ae LE va a A) Fe AR ShNG Ss08 i NP es y vie DS al View, BY i rare eo own ‘ CAT at re Na Ut it ay yet ii \ Dh na Oya NN : MiOly Pit fae Vie tM ets th) oo 0S Ohio State ae of hie CONSTITUTION; BY-LAWS, OFFICERS, LIST OF MEMBERS, AND HISTORICAL SKETCH. 1892. POPP EFFESSFEF FEED HOOF FEF FOF >> Published by authority of Executive Committee. COLUMBUS, OHIO, 1892. SEPP OFFA FAEOD HEH HSE P ESE HEELS OHHEPHSEEEEH EDD THT H EHH ESL LOLOL IV ELOLOLOH OTOP PHOd . Ohio State Academy of Science. CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS, OFFICERS, LIST OF MEMBERS, AND HISTORICAL SKETCH. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 1892. Published by authority of Executive Committee. COLUMBUS, OHIO, 1892. syle viry, CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS The Ohio State Academy of Science. Ca ak LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL This association shall be called the Ohio State AcadetiykVEN ARTICLE I. of Science. ARTICLE II. The objects of this Academy shall be to encourage scientific research, and to promote the diffusion of knowl- edge in the various departments of science. ARTICLE III. Members may be elected at any meeting of the Acad- emy, and shall sign the constitution and pay an annual fee of one dollar; but the secretary and treasurer shall be exempt from the payment of dues during the year of their service. Any member may at any time commute all future dues by the payment of twenty-five dollars. At any reg- ular meeting Honorary Members may be elected, on ac- count of special prominence in science, on the written recommendation of five members of the Academy. In any case, a two-thirds vote of members present shall elect to membership. Applications for membership shall be ’ made in writing, countersigned by two members, and re- ferred to a committee on membership, who shall consider such application and report to the Academy before the election. ARTICLE IV. The officers of this Academy shall be chosen by ballot at the annual meeting, and shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer, who shall perform the duties usually appertaining to their respective offices. The Secretary and Treasurer shall be eligible to re-election. The President, Secretary, Treasurer, and two elected members, shall constitute an Executive Committee. ARTICLE V. Unless otherwise directed by the Academy, the annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as the Ex- ecutive Committee may designate. Other meetings may be called at the discretion of the Executive Committee. ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be altered or amended at any annual meeting, by a three-fourths majority of attending members. No question of amendment shall be decided until one year after the meeting at which it was proposed. a — A I a SS = Sas '/_eol___ BY-LAWS. ORDER OF BUSINESS. 1. The first hour, or such part thereof as shall be neces- sary, in each session, shall be set aside for the transaction: of the business of the Academy. The following order of: business shall be observed as far as practicable: . (1.) Opening. (2.) Reports of Officers. (3,) Reports of Committees. (4.) Unfinished Business. (5.) New Business. (6.) Election of Officers. (7.) Election of Members. (8.) Reading and Discussion of papers and addresses:. (9.) Adjournment. Notice OF MEETINGS. 2. No meeting of this Academy shall be held without publication of a notice of the same by the Secretary at least thirty days previously. PAYMENT OF BILLS. 3. No bill against the Academy shall be paid by the Treasurer without an order by the Executive Committee.. Unpaip DUEs. 4. Members who allow their dues to remain unpaid for- two years, having been annually notified of their arrearage by the Treasurer, shall have their names stricken from: the roll. Quorum. 5. Twelve members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Ex-OFFicio MEMBERS. 6. The President and Secretary of designated scientific societies of the State shall be ex officio members of the Academy, on acceptance of such membership by their society. COMMITTEES. ~ i. At the first session of each annual meeting, the President shall appoint the following committees, each consisting of three members: 1st. On Membership, and 2nd. On Publication—of which latter the Secretary shall be chairman ; And the Academy shall by ballot select—(1st) a com- mittee, of five members, on nomination of officers; and (2nd) the two elective members of the Executive Committee. ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT. 8. The President shall deliver a public address at the expiration of his term of office. TITLES OF PAPERS AND PROGRAMS. 9. The titles of all papers to be presented shall be sent to the Secretary one month before the time of the meet- ing; and before the date of such meeting the Secretary shall distribute printed programs to all the members. AMENDMENTS. The Ay-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present. OFFICERS. 1892, PRESIDENT, EB. W; CLAY POLE, VICE-PRESIDENTS, , A WRIGHT, ELLEN) E. SMITE: SECRETARY, WILLIAM R. LAZENBY. TREASURER, AUG. "DY SELBY: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, EX-OFFICIO. BW CLAY POLE, W. R. LAZENBY, J ipa ol 2M) Ba ELECTIVE. Br NELSON, ALD COL: CHARTER MEMBERS. CEPA haiti testa Dees eons se ee High School, Columbus AINE sblenle rie et 2s: Ohio State University, Columbus LM Bloomhelds.. 25. Ohio State University, Columbus BE ROG UME Sees crepe be oe ese iw) ace ste xo tete t r Orwell KD Bohannan,: 222... Ohio State University, Columbus aN eBradiogd:.c:-': stee Ohio State University, Columbus FE OR aD atic Sic cease 8 cle cee Ohio University, Athens BH Gla assem. js tiioes geley! fhe an abies oh ta Cleveland PWV Clavipole cise eles a. Buchtel College, Akron JANG D Rie! G0) (Rear Re SG Pa ae OER See Denison University, Granville Be EOUMS eben oie cine Ohio State University, Columbus HG. Conkling... 2n < Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware Geéou Ws Deatyieien trie sid bets c eile oi) oe rn Kent Hy) AWEtmMers, srt ee o.. Ohio State University, Columbus Freda, Detmets,2...1020: Experiment Station, Columbus jor alkenbach j¢ ses. 24: Experiment Station, Columbus A. Feiel,...............Starling Med. Colleses@oltimiam Sarah F (Goodrich)... 2). wen cal. at eae een Geneva Wea Green, cectoonr cee Experiment Station, Columbus Tow Gunekels 5 ache eke ve ee ee Dayton Seth iayesr. 2c a ho eee ee oe cy ee Columbus Des ATG Se eae eae cers ee as ere High School, Sandusky A OR ees ee ee Ohio State University, Columbus Wy PPA ames. eke neds Bie ayale 2 eshs hele ae Cincinnati Reynold Janney s.ui22 ae High School, Chillicothe I eJ@nes, eect 22s ass Denison University, Granville WiAKellermany..\3i0 Ohio State University, Columbus Mrs: WAY Kellermany i.) 2202 ice eee Columbus DeSe Retlicott. : PUB ICATION COMMITTEE: j na ’ ons FM. Wenster. 9 W. A. KeLierMan. | E,W, CLavpore. s eee (0492! ei ae pinot ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OHIO STATE eo AUAUBMY Ut SULBNUE, PUBLISHED BY AUTHARITY. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: F. M. WEBSTER. W. A. KELLERMAN. RK. W. CLAYPOLE. OFFICERS. 1892. PRESIDENT, E. W. CLAY POLE. VICE-PRESIDENTS, Ana WRIGHT. ELLEN E. SMITH. SECRETARY, WILLIAM R. LAZENBY. TREASURER, AUG. D. SELBY. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, EX-OFFICIO. E. W. CLAY POLE. W. R. LAZENBY. AUG. D. SELBY. ELECTIVE. E. T. NELSON, A. D. COLE. CONSTITUTION AND By-Laws OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENGE. CONST] [RUE TION. ARTICLE, 1, This Association shall be called The Ohio State Academy of Science. ARTICLE, II, The objects of this Academy shall be to encourage scientific research, and to promote the diffusion of knowl- edge in the various departments of science ARTICLE III, Meubers may be elected at any meeting of the Acad- emy, and shall sign the constitution and pay an annual fee of one dollar; but the secretary and treasurer shall be exempt from the payment of dues during the year of their service. Any member may at any time commute all future dues by the payment of twenty-five dollars. At any reg- ular meeting Honorary Members may be elected, on ac- count of special prominence in science, on the written recommendation of five members of the Academy. In any case, a two-thirds vote of members present shall elect to membership. Applications for membership chall be male in writing, conntersigned by two members, and re- ferred to a committee on membership, who shall consider such application and report to the Academy before the election. ARTICLE IV. The officers of this Academy shall be chosen by ballot at the annual meeting, and shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer, who shall perform the duties usually appertaining to their respective offices. The Secretary and Treasurer shall be re-eligible. The President, Secretary, Treasurer, and two elected mem- bers, shall constitute an Executive Committee. ARTICLE V. Unless otherwise directed by the Academy, the annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as the Ex- ecutive Committee may designate. Other meetings may be called at the discretion of the Executive Committee. ARTICLE VI, This constitution may be altered or amended at any aunnal meeting, by a three-fourths majority of attending members. No question of amendment shall be decided until one year after the meeting at which it was proposed. I Or | By- Baws: OrveErR oF Business. 1. The first hour, or such part thereof as shall be necessary, in each session, shall be set aside for the trans- action of the business of the Academy. The following order of business shall be observed as far as practicable: (1) Opening. (2) Reports of Officers. (3) Reports of Committees. (4) Unfinished Business . (5) New Business. (6) Election of Officers. (7) Election of Members. (8) Reading and Discussion of papers and addresses. (9) Adjournment. Notice oF MEErINGs. 2. No meeting of this Academy shall be held without publication of a notice of the same by the Secretary at least thirty days previously. Payment oF Bits. 3. No bill against the Academy shall be paid by the Treasurer without an order from the Executive Committee. Unraip Duss. 4. Members who allow their dues to remain unpaid for two years, having been artnually notified of their arrear- 6 age by the Treasurer, shall have their names stricken from the roll. (JUORUM. 5. Twelve members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Ex-Orricio MEMBERS. 6. The President and Secretary of designated scien- tific societies of the State shall be eEx-orricio members of the Academy, on acceptance of such membership by their society. | ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT. 7. The President shall deliver a public address dur- ing the course of the Annual Meeting over which he pre- sides. CoMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. 8. At the first session of each annual meeting, the President shall appoint a Committee on Membership con- sisting of three members, which shall report upen all applications for membership. CoMMITTEE ON NoMINATIONS. 9. On the first day of the annual meeting the Academy shall elect a Committee consisting of three members which shall report nominations of officers and members of the executive committee at the the last session of the annual meeting. CoMMITTEE ON PROGRAMME. 10. A committee consisting of two members shall be appointed by the President elect at the last session of each Annual Meeting, whose duty shall be to issue, in con- Junction with the Secretary, a notice of the annual meeting at least one month in advance. The committee shall pre- pare and issue, at least ten days in advance of the i meeting, a general programme giving title and time re- quired for presentation of each paper. CoMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION. 11. A committee on publication consisting of three members shall be elected by the Academy, one member to be elected each year at the annual meeting to serve for three years. This committee shall be empowered to call on specialists in the various departments, if needed. CoMMITTEE ON COLLECTIONS. 12. A permanent committee of three members on ~ Academy collections shall be appointed when necessary. It shall be the duty of this committee to secure and tike charge of all collections for the Academy. AMENDMENTS. 13° * Dhese by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present. OFFICERS. 1893. PRESIDENT, EDWARD ORTON. VICE-PRESIDENTS, Bes IGE LLICOTL. DAVIS; EE. JAMES. SECRETARY, WEG. THEETT. TREASURER, AUG): D. BELBY. FXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, EX-OFFICIO. EDWARD ORTON. Mi PGE FF. AUG. D. SELBY. ELECTIVE. REY NOD PANNEY #2 'G.H. COLTON. FIRS? PIELR? MEETING, The first Field Meeting of the Academy was held at Akron, on June 3d and 4th. The weather had been for some time very wet and unpropitious. But the Akron Scientific Club took up the matter in earnest and made all the necessary arrangement for the entertainment and pro- fit of their visitors. Rain poured down almust ali the preceding night, and morning broke with lowering clouds and threatening skies. Such weather, of course deterred many who would otherwise have been present, but not- withstanding this drawback there was a good gathering. The programme for the first day included an excursion by steamer to Long Lake, starting about 10:30 on the arrival of the morning trains. On the way up the canal the visit- ors from Columbus, who had left the train at the crossing, were taken on board and in about an hour the party reached its destination among the waters and woods of the beautiful “Lake District” of Summit Co. After a basket picnic dinner the botanists employed their time among the trees of the swamp, and the geologists among the great moraine banks to which the ponds and lakes owe their existence. The boat being entirely at the ser- vice of the party they were able to stop where and as long as they pleased, and did not reach the city again until after six o’clock. In the evening at eight o’clock a reception was held in the Crouse Gymnasium of Buchtel College, at which the visitors were welcomed by the Mayor, the President of the College, Dr. O. Cone, and the President of the Akron Scientific Club. Suitable replies were made by the Vice-President and other members of the Academy, and the rest of the evening was spent comparing specimens — 1 — and notes, and examining a number of microscopic ob- jects exhibited by the members of the scientific classes of the college. | On Saturday the visitors started at 8:15 for Cuya- hoga Falls, where they were welcomed by Mr. F. Schnee, the Superintendent of Public Schools. Several members of the Academy and others residing in the town and dis- trict, then joined them in an excursion down the post- glacial gorge of the Cuyahoga River, which extends for nearly three miles, and afforded abundant occupation for botanists, entomologists and geologists. In the tirst the cryptogamic flora of this moist, cool glen was very attrac- tive, the second fdétnd ample employment in the insect life, while the third were specially interested in the formation of the gorge itself. About noon the whole party met near the iron bridge and dined together at the “Old Maid’s Kitchen.” After diuuer those whom necessity compelled, started for the village of Cuyahoga Falls, when they took the afternoon trains for their homes, while the remainder returned to Akron by a later train specially ordered to stop for them by the kindness of the C. A. C. & Ry., N. Monserrat, Esq., and took tea and spent the evening at the residence of the President, Prof. E. W. Claypole. The first field meeting of the young Academy thus came to an end, with mrtual pleasure to entertainer and entertained —a pleasure heightened by fair weather during the whole time. sf PROGRAMME OF THE First ANNUAL MEETING. Held in the Y. M. C. A. Building, Columbus, Ohio, December 29 and 30, 1892: The Advantages of Arzama obliquata for Laboratory Instruc- tion. D. S. Kellicott. The Inhabitants of a species of Gall on Wheat Plants. F. M. Webster. (Published substantially in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893. Notes on a Skull Pierced by a Stone Arrow Head. E. W. Claypole. Some Anticlines found in the Shales of Northeastern Ohio. Geo. H. Colton. Lantern Slides without a Negative. W. G. Tight. The British Association for the Advancement of Science. W. R. Lazenby. Formation and Pronunciation of Botanical Names. W. A Kellerman. A Few Rare Ohio Plants. Aug. D. Selby. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893.) New Plants for the Flora of Ohio. W. C. Werner. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893.) Lichens of Ohio. FE. E. Bogue. Leaf Variation: Its Extent and Significance. Mrs. W. A. Kellerman. President’s Address: Devonian Ohio; A Period in the Mak- ing of our State. E. W. Claypole. Pulmonary Fistula in a Frog. J. B. Wright. Snow Rollers. E. W. Claypole. (Published by E. W. Claypole in Science Vol. XXI, p. 64.) A Microscopic Study of Ohio Limestones. G. P. Grimsley. ‘Published inthe Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Vol. XV, p. 160.) The Uredinez of Ohio. Freda Detmers. Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893. 5 The Histology of the Stem of Pontederta cordata. E. M, Wilcox. Ohio Erysiphee. Aug. D. Selby. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Ex. Station, April, 1893) The Development of the Berea Stone Industry. J. H. Smith. Effects of Various Salts on the Germinating Power of Seeds. W. A. Kellerman and Louise Herrick. Notes on the Distribution of Some Rare Plants in Ohio. W. C. Werner. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893.) Some Insect Immigrants in Ohio. F. M. Webster. (Published in “Science,” Vol. XXI., pp. 57-59.) Bibliography of Ohio Botany. W. A. Kellerman. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893.) Is Thyridopteryx Coniferarum a Distinct Species? D. S. Kellicott- Note on a Nest of White Ants. V. L. Sadler and Mrs. V. L. Sadler. READ BY TITLE: Notes on some Ohio Hymenoptera and Diptera heretofore undescribed. FM. Webster. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl, Exp. Station, April, 1893.) Note on a Deep Boring near Akron, Ohio. E. W. Claypole. A Dipterous Gall-Maker and its Associates. F. M. Webster. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893. Germination of Seeds at intervals after treatment with fungi- cides. W. A. Kellerman. «(Published in BuMetin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp. Station, April, 1893.) Some Laboratory Apparatus for Experiments in Vegetable Physiology. Aug. D. Selby. Methods Oviposition in the Tipulide. FM. Webster. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agl. Exp, Station, April, 1893.) Analytical Synopses of the Groups of Fungi Based on Sac- cardo’s Sylloge. W. A. Kellerman and Aug. D. Selby. (Published in Bulletin 3, Technical Series, Ohio Agi. Exp. Station, April, 1893. a 13—- ANNOUNCEMENT. After due consideration, the committee on publica- tion has selected the technical series of Bulletins of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, as the official organs of the Ohio State Academy of Science, until better arrangements can be made. M. WessteErR, F. Publication Comme W. A. KELLERMAN, |] EK. W. CrayPo.e. CHART ERSWLEMBEAS: C. E. Albright, Columbus Mrs.W.A.Kellerman, Columbus A. M. Bleile, Columbus OD. S. Kellicott, Columbus L. M. Bloomfield, Columbus William Krebs, Cleveland E. E. Bogue, Orwell William R: Lazenby, Columbus R. D. Bohannan, Columbus J. U. Lloyd, Cincinnati J. N. Bradford, Columbus ~—N. W. Lord, Columbus H. KE. Chapin, Athens WL. H. McFadden, Westerville EK. Claassen, Cleveland CC. B. Morey, Columbus RK. W. Claypole, Akron “. lL. Moseley, Sandusky A. D. Cole, Granville EK. T. Nelson, Delaware EF. J. Combs, Columbus Edward Orton, Columbus EK. G. Conklin, Delaware O.N. Ozias, Columbus Geo. W. Dean, Kent Hine, Sandusky B; J. Hill, E. Akron ie Wy lope; Paint =L. FP. Hant, Agr. Columbus R. H. Ingraham, B. Niles *Davis L. James, B. Cincinnati “Reynold Janney, Ph. Chillicothe E. A. Jones, Massillon Frank Keeterling, B. Berea *W. A. Kellerman, B. Columbus *Mrs. W. A. Kellerman, B. Columbus *D. S. Kellicott, E. Columbus Carl Krebs, B. Cleveland *William Krebs, B, Cleveland Remington Lane, Batavia “William R. Lazenby, Hort. Columbus Adalph Leue, Forestry. Cincinnati ALE. Kann; C. Springfield L. Longenecker, Arch. Cincinnati

aciclasscetececnee cee ce cq sewinees/os noes ooo eee 769 SNA ICOATSE))foescccsocscnensasaccseecuscustecscersscecec «senate ieee aaa 13738 a ee eee ee eee eee eee eee HHH HEHE HEHEHE EEE E EH EEEED HEHEHE HEHE EEE ESE OE EES 3740 Diorsties(?)Mponphyrite, ..-.s.-crseses- acs e's cinbe sosesoseo sees cae eee 551 Very coarsely crystalline Hornblende 3 2Uellormblen@ es porphiyeyec. <-> os-tentecseplen delete seeice ise cine ceso seca 22m PVOICANICHNECGIas Seca cce-sce-e stan Janes eels Bear L., so. of L. Panache. 339 Fine-grained black breccia. Bet. Wahnapite L.and Vermillion L. (Found in no other region.) SOS) GLCViWACKE siices-cacsarnn ass oaceccsonsnssassecece=s ance Near La Clocke Port. 1056" "Dark Quartz Conglomerate... -.2..0-0--20+-+-<--1-06- La Clocke Region. 373 Fine ¥ is So (darks gray.) oc. ..c. nck os cneoosonnoemeeneraeeee 1260 Lirht-yellowish Quartzite.-.... 222.0. 00..5...--s-00--s01e Near L. Panache. NOMS QULATEA SSC UNS bere cialatsc's joss -niacseanecs enicaeaenemcsee cot accuse doe eae Cena eee aes 1376 Hbld. Granite (hornblende crystals 2 in. thick).....Sudbury Village. 459 Quartz-Feldspar porphyry NorrH-East sIpDE OF GEORGIAN Bay District. A57 (Gabbro-like; (very leh.) /-.5. cce.eccsaeeseccieys sence rests ee -neiceneoaeneeenine BVO. (Coarse Diabaselsciccccoscc ee... 77 4.82 TS ve | Pril ec eh teccesechcese.t Ene Pot <— 14. 30. y ba = y 7 , { " . The Genus Polyperus, as Represented in Ohio, with list of Species and Biblio- Ee aS TE dole Sale ae nt BUDE ne ea E. M. Wilcox A Comparative Histological Study of the Stems of Castalia Odoerata (Dryanda) Wood. Nelumbo lutea (Willd) Pers. Nymphaea advena, Solander™........ E. M. Wilcox Path Making and Path Finding in the TE VOUS POM BCE HL 3. opps aeet conc ieanteacs C.L. Herrick Convenient Sources of Electricity for Vari- ens: Laboratory sUSESiss0. 6h iaciet hee A.D. Cole Notes on Plant Crystals.......... William R. Lazenby The Nutritive Value of Common Fruit William R. Lazenby The Phaenogamic Flora of Summit County PSSA ET Re GU a | Fe lag ht Brae co Rs Kk. O. Foltz The Cryptogamic Flora of Summit County EL MESES cau spat Wek everm nde Dr. E, W. Claypole The Insect Fauna of Summit County— Part.First..t-.2c: Misses E. J. and A. M. Claypole The Phaenogamic Flora of Stark County roar SE PES betty thse ulti eae eee ce Melville Everhard The Phaenogamic Flora of Portage County H. C. Colton Preliminary Report on the Dragon Flies of RETEN Ooct RAY e et aces tae bs Podacengh ces babu D. S. Kellicott Preliminary Report on the Reptilia of Ohio D.S. Kellicott Certain New and Known Marine Infusoria D. S. Kellicott Notes on Erysipheae................ BT ae Ny Aug. D. Selby -Lake Licking—A Contribution to the Buried Drainage of Ohio.................. W. G. Tight Notes on Licking County Myxornycetes, with a Description of a Rare Phalloid W. G. Tight Revision of the Lichens of Ohio........... E. E. Bogue A Modified Lintner Insect Box............ E. E. Bogue Contribution to the Life History of the WWM Bede Pe PAE 5 fo: ek see badethce as L. M. Bloomfield Progress in the Study of the Fungus of the NCCE Etna CNING oe ayais ca ssdnvscobence sues++.: Aug. D. Selby 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. A New Fossil Crustacean from the Water- TAMER < ace el ete e. he ee E. W. Claypole Notes on Recent Discoveries in Astronomy Prof. Lord Notes on gees hudsonuius and unknown SPECIES 1OT NTE WW 2.'..25 Saatese sve: coeds E, W. Vickers Exhibition OF SPecumens.\..; . teks. bags ees Dr. Clark Preliminary list of Coleoptera of Columbi- ana County, by W. M. Hill, J. H. Bombersert «i .2) cis essces Pres. by F. M. Webster Laster pees LION MIDS at PE oes Argynnis chariclea, A. polaris, freija, A. frigga........... 20 Beeeder Wormimnittee, REPOLb Of .2008..5 unensspdeds os sens evevenns 5 Peer AIM ARE OR NOMA. 2-62.04-acann seeenss deed coche ae beds+éte se 17 Butterflies common to Norway and North America...20 Coleoptera of Columbiana Co., preliminary list of....41 Beer ee OIC, Co WTEC Ay, (588 tay dokiw re ddncteee ge cbecne sees 20 MOE NILA ChISLALA, NOES OM: siecicdedeeutasccccesslestescesens 12 Ras LOT IC ALIS: S.caite sac tundtvencty nla Aulgtneceeoedesaseeesues te 12 1 EIREIGCr ENE Leh cry 6? Lagenophrys eupagurus.............. lather hs Soe: iSite ee 10° Bake Licking*.7i:_.2...4228.0. 325,45 ihe Last: Of Mem berss. 5 iio ee ee 2 totaienae eee 3. Last-of Offieers Tor 1894:....0..0.....00- ni eee Pree Microsphaera euphorbiae, M. russelii................... .: Ste Myxomycetes of Licking County, notes on................ 34 Nymphaea, Castalia and Nelumbium, histolog- ical study.of stems. .2..2....54..ni 2h 37 Ohio Forest Trees... 221.0400 cele eerste 20 Ohio Plants, new stations for. .:....5. 0.0 oh be 263%, Qidium’ tickefi......:....:..2%40 28S ole 36 Papilio machaon.................. senda cued ee Sigs RE eee 20 Phaenogam, new, for Ohio.: ...5¢..2:0. cc teei ss toutiledaee 38 Phaenogamice flora of Summit County:.....:...........0008 21 Phytonomus punctatos....:...:...c5200.../0.... eee 32 Pieris rapae, P.. napi::...4. eat le Ree 20 Proceedings of Annual meeting in 1893.........0...0... 48 Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui.................. vatea dete 20 Rose Breasted, Grosheak.i:.2.2.-tuinte.. 1... 16 Sorex platyrhinus, notes Ofih....02..2:/.5.0,...5.: eas 12 Summer meeting of 1893, report of...........0.0e 47 Thuricola fimbriate.......:c.s0¢ces. oo 1 10 ‘Eriticum: yulgare. ->......c: ee eer 12 Uncinula, netator..:..::...0c0n Rea 22) RSS ee 36 Vanessa antiopa......:écsiis. Abies. 20 Wheat plant, contribution to life history.................. 12 Wheat Seah, study of.....2/..-.05-5..Ni.2-1. Jk 33 Zapus hudsonicus}'notes ON...0.....0.0 iii ean 12 ( x ye fs Sh PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY... pe ier ‘PUBLICATION ComMITTEE : FL M. Wesster. sO W«. A. KELLERMAN. ny pat ycnse 2 Jp OH. We CLANPOLE: | GAD Seu : r , * : : t ri st yi ; ¥ a, rh : ‘ ‘ c f - ; y) ‘ We ‘ Ks faye d i i , No - i v - : 4 4 , ov : Ve ‘THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OMT ss: bA TE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. PAO BIA StL BY eA OAL ORL LY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: F. M, WEBSTER. W. A. KELLERMAN. E. W. CLAYPOLE. OFFICERS. 1895. PRESIDENT, 1... 3; REI Oar: VICE PRESIDENTS, Hi; Pe CoAPIN: JANE F.. WINN. SECRETARY, B. i. MOSELEY. TREASURER, AUG. D. SELBY. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, EX-OFFICIO, Oy SpeeeLucorr. E. L. MOSELEY, AUG. D. SELBY: ELECTIVE, EK. E. BOGUE. R. H. WARDER. CONTENTS. naw york ROTANICAL iA OT hon ’ Ambos MV UG Chr leery cite dare te tain ne ene cheer eters jaicnc) PARA isso che, b.0e = Attractions for a Scientist. in the Vicinity of Sandusky ........ eantomestst notin. Champaign COMUNLY was «els Qacie ns se eet hans Birds, List of, TVS VOON COUMLY Meer ce seid oo ch Eel ate a Blarina Brevicauda and Sorex Personatus, Comparative Abund- BIICER Olieccrgerte sails e ny secit aye ene, ta Sek eenageee Pa ee eames hye Shs Baie Rrder, Conimittee,, Report, Of.'. S005. 950 vies, MS ante esas Setratia Islandica, a Survivor of Glacial Time ..0.........5.... Chondestes Grammicus in Mabonime County..0: 0% odes ae nies Coal-horizon in Northeastern Ohio, an Unrecognized hese Comparative Abundance of Sorex Personatus and Blarina Brev- ieatida ii Mlisworth, Onio.. 24.4 2 theese saat «fos Se ey sete ‘CCondylura Cristata, Distribution Oh My ONIO oes SNe Cryptogamous Plants (Mosses, etc.) of Cuyahoga County. gain ele Cryptogamous Plants, Vascular, of Cuyahoga County....... 33 Distribution of the Star-nosed Mole in Ohio..... ............. Gelechia Nigrimaculella, Food Plant for.:................ clacialmelants .Occursence,of in iOHIOm.. 6.2, ss. ese ceo ay Grasses of Ashtabula County, Part I.... ..... iy art sat tro Bee insects, Some Interesting, at Oberlin ..:.......- tyke eng BP ed introduced: blants:, ANotes:On SOmMe?cas sateen se ess cocee ce cemeke hanes patrow. in Mahoning County: ro... i255. 06%. retattie Mrcteden Wesceription of the Shawisdae. ci.) ete ae we owe ts oe INGA ONENESS I Oh tee ec Meet Sh MRSS isk ecag vee Wrollusearof Ohio. Somes Notes Otlyess sta: . cielo te.s viele sels olan ies Monocotyledonous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of Cuya- IO Ca SOUL. same Sean Mele cay hemes neat ast ARN 8 en fad Mestile site, Lintisudl, of the Pewee... 6ic.s4 6s... ean os acne « Officers, List of, for PSA RMT ce ioe Wtete ens poo bo Se Papers, List of, Presented at the Third Annual MCE tinge ernrt: Ree OU GTIAL INGSH TIO SITS TOE x iS as cccs cis os oye) ee wise eps Pole wg ne nave Phenerogamic Exogenous Flora of Cuyahoga County..... : Physalis Viscosa, a Food Plant for Gelechia Nigrimaculella . Placoderm from Ohio, a new. Pee Mie als BS oie onde nae Plants of Cedar Swamp, Champaign SOUaB yas sents bs Bisink gale Plants, Cryptogamous (Mosses, etc.) of Cuyahoga County..... lantcem Gl actals cine @lio wasn vac ates Ba ater ete a ee ee Piaies. (asses). of, Ashtabula’ County. 6050025. f25.0 ee ik Fs Plants, Monocotyledonous, of Cuyahoga County................ IpAnLcyaNGtes OH Some Introduced) Wy oe. ee e's ss fee eee ees Plants,- Phenogamic-Exogenous, of Cuyahoga Countycrrre core Plants, Poisonous, OLm@LIO pees eee 20 es ek de oe ees Plants, Vascular- -Cryptogamous, of Cuyahoga County a: joe ayo ErePonmnesPiaatspon ion Saeed ysA ee anc sa. c Moris les BatiauGrous im Northeasterm OMIO.. ec i0 sl.) ve slacnieles esos oan sayornis Phosbe; Unusual Nesting Site Of... 2... 5)5.. 6 2.6 Bila Niasvodon, "Description Ot er. fie critins 2+ oars ins cine cs ees Skeleton, Another Miami Valley....... Berea Sorex Personatus and Blarina Brevicaudata, ‘Abundance of ..... Subiiner Meering. mes hird § -.niay .)sse' osc. snes ote akon oe MimtsnaleNesting site Of thesPewees sae. sas. fae ee eles Vascular-Cryptogamous aud Monocotyledonous Plants of Cuya- ENG Or @ OUI eI es ey ere os lc cen ae nines oc, Ashlee overs, eee sive sleet eheks LIFE MEMBER. Emerson E. McMillen, C. & Ph.... Sb aus erste etn. ree eae Columbus. ACTIVE MEMBERS. C. E. Albright, Ph. & Math..... Columbus A. A. Atkinson, Ph. & Elec. Athens H. C. Beardslee, B. & Z..Cleveland Thos. D. Biscoe, Biol..... Marietta * A.M. Bleile, Md... .. Columbus *i.M. Bloomfield, Agr. C::.... Columbus Bee BOSUG, Bact a) ass: Orwell Walker Bowman, C........ Atbens = \oN. Bradtord,M...... Columbus Pascal A Bricht, Bit tc a tte UB ereA * W. J. Green, B. & Hort.. Wooster Gee wGrimsleycGe oak Columbus Wiss Sokal aes yet ees .. Wakeman W. J. Hancock, B. Yellow Springs Mrs. Maria Hanna, G.. Columbus *Seth Hayes, Z.... ...Cincinnati UN oWworn, 1S etary Den ann cee Akron C@has#banpert Phe... 4. Wooster C. Judson Herrick, Biol..Granville HesterzersG-); kr be ee..ca Columbus ABY Of] S GL 2 See auees leks Regent tes Akron War IMI ETI oS K. Liverpool *J.S. Hine, E. & Hort..Columbus Pern lobbsmC i.e - Cleveland Jal4 Wire (oy oloall CAG Se RAL ern Paint Cy Am rmbbella se Yellow Springs oO 1 Jalthowtiy Ives ees oa te Columbus Rey eelcnoralvatn) Beek haa nse Niles * Davis L. James, B.....Cincinnati Js TEE A han CA Ake ee ne 6 | Washington C. H. J. J. Janney, Hort ... .Columbus BAS ONES 22. eisoem as Massillon lynds, Odes, Foss You: Oberlin *W. A. Kellerman, B....Columbus *®Mrs. W. A. Kellerman, B...... Columbus Des Mellicott 2 taare. Columbus Carlekre hSab sents woe sae Cleveland * William Krebs, B...... Cleveland * William R. Lazenby, Hort.... Columbus Aer Winton aces .... Springfield fy We We loyadr iB nay pets =~ Cincinnati Cee Mabetyzimca ee Cleveland H. N. Mateer, Biol........ Wooster Mary E. Matthews, Biol.Painesville *T,, H. McFadden, Ph. Westerville J. H. McGregor, Z.... .Columbus Dav. R. Moore, Con. & Arch. Logan Helen G. Moorehead.. .. Xenia Warren K. Moorehead, Arch.... Columbus ae le Mosely Qa scr Sandusky APRS NIOSES tare teer aS. oo Urbana PetersNelh- car cess Cleveland E. J. Oberholser, O. Brooklyn, N. Y. Harrys G, ObertolSeni@ees oa... Washington, D. C. * Edward Orton, G..... Columbus Edward Orton Jr., Cer..Columbus JE WiePikes Garis chteys «ss Mahoning Thomas Piwonka, G....Cleveland ames Pillans ps aetna sec Lima Robert E. Rayman, G. & B.Logan ‘Rhonras Rhodesia, soccee set Akron Bam: Richards s.-5246 2. Newark HeU,Risole B: -: 2. -.Columbus Walters|p Rasleys(Gia so. 7s . Logan Ferdinand Schumacher.....Akron *—Charter Members; A—Astronomy ; *A.D. Selby, B.