 653,341 991 215 1,314,741 2 646,353 316.999 954,609 799,489 1,313 375 i 962.646 459 151 396,922 1*36,953 "615199 1,569,313 1,984,929 674 655 319,583 1.170.54:3 B51,181 1,604,618 461.343 568 752 762.906 532.571 734.376 .. "610 930 412,810 791.554 416.063 914,838 1,183,335 72c - - - 583,318 757,245 733,024 443,126 325,039 367.897 437,192 325,555 125.900 515,635 516,952 363,655 304,573 753,934 954,713 1,170.730 1,306,349 2,696,153 2,446,123 5 163.371 1,266,020 979,544 1,067.673 675,304 1,346 631 1,155,770 1,594,25); 1,255,977 325,003' 291,790 J1.551 951,469. 4-7.854 442,015 325 570 133,097 919,155' 661,019 52.635 143,565 756.323 546.422 306.113 477 398 1,412,776 1,763,030, 1,579,114 1,519,721 2.065,376 2.346.295 94.357 136,592 489,368 352.122 " 427 175,139, 1. 361, 965 1 927 424. S90 576,071 1,050.412 891.953 403,014 517,136 211,558 27: 466.400 (] 46.} - ^99,405' 1,699.554 1,44 355,234 200,710 517,156 428,313 447.134 547,535 441,559 1,210,316 760 921 293,386 351, 5*5 327,434' 314,103' 1,611,038' 403,052' 1,660.110. 469.372! 1,063,914 469,614, :5,143, )9 928 360,751 200,7101 C74,42-i 353,315! 45-,413: 652,651' 231,706 457,2 10 1.455.143 709 31 104.532 943,696; 249,547 826,528 367,075 317,2 273,526 1,097,625 520,521 541,455, 5 1,331 ■ 49,47 U 860,358 529,603 664.310 403 570 641,967 462,355 1,055,613 1,467,055 2,406,733 276,691 1,292,327 1,142,547 1 234,442 1,528,246 525,439 716.57;) 353.069 952.555 157.12> 1,212.647 439,479 2,066,021 2 123.221 2,544,408 246.99?; 392,385 296,176 I 614,882 590,715, 757,69ui 419,477 545,919, 11 -.205 461,654 445.950 547.307 332,789 518,646' 922,067; 306,157 443,506 1,637,845, 510,794 123,100: 1,230,065' 486,249 347.9. f 391.631 1,672.486 1,332.416 630.63C 1,198.170 699,926 95,768 82,090 505,251 1,121,604] 509,255 552,541 270,162 641.509 239,365 564.573 503,503 816,302 42;.404 496.716 553,910 1512.245 747,174 1,582,109 1 -15,161 3.245,186 123.190 417,64!) 818,627 1,565,499 745.015 1,272 515,906 1,605,373 924,510 1,965,' '69 88,118 679,697 1,013,322 1,336 4-5 514,734 820,3 155,453 213 136 1,007,715 5 12,654 1,213.497 906,267 1,621,749 251,953 462 625 1,015,702 200.972 1.117.599 737.427 2,433,666 2,148,412 2,624,155 172,900 301,650 -.1.276.256 92,569 276,2*5 1,735.469' 1,603,253 3 529,672 753,5o 6 1,100,910 1,1-1.145 755 43 J 333,725, 413,495 136,450 1,138,165 2,191,-14 306,623 524,691 2 469,244; 597,561 1 344,609 664.952, 310,565 734 257 421,444 1.14 193 798 596, 271,008 ! 3 3 626,063 55.674 952,619 117 437 331,298 743,728 1,358 547! 293,461; 679,175 3 564667! 53.li. 9 1,363.995| 455.439 1,004.099 642,202 543,1 13 999,733 1,364,594! 3 700,343 916 229 1,602,990 435 731 526 110 9 3 94,2 1 2 95,6:2 1556. 646.209 535,303 307,397 190.069 406.913 356,934 527.575 991,060 .713 | 145,550 1,102,258 952 537 915,745 1,649,323 2„«3o63 610,135 652,793 255,605 I 629,356 330,366 990,219 639,905 1,389,928 2,144 1.564.495 219.626 379 127 126.259 1,241.116 365,116 1,349.293 799,556 309 333 302 213 206.— 1,387,191 356,625 257,455 736,393 . 24-. 356 202 654.490 . 171.963 343,705 1.197.445 734,610 342.- . :<93 1,108,019 299 196 679,712 433,034 253,052 334.1-1 1,159,739 2-7 • 1,295.795 713 396 _44 33 BUSHELS OF COEX GATHEEED— (hnimveu Counties. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1554. 1855. 1856. Perry 752,932 451,b69 547,827 667,503 371,914 869 893 454 081 Piokaway.. 2,627,727 3,007,410 3,039,413 2,845,999 1,660.950 3,609 '705 2 345963 Pike 902,611 881,026 692,415 959,763 1,229,759 1,080*996 '693'567 Portage 329,539 1,93,659 204,255 431,956 96,634 4^1 '031 174860 Preble 1,167,548 1,253,743 1,097,157 1,172,423 995,792 1,589 572 1012382 Putnam 210,002 153,639 222,976 34^,315 400 540 282 043 431807 Richland... 563,320 424,457 416,441 694,195 441,254 B74,321 439*575 Ross 2,913,953 3,460,486 2,971,500 3,399,800 2,375,917 3,577.710 2 135541 Sandusky.. 339,531 201,307 2G5 850 377,592 455.426 502 806 '605*599 Scioto 1,023,540 966,762 813,934 665,273 1,042159 673'307 Seneca 649,943 492,026 531,952 814,413 705,694 1,009 675 828 347 Shelby 521,792 576,536 406,835 673,449 445,906 618 62- 411*685 Stark 651,323 475,457 390,106 729,523 159,384 864454 340*258 Summit....' 366,446 302,203 311,022 412,564 123,011 360 577 218 720 Trumbull... 413,595 383,969 232,443 426.322 117,203 439 615 249 '716 Tuscarawas. 669,008 559,475 612,043 695,553 470 451 574'4 97 43-573 Union ' 525,732 589,002 596 033 870,193; 674,422 839 m6 714-07 Van Wert... 92.544 72,941, 110.693 192,321 200,955 172,236 173 B85 Vinton .... 345,470 346,334 279,190 427,042 317,750 516,665 273 178 Warren.... 1,757,4)9 2,001,043 1,566,165 1,627,679 1,334,021 2,242-5 1401759 Washington. 634,184 449,838 541,364 565,977 475.306 531523 36 1516 Wavne \ << ^93,030 427,577 810,771 253,706 737,266 362,273 William3 \r 64,732 120,000 216,370 185,092 279.893 . 