teatstictvestetey sD Shinccct vents to hate frie ened ouee ale te we se HPP eRR perebere’ be ape citone q a rw a eetvrep ate re rae ree eaeaeh ot pramacaterenetotal Rae ulict pore ne Oobaetebe Se Des Reger rier eee crab emegesabenit sone e's eat at a8! 44 pot eed cn oo Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science VOLUME VI, PART 1 Annual Report Twenty-First Meeting or Aad PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Annual Report of the Ohio State Neademy Of science Twenty-First Meeting Nee i a LIBRARY REW YORK BOTANICAL Organized 1891—Incorporated 1892 GARDE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. C. Hambleton EY Li. Rice C..G. Shatzer Date of Publication June 1912 Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio Mfficers --- 1911-1912 PRESIDENT. BRUCE FINK. VICE-PRESIDENTS. M. M. METCALF. M. E. STICKNEY. N. M. FENNEMAN. SECRETARY. i. Bo WALTON: TREASURER, J. S. HINE. LIBRARIAN, W.C:.MILES: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-O fficio. EG WESTGATE. LASS S. HINE: LE. B. WALTON. Elective, W. F. MERCER. EOP (GROWER BOARD OR LRUSTEES: W/, IR, ILAvpian, (Cligiticnagin, (reian GsqoReS, congo oncceooancooouenneooe He 1By,, JLege TRGMCIa S[Her asl icb < OII Ciee ake ten AC ea Beat einee esc cncenicna, tin ater cea one 1914 REAViKen Gare Niven eT IMMme DINE SE nsptea hoe aang slo aera eee etele Sinan 1913 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. J. C. Amino, Caincamein, {rei Gxquitess.cccacnoonb0onceuenoose 1912 C., Gi.“ SistAaAS i eee A 5 en RR ee ee eRe Cae gE are ar ec 1914 ome GR LET iid CXPLEES ssh a2 Gis aw cts ois aie ls le Suayeseleie, 6,0 sa /erereene she 1913 Past Officers PRESIDENTS. 1899. We Crayon: 1992. W. R. LAZzENnsy, °1893. Epwarp OrTON, 1903.5 1G J> Eilers, 1894. F. M. WesstTer, 1904. E. L. Mosetey, 1895. D. S. Kerxicorr, 1°05. Herpert Osporn, 1896. A. A. WricHT, 1906. E. L. Rics, 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1907. CHartrs Dury, (8985. We, G@ Wigan 1908. Frank CARNEY. 1899. G. F. WricHrt, 1909: J. “Hi. SCHAFFNER. 1900. JosHuA LiINDAHL, 1910. W. F. Mercer, 1901. A. D. SExy, 1911. L. G. Westcate. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 12902 A. A.-Wricut, Erren E) SmMirH. 1893. D. S. Kexricorr, D. L. JAMEs. 12904. G. H. Corton, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 1895. H. E. Cuapin, Jane F. WINN. 1896. A. L. Treapwett. CHARLES Dury. i897.9..C. EB. Srocum, Jz ‘Bo Wricur 1898. Josuua LinpaHL, J. H. Topp. 1899: Cuas. E, Arsricur, A. D. Sexpy: 1900. J. A. BownocKker, Lynps JoNEs. 1901. H. Herzer, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 1902. C. J. Herrick, C. S. PROSSER. 1903. J. A. Bownocker, Miss L. C. Rippie. 1904. Lynps Jones, L. H. McFappen. 1905. C. W. Dasney, F. M. ComsrTock. 1906. Cuartes Dury, Lynps Jones. 1907. W. F. Mercer, FRANK CARNEY. 1908. J. H. ScHarrner, F. C.-Watte. 1909. L. G. Westeate, S. R. WILLIAMS. 1910. M. M. Mercatr, Bruce Fink. G. D. Hupparp. 1911.. Cuas. Brooxover. M. E. Stickney. G. D. HuBBArp. TREASURERS. 1892-95. A: D. SExpy, 1899-04. HERBERT OSBORN, 1896-98. D. S. Kex.icorr, 1905-12. Jas. S. Hines. LIBRARIAN. 1904-12. W. C. Mitts. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 1892. 1893-94. 1900-04. 1960-02. 1904-06. 1900-05, 1892-01. 1892-97. 1892-96. 1897-99. 1898-00. 1900-08. SECRETARIES. W. R. Lazensy, 1895-03. E. L. Mosetey, W. G. Tiewt, 1904. F. L. LANDACRE, 1905-12. L. B. Watton. TRUSTEES, F. M. WeEpsTER, 1901-12. W. R. Lazensy, H. C. BEARDSLEE, 1905-08. G. B. Hatstep, C. J. Herrick, 1907-08. Cuas. Dury, J. H. SCHAFFNER, 1908-12. E. L. Rice. 1910-12. FRANK CARNEY. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE, F. M. WesstEr, 1901-03. L. H. McFappen, W. A. KELLERMAN, 1902-04. Grrarp FowKE, E. W. CLayPpo_e, 1904-05. Jas. S. HIne, E. L. MosEtey, 1905-12. E. L. Rice, S. BELLE CRAVER, 1906-12. J. C. HAmBLETON, J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1908-11. Bruce Frnx, 1911. €. G. SHATZER: Wembership TAN UARY iL, We Life APember Michie, JEMiorsony Iecosooecs > oe 320 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. jPatrons SmGCwint KC, thea oo ase eee eMC h cocky one ap 218 13th. St., Toledo Actibe MDcmbers NST Nis VW ee once pen ee Sens toe ah creer inica oe eee ee Station K, Cincinnati PACE LEGEUI GEEARTESS EL ne Sy. ite, Nance aba Waals garcoa ate fesegetoe! + = fa)aiey siete char aaa Columbus JAMISON, (Cy Noy (GAONOGWoscasaccasndncno0anae 1110 Chance Ave.,Canton BAcHMAN, FrepA M., Biology....... i are 310 Bruen St.. Madison, Wis. Bates, B. R., Ornithology, Entomology...... 149 W. Main St., Circleville IBY Meio lla Dey Miadl OW OVG Wick, catty Siete a Akama cain. care onto ot Logan, Utah BARROWS, WiLLiAM M., Experimental Zoology...... O. S. U., Columbus Brn Mpinam © SB iOlOgiene: cuties cele ke seiko tae ree Mt. Vernon I ERINIESIDIT ete clan Ve eeerateera ete et oes Univ. of Cincinnati. Cincinnati BERGER Es Noe ZOO LOG Vicise ancl om Ween, tats Weta ear Gainesville, Florida AIBN Gael EN CESNCHOI OC a Roamer we ReROe OE Oe ancl moe R,. D. No. 10. Wooster TANI Ma CAC tp acer yc We ob ena dan aia aE 1501 Neil Ave., Columbus J0rmN, W. G., Engimeerimg...........- 352 B. & ©. Station, Chicagorsime BOWANOGKER,. JOH: AL GeOlagyinnc sdscams. ce cek sede OQ. S. U., Columbus Box, Gora MAY, Zoologys.... om MGs le sae ne O. S. U., Columbus DRUGGHR A MLA VE Na SOULGIUNwrerler ete tre eater ole 218 N. Wood St., Fremont Busna, Matruias, Entomology........... 2629 Woodhill Road, Cleveland ISiumMNKeMONT, IN, AN, Zrorolkoonn, J omsHololoWoccaccocbo0cbnshoocox55 0000 Oberlin Bureess, A. F., Entomology........... U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. PAR VOAUNT TH AE apie st), ave aias eta ad Rueict eas Tasana, Meet Say a ase a New Concord GARNEY, CRANKS 1GCOLOG Neti. .o> aera Worle teel ae hierdie Oe RE Eee Granville CEVASSING JDO), / HOU Nocag ob nanos 5c 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland *Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1912. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 7 Pe LOW ARDS GEOLOGH) c.. <6 nk ste weioe no Se Ha ahs cig le pies sean eieestass Granville (Greve cor. Je, E BOtawy..s. «cute were vals cee soe ee ore eis State College, Pa. Gcermuan GHORcH E Zoology NeGurologNa.s 11-05-4025. elas. Granville NRE I PO USICS teat ass vs See Saas no OMA aac amet ol ale ee Columbus MO IRLOINMER GEORGE: (lly stesctscs, ale ialtre-yeiencte, sinue ticles ba eiete Ae yaa sarod, vrs a dhneee aeioies Hiram Conrsrock HRANK M:, Vert. Zoology:......-....- Case School, Cleveland CORTmDIE, DY FID) Ree cic cet Eee cio creer etna merce aeiear iearaaee O. S. U., Columbus Comion, EG. Amtomology.......+-.+- Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tenn. 7 FELT, SIU MAES ie ae Renee Os errs Jaa eee iar cai Cea prt rete RE ag Athens (CRAwERw Vv MUELANt Gi Zoologyes...+-.02 40: 273 Southern Ave., Cincinuati Wiens (CHARLES! Wes fjct asec sees bees Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati IOGLIVOWS KL, ALFRED, BOtdWY 0.40 cease eee weg O. S. U., Coiumbus DAES CEARATEA. HOtany, PiySiGS. 2... ese. 6: ane bce Aaates Granville AGRA oe lal’, MEL OPEUCULUUNE > 2s & Sis ays cise) feo 8% vie dee ap ds O. S. U.. Columbus IDawwin®,,. TBs: JN Late ZN oH OV fi Jegencaencwe Rel cet CaERe Oro oni cch cee ica ae ee a Oxford IDETRMIHRS MREDAL BOLO. «. odes ce ogee s vers scree «tes O. S. U., Columbus Diekayee VUAncoum G. Botawy.......---... 1986 Indianola Ave., Columbus Hun ipingy, “TS. NAGE ote arti cee ete SIO REMCHARS i ee ae ee Delphos Doren, JANE Macartney, Botany, Zoology............. Bexley, Columbus aa DRINK ART AE VUFOMTOUO GM i.e cieisiorsscne os esti s vets cei eens sas ae serene Berea DURANT me STOO gy, GEOLOGY. =-..s0+ e+ ee cece desc st erles Westerville ID NarRIpme GEAR RS oecus secs screen «ile his crane 6 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati IDWTTOR: (Cele: Ieee ecco Olona ae 4816 Franklin Ave.. Cleveland emanRn Seek. AOOlOgY, PRYSIOLOGY: vite aie.coo aac Mov wee He ea Sashes 5:5 id) 8 Oe ne Ee TOR 7317 Clinton Ave. N. W., Cleveland SWAN Tutor (cotun meet UV ed OL OG) soreness fawn arcs outtcvors terse ate shee Ani ie tee ord Athens ESTATE ME AID OIS PELs omy yh egck secre wyistel erste ase oterg ocase Subnet s 920 E. Main St., Columbus FENNEMAN, N. M., Geology, Geography...Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati SFERTENSHTommme I TRIUY C Hyemar OH CUTURN ate stevie coe Bertone ec a iets ots Sel tone! a vemos eer lets Oxford ISGERER VWOAD TER: iOLOWMM «pase ise. os sie ae cian om oonca neous Para, Brazil Bnscumr, MArtin H., Eaperunental Medicine................+..++.- Se Se S08 AIO ies ke Med avin ni his Geter wanes Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati ; SiiE7zcERAID NDS Elastology, Patmology ..<..c..0. ete kne Reynoldsburg HENNA AOCLOGiees ase -n eee eees.sooG We Sixth Aves Coltimbus Borrsre, Aweust, Geology.............--.-.steele High School, Dayton I@foniy, 1s Tales JBWONo Ms a oacoo ge aoe 812 S. E. Fourth St., Minneapolis, Minn. Box CHarres P., Botany, Chemuisiry........0.00.... 395 Dovle St., Akron ie: No Botany. Entomology. vn soca. 0e0 00040 s00aes « Colleton, S: C. mpm MNT MOMENI = [OTM anatiks. @o Sete S eA RE ered Side Ola ols «eds ules oa oe. Sars Berea Pero... EMLOMO1OG\, BOLUM Y cite «a. roe oe oe pos eee ses oy: Newark Peele BC AOLOGY a kak eau au om 6 bites s 263 Hoyt St., Buffalo, N. Y. coppns, UB Aviinp ec Se tee Dae tree ie cn Geneva Seah MO MEIN ORES TINE Rai uetiors Noe ia hens ey ack ws 2 oa O. S. U.. Columbus *Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1912. 8 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science GoopricH, CALvin, Conchology.....+- cree ee renee Toledo Blade, Toledo Grover, Eo OO: Botany. Ah. 2. oieaine niece ke So eck aero Fane Oberlin Gries dh AB OLN wk. ver nreele a oe ee ten ae O. S. U., Columbus (Grog, Ne Dis see Gee ie nein cone apiece aaaiyro Meltote Madison, Wis. LAAN, IOS, IE, JEAOMUOOWANs .2 50655008000 ocegoadepDoodKr Erie, Pa. HamsBeton, J. C., Botany, Zoology...-.....-- 212 E. ilth Ave., Columbus Hansen, Mrs. Hermina J., Biology...-.- Hreghes High School, Cincinnati Hatuaway, Epwarp S., Zoology, Botany. -Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati IBLAG ie, Je lshe (S10) ole eha mole olo aoe on Dini oO on os noma acl Box 302, Lancaster HAyEs, ae 1 eA PR rte San Sey: re Ree Aa STEN 125 Center St., Dayton Hennincer, W. F., Ornithology, EO oIGGe Re Rite Nee Bremen IRIN ESHA Vee sissy cise arate eres shatees sunny Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. lipRZBRoe Ele sPaleOmtolGg na <2 stcpe-ks ers. ec et rapeleeretotan sce Marietta Sl iefeike, ene) al Pee Meee ee etd op oe eae asia weezer c St. John’s College, Toledo fliers ON Le NG COLOUKIS. sie Ne eh eo ere te ont O. S. U., Columbus Pi mwEBAuGH OSCAR Botansh GCOlOG Yi. scien a sac ane oop eee Akron Binge |S. -2tomology OPniOld gy... saa wekeins ek r O. S. U., Columbus laloicags NA, EME a Bio) fen daNepette Re Pek Aes oer orracts Moesin nc Fy 2113 Putnam St., Toledo Hoop, G. W., Entomology, Horticulture........ 57 W. 8th Ave.. Columbus ockins: Ke G., Physiology ZOOLOGY sme ou eo. rars1o ee acre Ee eR PATE decay Sheds Starling-Ohio Medical School, Columbus ELOUSER Sa D5, LW LOMLOIOG Wis ton os we Soe oak oe as Rea anaes eee Wooster Howe, Mary cs ANGI Me ss %a beatin 0 Seu teu a eae oe ieee Vandalia EiceeArD. Gx Ds Geology. PAVSIOGFOpILY. om as seek be eeie on eee Oberlin Hype, J. E., Geology...............School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario Lyon, VERS. EDNA,. 8 2. bie 9 School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario PAINE Sil © BAe eaten Sena ace ae oy ale seen ee \delbert College, Cleveland JENNINGS, © E> Botany... 2... - Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. Jonmnson,) Dora 2s Botany, sPhysicgrapHiy... soca eee Medina JONES lynDs, Ornttiology.o..s22 +. sae. serene College Museum, Oberlin DOD SON Cao Ni, SOTO cies ta eto cei ne yokouh eke 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Kane. TONED, Botany, Entomology): ..- 14 mel eisl iar nae Cleveland KEN Oigmienlel wuVIIGEES Sant erste stra ecies eons ete Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Kanone. rans Il, WualloeNeoaccaoacns ss0cna0500c0s000+00- Marietta eAniBeG. He. BrOlogy, (GEOLDON). 2.10 c\smst seeds Mt. Union College, Alliance IEANIDAGRE Malle, ZAOOlOG ic aa niase = cveleaeere Ahare aol ieegatie eee ©. S. Us Coltmbns IDAN TISH \VAERINON, VDOLQi\ so. sacl eeetareetteer 2509 Ohio Ave., Cincinnati lAzENBY, Ww R:, Hlorticuliure, Botany... .24-.-2-5445 O. S. U., Columbus Linear; Orsay Sayan Waihpoesiges 45550 s50c00gusescbosaSodccors Columbus MinpAT: JOSHUA, 4 OOLOGH 0... san anemiset 5700 Peoria St., Chicago, Il. iivencsron, Ans. Zoology. cis.) atuee an eee eee eee ene Athens PTO WD.) WOMENS MORI cetera cee ose shes tome as cane Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati Lem, IPI, JBROTMUWOON. 5.4 s00b00000050000000rc0C006 Lafayette, Ind MIRC E (CORA MB TOL OG Ms 0 =. veleste 2 a) ae async sik a tree ee ee Wyoming Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science g Mark, Ciara Goutn, Geolcgy, Botainy.............+... O. S. U., Columbus EMEC MNOTE MER AE MGEOLOG Note sc dae onsio coke ais = Fes Sine de miner ots Granville Oo ONENEINESE “LAGER al SAE en St acini cr RR ec coachone eare Painesville Parone e OVISS) BLANCHE: . BIOIOGY: «oo. 0 stashed wot tao fo Meee a ms «ceo ee REE eee aon Box 56, Sta. F., Foley Road, Cincinnati neaesMete Ne ars A GTO WOM): 9 a+ = cies chan = © als ow ow ieversiece @: S.-U., ‘Columbus MicGAmnpseLy, EHuGENE. F., Bacteriology..:........+ 5.5 O; Ss. U5 *GColumbus im RTaam aN i © Z COLO GI.. 52. can a heaut sadn | eo vagaarthoe eas > Ades RIO Ns IB OFAIIG) ok ic ce cteeeee esa SE wand Boke dire ade wa ote c coginl yl Lancaster McCray, ArtHur H., Zoology and Entomology.........0..00e0++ Duval emer NE, Biology... c.....-..-08ss+2..%.+.2+- 4s Montrose, Colo. ICON DIEING He sstel: \GHMEIWISTIA). «coc 2.08 ene ve pee as - 40) Warden St., Dayton Palen MEE SUSE OMAG 2. sorte. «fo. ovate orem che eee cee marae oe es 425 « Berea URGE REm Ve BS TOLOG Waris a2 cee sis cye ss leis «ered Ohio University, Athens Music aii, (Co lea, Isontoni, Zo@letsie son one aco ok &6 E. 11th Ave., Columbus rae Unrely hea VIR eA OLO GM icucs acvurce ere sate ereierel sic eeMLaPe lac ousiieveooce yale. Oberlin Nery AIM ABNOVA) #0 An chaeteis onus Sie cy oReteuoyusie revels "ar =%s SLD Caen Raleigh, N. C. hemes. G, Archacology, Brology:......2..52..-. O. S. U., Columbus AVATa Dram Gemelleeee CeCOVOGR occ. seat ere wits orci Sickle sashes er osaei a O. S. U., Columbus IMi@rom st, JA” lee Sites Seve eee heer Ranney cneveis a eraeie cota Onn caste oe rer one Flushing Morera NC. Biology, (GEOLOGWs «2. ews sence s soe O. S. U., Columbus Mosetry, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography................sandusky meme EO COLO acta yo tists aia inten ene etapa te eee: ae aa chook cela Sy Athens MEESONE AMES AL, “Zoology IE MDIVOlOGY svi... ss tere sine coos estes jad an eae ae U. S. Dept. Agricul., Div. Entom., Washington, D. C. INDGHIOMS SUSAN: 2 OLGA es acto arid stale ai Oe «seal oc Oberlin College, Oberlin @BERHOUSERY El. Ci 2... 6... 1444 Fairmont St, N. W., Washington, D. C. OpenzacH, F. L., Metcorology............St. Ignatius College, Cleveland Osszorn, Hervert, Entomology, Zoology........++.+--- O. S. U., Columbus Oseurn. KAymonp C, Zoology, Ichihyology....c0.. 0. ave se tees nee eh ie ots Ce ES ER Mars Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y. Osean, (Ciena: les Gaoloai, IISc uo ctngasnce gone ob usades: Coshocton RARISHIUR ST Gril, SCIENCE ita se eulenlo oe seaman 9 W. Long St., Columbus PDAS ina. ID. IDS pAColateis cua mace eae cnc cs aee ee Central College, Fayette, Mo. IPINWONIEAY IDSTOMING 5 os Se oto oo ene as 226 Superior Ave.. N. W., Cleveland RRS Seen COLO OVA® sie aa, Wass J niki wae ss Damaee O. S. U., Columbus EPR ENVARE Se ZO GIO Vie 8 Sars « oie aia ts oasie bic aisversi wuayee © oy oo FR ewe yale Delaware EOUMEBU SEs IOOWIBINM 2162 ssc oi s et excises s R. F. D., No. 3, New Richmond eB Rel ODN GSP SLOLOC Misa ais. ak cesteneiote. aretessitte ts xisiete sso so tut etet ee ergs Bradford ee ALM e Os (NORLEITOLO Grae idcereiots Ae once cine ese Hae) ee eee AG Hudson pannERS: J. G., Entomology, Botany. ......222...0050505- Madison, Wis. © CELI aD Rs A210) 07 ee O. S. U., Columbus Senna ART Rey (Geology tiie dctiec snes set ciclo me eee cys ee none Urbana, Ill. ER NGR ACID). BOLTS = «atari aisle lee en chase oes Experiment Station, Wooster SHADE. ERNEST F., Physiography, Botany, Physics..........-....- Medina 10 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Savi, Iams ID. Oni, (GCOUWOGIMNs 6 due6sacgo0cnosuna00cer London STRONG AZArT eal Oa Siig tes BuO Ceo Oe oe Pen Wittenberg College, Springfield SHUNWs ING SES ISM LOMTOLOGI) aa -aoraes wi coriccs) = sree ee rioreee O. S. U.. Columbus SimmmpAane eG: Lat AO OlOgimeticat checks oe sae rane Oa ee Clear inre cren nee Athens BME MROBE RG Weel tts seit Gra eaeniys sisicayer, oie eeneeln oe eae Jefferson SHUAUDY TUINENIGS IE ONOGI Ne dog Opianeblos AWoome son oan00r 624 Nestle St.. Toledo Svinte MAU Miles Peedi cee ieee inte, Lente, Ase oa Search ae ete Oh eee Rares Valley Crossing SIGINT EU al Dns ony TN ae Peace ene eet oO Rene oly njeed cimlciOerip eee oTTOsbIo.b c Rome Smumen Gs Deo Botany, Zoology. trn ce «+ «savin dome miae eso Richmond, Ky. SmitH, J. WarrEN, Meteorology............ Weather Bureau, Columbus Snyper: He DY Zoology, etlmolog yi. a5. 5.2 tas Sea as Mk oe Ashtabula Swomeio, (Cinnrtony I GQMOGis canccsancsenos! Adelbert College, Cleveland Smo, Wienor, Conelvolloropy, IotbitWac cabesucencaccooer New Philadelphia SmiGmNEy spl Ht Botan a. ak. tacit fot dis ete. 2i cb ee abies eae eae Granville Sioa, WG Gonna, (BON. conde and0sonbueoscacuo seca Stillwater, Okla. Stout, W. E., Chemistry,Geology.-....-. 217 E. Mithoff Ave., Columbus Surrace, > Mi Zoology eBotanyd). s1 08 use. ase Lexington, Ky. ‘S\ipinvpwae i OMe) delhd 65 os oom ome un oponne Twelfth Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii Topp, JosepH H., Geology, Archaeology........ Christmas Knoll, Wooster Tieton Hie: Wl Dyaptee Ape cy cette orate ena on Oe Me eer hee Medora ah McConnelsville Re dry ad Re GE 5110) 10 AAP eae, SOP AOD ek Reane aC ARS 8 Perry, Lake County NWOT ESET A ret one teyatehe oo ahr ey are Western Reserve University, Cleveland WALTON JL) Bi Biologic ok ons ae cnet see atta te meee en Sea Gambier WVBR ING «Mp2 OPO M Me ot el eserens. i. avers sie calemeaieethica eyes a eae ea Garrettsville ENVIETES AES WV E.co ES OUMMYerays tia cucu eachere ee yee Knox College, Galesburg, Il. Wesster, F. M., Entomology....U. S. Dept. Agricul., Washington, D. C. WERTHNER, WILLIAM B., Botamy............Steele High School, Dayton WhrasaevAniay Lin iis Gro (GOOG Mad ced ocodandhoged sopme oor monedE tes Delaware “A AYVATE READIN IP UH s ead eel DS A Pen eee ee Se AAS NOB Om doao ait ciw © Wooster WinnicaNpLLARRY ISs IBVolOGiyiaeeel ae iri Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati WiitaMs, STEPHEN KR.) Biology. vs. s0 0). a8 Miami University, Oxtord Wiriiamson, E. B., Ichthyology, Ornithology.............. Bluffton, Ind. Witson, STELLA S., Geography, Geology....... 97 N. 20th St., Columbus Wine manp, le AN Givenuistiryets.s2 + =, osc: sbse tus gas teed en Westerville Wirmmenrniwer. sia (Gu2Z COLO gis? to he lets.oscoeie ns oreceate (again ere eaten ee Peebles Winicietm (Ga lebaomaiiteie (CrolgcMasuoesebeoeenecdsononcbursnoescoc Oberlin YORK ELARLAN el: SBataw yond eos ct Rockne ie oie cane Providence, Kew WOE, Ike Aes VEOen Tse ce oo a eee ne eRe ae ee ee that AGb.4O 4.0 ree ee ere, Diy. Seed and Plant Introduction, Washington, D. C. ‘otal Membership... cites he ton oe shoe Se I en 197 *Subject to ratitication of the Society at the annual meeting, 1912. ~ tm Plead ae, oO Y ~~ a Report of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science The twenty-first annual meeting of the Academy was held at Ohio State University, Columbus, O., on November 30 and December 1 and 2, 1911, the president, Professor Lewis G. West- gate, presiding. On Thursday evening at 7:30 an intormal re- ception was given to the Society at “The Ohio Union” by the faculty representatives and members of the Biological Club of the university. A comparatively large number of the Academy mem- bers were present and an enjoyable evening was spent in the spacious rooms of the “Union.” The meeting was called to order on Friday mornirg at 9 :co in the main lecture room of the Physics Building, after a pre- liminary session of the Executive Committee and the. Program Committee. President Thompson of the university welcomed the society in a cordial speech, and expressed his optimism as to the future of the sciences where freedom of discussion combined with the integrity and intelligence of the individual were among the chief factors. The president of the Academy expressed his approval of the views advanced by Dr. Thompson, and in behalf of the members thanked the university for the cordiality extended. The regular business meeting then followed a committee on membership con- sisting of the Secretary, Prof. Griggs, and Professor Hine, and a committee on resolutions consisting of Prof. Brookover and Prof. Carney being appointed. After the Secretary had noted that his report would be found in the current proceedings of the Academy, the Treasurer presented the following report. 11 LIBRA NEW yo BOTANIC GARDE! 12 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science REPORT OF THE TREASURER: FOR THE YEAR tone For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, including balance from last year, have amounted to $297.43, and the expenditures to $231.97, leaving a cash balance of $65.46. RECEIPTS. Bralaines irom MASE WEE sccbaoooeecndson0doceD0G0O00DR9OuEC $64 43 ahi eiRSAE Oras GraValioniagaleinleamecin ano Od oo co odbec. gaol aol oc ooo pore 2 00 IMIeramlpyerrainiio) GHOSS Moe oot osonlodoont ogoe bbcode peodeuouUCUlC 231 00 TAG tira gS We ei tree Sd eat 2h BE So ea een ee Pees $297 43 DISBURSEMENTS. IGOPsubscuiptions to Mie Ohio Naturalists. js. 5-5-6 $120 90 Pmntingeanatalerepott = 73 99 IMS Cell AME OUISH EX) CMSES: myst tated. ear ciercisie secsyeeiectral choice a 37 98 Balaimes Ghue IDyscealnese il, WI, Ao CnooogsoouncdscaGnodunnc 65 46 TI GNtzllls-Bregeates & CHE NENA si tes SSI OPER I eat cn SEER ae $297 43 Respectfully submitted, Jas. S. HInE. Yreasurer. After the appointment of an auditing committee consisting of Professors Mills and Moseley, the report of the librarian was presented as follows: CoLtumBus, Outo, December 1, 1911. As Librarian of the Ohio State Academy of Science, I take pleasure in presenting my report upon the receipts from the sale of pub- lications of the Academy and cost of sending out the publications. Casin Gin Inenaal Whroxyesanloere is) WS cocotscoosoocuadncuone $10 97 Collected from the University of Wisconsin............. 