& C..... Wooster CUE Sloe se cess Defiance Jee SmthyiC 332 seas ... Berea. J. O. Smith, Psy. & E...Columbus * Henry Snyder, Ph. & C...Oxford *WilliamySonle) = ee ste a Kee - be : EN coy , a os “ , - © * — * bo * = — ; - & - » alle ng 41 So far as we know, this is the only jaw of J/. americanus yet discovered, so well provided with incisors. Combining the fact of the unique peculiarities of this early representa- tive of an ancient race with its striking geological position, we have at once aun attractive subject for study, speculation, and research. The accompanying plate exhibits a front view of com- plete lower jaw, with its two mandibular tusks; including the upper molars. ANOTHER MIAMI VALLEY SKELETON, INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF T'Wwo RARE HARPOONS. Ber oy eee EUAN ES), Museum Director of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ABSTRACT. On Saturday, September 22, 1894, another human skele- ton was exhumed in the lower valley of the Little Miami river and donated to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. The location of the grave asssociates this skeleton with those found in the famous Madisonville pre-historic cemetery. The skeleton was in a horizontal position, while the few relics which were found with it, were principally on its left side, in the region of the neck and shoulders. The relics consisted of a few fragmentary shell and horn beads; bone needles; stone skin dressers, stone war imple- ments; a flat slate pendant; a few hunting and war arrow and spear flint points; beaver teeth; and two finely preserved harpoons. The harpoons are particularly interesting, as they are the first of the kind that have been recorded as found in the Miami Valley. They have four and five teeth respectively and measure 7,3; and 7;°; inches in length, and are made rom deer horn. All harpoons heretofore found in the num 42 erous graves and mounds opened in the Miami Valley have had only a single tooth, and in most instances were smaller than these specimens. The skeleton itself was very well preserved. It is of a male, variously estimated to have been from five feet six inches to five feet ten inches in height, and probably about forty years of age. The toe, ankle and wrist bones are entirely wanting, while only a few of the finger bones remain. Otherwise the skeleton is complete. By comparison with the table of measurements included in Dr. F. W. Langdon's paper upon ‘‘ The Madisonville Pre- historic Cemetery: Anthropological Notes,” * it will be seen that in length, width of frontals, and width of orbit the skull in question corresponds almost exactly with Dr. Lang- don’s maximum measurements, and agrees only in height of orbit with his mean measurements. The capacity, breadth, height, and zygomatic diameter range about midway between the maximum and mean measurements, while the indices of breadth and height are somewhat below the mean. The in- dex of breadth being between .740 and .800, namely, .783, places this skull among the Orthocephalic types, while those from the Madisonville Cemetery were mostly of the Brachy- cephalic type. The temporal process of the malar bone is well developed. The orbits are no exception to the Madisonville speci- mens in their marked angularity or extreme proportionate width. On the lower surface of the nasal tuberosity is a well- marked example of a persistent frontal suture. The synostoses of the sutures are marked. The following being present to a greater or less extent, to-wit: sagittal, lambdoidal, coronal, spheno-frontal, occipito-mastoid, inter- nasal, and malo-maxillary. Of these, the spheno-frontal and malo-maxillary are complete. In each instance the lines of union are almost obliterated. * See Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Vol, IV, p. 237. . | 45 The lateral flattening of the tibize (platycnemeism) is well marked, while their antero-posterior curvature (cnemeolor- dosis) is only slight. The skull bears the marks of two fractures, one being situated at about the middle of the obliterated frontal suture, the other is situated close to the former, but entirely em- braced by the right frontal, and, if extended, would make an angle of about thirty-five degress with the frontal suture. In each case only the outer table was broken, while almost complete repair has taken place. The only other apparent seat of injury is an abcess cavity of the malo-maxillary suture. In all probability it is the result of a wound from an arrow or spear-point, and has since, by the action of an abcess, assumed its present shape and dimensions. The lower jaw presents some particularly interesting features. The most prominent of which is the entire absence of the molars of the left side, an undeveloped wisdom tooth, and a right canine having two distinct roots. The femurs, tibiae, and fibulee show some interesting pathological features, all of which are more marked upon the bones of the right side. The marks being bi-lateral, indicate - some blood disease as their cause. In brief, the skeleton is in a remarkably good state of preservation, and, with the exception of the leg bones, is particularly free from the marks of disease, while the skull differs from all those from the Madisonville cemetery, in having complete synostosis of the malo-maxillary suture. Finally, the two harpoons, which accompanied the skeleton, are truly unique for the Miami Valley. +4 THE THIRD SUMMER MEETING OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. This was held at Granville in Licking County by invita- tion of the Faculty of Denison University. The members who took part in the gathering assembled at Granville were many. ‘Those who arrived early or on the previous evening, Started on an éarly train to visit the great Licking Reservoir. This sheet of water—the feeder of the Ohio Canal—lies 07 a great flat that occupies part of the divide between the water going east to the Muskingum and that going west to the Scioto. It has been enlarged much beyond its original and natural limit and is now one of the largest water areas natural or artificial in the state. Here the botanical members spent the day on the water and around it collecting the many aquatic plants which grow in the vicinity. They returned at eve- ning tired but rich. Others returned to Granville and spent an hour or two looking over Denison University, especially the new Science Hall, that forms so useful and beautiful an addition to the educational outfit. The climb to the building was repaid by the wide view that the site afforded over the adjoining country. After dinner an excursion on the electric cars was un- dertaken, and under guidance of Prof. Tight the rapid de- struction of the till and river bank was demonstrated and its yearly progress shown by a series of photographs. The excur- sion was then continued to the Waverly quarries where a few good fossils were obtained and the party then intercepted the electric cars and returned to Granville to tea. In the evening the usual gathering took place in the University. Then Pres. Purinton welcomed the members and short addresses were made by President Webster, Pro- fessors Herrick, Tight, Cole, Claypole, Kellerman and others.. The rooms of the University were lighted up before and after the meeting and the visitors wandered through them, collecting at various points of interest from time to time while a heavy thunderstorm which had come on during the time of the assembly had passed over. 45 The second day, Saturday, was the more important in the sense of having the longest excursion. The members started early on the electric cars and stopped about two miles from Granville to look at what is called the ‘‘ Alligator Mound”’, an ancient earthwork with the form of some animal which, considering the tail of the efhgy and the distance from alligator countries, should be called the ‘‘ Opossum Mound.”’ Regaining the car they went on to the New Encampment Grounds where several large circular banks have long been known. ‘This has lately been ‘‘touched up” with ques- tionable taste. They are certainly more distinct if less an- tique, but in their present fresh and bare state they offer smaller attraction to the archzeologist. Making no long stay here, the party passed on to Newark when the great circle in the Fair Ground was visited and the mound in its middle supposed to represent an eagle was examined. The identi- fications of the animals in these efigy mounds is a matter of considerable difficulty and, except in few cases very uncer- tain. ‘The original faults of construction, aggravated by the work of time, have conspired to effectually prevent any breach of the second commandment in the decalogue. After dinner a train on the Baltimore & Ohio Railway carried the party, except a few who were obliged to leave for home, to Claylick and dropped them by special agreement at the head of the Licking narrows down which they wandered, exploring under the able guidance of Prof. Tight, the gorges which the river has cut at different eras in its history. The whole intricate excavation has been made by Prof. Tight the subject of an interesting paper on the preglacial, glacial and post gracial drainage of the region. It is a most singular suc- cession of gorges whose formation in any other way than as explained by Professor Tight is not easy to make out. The occasion was pleasant and profitable alike to geologists, bot- anists and entomologists. Returning to Newark the party broke up to meet one year later (July 2 and 3) at Sandusky. In this region are many attractions for geologists, botan- ists, zoologists and all lovers of nature. 46 The slight expense connected with membership of the Ohio Academy of Science, the value of the Annual Reports, and the many advantages to be derived by joining these ex- cursions, etc., should induce the teachers of the state to accept the invitation to join the organization, which is open to all who are interested in any branch of science, or who desire to assist either in developing or diffusing knowledge. PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 10. 16. 19. DECEMBER 27-8, 1894. Preliminary List of Birds of Champaign County....J. A. NELSON Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio, Part 1. ....D. S. KELLICOTT Published in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory, January. 1895. Interesting and Little ere Mollusea of Ohio. . ...V. STERKI Some New Points in the Structure of Dinichthys and Titan- TAA oRUCS dias COON aA ARMS ROME Sree lerg Ataecto: ALBERT A. WRIGHT Additions to List of Coleoptera i Golivabiens County.N. M. HI11, NOteSsOnethes bald: Hagler.” oc jAe-re seruieee. oki E. ly. MOSELEY Published in American Naturalist, February, 1895, ‘hevOsksyoteeoss:Contitys. ise apes ear JANE F. WINN - An Improved Method of Determining the Laws of Accelera- [Dlopau seolizt UMM Oo} iababee IBOOK oN EE Obi cicnn oi CuHas. EH. ALBRIGHT ‘Dies ShaweWiastodon!.. ( OV Oo Oo sI 47 Distribution of Cranial Nerves of Cryptobranchus.......... = Me Rog A Cae ES CHORE CREOLE Prien ae IE J. H. MCGREGOR As New Horm of Ciliate Tnhisoria i oc) yee rs div ss V. STERKI Attractions for a Scientist in the Vicinity of Sandusky...... Net ASE aI ae BoB aE sete ONAL eT oe ea E. L. MOSELEY Another Miami Valley Skeleton, Including a Description of two Rare Harpoons Found in Hamilton County, Sept. 22, Bice etre neta ak sea ers ha 3s Rieat eats eek ON s.t Dtay 3 5 SETH HAVES (Published in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory, January. 1895. Notes on the Incubation of Turtle’s Eggs.......... E. E. BOGUE Five Birds New to Lorain County.............. ._LYNDS JONES Unusual Nesting Site of the Pewee ............. B. W. VICKERS EASE ie 3 LS gto) ht ot Ae Se ea eda gee rea W. A. KELLERMAN Some Notes on Collodion Imbedding............. HE. M. WILcox Physalis viscosa, a Food Plant for Gelechia nigrimaculella. SEP Sater bas hele eae via ede aeie ey ced Man tet ee Soka sae W. B. HALL Hygenic Dangers of Modern Civilization... ... E. Ll. MOSELEY Oligo Nunk ..... ER Sens Sel SORE ee SETH HAYES Insects New and Interesting at Oberlin, Ohio...... LYNDS JONES Summering of the Lake Sparrows in Mahoning County..... ee see MES EAS aici Siaihoke ery ethane oes E. W. VICKERS Nes Hoculives and New Plants for the Ohio Flora.......... JES oe dad 8 bs EON ows Dane OReraIn agg cin sh clos ota W. A. KELLERMAN NO teSsOn SO OLexe platyn hits t) seas ese es 2 = (by oC) “Columbus Stone, Prof. John A......... Marietta Stump, Franklin P. (Agr. , Convoy Tight, Prof. W. G. (B. &Z cache Granville Todd, Dr. Joseph H. (Arch.)....... Wooster *Treadwell, Prof. A. L. (Biol.)..:. Oxford PEUSCOEE, TEL it sess ss.teeseeco- cee Akron Upson, Judge Ww: Elo...---cc2---- Akron Vickers; E. W- (Z.):...-..-: Ellsworth Vorce: JCaNIa ee wert cect Cleveland Walker Dr tRayeve. sss Oxford Warder R.A (B:).--.: North Bend *Weber, Prof. H. A. (C.’ Columbus *Webster, Prof, F. M. (E.).......... Wooster *Werner, Wm. C. (B.)...Painesville Whitney, WeiGe 2c Westerville Wilcox, E. Mead (B.).....Columbus = Wann, jane Be (Bec )ee sere Chillicothe Wolfgang, H. G. (Hort.) Leetonia *Wright, Prof. Albert A.(G..)...... Oberlin Wright; Prof, G. Pred. (G:)=...227. Oberlin *Wright, Prof. J.B. (Biol.)2 a Wilmington OE EEE ES DECEASED. Pror. N. S. TowNSEND, Columbus. TI RE LT EE LE OHIO STATE ACADEMY of SCIENCE. ADDITIONS TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OHIO BOTANY. BY W. A. KELLERMAN. The following list is supplementary to the Bibliog- raphy of Ohio Botany presented to the Academy of Science in 1893 and published in the Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station Vol. I., No. 3. Technical Se- ries. 1805. Journal of a tour into the territory northwest of the Alleghany mountains; made in the spring of the year 1803. By Thaddeus Mason Harris, A. M. Boston 1805. pp. i-vili, 1-271 and Maps. Describes a trip to and from Marietta, O. Notices a few plants seen on the journey, comments on the forest, and notes size of large Sycamore; gives list of wild fruit trees. even bee Information concerning the Frasera Carolinensis, otherwise called the American Columbo Plant; in a letter from Dr. S. P. Hildreth of Marietta in Ohio, dated Marietta, July 30, 1810; with figure. New York Medical Repository. 15; 126-8, one Plate (1812). Contains a full description of the ‘triennial’ plant, refers to Dr. Drake’s previous description, and says, ‘‘it is one of the most regular and elegant plants I have ever seen, and when in full bloom must be beautiful.”’ 1826. Notes on certain parts of the State of Ohio, by Dr. S. P. Hildreth. American Journal of Science, 10: 319, (1826), 6 Under the sub-head of ‘‘ Trees of Different Kinds and their Uses,’’ the uses of several of the native trees are given, as of Yellow Oak, Juglans cinerea, Cornus florida, Liriodendron Tulipifera, Aesculus flava, Mag- nolia acuminata, Wild Cherry, Black Walnut, Poplar, Yellow Pine, Yellow Locust, and Chestnut. Notes on certain parts of the State of Ohio, by S. P. Hildreth. American Journal of Science and Arts, 11: 221, (1826). In reply to question as to useful and noxious plants, refers to Dr. Drake’s ‘‘ Pictures of Cincinnati,’’ and adds that two species of Kalmia and the Skunk Cabbage oc- cur. 1829. Meteorological Observations: Observations on the Flowering of Plants, etc. in the past year, by S. P. Hil- dreth. American Jonrnal of Science and Arts, 15: 42 (1829). Gives time of flowering of a few plants near Marietta, Ohio. 1830. Observations on the Flowering of Plants, Ripening of Fruits in 1829, by S. P. Hildreth. American Journal of Science, 18: 369, (1830). Notes the time of blooming of several native plants in the vicinity of Marietta, Ohio. 1834. A Brief Topographical Description of the County of Washington in the State of Ohio, by J. Delafield, Jr., Marietta, Ohio. New York, 1834 (pamphlet pp. 39.) Mentions the larger forest trees along the river bot- toms, as Sycamore, Tulip Tree, Hicory (Juglans Syca- morea) Ash, White Walnut, Sugar Maple, Buckeye, Wild Cherry, Locust (Robinia pseudocacia), Juneberry, Willow, Papaw, Dogwood, Gum, Yellow Pine. Also undergrowth (shrubs). On an island in the Ohio, fif- teen miles from the mouth of the Muskingum River, a 7 Sycamore was seen by Michaux, 40 ft. 4 in. circumfer- ence, five feet from the ground; and thirty-six miles above Marietta, a Sycamore 47 ft. circumference four feet from the ground Liridondrons 70 to 120-40 feet high, 3-10 feet diameter. ‘““The Oak most common, being seven-tenths of the trees in bottom and upland, 3 kinds. There are as many as eight varieties of Oak in one forest, but as the differences of species is very trifling, I have included them all under the White, Red and Black.’’ Fraxinus two species, quadrangulata and viridis. Under the sub-head ‘‘ Agriculture and Produce,” pp. 31- 34, refers to cultivated plants. The Pear tree is subject to ‘Blight’ and its cultivation is attended with some difficulty. 183? A Geological Ramble by John L. Riddell (pp. 1-6). [In Hildreth Alcove, Marietta College Library. ] Gives an account of a trip from Cleveland to a place called Little Mountain, Lake Co., near Mentor. Notices at this point the following plants; Aralia his- pida, Michella repens, Gaultheria procumbens, Epigaea repens, Goodyera pubescens, Pyrola rotundifolia, Pyrola elliptica, Pyrola secunda, Chimaphila umbel- lata, Chimaphila maculata, Pinus strobus, Pinus vart- abilis (Yellow Pine), Magnolia acuminata, Lirioden- dron Tulipipfera, Nvssa multiflora, Betula lenta. 1836. Observations on the Bituminous Coal Deposits of the Valley of Ohio, and the accompanying Rock Strata; with notices of the fossil organic remains and the relics of Animal and Vegetable Bodies, illustrated by a geological map, by numerous drawings of plants and shells, and by views of interesting scenery. By Dr. S. P. Hildreth of Marietta, Ohio. American Journal of Science and Arts, 29: 1-148, (1836.) 8 Mentions several forest trees of the Muskingum Valley (p. 125). 1838. History of Ohio Botany [in a History of the State of Ohio, Natural and Civil], by Caleb Atwater A. M. First Edition, 1838, pp. 71-92. Gives list of 68 trees (using both common and Botanal names), 6 species of grape-vine, and 131 species herbaceous plants; gives notes on the trees, grape-vines, and some other plants, also on “ Natural- ized Plants’’ (as Tobacco, Sweet Potatoes. Hemp, Flax), ‘‘Naturalized trees’’ (fruit trees), Grasses, native and naturalized. 1841. Flowering of plants and trees, ripening of fruits, etc. in 1840, [ Marietta, Ohio] by S. P. Hildreth. Amerti- can Journal of Science and Arts, 40: 347, (1841). Gives date of first flowering of a number of native plants. ‘‘ Blight in Pear and Quince trees worse than ever known.” 1842. History of an early voyage on the Ohio and Miss- issippi Rivers, with historical sketches of the different points along them, etc. by S. P. Hildreth,M. D., in American Pioneer (second edition), Vol. 1, pp. 89-105, 128-142, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1842. The trip was made in 1805. In chapter 3, (p. 96) the trip from Gallipolis to North Bend gives note as to Ginseng and timber trees, but no /ist of plants given. Abstract of a Meteorological Journal for the year 1841, keptat Marietta, Ohio, byS.P. Hildreth. Ameri- can Journal of Science and Arts, 42: 345, (1842). Mentions prevalence of Wheat Rust. 1843. Meteorological Journal for 1842, kept at Marietta, Ohio, by S. P, Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 44: 348-9 (1843). 9 Contains reference to time of, blooming of many native plants. 1844. Abstract of a Meteorological Journal for the year 1840, kept at Marietta, Ohio, by S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 46: 278-9 (1844). Gives times of blooming of many plants. 1845. Abstract of a Meteorological Journal for the year 1844, kept at Marietta, Ohio, by S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 48: 289-91 [1845] Gives date of first flowering of many native plants. 1846. Floral calendar (Marietta, Ohio, 1842). S. P. Hil- dreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, Vol. 1, (second series) p. 205 (1846). Dates for blooming of a few plants. Mentions the prevalence of ‘‘rot’’ in potatoes. 1847. Floral Calendar for 1846 (Marietta, Ohio), S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts 3, (sec. ser.) : 214-5 [1847]. Gives date of first flowering of some native plants. 1848. Floral Calendar for 1847 (Marietta, Ohio), S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 5 (sec. ser.) : 251- 2 (1848). Gives date of first flowering of some native plants. 1849, A list of all the Medicinal Plants of Ohio (not em- braced in Wood & Bache’s U.S. Dispensary), contain- ing as far as known, a brief account of their properties, by John M. Bigelow, M.D., Columbus, 1849. Pam- phlet pp. 1-47. 10 In the preface of four and a half pages referring particulary to the desirability of making a list of Me- dicinal Plants of Ohio, and inviting co-operation, says, ‘“We have about 387 species of plants possessing me- dicinal qualities, growing wild or naturalized in the state of Ohio.’”’ Gives general properties of the orders, followed by scientific and common names of 202 spec- ies, with very brief descriptions and notices of medicinal qualities. A full index is given. Floral Calendar for 1848 [Marietta, Ohio, |by S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts,7 (sec. ser.) 241-2 [1849]. Gives dates of blooming of some native plauts. 1850. Floral Calendar for 1849 (Marietta, Ohio), S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 9 (sec. ser.) : 266 (1850). Gives dates of flowering of a few native plants. 1851. Floral Calendar (Marietta, Ohio), 1850 by S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 11 (sec. ser.) [1851]. Gives date of early blooming of a few native plants. 1852 Historical Collections of Ohio—Hancock Co. (p. 239) and Wyandotte Co. (p. 55), by Henry Howe, (1852). A large Sycamore tree, 34 ft. circ., 3 miles below Findley, Hancock Co, Also two Sugar Maples, 30 ft. apart at base, united at height of sixty feet to form one trunk. A Sycamore, 40 ft. circ. at base, % mileabove Upper Sandusy, Wyandotte Co., also a large (hollow) one 6 miles west. 11 Floral Calendar (Matietta, Ohio) 1851, by S. P: Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci: and Arts, 13 (sec. ser.) : 240 (1852). Gives dates of a few cultivated and some native plants. 1858. Floral Calendar (Marietta, Ohio, 1852), by S. P. Hil- dreth., Am: Jour. of'Sci: and Arts, 15 (sec. ser.) : 246 (1853). Gives dates of flowering of a few native plants. 1854. Floral Calendar, (Marietta, Ohio, 1853), S. P. Hil- dreth. Am. Jour. of,Sci. and Arts, 17 (sec. ser.) : 258-9 (1855). Gives date of flowering of some plants. Mosses found in the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, by Prof. J. Lang Cassels. Read before the Cleveland Academy of Sciences, Nov. 21, 1853. Published in ‘“‘Annals of Science Including Transactions of the Cleve- land Academy of Natural Sciences,’’ Jan. 1854, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 3-4. Gives general account of the structure of mosses; ‘‘to be continued.”’ 1855. ‘Floral Calendar (Marietta, Ohio), 1854 by S. P. Hildyeth. Am. -Jour. of- Sci. and Arts,-19 (sec. . ser.) 236 [1855]. Gives dates of blooming of a few plants. 1856. Floral Calendar (Marietta, O. 1855), by S. P. Hil- @reth. Am. Jour. of Sci..and Arts, 21 (seéc.’ser.):. 192, (1856). . Gives dates of flowering of a few plants. 1857. Floral: Calendar,- (Marietta, O. 1856), by S. P: Hil- dreth. Am. Jour. of Sci, and Arts, 23, (sec, ser.): 1857, Gives dates of blooming of a few plants. 12 1858. Floral Calendar, (Marietta, O. 1857), by S. P. Hil- dreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 25 (sec. ser.): 360-1 (1858). Gives date of blooming of a few plants. 1859. Floral Calendar, (Marietta, O.) 1858, by S. P. Hil- dreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 27, (sec. ser.): 218-9 (1859). Gives dates of blooming of a large number of native plants. 1860. Floral Calendar, (Marietta, O. 1859), by S. P. Hil- dreth. Am, Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 29 (sec. ser.): 220-1 (1860). Gives dates for blooming ofa large number of native plants. 1861. Floral Calendar, (Marietta, Ohio, 1860), by S. P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 31 (sec. ser.): 256 (1861). Gives dates for blooming of a few plants. 1862. Floral Calendar (Marietta, O. 1861), by S. P. Hil- dreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 33, (sec. ser.) [1862]. Gives dates for flowering of a few plants. 1863. Floral Calendar and Ripening of fruits (Marietta, O. 1862), by S.P. Hildreth. Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, 35 (sec. ser.) : 184. (1863.) Gives date of blooming of many plants. LST oO: Historical sketch of Hardin Co., Ohio, in “‘ Atlas of Hardin County, Ohio 1879.”’ Trees, shrubs, climbing shrubs, native herbaceous plants and ferns [a part of 13 the article entitled as above] by W. C. Hampton, Mt. Victory, Hardin Co., Ohio. This is a list of 248 species arranged alphabetically, the botanical name in each case followed by the com- mon name. Some naturalized and exotic trees and shrubs are also included. 1893. Additions to Franklin County Plants by Wm. C. Werner. An. Rep. Columbus Horticultural Society for 1893., Vol. 8: p. 93 (Dec. 1893). A list of twenty-seven species is given. List of Franklin County Hepticzee by Wm. C. Wer- ner. An.Rep. Columbus Horticultural Society for 1893. 8: 114 [Dec. 1893]. Eighteen species are given. Celery Rust and Celery Blight, by Freda Detmers. An. Rep. of Columbus Horticultural Society, 8: 139- 143 [Dec. 1893]. Discusses Cercospora apii at length, Puccinia bullata not occurring in this county. A peculiar Hydrophyllum by Aug. D. Selby, with plate. An. Rep. Col. Hort. Society, 8: 128-130 [Dec. 1893]. Describes an abnormal Hydrophyllum found near Columbus by Herbert Kanmacher. Reports for committees on Vegetable Pathology and Botany by Aug. D. Selby, E. E. Bogue and Wm. C. Werner. Journal of the Columbus Horticultural So- ciety, 8: 56-7 [June, 1893. ] The occurrence of Fusarium, Sphaerotheca phy- toptophila, Veronica agrestis, Sporobolus heterolepis and S. cuspidatus was noticed. Report on Botany, by E. E. Bogue, Columbus, Hor- ticultural Society, 8: 86. (Dec. 1893.) Spiranthes latifolia, found at Big Walnut, men- tioned as new to the county. 14 1894. Carnation Rust, by W. A. Kellerman, Jour. Hort. Society, 9: 9-16, with plate (April, 1894). Gives an account of the fungus Uromyces caryop- hyllinus, a table of measurements of spores, and notes its occurrence in Ohio. Vegetable Parasitism among insects, 3 plates. By F. M. Webster. Jour. Col. Hort. Society, 9:46-64 [April 1894]. A full account of entomogenous fungi is given, and several notices of species occurring in Ohio. Report of Committee on Botany. E. E. Bogue, chairman. Jour. Col. Hort. Society, 9: 71-3 [April, 1894]. Gives dates for early flowering of some native plants. Preliminary Report of the Polyporeae of Franklin Co. By E. M. Wilcox. Jour. Col, Hort. Society 9:94. ° 7 (April, 1894]. Contains keys to the genera, and a list of the species of Polyporeae found in the county. The Russian Thistle in Ohio, with 2 plates. Aug. D: Selby. Jour. Col. Hort. Society, 9: 127-132, Seppe 1894. Gives an account of Sal/soli kali tragus, and notes its introduction into Ohio at Bryan, along the. L.S. & M. S. Railway. Report of Committee on plants and flowers. By J. H. Lageman. Jour. Col. Hort. Society, Vol9, pp. 178-9 (Dec, ’94). Occurrence and time of blooming given of some native species. | The phaenogamic Flora of Summit County. Part First, by K. O. Foltz. Second Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science, pp. 21-31. 15 The list is systematically arranged and contains only the scientific names of the plants. Some Notes on Entomophthorae, by F. M. Wetec Sec. An. Rep. of Ohio State Acad. Sci. pp. 31-2. Notes occurrence of three species of pS in Ohio. Notes on Licking County Myxomycetes, by W. G. Tight. Sec. An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. pp. 34-5. Genera with the number, but not the names of the species, are given. Notes on Erysipheae, by Aug. D. Selby. Sec. An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. pp. 36-7. To a previous list, two species are added, namely, Microsphaera euphorbiae, M. russelii. New Phenogams for the Ohio Flora, by Wm. C. Werner. Sec. An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. (abstract pp. 38-9 [also published in full in the Journal of the Cin- cinnati Society of Natural History, Jan. 1894]. Twenty seven species are enumerated with locali- ties and names of collectors. Cryptogamic Flora of Summit County, First Part, by E. W. Claypole. Sec. An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. p. 40. Gives list of Equisetacez, 30 Filices, 2 Lycopodiacee, 1 Marsiliacez, 33 Musci, and 13 Hepaticae. Grasses of Summit County, Ohio, by E. W. Clay- pole. Sec. An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci., p. 46. Thirty-nine species are enumerated. 1895. Attractions for a scientist in the vicinity of San- dusky [abstract], by E. L. Moseley. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. p. 5. Occurrenee of five very rare plants noted. Occurrence of Glacial Plants in Ohio [abstract], by H. C. Beardslee. Third An. Rep. Ohio Acad. Sci. p. 17. 16 Notes Cornus canadensis and Andromeda polifolia in northern Ohio. Notes on some newly introduced plants, by Aug. D. Selby. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. p. 18. Occurrence of Salsola kali tragus, Solanum rostra- tum and Thlaspi arvense.— Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.-A survivor from the glacial time of Ohio, by Edo Claassen. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. pp. 19-21. Notes occurrence of this species in the valley of Rock River, Cuyahoga Co.. Ohio. Grasses of Ashtabula County Ohio, Part. I, by Sara F. Goodrich. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. ele 26-2, Gives list of fifty species. List of cryptogamous plants [Musci, Henatice, and Lichenes] of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, by Edo Claassen. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci., pp. 22-3. Gives list of 127 species. The phenogamic exogenous Flora of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, by Carl Krebs. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. pp. 24-6. The list is given by means of numbers taken from the List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta of the Botanical Club, A. A. A. S. List of Monocotyledonous and Vascular-cryptog- amous plants of Cuyahoga Connty, Ohio, by Edo Claassen. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. pp. 26-7. List of species according to numbers in “ List”’ of Botanical Club, A. A. A.S. First List of Plants of Cedar Swamp, Champaign County, Ohio, by W. A. Kellerman and E. M. Wilcox. Third An. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. pp. 27-8. Species are indicated by numbers from the ‘ List”’ of the Botanical Club, A. A. A.S. 17 Lichens of Licking County Ohio, by J. Orrin R. Fisher. Bulletin Scientific Laboratories, of Denison University, 9 [part 1]: 11-14. The list gives localites and habitats for all the species and forms. Forty six are enumerated. Four of them were hitherto unreported for the state. New North American Fungi, by A. P. Morgan. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. of Natural History, April—July, 1895, pp. 36—45. Four new genera are described. Descriptions of 24 new species are given, of which about one half occur in Ohio. Remarks on a ‘Catalogue of Ohio Plants, by Kell- erman and Werner,’’ by JosephF. James,.Jour. Cincin- nati Soc. Nat. Hist. Apr.—July, 1895, pp. 46-57. Additional titles to the Bibliography of Ohio Botany are cited, followed by a list of 41 species of Ohio Plants, not enumerated in the Catalogue. New or peculiar American Zygomycetes, I. Dispora, by Roland Thaxter. Botanical Gazettee, 20: 515-18 Dec. 1895). Describes Dispora americana Thax. n. sp. from Greenville Ohio. Report of Committee on Botany, by E. M. Wilcox. Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc. 10: 5, April, 1895. Notes occurrence of three species of Polyporus. On Plant Names, by W. A. Kellerman. Jour. Co- lumbus Hort. Soc. 10: 5, April, 1895. Contains a list of the natives trees of Ohio with correct names and synonyms. Report of Committee on Botany, by E. M. Wilcox. Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc. 10:58, June, 1895. Notes localities for two species of plants. Report of the Committee on Flowers, by J. H. Lageman. Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc. 10: 59, June, 1895. 18 Gives time of flowering of many species. Ohio Species of the Genus Rubus, by E. M. Wilcox. Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc. 10: 64, June, 1895. Distribution of nine species given. Southern Ashtabula County Notes—Botanical, by E. E. Bogue. Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc. 10: 67, June, 1895. Notes the occurence of Tipularia unifoha (T.bicolor Proceedings of the Society—September, Jour. Co- lumbus Hort. Soc. 10: 87, Sept, 1895. Reports concerning a few native plants. The Flora of the Columbus commons, by E. M. “Wilcox. Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc. 10: 137-8, De- cember, 1895. Notes especially the occurrence of Napaea dioica, Nelumbo lutea, Quercus leana, Urtica dioica, Ahyllon uniflorum, etc. Report on Vegetable Pathology, by Aug. D. Selby, Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc. 10: 138-143, December, 1895. Notes occurrence of Smuts, Potato Blight, and Peach diseases. OHIO PARASITIC FUNGI. BY F. L. STEVENS. The bulk of the information presented regarding parsitic fungi was gained during a two weeks bicycle trip in Ohio last June. Some species were collected at other times but not the majority of them. In the collection made there are about 112 speci- mens representing 87 species, several of them propably new to science, 36 are upon weeds, 15 upon cultivated 19 plants, and 25 upon plants of indifferent value. All but one are parasitic upon leaves, one upon fruit, 65 seem to do great damage to the host; 27 genera are represented from nine orders. In all, there are about 80 hosts; 40 species of fungi are new to the Ohio list, 4. of the genera are new to the state, 64 represent new — localities and 49 new hosts for Ohio. As many of the species have not been reported from the counties mentioned before the list is given below. It is the desire of the writer to make the list of Ohio parasitic fungi as complete as possible regarding species and distribution, and specimens from any part of the state, even of the most common species, will be gladly received, and after classified and recorded, will be turned over to the Ohio State University herbrrium or returned to the sender if so desired. UREDINACE. Uromyces euphorbiae, C. & R., on Euphorbia RN eg bee SIN eyes Fes Sige etos ited Franklin. > howe, Pk., or Asclepias:cornuti:.;............. U. caladii, (Sch,) Farl., on Arisaema triphyl- PR Mea Ie Se gaa ORE Bch see acta s was hea stxeganeate Highland. U. polygoni, (P.) Fel., on Polygonum erect- [Ti 0e ethiees Seats ie ee ae aed oe eR ee Erie, Franklin. sé Melampsora salicina, Lev., on Salix sp. ind. Puccinia flosculosorum, (A. & S.) Roel. on haraxctim: aihicinales: eet 83 84 ID Nl avec bs tore eee eo ene aXe x xe OF Bebrismace lata acexcccosc-scee 2 x 5x x Xe x 58 CPE pont a. ..08 ce cocdieetees ot x x x 5 Gi | ho: kD. € 59 Meee ATCA CEA. «<0, oe sec ceceecencecceceecees x D6 63 LER OD EGEUS Als vevese. eect tospaccsente x 3 3 x x 64 Dexsemicinctaetce tts seerossce ee aR XS x 5 x 65 TO WACIU Ros vere ces ck hctosc toss x x x x Ex 85 DSS COLLUPEA co-cessncecsscevess soca zt xX, x 2.6 66 heer afoyeihh ah: Beery Pee RAPP eee x Xx, x x: xe 67 IES Sit CIC ONS: 2.5. < sk sio Cincinnati RNAV cece niet Se ait Cincinnati Mabieiy oe hss css ins Cleveland ea Eig," ge RS, Wooster Mason, Harriet M.... Wilmington Matthews, Mary E..... Painesville *Masterman, E. E....New London McComb, Eth: rea Bucyrus BieGigy, Pe sence deo ot Lancaster Mectladden. Ei... - Westerville MICETEMOL, J. td. sek eankr Bellaire MeGEZ ET uN 25s 0c suche: Steubenville Moorehead. Helen G,...Columbus Moorehead, Warren Kk..Columbus Morriseg i, Es... oss... Kingsville MOSES, CURIE. «; osc cnipaulacin < Urbana Moseley, F.1..... sc: pDaAnOUSsKY miei. Peter.) |S. .b ees Cleveland Oberholzer) He iC. 22 eee Washington, D. C, Osburn, Ways ia, cee Columbus Orton, Edward:..;.:.... Columbus Phillips, Ws. 5.5.5. Circleville Pullers; Jamesin....te sis. se shen Lima Piwonka, Thomas...... Cleveland RL AVONAN, We, Wicicers «he wrens cate: Logan Rhodes, Thomias::..