206 47- Wood ' 163,774 250,924 299,166 451,297 238,721 505'364 WyaDdotte ; 239,591 517,321 496,423 175,149 513,479 Total ...56,619,603 61,171,252 55,165,517 73,436,090 52 171,551 57,587,434 57,602,515 The crop of 1857 lias been estimated to be from sixty to ninety millions of busliels. It will be observed that the nnmber of acres appropriated to the culture of corn has been gradually increasing since 1850, whilst that of wheat has been as regularly decreasing since that period; but the inference that the wheat lands have been converted into corn lands is not borne out by facts. A great proportion of lands released from the production of wheat has been changed into meadows and pasture lands, whilst the additional grounds which have been devoted to corn, are such as have re- cently been reclaimed from a state of nature. The only change worthy of note from the aggregates of plow, meadow, and woodland as returned in 1853 is a change of plow land into meadow or pasturage. If from the plow land we deduct 3,563,058 acres, being the amount in wheat and corn in 1856, there will remain 2,963,104 acres for oats, potatoes, barley, rye, flax, tobacco, sorghum, grapes, broom corn, and orchards. The number of acres occupied by each of these pro- ducts can be approximated only, and there is at present no data from which the amount in quantity, or the value, of these crops may be ascertained even approximately. Correct statistics in relation to the condition, quan- tity, and kind of crops grown in Ohio will in a few years be of as much importance as are the wheat and corn crops at present: they are equally 3 34 the products and resources of the State, and are also articles of export from -which no inconsiderable sum of money is realized. Ohio boasts a population whose average density is 59 to the square mile : of this population 269.471 are landholders other than proprietors of town or citv lots. The average quantity of land held by these owners is less than 90 acres to each proprietor. The aggregate number of acres in wheat $56 was about 19 per cent, of the entire amount of plow land; taking 90 acres as the average quantity of land in each farm, it follows that no more than about 17 acres are appropriated to wheat upon each farm. The success of the wheat crop upon these 17 acres is dependent upon more contingencies than those not familiar with the subject are willing to be- : therefore means should be devised which will secure as prompt, and as correct returns of the amount and of the condition of all the various crops grown in the State annually, as is the enlistment and valuation of property by the assessor at present. will long be remembered as the period in which an ex - ceedingly valuable acquisition was made to our annual crops, in the form - lant which, whilst it no doubt will prove valuable as a forage plant. - I the same time more valuable as a sugar-producing plant. The follow- ing facts were determined in relation to the Sorghum saccharatum during the past year : I. It will grow vigorously and healthily, and mature properly, in every portion of the State. II. It is an excellent forage plant, producing in greater abundance than corn. HT. It contains a saccharine juice, in great abundance, from which an Dent article of syrup may be manufactured. TV. This syrup is susceptible of crystallization, thus forming a beautiful le of sugar, much resembling the niaple sugar both in appearance and flavor. The culture of the sorghum is destined to be an important item to the future agriculturist of this State. It is estimated that the experiment of growing this plant, as well as the manufacture of syrup from it, has cost the agriculturists of Ohio, in land, labor, and machinery, at least $100,000. There is no doubt that an impetus will be given to the culture of this plant in consequence of the signal success with which Mr. Jos. S. Loveeixg met in the manufacture of sugar from it From communications which have been received at this office, from inquiries for seed, and from seed furnished through this office, there is reason to believe, that at least 20,000 acres will be planted in 1858 in sorgho. Mr. Loverin'g's statement and process 35 u % 'HfA of manufacture will be found in an appropriate place in this volume. Every one who grows the sorgho cannot afford the expenditure in cash for the machinery and necessary fixtures to manufacture suo-ar successfully. There is little doubt that the manufacture of sugar from this plant will become a permanent branch of industry, and that capital will be as perma- nently invested, and to as great an extent perhaps, as there is now in grist mills, and persons will engage in this new branch of industry as readily and as permanently as they now do in grinding wheat and other cereals. Barley is grown to a much greater extent than formerly, both for do- mestic consumption and as an article of export. Eoot crops are not grown to any considerable extent. The Japan pea has been grown in Ohio within the past few years, and in a number