1 00 Casi SEES Ol jNINCANMOMIS. od ncconcontodo:ducesanduso504- 37 87 UY Go teal ciel crs cp sec, Stet tone senate 3 ge Nepean sen Oy cuerpo ie £49 84 Proinikeaynvoms soikcl tote moe Collected, coccosacasneeassenone $12 73 AO tall Xeas hme S ales ahh ae tre se hn See ee te ie enone Seetaac ena St Torell Galles tik joolbiGanswG,o ooaksocdtcessssccucnchcod $50 60 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 13 EXPENDITURES. Eearacemonrspectal paper Nos Its. 2a. soe. t cece S$& &4 Leer Or aantiial FEPOLE. cs inca= hehe. ak ees fe aads sees 6 00 ESA RIOBES: oq RtoeAe ca rene tee er Sem a hal Oa le Ps i 80 LF SSE ld ae Be ioe ase tae oe 5U LELSS[DIFGSS ~ alu GR a rare eRe errno ae Oa a ee 2 2a Pesvige on letters and publications sold.............-..4: 215 THQI 3 & a REE AON RRR RCE nek SEIT act ch Soo, CRS RE $21 56 Ballamee Oim, IBUMGl THREE see Oks seis eee Sek eee eA teen, eee ee £97 28 RESOURCES. (Cashin Gai, “Lane iraWa Lae, sere ts ea sae eee es cea ee RP TORE on oS ic A ee $27 28 Mbitcatonsmsoldubtut mot collected.. 5.205.450. 406 .2 802 12 73 MOU BRESOMIGCES IIs certo e arcs oe en ee ha ec ie ee ee: $40 O1 Wen. C. Mnius. Librarian. In connection with the report of the Librarian. it was moved. and seconded that the Librarian be authorized to purchase cards for cataloguing the library and also a stamp for use in denoting ownership of the various volumes and pamphlets by the Academy. This was amended to include the publication of the catalogue. The amended motion was then carried. Under the reports of Standing Committee the Secretary re- ported for the Executive Committee that the Academy had bee1 invited to Oberlin for the present meeting, but inasmuch as the meeting for 1910 had been held in the northern part of the state. and furthermore since college instruction was to be carried on during the Friday and Saturday succeeding Thanksgiving at Oberlin. it seemed best to hold the meeting at Columbus. The Publication Committee noted the need of funds for the work of publication. The Board of Trustees having in charge the special funds furnished by Mr. Emerson McMillin, reported as follows: 14 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE EMERSON McMILLIN RE- SEARCH FUND. 1910-1911. RECEIPTS, Case oa ining Nios 20s WO. soe coe oeekuoes Ga vaeboes oe $466 24 $466 24 - EX PENDITURES. Novy. 22, 1910. J. C. Hambleton, expense in research.... $16 90: Dec. 21, 1910. Kreda Detmers, expense in research...... 10 00 Jan. 6, 1911. Bucher Engraving Co., illustration in PUDILCAOT ERe.L Sete ee Roe eee 1 38 Feb, 16, 1911. Wi. Mi. Barrows, for experiment......... 10) 00 May .14, 1911. A. Dachnowski, expense in research..... 75 00 June 9, 1911. Bucher Engraving Co., engravings for IMIGTSESEDAD ein AAACN OEE eee ce ners 33 50 Noy. 18, 1911. F. J. Heer Printing Co., special paper by Nien (Gs IVI LS Chg Scrat ae a SEN, ose eae 70 O00; Troy ee lhe aetas Cusine lop seek Benak harika on eer Gee ON Go RN renee $215 88 Ballance: iim joie Dee, dl IM poco wasooe shocopeeassodsod $250 36 AN pOoIAaKeS Vowel loyote invole Pehl, ooonceonacndstouescoes 194 00 inappropmareds balances) Geurly lo) lbler i ere ere a6 36* JoHN H. ScCHAFFNER, (Acting for W:llam R. Lazenby). Epwarp L. Rice, FRANK CARNEY, Board of Trustees. *Since the date of the meeting, when the above report was pre- sented, the Academy has received renewed expression of the interest of Mr. Emerson McMillin, in the form of a check for $250.00 placed to the credit of the Research Fund. The report of the special committee on the Natural History Survey was made by Professor Osborn. It had been found im- practicable to make any progress by reason of the adverse views of members of the legislature. It is to be hoped that the general condemnation of the methods employed by many members of the last legislature in holding up various bills and advancing other bills, will result in the election of a body more favorable toward advancing the scientific welfare of Ohio along lines found ad- vantageous in other states. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 15 Under the order of New Business, a commi-tee consisting of Professor Coghill as chairman and Professors Cole and Osborn was appointed to secure in so far as possible the co-operation through membership in the Academy of the physicists and chemists in the state. Following this a Nominating Committee was elected. This resulted in the choice of Professors Osborn, Landacre, and Brookover, who were to report nominations for officers at the adjourned business meeting. The society then proceeded with the reading of papers adjourning at 12:00 m. for luncheon at “The Ohio Union.” After a panoramic photograph of the members had been taken from the steps of the Physics Building, the afternoon ses- sion opened with the address of the President of the Academy, Professor Lewis G. Westgate upon the Geological Progress of Twenty-five years wherein was summarized the interesting ad- vances made by this science. This was followed by the continuation of the program, the geologists segregating themselves in the Geological Building while the members of the society remained in the Physics lecture room. At 4:30 p. m. in accordance with the program three special papers were to be presented to the combined sections. After waiting in vain for the members of the geological section who were reported to be involved in most serious argumentation in the adjoining building, the other members decided that it would be possible to continue the session with the geologists “in ab- sentia.” Accordingly Professor Metcalf presented a paper on “Evolution in the Mechanism of Inheritance,” Professor Mercer on “A Phase in the Theory of Evolution” and Professor J]. War- ren Smith on “The Relation of Forests to Floods.” These were listened to with interest and evoked considerable discussion. After adjournment at 6:30 p. m. the Academy enioyed a dinner given by the Sigma Xi to the visiting members of the society in “The Ohio Union.” At 7:30 the Hon. Julius F. Stone gave the society an account of personal experiences in making a trip through the Grand 16 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science Canyon of the Colorado River. This was illustrated by Jantern slides which were remarkable for their clearness and beauty. Directly after the lecture the President called the adjourned business meeting. The nominating committee reported the follow- ing nominations for officers and the secretary was instructed to cast a ballot for these as noted below: OFFICERS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOR 1911-1912. President — Professor Bruce Fink, Oxford, O. Vice- Presidents — Zoology — Professor M. M. Metcalf, Oberlin, O. Botany — Professor M. E. Stickney, Granville, O. Geology — Prof. N. M. Fenneman, ‘Cincinnati, O. Secretary — Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier, O. Treasurer — Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus, O. Librarian — Professor W. C. Mills, Columbus, O. Executive Committee — Professor F. O. Grover, Oberlin, O. Professor W. F. Mercer, Athens, O. Board of Trustees — Professor E. L. Rice, Delaware, O. Publication Committee — Prof. C. G. Shatzer, Springfield, O. It was then moved and carried that a Preliminary Program be mailed to the members of the Academy two weeks before the meeting for 1912. The names of the following members elected by the Execu- tive Committee during the year were ratified by the society : Calvin Goodrich, Toledo, O. Vernon Lantis, Cincinnati, O. Miss Blanche McAvoy, Cincinnati. O. T. M. Hills, Columbus. Q. C. R. Miller, Columbus, O. D. D. Condit, Columbus. OU. The names noted below were elected to membership by the society : R. G. Hoskins, Columbus. O. F. B. H. Brown, Columbus, O. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 17 Miss Katherine Sharp, London. O. J. A. Myers, Athens, O. P. W. Fattig, Athens, O. Thos. Halliman, Erie, Pa. W. E. McCorkle. Athens. O. It may also be noted here that the following was elected by the Executive Committee subsequent to the meeting and conse- quently subject to ratification by the society at the next annual meeting : Carl Drake, Berea, O. The committee on resolutions with Professor Brookover as chairman reported as follows: RESOLUTION. Be tt resolved, That the Ohio Academy of Science express its great appreciation of the arrangements for its entertainment at Columbus for its Twenty-third Annual Meeting. We would mention especially, President Thompson, for his warm and cordial address of welcome; the faculty of Ohio State University, and its committees, for our entertainment, the Sig- ma Xi Society for the complimentary dinner furnished us, and Professors Cole and Prosser for operating the stereopticon. CHAs. BROOKOVER, FRANK CARNEY, Committee. At 9:40 p. m. the Academy was declared formally adjourned. The complete program was as follows: PROGRAM ANNUAL MEETING OF THE OHIO ACADEMY FOR 1911. 1. Ecological Vegetation Units. 8 min. Alfred Dachnowski A list of Myriapods of Cedar Point and of Oxford, Ohio. 5 min. Stephen Williams 3. Tke Application of Correlation to Simple Problems. 7 min. J. Warren Smith 4 The Development and Cytology of Rodochytrium. 12 min. (Lantern Slides) R. F. Griggs 5. List of Lichens collected in Northern Ohio. 10 min. Edo Claassen in) J Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Two Trematodes in Molluscs of Cedar Point. 6 min. Charles Brookover Some additions to the Cedar Point Flora. 3 min. O. E. Jennings and E. L. Fuilmer The Bearing of Embryonic Optic Centers upon the Evolution of the Retina and Telencephalon. 6 min. G. E. Coghill New and Rare Plants of Ohio. 4 min. J. H. Schatiner Plants from Ohio not recorded in the Ohio List. 3 min. Edo Claassen The Distribution of Moles and Schrews in Ohio. & min. J. S. Hine Beechwood Camp. (Lantern Slides). 10 min. Bruce Fink Plants recognized on a Waste Place at the foot of Ninth street. Cleve- land, O. 9& min. Edo Claassen The Life Calendar of Some Native Trees. 5 min. D. G. Simpkins The Psychology of Speaking. 6 min. J. S. Royer A Preliminary List of the Myxomycetes of Cedar Point. 6 min. E. L. Fullmer Spore Formation in Botrydium aranulatum Rost. and Wor. (Lan- tern Slides). 10 min. M. F. Stickney Protozoan Notes I. Opalina mitotica. II. Eruptive Pseudopodia in Amoeba proteus. 10 min. M. M. Metcalf The Epibranchial Ganglia of Lepidosteus osseus, 7 min. B. Lb. WLandaere: Another Ohio Rubber Plant. 5 min. Charles Fox The Early Development of the Vascular System in its Relation to Somatic Movements in Amblystoma. 5 min. Julia L. Moore Some Adaptive Leaf Hoppers and Their Habitats. (Lantern Slides). 10 min. Herbert Osborn Two new species of Euglena with notes cn the Classification of the Genus. 6 min. L. B. Walton Recent attempts to cause Variations which are Inherited. 8 min. W. M. Barrows and G. W. Hood Unsymmetrical Regeneration in the Gills of the Worm, Protula in- testinalis Lamoroux. 1 min. S. R. Williams The Classification of the Anthophyta. & min. J. H. Schaffner Ohio Grown Perilla. 5 min. Charles Fox The Relation of Vegetation to the Chemical Nature of the Sub- stratum. 15 min. Alfred Dachnowski Further Observations on the Development of the Commisures of the Brain and Cord in their Relation to Somatic Movements in Ambly- toma. & min. G. E. Cowgill Control of the Adrehal Glands. R. G. Hoskins The Lepidoptera of Ohio. (Preliminary Paper). 5 min. W. F. Henninger 32. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 19 Natural History Notes on Birds and Insects. 15 min. Charles Dury Some Unusual Insect Occurrences During 1911. 7 min. Herbert Osborn The Upper Devonian and Mississippian Formation. 15 min Cease erosser Notes on Recent Observations of Glacial Erosion. (Lantern Slides). 10 min. Frank Carney The Springfield Esker. 5 min. C. G. Shatzer The New Geologic Time Table of Ulrich. (Lantern Slides). 10 min. F. L. Fleener An Abandoned Valley near Cedarville, O. 12 min. C. R. Miller The Geology of the Baraboo District. 15 min. W. C. Morse A Geographic Interpretation of Cincinnati. (Lantern Slides). 10 min. Edith M. Southall Contact of the Bedford and Berea Formations in Ohio. 10 min. CS erosser Glaciation in the Bitter Root Mountains of Montana. 10 min i Ven Elnilils The Petrographic Character of Ohio Sands with Relation to their Origin. 10 min. D. D. Condit Wave Work Along the West Shore of South Bass Island. 5 min. Clara G. Mark The Drainage History of Moots Run, Licking County. Ohio. (Lan- tern slides). 10 min. Die tight A Preliminary Ecological Survey of Shaking Prairie, Miami County, Ohio. 8 min. W. D. Smith On the Preglacial Drainage of South-western Ohio and Adjacent States. 15 min. N. M. Fenneman Evolution in the Mechanism of Inheritance. 15 min. M. M. Metcalf A Phase in the Theory of Evolution. 20 min. W._F. Mercer The Relation of Forests to Floods. 10 min. J. Warren Smith Lecture by Hon. Julius F. Stone, “Through the Grand Canyon of Colorado River.” 20 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The Geological Progress of Twenty-Five Years LEWIS G. WESTGATE. OULLINE INTRODUCTION. THe Stupy or LAND Forms. Base-level, peneplain and erosion cycle. GLACIAL GEOLOGY. The subdivision of the pleistocene. Former glacial periods. The cause of glacial periods. Tue INTERPRETATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Fluviatile, lacustrine and marine deposits. PALEOGEOGRAPHY. Larcer PropreEMS oF GEOLOGY. Continents and mountains. The planitessimal hypothesis. THE GEOLOGICAL PROGRESS OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS: INTRODUCTION. The feeling of elation which follows one’s reception of the news of his appointment to the presidency of an organization like our own is but momentary. It gives place almost at once to a feeling of anxiety as one begins to wonder what subject he shall choose for his presidential address a year later. In the present case I have decided to depart from the custom of recent years, of presenting a piece of research work, which is almost neces- sarily technical in character, and to take a more general subject, in the hope that such a subject may prove more interesting to the society as a whole: and I do this the more readily since the majority of our members are biologists and not geologists. I shall therefore speak of some of the advances which have been made in the science of geology in the last twenty-five years; for it Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 21 is almost that time since as an undergraduate at Wesleyan Uni- versity it was my privilege and my delight to take my first course in geology under Professor W. N. Rice. In carrying out this purpose I limit myself to the geological principles and theories which have come into prominence in the time under consideration. Detailed studies in the field, laboratory or office are interesting and important, and in many cases mean long months or years of the closest kind of work, but, after all, the general principles which are based on them are the important contribution to geology, and it is these which are of the largest interest to the general student. He wishes, for example, to have a correct theory of mountain formation, but does not care for any greater knowledge of the geological detail than is necessary for a clear understanding of the theory. I also find myself under two limitations not of my own choosing. The first is the difficulty, the impossibility, indeed, of escaping my American point of view and prejudices. This is more difficult.to do in geology than in any other science, because geological progress is more independent in different nations and continents than is progress in the other sciences. And the reason for this greater independence lies in the very nature of the science. The chemist and physicist, even the zoologist and - botanist, unless engaged in systematic studies, are working on the same materials the world over, and are interested in each other’s detail. But the material with which the field geologist deals varies widely in different countries, and the detailed work of geologists is different for this reason. The peculiar geological history of the North American continent, for example, offers problems to the American geologist in large measure unlike those in any other part of the world. It determines the character of his detailed studies, his geological principles are in considerable part developed from his own field studies, and his geology progresses in semi-independence of the work abroad. Not wholly so, of course, for the workers in every land are alive to the general re- sults obtained elsewhere. But the inevitable result is that the work of one’s countrymen bulks largest in one’s everyday thought, and unconsciously emphasizes the relative value he 22 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science places upon their work. Only one who is widely acquainted with foreign literature and work can get away from this limitation. The other limitation I find myself under is the difficulty of deciding how the state of knowledge of a science at any one time is to be judged. From the best school texts and from the larger manuals? But these, and especially the former, are otten some years behind the time, even at the date of their issue. From the views current among the workers in the science? It is not always easy to know what views are current. In many cases matters are in debate, still to be fought out to a conclusion. And if it should be the case that some principle, found later to be of great value, has been published but has not found its way to acceptance by workers in the science, can that principle be counted among the possessions of the science at the time? Twenty-five years ago, in 1886, Le Conte’s Elements of Geology and Dana’s Text-book of Geology were the common college texts, and Dana’s Manual of Geology the only American reference manual, while Geikie’s Text-book of Geology was the leading English texf® It is to these books and to the reports current at that time in the national and state surveys that I go to learn the state of geological opinion. Before speaking of the new principles which have found their place in geology in the last quarter-century, it is well to call attention to some facts which show the great growth of the science as a whole; a growth not peculiar to geology, but paralleled in the other sciences. In many of the colleges which now have separate departments of geology, the teaching of geology was then combined with that of other subjects; and in other col- leges and universities which then had separate departments of geology, these departments have now grown in instructors and re- sources. In many states geological surveys were then in existence and doing good work. This work in most cases has grown, and in some cases new surveys have been started. . The earlier western surveys of Hayden, Powell and King were replaced by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1879; and the magnificent series of reports published by the survey make America’s greatest single contribution to geology. In 1882 the Geological Survey had been directed to prepare a geological map Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 23 of the United States. This necessitated a topographic base map, which was at once started. In 1886 the Survey had published maps of a small area in the Appalachian mountains, and of one or two small areas in the far west. Today hardly any consid- erable part of the country is wholly unmapped, and the work is being rapidly pushed to completion. The influence of this work on the progress of geology it would be hard to estimate. The Survey began publishing the geological map in the form of folios in 1894; and to date nearly 200 folios have been issued. In 1886 no national geological society existed in the United States, and no magazine devoted exclusively to geology. Both of these deficiencies were soon made good, for in 1888 the Geological Society of America was founded. and the publication of its Bulletin was commenced. In 1888, too, the American Geologist was started, to be continued after 1905 as the Economic Geologist. In 1893 the first number of the Journal of Geology was issued. Today the texts of Dana and Le Conte have been somewhat generally superseded. Scott’s Introduction to Geology and Cham- berlin’s and Salisbury’s College Geology are the common college texts, while the American manual is Chamberlin’s and Salisbury’s Geology in three volumes, which, in the opinion of many, is the leading text of today in its presentation of the principles of the science. THE STUDY OF LAND FORMS. In no department of geology has greater progress been made than in the study of land forms. Geology is the history of the earth. That history, until recently, has been read almost ex- clusively, from the rocks, from their distribution, structure and fossils. But we now know that the history of later geological time can be read also from the forms of the land surface, that streams in particular shape the land to characteristic forms, and that these forms in turn can be used to give us the history of the land’s surface. The older geology, dealing with rocks primarily, was largely the study of former areas of deposition, of water bodies. Today geology has, in the study of land forms, a means 24 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science of supplementing this knowledge of water areas with the history of land areas. Base-level, pencplain and crosion cycle." The importance of stream erosion had long been recognized, yet when Powell? in 1875 first formulated the idea of the base- level, he was stating what may have been implicit in the state- ments of earlier writers, but what had not been definitely recog- nized and defined. A base-level may be defined as an imaginary surface, the projection beneath a drainage basin of the surface of the water body into which that drainage basin empties. Towards this imaginary surface the streams cut their valleys; near their mouths they may actually reach it; but further back they cannot, because of the necessary though, in the case of the large rivers, small rise of the stream up-valley. After the nearest approach to base-level has been made, the widening of the valleys by valley- side weathering and lateral swinging of the streams still goes on, the inter-stream areas are attacked. and the whole land surface is slowly reduced to a low rolling plain not far above base-level. Plains of this origin were recognized by Powell? in 1875, in the level surface of tilted rocks on which the Carboniferous limestone of the Grand Canon rested, and similar buried or “fossil” plains were recognized later by Van Hise and Walcott. McGee?