- is... . Akron Richards. Wee, seis Newark Ricketts, B. Merrill.... Cincinnati Riddle, Lumina C....... Columbus Royer, 3° Goss sess. sn VEISallles Sager). Mom eee Cleveland Sanor,S.D........East Liverpool Satyer, 9: gee hn pe oe ...Canton ‘Sawyer, Mary A. The Western.... Oxford S Cott, Oi Ment tis cree Columbus ° Schumacher, F....... Chicago, IIl, Schuyler sn... sy ais)en Bellevue Selby, Augustus D....... Wooster Shannon, T. W...... Wilmore, Ky. Slocum sG. Bite kee Defiance Smith, H, E....°.......... Maretias Smith, fey is voor Berea ° royleehtii) o Bps| qe O SG niky Kp mys Se Columbus Soule) WIM. one alee Alliance Stair, Wesley, o oaeeen Cleveland Sterki, Victor...New Philadelphia stevens, Bile eon acute Columbus Stone, J). Ackiac.> tennonen Marietta SOUND: (Nathan ayes Convoy Tiffin, DiatheaM...... Chillicothe ° TMsxht aw Given ner Granville ihodd sl He pons. eens Wooster PreadwellvA Ls, isc. cee Oxford rave, WE aa ne .ccete McConnellsville Truscott; Hie sc0e eee Akron ‘Tucker, Mis: (GiWienweuewe Toledo Wipson, Wieck ee eee Akron Wickers BSW. tcsnene Ellsworth WiorceC: Met t. cee Cleveland Walter, Maye. .'. ost 63 ae Oxford ' Warder, R. H,........ North Bend Wanner see ty anietes er Bellevue Wieber soa tA wos ac. ok Columbus Wroebsten HeMin cr sstac ase Wooster Werrmenr, WeGan es Painesville Werthner, William........ Dayton Whlcoxg Wlead:.. |. ae Columbus Williamson, C, W.... Wapakoneta WWasome aA Ks 5 ovea «fs terets Cleveland Winn, JaneF...... ‘...Chillicothe Wolfgang, H.G..... ..... Leetonia Wright, Albert A......... Oberlin Wien, 0. Bo... were Wilmington DECEASED, EDWARD F. NELSON, Delaware. ELS Re RIL RO NATE LSE NT Fo eT OT FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THF OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. CINCINNATI MEETING. The fifth annual meeting of the Academy was held at Cincinnati, December 26 and 27, 1895. Although the at- tendance was small, papers of considerable merit in several departments of science were read and discussed. The Cin- _cinnati Society of Natural History welcomed the Academy, giving the use of its lecture room for the sessions and a re- ception in honor of the Academy Thursday evening. Before ‘the session Friday morning the Lloyd Botanical Library was visited, and before the afternoon session the Zoological Garden, at both of which members were very pleasantly entertained. The Cuvier Club and other institutions of science and art contributed much to make the meeting en- joyable for those members who were strangers in Cincin- nati. Thanks are due especially to Prof. C. L. Edwards of the University of Cincinnati, who, as chairman of the local - committee, was active in making arrangements for the meet- ‘ing. Mr. R. Ellsworth Call, of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, went to not a little trouble and expense to make complete arrangements for an excursion to Mammoth Cave and interest members in it, but unfortunately there were not enough to go. A motion was carried unanimously to the effect that a committee of three be appointed by the president to request the legislature to publish the papers of the Academy, the committee to report back to the Academy. President Kelli- cott appointed the following on this committee: R. Ells- worth Call, F. M. Webster, W. R. Lazenby. 8 The Academy advised the executive committee to consider the advisability of meeting Thanksgiving week instead of in the holiday vacation, the matter of railway rates at that time to be taken into account. President Kellicott stated that President Canfield extended an invitation to the Academy, on the part of the Ohio State University, to hold its meetings there whenever they wish. Prof. Webster read a letter from President Butler, of the Indiana Academy, congratulating our Academy and propos- ing a union field meeting of the two academies. Through Mr. Call, Prof. H. E. Chapin, in the name of the citizens of Athens and the Ohio University, presented the claims of Athens as a place of summer meeting. Mr. Fowke spoke for Chillicothe as a place of meeting. The following resolutions were offered by Mr. Call, and were unanimously adopted: Fesolved, That the Ohio Academy of Science appreciate the labor and expense bestowed on the library of botany and pharmacy by Messrs. J. U. and C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, O., and the generosity of Messrs. Lloyd Bros. in permitting the use of the library by all scientists. fresolved, That the secretary of this society be instructed to donate to the Lloyd library a complete set of the transac- tions of this society and such future numbers as may be issued. Resolved, That it is recommended that other scientific societies donate to the Lloyd library copies of their annual proceedings and other publications. Before adjournment a vote of thanks was given the Cin- cinnati Society of Natural History, the Zoological Garden and the Lloyd Botanical Library, also to President Kellicott for his interest and painstaking. we co OU He Be ci et bo hm bk Ww WwW bo SSR oS Papers read at Cincinnati: Forests and Climate. - - - Gerard Fowke Some Deep Borings Around Akron, - E. W. Claypole The Crystallized Minerals of Northern Ohio, particularly of the Lake Erie Islands, - - Edo Claassen The Formation of Natural Bridges, - Gerard Fowke The Evolution of Several Well Known Paleozoic Genera, as Shown ty the Introduction of New Species, /. A. Bownocker Whence Came the Devonian Fishes of Ohio? E.. W. Claypole A New Titanichthys, - - - £E. W. Claypole The Life History of Phrynosoma, - - Charles L. Edwards Notes on the Distribution of Zapus Hudsonius in Ohio, - - - . - EE. W. Vickers The Breeding of the Horned Lark in Ohio, - E. W. Vickers Notes on Bird Migration in 1895 in jEweneEy: Ohio, and Ontario, - - Lynds Jones An Abnormal Iliac Vein ina Cat, - - A.L. Treadwell A New Mollusc from Mammoth Cave, - R. Ellsworth Call A Synonymical Catalogue of the a of the Mississippi Valley, - - R. Ellsworth Call The Habits of Bellura Obliqua, - - if Ss LLENE Second Report on the Dragon Flies of Ohio, D. S. Kelticott Further Notes on Pezotettix Hoosieri, - Lynds Jones The Possible Origin and Distribution of Blissus Lencopterus and Margantia Histrionica, : - F.M. Webster Notes on the Distribution of the Red Scale of Florida, Asfc- diotus ficus, - - : E. E.. Bogue Lists of White Mildews in Cuyahoga, Erie and Medina coun- ties, with Names of the Host Plants, Edo Claassen List of Mosses and Hepaticae New to or Rare in Ohio, do Claassen An Analytical Key to Ohio Parasitic Fungi, FL. Stevens Some Hitherto Unlisted Ohio Fungi, Aug. D. Selby Two New German Handbooks of Plant ee ey Aug. D. Selby Additions to Bibliography of Ohio Botany, W. A. Kellerman Distribution of the Mistletoe in Ohio, - W. A. Kellerman Specimen of Hybrid Oak, - - Walter Fischer A Freak of Cornus Florida, - - F.£. Stevens Does Artemisia Biennis Live Over Winter ee E-do Claassen Flora of Erie County and the Islands, _ - E.L. Moseley Germination of Seeds Treated with Fungicides, W. A. Kellerman Formalin as a Preservative of Vegetable Tissues, £. 1/7. Welcox Collection and Museum Records, - . E. E. Bogue A Substitute for Wax Feet in Supporting Cover Glasses, ~ - - - - : A. L. Treadwell The Botanic Garden and Institute at Leipsic, G. M. Holferty Work of the Indiana Biological Station, C. H,. Eigenmann Bahama Biological Station, - - Charles L. Edwards Precession of the Equinoxes as a Factor in History, Gerard Fowke 10 OXFORD FIELD MEETING. On June 4 and 5, 1896, the Ohio Academy held a joint field meeting with the Indiana Academy of Science at Ox- ford, Ohio. Although the attendance was not so large as was hoped, nor the search for rarities in the field especially well rewarded, still the opportunity of association with the Indiana scientists, and the hospitalities extended by the three colleges of Oxford, made the meeting a delightful and profitable one. Many Lower Silurian fossils were found and fragments of cedar in glacial till. The entomologists and botanists made a number of interesting finds. On Thursday evening, the 4th, the academies dined at the Western, a college for women, and the next morning most of the members spent an hour or two visiting its laboratories and collections. | An address complimentary to the citizens of Oxford was given in the chapel of Miami University on Thursday evening by Prof, Stanley Coulter, of De Pauw University. Friday evening the academies dined at the Oxford Female Seminary, from which they went to Miami Chapel to attend an illustrated lecture on Mammoth Cave by R. Ellsworth Call. The Academy voted to advise the executive committee to make Columbus the permanent place for holding the winter meetings. COLUMBUS MEETING. The sixth annual meeting was held at Orton hall, Co- lumbus, December, 29 and 30, 1896. All the sessions were well attended and were carried out nearly in accordance with the program issued December 19. The Academy voted to make it the duty of the secretary to furnish the treasurer at the end of each meeting a list of the members 11 elected, and of the treasurer to furnish the publication com- mittee a correct list of members for the annual report. An address of welcome was given on Tuesday evening, the 29th, by President Canfield of the Ohio State University, to which President Wright responded. The presidential ad- dress by Prof. Albert A. Wright, entitled, “A Topographic Survey of Ohio,” was published in full in the Oberlin News January 8, 1897. A motion was carried that a committee of three be appointed, the president to be one and the other two to be appointed by him, to formulate plans for a topo- graphic survey of the state and endeavor to secure the execution of the same by legislative action. Later the pres- ident appointed Aug. D. Selby and W. G. Tight members of this committee. A motion was carried to appoint a committee of three, in which the Agricultural Experiment Station and two col- leges should be represented, to try to induce the legislature to modify the game laws. Later the president appointed the following to constitute this committee: W. A. Keller man, F. M. Webster, A. L. Treadwell. A congratulatory telegram was received from the Indi- ana Academy of Science, in session at Indianapolis, and one sent in reply. Dr. Claypole was appointed a committee to draft a reso- lution on vivisection. The following resolution offered by the committee, at a later session, was adopted and{]the sec- retary instructed to transmit a copy to Senator Sherman: “The Ohio State Academy of Science, in its winter meeting, assembled at Columbus, resolves as follows: «“ Whereas, The practice of vivisection in the hands of ex- perimenters and teachers is indispensable for the right and adequate education of the medical student, for the advence- ment of the art of surgery, and especially for gaining control 12 of the zymotic diseases which, from time to time, destroy so many milions of men and beasts; and “© Whereas, A bill is pending which proposes to prohibit or to greatly restrain this practice in the District of Colum- bia and so to raise immense obstacles in the way of progress along these three paths; be it therefore “ Feesolved, That the members of this Academy desire to present their earnest remonstrance against the passage of this bill and trust that congress will in its wisdom see the impolicy of interfering in any such way with the progress of science and the medical art.” Papers read at Columbus: 1. A Preglacial Channel in Fairfield County, - W. G, Tight 2. The Preglacial Big Kanawha Drainage, - W. G. Tight 3. Ohio Boulders Containing ‘Huronite,” - Albert A. Wright 4. How Do Glaciers Move? - - - John J. Janney 5. Psaronius, : - . Hi. Herzer 6. New Evidence Upon the Seracite of Dinichthys, Albert A. Wright 7. Some Recent Fossils from Cuyahoga Falls, E. W. Claypole 8. The Oberlin Grackle Roost, - - - Lynds Jones 9. A Bird New to Ohio, - - - E. L, Moseley 10. Two Rare Fishes, : : ; R.C. Osburn 11. Analytical Key for Identifying the Land Mollusca of Ohio, - - - - - Victor Sterkt 12, Os Acetabuli, - - - - - Lynds Jones 13. An Anatomical Abnormity in the Human Hand, E. W. Claypole 14. Preliminary Report on the Fresh Water Sponges of Ohio, - - - - WD. S. Kellicott 15. The Protective a, of Action, Volitional or Otherwise, in Protective Mimicry, - - F. M. Webster 16. Biological Effects of Civilization on the Insect Fauna of Ohio, - - - - F. M. Webster 17. A List of Ohio Crambids, - - James S. Hine 18. Museum Pests and Their Treatment, - - James S. Hine 19. A Few Green House Insects, - - James S. Hine 20. A Peculiar Katydid, - - - £. W. Claypole 21. List of Butterflies Found in Suishinit County, E. W. Clayfole 22. Additions to the Catalogue of Odonata of Ohio, D. S. Kellicott 23. Description of a Dragon-fly Nymph from a Thermal Spring, - : - - - D. S. Kellicott 24. A Mode of Preserving Specimens for Class Use, £. W. Claypole 25. Additions to Ohio Fungi, . - - F. L. Stevens 48, 13 Some Adaptations in Fungi, - W. A. Kellerman Notes on the Potato Rot Fungus, - - E. W. Claypole A Peculiar Case of Spore Distribution, - FL. Stevens New Species of Fungi, - - - FL. Stevens Two Hydnums, - - - E. L. Fulmer Notes on Ustilaginea, - - - Aug. D. Selby Second List of Mildews of Cuyahoga and Other Counties of Northern Ohio, - - - E-do Claassen List of the Uredinez of Cuyahoga and Other Counties of Northern Ohio, - - - £-do Claassen Unlisted Ohio Fungi, - - ~ Aug, D. Selby New Species of Fungi, - - - FL. Stevens Additions to the Flora of Ohio and to That of Certain Counties, - - - Edo Claassen Additions to the List of Flowering Plants of Okio, £. ZL. Moseley Some Ohio Metasperme, - - » Aug. D. Selby Additions to the List of Exogens of Gigante County, Carl Krebs Notes on the Distribution of Some Ohio Plants, W. A. Kellerman A Hybrid Impatiens, - - - F. L. Stevens Note on Cornus Florida, - - Mrs. Kellerman Some Interesting Leaf Variations, - - Mrs. Kellerman A Simple Method of Imbedding Plant Tissues in Gelatin, - - E. M. Wilcox and J. W. T. Duvel Some Preservatives for Fresh Water Algae, Miss L. C. Riddle Comment on a Phase of Botanical Instruction, W.A. Kellerman Archezlogical Work in Pike County, - - Gerard Fowke Further Exploraton of Norse Remains on Charles River, Mass., - . - Gerard Fowke Notes on Human Relics in the Drift of Ohio, E/mer E. Masterman Remarks on a State Archzological Map of Ohio, - - . Warren K. Moorehead 14 ANALYTICAL KEYS FOR IDENTIFYING ‘THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. BY DR. V. STERKI. The arrangement of the keys as offered here is some- what different from the form commonly in use. But it is expected that they will be found convenient after a little practice, It has not been the intention of the writer to give full and minute descriptions of every genus and species, but simply to facilitate their identification. So the most obvious and strik- ing features had to be used rather than the most scientific, which should be consulted in special works on the subject. Yet the descriptions are not quite so fragmentary as might appear. If we go, from any given species, backward through the numbers of the keys leading to it, the combined charac- ters will, as a rule, make rather good diagnoses. For the examination of the small and minute forms, a good loupe should be used; its aid, and close attention to every paragraph and word of the diagnoses will enable any- one to identify even the species of Pupa, Vertigo, etc., com- monly considered difficult. Anatomic characters have, asa rule, been omitted, except where they are essential features of a genus (as 1s the case e. g. with Hyalinia and Zonitoides. ) But even there, the characters of the shells will be surlcient for identification. The descriptions are understood of mature and fresh spec- imens; this is especially of value in regard to the apertural parts, the color and transparency or opacity of the shell. The dimensions given mean the average; in most species the sizes are subject to considerable variation. In addition to the species actually known to inhabit our territory, one has been admitted which is likely to be found in its eastern and northern part: Vetr7zna limpida Gld. Other species may possibly have to be added to the list. . 15 The word (Eu.) after the description of a species denotes that the same is living also in Europe. One species, (Hy- alinia cellaria Mull.) is introduced from there, and possibly one or two others may be found in Ohio (See Limax, note.) ere ao ee, A few abbreviations could not well be avoided; they are: alt... .. for altitude. diam.. .for diameter. lam... .for lamella or lamellae. mill.. ...for millimeter or millimeters. shi... .for shell. sp..... for species. A--GENERA. Without an external sh. (slugs) with an external sh. 4 mantle much shorter than the body, anterior; pulmo- nary opening near its right margin, behind the middle; a rudimentary sh, plate under the mantle. 1. Limax. mantle nearly as long as the body; no sh. plate. 3 70 to 100 mill. long; back with dark blotches and spots; jaw rather smooth with median part pro- jecting. 12. Tebennophorus. 18 mill. long; back rather uniformly ashy; jaw with strong ribs. 13. Pallifera. sh. too small to receive the soft parts, very thin, glassy, depressed, of 2% to 3 rapidly increasing whorls, the last much the largest; diam. 6 mill. 2. Vitrina. sh. spacious enough for the soft parts to retreat. 5 diam. of sh. surpassing the alt. 6 alt. surpassing the diam. 16 peristome—margin straight and thin, or nearly so. yi peristome—margin everted, with a distinct lip, 14 sae) LE 2 13 16 peristome usually with a slight lip at the very mar- gin which is slightly everted; whorls 5, well rounded; umbilicus very wide; sh. nearly colorless, translucent; diam. 20, alt. 7 mill. 6. Selenites. peristome—margin quite straight and thin. 8 sh. discoidal, flat above, with very wide umbilicus; whorls 4, narrow, convex in the spire with a deep suture, with raised revolving lines; inside with sev- eral pairs of small “teeth;” sh. colorless, or green- ish yellow; diam. 3.5, alt. 1.5 mill. 7. Helicodiscus. not so. 9 sh. transparent or translucent, usually shining, rarely with ribs. 10 sh. rather opaque, surface dull. 12 diam. 1.5 to 4 mill.; no umbilicus; whorls 4 to6, very narrow; (marginal teeth of radula_ biscuspid.) 5. Conulus. larger, or with umbilicus; (marginal teeth of rad- ula unicuspid. ) II genital organs without dart sac and dart, sh. with- out lam. or “teeth;’ whorls and suture rather flat, or diam. less than 3 mill. 3. Hyalinia. genital organs with dart; sh. with internal lam. or teeth, or suture impressed. 4. Zonitoides. diam. 1.5 mill.; spire depressed conic, surface regu- larly (very tinely) striated; umbilicus wide; whorls 4; color deep horn. 8. Punctum. diam. 2.5; surface with membraneous ribs; S. Hyali- nia. diam. 6 to 25 mill. 13 diam. 6 to 8 mill.; spire depressed conic; surface with regular rib-striae; umbilicus very wide; color brownish or reddish horn. 10, Pyramidula. diam. 20 to 25 mill.; color pale horn, with brown mot- tlings or revolving bands. 11, Patula. 14 18 a) 20 diam. 6 mill. or more 15, Polygyra. diam. 3 mill. or less. 15 diam. 20 mill.; umbilicus very wide; whorls 5 well rounded; peristome slightly everted with a thin lip; sh. nearly colorless; S. Selenites. no internal lam. 14. Vallonia. with internal lam. 16. Strobilops. whorls about 3, rapidly imcreasing, the last and the aperture very wide; peristome—margin straight and thin. 21. Succinea. whorls more than three, moderately increasing 17 aperture scarcely higher than wide; sh. cylindrical, narrowly umbilicated, with slightly conic, rather obtuse apex; peristome—margin thin and straight without any lam. or teeth; alt. 2 to 2.5; diam. 1 mill. 9. Sphyradium. aperture higher than wide, or with lam., or margin with a strong lip. ; 18 very small, needle-like, apex pointed; glassy color- less; peristome,with a strong lip with 2 or 3 small teeth; on the columella of the penultimate whorl a large tortuous lam.; alt. about 1.8 mill. 22. Carychium not so 19 columella truncated below; sh. narrowly oblong, deep horn colored, transparent; surface shining; peristome—margin straight, slightly thickened; alt. 6, diam. 2.5 mill, 20. Ferussacia. columella not truncated; sh. different. 20 sh. turriculate, peristome with a strong flat lip and usually « small angular nodule; no lam.; color deep horn to brownish; alt. 5 to 6, diam. 2.5 mill. I7. Buliminus, sh. ovate, or ovate conic, to oblong or cylindrical; (ours) with from three to ten lam. and folds in the aperture. 21 18 21 parietal lam. large, more or less distinctly complex (twisted, biscuspid, bifurcate) or sh. colorless whitish. I8. Pupa. — parietal lam. of moderate size, simple, color horn to chestnut. I9, Vertigo. B..-SPECIES, I. Limax, (Lin.) Fer. Long. about 2.5 mill.; amber colored to blackish. campestris, Binn. Note:—Two European species of Z7max, colonized in America, might be found in our State: Z. agvest/s Lin., about double the size of campestris, secerning a whitish, milky mucus on its surface when touched, and Z. favs Lin,, 75 to 100 mill. or over loug, upper surface brownish, with spots. 2, Vitrina, Drap. Diam. about 6 mill. (May be identical with the European V, pellucida Pfr.) ; limpida, Gld. 3. Hyalinia, Fer. 1 Diam. 12 mill. or more; whorls about 5; suture not deep. 2 — diam. 6 mill. or less. 6 2 spire somewhat elevated, last whorl and aperture wide. 2 — spire very low, almost flat; last whorl of moderate size, aperture depressed of ae 3 diam. 25 mill., surface rather smooth, umbilicus ra- ther narrow, color near chestnut. fuliginosa, Griffith —— diam. 18 mill.; surface with fine, regular, oblique strie; umbilicus quite narrow; color greenish horn. : levigata, Pfr. Io at 19 diam. 15 mill. or more; umbilicus. quite narrow, or almost closed. 5 diam. ab. 13, alt. 5 mill., color pale horn; umbili- cus rather narrow (introduced from Europe.) cellaria, Mull. diam. 20; alt. 6 mill.; color brownish or smoky horn. subplana, Binn. diam. 16; alt. 6 mill.; color yellowish horn inornata, Say. diam. 4 to § mill.; whorls in the spire and suture flat; surface shining; color light horn to brownish. 7 diam. 3 mill. or less. 9 umbilicus none or very narrow, whorls 4%, surface with irregular impressed striae; color light horn, or almost colorless. indentata, Say umbilicus rather wide. 8 whorls rather wide and rounded, and so the aper- ture; striation fine and rather regular; deep to brownish horn colored. ( Eu.) radiatula, Ald. whorls rather depressed, narrower, and so the aper- ture; striation fine and irregular; sh. dusky or brownish horn colored, or almost colorless. wheatleyi, Bld. whorls 3, rather rapidly increasing; surface not with membraneous ribs. 10 whorls ab. 4, slowly increasing. II diam. 3, alt. 1.3 mill.; surface dull, but rather smooth; color light steel gray; umbilicus moderate. ferrea, Mse. diam. 1.5, alt. 0.6; surface with regular, oblique, microscopic stria, color light greenish yellow; umbilicus wide. milium, Mse. with rather regular membraneous ribs sometimes al- most obsolete; umbilicus wide, color light grayish or yellowish horn. exigua, Stimpson. 20 — without ribs; sh. glassy colorless, white when “dead.” 12 12 whorls well rounded in the spire, which is more or less elevated; distinctly, irregularly striated; um- bilicus wide. minuscula, Binn. — whorls scarcely convex in the spire, which is little or not elevated, and also rather flattened below; surface scarcely or very finely striated, polished. leviuscula, Sterki. Note:—The last five species have not yet been examined for their anatomy, and so their position under //ya/cvza is still uncertain.—The generic name Zonites being occupied for a group of exclusively Euro- pean forms, it should not be used for ours, which range under the genera Hyalinia and Zonitoides well characterized by anatomic features. 4. Zonitoides. 1 Sh. with internal lamellae or teeth.* — Sh. without internal lamellz or teeth. 2 diam. 3.3, alt. 1.5 mill., sh. transparent, horn colored, with several internal radial series of small white “teeth;” spire almost flat; whorls 6. multidentatus Binn. — diam. 5 to 10 mill.; the adult usually with two lam. 3 3 upper surface with regular ribs, lower smooth; nar- rowly perforated; whorls 8; in the palatal wall a strong callus and two toothlike lam. _internus, Say. — not ribbed 4 4. spire subconical or low dome-like, inferior side ex- cavated around the narrow or closed umbilicus; whorls 7 to8, very slowly increasing (the younger carinated;) surface rather coarsely striated above; color horn. to brownish horn, diam. 8, alt. 5 mill. gularis, Say. *In old specimens they sometimes are entirely resorbed, as e. g. in Z. suppressus, Say;in the young, the contrary, they may be more numerous than in theadult, St. 21 spire convex, inferiorly rather convex, umbilicus distinct in young, obsolete in older examples; whorls 6, finely striated above, shining all over, color pale horn; diam. 7, alt. 4 mill. suppressus, Say. umbilicus wide, perspective; spire depressed—conic, diam. 5.5, alt. 2.3 mill., surface with fine, regular rib-striz; whitish colorless; whorls 4%. limatulus, Ward. not so. 6 diam. 11 mill. or more; sh. yellowish horn colored, somewhat opaque, with a white testaceous deposit in the last whorl near the aperture; umbilicus quite narrow. 7 diam. 5 to8 mill.;sh. greenish to brownish horn col- ored, transparent; umbilicus rather wide. 9 diam. 15, alt. 10 mill., or somewhat less. 8 diam. 11 to 12, alt. 6 mill.; surface with fine striae, shining; suture impressed; whorls 6. demissus, Binn. 3 irregularly striated above, rather smooth below, shining, whorls 7. | ligerus, Say. finely and regularly striated all over, with fine re- volving lines; last whorl with a hght band at the periphery, and usually a brown one above it. intertexus, Binn. diam. 7 to 8, alt. 3.7 mill.; whorls 5 to 5 %, rather well rounded, suture deep; color deep brownish or greenish horn. (Eu.) nitidus, Mull. diam. about 5, alt. 2.8 mill; somewhat depressed, and so the 4 to 5 whorls; suture rather deep; color light reddish or brownish horn, sometimes light greenish horn; surface finely irregularly striated. arboreus, Say. 22 5, Conulus. Fitz. 1 Diam. 4, alt. 3 mill. (usually smaller) spire conic, sh. microscopically, regular striated above, smooth below, deep amber to almost chestnut colored; whorls 5 to 6. fulvus, Mull: — diam. 1.5, alt. 1 miull.; spire depressed; sh. almost smooth, nearly colorless; whorls 3 to 4. sterkii, Dall. 6. Selenites, Fischer concava, Say. 7. Helicodiscus, Mse. _lineatus, Say. 8. Punctum, Mse. (P. minutissimum Lea) [Eu.] pygmeeum, Drap. 9. Sphyradium, Charp. edentulum, Drap. The last whorl sometimes wider than the preceding. (Syn.; Vertigo, or Pupa, simplex Gould.) 10. Pyramidula, Fitz. 1 diam. 8 mill.; a callus, or tooth in the base of last whorl, at the aperture; rib-stria somewhat coarse; color deep reddish horn. perspectiva, Say. — diam. 6 mill.; no callus in last whorl; rib-striz rather fine; color deep brownish horn. striatella, Anth. II. Patula, Hald. 1 diam. 25, alt. 15 mill.; umbilicus moderate, spire ele- vated; whorls rounded; surface rather finely and irregularly striated; with brownish, revolving bands. solitaria, Say. 23 — diam. 21, alt. ro mill.; umbilicus wide, spire some- what depressed, whorls somewhat angular at the periphery; surface with fine, regular rib-strix; with brown, irregular, radial mottlings. alternata, Say. I2. Tebennophorus, Binn. carolinensis, Bosc. I3. Pallifera, Morse. — dorsalis, Binn. 14. Vallonia, Risso. 1 Surface finely striated; aperture lunar—circular. 2 — surface ribbed; aperture almost circular 3 2 last whorl not or little expanding toward the aper- ture; peristome well everted; umbilicus rather reg- ular; diam. 2.5 mill. ( Eu.) pulchella, Mull. — last whorl expanding toward the aperture; peris- tome little everted; umbilicus irregular, elongated; spire smaller; suture less deep; diam. 2.3 mill.( Eu.) excentrica, Sterki. 3 last wherl descending to the aperture; diam. 2.3 to 2.5 mill. (Eu.) costata, Mull. — last whorl not descending; diam. 2 mill. parvula, Sterki. I5. Polygyra, (Say) Pils. 1. Diam.6to 11 mill.; inside, at some distance above the aperture, at the base and columellar wall, a lamella, or tooth-like callus. — diam. 12 mill. or more; inside no such callus. 2 parietal tooth, high, complex, strongly connected with the ends of the peristome, which bears a strong, white lip with two stout teeth directed in- ward; spire much depressed; whorls 5%, the last widely receding to the periphery below, de- 24 scending to the aperture and deeply constricted behind the peristome; above with rather regular, low rib-striz, below rather finely and irregularly striated. (Subg. Polygyra.) dorfeuilliana, Lea. — parietal tooth rather long, not complex; spire con- vex; surface usually hirsute (Subg. Stenotrema. ) 3 3 a notch in the basal part of the peristome; umbili- cus closed. 4 —— no notch in the white lipped peristome; umbilicus partly or entirely covered. monodon, Rackett. Note:— The type (monodon) has a diam. of from 10 to 12 mill. or more, and the umbilicus is rather wide; var. fraterna (Say) is smaller, its umbilicus narrow, almost covered by the reflected peristome; var. Jeati (WardQ) is still smaller (ab. 6 to 7 mill. diam.) more convex, with open umbilicus, and dark, shining surface; by some conchologists, the latter is regarded as a species. 4 diam. 10, alt. 6 mill., color reddish. stenotrema, Fer. — diam. 7, alt. 4 mill.; color brown; hirsuta, Say. Note:—the last two sp. are closely related, and considerably vari- able. ‘In stenotrema the notch in the lip is is invariably small and more central than in hirsuta.” 5 peristome asgular, with a strong lip, usually with teeth; always a strong, elongated tooth on the parietal wall (Subg. Triodopsis) 6 — peristome rather rounded, (rarely )somewhat angular, without teeth, except in some sp. a tubercular one near the columella, then the aperture nearly circu- lar; sometimes a tooth on the parietal wall (Subg. Mesodon. ) Tan 6 umbilicus covered. 7 — umbilicus open. 10 7 diam, 12, alt. 6.5 mill.; surface hirsute, color brown- ish to whitish; aperture very much contracted; lip with two teeth directed inward. inflecta, Say. — diam. 18 to 25 mill. 8 8 peristome usually not with well formed teeth; sur- face not hirsute, striated, sh. pellucid, reddish horn colored; diam. 18, alt. 8 mill, appressa, Say. IO EL 12 25 peristome usually with teeth. 9 not carinated (typical f.); surface roughly hirsute; color deep brown; diam 21, alt. 10 mill. palliata, Say. carinated (typical f.;) surface with rib-like striz and spiral lines; color reddish horn; diam. 26, alt. rr mill. obstricta, Say. upper tooth of peristome directed inward; notch be- tween the teeth narrow or angular; last whorl be- hind the aperture deeply constricted; color light to grayish horn; diam. 14, alt. 8 mill. fallax, Say. upper tooth not directed inward; notch rather rounded; horn colored to brownish; diam. 16, alt. 7 mill. tridentata, Say: umbilcus covered. 12 umbilicus open, or partly open, sometimes quite nar- row. 18 diam. 17 mill. or less; sh. rather elev. ted, some- what globular. 13 diam. larger. 14 peristome well curved; color pale or yellowish horn mitchelliana, Lea peristome slightly angular below at the periphery. pennsylvanica, Green. much elevated, globose, whorls 7; peristome with strong lip, a rather large parietal tooth; color yel- lowish horn; diam. 25, alt. 17 mill. elevata, Say. moderately elevated. 15 with numerous reddish-brown revolving bands and lines; sh. and lip rather thin; diam. 23, alt. 14 mill. multilineata, Say. not banded 16 rather depressed; lip and parietal tooth strong; aper- ture rather narrow; color yellowish horn; diam. 23, alt. 10 mill. dentifera, Say. sh. and aperture less depressed; color horn to red- dish horn. 17 26 17 without a parietal tooth (usually); last whorl and aperture somewhat flattened below; aperture form- ing a smaller angle with the plane of the base; lip broad; diam. 30, alt. 17 mill. . albolabris, Say. — with a parietal tooth (sometimes wanting); last whorl and aperture more rounded, the latter less inclined; diam. 28, alt. 17 mill. exoleta, Binn. Note: —There are decided differences in anatomy between the last two sp. 18 umbilicus narrow and partly covered by the re- flected peristome; peristome without a tooth. 19 — uinbilicus rather wide; peristome with tooth near the columella; sh. large, depressed. 20 Ig umbilicus quite narrow; no parietal tooth, sh. rather globose, yellowish horn colored; diam. 18.5, alt. 11.5 mill. clausa, Say. — umbilicus moderate; a small parietal tooth; sh. slightly depressed, horn to reddish horn colored; _ diam. 22, alt. 13 mill. thyroides, Say. 20 no parietal tooth; sh. yellowish horn with brown re- volving bands (sometimes wanting); aperture al- most circular; diam. 28, alt. 14 mill. profunda, Say. — with parietal tooth; aperture lunately subcircular; color light russett, surface shining; diam. 27, alt. 17 mill. sayi, Binn. 16, Strobilops. Pilsbry. 1 Spire depressed conic; last whorl more or less dis- tinctly carinated-angular, internal lamella on outer wall 3 to 4; culor deep horn to chestnut. labyrinthicus, Say. — spire rather high, dome-shaped, last whorl rather well rounded at the periphery; lamella inside the outer wall 5 tq 7, ina spiral line; color, horn to grayish. _ virgo, Pils. 27 17. Buliminus. (Subgen. Leucochiloides.) * fallax, Say. (Syn. Pupa fallax.) 