of instances matured fully. The benefits to be derived from the culture of this plant are, to say the least, exceedingly doubtful. From a want of proper knowledge in the preparation of this pea for the table, it has failed to be appreciated as a vegetable suitable to be cultivated in the kitchen garden. Those who have witnessed the preparation of this pea for the table in Japan, state that the natives steep it in cold water for 2-i hours previous to boiling; the cold water softens the external covering of the pea: whereas, if the pea is plunged into hot water without having been soaked in the cold, it becomes harder by boiling, instead of softer, as is the case with the common garden pea. I can state, from personal experience, that the Japan pea is exceedingly prolific, and matures in the latter part of Sep- tember or commencement of October in this latitude. An effort is being made to introduce the Panicum Germani- cum, or Hungarian grass, in Ohio. The grass itself appears to be very coarse, rapid growing, much resembling the "barn- yard grass" of Eastern States ; it is evidently a grass that ex- hausts the soil with great rapidity. I have carefully examined Metzger's work onEuropean Cereals, also E. F.C. Kxenig's For- age Plants of Germany, and can find nothing in either of these works to recommend it to the favorable consideration of the farmers in Ohio. Its merits appear to be — 1. It may be sown in the middle of June, and yield a good crop in a season of drought ; or it may be sown in wheat or rye stubble, and pro- duce a heavy growth of fall pasture. 2. It ripens in Septem- ber, and produces an extraordinary amount of seed. The hay is said to be eaten with avidity by horses, but is injurious to _ $ 36 cows. Its demerits are, that it is a rank growing weed, which German farmers would gladly exterminate ; that in ordinary seasons it yields less than in seasons of drought ; and, if sown early, is more liable to be killed by spring frosts than any plant in general culture. The Hungarian grass is undoubtedly an excellent grass for Illinois, Iowa, and perhaps a part of Wisconsin ; but in Ohio, where such excellent crops of timothy, blue _ - - (Poa pratense), redtop, orchard grass {Dactylis ghmerataX and other gn -• in general culture, are grown with almost neyer-failing success, the Hun- garian grass will not by any means proye a desideratum. There is no doubt that many excellent grasses, which are now regarded as worthless, may, after haying been subjected to the modifying influences of cultiyation, perhaps proye to be excellent grasses for pasture as well as for hay. Many grasses which in a wild state are rough and harsh, become by cultiyation tender, and the uninyiting qualities become greatly modified. Instead of introducing the Hungarian grass, it would perhaps be as well to introduce the muskit grass of Texas for a late pasture grass. It has been introduced into Virginia with signal success, and, according to recent information from the latter State, it is found that it readily acclimates. There are, according to Prof. Gray, in the Northern United St; 10 species of Equisetaca?, or the Rush Tribe ; 26 species of Juncaca?, or the Eeed Tribe ; 211 species of Cyperacea?, or the Sedge Tribe; 191 species of Graminaca?, or the Grass Tribe. Of these 191 species of true grasses, 162 are natives of the United States, and 82 are introduced, chiefly from Europe. There are found within the limits of the State of Ohio 105 species of true grasses, 26 of which have been introduced from other States ; and. strange to relate, the introduced grasses are the only ones cultivated. Mr. L. Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio, a short time since, had nearly a com- plete collection of all these grasses in a good state of preservation. There are questions involved in connection with the culture of grasses and forage plants generally, sufficient to render necessary a thorough botanical survey of the State. Many individuals have collected specimens of all the plants in their immediate locality : a collection of these labors would furnish a list, more or less complete, of the indigenous as well as introduced species of plants ; but a survey should include a description of the kind of soil best adapted ; whether the plant delights in solitude, or in densely asso- ciated clusters or groups ; what plants exercise a deleterious influence by rapid growth, expanded top, panicle, leaves, &c. &c., as well as a description of insects injurious to grasses and forage plants; rotation in culture, &c. 37 I herewith append a list of the true grasses found in Ohio ; which has been compiled from various, yet authentic sources, as well as from per- sonal observation. 2 m s . 2 a. &■ 3 -2 • .• ./ 3 ,* 3 a> o Sf-3,^5 ^£f^ «* 02 CQ S^3J . 3^3 = a ^ p • ■» » •* • -3D33 1 """O^a a j^ a Ji\J^ be tic tc &o 333<»S3333"~" i_ 3 3 3 J -0^2 O a> iEfee a: 13 ** fc, 13 13 "3 2 !D C > E5 +£ T3 ft.