* in 1888 was the first to call attention to such a plain, dissected but exist- ing as a land form today, in the Middle Atlantic slope; and Davis followed with an account of similar plains as developed in Pennsylvania, New York and New England. It was Davis* who in 1889 first applied the name pencplain to this end-form of long continued subaerial erosion. The time during which the land surface is passing from the initial form of youth to the peneplain which is developed in old age is the cycle of erosion and it is *See Davis: Geographical Essays, (Ginn & Co.), pp. 249-513. * Powell: Exploration of the Colorado River of the West. “McGee: Three Formations of the Middle Atlantic Slope. Am. Jour. Sci., xxxv., pp. 141-2. ; *Davis: Topographic Development of the Triassic Formation of the Connecticut Valley, Am. Jour. Sci.,.xxxvii., p. 430. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 25 Davis who, more than any other one person, has given definite- ness to this conception of the geographical cycle. It has been stated that the existing peneplains of eastern United States are not intact, but have been dissected since their formation. In central New England, for example, the even sky line of the plateau, which stands two thousand feet above sea- level, represents an old peneplain, which was later raised, and into which streams have cut their vallevs to a depth of more than a thousand feet. In many cases broad lowlands, themselves pene- plains of a later cycle, have been cut below earlier peneplains. It is evident that the present position of such peneplains gives us important information regarding the amount and character of the successive uplifts of the region. For if such plains were made near base-level, and are now found far above base-level, the difference in height measures the amount of uplift. . In the case of the Appalachians, the earliest peneplain has been arched up to a maximum of over four thousand feet above sea-level. But in other mountain areas old peneplains are recog- nized by the evenness of sky-line, at much greater heights. Por- tions of the Cascade range of central Washington are cut from an eight thousand foot plateau which was a peneplain formed in Pliocene time. In other mountain ranges similar con- ditions have been found. The bearing of these facts on mountain origin is evident. These mountains have the folded and dis- ordered structure typical of mountain areas, but the original high relief which this disordered structure suggests had been reduced to a peneplain before the present relief was produced. In the case of both the Appalachians and the Sierra Nevada, the range of today is the second which has stood on that site, and we have evidence, in the peneplain from which the later range is cut, of complete destruction by erosion of the earlier range. Our knowledge of peneplain development in the past brings out with great clearness another great fact of geology, the im- portance of which is only recently fully recognized, namely the alternation of periods of crustal disturbance with long periods of *Smith and Willis: Contributions to the Geology of Washington, Professional Paper No. 19, U. S. Geol. Survey, plates 8 and 19. 26 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science crustal quiet. Peneplain production requires that land should remain for a long period in about the same position in regard to base-level. If the land surface is being reduced one foot in five , thousand years, and if the average height of a continent after up- lift is two thousand feet, the production of a peneplain would take ten million years. This value is suggestive only. Towards old age the rate of downward erosion becomes much less, and, on the other hand, in but few cases are peneplains developed over a whole continent. Yet the value is true in the sense that the times of quiet must be measured in terms of millions of years. While separating these periods of relatively stable crust have been the periods of crustal movement of rock folding, and faulting, and of up-arching of broad areas. The dissected upland plains which we have been describing were recognized in the mountainous parts of Great Br:tain, and were explained by Ramsey and later English geologists as plains of marine denudation, which had been later raised and dissected. Evidently we have here a problem in psychology. To the Eng- lishman on his wave-girt island, with its relatively small river systems, sea action was more noticeable than stream work. The American geologists of the western surveys had the erosive work of rivers before them on a stupendous scale. There is of course today abundant reason for believing that peneplains are of sub- aerial and not of submarine origin; and this explanation is now accepted by English geologists for their “‘plains of marine denuda- tion,’ but it is interesting that each country had a theory sug- gested by its own geological environment. GLACIAL GEOLOGY. The progress in glacial geology in the last twenty-five years has been very great, both in itself and in its bearing on general questions. I shall speak of three main lines of work: 1. The subdivision of the Pleistocene. 2. Former glacial periods. 3. Theories of the glacial period. The Subdivision of the Pleistocene. Twenty-five year ago the subdivision of the Pleistocene glacial period was not generally recognized. Le Conte (Elements Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 27 of Geology, 1882) had a map of the drift area in which the ex- treme southern border of the drift was shown. and within that the morainic system of what we now know as the last or Wis- consin drift; but there is no suggestion of more than a single ice- advance. But at the time Le Conte was writing, the geologists Of the upper Mississippi Valley were already engaged in the field studies which were to show that the glacial series was more com- plex than had at first been supposed. Chamberlin and Salisbury, in’ their paper on the Driftless Area (1885), give an outline of the glacial history of the interior, in which two epochs are recog- nized, without emphasizing at all the length or significance of the interval between them. In the years that followed an active dis- cussion went on as to the meaning of this two-fold division, Does the “interglacial epoch” signify a slight retreat of the ice, with a later re-advance, in which the Wisconsin kettle-moraine was de- posited? or does it mean the disappearance of the ice from the region, perhaps from the continent, and later the invasion of the northern states by an entirely new ice sheet? The outer till is much more deeply weathered and more dissected. and in some cases it is possible to show that it was in this condition at the time of deposit of the inner drift. More than this, the differences in the two drift sheets indicate that the ice-sheets that formed them advanced in quite different manner, and over land surfaces at unlike altitudes above sea-level. These things suggest a long interval and changed conditions between the two ice advances, and create a strong probability for separate ice-sheets. The same field study has brought out the further fact that there are more than two drift sheets and ice advances. Cham- berlin and Salisbury (Geology, III. 413) give six, which, com- mencing with the most recent, are Late Wisconsin, Early Wis- consin, Iowan, Illinoian, Kansan, Sub-Aftonian. The genuine- ness of the Iowan has been recently questioned by Leverett, and even among Iowan geologists, there is doubt as to its real mean- ing. Estimates of the relative weathering and erosion of the dif- ferent sheets indicate roughly that, if the time since the com- mencement of the retreat of the late Wisconsin ice-sheet is taken as I, the time since the retreat of the early Wisconsin 1s 2, of the 28 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Towan 4, the Ilinoian 8, and the Kansan 16. The estimates of the time since the beginning of retreat of the late Wisconsin ice vary between 20,cc0 and 60,000 years. Using the relative values for the time of the earlier ice-sheets given above, this would make the age of the Kansan between 300,000 and 1,020,000 years, and even here we are not at the actual beginning of the Pleistocene for this does not carry us back to the Sub-Aftonian. These facts and values are suggestive only, but they are sufficient to show that the ice age was a very long and a very complex period, the suc- cessive ice advances being separated by long inter-glacial periods in which the climate may have been as mild or milder than today ; indeed, it is not certain that we ourselves are not living in an in- terglacial period. Earlier glacial studies, proceeding on the theory of a single ice age, placed together in many cases events which we now know belong to different ice-advances, but geologists have come to see that the unravelling of the events of the Pleistocene means an immense amount of detailed work, which will occupy many years to come. In eastern United State the late or Wisconsin drift extends to the southern border of the glaciated area. It is not until central Ohio is reached that any considerable width of the older drift shows outside the Wisconsin area. This outer sheet of older drifts widens to between 200 and 300 miles in the upper Mississippi valley in Iowa, Illinois, and neighboring states. It is the magnificent development of the older drifts in the interior which made it inevitable that the geologists of these states should take the lead in reaching a true understanding of the com- plexity of the glacial period, in spite of the fact that in the east and in New England long and detailed study had been given the glacial deposits by able geologists. We have here another illustra- tion of the control of local phenomena over the development of the science. Former Glacial Periods. Ramsey, in 1855, in a paper “On the occurrence of angular, sub-angular, polished and striated fragments and boulders in the Permian breccia (of England) and on the existence of Glaciation Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 29 and Icebergs in the Permian epoch” was the first geologist to an- nounce glaciation previous to the last or Pleistocene epoch. Geikie (Text-book, 4th ed., 1893) states that “the evidence now accumu- lated in South Africa, India, Cashmere and Australia seems to point to some general operation on a gigantic scale in the south- ern hemisphere at the close of the Carboniferous or in the Per- mian period, whereby boulder beds were produced and limestones and rocks im situ were polished, striated and grooved,” proving “the occurrence of a former ice-age in later Paleozoic time, which rivalled in its extent and seemed to have surpassed in the magni- tude of its deposits, the glaciation of the northern hemisphere” in pleistocene times. “From the fact that the boulder beds are in- tercalated among marine strata it is clear that, to some extent at least, the ice reaches sea-level. We are still in ignorance, however, of the position of the high grounds from which the ice sheets descended.” Twenty-five years ago, the attitude of geologists to- wards Permian glaciation was an attitude of scepticism. Even in 1893, Geikie (Texrt-book, 3d ed.) would say only, of the glacier- like deposits of the English Permian, that “Ramsey had no doubt that they were ice-borne, and consequently that there was a glacial period during the accumulation of the Lower Permian de- posits of the center of England.”” And the American texts of the time were silent on the subject. Today, however, Geikie’s later statement is generally accepted as true. And from Norwav and China there comes similar evidence of glaciation which is re- ferred “either to very early Cambrian or to pre-Cambrian time.” (Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, I], 273.) It yet remains to be seen whether evidence brought forward for a still earlier Huronian ice age will te generally accepted. The importance of Carboniferous and Cambrian glaciation lies not so much in the fact itself, interesting as that may be, as in its bearing on general geological theory. Clearly, with these remote periods of glaciation, there can have been no general pro- gressive climatic change throughout geological time, from an earlier warm to a present cooler condition. Rather, there has been from time to time a recurrence of colder periods, and climatic changes have been in the nature of swings to one side 30 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science or the other of a mean, rather than an evolutionary progress in one direction. This fact must be considered in any theory of the cause of glaciation. The Cause of Glacial Periods. In the middle eighties, various theories of the cause of the glacial age were held, though the only one which had anything like common acceptance was Croll’s Hypothesis. Croll’s hypoth- esis is primarily astronomic, and secondarily geographic. At present, winter in the northern hemisphere comes when that hemisphere is nearest the sun (perihelion). 10,500 years hence, due to the precession of the equinoxes, northern winter will occur when the earth is at aphelion. But the eccentricity of the el- liptical orbit of the earth slowly changes, under the attraction of other planets on the earth. Today the eccentricity is slight. At other times it has been and will be greater. Croll’s hvpothesis assumes that the glacial period will occur in the northern hemiphere when that hemisphere is turned from the sun in aphelion at a time of great eccentricity. Aphelion winter recurs every 21,000 years; periods of maximum eccentricity are much longer and more irregular. Certain other changes, such as the shifting of the heat equator, and of the equatorial current, and a consequent variation of the proportion of that current turned into northern and southern latitudes. were believed by Croll to work with the astronomical factors. If Croll’s hypothesis is the true explanation of the glacial period, we should expect (1) the recurrence of glaciation many times in the history of the earth; (2) that in any one period there would be several alternations of glacial and non-glacial con- ditions, with intervals of 10,500 years between the culminations of successive glacial periods, the development of each ice-sheet occupying perhaps not more than five.to six thousand years; (3) that glacial conditions in the northern and southern hemispheres would alternate. Glacial field studies have shown, on the contrary, that the ice advances were vastly longer than Croll’s hypoth- esis admits of, and that the intervals between them do not cor- respond with the theory. Chamberlin summed up the situation Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 31 when he wrote: “I think I speak the growing conviction of active workers in the American field, that even the ingenious theory of Croll becomes increasingly unsatisfactory as the phenomena are developed into fuller appreciation. I think I may say this without prejudice, as one who, at a certain stage of study, was greatly drawn towards that fascinating hypothesis.” Within the last fifteen years a new hypothesis has been pro- posed by Chamberlin. This was first fully presented in 1&99 in a paper entitled “An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on the Atmospheric Basis.” This “atmospheric hypothesis’ of Chamberlin’s is not simpler than Croll’s, but explanations of geological phenomena are not com- monly simple. Indeed there is a certain parallelism between the successive steps of this theory and the succession of cause and effect in Darwin’s famous illustration of the way in which “animals and plants, remote in the scale of nature, are bound together by a web of complex relations.” You will remember that with the increase of cats there went a decrease of field mice; this meant an increase of humble- bees (the field-mouse’s victim), and a corresponding increase of clover, which is cross pollenized by the bees. Therefore. the more cats thé more clover. Huxley, I believe. extended the series by one term and showed that maiden ladies, through their fondness for cats, belonged in the chain. Even more complex is the atmospheric hypothesis. Primarily it explains glacial climate by the loss of CO, from the atmosphere. Air containing CO, has greater power of absorbing heat, the waves received from the sun and especially the waves of greater length radiated from the earth. Less heat is thus lost to space and the temperature of the air is higher. With loss of CO, there is a smaller amount of heat retained and a lowering of atmospheric temperature. This in turn decreases the amount of water vapor in the air, which, after CO, is the atmospheric constituent with the greatest heat- absorbing power. The hypothesis assigns the loss of CO, to land elevation. This is followed by increased weathering, both because of the in- creased land area exposed to weathering, and because of the 32 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science greater thickness of the zone of weathering, the ground water level being lowered as streams deepen their valleys, following the uplift. The abstraction of CO, from the air in the process of changing carbonates to bicarbonates which accompanies the chemical weathering of limestones. and in the formation of car- bonates by combination with the oxides of calcium, potassium and sodium in igneous and metamorphic rocks, is the primary cause of colder climates which bring on glaciation. The diminished area of the continental shelf which follows uplift, with the con- sequent lessening of lime-secreting organisms, would mean less CO, returned to the water and air, as a result of changing the bi-carbonate of lime to the carbonate in shell making. The gen- eral theory has consequences in a number of directions which cannot be followed here. The recurrent glaciations are explained as due to the com- bination of primary and secondary causes pushing their effects beyond a condition of equilibrium. so that a reaction ensues, bringing on the milder conditions of an interglacial epoch, the conditions swinging to one side or the other of a mean until the general cause has worked out its effect. The peculiar localization of Pleistocene continental glaciation in North America and Northwestern Europe is attributed to the control of the great area of low atmospheric pressure located over the North Atlantic, upon the winds of the two northern con- tinents. This statement is wholly inadequate as a description of the atmospheric hypothesis. But I am not attempting to describe that hypothesis fully. I have not time to do that. and it would not accord with the purpose of this paper. But I think I have said enough to indicate in general the kinds of agencies which Chamberlin believes were responsible for glaciation. They are fundamentally atmospheric, changes in the amount of CO, in the atmosphere. The cause of these changes was geologic, land up- lift followed by erosion and weathering. The theory is proposed as a working hypothesis. It has been elaborated in great detail by its author. It seems to be a better explanation of glaciation and of glacial history than any of its prelecessors. but it may Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 33 take many years of study before it becomes established, perhaps much modified, as the accepted theory of glaciation. In the mean- time it largely dominates thinking 1n this. which has been for a half-century one of the chief fields of geological speculation. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Twenty-five years ago the petrographic microscope was a new tool in the hands of the geologist, and with its use there came a renewed interest in the older igneous and metamorphic rocks. One could read between the lines that the problems of the sidementary rocks, of their structure, origin and significance, had been largely solved. Yet one can now believe that since that time geological theory has been advanced at least as much by what we have learned from the story of the sedimentary as from the story of the crvstalline rocks. And this in two distinct lines. Fluviatile, Lacustrine, and Marine Depbosits. In most discussions of the origin of the shales, sandstones and conglomerates of the older periods. it has been assumed that they are of marine origin, the coarser portion near the shore, the finer farther from the shore line. The similar non-marine Tertiary rocks in our western states the geologists of our western surveys, and after them the texts, have until recently unanimously considered lacustrine, deposits in lakes in some cases thousands of square miles in area, and larger than any existing American lakes. Dana (Manual, 1895) speaks of “the great lakes of the early Tertiary—the Eocene—in the Rocky Summit region” and “the later Tertiary lake basins either to the east or west of the Summit region.” And this was done, curiously enough, in spite of the fact that these same workers found in the field and cor- rectly interpreted the extensive deposits of gravel, sand and clay which are today being formed along the base of mountain ranges where streams find their velocity checked as they issue from their mountain-valley courses and are compelled to lay down their load in the form of broad alluvial cones or fans, which merge at a slight distance from the mountain into one piedmont alluvial slope fronting the whole range. In spite also of the fact that in many regions of the world, along the northern base of the Alps 34 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science and Pyrenees, over the river plains of northern India and eastern China, such deposits are forming today or have been tormed in the past on a scale comparable with that of the Tertiary areas of supposed lake deposits in the west. It would seem to have been the unthinking acceptance of a traditional interpretation, which assumed that such sedimentary deposits must have been made in standing water. But little thought is needed to see that sands, muds, and gravels are deposited subaeriallv by streams. as well as in lakes or seas. Davis called attention (1a00) to the situation, in his paper on The Fresh Water Tertiary Formations of the Rocky Moun- tain Region. He here showed that Penck (1894) had already recognized the possibility of the occurrence of fluviatile (con- tinental) deposits in the older rocks. and that Gilbert had already applied this interpretation to some of the “‘lake’’ deposits of the western plains area. Davis raised the whole question, suggested criteria for discrimination between fluviatile and lacustrine de- posits, challenged in particular two of the western Tertiary formations, and put the whole matter on the modern basis. Since then it has been necessary to treat each formation as a separate problem, and the conception of the Tertiary as a “lake” age has rapidly waned. Rather it was a time of extensive plains building along mountain bases and over intermont basins by overloaded depositing and wandering streams on leaving the mountains. Another result of this discussion has been to raise a doubt as to the origin of many of the non-fossiliferous or sparingly