18. Pupa. Drap. No palatal folds, angular and parietal lamelle quite small, separated or connected; a small col- umellar lam.; sh. cylindrical, with apex obtuse: per- istome everted; glassy colorless; alt. 2.5, diam. 1.2 mill. corticaria, Say. palatal folds present 2 colorless—whitish 3 deep horn colored; cylindrical, with apex obtuse; peristome everted with a distinct lip; lam, and folds: 1 parietal, large, complex; 1 columeliar; infe- rior palatal deep seated, oblique, superior as usual; alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. procera, Gld. alt. 4 to 5, diam. 2.7 mill.; cylindrical-oblong, apex obtuse; whorls 6 to 7; aperture ovoid, with peris- tome everted,and 4 to 6 lam. and folds: parietal very large, columellar large, 2 to 3 palatals, and often a callus or “tooth” in the base. armifera, Say. alt. 3 mill. or less 4 alt. 3, diam. 1.7 mill.; conic; whorls 5 to 6, the last com- paratively very large, protracted, aperture irregularly triangular, with the peristome everted and continuous- or nearly so; parietal lam. very large; columellar per- pendicular, deep seated ; palatals two, the inferior ob- lique. contracta, Say alt. 2.5 mill. or less; last whorl not protracted. 5 cylindrical with apex obtuse; parietal lam. large, bifur- cate in front; columellar, and 2 palatal folds, the infe- rior longer; a high, tooth-like fold in the base; pa- latal wall, behind the aperture, with a high, oblique crest; alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. holzingeri, Sterki — more or less ovate, or ovate conic, parietal lam. of moderate size; ::pparently simple | as a rule. | 6 6 last whorl not :z:ech higher than preceding, usually _ with a distinct crest on the palatal wall, behind the aperture; lam. and folds usually 5, but up to 8 or g: parietal, columellar, basal and 2 palatals of which the inferior is the longest; sometimes a nodule be- tween the parietal and the columella, and 2 to 3 ad- ditionals in the palate; alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. curvidens, Gld, Note.—Var. gracilis: cylindrical, always with 5 lam. and folds. — last whorl somewhat predominating, without a crest on the palatal wall; aperture comparatively larger and more rounded; lam. and folds: parietal, colu- mellar, basal, 2 palatals, the inferior scarcely longer; almost always there are 3 to 4 additional folds in the palate; alt. 2.5, diam. 1.2 mill. pentodon, Say 19. Vertigo, Mull. t Inferior palatal fold very long, its inner part high, © thin, curved downward, superior as usual, with each of them a corresponding depression on the outside; 2 lam. on the parietal wall: the angular and the parietal; columellar, 1 basal; sh. very small, ovoid, deep horn to chestnut colored; peri- stome everted, on the right side with an indenta- tion; alt. 1.3, diam o.8 mill. [Subg. Angustula. | milium, Gld. — palatal folds as usual; parietal lam. 1, or, if more, sh. larger. 2 2 surface of the middle whorls with regular, fine stria, no, or a thin callus in the pafatal wall; lam. and folds 5 | 4]: 1 parietal, 1 columellar, 2 palatals, ra- ther small, one basal [often wanting]; sh. cylin- drical-ovate, with the apex rather obtuse: alt. 1.8, diam. 1 mill. gouldii, Binn. 29 not regularly striated. 8 ovate or ovate conic with the apex pointed. 5 more or less cylindrical oblong (or ovate) with apex rather obtuse. 4 alt. 2, diam. 1.2 mill.; sh. rather stout, deep horn to chestnut colored; palatal wall with a crest be- hind the aperture and a callus inside, in which the 2 palatal folds merge; parietal lam. 1, columellar 1, basal 1, |sometimes wanting |; peristome slightly everted, slightly flattened on the right side (Eu.) pygmea, Drp. alt. 1.5, diam. scarcely 1 mill.; sh. thin, horn colored, translucent; palatal wall without crest and inside callus, with one | the inferior | small fold; 1 parie- tal, 1 columellar; peristome scarcely everted; alt. 1.4, diam. 0.8 mill. minuscula, Sterki palatal wall rather simple and straight, without im- pressions or crest outside and callus inside; lam. and folds 3 [ 4|;1 parietal, 1 columellar, 1 [ inferior | palatal and sometimes a second | superior |; ovate conic; color pale or yellowish horn; alt. 2.0, diam. 1.4 mill. tridentata, Wolf palatal wall with a more or less marked crest and impressions outside and a [sometimes thin | callus inside, into which the 2 or more palatal folds merge; color deep horn to chestnut, 6 parietal lam. 3 [rarely 2|; 1 columellar, 1 basal | often double, rarely wanting | 2 strong palatals, below, above, and sometimes between which 2 to 4 additionals (smaller); color deep or brownish horn to chestnut; alt. 2 to 2.5, diam. 1.5 to1.8 mill. ovata, Say. 30 — parietal lam. 1, 1 columellar, 1 basal [sometimes wanting| 2 palatals; color horn to deep—or greenish horn; sh, rather thin; alt. 1.6, diam. 1 mill. : ventricosa, Mse.. var. e/ator: sh. stronger, larger, ovate conic, — chestnut colored, always with a strong basal. 20. Ferussacia, Risso [Subg. Cionella| lubrica, Mull. NVote:—The name subcylindrica Lin., commonly used, is not applic- able, as L.’s description evidently covers a different sp. 21. Succinea, Drap. Note:—it is diffucult to characterize the species with short diagnoses. Besides, the writer had not good specimens of all sp. at hand. He should be glad to receive, from all parts of the state, Succinea, a part of them in alcoho), or rather living. In order to have mature specimens, they should be collected at different times of the season.—Other sp. than these may be found. 1 Alt. ro mill. or less, suture deep 2 — alt. 13 mill. or more 2 aperture wide, rather rounded; spire comparatively high, conic; color straw to greenish, to amber, or rosy; alt. 5 to 10, diam. 3 to 6 mill. avara, Say — aperture narrow-ovate; sh. very symmetrical in form, very thin, of clear amber color; alt. 7.5, diam. 3 mill. aurea, Lea 3 alt. 18 [up to 25] diam. about 12 mill.; ap. rounded above, about % the alt. of the sh.; color greenish to amber colored to grayish. obliqua, Say — alt. not exceeding 15 mill.; aperture pointed above, comparatively very high | spire short] and much widest below; columella very arcuate; color pale horn to roseate ovalis, Gld. - Note:—S. retusa, Lea; alt. 17.5, diam. 7.5 mill.; aperture considerably dilated and retracted in its inferior part; and..S. Y7ge7nvsz Bland: alt. 15, diam. 7 mill.; last whorl less convex, the aperture more angular above, the columella less arcuate and usually with a denticle above,—these two are regarded as species by some, as varieties of S. ovalis Gld. by other cochologists, 31 22. Carychium, O. F. Muller. 1 The aperature equalling about 2 the alt. of the sh; somewhat ventricose; surface very finely and irregularly striated, polished; alt. 1.8, diam. 0.8 mill. exiguum, Say. — apert, equalling scarcely % the alt. of the sh.; slender; surface regularly striated, with a silky gloss: columellar lamella in the penultimate whorl higher and more flexuose; alt. 1.8, diam. 0.6 mill. exile, Ad. Note.—Although not ranged under “terrestrial, air breathing mol- lusks” by most conchologists, Carychium [Fani. Auriculidz]may as well find its place here, 32 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CIVILIZATION ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF OHIO. BY F. M. WEBSTER. _ The true biological effects of the development of a country, especially if devoted to agriculture, even though occurring so recently as in Ohio, can probably never be determined. Nowhere is this better illustrated than in the insect fauna, as, perhaps, no other thread in the great skein of animal life so quickly feels the touch of civilization, or so promptly responds to its influences. To secure the exact data necessary to such a knowledge, requires that an ento- mologist visit a country far in advance of his race and study, assiduously and with the utmost care, the forms that there occur, unrestrained and uninfluenced, by the actions of civilized man. Not only this must be done, but the collec- tor must survive to work over his material in the light of modern science. This does not often occur, and the two veteran entomologists and explorers, Mr. Henry W. Bates, who buried himself for eleven years in the forests along the River Amazon, and Mr. Alfred Russell Wallace, who first accompanied him, but later went to the Malay Archipelago, and among its tropical jungles isolated himself for upwards of eight years, are perhaps the only instances worthy of mention where this has occurred. Doubly valuable has the work of these two men been to the entomologists of the world, because, in studying their material, they have had the benefit of each other’s experiences in widely separated parts of the globe, and also the council and advice of Charles Darwin. We must, however, remember that the work is but half completed, and it requires that a century hence, 33 equally or more competent men shall study the then faunal conditions; and these may then be able, by comparison, to measure the influence of civilization thereon. Ohio has had neither a Bates or a Wallace, and per- sistant collecting in any part of the state has been carried on only within the last twenty five, or at most, thirty years, and in but two or three localities. So far as the writer is aware, Dr. Kellicott’s list of the Dragon Flies of Ohio is the first attempt ever made to list the insects of any particular group inhabiting the entire state; and, in order to get any conception of the insect fauna, we have to consult the col- lections and lists of Mr. Charles Dury, of Cincinnati; Dr. John Hamilton, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, Messrs. Hub- bard and Schwarz, published while at Detroit, Michigan; Messrs, Reinecke and Zesch, of Buffalo, N. Y., of the late V.T. Chambers, of Covington, Ky.; A. R. Grote, formerly of Buffalo, N. Y., and Mr. Pilate, formerly of Dayton, Ohio. A still more recent, but incomplete list, including species of Coleoptera collected in Columbiana county, Ohio, by Messrs. W. M, Hilland J. H. Bomberger, may be found in the Second Report of the Ohio Academy of Science. For one who wishes to get an exact knowledge of the insect fauna, as it coexisted with the Indian, buffalo, bear, wolf and deer, there is little comfort in all that is now to be learned, as over a century of occupation of the country, by the white man, has banished the Indian, the animals men- tioned, and, in all probability, a greater or less number of species of insects have suffered a similar fate. We can now only study the efforts of natural selection to keep pace with artificial selection, and establish a basis for future studies of geographical] distribution. One has but to observe, carefully, in any locality, during a long series of years, to note (1) the ordinary rise and fall, in point of numbers, among some species, being abundant during some years and then, possibly for a series of years, 34 quite rare—-a phenomenon as natural though less regular than the roll of the sea; (2) the gradual disappearance of some species, once common, and, (3) the more or less sud- den appearance of others whose homes have been, hitherto, in distant parts of the country, and even beyond either ocean. I once saw our Blackberry Butterfly, Afatura celtzs, swarming in such numbers along the St. Francis River, in Arkansas, as to prove uncomfortable to people travelling like myself on the little steamer which made her way slowly up stream. I counted no less than seventeen of these butterflies on the back of a deck hand, as he went about his work, and the penalty of a yawn was to feel an imprisoned butterfly fluttering cbout in one’s mouth. This abundance occurred for about 30 miles along the river and probably extended as far east as the Mississippi River, about 45 miles away, and throughout a country very sparcely inhabited, The present summer our English brethren have been set all agog over the capture of several specimens of Vanessa antiopa, in the north of Scotland. The species has become very nearly extinct in England, and this sudden appearance of specimens, resembling by their peculiar tints those found in America, which differ somewhat from English speci- mens, has led to the speculation that they came from our country, by the way of the Farée Islands, The present year, in Northern Illinois, where, during a long residence, I very seldom ever saw it, the larvae of Czmbex americana nearly defoliated the different species of willow growing along streams and in wet places, while Mr. J. J. Harrison, president of the nursery firm of Storrs & Harrison, near Painesville, Ohio, recently told me that the same insect had nearly ruined the willows which the firm grow for the pur- pose of securing withes for binding bundles of trees. John Bartram, in his observations, made while journeying from Pennsylvania, at a point a short distance above Philadel- phia, to Onondago, Oswego and Lake Ontario, in 1743, / 35 while the country was yet unsettled by the white man, states that a kind of worm had eaten off the blades of maize and also of a tall white grass, so that the naked stems of both stood “four foot high.” From similar data, gathered from different sources, relative to this point, it seems that this irregular increase and decrease of some species, in point of numbers, has prevailed since long prior to the advent of the Caucasian, and though it may have been affected by the advance of civilization, this influence has not been of a vital importance. When we come to take up the second factor in this prob- lem, we find everywhere manifestations of the most radical disarrangement of natural conditions. Entomologists are everyWhere familiar with the fact that many species of in- sects are very abundant in certain limited areas, while out- side of these they are often very rare. Many of us remem- ’ ber very well when the large Tiger Beetle, Ambdlychila cylindriformis, was exceedingly rare, and it so continued to be until their habitat in Kansas was discovered, when they were captured by the hundreds. On settling in a new locality, the first move an insect collector makes is to score the country about in search of what he terms “collecting grounds,’ which may comprise only a tract a few yards square—a little glade, or a small grove, a thicket or a bit of overgrown swamp—invariably more or less low lying and near water. The higher and dryer places are less prolific in insect life. If our collector remains in the same locality for a series of years, he will soon be able to determine just where to find certain species at a certain time of the year, and possibly on certain days. A friend of mine in Illinois tells me that he always finds certain species of Cafocala, in a small bit of woodland, at a certain time of the year when certain temperature prevails, and a light wind is blowing from a certain direction, and outside of this little isolated wood, and under other conditions he is able to get almost 36 nothing. There is not an entomologist that has collected insects in the same locality, during a long series of years, that will not be able to give a similar experience. Both Bates and Wallace speak of similar experiences in tropical and primitive forests, and the native collectors in these coun- tries, at the present time have learned to take advantage of this peculiar state of affairs, and their knowledge upon this point is really a part of their profession. ‘Thus we again find that the changes of a hundred years of civilization has not sufficed to obliterate the old and primitive habits, if we may term them such, and that as is the case today, many species have always occurred in a sort of metropolis, or pos- sibly several, more or less distantly separated, and outside of these they occur but rarely, if at all. But within the last century the flora on hundreds of thousands of acres, once covered with forest trees, herbacious plants and grasses, to the extent of several hundred species, has been completely revolutionized, in that these trees, plants and grasses have all or nearly been exterminated, and replaced by a very few, often not more than three or four, and these differing radi- cally from the primitive species. Now what has become of these favored haunts of particular species of insects? What has become of the metropolis? It has been as effectually obliterated, in many cases, as has the metropolis of the aborigines, of the dusky Eries, Miamis and the Potawa- tomies. If it was a struggle for life before, what has it been since? Not only have forests disappeared, but the very earth has been upturned by the plow, and the swamps have been intersected by canals and ditches and tile drainage con- nected with these, so that even these places have been ren- . dered uninhabitable for the aquatic and semi-aquatic insects and plants that formerly flourished there. I know of aswamp of several hundred acres, where I used to shoot ducks in summer and skate in winter, that is now an unbroken field of maize, and another of 12,000 acres that has been reclaimed 37 in the same manner. Perhaps no better illustration of the sudden transformation in both fauna and flora, Over a con- siderable area, can be given than is shown in the two pic- tures below, and which are sufficiently explained by the legend associated with each. While such are probably = “> rs E mite ee Poet Lake, in Illinois, August, 1894. Dead Phelps Lake, in Illinois, August, 1895. Corn and Pumpkins, 38 among the most radical changes, brought about by man, as the change is from an aquatic to terrestrial flora and fauna, yet others scarcely less fatal to insect life, are everywhere going on, and while species are, perhaps, not wholly and totally exterminated like the buffalo, like the Indian, only such as can adapt themselves to the change may yet lead an unnatural life in the few areas where the hand of civil- zation has fallen less relentlessly, much as Reindeer-moss, Cladonia rangiferina, has been found by our fellow member to retain its hold, in a single instance, near Cleveland. Some years ago Mr. Bolter, an old collector of Chicago, wrote me that the white Tiger Beetle, Cvrczndela lepida, though formerly common, had become nearly or quite extinct. Recently while riding about Buffalo, N. Y., with an old collec- tor, he pointed out to me what had been at one time one of his best collecting grounds. In fancy I could depict a sunny bank, in a wood not too dense but with openings, and a small stream flowing cl ose under the bank, leaving a low grassy plat along the opposite side; but now the trees were gone, except one or two, scrag gy, blackened with the smoke and grime of the city, the grass cropped close to the ground, and the stream half filled with ashes and rubbish. Some years ago a friend of mine proposed to take me to an old hunting ground of his, where for many years, as he told me, he had seldom gone without getting something good. It was May, and he had been prevented from visiting his fa- vorite haunt since the previous fall. As we walked along, after having gone some distance, he suddenly stopped, and with an explanation of pain, surprise and disgust, pointed to a small field from which the trees and shrubs had evidently been but recently removed, and enclosed with a new fence. Within this enclosure a flock of sheep were quietly grazing. It very frequently occurs that the first cultivated crop planted upon recently reclaimed swamp lands, is ruined by the dep- redations of the former insect inhabitants, SAhenophorus 39 ochreus, Lec:, which breeds in the roots of Scirpus and Phragmites, being the most conspicuous in this sort of dep- redations. In similar localities I have found both Lzestrono- tus appendiculatus, Boh., and Hyrcus puncticollis, Lec., de- stroying young cabbage that had been transplanted on a reclaimed swamp. These species, with others, doubtless, were lingering about their ancient habitat, and attacked these plants because of hunger, as they do not occur the second year, provided their natural food plants have been effectually exterminated. What must finally become of these species that, unlike several species of (Voctuide, Crambide, Elateride and Lachnosterna, whose larve have been always accustomed to live in or on the roots of grass, and therefore can more easily adapt themselves to the changed conditions by subsisting upon the cultivated plants of the farmer They must, of necessity, become wanderers and lead a vag- abond life, until they find some secluded nook where they may continue to exist in too limited numbers to attract the attention of any but the entomologist. If one will only watch closely and patiently he may witness the process of adaptation going on about him. During April, 1587, in Tensas parish, Louisiana, I found the larvae of our Twelve Spotted Diabrotica, JY. 12 punctata, Oliv., very destructive to growing maize, a fact not before recorded, and in Octo- ber, 1890, near Lafayette, Indiana, I found a larva of this same species feeding on the roots of wheat, while this fall we have reared the adults from wheat plants, grown out- side and later transplanted to the insectary. This is only one of many illustrations that might be given. But of the few that can thus adapt themselves to a changed environ- ment, more need not be said, as, doubtless, many more are unable to do this, and therefore must necessarily become wanderers and vagabonds, like tramps, drifting about from place to place and sooner or later to extermination. Some of them perhaps drift a long distance from their former 40 habitat, and falling into the hands of an entomologist, send him into ecstacies of delight, and make him the envy of his fellows, all on account of his having captured a poor, outcast insect tramp. If the captor happen to possess more zeal than discretion, as some do, and the aforesaid tramp happens to have lost a few spines or bristles, or, owing to its having led a half starved life, it has become in the remotest degree different from what a specimen, sent to Europe a century ago, is said to be, it will probably become the type of anew species, if indeed not a new genus. The authorities of the Ohio State University, probably unintentionally, have seem- ingly provided a resort on the campus for tramp Dragon Flies, and our fellow member, Dr. Kellicott, has surprised himself and all the rest of us, by the number of forms, new to the locality, that he has recently found about the springs, and small artificial lake. I may add, what seems to me to be another piece of good fortune on the part of the doctor, in escaping the mania for making new genera and species from a desert of material. Now, what is transpiring at pres- ent has been going on for years with constantly increasing rapidity, and will continue to go on in the future. Forms will, one after another, disappear and the only record we shall have of their ever having occurred will be found in our museums and literature. Indeed many have already, prob- ably, thus disappeared, and we are left without even a single specimen or a word of information to show of their ever having existed. Of what, then, will the insect fauna of the future consist ? [1] Of such species as shall have been able to adapt them- selves to a changed environment, brought about by the ad- vance of civilization; [2] of such native species, from more or less distant localities, that find in the changed conditions an environment suited to their requirements; [ 3] of species from foreign countries that have been introduced into this country, and diffused themselves over it, becoming more or 41 less naturalized. Of the first I have said enough, but of the second I would like to mentidn a few interesting features. Insects differ so radically from each other, in habits as well as in appearance, that it is not surprising that those very elements, in the advance of civilization, that are the most fatal to the existence of some species may have pre- cisely the opposite effect upon another species. I have never observed the larvae of Dutana intergerrima C. and R., defoliate trees in the midst of forests, while the frequency with which it strips the Jeaves from such walnut trees as are planted, singly or in rows, along roadsides or on lawns, shows that the abundance of these insects is much influenced by this most commendable feature of refinement — the planting out of this really beautiful tree for the purpose of adornment. There has been a scourge of the-.grape de- stroying insect, /zdia viticida Walsh, during the last few years along the shores of Lake Erie, and myriads of the in- sect have been produced, where, under natural conditions, very few could have developed. This is because there are whole acres of vineyards where nature would have allowed but very few vines to grow, and the disarrangement of af- fairs by man has produced an over supply of the food plant of this species. Other equally good illustrations might be given. It is doubtless true that, but for the westward march of civilization, the Colorado Potato Beetle, Doryphora sro-lin- - eata Say, would have never occurred in Ohio. The pioneer carried the potato with him, in his advance, until it reached the home of this beetle, which adapted itself to this sort of food, and by the aid of this adaptation, pushed its way to the Atlantic. Another, even more striking illustration of the effects of adaptation, is found in Deabrotica longicornes Say. This insect probably occurs, in isolated localities, from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic coast, and under natural conditions, was, outside of such localities, not abund- 42 ant. Somewhere in the vast maize fields to the west of us, the species found that it could both breed and subsist in these fields of corn, and the consequence is that the country to the east of where the adaptation took place, is being flooded with a corn feeding race, not differing from the original as yet, but is pushing its way from field to field, and probably thousands if, indeed, not millions of individ- uals now occur where few if any occurred before. Over the area of reclaimed swamp lands, once the home of Dragon Flies, aquatic beetles and other swamp infesting insects, now totally exterminated there, this species may be said to occur in myriads, at the present time. Zhyridopteryx ephemere- formis Steph., is without much doubt a Southern form, as are its near relatives the world over, and has probably en- tered Ohio from the south, at no very remote period, ap- pearing in the extreme southwestern part of the state, and slowly working its way northward. Of its former occur- ence, I have but a statement of Mr. R. H. Warder, superin- tendent of Public Parks for Cincinnati, Ohio, that in a copy of “Harris Insects,” the following marginal notes, written by his father, the late Dr.John Warder, appear: ‘December 26, 1864, 53 cases on Cedar tree, of these 32 had eggs, about 61 per cent,” and “October 27, 1882, many Cedar trees on street, Walnut Hills, with their tops com- pletely stripped by this pest.” It now occurs abundantly for about 60 miles northward, then rather sparsely for an- other 60 miles, and probably, rarely within 25 miles of Toledo, on Lake Erie. The Harlequin Cabbage Bug, Murgantia histrionica Hahn., has, within the last few years, passed over almost the entire length of the state, from north to south, and will probably finish its march to the shores of Lake Erie another season, if, indeed, it has not already done so. These two latter species have spread over the state without having to materially change their food habits, or, in fact, adapt themselves to any but climatic differences be- tween their southern home and their present habitat in Ohio. 43 This is, perhaps, as good a place as any to call attention to some points, regarding American species, before passing on to those of foreign origin. The effect of civilization upon insectivorous vertebrates, like birds, has had a very decided effect upon our insect fauna, as no one can deny, but we find ourselves well nigh helpless when we come to attempt to measure the extent of this influence. The effect of the interpolation of outside species, into the fauna of Ohio, has most assuredly affected species other than those incoming, or such as they have jostled, so to speak, in their progress. It is not difficult to see that some of the parasites and preda- cious enemies of species fast becoming extinct, might, with- out great effort add some of the new comers to their bill of fare, and thus be able to sustain their place in the insect fauna. Then, some of these migrants may have brought their own parasitic enemies with them, and added these as well as themselves to our fauna. I have already observed Podisus spinisus Dallas, which occurs generaily in the United States, attacking adults of AZurgantia histrionica in Ohio. Then there are the parasites of such species as are becoming extinct, or too rare to support any considerable number of natural enemies, not only primary and secondary, but tertiary as well, all of which must feel the effects of this upsetting of the natural order of things. It is almost as if one were to drop a shower of pebbles into the surface of a small lake, and attempt to follow out the movement and course of every ripple. Finally, what is to be the effect of this con- tinual effort toward a readjustment of things? What effect will all these. changes of environment, geographical and meteorological conditions, food habits and altered modes of living have upon these species most influenced? Will not, in some cases at least, characters now considered specific, gradually become obsolete, and others, more recently ac- quired, take their places? It looks to me as though nearly all of the important biographical problems of today would 44 sooner or later confront the entomologist who studies life in living objects. The effects of use and disuse, the inherit- ance or non-inheritance of acquired characters, protective mimicry and protective coloration, and many others; and not only these will have a value to the specialist, but even those who are dealing with the applied science will have to deal with these problems. Of the foreign species of insects, that have from time to time come to the State, and of the others that are on the way, it will be necessary to say comparatively littl. We know from where the most of them came, if We are aware of their presence at all, and considerable of their habits in their native land. In the first place, I have come to seriously doubt whether or not we are likely to observe a foreign species on its first appearance, with any remarkable degree _of promptness, and in the second place, it seems that, often at least, a species must be introduced more than once before it can succeed in adapting itself to the changed conditions and flourish. Take the Clover Leaf Weevil, Phytotomus punctatus Fab., which suddenly became destructively abund- ant in Central Western New York, in 1881, before which time it had not been known in America, but as it turned out later, a specimen had been found 25 or 30 years before and had been described as another species (P. ofimus Lec.) in 1876, while, singularly enough, a specimen has since been found in the stomach of a crow, shot in Michigan, May 8, 1892, the year when it was first reported in Ohio, probably 200 miles east of the locality in Michigan, where the crow was killed. The Clover Root Borer, //ylastes trifoliz, Riley broke out as severely and as suddenly in the same locality in 1878, when, in all probability, it had occurred in the country for years, unknown and unobserved. The Aspara- gus Beetle, Crzocerzs asparagi Linn., though establishing itself, permanently, in this country about 1856 or 1857, was, according to Mr. Schwarz, foand in Pennsylvania by Rev. 45 W. F. Melcheimer, as early as the year 1801, but appears to have become extinct. It was collected by Mr. Bolter, about Chicago, and by Mr. Walsh, near Rock Island, Illinois, some 25 or 30 years ago, but has, as far as known, not been observed in that part of the country since. Within the last ten years it has established itself in Northeastern Ohio, and appears to be slowly but surely pushing its way west- ward, though just why it should be any better able to sus- tain itself than before is not clearly apparent. So faras my own observations have gone, this insect does not first appear in the cultivated patches of. asparagus in a locality, but on isolated plants in waste places, which plants have escaped from cultivation, and in this half wild condition are known as “volunteer” plants. I understand that this is also true of the insect in the east, and the lack of these volunteer plants, at an earlier period, might have prevented its previous perma- ment establishment. So far as I have myself observed, Murgantia histrionica usually attacks some species of wild Cruciferze, and spreads from this to the cultivated plants. At least I have observed this to be the case where it was just appearing in a locality, and leads to the suspicion that foreign species, in their diffusion over the country, act very much in the same manner as native species, when adapting themselves to a change of environment, and even the most careful collecting may not reveal their presence, even when they have for years been present in greater or less numbers. I remember, in collecting Coleoptera in Illinois, //zster_ b7ma- culatus Linn., was very rarely met with, until I found upwards of a hundred specimens at one time, under a small pile of stable manure. This was fully twenty years ago, and when it was probably moving across the State in its westward march. It has always appeared to me that this was the most serious difficulty in the way of mapping out life zones, as is at present becoming quite popular. The data, upon which the area covered by such zones is based, is more or 46 less largely of a negative nature. That is, species not yet found in certain sections of country, are put down as not occurring there, when the fact is no one knows whether they do or do not. If entomologists were to change localities with each other every three or four years, there would be some astonishing revelations along these lines. In conclusion, I can only say that the object of this paper is to call attention to the fact, that biological surveys may deal with the present and future, but the past, through no fault of ours, is largely beyond our reach. We can now eés- tablish base lines, so to speak, from which to work in future, and at the same time rescue as much as possible from the past. To accomplish this we must have a better knowledge of the development and habits—the sociology if you please —of the forms which we are to study. And what [ have before stated, I will again repeat, viz.: there is not a prob- lem in the science of biology that we shall not have occasion to deal with, sooner or later, and to a greater or less degree. 