£ ? ^ -0 O.P. «s -a o ti „ cj T? o > o T- . fM .ft i3 -o a> qo " > o s* a a — h 13 a o> CIS (4 ■"O -G *~o •* £« o c3 a O "S i3 2 -3 § a g ft"! a S •S a° '-? 15 a tag-" O 03 O Sf E J ^ B; ; 1 a oo* 13 mZ3 "&13 g 00 00 rt 2 2 o S 6- » S O «o "S^ 2-3 =3^5 fee ? 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The culture of the vine is destined to become an important item in our industrial system, and the product of the vine will not be an inconsiderable item in the annual aggregate of our increas- ing wealth. As an instance of the remunerativeness of the grape culture, I will repeat a statement made to me by Mr. Chas. Caepexter, of Kelley's Island — a gentleman whose integrity is unquestioned. In 1854 he b as the product of one acre of vines, 800 gallons of wine, at prices ranging from - _ " 1 1,50 per gallon; grapes to the amount of $100; roots and t.-uttings to the amount of $130. Thus did one acre return to its proprietor $1,330 in one year. Speaking of the culture of the grape, the Commis- sioner of Statistics says: ! i^e capacity of the grape to make wine is properly considered an important test of climate. Humboldt b smofi, vol. 1, p. 324) that to procure potable wine, it is requisite that the mean annual heat should exceed 49 deg., that the winter temperature should be upward of 33 deg.. and the summer temperature upward of 64 deg. At Cincinnati, where wine is made in large quantities, the temperature of the winter is slightly above the minimum required: the temperature of the summer, ten degrees higher, and the mean temperature of the year four degrees. This proves that it will not do to take the mean annual tempera- ture as a test of climate ; but we must also take the mean temperature of the winter and summer. It is not the temperature of the summer, or even of the year, which prevents the culture of the European grape, or plants which readily grow in the same latitude of Asia ; but the great range of the extremes of temperature." Humboldt's observations are undoubtedly correct for Germany, and based upon actual observation, but may not be correct for America. I am not aware that a registry of meteorological observations has been made at Ke. Island, but feel confident that the mean temperature of the winter is no higher on the Island than at Cleve- land, (which is less than 32 deg..) and yet i: is very doubtful whether Cincinnati can manufacture a better wine than is produced on the Island. There is reason to believe that the range of extremes is not so great on the Island, or at Cleveland, as at Cincinnati; hence, although Humboldt's doctrine may be correct in the main, vet situations and locality certainly exert modifying influences. The annexed table, compiled chiefly from Blodget's Climatology of the Uunited States, exhibits the nieteorolo_ ten prominent points in Ohio. 41 W o & o h o o h3 o o v. a =5 3 9 •— ' Q OQ 03 "o so ?! B a Jf ^ .fl t)0 3 3] s Ft * £2 t3 >» s o o a -3 IK G I o m4 o h4 < — ' I cs o o •Brnrai}^ I »' so" t~' o — s = x t^ I © •JB3J. C? — -H •aairn^ 2 « 1 r- o 03 ■* 0: CI 03 ci c •murqny 3 m. i ea : 0: 00 00 CI ci CI CI aararang en — i-h Snudc -J o" m ■ ^ LT3 T u-. •jaqraaoaQ x o « •jaqmaAOjj 3 O -' CI 03 O 09 03 o" r- o •<5« 03 o CI x" 03 •aaqopQ CI — i -h •jaqm^idag •^sxiSny jfmp io u-; ec 1 ■*■ r-— i^. r— •8unp ci -4«j| -* 03 ©* —J •Judy t- C3 ci — ' _, U3 l-3 IQ O ^H — -*J< •qoauj^ •AjBiuq^j d — j «3 X 03 ci 03 03 O CI ci 03 ■a 03 03 CI o 53 o X C* •Ajratrep ift — 0; Ma ci — • •5JC9^ JO -0*J JSfWfc apt} aAoqs notjBAaTjj »- « i-H 03-*OO©-«©=. •apniiSaoi ;sa_^ *9 — CI 03 •spn^c'j qiJo^j 03 05 03 O — — _ , Oh O i I ^ i I J 3 S »— i s c a = _= 5 W fc 42 Experiments have been made to a very limited extent, however, with the Dioscorea Batatas, or Chinese Yam. So far as heard from, the results of these experiments are by no means flattering. In a country where from $50 to §150 may be realized from an acre of potatoes in a single season, or not nnfreqnently $50 from an acre of water-melons, it is not very probable that the Yam will supersede any of the more popular and familiar esculents. It would be well, however, to test the matter of its growth and adaptation to our climate, to a greater degree than has been done, before the culture is entirely abandoned. The most remarkable progress observable in agriculture is the extensive introduction of improved implements, and machinery. There is, no doubt very much due to the generous encouragement ex- tended to improved implements and machinery by the State Board of Agriculture, at State Fairs, for the unprecedented distribution of them, and demand for them. Prominent among the more recent machines are those for reaping and mowing. Ten years ago a machine to reap or mow — although then a desideratum, nevertheless appeared to those in Ohio who were accustomed to " swing the cradle" as impracticable as did "Ocean steamships" to the learned Dr. Lardner; but to-day there are perhaps no less than 10,000 machines which were employed as reapers or mowers, or both, within the limits of the State during the past year. Of these there were Manufactured in Cleveland 1 ,643 '« Sandusky 1,000 Springfield.... 