fos- siliferous deposits in other parts of the country; deposits of the older periods which formerly were unquestionably accepted as marine; and some of these formations are now coming to be recognized as in part or in whole of subaerial origin, the deposits of rivers. In the second case as in the first. we are driven to a revision of our conception of past geography, for we can no longer consider sandstones and shales, ipso facto, as indicating the former presence of water areas. PALEOGEOGRAPHY. Another recent development we owe largely to the paleon- tologists. In the last twenty-iive vears an immense anivunt of de- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 35 tailed paleontologic work has been done in this country. De- scription of new species has been an insignificant part of the work. It has concerned rather faunas, the comparison of faunas of different regions, and the movements or migrations of faunas. This has also required study of the rocks in which the faunas were found, and the use of all possible means to determine areas of past seas, and barriers to and lines of migration. The study of the geography of the past has always been a part of geology, but in recent times the subject has assumed so much importance that it has received the dignity of a name of its own, and we now have paleogeography, paleogeographers, and paleogeographic maps of the different geological periods. Two recent works of the highest value summarize what has already been done, and form the basis from which all work in the near future must be built. These are Schuchert’s Paleogeography of North America (1908) and Ulrich’s Revision of the Paleozoic Systems (1910). Schuchert’s paper gives an unrivalled series of paleo- geographic maps of North America. Both papers discuss in de- tail the principles of paleogeographic interpretation and their ap- plication to American formations. They give in far greater de- tail than has been given before the behavior of the continental surface in geological time; the advances and retreats of the sea, and the shiftings of areas of erosion and sedimentation. One important result of this work is to change somewhat the idea which was current a couple of decades ago in regard to con- tinental growth, especially the growth of the American continent. It was Dana’s belief that there had been a sort of evolution of the North American continent from the middle or later Cambrian, when the present continental surface was largely submerged, ex- cept for land areas in Canada, along the crystalline area of the Appalachians and in the west, to the present condition of con- tinental emergence. Not of course a steady progress, rather a progress with relapses; and yet after each great period of geological revolution a nearer approach to present conditions. Re- cent stratigraphic studies indicate no such progress: instead, at different times, some later and some earlier even than the begin- ning of the Paleozoic, land area was as great if not greater than 36 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science today ; while alternating with these periods of land extension and often of high relief, were periods when the lands were worn to- wards base-level, and widely covered by shallow sea. Periods of emergence have alternated with periods of submergence since very early times; and certainly since the commencement of the Paleozoic we find no support in geology for a continental evolu- tion at all analogous with what is found in the realm of animal and plant life. LARGER PROBLEMS OF GEOLOGY. Geology is the history of the earth; of the whole earth, both shell and core. We are coming to see more and more clearly that the changes which we can see going on today over the earth’s surface, and which we can infer from the study of the rocks of the earth’s crust, are but expressions of changes which are go- ing on within the great mass of the earth, forever hidden from our sight. They are symptomatic of deeper and more funda- nental changes. And our geological theory will never be com- plete until we have clear and correct notions of the history of the earth as a globe, and of the changes which are now going on with- in it. We have not that knowledge today, it may be years in com- ing, and in the mean time our writing on these fundamental problems will be highly speculative. Yet such speculation is a necessary part of our science in each advancing stage. If it is carefully controlled by known geological fact, no harm need come. Along two lines of geological theory important advance has been made in recent time. Continents and Mountains. The condition of geological thought on the subject of the permanence of continents and ocean basins in the middle of the nineteenth century is well summarized in Tennyson’s lines: There rolls the deep where grew the tree. O Earth! what changes hast thou seen! There where the long street roars, hath been The stillness of the central sea. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 37 This would mean that there has been no permanence of ocean and continent through the past, that they have been inter- changeable. Present opinion however is that continents and deep sea have held in general their present position since the be- ginning of Paleozoic time, and probably much longer. This is not to deny that at times the present continents have been widely submerged beneath ocean waters, for this has happened again and again. But these epicontinental seas, as they have been called, have been shallow, and the real continental border has been at the edge of the shallow circumcontinental terrace, where the relatively steep slope to the oceanic abyss commences. The continental seas have been the overfowings of the over-full ocean onto the continental platform, so that a modern geological editor, sacrificing beauty to truth, might change Tennyson's lines to read: There where the long street roars, hath been An epicontinental sea. One reason for this belief in the permanence of continents is the fact that the marine deposits now showing in the rocks of the continent are essentially shallow water deposits. Even lime- stones indicate clear rather than deep water. Another line of evidence, developed more recently, lies in the fact, determined by gravity measurements and plumb-line deflections, that the earth mass beneath the continents is of less specific gravity than be- neath the oceanic basins. Indeed these measurements show that a practical equilibrium exists between the oceanic and continental segments of the earth, the greater length of radius of the con- tinental segments being compensated for by their less specific gravity, the masses of the two being the same, area for area, If continent and ocean basin are in this isostatic adjustment, the great difference of relief between continental platform and ocean basin is evidently an expression of differing density beneath the surface. It is difficult to see how the difference of density could essentially change, and we have therefore a permanent cause of difference between continent and ocean. This fact of the essential permanence of continental platform 38 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science and ocean basin, taken in connection with the shrinking of the earth following cooling and condensation, gives the starting point of geological processes. The earth is divided into continental and oceanic segments, the former lighter, the latter heavier, the former making one-third of the earth’s volume, the latter two- thirds. The sinking of the larger heavier oceanic segments crowds the continental segments. This results in a squeezing up of the continental segments, of which we find evidence in the repeated uplift of the land surface. The folded and faulted mountain ranges, which occur principally along the borders of continents, are due to the lateral thrusts and readjustments along the borders of the segments. The continental platforms have therefore been described as positive elements, the oceanic basins as negative elements. With- in each, on a smaller yet absolutely large scale, positive and nega- tive elements occur. The continental platform does not act as a unit, if we consider detail. There have been areas of repeated uplift, positive elements, of which one of the best known is the area of crystalline rocks along the Atlantic sea-board known as Appalachia. Through geological history it has been a land area, frequently renewed by uplift, almost always subjected to erosion. While to the west of it the Appalachian trough existed during Paleozoic time as a negative element, an area of repeated sub- sidence and of deposition. And yet both, in a large way, were but parts of the larger unit, the continental platform. This sub- division of the positive continental areas into positive and nega- tive elements of a lower order is a direct inference from the field studies. But these views which I have summarized are new. Le Conte in his Elements of Geology had a beautifully clear and adequate state of the immediate conditions which led to the formation of a folded mountain range like the Appalachians. But his theory did not apply equally well to ranges like the Sierra Nevada, which is a great block of the earth’s crust tipped up along its eastern border, nor to ranges like the Big Horns and Black Hills, cut out of broad, more or less flat-topped up-bow- ings of the crust, nor to block uplifted plateaus. Le Conte as- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 39 signs the differences between continents and ocean basins to unequal radial contraction of the earth in its secular cooling but does not suggest that conditions producing and maintaining con- tinents may also be responsible for mountains. Geological theory today makes this contrast of continent and ocean basin the funda- mental fact of earth structure. Successive continental uplifts are due to the crowding of the continental segments between the heavier oceanic segments. Folded mountains are due to the vield- ing to the accompanying lateral thrust. While plateaus, plateau- like folds, and areas of sinking within the continent are due to re- adjustment between blocks of a second order which make up the continent. The Planetesimal Hypothesis, In our school days, as in those of our fathers, the Nebular Theory of La Place held unchallenged sway. This hypothesis is so familiar that I need not state it. Objections to this hypothesis, mechanical, geological and astronomical, have seriously shaken confidence in it. Within the last twenty years a substitute for it has been proposed by Chamberlin, the planetesimal hypothesis. Like the La Placean hypothesis it is a nebular hypothesis. But in so far as it concerns the growth of the earth the two are almost antipodal. On the La Placean hypothesis the earth reached its present size by the cooling and shrinking of a vastly larger hot gaseous mass, and on George Darwin’s modification of the theory (the meteoric hypothesis) it is probable that the meteorites would be vaporized early in the earth’s growth by collisions; on the new, it grew to a maximum by the in-fall of planetesimals, cold bodies of various size moving in elliptical orbits about the sun, and added to the growing mass of the young earth. Long before the beginning of the Paleozoic the heavens had been cleared in the region of the earth’s orbit, of these scattered masses, and the earth had reached its maximum size. Today it is condensing, perhaps as a result of loss of heat, perhaps under the attraction of gravity on its mass. The interior heat of the earth. on the newer theory, is generated by condensation, and is not an inheritance from the nebula. 40 3 Proceecings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The planetesimal hypothesis gives a wholly new explanation of the atmosphere and of the oceans. The material of both was brought in dissolved or occluded in the infalling planetesimals, just as now the meteorites contain three to four times their volume of dissolved gases. With the later development of high temperatures these gases made their escape to the surface, and after the earth became large enough for gravity to overcome the tendency of the gaseous molecules to fly off into space an atmos- phere and later a hydrosphere came into existence. In this case oceans may have existed on the earth well before it attained its present size. Life, too, may have come into existence at a very early stage, as soon as conditions of air and water were such as to support living beings. The future of the Planetesimal hypothesis no one can fore- cast. The hypothesis of La Place held almost undisputed sway for acentury. Perhaps this newer one will in its turn pass. Gr, more or less modified, it may finally establish itself as a better statement of our earth’s earlier history. I wish only to point out that it gives a fundamentally different interpretation of this earlier history and of the forces which are at work within the globe as a whole, and that this new interpretation must modify, indeed, al- ready has modified our thinking on the great fundamental problems of geology. Our conception of the causes of volcanic action, of all movements of the earth’s crust, from the great periodic readjustments between continents and oceanic segments, with their accompaniments of mountain folding and plateau formation, to the shghter movements which are constantly pres- ent, of the origin of the great complex of rocks which makes up the Archean ;—our conception of the causes of all of these and of many,minor geological matters, is profoundly different on the two hypotheses. Many of them seem much clearer on the newer than on the older theory. IN CONCLUSION. Several matters of human interest come out in the progress of this paper. I have already mentiened the control which local geological phenomena exert over geolugical theory, in speaking of Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 41 the different agents which English and American geologists as- signed as the cause of peneplains. The same influence of Jocai conditions was seen in the greater readiness of the geologists of the Mississippi valley to accept the divisibility of the glacial period. The work of Ulrich and Schuchert grows out of the ap- peal which the paleontological richness of the Cincinnati rocks early made to them. The illustrations of this principle are many in all geology, both in that of recent time in America and in the earlier days of the science, as everyone knows who has read Geikie’s Founders of Geology. The importance of American contributions to recent progress I have not spoken of separately. This has already been well done by Professor Rice in his paper, The Contributions of America to Geology. I need only state my belief that of the different sub- jects I have treated in this paper, the influence of American geologists has dominated in the following: the study of land forms, the subdivision of the Pleistocene, the recent interpreta- tion of sedimentary rocks, and speculation on the larger problems of geology, in what may be called the philosophy of geology. Finally I should like to call attention to the great part specu- _ lative geology now plays in science. Great as has been the de- tailed study in field and laboratory in the last quarter-century, the part of geological speculation has been even greater. To some minds this may not be a matter for congratulation. They may prefer study of -the facts without generalization, certainly without speculation. The late Professor Lesley of the Penn- sylvania survey was one of these. In his Final Summary, speak- ing of what he considers unjustifiable speculation, he writes: “Our knowledge of details is so poor that all our general statements are mere mutterings in sleep, or the incoherent rhapsodies of fever. The world is a kaleidoscope ; at every touch it turns a little, and the scheme of shapes and colors changes to our eye. A malaria of the indefinitely complicated exhales from every region of geology and attacks the wise and simple alike. Happy the investigator whose intellectual constitution is not ruined by it in the end. Foolish generalizer, who mistakes the paroxysms of chill and fever in his own incompetent imagination 42 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science for an actual rhythm in the energy of the world of which he dimly sees but the part of a part.” But recent time has shown that most geologists do not agree with him. And it is very interesting to see how different geologists, from widely separated points of departure in actual field work are led on to speculation regarding the deeper problems of geology. Willis, from stratigraphic study of the folded Ap- palachians, and Ulrich and Schuchert, from the study of Cincin- nati fossils, go on step by step to the consideration of problems of continental development. While Chamberlin, starting with his field studies on the Pleistocene, is led by the logical neces- sities of his work to frame a more satisfactory theory of the cause of glaciation and still further to an all-embracing theory of the origin of both atmosphere and the earth which carries it. As of old all roads led to Rome, so it seems as if today all lines of field work, followed to their logical end, lead to speculation as to the larger processes of geology. I believe that this is best, this combination of detailed field and laboratory study with speculation; best both for the science and the individual. The field studies furnish both the problems for speculation and the control over it, while geological theory stimulates field study by pointing directions of profitable en- deavor. And I believe too that a division of thought between detailed studies and speculation on the larger processes of the science is most stimulating to the individual. Certainly all of us have derived both pleasure and profit from the broad range of vision which the newer generalizations have opened up. W. Proceedings of the Ohio Academy of Science VOLUME VI, PART 2 Annual Report Twenty-Second Meeting Se aos "SDE. ee naar PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOLUME VI, PART 2 Annual Report of the Ohio Academy of Science Twenty-Second Meeting Oe tee Organized 1891 —Incorporated 1892 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. H. Schaffner fe ee Rice CG. Schatzer Date of Rublication) ce-ssess ecees Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio het a ot — ee ¢ q tod > a ea ae € ret 7 . ° ~ t * ! = - . oF ' \ ‘ . LIBRARY NEW YORK Officers 222 1912-1913 BOTANICAL GARDEN, PRESIDENT. L. B. WALTON. VICE-PRESIDENTS, CHARLES BROOKOVER. EO, GROVER: AUGUST FOERSTE. I (Co MUS INN DIBINISUNILIL, SECRETARY, 1D; Ib, UCI, TREASURER. JS) HINE: LIBRARIAN, Wie (Cy IMUNEIDS: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-Officio. L. B. WALTON. ASS Ss EuENE 1B. IE IRICIS,. Elective. Se Jl, AIDIEIDINL. CaG SE AW Re BOARD OF TRUSTEES. WY, IR, Ibias, (Caevisink yal, Waco Gigniiesyoassdunecuoceccsosnsoeenc 1915 eR MEN LE Gil CXPIGES) ar. a se corks book ce CARAT UDO ahead ove eats gh 1914 aRAUN Kaan GARINIE Vaynt lil TCX PINE Sti veracity «cits. oe oe miersue 8 as oee sharenstehe 1913 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. Pep eeeieiGr: Feri (expIheS: co ..0. elas oo Fa sb ees Soke eas SCAG RE 1913 Gr SETA EAE GEOLITL (EXP ILES storeys sie 6 odie cre caine «Sle muse ahara’s a gie.cieleloce eve 1914 Feet CLEARENERY Genie Xpih@Sicciia oe cites cen oakeritirie telat a5 Docomotaers Ravenna Actibe Members ANTIGEN WE VV tal cena Ucasy a acetates opel ave ct sicher me sisianels wes Station K, Cincinnati NTEBRIGHUI we GUARD SY SEG YE. Sicko se hereim ortve levels aren bare. dle ereteonele euswohevae tale Columbus BRESEINGS Sealey Us par SUCS Skee ncre si ceete trees aot Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati ATKINSON, Ac AL, Physics and allied subjects... it v5. seiss coer Athens BAcHMAN, FrepA M., Biology............ 310 Bruen St., Madison, Wis. Bates, B. R., Ornithology, Entomology..... 149 W. Main St., Circleville AER se eV): wala SOLOW ata ive, coraion o shee atalade stet-veierelatevsisie centri Logan, Utah Barrows, WILLIAM M., Experimental Zoology...... O. S. U., Columbus IBENIEDEGI len Vins Sais sick a neem nsncie males tre Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BERGER APE AV Gd LOOLO OMsaracicn ae eater tone eri ene cee Gainesville, Florida BEVAN we NRUETUR(GCOlOGiienotiara aa cerersaracir oer eae ene ieee Delaware AC Rn lon Cre kG COLO G Mice: «aie sccn Pokey erepasrere crores aaa R. D. No. 10, Wooster Bite IRAN, IRs 5506500 Lire Parole este peste teen: 1501 Neil Ave., Columbus Birkin, Irani (Cy, JPHNSESs ob kocaccosaccoosooonte O. S. U., Columbus Wim. Aiea IML, JVNSHOOG Wao dcndosoocucKDenoooO. O. S. U., Columbus Borin, W. C., Engmeering.........+«. 352 B. & O. Station, Chicago, Ill. BOWANOCKER YH OFIN AL GEOlOGWiemn cence saaeeiaat eee O. S. U, Columbus BrAAM, MAXIMILIAN, Biology........... Hughes High School, Cincinnati BRAUN, MAN NEDIE GE.) ZOOLOG Vil. 080 asin iats ait erate 2702 May St., Cincinnati BROCKERT eWME E..= OTAN Ys aaiclerstae aerserieie tions eileen ce ater Rio Grande BROOKOVERS GEAREE SHEE si iene eee Buchtel College, Akron BROWNED elt SAMO REM = saree dieiata/eto om esciclc tate ohne O. S U., Columbus *Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1913. 48 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 49 IBRUGGER. EVARVEY,, BOtaiy). .0..0.000000ee aes 218 N. Wood St., Fremont Bupna, Martruias, Entomology......... 2629 Woodhill Road, Cleveland MBH GEICAINEAUN Fae) BE AO OLOGN ee ool ovr ow So ores cee bite Sea hed Athens PUDUNGTON A Re A. Aoology. Physiology. ...-20...-.00.+eesesses: Oberlin Burcess, A. F., Entomology.......... U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. pees ome Siar mee teva oiklss tee acva gees cas wat ok de ede aNew “Concord aN RpRELENAIN Res Gr COLO GM: Aint, etiers, 2 210 hehe cross oO hdd dad chee Seca as Granville GmaNssenn Hino, Botany. ..2..0.4022 0. 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland (GU AINGERS se Es. BOL). veo accuses os ni Hatin nem scons Se State College, Pa. Wocuire, Georce E., Zoology, Neurology.....:..ciivésscscces- Granville (O(c AD ZILA SEG chet a Sctithe o chnersmeere cael ol ad tee dive aces ae Columbus COnTON, GONG 1a eee aes ieee ara en a ee ooo one olalikeania Comstock, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology............. Case School, Cleveland a SOON Shan CAMO ee SUES wrists cross cee aaumere ace Denison Univ., Granville, O. Conrons EC; Entomology........... Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tenn. “OE BILAINM, «VIG isto oi ne AORN Ia ay Athens Gramm, Wairriam G, Zoology..........-. 273 Southern Ave., Cincinnati (CULAR Tes A ae EAU VSIGRS Steet Serer I Or ice ere See eo a Oxford, O. IDABINIM ee GEDARTLES! “VWive-c octet. acc cede crs oo Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati IDAGHNOWSKI, ALFRED, Botany... i. .2.0.500c00cc08 sv: OMS OSs Columint's Davies, Ciara A., Botany, Physics 1 Shepardson College, Granville Wig, Ein) Horticulture: .. 