47 ADDITIONS TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE ODONATA OF OHIO. BY D. S. KELLICOTT. The number of species collected since the last report is nine. No. 86, Diplax madida, reported last year, was an error and should be erased. No. 77, given to the supposed variety of Gomphus fraternus, which it now seems best to drop, has been given to Gomphus lividus, which was taken at Sugar Grove, May 18, 1895, and not heretofore reported. The following are the additional species with date and place of the first capture: 86. Enallagma aspersum, Hagen, Minerva Park, Westerville, May 4. 87. FEunallagma doubleday:, Selys, Minerva Park, Westerville, May 4. 88. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh, Columbus, May 5. 89. Gomphus guadricolor, Walsh, Columbus, May 25. go. 6 notatus, Ramb., Sandusky, June 20. gi. ts sp., Wauseon, July tI. 92. Zramea onusta, Hagen, Minerva Park, Westerville, May 7. 93. Libellula axillena, form incesta, Hagen, Sandusky, June 26. 94. Celithemis elisa, Hagen, Sandusky, June 26. Macromia teniolata and Dromogomphus spoliatus, hither-_ to represented by one specimen each, were taken in June, at Wauseon, by Mr. Jas. S. Hine. 48 LIST OF OHIO CRAMBID/. BY JAMES S. HINE. The following twenty-one species of the family Cram- bidz have been taken in Ohio: Sli oi kn ll Crambus girardellus, Napoleon, July 7, ’96. ‘6 leachellus, ee September 8, ’96. ‘ lagueatellus, Columbus, April 25, ’96. «“ agitatellus, “ June 5, ’96. sc aiboclavellus, ‘Wauseon, June 20, ’96. “ albellus, Columbus, May 22, ’96. ‘“ hortuellus, “ May 28, ’96. sc sp. se june 7, ’96. ‘ perlellus, ‘ September 20, ’95. ‘ turbatellus, London, June 11, ’96. “ elegans, on the authority of Fernald. x vuletvagellus, Columbus, June 8, 96. & ruricolellus, on the authority of Fernald. “ teterrellus, Columbus, May 1, ’96. é mutabrilis, “6 “c triseclus, “ “ caliginosellus, “ ‘“ luteolellus, cc Aregyria nivalis, se April 28, ’96. April 26, ’96. May 23, 96. June 7, 96. April 27, 96. Chilo comptulatalis, Sandusky, July 25, ’96. “ forbesellus, ‘“ July 25, ’96. 49 BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN SUMMIT COUNTY, O. E, W. CLAYPOLE. LEPIDOPTERA Payer (op. cs el Deena ner rea rare AP EINLGNOLs dances ccs cle: s com. See PASteriass Mas. cases <3 com. ee WEOUUSs* Lysivace «35,6 v. com. roe MONT UDETUUAS sls octet ayant ashe v. com. RW PAAUCUS ca se. dctaay. as) rare c-Cresphostes\Cram...:....2 Pieris Protodice, Bd. Lec..n. com SPER AG 5 § Eka oo aye cose v. com. Colias Eurytheme, Bd.....,... rare « Philodice, Godt.:..:.. com. Sriv. pallidice css. not rare Terias Nicippe, Cram....not com. Danais Archippus, Fab....v. com. Argynnis Cybele, Fab....... rare + Aphrodite, Fab....com. Myrina, Cram..... com. - Bellona, Fab...... com. Euptoieta Claudia, Cram...... rare Phyciodes Tharos, Drury....com. Grapta interrogationis, Fab..com. 6 Comma, Harris...... com. ee Progne, Cram....not com. Vanessa Antiopa,.L.......... com. ‘ Milberti, Godt.. .not com. Pyrameis Atalanta, L........ com. « Huntera, Fab...... com. af CALCU Er ce eies Se 4 com. RHOPALOCERA. Junonia Coenia, Hub....... v. rare Limenitis Ursula, Fab. ...... com, Fe Disippus, Godt....com. Apatura Celtis, Bd-Lec....... rare Clyton, Bd-Lec...v. rare Debis Portlandia, Fab.....n. com. Neonympha Eurytus, Fab. Lt oP Ds in oe eed ape aye v. com, Libythea Bachmanni, Kirt....rare Thecla strigosa, Har....not com. Chrysophanus Thoe, Bd-Lec. Todo pe POce cto ks HuSaY not com. Chrysophanus hypophleas, Bd HELO Lom gD PR Sn ee er ISee v. com Lycaena pseudargiolus, Bd- ihycaema neelecta, .'. ampharenes, #. &: MM. onsPitlex: . is <6 a2 oe ee ......Columbus C,) roszcoela, Pass: on Rasa: .iis..e. 05 eee Highland Co. and Springfield ( -cercidicola, tilon ‘Cercis”. 2-7 oss eee Franklin and Lawrence Cos <. houstoniz, E.. &E. on Houstonia. 2503 ciel lcice Highland Co C. -eircumecissa, Sacc: on Pramus:. 3... 3. c« 2s \s0e attests ko. ae Lancaster C. nasturtii var? on Thelypodium............... Siar isle are Columbus. Colletotrichum lagenarium (P.), E. & Hals on watermelon.... - G ‘omnivorum, Hals;on Solatum: 05555 26.9: vee ee Springfield Cicinobolis cesatii, on Erysiphe.............. Erie and Washington Cos Cladosporium carpophilum, Thm. on peach............. Gypsum (Selby) Cylindrosporium capsella, E. & E on Bursa................ Franklin Co Entyloma compositarum, Far]. on Ambrosia.....Franklin and Erie Cos E.. /proserpinacoides, on .Floerkeata.o0 520s thks sess Franklin Co i elobelize? Bank: oni bobelia:..c. « <0s7 has awk tab Sie cece Cee Green Island Plasmoepata alta, Fk. on Plantage.., .eccne ao -- + ca eoebe Columbus Puccinia polygoni, P. on Polygouutis'-Je.o.. == - 5-3-5. eben: 57 Pp. convolvali (P:)'Cast.on Convolyulitsntei on o's: son seweeee e PR; clematidis, 9G: on Clematiso sss eee Granville, and Lawrence Co Ps J CALICIS, OMMCATER 5.00 vice sin ere os ee ER eee ees be Sane .---Columbus Ramularia celastri; KE. & M: on Celasivas’.<...52. 4.02 e208 Fairfield Co Ree UnbicCas Ces Ona nlica <<. So) eee eee picls piece: cieeeieeiters Columbus K. “armoraciz: Fk.on Nasturtium... .. 00.5 .6c..s -ssese..Highland Co R..; barbatea, © ko maarbarease ssh onemeeres -- Granville and Columbus R. heraclei, Sacc. on Heracleum....... Sees af ae oe F Rhamphospora nymphz, Cunn. on Nymph@................-06: Erie Co Septocylindrium ranunculi, Pk. on Ranunculus......... sees Franklin Co 65 “ce Septoria agrimoniz-eupatoria on Agrimonia............0.0 2005 Erie Co Sato OUMpULed OM AStEL... v5. te aes eels y's ews sss ots alec Franklin Co Ba Drunewas, 2.67 El: on. Brunella <3). scn pas cle von ccs as ncie anieae eter atte eel ta che a) 2 «cen Franklin, Fairfield and Highland Cos e-econspicud, E. cM. on Steironemia. sic. ssc-cwesees saee cs Erie Co Se COnVOlnmioesm. On COnvOlVvaluSis7..- at vechick eit ose acc Abo Sa ny OUI: REE eat tanneiorae Franklin, Delaware and Granville Baeromirss ace: Oo, BLOMUS, .. bs 6% cs ba oe tatae se cools ceerma ds Oxford See onianiss Vint Gi A I DLOSLAs sss es oe lec eeiasieia san alemon > seerictte ne Lewis Center, Dublin, Marietta, Columbus and Alum Creek Saenelanthivl. dciK. Eelianthus.2 0. iscwes< +00 Franklin and Erie Cos SOIC VV eSts ONC UMULUS < 5.5 <2. s sep ee on ee be ee Adams Co (Ct elonpatas Pk { Branklin)/<* 457264 <5 sen shsucoeweue Adams co., Ross Plyllosticta ampelopsidis, E. & M. (Athens)................+.00% ; Pear ARS OBA as A ee Seg yO Erie, Franklin, Oxford and Lawrence Plyllosticta labruscae (Ashtabula, Fairfield)....... Highland and Oxford 5 podophylli, Wint, UAL Serer ae Kee Highland Septoria gei, Desm. OF Th Witaw foes eee ee eee Franklin Uromyces terebinthi (D. -C.) (Wint: .\e5 ee8.s. Scdee ee Fairfield Gercospora desmodi, E.& K.(Adams)..3..... 30.55 sb o5 oeibene Franklin Ramularia‘tulaysnei; acc. (Lima) ss. cits tens cee cleree cern s Gnomonia mlm i(Pairteld)y..vewiste ccm e a cls oie lon (te ele ee oe ee sf 67 SECOND LIST OF ERYSIPHEZ LEV. (WHITE = 17, I8. MILDEWS) OF CUYAHOGA AND OTHER COUNTIES OF NORTHERN OHIO, TOGETHER WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR HOST-PLANTS. EDO CLAASSEN, Erysiphe cichoracearum, D. C., Aster cordifolius, A. macrophyllus, Eupatorium purpureum, Helianthus strumosus, Xanthium cana- dense, Cuyahoga. Erysiphe communis, (Wallr) Fr., Ranunculus acris, Cuyahoga, Lake. Erysiphe galeopsidis, D. C., Stachys palustris, Cuyahoga. Microspheera alni. (D. C.), Winter, Betula lenta, Cuyahoga. Geauga, Lake: Castanea dentata, (Marsh), Geauga; Cornus alternifolia, Cuyahoga, Geauga; Lonicera glauca, Geauga, Summit: Sambucus canadensis, Geauga, Summit. Microsphzra diffusa, C. & P., Apios taberosa, Meibomia canaden- sis, M. canescens, Lake. Microsphera quercina, (Schw), Burrill, Quercus alba, Summit, Cuy- ahoga, Geauga; Q. prinus, Geauga; Q. rubra, Summit. Microsphera Ravenelii, Berk., Menispermum canadense, Lake. sf Russellii, Clinton, Oxalis stricta, Medina. “5 vaccinii, C. & P., Gaylussacia resinosa, Summit: Vac- cinium vacillans, Geauga. Summit, Cuyahoga. ; Phyllactinia suffulta, (Rel.) Sacc., Magnolia acuminata. Cuyahoga. Podosphiera biuncinata, Hamamelis virginiana, Geauga. i oxyacanth x, (D. C.) De Bary, Crategus crus-galli, Cuy- ahoga; C, tomentosa, Summit: Prunus cerasus, Summit, Cuyahoga. Sphexrotheca Castagnei, Lev., Bidens frondosa, Lake; Erechtites hieraciifolia, Medina, Geauga, Summit; Pedicularis lanceolata, Lake. ° ; Sphrotheca humuli, (D. C.) Burrill, Agrimonia striata, Medina, Cuyahoga. Spherotheca pruinosa, C. & P., Rhus glabra, Cuyahoga. Uncinula circinata, C. & P., Acer saccharinum, Summit; A. sac- c harum, Lake. Uncinula necator. (Schw.) Burr., Vitis Labrusca, Cuyahoga. ie salicis, (D. C.) Winter, Populus monilifera, Cuyahoga; Salix cordata, Lake; S. discolor, Medina, 68 LIST OF THE UREDINE: OF CUYAHOGA AND to e OTHER COUNTIES OF NORTHERN OHIO, TOGETHER WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR HOST-PLANTS. EDO CLAASSEN. Aecidium asterum, Schw., Aster cordifolius, Cuyahoga, Lake; A. macrophyllus, Cuyahoga, Portage; A. paniculatus, Lake, Cuya- hoga; A. prenanthoides, Medina; A. puniceus, Lake; Solidago bicolor, Ottawa; S. cwsia, Cuyahoga, Portage; S. canadensis, S. flexi- caulis, S. nemoralis, Cuyahoga, S. patula, S. serotina, Lake; S. ulmifolia, Cuyahoga. Aecidium clematidis, Clematis virginiana, Cuyahoga. Ef compositarum, Ambrosia artemisi:folia, Helianthus strumosus, Heliopsis helianthoides, Cuyahoga. Aecidium grossularix, D. C., Ribes cynosbati, Erie, Cuyahoga. geranii, D. C., Geranium maculatum, Medina. - impatientis, Schw., Impatiens biflora, Cuyahoga, Medina. if orobi, Pers., Falcata comosa, Cuyahoga. sy trillii, Burrill, Trillium erectum, Cuyahoga, Lake. Ceoma nitens, Schw., Rubus, Cuyahoga. Coleosporium solidaginis, Thuem., Solidago bicolor, S. cwsia, Cuy- ahoga;S. canadensis, Cuyahoga, Portage; S. lanceolata (Euthamia graminifolia), Cuyahoga, Medina; S. patula, Medina; S. stricta, Ot- tawa. Coleosporium sonchi, Pers., Aster cordifolius, A. macrophyllus, A, paniculatus, A. prenanthoides, Cuyahoga. Gymnosporangium biseptatum, Ellis, Amelanchier canadensis (fruit and leaves), Erie. Gymnosporangium globosum, Farl., Juniperus virginiana, Cuyahoga. ef clavariforme, (Jacq.) Rees., Crateegus crus-galli, Lake; C. coccinea, Cuyahoga; C. tomentosa, Cuyahoga, Erie. Melampsora Geeppertiana, Gaylussacia Tesinosa, Geauga. populina, Lev., Populus grandidentata, Geauga; P. monilifera, Cuyahoga. Melampsora salicina, Lev., Salix cordata, Lake; S. longifolia, Cuyahoga, Medina. Phragmidium potentille, Pers., Potentilla canadensis, Cuyahoga. 4 rubi-idiei, (Pers.) Winter, Rubus odoratus, Cuyahoga, Lake. 69 Phragmidium subcorticium, Schrank, Rosa setigera, Lake. Puccinia anemones-virginiane, Schw., Anemone virginiana, Cuya- hoga, Lake, Medina. Puccinia asteris, Duby, Aster cordifolius, Medina; A. paniculatus, Cuyahoga. Puccinia caricis, (Schum.) Rebent., Carex, Medina. < circee, Pers., Circa lutetiana, Cuyahoga, Medina, Geauga. Puccinia helianthi, Schw., Helianthus strumosus, Lake; Hg, micro- cephalus, Cuyahoga. Puccinia lysimachizw, Steironema ciliatum, Lake. ee menthe, Pers., Blephilia hirsuta, Monarda fistulosa, Keel- lia mutica, Cuyahoga. Puccinia pimpinellie, (Strauss) L. K., Osmorrhiza claytoni, Cuya- hoga, Ottawa. Puccinia polygoni-amphibii, Pers., Polygonum virginianum, Medina, Cuyahoga. Puccinia podophylli, Schw., Podophyllum peltatum, Cuyahoga, Portage. Puccinia rubigo-vera, (D. C.) Winter, Triticum vulgare, Summit. a tenuis, Burrill, Eupatorium ageratoides, Medina, Cuyahoga. ‘ tiarelle, B. & C.. Mitella diphylla, Cuyahoga. ae xanthii, Schw., Xanthium canadense, Cuyahoga. Uredo agrimoniw, D. C., Agrimonia striata, Cuyahoga. Uromyces appendiculatus, (Pers.) Lev., Phaseolus vulgaris, Lake. caladii, (Schw ) Farlow, Ariszema dracontium, A. triphyl- lum, Cuyahoga. Uromyces hedysari-paniculati, (Schw.) Farlow, Meibomia canaden- sis, Cuyahoga, Lake; M. canescens, Lake, Cuyahoga. Uromyces Howei, Peek, Asclepias incarnata, Cuyahoga; A. syriaca, Cuyahoga, Lake. Uromyces lespedezie, (Schw.) Peck, Lespedeza hirta, Geauga; L. violacea, Cuyahoga. 4 Uromyces polygoni, (Pers.) Fckl., Polygonum erectum, Cuyahoga, Lake. Uromyces terebinthi, (D. C.) Winter, Rhus radicans, Cuyahoga. 7 trifolii (A. & S.) Winter, Trifolium pratense, Cuyahoga. 70 UNLISTED OHIO FUNGI. A. D. SELBY. This gave a list of several species of parasitic fungi re- cently collected in Ohio. The following are the chief species of fungi, omitting the host: Puccinia Kuhnie, Schwein., Puccinia malvacearum, Mont., Puccinia suaveo- lens, Rostr., Ustilago avene laevis (Pers.) Kell and Swingle; Ustilago Crameri Kornicke, Ustilago Hordei (Pers.) Uro- cystis Cepule Frost, Plasmopora Cubensis (B. & C.) Humph., Spherotheca pruinosa, C. & P., Uncinula Clinton, Peck., Uncinula sp. on Corylus, Gibberella Saubinettii, ( Mont.) Sacc., Phyllosticta sp. on cucumbers, Phoma per- sic, Sacc., Septoria Dianthi, Desm., Septoria chrysanthemi, E. & D., Septoria Lycopersici, Speg., Glaesporium phomo- ides, Sacc., Gloesporium leticolor, B., Colletotichum lagena- rium, Pass., Marsoniaperforans, E. & E. n. sp.or lettuce, Ram- ularia rufomaculans, Pk.,Cladosporium carpophilum, Thum., Helminthosporium carpophilum, Lev., Heterosporium ech- inulatum, Berk., Alternaria Brassice f. nigrescens, Peglion. SOME OHIO METASPERM. A. D. SELBY. Notes are submitted upon a limited number of species, collected in Ohio or contributed by correspondents. Several of these (14 in all) do not appear on record, as previously collected in the state. Others are given because of interest attaching to their occurrence or habit. In several cases spe- 71 cimens are open to examination in the room, and all of them except Broussonetia, are represented in the Herbarium of the Experiment Station, Wooster, 1. Paspalum leve Michx., College Hill, Hamilton Coun- ty, Ohio, 1896; Walter H. Aiken. Not before reported in Ohio. 2: Panicum proliferum Lam., Rainbow, Washington County, Ohio, and Wooster, Wayne County, 1896; A. D. Selby. Prevailing as a yard and street weed in both locali- ties. : 3. Chameraphis verticillata (L.) Porter. (Setaria verticillata L.) College Hill, Hamilton County, 1896. Quite common, W. H. Aiken. 4. Aristida gracilis Ell. and 5. A. purpurascens, Poir. College Hill, Hamilton County, 1896, W. H. Aiken. Both apparently accessions to the Ohio catalogue. 6. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr) A. Gray, Oak Har- bor, Cttawa County, Ohio, 1896; A. D.S. 7. Sieglingia seslerioides (Michx.) Scribn. Rainbow, Washington County, and Canaanviile, Athens County, 1896, A. D. S. Growing with weedy habit; intruding upon moist situations. 8. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S. P. On over- flow silt deposit, Rainbow, Washington County, 1896; A. DiS. g. Keeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Catawba Island, Ot- tawa County, Ohio, 1896; A. D. S. Ohio specimens of this species appear quite infrequent. 10. Broussonettia papyrifera Vent. ‘Is becoming com- mon in our woods.” W. H. Aiken, College Hill, Hamilton County, Ohio. tr. Amaranthus spinosus L. This species prevails as a troublesome weed throughout southern Ohio. 12. Silene conica. L. Introduced at Clyde, Sandusky County, Ohio, in crimson clover seed, brought from Dela- 72 ware. C.L. Persing, A. D. Selby. First occurrence in the United States. 13. Dianthus Armeria L. Cadiz, Carrol County, Ohio, 1896; W. P. Hedges. 14. Papaver dubium, L. Clyde, Ohio, with the Silene, (No. 12.), C. L. Persing. 15. Alyssum calycinum, L. Clyde, as Papaver and Silene, A. D. Selby. 16. Trifolium agrarium L. West Richfield, Suman County, 1896; B. M. Hart. Another accession. Gathered and sent in with weeds. 17. Vicia Cracca L. Lodi, Ohio, 1895. Proving a serious pest in the lawn and about the grounds of Mr. Lum- mis. 18. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Sent from Pansy, Clinton County, 1896, by J. W. Baker. 19. Ampelanus albidus, (Nutt.), Britt. A troublesome fence row weed about Ripley, Brown County, 1896; A.D.S. 20. Ipomoea hederacea, Jacq., Cheshire, Gallia County, also Athens County, 1896. Persisting as a weed. A.D.S. 21. Cuscuta Epythimum, Murr. Clover Dodder. On Trifolium pratense, Fairfield County. 22. Cuscuta Epilinum, Weihe. On flax, Wooster, Wayne County, 1896. 23. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Morning Sun, Preble County, 1896; E. E. Elliott. 24. Solanum rostratum Dunal. This weedy piant has been received from thirteen counties of the State, or collect- ed in them by the writer. 25. Pentstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Has been re- ceived from Washington and Trumbull Counties. Collect- ed in Lawrence County. 26. Plantago aristata Michx. Has now become gen- erally introduced. 27. Grindelia squarrosa, (Pursh.) Dunal. “Has been 73 growing for a good many years (10) and gradually spread- _ing.” Supposed to have been introduced in western grass seed. College Hill, Hamilton County; W. H. Aiken. 28. Aster vimineus Lam. College Hill, Hamilton Coun- ty, 1896; W. H. Aiken. 29. Erigeron divaricatus Michx. Found in an old pas- ture, Oxford, Butler County, 1896; L. N. Bonham. New to the State. 30. Anthemis arvensis L. Clyde, Sandusky County, 1896; A. D. Selby. 31. Sonchus arvensis L. Cleveland, O., 1895; R. H. Warder. ‘Increasing in Hamilton County.” W.H. Aiken. 32. Ageratumconyzoides. Abundant in fields. Rain- bow, Washington County, 1896; A. D. S. OTHER ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF PHENO- GAMOUS AND VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. ADDITIONS TO THE STATE LIST. EDO CLAASSEN. Callitriche deflexa Austini, Hegelm. Lobelia Nuttallii, Roem. & Sch., Portage county. Atriplex argenteum, Nutt., Erie county. Zannichellia palustris pedunculata, L, Erie county. Agropyrum caninum, R. & S., Portage county. Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray, Erie county. Dryopteris Boottu, Tuckerm., Portage county. G4 ADDITIONS TO LIST FOR CUYAHOGA COUNTY. EDO CLAASSEN. Roripa hispida, (Desv.) Britt. Callitriche deflexa Austini, Hegelm. Oenothera sinuata, L. Aster salicifolius, Ait. Plantago patagonica aristata, Gray. Trillium sessile, L. Agrostis scabra, Willd. Chameraphis verticillata, (L.) Porter. Eguisetum lzevigatum, Braun. ADDITIONS TO LIST FOR CUYAHOGA COUNTY. KARL KREBS. Geranium dissectum, L. Polymnia uvedalia, L. Sonchus arvensis, L. Lamium purpureum, L. Morus alba, L. Ulmus fulva, Gray. ADDITIONS TO LIST FOR SUMMIT COUNTY. EDO CLAASSEN. Utricularia cornuta, Michx. Juncus marginatus, Rostk. Triglochin maritima, L. Carex Muhlenbergii, Schkhr. «« —_polytrichoides, Muhl. “ teretiuscula ramosa, Boott. “ tribuloides cristata, (Schw.) Bailey. Eleocharis olivacea, Torr. Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl. . - Sixth annie Report Obie State Academy of Science. — Ss ra, E he SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OIG STATE LIBRARY NEW YORK GARDES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: F. M. WEBSTER, S. BELLE CRAVER, E. L. MOSELEY. 1898. pw aie 7 7 4 pom bo OFFICERS 1898. PRESIDENT, W. G. TIGHT. VICE-PRESIDENTS, JOSUA LINDAHL, J. TODD. SECRETARY, E. L. MOSELEY. TREASURER, D. S. KELLICOTPTT. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, EX OFFICIO, AW: Gi TIGET: E. L. MOSELEY, DS: KELLICOTT. ELECITVE, MARY E. HART, E. W. VICKERS. CONTENTS. Abprionmitiessin Plan tss. occ. 6 .0ct-secs ces cate sebeen daa deve ostpacene Stace dotseate eee 32, 45 Atavism in Citrullus vulgaris,.........0-0-- 23s fe lest satel seas ceo ee Cede ee oe BO GQEANY gsc ccaw rane sccs Papers read: The Jonathan Creek Drainage Basin, - - H. J. Davis The Preglacial Drainage of Knox County, - - W. G. Tight yrs Critical Points in ao Valley of the Cuyahoga, I Pe be ean) Sl Bae hs pil y ON CELE i Nope id) NON 25. ie) Preglacial Drainage in the Vicinity of Cincinnati, SN eke iy ee ges a Gerard) BOWKE The Ohio River a Result of Glacial Conditions, Gerard Fowke No Evidence of an ‘“‘Ice-dam”’ at Cincinnati, - Gerard Fowke Evidence as to the Origin of the Islands of Lake Erie. = - = - = < = 2 = = =) 2 1. Moseley Notes on the Pleistocene Geology in the Vicinity of Devil’s ake Wis. =) = - - - . J. A. Bownocker Erratic Boulders in the Valley of Rocky River, Edo Claassen The Junction of the Blue and Yellow Clays in the Drift of Northern Ohio, - - - - - - A. A. Wright Recent Beaches at Sandusky Bay and Sodus Bay, A. A. Wright Dynamical Modifications of Quartzite, - J. A. Bownocker Some New Points on Fin Attachment of Dinichthys and Cladodus, > = - - - = = : Wim. Clark A New Species of Fish from Ohio, - - = - : R. C. Osburn and E. B. Williamson A List of the Fishes of Franklin County, Ohio, - : - - - R. C. Osburn and E£. B. Williamson A List of Crayfishes of Ohio, . - - = - R. C. Osburn and E. B. Williamson hesBatterties or Ohio, 9720 Ot TA iol el to SY Aine Some Additions to the Known Insect Fauna of Ohio, = = = - - F. M. Webster Additions to the List of Odonata of Ohio, - OD. S. Kellicctt Methods of Studying and Recording Insect Development and Distribution, - - = - . - - C. W. Mally Pileated Woodpecker in Mahoning Co. - E. W. Vickers Pickering’s Hylodesin Ohio, - .- -— - E. W. Vickers The Least Weasel in Ohio, - - = - - E. W. Vickers A Study of Cell-division in the Pine, - = iB. Le Balmer Embryology of aDicotyl, - - - - Miss L. C. Riddle Dissection of a Double Trillium, - Mrs. W.-A. Kellerman Observations on the Nutation of Helianthus Annuus, - J. H. Schattner The Fertilization of the Closed Gentian, -~— - R. J. Webb On an Occurrence of the Long-leaved Willow, Edo Claassen Atavism in Citrullus Vulgaris, =e Mas J. H. Schatiner Reversion of Loments to Leaves in Tick-trefoil, FE. L. Moseley Abnormalities in Plants, - - - - - . Edo Claassen Distribution of the Green Ash in Ohio, - W.A. Kellerman Ustilago Reiliana, = - - 2 - W. A. Kellerman List of the Liverworts of Cuyahoga and Other Counties of Northern Ohio, - - - - - - .Bdo Claassén Addition to Ohio Fungi, = Heated - FF. L. Stevens List of Plants New to the Flora of Ohio, - Edo Claassen 10 38. Additions to the List of Plants of Ohio, - E. L. Moseley 39. Spermatophyta Rare or New to the Ohio Flora, Se Rea. pee rm) es ee Roe = ele W. A. Kellerman 40. Revision of the Catalogue of Ohio Plants. Abstract, Se oe ne. tay Ale yn ot eet hig ee er ee W. A. Kellerman 41. Notes on the Salt-marsh Plants of Northern Kansas, ree me ay ea ene - - - J. H. Schaffner 42. Science for the First Year of the High School Course, - - F. L. Stevens 43. Science in the Country School, =v E. E. Masterman FIELD MEETING. Friday morning, May 28th, 1897, the members who had assembled at Brinkhaven, Knox County, went in carriages to the Alum Rocks, fording the Mohican twice on the way, and returning to Brink- haven for dinner. In the afternoon the party divided, some driving south and others west, others going on their wheels to Gambier, where all met for supper. Friday evening at Philo Hall, the members met with some of the professors and students of Kenyon College. An address of welcome was given by Pres, Pierce, and response made by Prof. Claypole. Miss Mary Hart, of the Western, Oxford, read a paper on the Education of Women. Mrs. Kellerman spoke of the Woman’s National Science Association, and Mrs. Claypole, complying with a request, spoke briefly of the work in science, of her daughters, who are pro- fessors at Wellesley. Prof. Tight gave a short talk illustrated with a black-board sketch, on the past and present drainage of that part of Ohio. After the meeting, Prof. Ingham and others showed the members through his well equipped physical laboratory and later the College Library. Saturday morning the members drove to the ‘*Caves,”’ a locality along Owl Creek, of much geolog- ical and botanical interest. At noon they took trains at Howard for home, having had a very pleasant Field tT Meeting. No business meeting was held. All arrange- ments were made by the president, W. A. Kellerman, who also conducted the excursions. A LIST OF THE FISHES OF FRANKLIN COUNTY, OHIO, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ETHEOSTOMA. R. C. OSBuURN AND E. B. WILLIAMSON. 1. Lepisosteus osseus, (Linn.). Observed by us only in the Scioto River where it is abundant. 2. Ictalurus punctatus, (Raf.). Mostabundant in Big Walnut Creek, where it is of considerable value as a food fish. 38. Ameiurus lacustris, (Walbaum). Rare, only two specimens taken in Big Darby Creek. The female, weighing 412 pounds, contained eggs. 4. Ametiurus natalis, (Le Sueur). Common, wher- ever found, with Amefurus melas, next to which it is the most abundant Amezurus. 5. Ameiurus vulgaris, (Thompson). Rare, only two specimens from the canal along the Scioto River, south of Columbus. 6. Ameiurus nebulosus, (Le Sueur). Common in the larger streams. 7. Ametiurus melas, (Raf.). The most abundant of our catfish, occurring in nearly all streams, with neb- ulosus and natalis constituting the ‘‘catfish’”’ and “bullheads”’ of the youthful angler. Females were taken with ripe eggs on June 22, 1897. 8. Noturus flavus, Raf. Abundant on stony ripples in all the larger streams of the county. 9. Schilbeodes gyrinus, (Mitchill). Rare, only two specimens, one from Big Darby, theother from Mason’s Run. 12 10. Schilbeodes eleutherus, (Jordan). Very rare; a single specimen of this rare species from Big ‘Walnut. Distinguished from S. miurus by the free adipose fin, relatively longer upper jaw, and darker and more uni- form coloration. é 11. Schilbeodes miurus, (Jordan). Generally com- mon, abundant in Big Walnut. Females with eggs from June 25 to July 6, 1897. 12. Carpiodes velifer, ( Raf.).. This species ascends the smaller streams, during the high waters of spring to breed, retreating to the deeper waters of the rivers in May, but frequently becoming landlocked. Of much importance as a food fish during the spawning and mi- gratory season, when they are readily taken with seines. 13. Catostomus commersonu, (Lacepede). Taken in every stream; the commonest sucker. 14. Catostomus nigricans, Le Sueur. Common in all but the smallest streams. 15. Erimyzon sucetta, (Lacepede). Taken only in the Scioto, and in streams west of the Scioto where it is generally abundant. A few specimens from Scioto Big Run were, in life, a bright ‘‘ goldfish”’ vellow. 16. Minytrema melanops, (Raf.). Our handsom- est sucker; rare but of general distribution. 17. Moxostoma anisurum, (Raf.). Not common, observed only in the larger streams. 18. Moxostoma aureolum, (Le Sueur). Abund_ ant, taken in all but the smallest streams. 19. Placopharynx duquesnu, (Le Sueur). Taken only in the Scioto, Olentangy, and Big Darby; not common, not readily distinguished from the preceding species, except by the form of the lower pharyngeal teeth. 20. Campostoma anomalum, ( Raf.). Very abundant everywhere. Frequently observed in large schools on ripples. 21. Chrosomus erythrogaster, Raf. Occurring 1s) in abundance in brooks flowing into the Scioto from the west. ‘ | "22. Pimephales notatus, (Raf.). The most abund- ant of our minnows, occurring in great numbers in every stream. Females were taken with eggs on July 1, 1897: 28. Semotilus atromaculatus, (Mitchill). In every stream, generally abundant, especially at the head-waters. } 24. Abramis crysoleucas, (Mitchill). Generally common in the western part of the county, rare east of the Scioto. 25.. Cliola vigilax, (Baird and Girard). Rare, a single specimen from Big Walnut. Superficially this species very much resembles Pimephales notatus. 26. Notropis cayuga, Meek. Lateral. line in- complete; teeth 4-4;a black stripe along sides and head and around the upper jaw; chin pale; Rare in Big Walnut and Little Darby, common in Mason’s Run. 27. Notropis blennius, (Girard). Common in almost every stream. Teeth 4-4; lateral line com- plete; coloration pale; body varying in depth from 444 to 5 in length; head 4 in length. Females taken with eggs on July 16, 1897. We have for the present referred certain specimens from Big Walnut to this species. In these the depth is 4 to 444 in length; eye large, 3 in head; edges of mouth black. 28. ‘Notropis sp.,(?). Head 33%; depth 4; eye 31% D. 8; A. 8; Scales 6—37—4, 13 before dorsal; teeth 1, 4— 4, 1. Body compressed, the back elevated. Head compressed, flattened above, below and on the sides. Mouth very oblique, terminal; snout obtuse; maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye about as long as snout. Fins large; the height of the dorsal almost equal to the length of head; dorsal just slightly behind the ventrals; tips of ventrals reaching beyond vent; caudal large and broad. Lateral line complete, decurved: 14 Color in spirits, pale, a dusky line running. from on the gill covers, just back of the eye, directly to the tail, in- cluding the lateral line anteriorly and posteriorly, and becoming black posteriorly; above this, for the width of 1% or 2 scales, pale; above the pale band the scales of the dorsal region each broadly and evenly edged with fine black dots; a dusky vertebral line. Head plain, dusky above, prickly in the male, lips black. Length 2% inches. Rare in Big Walnut Creek. 29. Notropis whippii, (Girard). Our handsomest and one of our commonest minnows, takenin all the larger streams. Females with eggs were taken on June 28, 1897. 30. Notropis cornutus, ( Mitchill). Taken in every stream, generally abundant. Females with eggs on July 6, 1897. 31. Notropis atherinoides, Raf. Taken commonly in all the larger streams; a handsome minnow, but shedding its scales at the slightest touch. 32. Notropis rubritrons, (Cope). Occurs generally with N. atherinoides ; abundant where found. 33. Notropis umbratilis lythrurus, (Jordan). All streams but the smallest; abundant, and one of the handsomest minnows. Females with eggs observed Jane 29; 1897. ; 34. Ericymba buccata, Cope. Generally abund- ant, taken in every stream in the county; found in quiet sluggish waters with Pimephales notatus. Females with eggs on June 15, 1897. 35. Rhinicthys atronasus, (Mitchill). Occurring with Chrosomus erythrogaster in small brooks flowing into the Scioto; less abundant than the latter species. 36. Hybopsis dissimilis, (Kirtland). Rare, taken only in Big Walnut. We have only four specimens. 37. Hybopsis amblops, (Raf.). Occurring commonly in all but the smallest streams. 38. Hybopsis kentuckiensis, (Raf.). Taken rather commonly in all the larger streams. Females with s 15 eggs on July 16, 1897. A minnow of the general appearance of Semotilus from which it is distinguished however, at a glance by the larger scales, absence of black dorsal spot, and by the smaller, horizontal inferior mouth. 389. Cyprinus carpio, Linn. Of general distri- bution throughout the county. Specimens of large size are taken in therivers. Immensenumbersswarm in the canal south of Columbus; where many are taken with hooks and lines, and with dip-nets. Both the English or Full-Scale and the Mirror or Half-Seale, as they are commonly called, occur. 40. ‘Anguilla chrysypa, Raf. Probably occurring in all the streams of the county; reported to us by fish- ermen as not rare; observed personally only in Big Walnut. 41. Umbra limi, (Kirtland). A single specimen, 4% inches in length, was taken April 3, 1897, near the mouth of a small tributary of the Olentangy. 42. Lucius vermiculatus, (Se Sueur). Of general distribution, abundant in Hell Branch. Specimens reaching a length of fourteen inches were taken in Big Darby. A gamey and interesting little fish. 43. fundulus notatus, (Raf.). Of general distri- bution, abundant in places. Females with eggs taken on June 14, 1897. 44. Percopsis guttatus, Agassiz. Abundant in streams west of the Scioto; only one specimen from the Big Walnut system: after some hauls in Scioto Big Run the seine contained more of this than all other species combined. 45. Labidesthes sicculus, (Cope). Of general distribution, generally abundant. 46. Pomoxis annularis, Raf. Abundant where- ever found; frequenting grassy and weedy places. Dorsal spines 5, 6 or 7 in number. 47. Pomoxis sparoides, |Lacepede|. Notcommon. Dorsal spines 7 or 8. 16 48. Ambloplites rupestris, { Raf.|. A common food and game fish occurring throughout the county. Females with eggs observed on June 29, 1897. 49. Apomotis cyanellus,|Raf.|. A common and variable sunfish, found everywhere. Taken with eggs June 15, 1897, 50. Lepomis megalotis, [{Raf.|. Apparently the commonest sunfish. Taken with eggson June 18, 1897. 51. Lepomis pallidus, (Mitchill). Rare, only a few specimens taken. Observed with eggs June 14, 1897. 52. Eupomotis gibbosus, [Linn]. Not common, taken with the preceding species, only in the larger streams. 58. Micropterus dolomieu, Lacepede. Generally abundant. Known to the local fisherman by a variety of names, depending on the age and coloration of the specimens. 54. Micropterus salmoides, {[Lacepede ]. Not common; taken only in the larger streams. 55. Percina caprodes, {Raf.]. Of general distri- bution; common, but nowhere abundant. 56. Hadropterus phoxocephalus, [Nelson]. One specimen from the Big Walnut at Lockbourne. 57. Hadropterus aspro, [Cope and Jordan]. A common darter of general distribution. 58. Diplesion blennioides, Raf. Of general distribution; abundant. 59. Boleosoma nigrum, [Raf.]. Taken in every stream; generally abundant. Females with eggs April 3; 2897. 60. Ammocrypta_ pellucida, (Baird). Not common, taken on sand bars in the larger streams. Observed with eggs on June 28, 1897. 61. Etheostoma variatum, Kirtland. Rare. 62. Etheostoma zonale, [Cope]. Common where found. 17 63. Etheostoma camurum, [Cope]. Taken only on swift ripples in the larger streams. 64. Etheostoma maculatum, Kirtland. Rare, a single female with eggs from Big Walnut Creek on June 26, 1897. 