1,300 Dayton 1,826 Canton 1,507 Sold at different points in the State, of foreign manufacture 1,000 8,276 There were probably no less than 2,000 reapers and mowers sold in the Territory of Ohio previous to 1857, which were manufactured in other States. The manufacturers in Ohio state that they were unable to supply the demand for these machines. From present indications, in a few years the grain cradle will be as obsolete an implement as is the sickle at present. At a trial of reapers and mowers held at Hamilton, in Butler county, from the 1st to the 3d of July last, under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture, there were entered twelve machines which were reaper and mower combined, two as reapers only, and two as mowers only, as competitors for a gold medal, which was offered by the State Board for the best of each of the above named classes of machines. The report of the awarding committee will be found in an appropriate place. 43 Each, of these machines proved itself eminently successful in all its operations, and each of them is not only a triumph of mind over matter, but a complete substitute, so far as haying and harvesting is concerned, for from three to five agricultural laborers. There are at present no reliable statistics from which the number of drills, horse-rakes, corn-shellers and threshing machines can be determined with any degree of accuracy. But the amount of agricultural machinery introduced within the past ten years is sufficient to perform the labor of 100,000 agricultural laborers. Every new agricultural machine is met with a generous greeting, not by landed proprietors only, but strange and inconsistent as it may appear, is hailed as a treasure by the agricultural laborer himself. How striking is the contrast of the introduction of ma- chinery for agricultural purposes in the United States, as compared with the attempt to do so in England in 1830. There, and at that time, the laborers organized themselves into companies, and proceeding from farm to farm, they destroyed all the agricultural machines, and a majority of the implements. The price of an agricultural machine appears to be of minor importance only, at the present time : the absolute scarcity of laborers com- pels the agriculturist to supply their place by machinery. The Commissioner of Statistics has just ascertained that the number of reapers, mowers, drills and threshing machines made in 1857 by the prin- cipal manufacturers, was eight thousand, and the value exceeded a million of dollars. There were over one thousand threshers manufactured. The steam thresher has proved very successful in Eoss county. Its cost is $700, and performs labor equivalent to eighty men. "In the past autumn, one of these machines threshed out 36,000 bushels of wheat in one neighborhood, and its proprietor expected to accomplish as much more during the winter. The value of this application is in the saving of time, rather than of money. The use of the steam thresher saved the owner of a single farm a thousand dollars, by enabling him to market a large crop of wheat while the prices were yet high." — Mansfield. The brief experience of the agriculturist with machines has convinced him of the following facts : I. The machine will perform any given amount of labor in less time than the laborer could perform it. II. It performs it much more uniformly — consequently better than a laborer. III. It performs labor in the aggregate much cheaper than the laborer. From the above statement the conclusion is that whilst the agriculturist economizes both time and money — which Dr. Franklin regarded as synono- 44 mous — he is, unconsciously perhaps, although certainly adopting an im- proved system of agriculture. Whilst on the subject of agricultural labor and laborers, it may not be inappropriate to remark that the census of 1860 will present a much greater comparative disparity between the numbers of agriculturists in Ohio, and the numbers residing in villages, towns and cities, as compared with that of 1850, than did the latter as compared with the census of 1840. There is no evidence that the entire natural increase of the rural popula- tion have been transferred to towns and cities, and the proportion that has thus changed is very small, in comparison to the numbers which have supplied other demands on our agricultural population : I. The war in Mexico received a just proportion of soldiers from Ohio. II. The discoverv of gold in California seduced from rural life and converted into a Californian, every one who had the means, the inclination and the health to encounter the