0. occ... vc lack sacechu:. O. S. U., Columbus IDWS, IB. IML -AOOUOG MN bas mere crake cen tae oOo ee an cae ee ae Oxford DEMERS ERED AS SOLON... .4 sess se ene oe: 1648 Neil Ave., Columbus IDienven VAT comne (Ge BOTA. 6 ccc sets as cece ote oe ae O. S. U., Columbus IODRTPID), 2 VI. NAGA cuca, epic SrOpeNe NTA eR Ro CrP Tea ek a tag A tate Delphos Doren, JANE Macartney, Botany, Zoology........... Bexley, Columbus DRANG NE GARI a HILL ONO LO G Sere \oiersie troy as oS eon ok oe ce ent cee ees Wellington Duman, 12, JP, iBuolkoon, (GCOUOGINs 4.60544 6e5ns0040an50nnse- Westerville AD) Kaiten @EVAIRIERS 0. Jo seeds iare one pete saree eos. aetna 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati IDGTNOINs, “(One Es Wes erica eae aie oes cheer ones Aare 4816 Franklin Ave., Cleveland ArmA INO, IN5, JEINSHESs 9 bb aoe saceacoeseooueadoe. O. S. U., Columbus Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology. .7317 Clinton Ave., N. W., Cleveland EAGT CMM am Nr eA OOLOGAIE miata cnc Suchsaickore eh otigs ake tates che oeoncue Lee Athens PAV IERE EE SHR AO OLOGM saw aan es cae dine nas eae N. Emporia, Va. FURIES AMOUR ED A cas cisioyehices scree na ara Ae Sale nie ks 520 E. Main St., Columbus FenneMAN, N. M., Geology, Geography....Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati FTIR ENDO BGC as gro Maca ee Sy cae a a a Oxford Fiscuer, Martin H., Experimental Medicine........0...0.08.00506 ca. 0 9 ach Berd ie RON Ee Ole ae Ce Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati PIEZCERAED) Awe = slastology, “Pathology... 00 oss = 0.0 + Reynoldsburg *Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1913. 50 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. ivi Mai, AgollooNessoubeonaoapesnoons 338 W. Sixth Ave., Columbus HOPRSEE: eAIGUSM KGEOLOGN... 055.24 005 eee Steele High Schell, Dayton Hoon EH Ele Biologics: ce. 812 S. E. Fourth St., Minneapolis, Minn. ICRU EMG Os en MISES aneendoupd an deoooen. Kenyon College, Gambier Hox. GHAREDS JP. Boron, \Ghemistry).. .-- 20 9s2e --395 Doyle St., Akron HOxXe BERROL, eBOLany, GMEMUStiy.. 0. jade. ode eee 395 Doyle St., Akron pA SONG THR n Noe VV atten cia PSone aC P AeTaws fic asl ayetoneiciey «eines ENC ee aE Lancaster ET ESIC [Seay eg 0] Drea 3101.10.25 ae age er a OR RP IRE A 3 Berea Futon, B. B., Entomology, Botany......... --.. xp. ista., Geneva Nowe Fa CrEMGAINE, VIE IRG AENVETS'S)) legate vara ceca chews varices Lake Erie College, Painesville Gis Bora PAV Recent aresrokie Cotton See cherie en aioe EEE ae eee Geneva (Gigi (Ce lola OVHAG ir Wiaten. aren Geto ea como oes Bp o Sree O. S. U., Columbus Coonniere, Garvin GonGhologiiess0-aee ie ae eee Toledo Blade, Toledo “AGROBUR SVG Migr tree. pd hp ce. ehtv ewan teed nave ai Masi GnLLraet to ede ce ae eee Tiffin (GROVERY al A©)! SO LGR rete ni acrs Cusp: Gaece koe eee Fe ee ee Oberlin (GRIGES MRAM MD OLas Les eens eae ae fy hee te toeie O. S. U., Columbus (Gai Sis Jie Bl ekemh ean Beer CAP a Sere Ae Re OM a SY pce EPR Madison, Wis. EMALLINAN, DHos. H., Entomology.........-.- 3122' Cascade St., EmeieRa: EIAMBLETON, J. ‘€., Botany, Zoology........--2 212 E. 11th Ave., Columbus HAmLIn, Howarp E., Biology, Chenistry............ Box 297, Delaware HANSEN, Mrs. HerMiINA J., Biology...... Hughes High School, Cincinnati HarHaway, Epwarp S., Zoology, Botany..Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati LEVEN aS S Sc 8 Ne ha Ree Rae aE ee cr tor eer reed 818 Lakewood Rd. N .E.,Cleveland Hennincer, W. F., Ornithology, Entomology......... SORA Jew Bremen RATS INV GID me edna eater Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. HersHey, J. WILLARD, Chemistry and Physics..Defhance College, Defiance Enns de ME Gaeologyics 5. suis stele ke oo sera eee ee O. S. U., Columbus Hine, J. S., Entomology, Orion Sey OE BR eee tS O. S. U., Columbus Hoop, G. W., Entomology, Horticulture........ 57 W. 8th Ave., Columbus Sr aTelORINGEVETs: 4 OVW ey Grst MEAMIVIS TGS «2c alata sas ai S% [olan cdatowel sar tiet clepseense roe eS Delaware Bless, RG, PyistologyMZoOlogy. bn 3 ++: a a cea eee eee Jee vies se dee cea. otarline-Ohio, Medical’ School, Golmnnniits EROUSHRS Ml. pS. LLU OM OLOOMIS.i.citess.s ore scyet Says ole 2h haces aura romtaens Wooster TNO AVIARY. ABTA NCHIB OE 2 8 or cccolstt & cise Sie eit eon Siete aueene en TRAE Vandalia lation (Ce IDL. (Gralla IRINCKGL RH Muting bos sccmuaoeooocdcnnce Oberlin EO MPFREY, STEniAN E., Botamy.....5.....4. 18664 N. High St., Columbus Hype, J. E., Geology................School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario Rane a VIRS SE DNAG stick. tens racine oe School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario IeKESs VEARGUPRIME ZLOOlOGGn nei eustanieiae 1814 N. High St., Columbus TPAGORS, HE DWINWE, IDIGLOG Yn. 56... eee ee ee weld Ashland College, Ashland Jenwines, ©) E- Botany......->% Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg. Pa. Jicismos, ILaxinst, Ovid polooime ecanaesodcscbascoos- College Museum, Oberlin *Subject to ratification of the Society at the annu@] meeting, 1913. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 51 NEON LC. PAL VROTONV fcc 2cc02 ee dd oeee ne 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Kine, J. Lionet, Botany, Entomology........ Exp. Station, Wooster, Ohio Pre ONVENGEIs, Ji, LOOLOGM 5 xis, yaeios ass anaca sack O. S. U., Columbus PRE ORER yi REDORIGK le POCOLOG Vs .ictcom, stake cic os aawiews wares a oor Marietta sia Marsa @RETIAS tells WU) NSCS, wi i, «15; «03>. cr4, 53) 1 s)'e1 6/213 whe lope) spay + ous @ Sims So oeLA Hamilton Ani iG. -E., Biology, Geology... ...0...000%6. Mt. Union College, Alliance lem AGRE 4 Wi ZOONGGH) nihen en os os osina et sacen eae wes O. S. U., Columbus Sa CRINIE ER Goma On tae EXIVS VE Stacy a aracch arern ayer sok ata IONS afd Sia cent a ate Athens ANIOTS AVIERINION, SBIOL@IUG. .scocs wcede nocd saae sss 2509 Ohio Ave., Cincinnati aveney, NW. 1R., Horticulture, Botamy............. O. S. U., Columbus IPE RAR ek ONO MS TATE | WINTVERSIDY «. «cyt ric cs nit cals. es sci om aiias oie Columbus ‘LINT RESTON) GAS 1G OOD laws acroen aod hao te nad ceteoe aici mee. Athens BOS NOUN, WERT... «fie cao eee eptie oem ers ebend Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati — NIB CORA IE OLO Gil) cece sy eh foe Foue. d-sisee a fuera le eieue wicne cuales aiegtie ee Wyoming Marx, Ciara Goutp, Geology, Botany............... O. S. U., Columbus IBS eIBETI KU ES ImeY ICAU Vata Sef -rrosstep 2 < (acs Se beve Gd 3 aims archi unin guehducn eta ie opehesaeows Painesville Mie vonennGViiiSs))) TBE ANGER. (BLOlO GA: pu ss oeeic ds0e's sae cu 6 oc neon Sees =. Re cee ME asiawrdas cits sae 30x 56, Sta. F., Foley Road, Cincinnati INCGarE eATRG:. AGT ONONUP 2.0 2 S6.cds ts ote ool O. S. U., Columbus Mic@Ampsett, EuGENE F., Bacteriology............... O. S. U., Columbus VIG GORIRaHE eV ipelten WLIO OLOGY: «Sccua cxseit cas o,Gue RIAs Gua Sle Glee aver oats. 07 bee) 8 Athens McCaw, (Ca INS Bata! Dank, aaerct cE CCRCR Ore cetera ane een a ee Lancaster McGray, Artur E:, Zoology and Entomology................+.-. Duval eamuainin eerie ST OIOGS). «tuo tere are aye aide zo aikun ag dieiate Grates Montrose, Colo. Mektampmn, Io. 4H, \Ghenttstyy.. 5... e cee 40 Warden St., Dayton WECIRIBAN 5 “AIG lI eat) B5(011/(01 05 Uiteces Casey ee Reece IC Caper Ces aon tee eee Berea IMR GHRE- \VWieell Biology. <2 ccc ee nleds te oe ee he Ohio University, Athens MimcAnn nC. Nl Borat), LOOlOGiN 22> .c+ 45+ >. 86 E. 11th Ave., Columbus MEAT AOL Bel mete OOOO Wia«. oro Re csiars 2 osetia olay Se ares alg RoteReue be arse uct Oberlin IMIEMGATR eAENO! DP ..5..5 55 shlnd oaeewas dvd A. & M. College, W. Raleigh, N. C. Mins HAN CG Arehacologs!, Biology ...c...:-s+22.0-8 OSU, Columbus NEE SSB IC el ACT Te Ae eae, Ce ee ee eae O. S. U., Columbus ZMiorm, mwas’ I, Py sites... cece cess cae Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati "MEG OVINE» tA 7 VER scene eh ben nce eee Se A SRNR err oe rc Flushing MORSH emi C.. Biologay (Geologiyens-«c sna veo. oscet O. S. U., Columbus Moseisy, EF. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography...........+..+- Sandusky HVIGY EACH een AMOI Morice mnie ve ol ele asso cnc uie sl exdectomsiee,o Aisreate tis tee see Athens NEESON, JAMES A. ZLodldgy, Embryology... ..s..00..c0c2 ot ce cce veers PRI HEE ou: U. S. Dept. Agricul., Div. Entom., Washington, D. C. INT@ORS A SUSANNE ID). CBO FOI) cscs «oe
0 <5 ee oe Past Officers PRESIDENTS 1892. KE. W. CLAYPOLE 1903. C. J. HERRICK 1893. EDWARD ORTON 1904. E. L. MOSELEY 1894. F. M. WEBSTER 1905. HERBERT OSBORN 1895. D. S. KELLICOTT 1906. E. L. RICE 1896. A. A. WRIGHT 1907. CHARLES DURY 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN 1908. FRANK CARNEY 1898. W. G. TIGHT 1909. J. H. SCHAFFNER 1899. G. F. WRIGHT 1910. W. F. MERCER 1900. JoSHUA LINDAHL 1911. L. C. WESTGATE 1901. A. D: SELBY. 1912. Bruce FINK 1902. W. R. LAZENBY 1913. L. B. WALTON VICE PRESIDENTS 1892. A. A. WRIGHT, ELLEN E. SMITH 1893. D. S. Keuuicott, D. L. JAMES 1894. G. H. CoLTon, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN 1895. H. E. CHAPIN, JANE F. WINN 1896. A. L. TREADWELL, CHARLES DURY 1897. C. E. Stocum, J. B. WRIGHT 1898. JOSHUA LINDAHL, J. H. Topp 1899. CHAS. E. ALBRIGHT, A. D. SELBY 1900. J. A. BOWNocKER, LYNDS JONES 1901. H. HerRzER, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN 1902. C. J. Herrick, C. S. PROSSER 1903. J. A. BowNockerr, Miss L. C. RIDDLE 1904. LyNnps Jongs, L. H. McFAppEN 1905. C. W. DaBNey, F. M. Comstock 1906. CHARLES Dury, LYNDS JONES 1907. W. F. Mercer, FRANK CARNEY 1908. J. H. SCHAFFNER, F. C. WAITE 1909. L. G. Westeate, S. R. WILLIAMS 1910. M. M. Metcaur, Bruce Fink, G. D. HUBBARD 1911. CHAS. Brookover, M. E. STICKNEY, G. D. HUBBARD 1912. M. M. METcaLr, M. E. STICKNEY, N. M. FENNEMAN 1913. F.C. WAITE (vice CHARLES BROOKOVER), F. O. GROVER, AUGUST FOERSTE, T. C. MENDENHALL. TREASURERS 1892-95. A. D. SELBY 1899-04. HERBERT OSBORN 1896-98. D. S. KELuLicotr 1905- JAS. S. HINE PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 93 1892. 1893-94. 1895-03. 1900-04. 1900-02. 1904-06. 1900-05. 1901-. 1892-01. 1892-97. 1892-96. 1897-99. 1898-00. 1900-08. 1901-03. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 400m Has Pond sy R. LAZENBY . G. TIGHT . L. MOSELEY . M. WEBSTER . C. BEARDSLEE J. HERRICK H. SCHAFFNER . R. LAZENBY 1904-. LIBRARIAN W. C. MILLS SECRETARIES 1904. 1905-12. 1915-. TRUSTEES 1905-08. 1907-08. 1908-. 1910-13. 1915-. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE M. WEBSTER . A. KELLERMAN . W. CLAYPOLE . L. MOSELEY BELLE CRAVER H. SCHAFFNER H. McFApDDEN 1913- PLACES OF ANNUAL Columbus Columbus Columbus Columbus Cincinnati Columbus Columbus Columbus Cleveland Columbus Columbus Columbus F. L. LANDACRE L. B. WALTON EK. L. G. B. HALSTED CHAS. DuURY E. L. Rice FRANK CARNEY M. M. METCALF 1902-04. GERARD FOWKE 1904-05. Jas. S. HINE 1905-13. E. L. Rice 1906-12. J. C. HAMBLETON 1908-11. Bruck FINK 1911-. C. G. SHATZER ODEs J. H. SCHAFFNER (G5 els Ibias: MEETINGS 1903. Granville 1904. Cleveland 1905. Cincinnati 1906. Columbus 1907. Oxford 1908. Granville 1909. Delaware 1910. Akron 1911. Columbus 1912. Columbus 1913. Oberlin Membership JANUARY 1, 1914 LIFE MEMBER McMILuIn, EMERSON E...............- 320 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. PATRONS STO GUM v Cranley aot oes oan ce te temas cee 218 13th St., Toledo TANSESTK ISNT sins WV ce edt ce eC es cy ena ee sence Ne Station K, Cincinnati INT BRIGHTS s CHART H Os Missi .: 00) 0.229 3 aie sees ee Columbus ATTN ee ck Weg E APSECS ee ae. neces cones Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati A UNTGETINIESY or, WW IE, SIN ES OROU ILO) met cS ES 3 9 oa one Dea eo Wellington ATKINSON, A. A., Physics and allied subjects...........----..-----+0-+------ Athens BALES, B. R., Ornithology, Entomology........ 149 W. Main St., Circleville BAe, We, Er RLOMOlO YY ii oie co kee a ee ee Logan, Utah ARMED cv igh Fy SUOS oh Secon ree ee 1634 Neil Ave., Columbus BARROWS, WILLIAM M., Experimental Zoology.......... O. S. U., Columbus BENEDICT sg bl, ieee ne Se Ee Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BERGUR # Eins Wish Z OOLOG Ye soos, nce c a 2 ey a Gainesville, Florida BEVANSEARTHURS (G COLOG Ys. 2... 5-22 -o e e Delaware BIA C Keio GAG COLO Gant tence ee eee eee R. D. No. 10, Wooster BAKE MEREDERTOM Cr SP ysis 202 hae ene O. S. U., Columbus BLEILE, ALBERT M., Physiology, Biology...............--.- O.S. U., Columbus BOUIN SWisiGe EH WO1Meen Inn 352 B. & O. Station, Chicago, IIl. BOWNOCKER; JOHN ~A,, Geology... 5.0 3 ee O. S. U., Columbus BRAAM, MAXIMILIAN, Biology................ Hughes High School, Cincinnati BRAUN; ANNEDTE EF, Zoology. 2. 2702 May St., Cincinnati BREIEL, CLARENCE A., Biology, Chemistry, Physics....Sturges Hall, Delaware BROCKELE. TCU DH) Hs, SE ORILIVY St ees eek) ee Rio Grande BROOKOVER, CHARLES, Medical Department, Univ. of Arkansas, ceteht Se emetic ates, SSW AE Ce ee Tl aa nh te dae aa Little Rock, Ark. ROWING Ole be WEL Ota nye. oe ee oe So ee eet O. S. U., Columbus PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 95 IBRUGGER, EUARVEN:, DB OLONY=.-0--2----2tsesecc2e2oe = 218 N. Wood St., Fremont PY RTT Oe iene aee i a re ee New Concord BuBNA, MATTHIAS, E'ntomology.............--- 2629 Woodhill Road, Cleveland BUCHANAN, J. W., Zoology.........- Be A ee RD neh at Se, Athens BUCHER, WALTER H., Geology, Physics....Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BUBINGION, R. A., Zoology, Physiolog y.......-2---.ccs20--ce--02e0-0-0nse ao Oberlin Burcess, A. F., Entomology............ U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. 2 TBA OG UNI 67210101) ee ee ea Granville TE SiDe alk a DPV AGLO) LAY mM 6X0) 02) (1) ee Delaware CLAASSEN, Epo., Botany.................... 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland CLS VERIO SNE Sh) 35010 7 ee State College, Pa. CoE, FRED O., Geology, Zoology, Chemistry...163 N. Franklin So NEE ced Soc oh Ae aD AR I Delaware COGHILL, GEORGE E., Zoology, Neurology....Univ. of Kansas, Law- rence, Kas. INE OY SUCSS. 2. - et a a tS O. S. U., Columbus CoMSTOCK, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology................---- Case School, Cleveland UCD Ss, KOE 1B 2100 0s eee eee Denison Univ., Granville, O. COOIETOTEVAINTIDS, VAG, 1S a es Be i ce oe eae, UR eee ee ees Athens CoTTON, EH. C., Entomology........---...- Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tenn. CRAMER, WILLIAM G., Zoology........------------ 273 Southern Ave., Cincinnati (CHUL, De Ney YOO SG ee eee Oxford, O. IWAUZINIENY. | @ELARLES). W 22-22-2022. 2h ccseoect--- Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati DACHNOWSKI, ALFRED, Botany............--.-------.----------- O. S. U., Columbus DAVIES, CLARA A., Botany, Physics........ Shepardson College, Granville TOVANTTISL, 1533 NY a AOXOY KON 7 eset eB eir e eee e a ie a Meee Oxford rpm 2 EI. HOTT LCULLUT ES... <<. 82h ee acto O. S. U., Columbus IDEM SS eLOREIDIAG PROC OI Yoo aceon nee nee 1648 Neil Ave., Columbus Dicky, MALCOLM (G., Botany ...-22-2.....-.2- 648 Neil Ave., Columbus IDE TRO), “UN NA ete he ete eee Lee Se, ON SNe Ee R. D. No. 1, Delphos DOREN, JANE MACARTNEY, Botany, Zoology................ Bexley, Columbus OAR OART,, 15 COI OLOG Yi 2-522 seo ecencnate ent -ce-actdtensace. O. S. U., Columbus PrenRANT. EH. P.. Biology; Geology 22.2 ee... Westerville ID RW Ae CEVARTMS S222 2 a 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati IDFA OS fe Cha She cc ee nee RE 4816 Franklin Ave., Cleveland BESHEUAR Es OBT a B'., Vy StiCaie oe Se O. S. U., Columbus Epwarbps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology....7317 Clinton Ave., N. W., Cleve. earrriGs Pt We, ZOOLOGY. <_-22.2 5 noc Huron College, Huron, S. Dak. FAVILLE, ESTHER, Zoology............ 215 W. Third St., Junction City, Kas. HEPA PAD OR PIR). eo A Ant 520 E. Main St., Columbus FENNEMAN, N. M., Geology, Geography..Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati LP URSTG, LEN RUE(6) oI S500) ome ee Oxford *Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1914. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FiscHER, MaArtTIN H., Experimental Medicine PORE Pe ME opis Re ee et SN ee Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Bitzerratp, A. 1): Hastology, Pathology... Reynoldsburg HiUVNN, MAUD. 2 oology.- 2.2.2 338 W. Sixth Ave., Columbus HOERSTES —AWGUSTE |G ecologies Steele High School, Dayton ROWING ATING OG Sslke sla /01/ SUG Same eee Kenyon College, Gambier Fox, CHARLES P., Botany, Chemastry......-------------- 395 Doyle St., Akron HOxXowHRROL WD OLainyenGILCIUIS iif ee er 395 Doyle St., Akron EPRAGUR Es INA We et en nna ts Ses ps, Ah ee Lee Canal Winchester BRUTE MSR Hy die, BOLUM Yee. foes cos -: oc leaertes ee ee Berea FULTON, B. B., Entomology, Botany..............-.-..- Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. GETMAN, MINNIE RYDER, Botany.........-.. Lake Erie College, Painesville GIBBS SD ANID? soo.) We eed age) nd NS ees a8 oe Geneva GOETRZACy Hee Ones (nije <2 ental sess ee ee Colorado Springs, Colo. (OODRICH, CALVIN, Conchology...........-—- Toledo Blade, Toledo GOwDY, ROBERT CLYDE, Physics.............--- 2115 Auburn Ave., Cincinnati GRABER, PHILIP E., Physics, Chemistry, General Science................. eee Sear REL AEIME © Bh Colne Re ol Fey eel eC 9501 Pratt Ave., Cleveland GREGORY, EMILY RAY, Zoology, Botany, Physiology, Hygiene........ Fer NS eee ee headed Bin a ae oes Buchtel College, Akron GRIGGS a RAs eB Oba yl see eee) ee Eee eee O. S. U., Columbus KC ROBER aye Myceet oie ie ees ae ntae Oe tel so 2. 2g Se Lo Tiffin GROVER. -O:) boteniy s.r a ee Oberlin (Gyan ss Vie eee. oe nen, se see a oe ae et ees ee Ma ee Madison, Wis. HALLINAN, THOS. H., Entomology......212 Madison Ave., Paterson, N. J. HAMBELETON, J. C., boliny; Zoolegy:. 22 Galloway HAMEIN, HowaArp E., Biology, Chemastry..._2..... eee apie Le OLD OL at anes eneeeens Cav of Harvard Union, Cambridge, Mass. HANSEN, Mrs. HERMINA J., Biology...Hughes High School, Cincinnati EASING a SRMNEIee ee eaten, oie LE 818 Lakewood Rd. N. E., Cleveland HENNINGER, W. F., Ornithology, Entomology.................... New Bremen BUTS Po AY GE || Bye ean oe Ne Be Oe Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. HERSHEY, J. WILLARD, Chemistry and Physics...............--.01-2--00--200000-. ers eee eR AC eel Oak NES re Nise erty ee ae Defiance Colleze, Defiance RMU S yo les ic the COLD feet oe Rai |e es gt ay O. S. U., Columbus HINE, J. S., Entomology, Ornithology......................-- O. S. U., Columbus HOPEINS: bnwis'S:; Botany)... 420 8 ee Kent EIOR MET TOW or Uxas EC YSECR ee oa Se. ole ee ee ee Delaware Hoskins, R.'G., Phystology, Zoology... 8 eee BEE ae ee Pee age eae as Starling-Ohio Medical School, Columbus Houser, J. Ss Entomology... 23. ee eee Wooster LOWES VUAR Yo DIAN CHES st otro | suis een eee O. S. U., Columbus HUBBARD, G. D., Geology, Physiography......--2.2---2221--0.-Tieese0nseeeenoes Oberlin HUMPBReYy, -Linhian, Hi Botonye. se eee ee ee Ironton PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 97 TB D0) Or, YO eXS ie 0). 7: ne School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario aoe) Br. G COLO GY......<--.-25:-2--------- School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario ICKES, MARGUERITE, Zoology....................--- 1814 N. High St., Columbus PIEOSCAR W., PRUY81C8....0. 2-22 262025ecncsk oeccaneestncenie Toledo Univ., Toledo JACOBS, EDWIN E., Botany, Biology................ Ashland College, Ashland JENNINGS, O. E., Botany........ Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburgh, Pa. Homes uYNDS, Ornitholog y.........-2.----.-2.--------- College Museum, Oberlin SOMSONG CG. Ai, Otay .....-2.a.<-.-)22-c22--202- ost eae eee Athens Bates, B. R., Ornithology, Entomology...... 149 W. Main St., Circleville BAnIC SBA): SE WEOMLOLOGY ve 4 sce ote ee ee ECE Logan, Utah BARNETD | Sia aie Ay sues,.:. secon ces cord tein aca 1634 Neil Ave., Columbus Barrows, WILLIAM M., Experimental Zoology........ O. S. U., Columbus — ISENDDUGT ote EltarlVie ce, tenca Mie atoleye cis ote eerie Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BERGER Eas, eL0 ClO0G Vie~ wise se ie ete eine Gainesville, Florida BEVAN. -ARTHUR- Geology.... dace. ate oe 6342 Ellis Ave., Chicago, Ill. BUACK © Ga 'GeQlogy nc. bs eee ee ee R. D. No. 10, Wooster BLAKE sHREDERTCKs Gost ylstGSercite eer cm ersten ce eee O. S. U., Columbus BLEILE, ALBERT M., Phystology, Biology............:- O. S. U., Columbus BoOwWNOCKER; JOHN ‘A. Geology. 205. wet iiine oe eae O. S. U., Columbus BrAAM, MAXIMILIAN, Biology........... Hughes High School, Cincinnati BRAUN AN NERDENE-seZOOL0 ONle sects s) cir. aerate 2702 May St., Cincinnati BROGKEDT (Rurirk EB Otdn ya vom & an etc Getta oat eee Rio Grande BROoOKOVER, CHARLES, Medical Department, Univ. of Arkansas, ak icis 0.8 fatty Sas ie Gao Nae cae Toner ee eens ea eee decaote Little Rock, Ark. BROW. Nig si sie Ele OLIVA tae cee ener teas O. S. U., Columbus IBRUGGER se ELAR VEN D OLGIUY sie serene eae ie eerie eee 412 South St., Fremont BREAN MIB URS Bea ciccastete Seavey ats ove lvoe eatery coe eae eee ee ene New Concord Busna, Matruias, Entomology.......... 2629 Woodhill Road, Cleveland BUCHAMANS Jt, Ws, ZOOl0O Vs i oe.c, nies tein ete aceasta eee Athens BucHER, WALTER H., Geology, Physics........ 2624 Eden Ave., Cincinrtati (148) PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 149 EaminGnoN,. Rk: A... Zoology, Physiology: -...<02.--.0..++ceeereee Oberlin Burgess: A. F. Entomology.........-. U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. rE AN KE | (GCOLOGY Sos os bend Sobek vo a bac ou desc dvibeaees Granville (CEs. IBID eAaoN [ole in\ pay 810) 16/4 RE ete ree eee O. S. U., Columbus MSEEAASSENA FE DO!, Botany... 2... ssc 0 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland (REMENGHR I. 2, BOLOMY mt. = oo. oe ete se os McGill Uniy., Montreal, Can. Cor, FrED O., Geology, Zoology, Chemistry........ 163 N. Franklin BSC Claman ee ern Y PME otras fone Nes es omtersyahs toute cial’ Mintcsiole sles. a Delaware CocaNn, Eric L., Zoology, Botany..............36 W. 9th Ave., Columbus COGHILL, GEorcE E., Zoology, Neurology............ Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kas. eID) EE VSI CS). 8 Ss, cin olaiott tehsa lela clnce ew nteiei oe oa O. S. U., Columbus CoMSTOCK, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology.......,...... Case School, Cleveland Semeere 21D. PNY SICS. fs oe Se isin de oh Te bes Denison Univ., Granville, O. “CUPRA,” NAYS OLR i ge a nd ee me ea Athens COTTINGHAM, KENNETH’C., Geology.......... 