65. Etheosoma coeruleum, [Storer]. Of genera! distribution; abundant. 66. Etheostoma coeruleum spectabile, ( Agassiz ]. This brook variety occurs only in the small streams of the county; grading insensibly into the typical species. 67. Etheostoma sciotense,n.sp. Head 31%; depth 4%; eye small, 442 in head; D. XIJ—-12; A. II-7; scales 6-46-8; lateral line straight, developed on about thirty scales. Body compressed, caudal peduncle deep, back little elevated, profile somewhat depressed at nape. Head rather small, little compressed; mouth large, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw somewhat in- cluded; lips thick, premaxillaries not protractile, maxil- lary reaching to pupil. Opercle short, spine moderate; gill membranes scarcely connected; a small, well de- fined, black humeral scale. Cheeks, breast and throat, and region in front of and on either side of first dorsal fin naked; opercles scaled. Vertical fins high; dorsals slightly connected; soft dorsal and anal about equal in size; first anal spine the longer; candal truncate, slightly emarginate: pectorals reaching to or beyond tips of ventrals. Color in life, male, body dark olive green, strongly tinged with yellow, especially posteri- orly; lighter anteriorly, shading into greenish-yellow on belly; with about fourteen narrow well defined vertical greenish-black bands, most distinct posteriorly where they entirely encircle the body, the last one broadest and most conspicuous; breast a deep blue- black, continuous with that of the ventrals and extend- ing well up on the neck. Dorsal and anal fins golden yellow, heavily pigmented with blue-black at their bases, a distinct black spot on front of first dorsal; caudal deep golden yellow, less heavily pigmented with 18 blue-black; pectorals golden yellow, unmarked; ventrals golden yellow, blue-black at base. Female paler, dark markings less distinct; pectorals pale olive; other fins dark, edged with pale yellow; black spot on front of first dorsal well defined. Color in spirits, general color dark olive, lighter below, each scale with a vertical dusky line; bands black, narrower than the interspaces; breast and throat dark. Vertical fins dark, edged with light; a black spot on front of first dorsal; ventrals black with a light margin; pectorals light, un- marked; a black spot at base of caudal. Length1% inches. Taken in the Olentangy River and in Big Walnut Creek, tributaries of the Scioto River, near Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio. Two of the types arein the National Museum and the third is in the collection of President D.S. Jordan. These type specimens are from Big Walnut Creek. This species lives in the swiftest ripples with Etheostoma flabellare, E. variatum, E. camurum, etc. From E£. tippecanoe, which it most re- sembles, it is distinguished at once by coloration and by the absence of scales on the nape and anterior dorsal region. : At the suggestion of President D. S. Jordan, who has been so kind as to examine our specimens and de- scription, we name the species after the Scioto River. 68. Etheostoma flabellare, Raf. Abundant; some of our specimens approach the variety Jineo- Jatum. 69. Cottus ictalops, [Raf.]. Four specimens were taken in Brackenridge’s Run. 19 =| : 5 a. slalS| | |e] - Bapeh el (OL sl. Ales Eee P| Bile] ea] S]e| So s| le 2121 “| ale [o) he (=) Mie > D1 Ok eal | Al] = lee I WepisosteuSfOSseus...2.. 620.2 iis sec ecee ess oO 2 Ictalurus punctatus.. fe) 3 Ameiurus lacustris 4 MAANISs costae, ceesesete see Speeecers| SEO |O oO 5 oo Wi SARIS Haas vc lentes see's vagiies fe) 6 My Te DWLOSUS?.c<..-c TEA CIAS NM Boe soc tcccasews teceauscseek o} o| O| | o} | olo Bis NOMS Mil anVyaStiee.csscese-se<-ce Battles nets o| o fo) 9 Schilbeodes gyrinus.............. Pec eveeee fo) 10 Cleubherus:--- cet enen-tceeses = fe) melt ee AMUITIG US oad de Sect ck ceiecs sees ro} ie) fe) Ze Carpiodes veliter:..-...--tes SUMS i cdipae ost o| |o Oo 13 Catostomus commersonii................. Oo} Oo} O} O} Oo} Of O} of O 14 i nigricans o] of Of} | o] | oO} |o 15 Erimyzon sucetta........ o} |o} |o 16 Minytrema melanops..............ccccceeee o| 0 a7 Moxostomaanisurtm:. 2-22. ) Ericymba buccatac....ccssescsss: oe ..| of of O| CO} OF OC} OC} Oo] O 35 Rhinichthys atronasu................ ease o| o 36 Hybopsis dissimilis......................0066 ce) 37 * amiblopseccs ssc Siren Oo} oO} O Ol o 38 if ent iuGkKIenSiS\.cqc.s.as0.cesecaen, o] o Oo} o 39 Cyprinus carpio..... o| o| O Ol o 40 Anguilla chrysypa fo) Ade Unio ranliniie 0-2. ecse5: Sdaticevsadeas Shouts oO 42 Lucius vermiculatus......:.........0.-.«+. ..| O] oO] O Olo A Swe bund wlusmOtatus:-cesccccs.c--.-- cence cesncnee teem 38 Winter. Meeting, Proceedings) Of USS Si irccccscsns--ns-s0 cesses ceravensenee ssenzenhbees 9 PAST, PRESIDENTS. 1892. E. W. CLAYPOLE. TS95.W, SRELwicerr: 1893. EDWARD ORTON. 1896. A. A. WRIGHT. 1894. F. M. WEBSTER. 1897. W. A. KELI.ERMAN. 1898. W. G. TIGHT. PAS? SECRETARIES. 1892. W. R. LAZENBY. 1892-4. W.G. TIGHT. 1895-8. E. L. MOSELEY. LIFE MEMBER. McMillin, Emerson E., - - 40 Wall St., New York. MEMBERS. Aiken, Walter H., Station K., Cincinnati Albright, Prof. Chas. E , Columbus Ayers, Annie B., 3 Wooster Beardslee, Henry C., University School, - = Cleveland Biscoe, Prot. Thos. D., Marietta Blair, Kate R., 1457 Neil Avenue, Columbus Bleile, Dr. Albert M., 218 King Ave., Columbus Beer, Dr. James D., - Wooster Bloomfield, Lloyd M., Marlboro Bogue, Prof. E. E., Stillwater, Oklahoma Territory Bonser, S. A., . - Carey Bownocker, John A., Ohio State University, - Columbus Brook, A. H., Donaldson, Mich. Chandler, John Rice, National Archeologist, Gautemala, C. A. Chapin, Prof. H. E., - Athens Chapman, Joseph H., East Liverpool 429 Woodland Cleveland Berea Claassen, Edo, Ave., - - - Clark, Dr. William, - Claypole, Prof. E. W., Pasadena, Cal. Clements, F. O., - Columbus Colton, Prof. George H.., Hiram Comstock, Prof. Frank M., Case School, - - Cleveland Cookson, Charles W., New Straitsville Corson. HG. - - Akron Craver, Dr. S. Belle, - Toledo Culler, J2Ad, DS Kenton Cummins, J. A., = Greenwich Cunningham, John F., O.S. U., Columbus Cushing, H. P., - Cleveland Davis, H. J., - Jacksontown DeLong, George W., _- Corning Dodds, J. E., Fayette Normal University, - - Fayette Dury, Dr, Chas. E., 524 Ridgway Ave., - =. = Cincinnats Duvel, J. W., Experiment Station, Wooster Ehrenfeld A. C., - - Dayton Feiel, Adolph, 520 East Main St., Columbus Fitzpatrick, Dr. T. V., 32 Garfield Place eon Cincinnati Foerste, Aug. F., - Dayton Fowke, Gerard, 46 W. Fourth St., Chillicothe Graber, P. E., Sy be Genoa Gill, George W., 287 East Broad St. - - - Columbus Gillenoes: E. A., 348 Grant St., Youngstown Goodrich, Sarah F., - Geneva Green, Isabelle M., - Akron Green, W. J., Agricultural Experi- ment Station, - Wooster Hancock, W. J., Yellow Springs Hard, M. E., Bowling Green Harte Marya: ik. .lhe soWestern College,- -- -.i- ,Oxford Hartzell, J. C., Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Md. Hartzler, J. C., 67 North Sixth St., Newark Hayes, Seth, = = Fremont Herrick, C. Judson, Granville Herzer, Rev. H., 438 South Third St - - - Columbus Hill, Calvin J., - . Akron Hill, W. M., - East Liverpool Hiney Js Ps - - Shinrock Hine; Prof. J. S., - Columbus Hobusebs l-, = - Cleveland Holferty, Prof. G. M., Cincinnati Hope, Henry W., - -_ Paint Hopkins, A. D., Morgantown, W. Va. James, Davis L., 127 West Seventh St., = = 2 Cincinnati Janney, John J., 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus Johnson, Eva V., - Granville Jones, E. A., 138 East Tremont St., - - - Massillon Jones, Lynds, College Museum, é Oberlin Judson, C. A., 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Kellerman, Karl F., 175 W. 11th Ave., - - - Columbus Kellerman, Prof. William A., 175 West Eleventh Ave., Columbus Kellerman, Mrs. W. A., 175 W. 11 Avenue, Columbus Kellicott, W. E., 13832 Highland SE - : - Columbus Kelsey, Rev. F. D., 2146 Fulton SE - - - - Toledo Keyser Li Nay yee. London Krebs, Carl, 1223 Cedar Ave., Cleveland Kurtz, Prof. O. W., - Minerva Lambert, J. I., 452 South Broad- way, Shy NWN ee Dayton Landacre, F. L.,O.S. U., Columbus Law, Mary E., 2313 Ashland St., Toledo Lazenby, Prof. William R., 311 W. Sixth Ave., - Columbus Lindahl, Dr. Josua, 312 Broad- way, - - Cincinnati Line, Carrie E., Jacksonville, Ill. Lloyd, John Uri, Court and Plum Sts., - - Cincinnati Luke, Fred K., O. S. U., Columbus Mally, C. W., 59 East Liberty St., Wooster Mann, Prof. Albert, Delaware Mason, Harriet, - Wellington Masterman, E. E.. New London Mateer, Dr. H.N., Wooster Mathews, Mary E., Painesville McComb, E. H. K., 227 West Galen St., - - Bucyrus McCoy, C. T., 317 East Mulberry St. - - - Lancaster McFadden, Prof. L. H., Westerville McGregor, J. H., - Bellaire Mertz, He Ne, - Steubenville Mills, W. C., O. S. U., Columbus Morehead, Prof. Warren K., Saranac Lake, New York Morrison, F. E., - Kingsville Moseley, Prof. E. E., Sandusky Mulloy, Rose, - Columbus Negley, Miss Poyntz A., Dayton Oberholser, H. C., 1505 Howard Ave:, - Washington, D.C. Orton, Dr. Edward, 100 Twentieth St . - - Columbus Osborh, Herbert, O. S. U., Columbus Osburn, Raymond C., Columbus Outhwaite, Hon. Joseph H., Columbus Parker, J. Bernard. - Danville Phillips, E. W., = Circleville Piwanka, Thomas, 243 Superior SE., - - - Cleveland Postle, Herman, - ‘Sandusky Prather, John M., Yellow Springs Ravenscroft, Lillian E. Dayton Rhodes, Thomas, - - Akron Richards, E. E., 24 E. Church St., Newark Ricketts, Dr. B. Merrill, 415 Broad- Way, == Cincinnati Riddle, Lumina C., 1319 Wesley Ave., - - - Columbus Royer, Johns.,— - Versailles Sanger, U.G, < - St. Marys Sanor, S. D., - East Liverpool Sarver, Prof. John M., Canton Sawyer, Prof. Mary A., The West- ern College - --: Oxford Schaat, William G., - Berea Schaffner, John H., Ohio State University, - Columbus Schumacher, F., 1347 Monadnack Building, (8-94 Chicago Schuyler, P.N., - - Bellevue Scott, Daisy M., 1274 Summit St., Columbus Selby, A.D., Botanist and Chemist, Agricultural Experiment Station, - - Wooster Shannon, T. N., Wilmore, Ky. Shull, Geo. H., Yellow Springs Simkins, J. D., - St. Marys Slocum, Dr. C. E., - Defiance Smith, H. E., = - Manietta Smith, Prof. James H., - Berea Soule, Prof. William, 1804S. Union Ave., - - = Alliance Stair, Leslie Dalrymyple, 1180 East Madison St., Cleveland Stearns, C. H., - - Athens Sterki, Dr. Victor, N. Philadelphia Stevens, F. Lincoln, 1418 Neil Avenue, - - Columbus Stone, John A., - Marietta Tight. Prof. W. G., - Granville Todd, Dr. Joseph H., Christmas Knoll, - = - Wooster Treadwell, Prof. Aaron L., Oxford Tussing, P. L., = = = Ada True, Dr. H.C., McConnellsville Upson, Judge W.H., - Akron Vickers, Ernest W., - Ellsworth Vorce, Charles M., 5 Rouse Block Cleveland Walker, Dr. Faye, - Oxford Warder, R. H., - North Bend Warner, Prof. E. F., 480 W. Main St., = Bellevue Watson, J. R., - - Berea WebbwR-.;7. = Garrettsville Weber, Prof. Henry A., 1342 Forsythe Ave., - Columbus Webster, F. M., Entomologist, Agricultural Experiment Station, - - Wooster Werner, William C., Painesville Werthner, William, Steele High School, - - - Dayton Werum, J. H., 508 Adams, Toledo Williamson, C. W., Wapakoneta Williamson, E. Bruce, Bluffton, Ind Winchet, Frances, 346 N. First Ave., . - . Dayton Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, Oberlin Wright, Prof. Albert A; 425 Forest St., - - Oberlin Wright, Prof. John B., Wilmington Young, W. U., - St. Marys — a ee SS Deceased. David S. Kellicott, Columbus Acton F. Hawn, - - Akron Gen., M. F. Force, - Sandusky @ £588) Se ee ee ee SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. WINTER MEETING. The eight annual meeting was held at Columbus, December 29th and 30th, 1898, Thursday's sessions in Orton Hall, Friday’s in the new Zoological Hall. The secretary reported the deaths of D. S. Kelli- cott, H. L. Jones and Henry Snyder; the removal to California of E. W. Claypole and the absence from the State on account of impaired health of A. A. Wright. G. F. Wright commented on the work at Oberlin of H. L. Jones and his untimely death, and said that they hoped A. A. Wright would be able to resume his duties after the holidays, The report of the acting treasurer, James S. Hine, was read, showing a balance of $81.62. The committee on courses of study reported that it had not been able, as yet, to accomplish much, finding problem exceedingly difficult, and suggested that anew committee be appointed. The Academy voted to accept the report, discharge the committee and authorize the president to appoint another committee whose report should come as a regular paper on the program of the next winter meeting. Later the presi- dent appointed the following committee on science teaching in the public schools: W. A. Kellerman, Mary E. Law, Wm. Werthner, J. A. Bownocker, C. J. Herrick. 10 Professor Kellerman reported for the committee ap- pointed, to secure legislation with reference to game laws that he framed a bill thought to embody the ideas of the members of the Academy interested. The bill was, at first, loaded down with amendments and de- feated, but brought up again and passed without a single change. A number of persons have taken out permits in accordance with the provisions of the new law. The fines for violation are very heavy and from time to time have been imposed. Several members spoke regarding the desirability of protection of birds and eggs, and the consequent importance of enforcing the law. The report was accepted and the committee discharged. The report of the committee on topographic survey was read and accepted as a report of progress and the committee continued. The Academy further voted thanks to the committee for its efforts in behalf of the bill. Professor Tight said that Professor A. A. Wright deserved most of the thanks. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON A TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF THE STATE. At the annual meeting of the Academy two years ago, a committee of three was appointed to secure, if possible, the inauguration of a topographic survey of the State, and the publication of its results in a series of topographic map sheets. The plan proposed was lal that of co-operation on the part of the State with the topographic division of the United States Geological Survey, the State meeting one-half the expense of the field work involved, while the National Geological Survey met the other half, together with the entire ex- pense of engraving and publication. Your committee put forth its best efforts to present the matter to the last legislature in a practical and urgent form. A bill providing for such co-operation was introduced in the Senate by Senator Garfield, who took a warm interest in the matter, and whose aid in its management was invaluable. Hearings were granted by the appropriate committees in both Senate and House. At these hearings the committee had the valuable personal co-operation of Professor Edward Orton, our State geologist, of President Canfield and Professor C. N. Brown of the State University, of Mr. Griggs, the city engineer of Columbus, besides letters from other eminent engineers, educators and scientists of the State. Upon two of these occasions Mr. Herbert M. Wilson, chief topographer of the U. S. Geological Survey, came from Washington, at our solicitation and with the approval of the director, to explain more fully the nature of the survey, and to guarantee the good faith of the United States Survey in the matter of co-operation. At several stages of the progress of the bill circu- lars explanatory of various aspects of the subject were sent to all the members of the legislature. The en- dorsement of various associations in the State were brought to their notice, such as the Association of Col- lege Presidents, the Society of Civil Engineers and Surveysors, and the League of American Wheelmen. The members of this Academy and of several other organi- zations were solicited, through their secretaries, to write favorably to their representatives in the legisla- ture upon the subject. Sample map sheets, showing 12 work completed in other States, were sent from Washington at our request, to all the members. Your committee spent as much time as was at their command in personal interviews with members and with prominent officials of the State, but it was im- possible to reach a large majority in this way. The bill, as most members of the Academy are already aware, passed the Senate, but was still in the hands of the House finance committee when the legisla- ture adjourned. The difficulty most commonly ex-. pressed was that the asylums and public institutions requireda specially large appropriation at that session. The committee found themselves forced into a dis- cussion of the question whether it is wise for the State to lavish its money upon that class of the population who are unable to take care of themselves, to the ex- clusion of a measure which benefits every square mile of land in the State, and which furnishes knowledge that will stimulate enterprise and research in numerous different directions. It was perhaps too much to expect that a measure calling for the expenditure of so considerable a sum of money should be adopted upon the first presentation. It is also evident that neither the officials nor the intelligent people of the State are as yet sufficiently in- formed concerning the value of such maps, to make the demand for them urgent. But wherever the matter is adequately presented, appreciation rapidly grows. Your committee has labored assiduously, and is disap- pointed in not being able to report success. In behalf of the committee, A. A. WricHT, Chairman. Other members of the committee, W.. G;, Tien A. D. SELBY. December 26, 1898. 13 At the Thursday afternoon session, Professor Kel- lerman read the report of the committee appointed at the field meeting to draft a suitable memorial of David S. Kellicott. The Academy voted to have the report recorded in the minutes and a copy sent to Mrs. Kellicott. The Ohio State Academy of Science sustained the loss of one of its most active and important members by the death of Professor David S. Kellicott, which occurred April 13, 1898. He assisted in organizing the Academy, was one of the charter members, and con- tributed very largely to its present stage of developement. He was an invariable attendant at both the annual and field meetings, and it was his regular and important contributions as well as his zeal and quiet enthusiasm that determined in a high degree, the success of the Academy. His work here as well as his whole life was an inspiration to all of his associates, and especially to young students, for whom he dealt out in abundant measure his untiring energy. - Though only in the meridian of life, the work that he ac- complished as a teacher and investigator has placed him in the high rank of scientific eminence. His latest contribution to the Academy was a Monograph of the Odonata, a work of the highest value which reflects great credit on both the author and the Academy. He was the fourth president of this association and was holding the office of treasurer at the time of his death. In every capacity he was energetic, faithful, and successful. But it is chiefly the ennobling influence of a devoted life, of generous impulses and good deeds, that leads us to place on our minutes this meagre tribute to his memory. Professor Lazenby reported that Emerson E. McMillin had offered $250 to the trustees of the Academy to be expended in such ways as they thought best suited to promote scientific research, and had said that such a sum might be given annually, provided the use made of the money were satisfactory and it proved to be convenient for the donor to spare it. Professor Lazenby offered the following amendment to Article IV of the constitution: ‘‘ There shall be a Board of Trustees consisting of three members; one elected for one year, one for two 14 years, and one for three years. It shall be the duty of this board of trustees to act as the custodian of all property of the Academy and to administer all funds received for original research and investigation.” This proposed amendment will be voted on at the next annual meeting. The Academy voted to accept the money offered by Mr. McMillin, and to appoint a committee of three to bring in a resolution the next morning relative to trustees for administering the fund. In accordance with the report of this committee, the Academy pro- ceeded to ballot for three trustees to administer the fund for the term of one year. F. M. Webster, W. R. Lazenzy and E. L Moseley were elected trustees, A motion to head the ‘Special Papers’’ to be published by the Academy with the words, ‘‘ Memoir 1, 2, etc.”’ was debated and lost. ‘ The sentiment of the Academy in favor of Wola the next field meeting at Columbus, in connection with the meeting there of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as suggested by the president, was expressed by vote. Eighteen new members were elected. The president’s address,—Geographical teaching and the Geography of Ohio was given in Orton Hall, Thursday evening. | PAPERS READ: 1. A deep pre-glacial Channel in western Ohio and eastern Indiana, - = et w= sey cnoe (oe Se St he J, Al Bownoeckers Some recently discovered pre-glacial cols in Ohio, W. G. Tight. 3. Some observations on the pre-glacial drainage of Wayne and associate counties, - == - ei is gehen Oo Cel 4. Some observations of the topography of Athens and vicinity, Be | Aah) chest ae TAS e eh H. E. Chapin & C. H. Stearns. A galenite geode from Muskingum county, - W. G. Tight. 4 6. A pocket instrument for the approximate determination of distance by triangulation, - - - - - W.G. Tight. 36. A descriptive list of the fishes of the big Jelloway Creek system, - - J. B. Parker, E. B. Williamson & R. C. Osburn. Additional notes on the fishes of Franklin County, OM Se he ae ees) GS Dunmrer is. i.) Wilkamson, Notes on Ohio Astacide, = - - = E. B. Williamson. A Bat new to Ohio, - - - - John F. Cunningham. The Black-capped Petrel on the Ohio River, Josua Lindahl. A rare salamander, =) aun faieeen oy te ypasna, Lindahy. Additions to Ohio list of dragon flies, - : = J.-S. Hine. Additions to Ohio list of butter flies , - = eS Sh eeime. Twenty-five species of Syrphide not previously reported for Ohio, - ; ae SEAN NAY ois te OU Maye Se J. S. Hine. Remarks on the Hemipterous fauna of Ohio with a preliminary record of species, - - = = = = Herbert Osborn. A contribution to the knowledge of the faunistic entomology of Ohio, - = = = . 2 - = F. M. Webster. Some notes on the grape cane gall maker, Ampeloglypter sesostris, - - - - - - - - FF. M. Webster. Some apparent relations of Ants to peach aphis, A. persica- ieee, = 2 - - - - - 2 - F. M. Webster. A female of the Purslane Sawfly, Schizocerus Sp., with a male antenna, Loi gl Meas Se 8 2 Ca pei ae at C. W. Mally. Some observations on Unio subovatus Sh Ge mandacres The division of the macrospore nucleus of Erythroninm, ok Pl =8 inkeoi =F Me f= ae nda! Src ae 7e John. H. Schaffner. Development of the micro sporangium of Hemerocallis fulva, Sa ai Pie eee os a Vt ee al = de doe ICE: Further studies in Embryology, -~ - Miss L. C. Riddle. Notes on fasciation, - - = - - Miss L. C. Riddle. Nutation of the cultivated Sun flower, John H. Schatiner. Notes on ecological plant geography of Summit, Wayne & Medina Counties, - - - - - - -i A D. Selby. Field notes, - Se Spr - A. D. Selby. Some sources of the Ohio Beant A. D. Selby & J. W. T, Davel. Observations on the Ohio flora, - - W. A. Kellerman. Plants new to the Ohio catalogue, -~— - W. A. Kellerman. List of phenogams new to Ohio or rare in and new to counties of northern Ohio, - . - = - = - Edo Claassen. Some rare Ohio plants, = = - - -: #. I. Moseley. Two interesting filamentous barteria from Columbus, 2 z = - = : = = - John H. Schattner. Studies of Ustilago reiliana, 2 W. A. & K. F. Kellerman. Lists of Ervsiphee and Uredineze of Cuyahoga and other counties of northern'Ohio, - - 9 - .- Edo Claassen 16 37. Second list of the liverworts of Cuyahoga and other counties of northern Ohio, = - - - - - Edo Claassen. 38. Reliability of spore measurements of the fleshy fungi, oie Poy =n oe aa mid, (Ce BpeaLasices 39. Micro-photographs of fungus spores, Se A. D. Selby. 40. Distribution of the microscopic fungi, — - H. C. Beardslee. 41. The waste or refuse in fruits and nuts, - W R. Lazenby. 42. Someabnormal plant specimens, - - Miss L. C. Riddle. 43. A curious lightning stroke,. -~- |=. =°)\=)\, J. J. Jamme 44, The laboratory and the field; their relative importance, Piha Meet coty yee oy tel ie eng nr, | Ch ia ee eels am Gee 45. The Illinois Biological Station, See H. C. Beardslee. 46. A plea for science teaching in the public schools, Sue baat ee ee ee ee a! a Miss Mary E. Law. 47. Climate of the Philippine Islands, - - - £. L. Moseley. 4%. Life in the Philippines, “a4. = 6S) = BLL Moaselee FIELD MEETING. The Academy met at Dayton, June 3 and 4, 1898. Friday morning some of the members visited the Soldiers’ Home, and others the High School. In the afternoon Dr. Foerste conducted an excursion to the glacial region south of Dayton where numerous kames and kettleholes were examined. ‘Friday evening the Academy met at the Steele High School and enjoyed an illustrated lecture on glaciers by Dr. August F. Foerste. Following this was a business meeting at which nine persons were elected to member- ship. Professor Kellerman said that the committee 17 appointed to secure needed amendments to the state game laws had succeeded in its purpose and the features of the new law of most interest to naturalists were briefly stated. President Tight said that the Committee appointed to secure legislation to provide for a topographic sur- vey of the state was not so successful, the bill, which passed the senate, not coming to a vote in the house. The President called on Professor Kellerman to make a statement regarding the recently deceased member and former President of the Academy, Pro- fessor Kellicott. After a brief statement had been made the Academy voted to have a Committee appointed to draft a suitable memorial to be presented at the next meeting. The president appointed the following to constitute this committee: Albert Bleile, W. A. Kellerman, E. W. Claypole. The members present voted to extend their sincere thanks to Dr. August F. Foerste for his admirable lecture, to John Patterson for furnishing the stereopti- con and to Professor Werthner, and the others who had helped to make the meeting so pleasant. After the meeting refreshments were served by the Dayton teachers. Saturday morning an excursion was made to Yellow Springs and thence to Clifton where the Little Miami has cut a remarkably narrow gorge through Upper Silurian limestone. This trip seemed to be en- joyed by everyone, and a number of interesting points pertaining to different branches of science were acquired by each member, not only by association with others, but by viewing nature in a new region. A good lunch was served at the ‘Picnic Grounds” by the Dayton teachers. Several professors and students of Antioch College assisted materially to make the trip instruct- ive and pleasant. 18 A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF THE FISHES OF BIG JELLOWAY CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES, KNOX COUNTY, OHIO. By J. B. Parker, E. -B. WILLIAMSON AND R. C. OSBURN. Big Jelloway Creek is located in the northeastern part of Knox County, Ohio, and is a part of the Mus- kingum system. It is about twenty miles in length, and its general direction is south. Throughout its course the bottom varies between gravel and mud, ex- cept in the last few miles, where sandstone appears. The stream is a succession of quiet pools and short, rapid flowing ripples. The tributaries, which have the general characteristics of the main stream, are Little Jelloway, Black’s Run, Sawmill Run, Parker’s Run, Joe Sapp Run, Doudy Creek and Shadley Run. The region drained by these streams, an area of about one hundred square miles, is hilly and abounds in clear, cold springs. Owing to this fact, it is only in seasons of Jong continued drought that the water in the streams shows any appearance of stagnation. The removal of the forests has rendered these streams subject to violent and destructive freshets, which con- tinually shift the banks and bottoms of the streams. Unfortunately, the time chosen for the investigation was most unfavorable for the best results. Unusual changes had been wrought in the general character of the streams by the unusually high floods of the pre- ceding months. The streams were filled with roots, | drift wood and rubbish of all sorts; new channels and ripples had been formed, and the old feeding and spawn- ing places of the fishes were changed or gone. Then, gu, too, the streams were still swollen and turbid when the seining was being done. The period of investigation extended from May 23 to May 31, 1898, inclusive. The equipment necessary for carrying on the work was furnished by the Zool- ogical Department of the Ohio State University, and specimens of every species included in this list have been placed in the Zoological Museum of this University. Owing to the time of the vear at which the collecting was done, many species were taken in breeding color- ation; and, unless otherwise stated, the color descript- ions apply to the brightest and most highly colored males. Each day, temperatures were taken at six o’clock, morning and evening, from May 23 to May 31, in- clusive, to determine the temperature of the water relative to that of the air. Parker’s Run was taken as fairly typical of the smaller tributaries of Big Jelloway, and its average temperature was found to be, within a very small fraction, the same as that of the air; while the temperature of Big Jelloway averaged 4° warmer. The ‘‘brook”’ Cyprinidze (Chrosomus erythrogaster, Rhinichtys atronasus, Leuciscus elongatus, etc.) were breeding in water with a temperature below 60°, while the ‘‘ river’’ species (Hybopsis amblops, H. kentuckien- sis, Notropis cornutus, etc.,) were breeding ata temper- ature of about 64°. The following table shows the re- sults of our.observations on temperature. A. M P. M. Average temperature RIE cent 55 6-7°.....62 6-7° of Big Jelloway.. 60 14°....... 67 1-7° es if of Parker’ s Run. 54 7-8°.....63 6-7° Maximum as TP Th eee ee eo StS aan tee. Mapes 12° * re orbic Jellowaye; G25. 25...-. 40° a as OL Parker's Rutiieat. .o. ae 66° Minimum “ Gate saat eee 5 ee ean Ree Se po os = of Big Jelloway.. 58°............ 64° $s be: of Parker's Runy '52°..2...0.05. 62° 20 In addition to the list of fishes, lists of Astacide, Unionide, Bacrachia and Reptilia are included. Of these, special attention was givenonly to the Unionidae, the species being determined by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson of the U.S. National Museum. The general conditions of the streams are unfavorable to this form of life, owing to the shifting nature of the banks and bottoms and the absence of exposed limestone formations. Of the Astacidz, specimens of Cambarus bartonii robusta Girard were identified by Mr. Walter Faxon, Of the different groups the following number of species of each was taken: Astacide 3, Unionide 9, Fishes 36, Batra- chia 9, Reptilia 8. ASTACIDAE. ped Cambarus bartonii robusta Girard. 2. ‘© propinquus sanbornii Faxon. 4 diogenes Girard. oe UNIONIDAE. Unio luteolus Lamarck. ‘* pressus Lea. ‘* ventricosus Barnes. ‘ ligamentinus Lamarck. ‘* gibbosus Barnes. Margaritana rugosa Barnes. calceola Lea. Anodonta ferussaciana Lea. " edentula Say. Se Oe ues Mei Ce Te ine BATRACHIA. Necturus maculatus Rafinesque. Bufo lentiginosus americanus ( LeConte). Acris gryllus crepitans Baird. Hyla versicclor LeConte. Rana virescens Kalm. ‘* sylvatica LeConte. SP Ruste ers 21 7. ‘ clamata Daudin. 8 catesbiana Shaw. REPTILIA. Thamnophis sirtalis ( Linnaeus ). Regina leberis ( Linnaeus). Tropidonotus sipedon ( Linnaeus ). Bascanion constrictor ( Linnaeus ). Sceloporus undulatus ( Daudin ). Aspidonectes spinifer (LeSueur ). Chelydra serpentina ( Linnaeus ). Chrysemis marginata ( Agassiz ). paleocee Nears. ge LIST OF FISHES. MARSIPOBRANC HII * 1. Ichthyomyzon concolor (Kirtland). Of this species only larval forms were taken. One large larva, seven inches in length, showed the following colors: dull yellow, pigmented above with fine brown specks, giving to the back a brownish cast; this is interrupted in the mid-dorsal line, leaving a yellow vertebral line; fins yellowish, brightest at base. Young larvae, two and one half inches long, were light olive brown, with fine brown specks above; dark around base of anal fin. Eyes very slightly developed. The young larve were taken from a mass of sand and mud seined from the bottom of Sawmill Run. On October 3, 1898, in Big Jelloway Creek, Mr. J. D. Parker took a large Black Bass upon which were found two small lampreys, presumably of this species, *Our larval lampreys were identified by Dr. B. W. Evermann, to whom we are also indebted for many helpful suggestions. 22 between two and three inches in length. These were firmly attached, one on either side of the body, just in front of the caudal fin. 2. Lampetra wilderi Gage. Color above, uni- form blue-black ; below rather abruptly silvery ; fins plain, light in color. At the time when the seining was done none of this species were taken ; but a few weeks earlier, about the middle of April, they were observed by Mr. J. D. Parker to be common on the ripples of the smaller streams. Four specimens were taken on one ripple at one dip of an insect net. PISCES. 3. Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque). Head 3%; depth 3%; eye 7; A. 17 or 18. Color, black above, white or yellowish below ; barbels all dark. Rare in Big Jelloway ; but an old creek bed, now a muddy, brushy pond at some distance from the creek contained great numbers of them. 4. Noturus flayus Rafinesque. Head 4; depth 4; eye 7. Yellowish olive ; pale below. Not common ; taken only in Big Jelloway. 5. Catostomus commersoni ( Lacepede). Head 3% to 44%; depth 442 to 5; eye 51% to 5 ; scales 10 or 11 —65 to 68-7. Above, olive green, irregularly mottled with black ; below, silvery ; fins all plain, the caudal and lower fins tinged with orange. Common ; taken in all streams. 