incidents and dangers of a voyage thither. III. The precariousness of regular or continued labor on the farm by emplovees, has induced every one who could command the means, to emi- grate to the " west" to labor in his own "vineyard," and repose in the genial shade of his own "fig-tree." IT. Railroads have made a more extensive demand for employees upon our rural population than did the entire Mexican war. Hence, there is no just cause for surprise, that in 1857 agriculturists in Ohio, were compelled to employ machinery in harvesting, equivalent in extent to 50,000 laborers. "Were the landed proprietors in Ohio to adopt some system by vrhich farm labor could be so regulated as to furnish employment throughout the entire year to farm laborers, there is no doubt that in the course of a few years laborers would again become abundant ; because, many would prefer to remain in the immediate neighborhood of their nativity, than to emi- grate. But under the present order of things, farm laborers can depend upon no longer period of employment annually, than from seven to eight months, and many only during haying and harvesting, and to assist in gathering corn and fruits. A very large proportion of the arable soil of Ohio is clayey loam or stiff clay, which if properly and thoroughly underdrained would yield crops if not more ample, at least less precarious. The several counties in which underdraining has been practiced, uniform success in growing larger and healthier crops has crowned the effort. It would be well for agricultur- ists to employ laborers to underdrain, employ other laborers also to manu- facture tile. An excellent Essay on Drainage, will be found in this vol- 45 lime, by Mr. J. Brady, of Butler county, which discusses the subject in a clear and able manner. The low price of western lands has caused many not farm laborers only, but small farmers, to seek a home in the west, where they, for the sum obtained for a few acres in Ohio, could obtain many acres of virgin soil. At the same time there is no place where the agricultural laborer is paid such high wages as in Ohio — except, perhaps, in California. In many instances the more wealthy farmers purchase the few acres from the smaller farmers, so that that which had been the homesteads of half a dozen fam- ilies is now one farm only. In this respect the census of 1860 will show a much greater decrease of population in rural districts than the census of 1850. To what extent this system of depopulation is going on may be inferred from the following statement, taken from the census reports of 18-10 and 1850, in my native county (Stark); although the aggregate population during the decade referred to, increased 5,116, but there is no doubt that the increase of town and village population during these years would greatly exceed the aggregate increase in the county ; there certainly has been no increase m the rural population, and it is presumed that it is actually less in t850 than in 1810. The following townships in Stark county, are of rather more than average fertility when grown in grain ; they are well adapted to agriculture generally, and are among the best townships in the county. Annexed is the amount of inhabitants of each, in 1810 and 1850: 1840. 1850. Decrease. *Jackson 1,547 1,500 47 *Osnaburg 2,333 2,225 118 *Sugar Creek 1,862 1,743 119 tTuscarawas 1,792 1,714 78 tPerry.... 2,209 2,016 192 9,743 9,198 545 In five townships in one of the best wheat counties in the State has the agricultural population decreased 545 between 1810 and 1850. A similar decrease in agricultural population has taken place in Wayne, and manv other counties. Annexed is a table copied from the report of the Com- missioner of Statistics, exhibiting at a glance, in the several counties, the distribution of land among holders. including village population. fExcluding village population, 46 PISTBIBUTIOX OF LAXD AMONG HOLDERS. Counties. I 2 ►^ s a Adams .... Allen Ashland . . . Ashtabula. . Athens .... Auglaize. . . Belmont . . . Brown .... Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont. . . Clinton .... Columbiana Coshocton. . Crawford . . Cuyahoga . Darke Defiance Delaware . . Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga .... Green Guernsey . . Hamilton . . . Hancock . . . Hardin .... Harrison Henry .... Highland . . Hocking . . . Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson . . . Knox Lake Lawrance. . . 284,069' 256,9771 268 811' 444,188' 306,669 247,419 334,863 306,223 293,762 i4-.:-;. 268,029 249,271 281,359 260,104; 336.747 350.953 252,808, 279,212 363,227 250,786 248.598 156,325 314,571 250,497 334,930 258,059, 286,036 256,416 254,148 326,580 249,472 337,090 290,970 255,260 254,807 335,582 261,972 268,979 313,450 255,685 257,317 334,879 145,025 279, 188 1,111 2,476 660 6,400| 7,950. 2,866 i,072! 