1870 N. 4th St., Columbus COORG, IBY AC al ODO COV OC Lh enti IB nic Ore ae ae ae Elyria CRAMER, WILLIAM G., Zoology...........3138 Madison Road, Cincinnati CL oa eS 2 ee ee Oxford, O. IDACTINOWSKI, ALFRED) Botany......c..00csc0ceec00c- O. S. U., Columbus DENA eemS eee VO OLO Gita ts sxcosey crc ets Sinjett Ore ino oa v og wig wba 8 lhe ue bas Oxford (DUAN. UNS IRS 8 Mal aa er) 1 a ae ©; S; U; Columbus DE Lone, Dwicut M., Zoology, Entomology.......... O. S. U., Columbus DEMERS ME REDA. DOLOHY ) i. cies ke de conc aassee 1648 Neil Ave., Columbus +DreTZ, HARRY F., Entomology........ 408 W. 28th St., Indianapolis, Ind. Doren, JANE Macartney, Botany, Zoology............ Bexley, Columbus Bee CART HF WLOMOLOGY ccs + -.ssex cine 0 sp 02s’ be van sem O. S. U., Columbus ama a a OLOGA GG COLOGH =< clic as -c arene elu a i) eas Biss coees viatee Westerville IDRWeMOLUARLES|: oei.is0e cies aes eee se ene coal) midgway , Ave., Cincinnati PMRMERTE AR eH RS As o,f ices oe ioe ow 4816 Franklin Ave., Cleveland HUARIEVAR De OBD ESI. OAV SICS ons « b.2.c fisted ols eof bw orn ojos O. S. U., Columbus Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology, 7317 Clinton Ave., N. W., Cleveland Evans, Morcan W., Botany, Agronomy, General Science....New London HAC Gala VV S87 OOLOG We occas slo ss bs « 837 S. Wittenberg Ave., Springfield EMEP AU ADOUPE NS G05 - cculetics was. Sais ancy cae eas O20 E. Main St. Columbus FENNEMAN, N. M., Geology, Geography...Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Fink, Bruce, Botany........ in eebs catia Brera aaa eo aoa caer Oxford FiscHer, Martin H., Experimental Medicine................2.000- BON Ter ee edn th ee Bake hare oy Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Srazeeracp, A. 2, Histology, Pathology: .. +. stccs.. eases». Reynoldsburg EDEN AAO OLOG Sian) ers, «has < s aike sien. 338 W. Sixth Ave., Columbus HOERSLE AUGUST GEOIOG We oe cis cls ec otis © f.2 ene ae at MA Pee ches a oR DT ae Harvard Union, Cambridge, Mass. Hansen, Mrs. Hermina J., Biology...... Hughes High School, Cincinnati Hauck, CuHartes WEsLEy, Zoology, Entomology....Walhalla Park Pe ATR splash es app ree th et ke RTS DoD eR A Place, Columbus HENNINGER, W. F., Ornithology, Entomology...........+++ New Bremen ERERMS * Woes ct ond shee eb aes Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. HersHey, J- WILLARD, ‘Chemistry, Physics... << Sases ont oan eee UE ORS ete die batts VaR Rea w a be AR ee Defiance College, Defiance PLIES, be MG CDIAGY).v..n<'dabace tim talo oc bce eee ee ee O. S. U., Columbus Hine, J. S., Entomology, Ornithology...........+++++ O. S. U., Columbus HoprIns,*LEwis S., Botaty iss... ties ogila ds oF oeee 229 wits 2) oe Kent Howmern W.. Gs PRySICSi soe es Cae ee ee ee ees on ee Delaware Houste, J. °S, Entomology. .. 02 22 School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario FAY DE, (J: TE, AG COlO gn beeen tae a2 School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario [CKES, MARGUERITE.;ZO0l0G9).oa-- son -ttee = 12582 Clifton Blvd., Cleveland Inwiw, OScan=W., Pitystees sonia: a:- hu Beene za erate Toledo Univ., Toledo Jacoss, Epwin E., Botany, Biology...........+4 Ashland College. Ashland Jennines, ©. EB. (Botany siknan sees e.s Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. JOHNSON, EH.) Puiystes: jos ccs otis ane eee eee Gambier JONES, LiyNps, Ornithology 22. oe poten eae College Museum, Oberlin Jupson, Gi Ae Botany ocoe-. aceon awa 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Kine, J. Lioner, Botany, Entomology.....Ohio Experiment Sta., Wooster PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 151 Kwnower, Henry McE., Anatomy, Biology ao as eieie) es ele) sa, 6)0\ a 6,6. % we o's. 2 \0./e PIRI ra Aad eat ora. fet ecvosd w sydto Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati rR MEV BN CED, |, ZOOLOGY < «+, scaistereoarntaw va odes O. S. U., Columbus IMRECKER®, FREDERICK H., Biology: occ cncss env elewas O. S. U., Columbus Kumter, RAtpH W., Geology, Physiography...... 277 E.-Perry St., Tiffin Kurtz, S. Aaron, Botany, Geology, Physics, Chemistry,........... UREIMCOL OO ce tc opin oie cans wri Un DHSS Sc 525 Rogers St., Bucyrus eSB a BR 2 7 Hamilton Lamps, G. F., Biology, Geology............... Mt. Union College, Alliance EES SE, IA) (7 (ne O. S. U., Columbus operas RAS RL arene et PIN ISELS 2 oho wa n/atousco lore ainiatt ond wok ws oMeieioe oe le Athens LAZENBY, Wy. R., Horticulture, Botany.............. O. S. U., Columbus Meceapwe Ouio SrAre UNIVERSITY...2-...ec0cssccccces saci cece Columbus MemPE IVER DY IRL. ore ose’ once Sov nrg nw Ad valet Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati Poon, nw, J., Prysics.......0.s0s- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati LEER Ne EEQLODY so. go: c.ui> iw fost p.< rein’ v.einie « walole 6 Kk af oe's sore wis Wyoming Mark, CLARA GOULD, Geology, Botany............... O. S. U., Columbus Oe LUTE GE GL RES 2d Dae SS Sa are Re aU Nh ee a Painesville McAvoy, BLANCHE, Biology...... Box 56, Sta. F., Foley Road, Cincinnati ne en OF OMOUIY << cio. so v'a\vaaod sve awn ces ewe O. S. U., Columbus Miceamrerty, HuGene F., Bactertology..sics.sciccecce sc cecaccceces Eee aoe Se nice oo ee eens ie State Board of Health, Columbus McCorktez, W. E., Zoology..... Cornell Univ. Medical Coll., Ithaca, N. Y. RECATD EN 12s Ele = GHEMESEMY oo: oon 5) cpo.oje ss se «osc ats 4) Warden St., Dayton McIntTosH, WILL, Botany, Zoology............ Oberlin Academy, Oberlin eer na NE Mis Rts OLESEN soo Ok ohn ft, ain oes, ashe, Sowine slaw 22% aie des nalece Berea Bier PERSON, WM... Chemisify.. o.c oc sce kccsaessessss O. S. U., Columbus MeckstrotH, Gustav A., Botany, Entomology..... Dept. Botany, O. S. U., Columbus MRE NCB ee Coe SG Pte vic boss wala ier bushes Fiesavhs» wv aha aux 3 Ravenna BERN oo He HOLOG Y.c.c1e =p zipiesseiois © o.oleevore sere Ohio University, Athens Metcatr, C. L., Entomology, Zoology........ Dept. of Zoology and 2S SE te ge Oe oe a Entomology, O. S. U., Columbus Mirae seo Niet A COTOGY. 4, va x dara cosas wee eases os ned edawesee Oberlin WCAER: ZENG (Pas cova ee sto aes Case A. & M. College, W. Raleigh, N. C. *METZGER, ALBERT C. D., Chemistry, Ornithology, Geography...... oe SSS EG Oe Cae SEC DEE te eee 380 Deshler Ave., Columbus Snubs: tie COLO Vie o's 2's wale sahaje bce Wigs 0 Lazarus Company, Columbus ' Muts, W. C., Archacology; BiOlOGY 0.522 vets vs occas O. S. U., Columbus Ree Mee PN EVAR GS 2 co Ross o's pic slows (Sh oiae's v v0 Oberlin College, Oberlin Rg RWIS. TP YSICS ss idle wo oda aco 03 wien Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Morninestar, HELEN, Geology........... ..1275 Franklin Ave., Columbus Morse, W. C., Biology, Geology........ Washington Univ., St. Louis, Ma. * Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1915. U5 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, MosELEY, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography...............0:. SER Pes tee weer Nas iia oe State Normal College, Bowling Green More Don C.,:Z oology, Entomologystes.:...4 dann Clo ee Wooster NEESON, JAMES -A., Zoology, ‘Embryology2:...:..2. ..000 oe ; SFE Te oak oon CEE eee eee Bur. Entomology, Washington, D. C. INIGHIOUS A SKISAINDS sO LIU ae tee ee ae eae 257 Elm St., Oberlin @BERTIORSERS bilo Gere sees 1444 Fairmont St., N. W., Washington, D. C. OvpenBace,. Ef. Ls Meteorology .-.e-. seer > St. Ignatius College, Cleveland @PIVER EM ARY EY DiolOgVenee neice © eee eece 186 Sixteenth Ave., Columbus O2NEAL /GuAupE TE Bolas fon A: ence clas eee ee Delaware Orcurn, “AteRrEeD AV, 001GG Wx sianew 0 do a ee es Bee Granville OSBORNE DVBEGNEZ OOl0GW ag ese e ore enero 485 King Ave., Columbus OsporNn, HERBERT, Entomology, Zoology........... ...O. S. U., Columbus OSEURN, RAYMonn. G. Zoology, Ichthyologys ...2..... 25a She Ce geen Nae ae OM pee Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Pang orst; iG, -P.. Sctence x...) hans Pes eas 2 te 9 W. Long St., Columbus PERRYS PRED? “BOtaiy Asia ih Dae Se eee A ee ee Delaware Puituips, RutH L., Biology and Allied Sciences..Western College, Oxford PHInPOrRr FREES. BIOlOgiin . cee eee 171 W. Lincoln Ave., Delaware PIWONIKA sh DHOMAGe hs oe a2 cictecc coor 226 Superior Ave., N. W., Cleveland IBROSE. (GEAS ihe SE SICSHIRS coro ar eee nes 1333 Maple Ave:., Zanesville PROSSER {GVM eG COLO GVEA ni eee wie ime otes cle eae O. S. U., Columbus RANKIN, JoHN P., Biology, Medicine.............. 415 Earl Court, Elyria RECKER. PAT Gr DLOLO OM PV SIGS ice orcee ieee eer 60 Park Ave., Delaware REEsE, (CHAs. A., Zoology, Entomology........ 80 E. 13th Ave., Columbus RMIGHEEY, He VEL asics: wet! Gewese cee tee 2088 Tuller St., Columbus Rice. GHowWaARDiLs,t ZOGLOG Is. «0s tin 2 etont ok a oe ee Delaware RicHarps,Crarissa.A;,. Botany, Zoologye: So. ies xc ome teas Oxford, O. ROBInsom, : J--Mis casi oe Se deae’s s tiese sel bose te eee Mt. Victory Ropinson, Ray R., Geology, Biology..........0.2 0050-000 ons NEWEASHE ROGERS. AH AREES Gi, (Phy stology «cs ste ceteris Oberlin College, Oberlin Reon: HAL MON DNs, (BOLO t2 Pts. sda nen aeadte te eee eee Phalanx Station ROUDEBUSEH.WOWELE? tin sie se sete ne en R. F. D., No. 8, New Richmond ROVER, JOHN 107 BIOLOGY eG = Suis x biajnteles > sors ele oe fh ee Bradford RusH, R. C., Conchology...... Pentre er rer on. Hudson SAnpDERS, J. G., Entomology, Botany...... College of Agri., Madison, Wis. ScHARENER: Jy F9y BOTANY pte soe ees as cue ee’s eernn O. S. U., Columbus Scurar sie WB. Biplogyecra os cleat doees ea ine eee Westerville ScHEFFEL, Eart R.,. Geology........:+-:.+++++++s-.041 River St, Daytoms ScHROYDER, CHARLES R., Geology.......230'S. Pugh St., ‘State College, Pa. Seymour, RAYMOND JESSE, Physiology, Zoology, Botany........... ES ARN Le A el Dept. Physiology, O. S. U., Columbus Smnpy: Ay. DD (Botany.ct ocnere ee een ee Experiment Station, Wooster SHADLE: - ALBERT; ZO010GYs anes cae «rote ee SOeee Lockbourne, O. ee re | PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 153 SHarre, Mrs. KATHERINE D., Botany, Geology.........-....0.00: London me rem tre Arh Ie Nr, ich a) ye ston Same hoon aie a ola ons 25 Cecil St., Springfield pm he P, Entomology... 55 TERI 5Te 20 LAPGss c epee ete alt oc eee eeiecarin) Cision Retr aaa Rome SUMMER GD SOLON LOOLOG Ys si.2s sae oe, Fis's, <1 ojoe'> 015.6 vis ees Richmond, Ky. SmirH, J. WarrEN, Meteorology...........<.. Weather Bureau, Columbus SmiruH, Rocer C., Entomology........ Dept. Zoology, O. S. U., Columbus Smvonreek. D: Zoology, —entonvology....+....22.-.¢:-+9.-+.+ Ashtabula SPECKMANN, W. N., Geology..........- Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea SrAnvtey, CLypE M., Zoology.............:- 110 N. Franklin St., Delaware STAUFFER, CLINTON R., Geology....Univ. of Minnesota, Mineapolis, Minn. Surrei. Victor, Conchology, Botany: .. 0. ooo. ed. eee os New Philadelphia SMEUSON eS lis PSVCHOLO GN e-aate's ives +c a ererere sae Oberlin College, Oberlin MEME Witt? OTENYs Sc sc & als 1 5Pila Gi ore oe oes e as owe eee Granville SEES GAREIBID, BOM. th. .c.0/o> sas ws. vasa cen O. S. U., Columbus Sioux VW. E., Chemistry, Geology..:....6.:.. 4) E, Lane Ave., Columbus SERB Ys OO! Sls Sst sok. soe tects oh oe 2s Twelfth Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii THAYER, WARREN N., Geology...... Ohio Mechanics Institute, Cincinnati THOMPSON, LAWRENCE J., Biology, Chemistry............00.00.000% og SOR Ae ee eee 21 University Ave., Delaware Topp, JosepH H., Geology, Archeology........ Christmas Knoll, Wooster MORNERY CLARENCE L., Zoology... ...és0222-% 105 Campbell St., Delaware UNNEWEHR, Emory C., Physics.......... Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea VEEDER, MARTHA ANNA, Physics.........- The Western College, Oxford VERWIEBE, WALTER A., Geology.......... Orton Hall, O. S. U., Columbus a 731o Sl ST) SA ag eee eae Western Reserve University, Cleveland Watters, DorotHy E., Zoology........ 268 V. . -untain Ave., Delaware AMAT OINSME eens Pe SCO OGB) cayncterice Shitcte hoster ere miscees ele (elati.e sad) die0ap Gambier NAVE RO) PRYSICS oc ve i. Sanne 2 Aa Set 473 FE» -k Place, Springfield Be Riper rsarees ie es 2) SNIDER os hi axcre) > msued Petree etree dw alers oxi) Gieieie' -.Garrettsville Wesster, F. M., Entomology....U. S. Dept. Agricul., Washington, D. C. WEINLAND, CLARENCE R., Physics........... 381 W. 10th Ave., Columbus Nite DiesmsaUV ATS OLGMMh emia aioe a host tive stare ajsyae ose fetes Manhattan, Kas. Banos a Cersy kyl SUCMOLOG Wut. 2 scr olin is «o'r 010 ooo. e's Oberlin College, Oberlin WERTHNER, WILLIAM B., Botany............- Steele High School, Dayton VRS GATE M em OVESe Gai (GEOLO GM arc rc.ciete fhe 76e oe «res ocbera a ve sie eicleie cities Delaware NVR DANES e SAMUIBI, IR: IO WYSIGS 3y.)0:2\.<1< = sc10 58s oso Oberlin College, Oberlin WILLIAMS, STEPHEN R., Biology............. Miami University, Oxford MitietAMSON si, Ex LLOMDIOGY = sc0 25 ice «cies soe oe eee zed Bluffton, Ind. 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, WILSON, STELLA S., Geography, Geology........ 97 N. 20th St., Columbus WitpBercer, P. B., Entomology, Zoology,....... 1831 N. 4th St., Columbus Wright Gs HREDBRICK* (Geologyisisneonioceio oe ease ae a eee Oberlin SWiOR Kes ELAR IGARN iS Eee 1, OLIV et tera tse tele teete Brown Univ., Providence, R. I. MMOUNGH IR Ae MOLI Vere bien Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C Totaly (Memberships ss... ook sor aene es + ee ee 234 Report of a Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Ohio Academy of Science On the call of President Mendenhall, a meeting of the Executive committee of the Ohio Academy of Science was held on May 2, 1914, in the Biological building of the Ohio State University. The invitation was extended to the officers of the Academy to meet with the committee. Professors Mendenhall, Hine, Walton, and Rice, of the committee, were present; also Professors Osborn, Lazenby, Mills, Schaffner, and Cole. It was unanimously voted that the invitation of the Ohio State University to hold the next annual meeting of the Academy in Columbus be accepted with thanks. Voted that the Executive Committee recommend to the annual meeting of the Academy the holding of a field meeting during the month of May of 1915. Voted that the President and Secretary be authorized to appoint a representative to consult with the Secretary of State of Ohio and to take such steps as may be necessary to secure the change of the corporate name of the Academy from ‘The Ohio State Academy of Science” to “The Ohio Academy of Science” in conformity with the revised constitution and the general usage of the Academy. Professor Lazenby was appointed after the close of the meeting. Voted that the President be requested to communicate with Governor Cox with a view to securing closer mutual relations between the Ohio Academy of Science and the State Government. A careful discussion of the relations of the Ohio Academy of Science and the Ohio Naturalist showed a general sentiment (155) 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, in favor of a broadening of both scope and title of the Naturalist to correspond with the broadening scope of the Academy, as shown especially in the recent organization of a Section for Physics. As the result of this discussion, it was voted that the recommendation be presented to the publishers of the Ohio Naturalist that the name of that journal be changed for the year 1914-1915 to “The Ohio Naturalist and Journal of Science’, with a view to the further change in 1915-1916 to “The Ohio Journal of Science’; also voted that the editor and business manager of the Naturalist (both officers of the Academy) be requested to report to the annual meeting con- cerning the advisability of the financial codperation of the Academy in the publication of the Naturalist. Epwarp L. Rice, Secretary. Report of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science The Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science was held at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, on November 26, 27, and 28, 1914, under the presidency of Professor T. C. Mendenhall of Ravenna. GENERAL PROGRAM Thursday, November 26. 8:00 P. M. Informal Gathering. of Members. Ohio Union. Friday, November 27. 8:30 A. M. Meetings of Committees. g:00 A. M. Business Meeting. 10:00 A. M. Reading of Papers in General Session. 12:00 M. Luncheon, Ohio Union. 1:30 P. M. Reading of Papers. Sections of Zoology, Botany, and Geology in Joint Session; Section of Physics in Separate Session. G:o0, P.M. Dinner. Ohio Union. 7:30 P. M. Address on “Some Pioneers of Science in Ohio,” by Professor T. C. Mendenhall, President of the Academy. Auditorium, Ohio State Archaeologi- cal and Historical Society Museum. g:00 P. M. Informal Reception and Inspection of Collections. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society Museum. SATURDAY 8:30 A. M. Adjourned Business Meeting. (157) 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. g:00 A. M. Lecture on “Hoof and Mouth Disease’, by Dean D. S. White of the College of Veterinary Medi- cine of Ohio State University. g 30: A. M. Reading of Papers in Sectional Meetings. MINUTES OF BUSINESS MEETINGS November 27, 1914. First business session called to order by President Menden- hall at g:o0 A. M. After announcements by Professor Osborn, Chairman of Local Committee, the chair announced the appointment of the following committees: Committee on Membership—F. C. Waite, August Foerste, Frederick C. Blake. Committee on Resolutions—N. M. Fenneman, Stephen R. Williams, E. L. Moseley. Committee on Necrology AS Galler The following Auditing Committee was appointed by the Academy: Frederick C. Blake, Stephen R. Williams. The following report was presented by the Secretary. After some discussion of the contained recommendations, the report was referred to a special committee for consideration and report during the present meeting. Chair appointed F. C. Waite, Wm. R. Lazenby, N. M. Fenneman, J. A. Culler. L. B. Walton, Wm. R. Lazenby, Report of the Secretary DELAWARE, Onto, November 25, 1914. The work of the secretary is largely routine; but, during the past year, a number of points have arisen on which an expression of opinion by the Academy would be welcome. In accordance with the instructions of the Academy, a preliminary announcement of the annual meeting was mailed November 1, followed by the program, mailed November 18. Would it be more convenient for the members if these communications were mailed earlier? Should there be a longer interval between the two? Notices of the annual meeting were sent to the following papers: Columbus Citizen, Dispatch, and State Journal; Cleveland Plain Dealer, PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 159 Leader, Press and News; Cincinnati Enquirer, Commercial Tribune, Times-Star, and Post; Toledo Blade, News-Bee, and Times. These notices were accompanied with programs and printed statements, prepared by a former secretary, concerning the work and history of the Academy. This statement is now out of print. Does the Academy wish the same revised and reprinted? This is the recommendation of the secretary. Several suggestions concerning the date of meeting and the arrange-. ment of the program have been received by the secretary and may well be transmitted to the Academy. Dr. F. D. Snyder, of Ashtabula, protests against holding the meeting on Thanksgiving, when “most” of the members are “entertaining or being entertained”, and are “unable to attend the meeting”. He urges that some other day, not a legal holiday, “would be much better for the members to attend”. A seemingly unrelated protest from a member of the Section for Geology may well be mentioned in this connection. This is to the effect that the present arrangement of the Friday session makes it necessary for a geologist to. suffer a rather large amount of other science in order to enjoy a rather small amount of geology. To the geologists and botanists this difficulty is less serious because of the very close relation of botany and zoology; the physicists have already cut the knot, and are holding a sectional meeting Friday afternoon. Would it be better to hold a single joint session and then dissolve into four sections? Would it not be well for each section to canvass the opinion of its membership on this point and report to the secretary either directly or through its representative on the program committee? Such a change in the program would also permit at least a partial solution of the difficulty urged by Dr. Snyder. The program, thus short- ened, might well begin Friday noon, thus giving greater freedom for the Thanksgiving Day, and still adjourn by Saturday noon. Another suggestion of a radical change in the date of the annual meet- ing is contained in a letter from Dean Leutner, of Adelbert College, on behalf of the executive committee of the Ohio College Association. I quote the essential part of his letter: “The Executive Committee of the Ohio College Association is anxious to stimulate interest in the annual meetings which fall regularly in the week preceding Easter, by organizing sectional meetings in the Sciences. Such meetings have been regularly organized for the Modern Language Section, for the Philosophy-Education Section, for the Classical Section, and have as a rule been satisfactory. It has been suggested to me that it might be possible to have the meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science arranged so as to synchronize with the meeting of the Association. Many members of the Association would be interested in the work of the Academy and vice versa”. The suggestion deserves the fair consideration of the Academy. 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Lastly, this is the twenty-fourth annual meeting, counting the organ- ization meeting of 1891 as the first. Does the Academy desire a special celebration of the Quarter Centennial? If so, when? Either the twenty- fifth annual meeting, next fall, or the completion of twenty-five years of activity, a year later, would seem a logical time for such a celebration. The secretary suggests the appointment of a special committee to consider this matter. Respectfully submitted, Epwarp L. Rice, Secretary. The report of the Treasurer was received as follows, and referred to the Auditing Committee. Report of the Treasurer for the Year 1914 For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, including balance from last year, have amounted to $362.52, and the expenditures to $277.25, leaving a cash balance of $85.27. RECEIPTS. Balamces= trommlast. vedi ot. teria iartas Shavers or cia os $ 87 02 InfeLeshAOUMeNG OWINEll ieee ees crt me eee ee enone os 2 00 Menibenshipndiies, snscestont pao. titan Leth motos relation eet 273 50 18a 2) \ Mae ee a ne eatin MRR ES ta A meas siete RE cena ct a eel $ 362 52 DISBURSEMENTS. 190 subscriptions to The Ohio Naturalist................ $ 142 50 Prntinoweanitals mepontt. acreet cies cee eae eee 85 38 Miscellaneous Fexmpensessy. «2. vy cee he cake ae sep keine ener 49 37 Balance: December l= (S14 ose an ee eeceeeed eect ae 85 27 MAU oes « Shee Rh OR ee ORE ne ee $ 362 52 Respectfully submitted, Jas. S. Hine, Treasurer: The report of the Librarian was read, adopted, and ordered filed, as follows: Report of the Librarian. NoveMBER 25, 1914. As Librarian of the Ohio State Academy of Science, I take pleasure in presenting my report upon the condition of the Library of the Academy, as well as a report upon the receipts form the sales of the publications of the Academy and the general expense in the administration of the Library. OE a ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 161 palanceson hand. November 2o, 19182 .2. 2 oj0:...<....2 0. $ 56 99 Cash sales of publications during the year............... 31 07 Thrarezilhe 5-98 a liathatarc ters Os ral eS ae Re oa $ 8&8 06 EXPENDITURES. ECS ICeROne NiIMALIVepOLUs wae ve seen s+ sce ble cs cagclescc ee co: Ces Postage on letters and publications sent out................ Dele Wrapping paper 0 emp ReSSmeAl Ce CATLAD EE Nai ft neces cto 3.) Mobs os diego cist Gslen s aaa 1 10 “1 SUGEEST te o/s ng Se ee et oe 2 71 Ss Dok AIMS AGI BAe RRA Ae ee a 1 50 TRG 5 Sead cick eg NN and ee a | Oe $20 98 Sa enepaysteafaie: ras Be ats $67 80 During the year the Librarian has set aside an alcove in the new library of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, and the exchanges of the Academy as far as possible have been placed in this alcove. The greater part of the spare time of the Librarian has been devoted to arranging the sets of the various publications received in exchange and the entire library is now in shape for the members of the Academy to make use of whenever they find it to their advantage to do so, An itemized list of the publications on hand might be of special inter- est at this time. This inventory was made November 24, 1914, and we find that special paper No. 15, “The Trees of Ohio”, is the lowest one on the list, having only 25 copies. This was occasioned by the rapid sale during the last few years of this publication. The next lowest one is No. 13, “The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity”, having 36 copies of this publication. Beginning with special paper No. 1, the Academy has 229 copies, and special paper No. 19, 235 copies. (With the exception of Nos. 13 and 15 the Academy has on hand at least 150 copies of each special paper. Secretary.) Of the Annual Reports, we have on hand quite a number, beginning with the First Annual. By good fortune, I have been able, within the last few days, to sectire quite a number of the First Annual Report without cost, and, at the present time, there are more than 100 of these reports on hand, and I| feel that eventually, these early numbers can be increased by careful watch upon the second-hand book stores in the vicinity of the University, as well as other parts of the city. The lowerst number of the Annual Reports, outside of the First Annual Report, is No. 15, having 144 of these reports on hand. Respectfully submitted, Ws. C. MILLs, Librarian. 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, The report of the Executive Committee was received as follows and ordered filed. Report of the Executive Comnuttee. ' DELAWARE, OHIO, November 25, 1914. A meeting of the executive committee was held in Columbus, May 2, 1914. The minutes of this meeting (read for information) have been printed in the Ohio Naturalist and will appear in the Proceedings of the Academy. In addition, the executive committee has provisionally elected 3 members, whose names will be presented later for the ratification of the Academy. Respectfully submitted, Epwarp L. RIcE, Secretary of Executive Committee. An oral report was presented by Professor Schaffner for the Publication Committee. The only publication during the past year is the Annual Report. Emphasis was laid upon the necessity for adequate financial provision for the prompt ap- pearance of the publications of the Academy. The following report of the Trustees of the Research Fund was presented by the chairman, Professor Lazenby, and re- ferred to the Auditing Committee. Financial Statement of the Emerson McMillin Research Fund, Ohio Academy of Science for the Year 1913-14 RECEIPTS. Cash-onshand-e November W093 sae- 2 ee ree ae $ 179 91 Check from Emerson McMillin, November 12, 1913...... 250 00 To taler ae Caeser tO iP or niog EE ur eat oe $ 429 91 There have been no bills presented during the year and no money paid out. Balance in Capital City Bank, November 10, 1914, $429.91. The following assignments have been made: Jan: $29 -J.S2 Hine? 2.2 gases nace teen $ 50 00 Beb:2103 “b> B; bes Brown ose ae ete ne ea eu ie te 40 00 Feb. 2h: --0.. Wy Pileeger. 05.250 sci cite es Seemed 50 00 Oct. 252 RIE: Griggs. oie ee a ano ae eee 50 00 Tistal vce oe eS tee a eee See oe $ 429 91 att see ee ale he itn de i ee te ee ee a ee. or or PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 163 This leaves an unassigned balance of $239 91. Mr. Emerson McMillin has forwarded a check of $250 00 for the year 1914-15. This, in addition to the amount reported above, is deposited in Capital City Bank, Columbus. WILLIAM R. LAzENsy, Chairman. The following report was received from the staff of the Ohio Naturalist, to whom had been referred the question of the name, scope, and financial management of the Ohio Naturalist. Report of Staff of the Ohio Naturalist Cotumsus, Ouro, November 26, 1914. To The Ohio Academy of Science. GENTLEMEN : In consideration of the formation of a section of Physics in the Ohio Academy of Science and the possible addition of other sections outside of natural science and also of the recent organization of the Ohio’ Biological Survey, the staff of the Ohio Naturalist has voted favorably on the following: 1. That the Biological Club of the Ohio State University continue to publish the Ohio Naturalist under the name “The Ohio Naturalist and Journal of Science” for the present year and the “Ohio Journal of Science” beginning in November, 1915. 2. That the present arrangement in accordance with which the Ohio Naturalist acts as the official organ of the Ohio Academy of Science be continued. If the Ohio Academy of Science can devise means by which it can give the Ohio Naturalist more substantial financial support this can be used to advantage in improving the publication. 3. That for this year the name of the publication be changed to the Ohio Naturalist and Journal of Science and next year to the Ohio Journal of Science. 4. That the Ohio Biological Survey use the Ohio Naturalist and its successor for the publication of papers not considered of sufficient length for publication in the regular Biological Survey Bulletin and that the entire expense of issuing such papers and reprints therefrom be borne by the Biological Survey. Since all of the organizations mentioned are publishing we believe it is to the best interests of all concerned to agree on a common organ for publication and thus prevent the unnecessary addition of others. The Ohio Naturalist has been in the field for nearly fifteen years and is anxious to expand in order to meet legitimate demands. 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Most of the members of the staff have had a meeting with the Executive Committee of the Ohio Academy of Science and have agreed to some of the matters mentioned and they are in operation at the present time. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES S. PROSSER, HERBERT OSBORN, JoHn H. SCHAFFNER, Jas. S. HIne. Voted that the parts of the report relative to name and scope of the Ohio Naturalist be adopted, and that the financial part of the report be referred to a special committee for report at the adjourned session. Chair appointed on the committee Frederick C. Blake, L. B: Walton, Jas. S. Hine. An oral report was presented by the chairman, Professor. Mills, for the Commitee on the Proposed Deposit of the Library of the Academy with the Ohio State University Library. The committee recommended that the library be thus. deposited, and presented a statement of conditions mutually agreeable to Presi- dent Thompson and Acting Librarian Reeder of Ohio State University and to the committee of the Academy. After dis- cussion and slight modification of the conditions (accepted by Mr. Reeder for the University), it was voted to adopt the report of the committee and to authorize the deposit of the Library of the Academy with the Ohio State University Library under the terms of the following agreement. Agreement Between The Ohio Academy of Science and The Ohio State University Library Concerning the Deposit of the Library of the Academy with the University Library. (1) The Academy agrees to deposit with the University Library its collection of books, pamphlets, periodicals and other publications, now ‘constituting its library, together with future additions. The Academy also agrees to deposit the surplus stock of its own publications, together with future parts as issued. (2) The University Library agrees to move the Academy’s collection from the Archaeological Museum to the Library Building at no expense to the Academy. PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 165 (3) The University Library agrees, for the time being, to keep the library of the Academy as a separate collection. (4) Ultimately, it is mutually agreed that the library of the Academy shall be classified with, and distributed in the University Library. (5) The University Library agrees to keep a separate card catalog of the library of the Academy, showing the accession records. (6) The Academy agrees that the University Library may place in its public card catalogs, such records as will render accessible to the users of the University Library, the resources in the collection of the Academy. (7) The Academy agrees that the University Library may use its collection for reference purposes and circulation according to library rules. (8) The University Library agrees to circulate the material in the Academy’s collection’ to the several members. (9) The University Library agrees to circulate its own books to the members of the Academy in the usual terms of inter-library loans. (10) The University Library agrees to store the surplus stock of the Academy’s publications, and to care for the additions. (11). The University Library agrees to mail out the publications of the Academy to the several members and to the exchanges. (12) The Academy agrees to pay the postage, express and freight bills incurred by the University Library in mailing or sending out the various publications. (13) The University Library agrees to extend the number of ex- changes as far as the financial resources of the Academy will permit. (14) The Academy agrees to furnish sufficient copies of its publica- tions for such exchanges, as far as funds will permit. (15) The University Library agrees to conduct the sales business of the Academy’s publications, and to be responsible for such funds. (16) The University Library agrees to report at the annual meeting of the Academy concerning the various details inherent in the administra- tion of the Academy’s deposit. (17) The Academy agrees to appoint a Standing Library Committee to advise with the University Library on questions as they arise. (18) The University Library agrees to bind the volumes in the Academy collection together with future additions as rapidly as its funds permit. (19) It is agreed that the above arrangements may be discontinued by either party upon one year’s notice given at the Annual Meeting of the Academy, at which time a committee of three shall be appointed to deter- mine whatever financial and other adjustments may be involved. The committee shall consist of one member from the Academy, one member from the University, and one outside member selected by the two appointed members. The determination of the committee shall be subject to the approval of the Academy and the University. ~~ 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, President Mendenhall, Special Committee on the Relations of the Ohio Academy with the State Government and with the National Academy of Science, reported progress, and the com- mittee was continued. Professor Lazenby, Special Committee on the Change of the Corporate Name of the Academy, reported that all legal steps had been completed, and presented to the Academy the certificate of amendment changing the name from Ohio State Academy of Science to Ohio Academy of Science. Voted that the Academy join with other organizations in extending an invitation to the Central Association of Science and Mathematics to meet in Columbus next year. The Nominating Committee was elected by ballot, as fol- lows: Herbert Osborn, C. S. Prosser, Frederick C. Blake. Meeting adjourned to reconvene at 8:30 Saturday morning. November 28, 1914. Adjourned Business Meeting called to order by President Mendenhall at 8:30 A. M. The following officers were nominated by the Nominating Committee and elected by the Academy, the Secretary being in- structed to cast the ballot of the Academy: President—Professor J. Warren Smith, Ohio State Univer- sity and U. S. Weather Bureau, Columbus. Vice-President for Zoology—Professor F. C. Waite, West- ern Reserve University, Cleveland. Vice-President for Botany—Professor F. O, Grover, Ober- lin College, Oberlin. Vice-President for Geology—Professor C. G. Shatzer, Wit- tenberg College, Springfield. Vice-President for Physics—Professor J. A. Culler, Miami University, Oxford. Secretary—Professor E, L. Price, Ohio Wesleyan Uni- versity, Delaware. Treasurer—Professor J. S. Hine, Ohio State University, Columbus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 167 Elective Members of Executive Committee—Professor C. D. Coons, Denison University, Granville; Professor T. M. Hills, Ohio State University, Columbus. Member of Publication Committee—Professor L. B. Wal- ton, Kenyon College, Gambier. Trustee of Research Fund—Professor N. M. Fenneman, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati. The following list of members elected by the Executive Committee since the last Annual Meeting was ratified by the Academy. Chase, H. D., Zoology and Botany, O. S. U., Columbus. Evans, Morgan W., Botany, Agronomy, General Science, New London. Knower, Henry McE., Anatomy and Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati. The following members were elected by the Academy on the recommendation of the Membership Committee. Cogan, Eric L., Zoology and Botany, 36 W. gth Ave., Columbus. Cottingham, Kenneth C., Geology, 1870 N. 4th St., Columbus. DeLong, Dwight’ M., Zoology and Entomology, Dept. of Zool- ogy and Entomology, O. S. U., Columbus. Gormley, Rose, Plant Physiology, Botany-Zoology Hall, O. S. U., Columbus. Hauck, Charles Wesley, Zoology and Entomology, Walhalla Park Place, Columbus. Johnson, E. H., Physics, Gambier. Kurtz, S. Aaron, Botany, Geology, Physics, Chemistry, Arch- aeology, 525 Rogers St., Bucyrus. Metzger, Albert C., Chemistry, Ornithology, Geography, 380 Deshler Ave., Columbus. = Morningstar, Helen, Geology, 1275 Franklin Ave., Columbus. Oliver, Mary H., Zoology, Biology, 186 Sixteenth Ave., Colum- bus. Perry, Fred, Botany, Delaware. Phillips, Ruth L., Biology and Allied Sciences, Western College, Oxford. 168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Reese, Charles A., Zoology and Entomology, 80 E. 13th Ave., Columbus. Robinson, J. M., Mt. Victory. Rood, Almon N., Botany, Phalanx Station. Seymour, Raymond Jesse, Physiology, Zoology, Botany, Dept. of Physiology, O. S. U., Columbus. Smith, Roger C., Entomology, Dept. of Zoology, O. S. U., Columbus. Thayer, Warren N., Geology, Ohio Mechanics Institute, Cin- cinnati. Verwiebe, Walter A., Geology, Orton Hall, O. S. U., Columbus. Walters, Dorothy E., Zoology, 268 W. Fountain Ave., Delaware. Wiltberger, P. B., Entomology and Zoology, 18311 N. 4th St., Columbus. The following report was presented by the Committee on Resolutions, and adopted by the Academy. Report of the Committee on Resolutions. Resolved, That the thanks of the Academy be tendered to the author- ities of the Ohio State University and to the local committee for the arrangement for the meetings and for the use of the buildings and apparatus. That we thank Mr. Emerson McMillin for the generous continuance of his support of research work in Ohio. That we thank Professor Mills, who retires from the position of Librarian of the Academy, for his long and efficient services to the Academy. N. M. FENNEMAN, STEPHEN R. WILLIAMS, E. L. Mose ey. The following report was presented by the Committee on Necrology. The Report of the Committee on Necrology. The committee reports the death of only one member of the Academy during the past year, Clarance Breiel of Chillicothe, Ohio, who died October 5, 1914, in Delaware after a short illness with typhoid fever. Mr. Breiel was born in Chillicothe, December 7, 1892. At the time of his death he was a senior in Ohio Wesleyan University and a student assistant in PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 169 the Department of Zoology. He was a man of attractive personality, the highest character, and marked promise for scientific work. Mr. Breiel was elected to membership in the Academy at the Oberlin meeting in 1913. W. R. Lazensy, L. B. Watton, J. A. CULLER, Committee. The Auditing Committee presented the following report, which was accepted and ordered filed. Report of the Auditing Committee. The Auditing Committee begs leave to report as follows: The books of the treasurer have been audited, all vouchers have been checked, and the accounts of the treasurer found to be correct and in good condition. Since there have been no bills as yet paid out from the McMillin Research Fund for the year just closing, it was not necessary to audit the report’ of the treasurer of this fund. Respectfully submitted, Bo Gs BLAKE S. R. WILLiAMs. An oral report was given by Professor Osborn, Director of the Ohio Biological Survey, outlining the work already accom- plished and now in preparation by the Survey. Voted that E. W. E. Schear be added to the Committee on Catalog of Scientific Journals in Ohio libraries. The following report was presented by the Special Com- mittee on the Report of the Secretary. Report of Committee on Report of the Secretary. Your committee finds in this report four matters for recommendation. 1. It is undoubtedly desirable to have on hand copies of a brief printed statement as to the scope of the Academy; and it seems worth while to revise the former statement and print it. 2. A quarter of a century of the Academy’s life is worthy of note. The committee recommends that the Twenty fifth Meeting be made an anniversary meeting with some special features. 3. The holding of a field meeting of the entire Academy entails obli- gations on some members not commensurate with the interests of those members. The committee recommends that each vice-president be em- 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, powered to arrange a field meeting for the section of science which he represents in April or May, 1915. It is evident that codperation of two or more sections is possible. 4. The committee feels unable to take the responsibility of recom- mending as to change of date of meeting. There are varied and to some extent conflicting interests to be considered; and the committee recom- mends that at the present business session fifteen minutes be given to the discussion of this question, and, if the matter is still in doubt, that a refer- endum of the entire membership be taken by mail. Respectfully submitted, F. C. Waite, Chairman. Voted that the Secretary be authorized to revise and reprint the circular of information concerning the scope of the Academy. Voted that the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, November 1915, be celebrated as the Quarter Centennial Anniversary of the Academy, and that the details of the celebration be referred to the Executive Committee. Voted that an informal ballot be taken on the question of the change of date of the annual meeting from Thanksgiving to Easter; also that the Executive Committee be instructed to canvass the sentiment of the entire membership of the Academy and to report at the next Annual Meeting, this action to be con- sidered as notice of proposed amendment of the Constitution. Informal vote showed twenty-seven members eae change and seven opposing change. Voted that each vice-president be authorized to arrange for a sectional field meeting in the spring of 1915. The following report was presented by the Special Com- mittee on the Financial Management of the Ohio Naturalist. Report of Committee on Financial Management of the “Ohio Naturalist and Journal of Science” The Committee recommends that 1. The Academy ask the Biological Club to consider under what conditions they would be willing to transfer to the Academy the financial control and publication of the Ohio Journal of Science. . 2. A committee of three be appointed at this meeting (to act in case of a favorable report from the Biological Club) to investigate the PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 171 cost of publications to the Academy, and the best means of financing the publication, and to report at the next meeting. EG. BLAKE, L. B. Watton, Jas. S. HIne. Voted that the report be adopted. The chair continued the same committee to carry out the recommendations of the report. Notice was given by the Secretary of proposed amendments of the Constitution to do away with the office of Librarian and to provide for a standing committee on the Library in accordance with the new agreement with the State University Library,—this committee to consist of three members, one to be elected each year for a term of three years. Voted that a temporary library committee be appointed for the coming year. Chair appointed W. C. Mills, F. O. Grover, Pr Rice. Meeting adjourned without determining place of next an- nual meeting. SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS The complete scientific program of the meeting follows: Presidential Address Some Pioneers of Science in Ohio. T. C. Mendenhall Lecture Hoof and Mouth Disease. D. S. White ; Papers 1. Efficacy of Lightning Rods. 15 min. J. Warren Smith 2. Thunderbolt from Whitecliff Bay. 10 min. Katharine Doris Sharp 3. min. Charles S. Prosser The Defiance Moraine in Relation to Pro-Glacial Lakes. 10 min. (Lantern. ) Frank Carney Some of Dr. H. Herzer’s Last Fossil Descriptions. 5 min. W. N. Speckman On the Origin of Oolite. 10 min. (Lantern.) Walter N. Bucher Magnetic Rays. 20 min. (To be followed by discussion.) L. T. Moore On the Free Vibration of a Lecher System. 10 min. F. C. Blake and Charles Sheard Measurements of the Magnetic Field. 10 min. (Lantern.) Samuel R. Williams On the Radioactive Deposit from the Atmosphere on an Uncharged Wire. 10 min. S2M.jJ. Allen Demonstration of Simple Harmonic Motion on Rotation Apparatus. 