6. Catostomus nigricans LeSueur. Head 4;depth 5 to 5Y¥e; eye 5 to 544; seales 7-50; !'. 115, Age Above, pale olivaceous with a brassy luster, with about five oblique irregular dark cross-bars ; below, white ; fins all plain, the lower tinged with dull orange ; anal and lower part of caudal fin tuberculate. Taken in all the streams ; especially common in the larger streams on swift ripples. 23 7. Moxostoma aureolum (LeSueur). Head 4 to 5; depth 4 to 5; eye 41% to 5; D. 13 or 14, sometimes 12. rarely 15 ; scales 6 or 7-43 to 49-5. Above, olive with brassy luster ; below, silvery; fins all plain, the lower ones orange ; nose, anal fin, and lower part of caudal fin tuberculate. Abundant; the young fry ascending even the smallest brooks. Taken with eggs on May 26, 1898. 8. Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). Head 4; depth 42-5; eye 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-48-6; teeth 4-4. Back hrownish, sometimes almost black ; sides brassy, irregularly mottled with black ; some- times head and sides below, rosy ; young with a dark loteral stripe extending onto the gill covers and between eye and snout ; entire dorsum prickly in the breeding males. Dorsal fin tinged. with orange. a black bar through its middle; caudal and pectorals slightly, and anal and ventrals heavily pigmented with orange, especially near their bases; ventrals and pectorals with black at their bases ; caudal with a triangular black spot near its base. Length six inches. Apparently the most abundant species of fish in the Big Jelloway System. 9. Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque. Head 4; depth 4; eye 3%. D. 8; A. 8; teeth 5-5. . Above, brown with numerous narrow brassy cross-bars; an interrupted, black vertebral line which has near it on each side an irregular row of black dots ; sides creamy white, bordered above and below with a black band, the lower the broader and extending through the eye, which is yellow, and ending posteriorly in a caudal spot ; under parts white, in breeding males entirely suffused with vermillion. Fins all bright sulphur yellow, the dorsal with a bright red spot at its base anteriorly ; females less brilliantly colored. Length two inches. Taken only in Parker’s Run, where it 24. occurs in considerable numbers. Females with eggs were observed on May 25. 10. Pimephales promelas | afinesque. Head 4 ; depth 3%; eye 4. D. 1,7; A. 7; scales 8-44-5 ; teeth 4-4, Color, dark olive. each scale with a dusky edge ; paler below ; a dark lateral band and caudal spot ; head dark, with tubercles on snout and lower jaw. Dorsal fin with a dusky bar through it; other fins all plain. Length two and one eighth inches. Rare; a specimen from a mere puddle near Big Jelloway, and another from Doudy Creek were the only ones taken. 11 Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). Head 4%; depth 4%; eye 4%; D. S, 8; A. 7; scales 6-45-4; teeth 4-4. Above, dark olive brown, each scale black edged ; sides and belly paler ; a black speck above and below each pore of the lateral line ; head black. Dor- sal fin with an anterior black spot on its middle, and with the rays posteriorly dark ; other fins paler ; rays dark tinged. Head with sixteen tubercles. Length three and onehalf inches, Abundant in every stream. Females with ripe eggs on May 23, 25 and 26. 12 Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). Head 3% ; depth 4; eye 5%. ''.8; A. 8; scales 9-55 to 60- 6; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Dark olive above, paler below ; sides with a brassy luster ; an indistinct lateral band and caudal spot, and an indistinct stripe along side of head, through eye, (these markings distinct in young specimens); tip of snout black. Caudal and lower fins tinged with organge ; sometimes sides of head and lower fins rosy ; dorsal with a black spot at its base, confined to the membranes of the four anterior rays of the fin. Length seven inches. Common or abundant. 13, Leuciscus elongatus (Kirtland). Head 3 4-5 ; depth 5; eye 4%. D.8; A. 9; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Color, above, grass green ; a dark vertebral line ; the green bordered below by a narrow brassy band ; below this is a broad band which is bright blood red anteriorly, 25 and black posteriorly, where it ends in a dark caudal spot ; the red band is brightest just back of the oper- cles where it begins; after running posteriorly past the middle of the body it shades out imperceptibly ; ventraily it disappears into the silvery white of the belly: and irregular black line forward and backward from the eye. Length three and one half inches. Taken in the deep holes of small streams, usually in woodland ; common. 14. Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill). Head 4; depth 34%; eye 4; D. 8; A. 12; scales 842-3; teeth 5- 5. Olivaceous, with brassy luster; back grass green ; sides brassy yellow, belly paler. Fins all plain, tinged with yellow. Length four inches. Rare, only a few specimens from a pond along Big Jelloway. Female with ripe eggs observed on May 28. 15. Notropis blennius (Girard). Head 4; depth 44%; eye 3. :.'8; A. 7; scales 5-344; teeth 4-4. Above, clear translucent green, each scale with a dusky edge; a narrow vertebral line; sides with a brassy lateral band, fainter posteriorly, overlying dark pigment; no decided markings anywhere. Fins all plain. Length two and three fourths inches. Abund- ant. Females with ripe eggs were taken on May 25. 16. Notropis whippli (Girard). Head 4%4; depth 4; eye 4%. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-40-4; teeth 1, 44, 1. While this species was not rare, none were taken in high coloration ; only small and plain individuals were observed. In all cases noticed, the black spot high on the posterior rays of the dorsal present. 17. Notropiscornutus (Mitchill). Head 3% to 3 Y%; depth 2% to 3%; eye5% to4 D. 8; A. 9; scales 641-4: teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Above, dark olive green ; sides silvery, with a narrow brassy lateral band; a dark irregular vertebral line. Fins plain, all rosy tippel; dorsal and caudal greenish ; pectorals, ven- trals, and anal yellow at base, Head swollen ; tuber- 26 cles on top and sides. A few specimens from Big Jelloway Creek have a dark band between the brassy lateral band had the vertebral line. These specimens were about four inches long and were the most brilhant colored ones observed. Length seven and three fourths inches. Abundant in every stream. Females, varying in length from two to five inches were observed with eggs on May 23, 25 and 26. 18. Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque. Head 4% ; depth 5%; eye 34%. D.8; A.10; scales 5—40—3 ; teeth 2,4—4,2. Above, clear translucent olive green ; a yellow iridescent vertebral line, and mottlings of the same color on the head; sides silvery with a brassy lateral band ; lips black ; fins plain. Length four inches. Abundant in Big Jelloway. 19. Notropis rubritrons (Cope). Head 4; depth 5; eye 3%. D.8; A.10; scales 5—40—3 ; teeth 2,4—4,2. Above, clear olive, each scale with a dark edge; sides and under parts silvery ; a narrow coppery lateral stripe, overlying dark pigment. In _ breeding males the head, thoracic region, and bases of the dorsal, ventral and pectoral fins are bright blood red. Length two and three fourths inches. Occasionally observed in large schools over clean gravelly places in ripples. Females with ripe eggs on May 23. 20. Ericymba buccata Cope. Head 31%; depth 4a; eye 3%. D. 8; A. 8; scales 4—36—3; teethoe 4—4, 1, sometimes 1,4—4, 0. Above, light translucent olive, each scale edged with dark; a dark vetebral line; sides silvery, with a brassy lateral band. Fins all plain. Length three and one-fourth inches. Abundant; taken in every stream. Females with eggs on May 24. 21. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). Head 3 4-5; depth 44%; eye 4%; D. 8; A. 7; scales 10—66— 6; teeth 2,4—4, 2. Above, dark yellowish olive, much blotched with black; a wide, bright orange lateral 27 band from opercle to base of caudal fin; this band usually mottled with black; belly silvery; a black stripe forward from the eye. Fins plain; the dorsal with a low black spot at its base; pectorals tinged with yellow. Top and sides of head, and the inner surface of the ventral fins covered with very small prickles. Length two and _ three-fourths inches. Common and abundant in those streams in which it occurs. Females taken with eggs on May 24. 22. Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque). Head 4; depth 41%4; eve 3. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5—38—4; teeth 1,4—4,1. Above, translucent green, each scale with a dark edge; below, silvery; sides with a silvery lateral band. Fins all plain. Length three inches. Abundant in Big Jelloway. Females with ripe eggs May 26. 23. Hyhopsis kentuckiensis (Rafinesque). Head 334; depth 4; eye 5%. D. 8; A. 7; scales 6—41—5; teeth 1, 4—4, 1. Dark olive green above, paler below; sometimes with a brassy luster; occasionally witha clear grass-green lateral band; frequently with a blood red spot, than the eye, just behind the eve in front of the operculars; dark caudal spot in smaller specimens; breeding males had about thirty- five tubercles. One male had the top of the head swollen into a crest. Fins plain, tinged with a dull orange and greenish. Length five and one-half inches. Abundant. Females with ripe eggs taken on May 23 and 25. 24. Cyprinus carpio Linneus. Head 3%; depth 3; eye6. D.1.19; A. I. 5; scales 6—38—7; teeth 1, 3—3,1. Dark olivaceous with brassy luster, each scale with a dark spot at its center; below, pale; fins all plain. Only the ‘full scale’’ variety was observed, and this was very common. Specimens fifteen inches in length were taken. 28 25. Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Head 2%; depths 2%; eye 4: °D. X1I;,10 or 11; A. Vip LO; scales 8-40-12. Color, olive green, much mottled with black; sometimes a decided vellow color; usually each scale with a large center, forming interrupted longitudinal lines; a large black spot on the opercles. Dorsal, caudal and anal fins mottled with black, form- ing irregular bars; pectorals and _ ventrals_ plain. Length seven inches. Not common, Females with eggs on May 26. 26. Apomotis cyanellus (Rafinesque). Head 3; depth: 2%; eye 4. D. X,.11l-or 12;°A~ Ill, 93onaee scales 8-46-16. Back and sides olive and grass green, with longitudinal rows ot blue dots formed by a spot on each scale; below, yellowish; opercular flap black, bordered with golden green; cheeks with two irregular blue strips and many blue spots. Pectorals plain; all the other fins mottled with yellowish green and margine, with silvery; the ventrals more yellow; a black spot on the posterior rays of the dorsal. Very young specimens are barred with blue. Length four and one-half inches. Taken only in larger streams; rare. A female one and three fourths inches long, taken May 28, contained ripe eggs. 27. Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. Head 3; depth 8%; eye 5%. ‘D. X, 13 or 14; A. Wl 10; scales 11-75-15. Adult, yellowish green above, white below. Yonng, above olive, with golden brown blotches; fad- ing out into white on the belly; the sides with many small blotches and specks of golden brown; cheeks and epercles with three longitudinal stripes of the same color. Soft dorsal with two irregular brown bands; caudal with a vertical black band; other fins plain. Abundant in some places; the largest one taken weighed about one pound. 28. Percina carpiodes (Rafinesque). Head 3%; depth 6; eye 5; scales about ninety in the lateral line; 29 D. XV-15; A. II-10 to 12. Above, light olive, some- times yellowish, with about ten dark, vertical bars reaching below the lateral line and alternating with the same number of shorter dark bars; belly, pale. Dorsal and caudal fins blotched and barred with dusky; lower fins plain, tinged with yellowish. Common; usually taken in quiet water. 29. Hadropterus aspro (Cope and Jordan). Head 3% to 4; depth about 6; eve 4%; scales 7-65—9; D. XIV-13; A. II, 9. Above, dark olive and light vellow- ish, much tesselated; about eight elongated black blotches along the lateral line, these sometimes con- fluent forming an irregular latteral band; below, white; dorsal and caudal fins more or less pigmented with black; lower fins pale. Common. 30. Diplesion blennioides (Rafinesque). Head 4%; depth 51%; eye 3%; D. XIII-13; A. II, 8; scales 6-60 to 65-7. Above, bright olive green, irregularly crosss- barred with darker green; about eight Y-shaped green blotches on the sides; numerous brown spots on back and sides; first dorsal tinged with coppery green, its base bright orange; second dorsal caudal speckled with orange and indigo; anal and ventrals coppery green; pectorals tinged with orange. Common on ripples, especially in the larger streams. 31. Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). Head 4; depth 5% to 5; eye 4. D. IX—-11 0rl12. A.1I, 8; scales in lateral line 47. Color, dark olive brown, paler below; about nine irregular w-shaped blotches along the sides; scales of dorsum more or less heavily edged with black. Abundant in all streams, occurring usually in quiet shallow pools. 32. Etheostoma variatum Kirtland. Head 3%; depth 5; eye 3%; D. XII-13; A. II, 9 or 10; scales in the lateral line 52. Color, dark olive, with about eight greenish cross-bars on posterior part of body; inter- spaces pale, each with two bright carmine spots; back 30 crossed by four black bars; sides of belly bright orange; middle of belly pale; first dorsal dark brown at base, then a pale space, above this a wide dark bar, then another pale space, bordered with bright orange; second dorsal and caudal flecked with carmine; anal greenish, bordered with pale orange; ventrals greenish black with a little orange at the margin; pectorals tinged with orange and green, the rays with carmine spots. The most abundant darter, especially fre- quenting swift ripples in the larger streams, 33. Etheostoma zonale (Cope). Head 4; depth 5; D. XI-12; A. 11, 7; scales 5-48-7. Color, above, olive ; below, paler with brassy tinge ; about twelve copperas green bands, all but the most anterior ones encircling the body; breast greenish black ; first dorsal black at base. then a wide orange bar, the margin black anteriorly, greenish posteriorly ; second dorsal orange at base, above this dark, fading out toward the edge ; caudal and pectorals plain, tinged with green ; anal and ventrals green, black at base. Common on swift ripples. 34. Etheostoma coeruleum (Storer). Head 31%; depth 44%; D. IX or X-12 to 14; A. II, 6 or 7; scales 5-48-7. Color, dark olive brown; cheeks blue-green; throat and lower jaw, orange; sides with about eleven green cross-bars, the interspaces posteriorly being orange ; first dorsal fin orange at base, the remainder of the fin blue-green ; second dorsal blue at base, then a wide orange bar, edged with indigo ; caudal edged with indigo, its membrane spotted and streaked with orange ; anal indigo, its membranes posteriorly with orange spots; ventrals deep indigo; pectorals plain, tinged with orange at tip and with indigo at base. Very common, especially on ripples. 35. Etheostoma flabellare ( Rafinesque). Head 3% to 3%; depth 5% to 6; eye 5; D. VIII-13 or 14; A. 31 11,8; scales 50 in the lateral line. Color, dark olivaceous, forming bars on the sides; below, pale; head and breast heavily pigmented with blue-black; dorsal fins black at base, orange at tip, the second dorsal somewhat crossbarred; caudal conspicuously crossbarred with black; lower fins plain, the pectorals tinged with yellow. A very common species, taken usually on ripples; noted with eggs on May 24. 36. Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque). Head 3%; depth 412; eye 4; D. VII-16 or 17; A. 12. Color, dark brownish olive, with three irregular dark bars partially encircling the body; other dark blotches, sometimes obscure, on the sides and dorsum ; first dorsal with a wide black bar, margined with orange; ventrals plain; other fins barred with dusky; below, pale; under side of head dark. ommon in Black’s Run ; taken on ripples, especially in woodland. :k. Big Jelloway Creek. Little Jelloway Cre Black’s Run. Ue 74 26 28 29 Ichthyomyzon concolot.................06. | Ol ete: Lampetra wilderi ip Co) eae Ameturus melas... ...22...0-5---.-0- Sibi | (0) loa NOturius Haws) tit See ones ese (0) ete Catostomus commersonii. |} o] 0 Catostomus WiieriCanss css -cs- yee sse o| oO Moxostoma aureolum.............0.....0. Oo} O Campostoma anomalum.................. oO} O Chrosomus erythrogaster.................|..+-[---- Pimephales#promelas..cae-ccre-/cescae: 0) ee? Pimephbalesmmotatysis.cse- ences tes fo} re) Semotilus atromaculatus..............00: Ohicsox WEnGiscus; Clon satus csc eres ates meres alo IN DGamilS (ChYSOlCN GAS perce: se-esncce-2 eee oO Notropis blennius........ oO INO EGO PIS wa tppliticsce. cess nn ceracncenc yen o| o IN@ERO PIS COGN MS ces: eee coset omen en o] o Noro pis: amen in O1GeSsa.- sn cesccetacc ene ver oO Noto pis mabitlrOmS-c.cnsceeetece nore onere o| oO [Dist pnill oyeh | OWELe CEN loka ee nese seabc coorice aoucce o| oO Rhinichthys atronasus.............2..-.6685 ceil © ERG SIS) AuaUONNO PS aa-taren-e aap encenee see? oO Hybopsis kentuckiensis............... Auer oO Cvs SeCAGOND oo, oicc-aeptennt varaen sone fo) Ambloplites rupestris ...........:.ss000ee 2 Apomotis)eyariell Sie .. cece. aoueeee fo) Mioropterus dolomieu.................066 () Pencitial CAphOGeS:-ccc20n2-0-cseoseneaeendcceee ol oO Hadi. pteitisias PpiOnar-ceesteee etaees- ee =a Oo} oO Diplesion blennioides................-.-:0++++ o}| o BOlCOSOmia Metts. seseece seco oes ee snes se oO] o Etheostoma variatum..............-....... o} o Etheostoma zonale:..2:25.2.-22<2sa-aerensee o| oO Etheostoma coeruleum...................+. oO} oO Btheostoma flalbellarecc:-2.-<2s..02-.--220: o| oO Cothus etal opSi-.cce-ssceesscretes see eeeneaeal | ameelco=: Joe Sapp Run Shadley Run. Doudy Creek. Sawmill Run. Parker’s Run. 33 ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE FISHES OF FRANKLIN, COUNTY OHIO. By R. C. OsBuURN AND £&. B. WILLIAMSON. In our paper on the Fishes of Franklin County. published in last year’s proceedings of the Academy, (1898 ) we described as new, a species of Etheostoma under the name sciotense. Since that description was printed, Dr. Evermann, Ichthyologist to the U. S. Fish Commission, has compared the types of Etheostoma sciotense and E. tippecanoe Jordan and Evermann, and he writes that the two are identical, the squamation of the anterior dorsal region being the same in both, and the differences in coloration only such as may be explained by age, sex and season. Etheostoma tippecanoe has, so far, been recorded only from the Tippecanoe River, Indiana. and, while Dr. Evermann is doubtless correct in his decision, tippecanoe and sciotense show some interest- ing differences both in the arrangement and the color of markings. Specimens of minnows, number 26, 27 and 28, Notropis cayuga, N. blennius and N. sp?, have been examined by Dr. Chas H. Gilbert, and our identifica- tion of cayuga and blennius confirmed. Notropis sp? is Notropis shumardi, (Gir). Our specimens agree very well with Girard’s figure of this species in Girard’s *‘ Fishes”( Part IV. Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Washington, 1858), Plate LVII, figs. 1-4. During the spring of 1898 the enbankment con- fining the waters of Mirror Lake on the Ohio State University campus was broken by a freshet and 34 numbers of Carp, Cyprinus carpio, Goldfish, Carras- sius auratus, and Tench, Tinca tinca escaped into the small stream which flows from the lake, and thence into the Olentangy River. In September, 1898, specimens of Tench were taken at the mouth of this small stream, so that the county list now stands at 70 species. Whether Tinca tinca will hold its own and multiply in the streams is a question. It belongs to the Cyprinidze, the Minnow family, and super- ficially bears considerable resemblance to the Golden Bream, Abramis crysoleucas. A FEMALE OF THE PURSLANE SAW-FLY, SCHIZOCERUS SP?, WITH A MALE ANTENNA. By C. W. MALLY. During the summer of 1898, larvee of this insect were observed to be mining very extensively in the leaves of purslane, and a quantity of infested leaves were placed in a breeding cage for the purpose of rear- ing the adults. As soon as these adults emerged, they were placed on a fresh plant in order that the method of oviposition might be observed. After watching them for some time, I noticed one female that appeared to have longer and more slender antennz than the others, and both seemed to be placed on one’side. The 35 specimen was at once captured and an examination re- vealed the fact that one antenna had apparently been broken off and the remaining one was like that of the male. The specimen seemed to be perfect in every other respect, and was observed to deposit a number of eggs after the usual manner. A large series of adults were then examined, but no other instance of this peculiarity could be found. The eggs had been deposited in the leaves with those of many other females, and, hence, no observation could be made as to the progeny of this individual. The illus- tration represents this specimen, showing the one antenna; whether the missing one was of the female type, or was also like that of the male, it is impossible to say, as the basal joint is alike in both sexes. OBSERVATIONS OF THE OHIO FLORA. By W. A. KELLERMAN. ( ABSTRACT.) Bibliographical.—Manvy collectors have published lists of Ohio plants. The earliest of these date from a period soon after the first settlement of the State was a Oe made at Marietta. The first list of great importance was contained in Riddell’s Synoptical Flora of the Western States, followed the next year (1836) by a Supplementary Catalogue of Ohio Plants. The first State Catalogue was published by J. S. Newberry in 1859; the second by H. C. Beardslee in 1874; and the third by Kellerman and Werner in 1898. Many important local and county lists have appeared from time to time. The earliest specimens (collected by Menassah Cutler at Marietta) were accidently destroyed by fire. None of Riddell’s specimens are known to be in exist- ence except a small lot of about one hundred samples now in the library of Marietta College, and some in the . New Orleans Academy of Science; the latter said to be in a poor state of preservation. Newberry left no specimens to verify his list; in fact we are warranted in believing that his catalogue was largely a compilation and to some extent based on un- reliable information. Dr. Beardslee made extensive col- lections and received material from many correspond- ents; a part at least of this material was subsequently placed in one of the Colleges of Northern Ohio, though no report has appeared concerning the same. The MS. from which his catalogue was published was his mere tentative list, his later and carefully prepared MS., having been lost in transmission to, or by, the parties who should have published it in Vol. IV of the Ohio Geological Survey. The catalogue of Kellerman and Werner gave on the authority of the authors only those species that were authenticated by specimens; but it also listed all species reported, in each case citing the published authority. It is thus a record of all that had been published previous to that date. Now with perfected nomenclature and sequence of groups that accords with the present status of botanical knowledge+the anti- ® 37 quated having been by nearly all American botanists wholly discarded—and the recognized necessity of speci- mens to verify each epecies reported, our local and State lists can take a higher rank and be more reliable and useful. Geographical—The State Herbarium, containing specimens of nearly all the species that occur in Ohio, and in most cases having representatives from various portions of the State, now affords data for reliable con- clusions. Situated in the Province which geographical botanists call the ‘‘Appalachian”’ it is nevertheless a fact that the Prairie flora permits many of its repre- sentatives to invade the western half of the State. Many European plants have been naturalized and well established in our region. Leaving such plants out of the account, we may say that very few of the species belong to the Ohio flora that have migrated from the eastern or northeastern portion of our con- tinent. In fact itisdoubtful whether such anexpression can be properly used at all. The fact is, some of the plants usually designated as northern have represent- atives for their southern limit in our State. Many species that are southern in their range are found in the southern counties of Ohio and some have pushed far northward. A_ tabulation shows that fewer northern than southern plants are found in the State. Making a list of the remaining plants that have their range mainly beyond our border, we find that many—more than those already referred to—belong to the south west or to the west, but southward; and finally, by far the largest list belongs to the northwest, or west but northward. Evidently the flora of the State is closely allied to that of the north west and its strictly Appalachian character is apparently not strongly marked, 38 . PLANTS NEW TO THE OHIO CATALOGUE. By W. A. KELLERMAN. During the year the following plants, new to the State, have been detached and representatives placed in the State Herbarium. Ambrosia_ psilostachya, Columbus, Franklin County, F. J. Tyler. Carex tvphinoides, Perry, Lake County, F. J. ‘Tyler. Chenopodium leptophyllum, Sheffield, Lorain County, Miss M. E. Day. Dentaria heterophylla, St. Marys, Auglaize, W. U. Young. Helianthias form (near H. giganteus), Columbus, W. A. Kellerman. Holosteum umbellatum, Cincinnati, Walter H. Aiken. Hypericum drummondii, Cincinnati, Walter H. Aiken. Veronica teucrium, Medina, Medina County, Miss Frances E. Thomas. STUDIES OF USTILAGO REILIANA. By W. A. AnD K. F. KELLERMAN. An outline of investigations of the life-history of this Sorghum smut, with suggestions as to economic importance. Sorghum plants infected with -the smuts by inoculation of the seed shown. 39 A BAT NEW TO OHIO. By JOHN F. CUNNINGHAM. Nycticejus crepuscularis (Coues). Nycticius humeralis (Rafinesque). According to the last report upon the fauna of Ohio, all the bats reported for the state were members of the genera Vespertilio and Atalapha, Of the former geneus, subulatus (the little brown bat), noctovagans, (the silver black bat), and fuscus, (the caroline or dusky bat) were reported. Of the genus Atalapha, noveboracensis, (the red bat), and cinereus, (the hoary bat) were reported. This same work adds a note to the effect that ‘‘ Nycticejus crepuscularis may occur in southern Ohio, as it is reported from Pennsylvania to Missouri and the south-west.”’ This latter clause, referring to the southern dis- tribution of this bat seems to be true, for in ‘‘ North American Fauna”’ No. 13, by Garret S. Miller, this bat, under Rafinesque’s name Nycticeitus humeralis, 1s re- ported from the following states: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indian Territory, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. It would seem from this that it is of a more southern dis- tribution, and it: seems strange that specimens have not been reported from southern Ohio before this time. But there is an old saying that ‘‘all things come to those who wait,’’ and in some cases this seems true. The appearance of this interesting creature’ was a peculiar happening, and my being able to report it at this time is not at all my own fault. While studying in my room one evening in May, 1897, I heard something thump upon the floor behind 40 me, and on turning about I was confronted by this little animal in a most defiant attitude. He had flown in at the open window. Not having time then to carefully study it I put him under a glass until morning when, upon investigation, I found that he was unlike anything in the Ohio report. So, I determined him to be a specimen of Nycticejus crepuscularis, or ac- cording to later reports, Nycticejus humeralis. The late Professor D. S. Kellicott confirmed my determina- tion without the least reserve. The family Vespertilionidae is now represented in this state, so far as we know by the three genera, Vespertilio, Atalapha, and Nycticejus. According to the classification set forth in Jordan’s Manual of the Vertebrates of the United States, this family may be described as follows: ‘‘Insectivorous bats with the snout appendaged, or merely with two lateral excres- cences. Wing membranes ample. Tail completly in- closed in the interfemoral membrane, or only the last joint exserted.”’ As to the division into genera, the first division is described in this manner: ‘‘cheeks without excre- : : sta é are ih 2-2 scences,’’ and includes Vespertilio, (with incisors =, ), 11 and Atalapha, (with incisors;-5). The second division of the family is the genus Corynorhinus, which is characterized by having cheeks ‘with two large excrescences, ears excessively large,— ; < eps 2-2 an inch high; teeth 36, incisors 7. The present genus Nycticeius was formerly included in the genus Atalapha. At present, however, it is a separate genus with these characteristics: teeth 30; 4-H : . : . molars —=; upper incisors small, wings naked and in- 5--5? terfemoral membranes nearly so. Atalapha has thirty-two teeth, molars —, upper incisors stout, interfemoral membranes hairy above, and wings with furry patches. North American 41 Fauna, No. 13, changes the genus Atalapha to Lasiurus. Nycticejus crepuscularis, Coues. Nycticeius humeralis, Rafinesque. sled eal =I 3.--8 Dentaliormpla:ss1. 4. (C) 7.0 pie. mm 3---3 * 3---5 Length —3%2in. Extent 9in. Tail 11% in. = 30. Ears small thick, leathery, and wide apart. Naked except at extreme base above; lower anterior half of inner side with a few scattered hairs. Membranes, like the ears are thick and leathery; attached at the base of the toes. A small wart above the eye. Fur some- what scant, dark faun color above passing into brown below. LIST OF PHAENOGAMS Ntw TO OHIO OR RARE IN AND NEW TO COUNTIES OF NORTHERN OHIO. By Epo CLAASSEN. 1. Carex tnella, Schkuhr, Stark. 2. Carex tnuiflora, Wahl, Stark. 3. Cornus canadensis, L., Portage. 4. Drosera intermedia, D. C., Portage. 5. Myrica cerifera, L., Portage. 6. Potamogeton praelongus, Wulf., Stark. 7. Zannichellia palustris, L., Medina. 42 SECOND LIST OF THE LIVERWORTS (HEP- ATICA®)¢ OF CUVAROG-A: | aN OTHER COUNTIES OF NORTHERN OHIO. By Epo CLAASSEN. . Blasia pusilla*, L., Cuyahoga. . Lepidozia setacea*, Mitt., Lake. ound sterile only. i 2 *F THIRD LIST OF THE ERYSIPHEA, LEV. (WHITE MILDEWS) OF CUYAHOGA AND « THER COUNTIES OF NORTHERN OHIO, TOGETHER WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR HOST-PLANTS. By Epo CLAASSEN. 1. Erysiphe cichoracearum, D. C., Asclepias syriaca, L. Cuyahoga; Aster novi-belgii. L., Portage ; A. puniceus, L., Geauga; Carduus altissimus, L., Cuyahoga ; Eupatorium, perfoliasum, L., Cuyahoga ; Phlox paniculata, L., (Cult.) Lake; Vernonia gigantea, Walt., Portage. | 2. Erysiphe communis, ( Wallr.) Fr., Clematis virginiana, L., Cuyahoga; Venothera biennis, L., Lake ; Polygonum aviculare, L., Cuyahoga, Lake ; P. erectum, L., Cuyahoga, Ottawa, Portage; Ranunculus abortivus, L., Cuyahoga; R. acris, L., Portage; R. 43 recurvatus, Poir., Cuyahoga; Scutellaria lateriflora. L., Cuyahoga ; ‘Vhalictrum purpurascens, L., Lake. 3. Erysiphe galeopsidis, D. C., Chelone glabra, L., Cuyahoga. 4. Microsphaera alni, (D.C.), Webber, Castanea dentata, (Marsh), Sudw., Lake; Sambucus canadensis, L., Cuyahoga; Syringa vulgaris, L., (cult. ), Lake. 5. Microsphaera vaccinii, L. & P.. Vaccinium corymbosum, L., Portage; V. vacillans, Kalm., Lake, Portage. 6. Podosphaera biuncinata, C. & P., Hamamelis virginiana, L., Cuyahoga, Suninit. 7. Sphaerothera pannosa, ( Wallr. ), Lev., Rosa (cult. ), Cuyahoga, summit. 8. Uncinula clintonii, Peck, Tilia americana, L., Cuyahoga. 9. Uncinula macrospora, Peck, Ulmus fulva Walt., Cuyahoga. 10. Uncinula salicis, (D.C.), Winter, Populus monilifera, Ait; Lake; Salix cordata, Muhl., Geauga. SECOND LIST OF THE UREDINEA OF CUYA- HOGA AND OTHER COUNTIXKS OF NORTHERN OHI , TOGETHER WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR H ST-PLANTS. By Epo CLAASSEN. 1. Aecidium asterum, Schu., Aster paniculatus, Lam., Geauga; Solidago caesia, L., Geauga; 5. 44. flexicaulis, L., Cuyahoga; 8. serotina, Ait., Geauga. 2. Aecidium hydnoideum, B & C., Dirca palustris, L., Cuyahoga. 3. Coleosporium solidaginis, Thuem., Euthamia graminifolia, (L.), Nutt., Geauga; Solidago cana- densis, L., Lake. 4. Gymnospoiangium clavariforme, (Jacq. ), Rees, Crataegus coccinea, L., Summit; Pyrus coronaria, L., Cuyahoga. 5. Melampsora populina, Lev., Populus moni- lifera, Ait., Lake. 6. Puccinia caricis, (Schum. ), Rebent., Carex, Cuyahoga. 7. Puccinia nolitangeris, Corda, Impatiens biflora, Walt, Cuyahoga. 8. Puccinia rubigo-vera, (D.C.), Winter, Triticum vulgare, L., Erie. 9, Puccinia tanaceti ; D.C., Vernonia gigantea, Walt., Cuyahoga. 10. Puccinia tiarellae, B. & C., Mitella diphylla, L., Cuyahoga. 11. Puccinia violae, 1’.C., Viola blanda, Willd., Summit; V. pubescens, Ait.,: uyahoga. 12. Uredo agrimoniae, 1).C., Agrimonia parvi- flora, Ait, Lake ; A. striata, Mx., Lake. 13. Uromyces hedysari-paniculati, (Schw.) Farlow, Meibomia canadensis, (L. ), Kuntze, Cuyahoga; M. canescens, (L. ), Kuntze, Geauga. 14. Uromyces Howei, Peck, Asclepias incarnata, L., Geauga. 