4,632 1*713 1,360| 3,987; 3,131 4,000' 869 3,000 2,323 2,752 0*,343 1,447 2,871 1,627' i4,eoo; l',288: 1,805 2,316, 10,300 667: 1,950 1,659 2,800 2,931 ; 1,683; 836 2,420 7,406: 8,20= 7,172 7,687 Miami 29,405 25.7=9 22,722 21,474 23,119 24,454 23,253 16,67= 17,150 Monroe 25,943 28.040 19,-52 7,9-6 20,702 21,977 22,515 20,492 18,869 Montgomery 26,911; 19,961 18,554 15,676 16,366 16,4=2 15,616 11,618 10,596 ' 56.0=9 36,604 25,611 40,659 51.055 47,916 39,026 35,559 60,6-9 65,649 62,46- 105,051 129,722 101,534 72,322 H4.361 60 642 78,051 70,9=7 66,044106.107 97,-10 83,225 79,400 Noble 28,907 24.3=7 41,601 53,730 48,648 36,626 32.142 Oitave. 6,297 7,690 10,302 9,260| 12,160 14,39=1 14,382 11,173 10,936 Pauldiug ! 267 455 46U 324 559 619 610 735 940 53 NUMBER OF SHEEP— Omtinued. Perry 38.149 52,63? 44,445 36,542 48.550 63,251 54.712 46.994 45.257 Pickaway 26,443 2?, 156 25,236 24,03? 27.437 26 776 26.35b 19,681 18,151 Pise 1U.467 11.145 9,b73 6,(j71 9,306 9,9*3 115-3 111,893 11 3-U Portage 84,422116,551 90 249 70,552 59.523 93,365 ?0,5?9 72,146 64,061 Preble 30,52? 24,505 21,793 22,612 26,026 29 252 25,252 15,39? 13,5 22 243 216 15 15 16 32 58 92 39 42 114 134 : 4 7 ! 7 3 60 165 3 002 3,222 4,704 5,315 5,750 6,742 Vn ue of Mules in 1846. " 1850. " 1851. " " 1852. " 1853. " 1854. " 1855. " 1856. " 1857. $57,562 86,828 125,925 159,538 255,869 303,125 367,114 485,622 53 From the foregoing it will be seen that the average value of the horse has increased from $31.53 in 1846, to $62.19 in 1857. From being valued 122 per head in 1846, cattle are now valued at $12.77. She- were "listed"1 at 55 cents per head, and in 1857 at $1.66. Hogs have increased in assess: rs' estimation from $1.58, in 1846, to $2.90 in In 1854 sheep attained their maximum in numbers ; since that time they have been rapidlv decreasing. The cause of this decrease may be found chiefly in the inefficiency of the statute providing for the protection of sheep from the depredations committed on them by dogs. Xo on ■:• abandoned wool growing in consequence of the climate being unsuited, or the pastures not adapted, or of unprofitableness in the product itself; bus because the ravages by dogs can neither be prevented, nor redressed with- out involving the wool grower in harassing and tedious litigations. The of the wool grower must be better protected, or it will entirely . and the revenue which will arise from $4,000,000 (the value of the wool clip in 1854) we can illy afford to dispense with at the present time. I: ia :o be hoped that as civilization progresses, pork, as an article of diet, will fell into disuse ; it must be gratifying to every philanthropist to learn that in Ohio there is certainlv a great decline in the use of it as an article of food. It is exceedingly doubtful, however, whether any veg- etable product can be found to supply the place of lard, and lard oil for mechanical purposes, or of the blood of the hog for sugar-refining purposes. Several Cashmere goats have been introduced in one of the southern counties of the State. Whether a "clip," amounting to two or three ounces of very fine wool from each goat, together with a fleece of 5 to 6 pounds of coarse wool, will be remunerative to the farmers of Ohio, is a problem which time alone can solve. It is possible that they cannot readily be acclimated; Mr. Peters, of Atlanta, Georgia, however, is of the opinion that there will be no difficulty in acclimating them to the South. Many years must elapse, under the most favorable circumstances, before the goat will supplant the sheep entirely, in this State, either for the fleece or for flesh, which latter is said to be most delicious and tender, of the Cashmere goat The quantity of fishes in the streams are annually decreasing, caused undoubtedly in a great degree by those who ply the art piscatorial ; but measurably, also, by obstructions in some of the streams, which prevent the ascent of many choice varieties to deposit their spawn in the sour the streams. The government of France has deemed it proper to commis- sion several gentlemen skilled in the art of artificial reproduction of fishes. 59 to re-populate several of the principal streams of France, together with their chief tributaries, with choice varieties of fish. It affords me great pleasure to state that the art of artificial reproduction of fishes has been successfully practised with many varieties of Ohio and Lake Superior iishes — more especially with brook trout (sahno fontinalis) — during the past several years, by Theodatus Garlick, M. D., of Cleveland. The Legis- lature has frequently made appropriations of considerable sums of money for purposes less beneficial to the citizens of the State, than would be an appropriation for the extension offish culture, in some of our larger streams. During the ten years which intervened from 1836 to 1846, the value of cattle increased in the aggregate $2,647,716, or $264,771 on an annual average; from 1846 to 1857, a period