5 min, Charles Sheard Demonstrations A Nematode Parasite of Cryptobranchus. F. H. Krecker Cross Sections Illustrating Rate of Tree Growth. William R. Lazenby Varieties of Domestic Guinea Pigs. Tailless Cat. W. M. Barrows Orthoptera not Hitherto Recorded from Ohio. W. J. Kostir A Scale of Ohio Forest Types to Indicate the Fertility of Soil for Agricultural Crops. Forest B. H. Brown Photographs of Leaf Hoppers and Frog Hoppers. Herbert Osborn President’s Address SOME PIONEERS OF SCIENCE IN OHIO T. C. MENDENHALL The Pioneers of Scie1ice in Ohio were also pioneers in the more common meaning of the word. With few exceptions they lived their lives during the first three quarters of the nineteenth century. The period of their activity extended from that of the hardy frontiersmen through the political turmoil and sectional bitterness of the middle of the century, culminating in the civil war, well on into the last quarter when the thinking portion of mankind was startled into a recognition of the significance of science by the revolutionary character of its numerous applica- tions. There was little specialization in those early days. Science itself had not yet specialized in any great degree. Those were the happy days when men engaged (usually only during their “spare hours’’) in exploring the mysteries of nature, might meet in groups and discuss the latest news from the domain of astron- omy, botany, chemistry, geology or phsics, each having an in- telligent idea of what the others were talking about. Under the conditions prevailing in Ohio during the period under consideration it would presumably follow that the so- called natural history sciences would be most cultivated. For these the field of observation was conterminous with the bound- aries of the state and as it was largely an unstudied region their pursuit would offer great attractions. Anything in the way of original investigation in astronomy, barring the purely mathe- matical side of that subject, would require an observatory; for chemical or physical research at least a small room set aside for the work must be available, together with a meagre supply (174) PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 175 of such apparatus as might be obtained after long delay from eastern cities, generally to be supplemented by the ingenuity and mechanical skill of the worker. It will surprise those not fa- miliar with the subject to learn that during this period in spite of these material obstacles the actual contribution to our know- ledge of these three more exact sciences, though less in quantity, ranks as high in quality as the larger output of the naturalists ; and that the most potent instrument for scientific research pro- duced in the nineteenth century, today in use in one form or another in every laboratory in the world, was first imagined, constructed and used by one of the pioneers of science in Ohio. In attempting to present to the members of the Ohio Academy of Science some account of their intellectual ancestry, I am much embarrased by the large amount of available mate- rial. Limitations of time and space forbid an exhaustive treat- ment of the subject and for details regarding the published con- tributions to science of the men whose lives I shall briefly sketch, I must refer you to the archives of the several grand divisions to which they refer. To the present generation with its restless activities and its acute specialization many of them are unknown, even by name, in spite of the fact that the results of their labors are every day utilized and builded upon. It was my’ privilege to know many of them personally and if I am correct in believing that Time and Circumstance developed in them a more pronounced indi- viduality than is common at the present day, some emphasis upon their personality and the conditions under which they worked will not be unwelcome. During nearly all of the nineteenth century there were in Ohio three well defined loci of scientific activity, corresponding approximately to the concentration of population at Cincinnati, Columbus and Cleveland. -In some respects a geographical is more convenient than a chronological grouping, but I shall not adhere closely to either. My first “pioneer” is one who has no claim whatever to be found in such good company except that he was the author of a theory of the form and figure of the earth so extravagant and 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, improbable that it brought Ohio science in the very .beginning into great but most undesirable notoriety. As far as can be ascertained John Cleves Symmes, who invented and exploited the theory that the earth consisted of seven concentric spheres with large openings at each pole for the admission of sunlight, gave no other evidences of an unbalanced mind. Nephew and name- sake of the famous jurist who founded the city of Cincinnati, he was himself distinguished as an officer in the army during the war of 1812. At the age of thirty-eight years he made public his singular hypothesis regarding the structure of the earth, call- ing at the same time for one hundred volunteers to accompany him on an expedition, starting from Siberia with reindeer and sledge in search of the opening to the first shell. On the inner concave surface of this he engaged to find a warm and rich land, stocked with vegetables and animals of known and un- known variety, including man. While in general this doctrine was received with ridicule there were numerous converts among people usually thought to be intelligent. Capt. Symmes died in 1829, but an ardent disciple named Reynolds continued the propaganda and was successful in receiving financial support. With his backer and convert, a Dr. Watson of New York, he sailed in the autumn of 1829 for the southern gate to Sym- zonia or Symmes’s Hole (as it was variously called, accord- ing to the state of mind of the speaker or writer) which they fully expected to find, in accordance with the theory in latitude 82° South. After many privations and adventurous escapes the expedition was admitted to be a failure and the explorers turned their faces homeward. At Valparaiso, Chili, their seamen mutinied, put them ashore and sailed off on a voyage of piracy. Some years later Reynold reached New York and afterwards met with success in exploring the earth through the more prom- ising method of organizing mining companies. As Symmes’s principal argument in support of his theory was that a solid earth inhabited only on the outside was an unpardonable waste of matter and space, he may be regarded as the unrecognized forerunner of our modern economy and effi- ciency expert. PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 17 Over the grave of Captain Symmes in the old burying ground at Hamilton, Ohio, was placed a monument consisting of a shaft bearing a hollow globe, which may still be found by the curious. _ Fortunately the reputation of Cincinnati as a literary and scientific centre rests on something more substantial than the work of this erratic geophysicist. Indeed very important work in Geodesy and Astronomy was done there at a very early day by Col. Jared Mansfield, an officer of the Engineer Corps of the U. S. Army who, having been appointed by Thomas Jefferson Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory, established a small observatory at his residence. in Cincinnati for the purpose of determining latitude and longitude and establishing the pri- mary meridian on which is based the admirable system of land surveys covering the great north-west. This observatory was one of the very first in the United States and during several years important observations were made there. Col. Mansfield’s residence in Ohio was only temporary though it covered nine years, from 1803 to 1812. Our city of Mansfield was named in his honor and his son, E. D. Mansfield became one of the most widely-known citizens of the State, famous as an author and publicist. From among many Cincinnatians quite worthy of consid- eration I select a quartet of the most brilliant, who enjoyed a high reputation among their peers in both Europe and America. These were John Locke, Ormsby M. Mitchell, Daniel Vaughan and J. B. Stallo, whose names, no doubt, have an unfamiliar sound to many members of the Academy. The earliest in point of time was Locke; the latest, Stallo, and although their joint lives covered somewhat more than a century, for nearly twenty years the four were contemporaneous residents of Cincinnati. John Locke was a native of Maine, born in 1798. Graduated from Yale College in 1819, he became geologist to a government exploring expedition and after work in the territory of the Ohio, he settled in Cincinnati, where he spent the remainder of his life and where his most important work was done. He was ap- pointed professor of chemistry in the Ohio Medical College, but while an ardent student of chemistry, botany and geology, 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Locke was by nature a physicist and his reputation rests mostly on his contributions to physical science. He was a pioneer student of electricity and magnetism, his observations of terrestrial magnetism being especially important. He designed and constructed new and original forms of appa- ratus for physical research and it was probably this phase of his work that was of greatest value to science. Among other devices, special mention should be made of the very ingenious and useful hand-level, generally known as Locke’s level, of in- estimable value in geological reconnoissance and in the explora- tion of a mountainous or hilly country. He is credited with the invention of a gravity escapement for clocks of the highest pre- cision which has never been surpassed in excellence, and to him unquestionably belongs the design and invention of the Electric Chronograph. This he brought out about 1848 and for the first completed model the United States government paid him ten thousand dollars. What the microscope is for space and the balance for mass measurement, the Electric Chronograph is for time and its use is now almost co-extensive with that of the balance. Locke died in 1856. During his life he made many valuable contributions to scientific journals, had published many volumes and was a member of numerous learned societies in this country and in Europe. The story of the life of Ormsby M. Mitchell, Tone con- temporary, associate, and sometimes bitter rival, is full of interest and incident. Born in Kentucky in 1810, of Virginia stock, at the age of four years he was brought by his parents to Lebanon, Ohio. At the age of fifteen with his knapsack on his back, as became a nascent soldier, he started for the military Academy at West Point, travelling a good part of the way on foot and reaching his destination, the youngest member of his class (which included Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston) as well as, no doubt, the poorest, for he had but twenty-five cents left in his purse. After a few years service in the Army he resigned, set- tled in Cincinnati; studied law and was admitted to the bar. His fondness for exact science soon drew him away from the ee ee ee ee ee iat? ss hie ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 179 legal profession, and he became Chief Engineer in the con- struction of the Little Miami Railroad. In 1836 he “found his pace” as professor of astronomy, mathematics and natural phil- osophy in the College of Cincinnati; an institution long ago extinct. During the discharge of his duties as professor of astronomy, Mitchell conceived the idea of having an astronomical observatory in Cincinnati. At that time there was no observa- tory really worthy of the name in America; no telescope of more than a few inches aperture and practically no interest in the science of astronomy among the people generally. Mitchell possessed a rare power of exposition. His lectures were charm- ing in style, excellent in matter and clear in presentation. In the spring of 1842 he gave in the College hall a series of six lectures on astronomy of such rapidly increasing popularity that the last of the series was given in one of the great churches of the city before more than two thousand enthusiastic listeners. At the end of this lecture he presented his project for the build- ing of a great Observatory, with an appeal for voluntary con- tributions from the people of Cincinnati. A fund for the pur- pose was to be raised by the issue of “shares’’ of twenty-five dollars each. Three hundred shares were soon subscribed for and Mitchell went to Europe to visit astronomical observatories and to arrange for the purchase or construction of an equitorial telescope. Under the inspiration of this visit his ideas ex- panded wonderfully and he did not return until he had ten- tatively contracted for a twelve inch glass, the cost of which was nearly double the amount previously estimated as suffi- cient to cover both instrument and building. Returning to America he found the country suffering from an industrial and financial depression which made it extremely difficult for him to obtain the necessary additional pledges of money to warrant the purchase of this great glass, then one of the largest in existence. Having secured, after a great effort, enough to make the first payment the definite order was sent and a suitable location for a building was donated by Nicholas Long- worth. On the ninth of November, 1843, the corner stone of the building was laid by the venerable John Quincy Adams, 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. then in his seventy-seventh year, who delivered an oration which will always be famous in the annals of oratory and of astron- omical science. But the last available and apparently the last collectible dollar had been sent to Munich to pay for the great telescope and only the foundation of the building was laid. Turning all of his private resources into the building fund, Mitchell made an appeal to the intelligent mechanics of the city who had al- ready shown great interest in the work. The response was worthy of the skilled workmen of that period who were some- thing more than “machine tenders.”’. Within six weeks more than a hundred men were at work on the building, men of all trades subscribing for stock and paying for it in labor. When, in Feb- ruary 1845, the great telescope arrived safely in Cincinnati, the building was ready for its reception. Regarding the successful accomplishment of this task Mitchell has left on record a brief statement well worth repeating. He says, “Two resolutions were taken in the outset; first, to work faithfully for five years during all the leisure that could be spared from my regular duties; second, never to become angry under any provocation while in the prosecution of this enterprise.” Soon after this came the burning of the buildings of the Cincinnati College, cutting off his only source of income, a catastrophe which afterwards proved to be, in the interests of astronomy in America, a blessing in disguise. Mitchell now undertook the delivery of lectures on astronomy in all the prin- cipal cities of the country. His success was immediate, and so great that an interest in the subject was created among the many thousands of intelligent hearers that was unquestionably the initiative cause of the building of a half dozen splendidly equipped astronomical observatories within the next few years. Twenty years later Americans were in the front rank of the world’s astronomers, a position which they have had no difficulty in main- . taining from that day to this. Mitchell contested with Locke the invention of the Electric Chronograph and although its first conception has been generally conceded to the latter Mitchell was probably the first to apply it to astronomical observations. PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 181 He was by birth and sympathy distinctly a western man, and was inclined to resent the generally assumed and accepted superiority of the East in matters relating to literature and science. When, after a brilliant success with his course of lectures on astronomy in New Haven, he went to Boston, it was with keen delight that he saw, on entering the large audi- torium for his first appearance there, that every seat was occu- pied and “standing room at a premium.” His pleasure was greatly enhanced when he recognized in his audience Professors Bond and Peirce, of Harvard University, the most eminent of American astronomers of that day, who had declared to be absurd and preposterous Mitchell’s claim that the precise mo- ment of the transit of a star could be determined by the “Cin- cinnati Method” to within one one-hundredth of a second. After- wards he was fond of relating how at the close of the lecture in which he had described and illustrated this method, when a storm of applause burst from the audience, he saw the two Harvard skeptics “standing upon their chairs and clapping for Bemmite! It was’, hie said, “the supreme moment of my - existence.” : Mitchell served as director of the Cincinnati observatory, without compensation, for a period of ten years, during which he made many important contributions to astronomical science, especially regarding double stars, nebulae, sun spots and comets, for the study of which the great equatorial was particularly fitted. His more important work included also the invention of an instrument for measuring personal equation and a telegraph determination of the longitude of Cincinnati and of St. Louis, as related to Washington. He was a member of scientific socie- ties in this country and in Europe and the author of several books on astronomy, one of which, the “Planetary and Stellar Worlds” should be read by every lover of that science. On the firing of the first gun of the civil war, in 1861, Mitchell immediately offered his services to the national government and was made Brigadier General of Ohio volunteers. His career as an army officer was brief but brilliant. He greatly dis- tinguished himself in a famous raid into the country of the enemy, during which he seized and held possession of the rail- 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. road between Corinth and Chattanooga. In a recent able review of the civil war it is declared that “had Mitchell been properly reinforced, as he had expected to be on that occasion, he might have forestalled the later victories of Grant and Sherman.” The exploit brought him a commission as Major General and he was given the command of the department of the south, but in October, 1862, ‘“Old Stars” as he was affectionately called by his men, died of yellow fever at Hilton Head. The third member of our Cincinnati “quartet’’ Professor Dan- iel Vaughan, was unquestionably the most profound scholar of the group and it is my great regret that I know so little about him. He was born in Cork, Ireland, about 1818-1821, the date is uncertain. Coming to America at the age of sixteen years, his first occupation was that of a teacher of boys in Bourbon County, Kentucky. From an early age he had been absorbed in the study of mathematics and natural science and lacking books he shortly migrated to Cincinnati for the purpose of utilizing its library facilities which even at that early day were considerable. In Cincinnati he spent the remainder of his life, a recluse, indif- ferent even to his own bodily comfort and physical condition in, his devotion to his favorite studies. In order to be fully informed of the results of scientific research throughout the world, he mastered the German, French, Italian and Spanish languages as well as ancient and modern Greek. He was chiefly interested in astronomy in its broader aspects and he discussed the profounder problems of physical science with the deep insight and perfect independence of a strong and original thinker. Of his command of language a competent critic has said, “His writings are marked by a daring boldness and a splendor of diction which reveal the workings of a poetic imagination coupled with a logical reason.’”’ He en- joyed an extensive correspondence with learned mien at home and abroad and contributed about fifty papers to the scientific journals of this country and of Europe. They bear such titles as “The Doctrine of Gravitation ;” “The Cause and Effects of the Tides;” “The Light and Heat of the Sun,” etc. He issued in book form “Popular Physical Astronomy —or an Exposition PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 183 of Remarkable Celestial Phenomena” and on his deathbed he corrected the proofs of an article on the “Origin of Worlds.” He died in April, 1879, at the Good Samaritan Hospital in Cin- cinnati. I remember that at the time of his death there was much newspaper talk of his having died from starvation, and there was sharp comment on the fact that such a thing could occur in the heart of the “Queen City of the West.” Investi- gation proved, however, that he alone was :esponsible. Intense devotion to and absorption in study led him to neglect the wants of his own body to which he had always been indifferent. Few people in Cincinnati knew of his existence. Of his hermit-like life, one of his few friends, his eulogist, after his death, said: “For his support he lectured on science and gave private lessons in mathematics, astronomy and the languages. He thus man- aged to eke out a miserable existence and was in almost abject poverty. He lived in a single room, cheap, inaccessible and cheerless. A chair and a bedstead with a pile of rags, a worn- out stove and an old coffee pot with a few musty shelves of books covered with soot were all his furniture. An autopsy revealed the wreck of his vital system and proved that the long and dreadful process of freezing and starving the previous win- ter had dried up the sources of life. Yet he was the only man among the hundreds of thousands of our people whose name will survive the next century.” In sharp contrast with the life of this martyr to science is that of Johann Bernhard Stallo, physicist, philosopher, great lawyer and distinguished diplomat. Arriving in Cincinnati from Germany, in 1839, at the age of sixteen years, he quickly found employment as a teacher in a private school, for his scholarship, even at that early age, embraced ancient and modern languages, mathematics, science and philosophy. Admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-four years, a judge of the Cincinnati Court of Common Pleas at thirty, he soon resumed the active practice of his profession, winning a reputation as one of the ablest and most brilliant attorneys of the Mississippi Valley. His legal arguments were remarkable for their forceful logic and scholarly . presentation of facts and authorities. Throughout a busy life 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, as a lawyer he kept up his scientific and philosophical studies. As early as 1848 when only twenty-five years of age he had published a volume which he had ambitiously christened, “Gen- eral Principles of the Philosophy of Nature.”