of twelve years, the aggregate in- crease of value is $15,875,399, or an average of $1,322,783. It will be remembered that the Ohio State Board of Agriculture was organized in 1846, and this unprecedented increase in the value of cattle is mainly due to the generous and untiring exertions of this organization. It is true that in 1834 an importing company was organized, which in 1834, 1S35, and 1836, introduced some of the best strains of "short-horns" from England; but in the absence of railroads at that period, the imported stock was not accessible to the mass of cattle breeders, and many of the smaller farmers then as to-day, "don't take the papers," so that after all the imported stock acquired little more than a merely local reputation. For several years past the various strains of the "Morgan*1 horses have been exceedingly popular in many portions of the State, but for farm pur- poses, in grain growing districts, they are found to be too light, ample evidence of which may be found in the fact that at a sale of imported horses which took place at Milford Centre, in Union county, on the 30th of December last, an English draft stallion sold for $2750; a Cleveland bay (the English coach horse) for $2050; a Clydesdale (the Scottish draft) for $1800; the Norman, or French draft, sold upwards of $1800, whilst thor- ough bred turf stock did not command more than one-third of these rates. From 1836 until 1845, the valuation of horses increased in the aggregate $4,265,520, or less than half a million annually; from 1846 to 1857 the aggregate increase was nearly twenty-five millions, or upwards of two mil- lions annually. Notwithstanding we have nearly 3,000 miles of railroad within the limits of the State in actual operation, there has been no period in the history of the State at which horses commanded a higher price, or were more in demand than at present. An organization which can, by its generous encouragement, in the short space of twelve years, increase the 60 basis of taxation to tlie amount of $40,000,000, is certainly worthy of the most earnest consideration on the part of the Legislature. The increase in the value and improvement of domestic animals is the first and most manifest fruit of the labors of the State Board, because the improvement addresses itself to the eye, and the understanding, and is founded upon an immutable law of nature, that " like 21roduc.es like" under similar circumstances. These indispensable circumstances are more appar- ent and more readily comprehended in relation to the improvement of live stock, than in the culture of the soil. The annual exhibition of the Society was held at Cincinnati, on the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th days of September. Notwithstanding the weather was excessively warm, the number of visitors from the rural districts was fully as large as at any previous exhibition. The Society was somewhat disappointed in the meagre exhibition made by the artists and manufac- turers of the " Queen City." The display of agricultural implements, ma- chines, and engines, has perhaps never been equaled at any similar exhi- bition in the United States ; and establishes, beyond successful controversv, the efficiency of the State Fair as a place to introduce to the agricultural community implements and machinery which is, to a very great extent, supplying the place of manual labor on the farm. The Society has encour- aged, so far as it legitimately could, the manufacture of household fabrics, by farmers' wives and daughters; and it is to be regretted that this department of industry is annually receiving less attention than in the earlier times in the history of the State. It is, however, the province of the political economist, rather than the secretary of the agricultural depart- ment, to determine the influence upon the wealth and prosperity of the State, of this departure from the teachings of the olden time. In the display of live stock, although the number of animals was less, yet many of them were superior to those exhibited at Cleveland, the pre- vious year. Although comparisons may in many instances not be com- mendable, yet it will gratify many parties interested to see a comparative statement of the State Fair held at Cleveland, in 1856, and the one recently held at Cincinnati. The following transcript from the entry books will at a glance present the comparative merit of each, so far as numbers are con- cerned ; it must be remembered, however, that fruit was almost an entire failure in 1856, whilst 1857 was a most excellent fruit season: 61 A*IMAL3. Cleveland, 1856 Cincinnati, 1S57. 109 52 5 7 43 3 i 120 32 1 13 0 ! 17 : 2 Total 219 21 117 98 27 191 50 i 184 I 19 : : 58 ' ! 92 I i 24; 1 117 ! 30 Draft Total 504 22 2 149 120 75 12 340 ; 25 l| 64 99 104 57 19 , Total 376 343 Entries. Swine Poultry Plows : Rollers, drills, «tc Agricultural machines , Engines,