15. Uromyces pyriformis, Cke, Acorus calamus, L., Cuyahoga. : 45 FURTHER STUDIES IN PLANT EMBRYOLOGY. By Lumina Cotton RIDDLE, M.Sc. Under this title was presented some preliminary work on the development of the macrosporangium of Staphylea trifolia L. Illustrations in india ink were shown of the stages so far studied. Owing to division of the hypodermal cells and numerous divisions of the tapetal cell, the embryo sac which developes from the lowest of the macrospores is very deep seated. This may possibly account for the fact that very few of the numerous ovules ever develop seed. Various stages of the embryo sac were shown, up to the mature form having egg apparatus, de- finitive nucleus and antipodals, perfect. A very pretty bipolar spindle was found in the first division of the macrospore mother cell. SOME ABNORMAL PLANT SPECIMENS. By Lumina CoTTon RiIpDLE, M.Sc. Frequently, while crossing the University Campus during October 1898, I noted the peculiar bushy heads of the common timothy Phleum pratense L. Nov. 6th, 1898, Professor Kellerman brought some in for class work, and, later, | made careful examination of these 46 } peculiar heads. Two forms. of abnormality were present. Ist. The flowering glume was greatly enlarged and resembled a diminutive leaf, having blade, sheath and ligule. Within the flowering glume were palet, stamens and pistil, but there was evidence that further development of the reproductive organs need not be expected. 2nd. The flowering glume and the palet were apparently normal but had been borne out from the outer empty glumes by a predicel about 4 of an inch long. ‘his was not as common as the first mentioned and more conspicuous form. The timothy was a second growth, having been mowed during the summer. An abnormal specimen of Onoclea sensibilis L. collected by Professor Kellerman, showed gradations in leaf form between the normal sterile and fertile leaves. The spores found upon these intermediate leaves were apparently as perfect as those found in the fertile leaves. Specimens of Osmunda cinnamomea L. bearing the fertile leaflets similarly to the closely related C. claytoniana L. were found in the State Herbarium. Other specimens had sori scattered over the backs of leaves which resembled the normal sterile leaf. One specimen of Botrychium virginianum ( L) Sw. shows division in the stalk of the fertile portion of the frond instead of the usual single stalk. 47 NOTES ON OHIO ASTACIDAE. By E. B. WILLIAMSON. In the basin of an old spring on the Ohio State University Campus during the last week of March, 1898, both C. bartonii and C. diogenes were taken. At the same time, a few feet distant in Mirror Lake, C. rusticus was found. Thus at one time, within a circle of five feet radius, the University ampus could boast of three species of crayfish. On March 28, females of C. bartonii had young, 10 mm in length, clinging to the abdominal appendages, while. females of C. rusticus taken on the same date were carrying large masses of eggs. In the University Museum is also a specimen of C. diogenes collected at Columbus on a paved street, during a spring rain in 1897. The two following species have been added to the state list published in last year’s Proceedings of the Academy, by Mr. R. C. Osburn and myself. 11. Camborus blandingii acutus, (Girard). Port- age River, Oak Harbor, Ottowa Co. (Faxon). 12. Camborus propinquus’ Girard. Portage River, Oak Harbor, Ottowa Co. (Faxon). Additional localities for species recorded for the state are as follows ; Camparus bartonii, Warren Co. (Faxon) ; Licking Co. (R. C. Osburn) ; Tuscarawas Co. (H. L. Rietz) ; Knox Co. (Parker, Williamson, ¢( sburn) ; Columbus (E. B. Williamson). Thisis the common brook species throughout the State. Cambarus bartonii, robustus Big Jelloway and tributaries, Knox Co. (Parker, Williamson, Osburn). 48 Cambarus diogenes. Columbus (Ohio State Uni- versity Zoological Museum) (EK. B. Williamson) ; Mont- gomery Co. (8S. E. kasor); Knox Co. (Parker, Williiam- son, Osburn). This is the common _ burrowing, chimney-building cray in Ohio. C. dubius has been taken in Allegheny Co., Pa. Dubius, diogenes, and argillicola are the only species known to _ build chimneys to their burrows. Cambarus propinquus sanborniu. Big Jello- way and tributaries, Knox Co. (Parker, Williamson, ‘ sburn) ; Licking Co. (RK. C. Osburn). This and C. rusticus seem to be the crays of the larger streams and rivers of the state. Cambarus rusticus. Little Miami, Clark Co. (K. F. Kellerman, S. T. Orton); Licking Co. (R. C. Osburn) ; Grand Rapids, Wood Co.; Ottowa, Putnam Co:; McCutechenville, Wvyandot Co.; and Tiffin, Seneca Co. (Faxon). TWENTY-FIVE SPECI: S OF SYRPHIDAD NOT PREVIOUSLY REPORTED FOR OHIO. By JAMES S. HINE. A paper which gives a list of species from a particular locality is of especial value to the student who is studying the distribution of species. It seems that in many monographs of groups of insects, specimens from Ohio have not been in the hands of the monographer, consequently our state fauna appears very limited. It is hoped that, before many 49 vears, the volume on insects, promised years ago by those in charge of the Geological Survey of the state may be forthcoming, if not in the publications of that survey, in some form which shall be provided hereafter. The family Syrphide is composed of a variety of species, some are shining while others are clothed with dense pile; most of them are marked with yellow but some are uniformly black or blue. How- ever variable they may be in other particulars they most all agree and are characterized, in having what is known as the spurious vein between three and five of the regular series. With one or two exceptions, none of the species are known to be injurious, in the sense that the term is used in economic entomology, but on the other hand, many of them are beneficial as the larve in many cases feed upon plant lice, and in others act as Scavengers in removing ordure and decomposing animal remains. Some species also live in the nests of ants and humble bees and in some cases at least are thought to be parasitic. Many instances of protective resemblance may be cited in the family, thus in the single genus Eristalis we find species which closely resemble bees of the genera Apis, Bombus and Osmia, while other genera contain species which resemble Vespa and many other wasps. It would seem that we are safe in call- ing this resemblance protective since the species re- sembled is, so far as I am able to state, one that is well fitted for protecting itself. One is more strongly con- vinced if he observes some of the species on the wing. Thus, Spilomyia longicornis and others, resemble so closely our common Vespa germanica, that it takes the closest observation on the part of the collector to dis tinguish between them. Both species have the yellow, transverse bands on the abdomen, they fly in the same 50 situations, their actions are much alike and the sounds produced by the vibrations of their wings are similar. Anyone interested in mimicry and_ protect- ive resembance would do well to make some observa- tions on the members of this family. As with many other groups, no attempt has been made in former years to catalogue our Syrphide, and, as far as I know, not a single species has ever been put down in literature as coming from Ohio, although many, from their published distribution would be considered as belonging to our fauna. During the past few years, while collecting insects of various orders in different parts of the state, I have obtained a number of species, Mr. Dury, of Cincinnati, has collected a number, and other col- lectors have added one now and then, so that we have about one-eighth of the North American species repre- sented in the University collection. In the following list it is not my purpose to give all the species taken in the state, but only twenty-five of the best known and in many cases the most common. . report on the remaning species, and additions in the future, can be made at another time. 1. Chrysotoxum laterale, Loew. Taken at Medina, August 8, 1898. When taken, the specimens were flying in an open spot in the woods. When on the wing they appear much like the common Vespa germanica, being very near it in size. The noise of their wings first attracted my attention. 2. Syrphus xanthostomus, Williston. Taken at Medina and Akron, August 8—24, ’98. The species seem to be quite common as numerous specimens were taken, all of them around flowers growing in sunny places, in woodlands. 3. Syrphus ribesii, Linn. Taken in all parts of the State, common on flowers of various kinds but 51 more especially on those of cultivated plants. Larvee of Syrphus flies, most likely this species, are often seen devouring plant lice on different cultivated plants and trees. Most of the specimens in the collection were taken between July 1, and September 15. 4. Svyrphus americanus, Wiedeman. Taken in various parts of the State, but apparently not as common as the preceeding. 5. Didea fuscipes, Loew. Taken at Sandusky, Julv 15, 1896, also at Columbus. Does not appear to be common. 4. Sphegina lobata, Loew. Taken at Medina, August 9, 1898. The single female taken was flying among foliage in a sunny place near the edge of woods. ”. Baccha aurinota, (Harris) Walker. The species belonging to the genus Baccha are very long bodied. This is one of the largest and longest. A single specimen was procured at Columbus. 8. Baccha fuscipennis, Say. Taken at Medina, Aug 8, 798. Like the other species of the genus, this one has the habit of remaining almost motionless while poised in the air a few feet from the ground. The larve are known to feed on Aphides. 9. Rhingia nasica, Say. This species has the face produced into a snout-like projection nearly two millimeters in length. It is a common form and seems to be partial to the flowers of the wild touch- me-not, Impatiens fulva, as I have taken it repeatedly in them. Apparently a common species in all parts of the state. 10. Sericomyia chrysotoxoides, Macquart. This fine species has the transverse bands of the abdomen in the middle and slightly oblique. The costal margin of the wings is infuscated. In a certain place, in a woods at Medina. I always took species new to me every time | visited it. This is one of those taken 52 there July 22. 1898, for the first time in the state. ll. Eristalis zeneus, Scopoli. This species is named from its color. It is the only Ohio species of the genus with the body naked and unicolorous. — It is not a common species in the state, so far as I have observed. 12. Eristalis albiceps, Macquart. This species has only been taken in southern Ohio. It resembles E. transversus, but its abdominal markings are different. 13. Eristalis bastardi, Macquart. The thorax of this species is clothed with short, dense, yellowish pile, and the wings have a dark pecture near the middle. It appears to be common especially in the northern part of the state. 14. Eristalis brousi, Williston. This and number 13, [found flying together June 23, ’98, along the edge of the water of Silver Lake near Akron. They would fly so rapidly that the eye could hardly follow them, and then come to rest suddenly on the sand, or on the stones which were lying on the beach. 15. Eristalis dimidiatus, Wiedeman. A common species throughout the State. I took it to Georges- ville, March 20, “98, visiting the blossoms of our common willow. It is nearly naked and the abdomen is shining black marked yellowish. 16. Eristalis transversus, Wiedeman. The most common species of the genus, in the state. It is abundant in autum around the flowers of such com- posite plants as grow on the margins of swamps. While on the wing, it flies very rapidly and the noise from the vibration of its wings is plainly audible. The larve of this and many of the other species of the genus live in the mud and subsist on ‘vegetable food. They are what are known as rat-tailed larvae, so named because they are furnished with a tail or breathing organ at the caudal end of the body. This 53 they can extend or shorten at will and thus make it correspond with the depth of water above them. I have taken these larve repeatedly in the spring of the year. 17. Eristalis flavipes. Walker. This species has the appearance of one of our common humble-bees. It appears to be northern in its range. Specimens have been taken at Napoleon, July 7, 1896, 18. Eristalis tenax, Linn. Common in all parts of the State, and besides it may be expected in any part of the world. Williston gives its habitat as Europe, Asia, Africa, Japan and North America. Its larve live in decaying organic substances, and, therefore are valuable scavangers. The resemblance it has to a honey bee has made it a conspicuous species for centuries. Osten Sacken has associated this species with the oxen-born bees of the ancients. 19. Mallota cimbiciformis, Fallen. This species has been taken at Columbus in May, 1897, but does not appear to be common. It has a very close re- semblance to EFristalis flavipes but may be easily separated from that species by the strongly thickened posterior femora. Some male specimens have a spine on the hind tibia above, while in others this spine is lacking. Both forms have been taken at Columbus. The latter form is noticeably smaller than the former. 20. Tropidia quadrata, Say. Common in Sep- tember along the margins of ponds where water lilies and various other aquatic plants are growing. Here it flies from one leaf to another but resting a great part of the time. On September 8, 1898, I took numerous specimens of this species. 21. Brachvpalpus frontosus, Loew. One male specimen taken at London, April 17, i898. The uniform dark color, the thickened hind femora, and arched hind tibiz of the male are characteristics of 54 the species. The whole body is clothed with rather long, light colered pile. 22. Xylota chalvbea, Wiedeman. I took one specimen of this species, August 5, ‘98, at Medina. When I first saw it, it was resting on a log and I took it to be one of the ichneumon flies, but when it flew, my attention was attracted, as it then appeared like a dipterous insect. Its black wings and body together are characters seldom united in the same species in the diptera. 23. Svritta pipiens, Linn. A very common form, in August, along small streams in all parts of the State. It has some resemblance in coloration and actions to some of our hymenopterous insects commonly called sweat bees. 24. Spilomyia longicornis, Loew. Although distributed all over the State, does not appear to be common anywhere. I have taken it at Medina, Aug. 15, and at Portsmouth, Sep 9. 25. Milesia ornata, Say. This is one of the largest species of the family. Some specimens measure more than 22 millimeters in length. It has been taken at Newark( R. C. Osburn, )August 23, °98, and at Portsmouth, Sep 9, ’97. At the latter place it appeared to be common and was found visiting the flowers of Impatiens fulva, in company with the pre- ceeding species. 55 ADDITIONS TO A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN TAKEN TN OEIO:s By JaMEs S. HINE. 93. Argynnis alceslis, Edw. Numerous specimens taken in Medina county July 18. This was one of six species of the genus that I took in the same field, at about the same date. 94. Anza andria, Scud. The Goat-weed Butterfly. A single male taken at Cincinnati, March 19. This is probably the farthest east the species has ever been taken. 95. Thecla acadica, Edw. A pair of this fine species was taken near Wauseon, July 8. The specimens when taken were resting on willow. 96. Pamphila mystic, Scud. Has been taken at Wooster. 97. Pamphila viator, Edw. This, one of the most beautiful of the genus, is apparently common about Akron. In the swampy ground adjoining Summit Lake I found the species flying in numbers among the high swamp grass. In their flight they appear like moths, and quite different from any other species of their genus with which I am acquainted. They were so numerous that by using the net once I took three specimens. The specimens were perfectly fresh July 26, the date on which I first took them. 98. Ambluscirtes somoset, Scud. I took several specimens of this species in open places, in woods, at London, June 5 99. Pholisora hayhurstii, Edw. Taken by Mr. Dury at Cincinnati. *Sixth Annual Report. Pages 22-27. THE BLACK-CAPPED PETREL IN OHIO. By Josua LINDAHL. Not less than three specimens of the rare Black- capped Petrel (CEstrelata hesitata) were captured on the Ohio river last summer, 1898, after a violent gale on the Atlantic coast. This is the first record of any specimen of this pelagic bird being found in the State of Ohio. A» PLEA! FOR SCIENCE. IN. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. By Mary E. Law, -M. D. Is it not strange that in a country of free people, where individuality is at a premium, and where free speech, a free press, and a free ballot are guaranteed the humblest citizen, that we are so easily ruled by custom, tradition or the fashion of the hour. Perhaps this subserviency to the established, the conventional, the conservative is most marked in the domain of education. Even the church, such a stronghold of conservatism and tradition as it is, bound by creeds and superstitions, shows the spirit of evolution and progress. There is a vital principle at work in the church which is evident to the most care- less observer, and the scoffers outside the church 57 altogether, are obliged to admit that the millenium is nearer than it seemed ten years ago. Unity, progress, freedom of thought are the forces at the work in the churches and through them have come a more rational interpretation of the Bible and a more ethical and practical rendition of the Golden Rule. But in the matter of popular education, ** knowl- edge comes, but wisdom lingers.’ It is interesting to consider the educational ideals which have ruled the world at different periods. In the early days of Grecian civilization, the training of youth was for physical beauty, eloquence and grace ; to be persuas- ive in speech and graceful in deportment were all that was expected of the aristocratic sons of Greece, for the slaves, who numbered more than a fifth of the population, received no education whatever. The life was so simple that mathematics were unknown. Pythagoras was the founder of mathematics which he introduced into the schools about 550 B. C. We see, therefore, that there was a time when mathematics were unknown, and it was centuries before they became the core of our educational system as at the present time. May we not take a hint from this and eliminate a large part of the arithmetic and higher mathematics that we burden children with to-day. What practicle need have boys and girls for a mathematical course extending over ten or twelve years? It is simply a survival of the scholastic idea of education, that disciplinary studies need have no esoteric value. The néw education discards all dis- ciplinary ;tudies that do not assist in the childs development. As time went on, literature and language were added to the curriculum. For hundreds of years the schools taught Latin and Greek, but not the mother tongue of any student. No pupil was considered edu- 58 cated who used his native language, for instance, English, German, or French. Education was aristocratic, and no educated person would use the language of the peasants and serfs. Is not therea little of that snobbishness still perceptible in our school and college curriculi? It is only within recent years that English has taken a prominent place in the course of study although it is destined to be the universal language. Sometimes the priests had the monopoly of learn- ing; they too formed a caste and education was con- fined to the monasteries, After all these experiments in education, for nearly ten centuries ignorance like a dark pall fell upon the people, and every ray of light was excluded. During the sixteenth century a new awakening occurred, and since that period there has been consider- able progress in the matter of popular education, John Amos Commenius is the first of the five or six great educational reformers of modern times. He was born in Moravia in 1592, and early in life he became ateacher. It is needless to describe the route by which he became world-noted, but suffice it to mention a few reforms in methods which he suggested and which underlie our present educational system. First, he advocated the use of the vernacular instead of Latin and Greek. This was a great innovation. Second, that all children, rich and poor, the humble and the great receive instruction. This was the beginning of popular education. Third, that girls as well as boys be taught, which was one of the momentous events in the history of woman’s enfranchisement. And last but not least, that children be taught the science of common things instead of literature and languages as was the custom. Of course such radical reforms could not make much headway during his life-time, and even at this distant on ’ ~_ period of more than three hundred years there is very little systematic teaching of the natural sciences in the public schools, hence this paper. Rousseau the Frenchman, Pestalozzi the Swiss, and Froebel the German all accepted the general theories of Commenius and developed from them a_ pedagogical system based on natural science, instead of literature and language. Perhaps no person of recent times has had a more powerful influence upon the development of scientific thought than Herbert Spencer, a man who refused a college education, as it did not in his opinion subserve the vital requisites of a successful business career, or prepare one for complete living. He has become through the development of his innate powers along the lines of least resistance one of the world’s greatest phi- losophers and the most noted scientist of the present day. To read and assimilate the works of Herbert Spencer alone, would give one a liberal education. !'is essay on education published in 1860, while not as ex- tensively read as many of his more profound works, is one of the most concise and convincing monographs on practical education that we have in any language. While this paper is not intended as a restatement of Herbert Spencer’s ideas, there is no doubt that the book which has been read many times and always with in- creasing interest, has had great influence in forming the writer’s opinions upon what constitutes a practical edu- cation for the public school masses in an industrial re- public like ours. We have seen how rhetoric, literature, languages and mathematics have ruled the schools at different periods, and to-day, a plea is made for a_ scientific education. We will first consider it from the stand-point of utility, for the perservation of life depends upon our knowledge of the physical sciences. Is there any 60 question as to the necessity for teaching children the care and functions of the difierent organs of the body, so that they may know how to preserve their existence, and their power to do and enjoy, or shall they spend their time instead upon literature and arithmetic? What availeth a man if he gain the whole worldand lose his own soul? Shall he learn the chemistry of food and how to augment his strength and power or shall he spend precious hours learning myths and fables ? In how many ways is he indebted to the science of physics, not only for his bodily health but for his sue- cess and happiness in whatever pursuit he enters upon in after life. The originof the seasons, the phenomena of light, the pressure of the atmosphere, the buoyancy of water, the velocity of the wind, the expansive power of steam and crystallization, the effect of heat and cold, the force of gravity, the mechanical principles that underlie the application of power to practical purposes, and a thousand and one things that the child is exveri- menting with every day, should be explained to him ina truly scientific manner. The time to teach children these subjects is when they first attract their notice and possess. sufficient novelty to secure involuntary attention. They should be taught the principles which govern the barometer, thermometer, compass and clock, and all the mechanical contrivances they come in contact with in their daily life. Think of the thousands of so-called educated people, who consult a thermometer a dozen times a day without the slightest knowledge of its philosophy. People have become so accustomed to going through the world with their minds dulled by ignorance that they no longer have interest in their sur- roundings. Children at first show great curiosity about the new world they have entered, but after asking in vain for explanations from their parents and teachers, 61 they cease to inquire and the windows of the soul become blurred and they go groping about in this world of beautiful mysteries like an owl in the day-time. Nature study, which is a development from the kindergarten, is a step in the right direction, but is not scientific enough. While it is a great thing for children to gain a love for the beauties of nature, it is quite as important that they understand the laws which govern their every manifestation. Their lives depend upon the knowledge of natural law and physics or the science of natural phenomena should be the basis of all the science teaching. More than thirty years ago an intelligent father, a director of a country school engaged.a teacher who had studied natural philosophy, as it was then called, so that his children, a boy and girl of eight and ten might be taught the laws which governed the natural phenomena about them. The children were filled with enthusiasm for the new study, andin a few months had acquired such a knowledge of natural law as to influence their whole lives. The great forces of the universe were illustrated through toys and simple apparatus, and the logical habits of thought thus formed were a life-long possession. They were considered the best students in a large family although the other members were educated in the graded schools of the city. We read a few days since of a large gas tank col- lapsing in New York City, while being tested by water pressure, and the destruction of many lives in consequence. Probably no one engaged in the work except the engineer knew of the tremendous pressure exerted by 8,000.000 gallons of water a; that height. All the phenomena of steam, ice and air can be illustrated in the public schools with the simplest apparatus and to the delight of the children. vhysics can be made a most fascinating study 62 and should be taught scientifically in every grade of the public school. The elements of Astronomy can be made in- tilligible to every child and what study is more elevat- ing. Elementary Chemistry should have a place in every curriculum of the elementary schools, and Botany and Natural History goes without saying. The formation of the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, the soil we cultivate should be known to every child by the time he is twelve years old. ‘ Frederick Friebel has proven himself to be the greatest scientific pedagogist the world has yet seen, as his system of infant education embraces the elements of every Art and Science. All the publie school needs to do is to complete the work begun in the kindergarten. One of the most important lessons for young people to learn, is that the world is governed by law and that luck means opportunity, not chance. A short time since a young man was discussing this subject of luck and said that it was the leading factor in all great enterprises and gave as an illustra- tion this occurrence. A business man had a bad debt and in order to secure himself he took 30 acres of unimproved land in another state. When he came to examine it he found to his dismay that it was a_ sort of swale under water most of the year. In a few years the country put through it a ditch and his taxes for the same were equal in amount to the original debt. A year or two later a forest fire swept over the land destroying every vestige of vegetation. He tried in vain to get rid of his bad bargain but to no avail. When he visited it again a year or two later what was his amazement to find a field of basket willow growing luxuriantly which has proven to be a veritable mine of wealth. All luck, says the young 63 man. No, says the philosopher, had he understood the chemistry of soil he mighv have produced the same effects years before. Nothing occurs contrary to law. Know the law, and the law shall make you free. Is it not of the greatest importance that science should form the basis of our public school instruction. I will say then that education should be first of all for utility and it will grow beauty, ethics and religion as naturally as a rose developes by obeying the law of its own being. We are as a race entitled to happiness, and as happiness is conditioned by our environment, let us become acquainted with the forces that surround us, that we may use them to our benefit and not to our de- struction. Art, music, poetry and architecture are all based on scientitic facts, and a knowledge of the natural sciences is essential to success in any line of endeavor. From an ethical standpoint there is no system of education that will develop higher qualities of mind and soul than the pursuit of science. What better ex- amples do we need of ethical character than Agassiz, Humboldt, Darwin, Tyndall, Herbert Spencer and hundreds of others. Science is an exacting mistress, and the frivolities and vices of every day life hide themselves from her august presence. If we desire to give boys and girls an absorbing life-long interest, let us give them thorough scientific training in the elementary schools. No great mind becomes irreligious through the pursuit of science. It may discard the superstitions and unscientific explanations which cluster around the religious books, but every man who recognizes law in the universe admits that there is stil the source of the law unknown, and as Herbert Spencer believes unknow- able. If we wish children to be really religious, let us first make them scientific. 64. My plea then is for exact science in all the public schools. Let our boys and girls have a thorough edu- cation in science, even if they have to dispense with Latin and Greek and ancient history. Science rather than Latin is the basis of the professions and any young man and woman who understands the natural sciences will make a success of his vocation, no matter what it may chance to be. Commerce, manu- factures, agriculture, trades and labor of all kinds would be advanced in value a thousand fold, if men understood the laws which govern them. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROSPORANGIA OF HEMEROCALLIS FLUVA. By EDWARD L. FULLMER. Nore: This paper was illustrated by a number of original drawings. A cross section of a very young stamen at the point where the microsporangia are to be formed, shows only a rectangular area, which consists of epidermal and general tissue cells. By the rapid growth of the microsporangia this area soon becomes somewhat heart shaped. Three or four hypodermal cells of each spor- angium become differentiated as the archesporial cells. ‘the cells of the archesporium divide by _ periclinal divisions, giving rise to the primary sporogenous cells and the primary tapetal layer. The cells of the y 65 primary sporogenous tissue multiply rapidly, forming, however, only sporogenous cells is practically complete when the primary tapetal layer begins to divide. In cross section the sporogenous cells. The division of these cells are about four times as numerous as the primary sporogenous cells. They form a somewhat cylindrical mass of tissue which becomes separated from the tapetum. While the sporogenous cells are enlarging and differentiating the division of the primary tapetal layer takes place, the cells of which by dividing by periclinal divisions form a _ wall layer and an inner layer. The inner layer divides into two, forming an intermediate or middle layer and the layer which developes into the peripheral part of the tapetum. The axial part of the tapetum in Hemer- ocallis is derived from the adjacent general tissue in all cases, About the time the cells of the sporogenous tissue are in the spore mother cell stage, the middle wall layer breaks down and disintegrates. The wall of the mature anther consists of the thick walled endothecial cells, having thickened reticulate bands, and of the dis- integrated epider mis. ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF OHIO DRAGONFLIES. By JAMES S. HINE. Previously, ninety-seven species of Ohio dragonflies have been reported, and published in the. proceedings of this association. The past Summer’s collecting has 66 added some species, and notes on others which, to com- plete the list to date, should be published in the coming Annual Report of the Academy. 9%. Enallagma_ traviatum, Selys. On the eleventh of June, of the present year, Mr. Dury, of Cincinnati, sent in for determination a pair of this species. A little later, several specimens of the same species were taken among the numerous lakes in the vicinity of Akron. It might be worth mentioning that thirteen species of this genus are now known from the State. Less than twenty species of the genus have been described from America north of Mexico. 99, Libellula exuta, Say. This was taken June 23, at Stewart’s Lake, in Portage County. Four specimens, all males, were taken in a few minutes and on avery unfavorable day, so it must be that the species was common in that vicinity. This makes the ninth species of this genus, as we have arranged them, from the state. In this connection it might be well to mention that Mr. Dury is certain he saw Anax longipes, Hagen, at Cincinnati, but did not procure it. The species is a conspicuous one and its brick red abdomen and large size ought to serve to identify it, even on the wing. Counting this species, the list contains 100, the number we expected to find, eventually, when the work was begun. The following rare or local species have been retaken the past summer : Erythromma conditum, Hagen. Sugar Grove, April 21. Several specimens, male and female. Enallagma divagans, Selys. Three males taken at Stewart’s Lake. June 21. ? Enellagma hageni, Walsh. Numerous male and female specimens taken at Stewart’s Lake, June 21. Gomphus lividus, Selys. Two males taken at Sugar Grove, April 21. 67 Gomphus furcifter, Hagen. One male taken at Stewart’s Lake, June 21. Tramea onusta, Hagen. Male specimens taken at Cincinnati, May 23, by Chas. Dury. Libellula cyanea, Fab. Several males taken by J.B. Parker at Danville, June 22. Libellula quadrimaculata, | inn. One male taken at Danville, June 22, by J. B. Parker. Ceithemis fasciata, Kirby. Several males and a female taken at Silver Lake, Akron, June 23. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ATHENS AND VICINITY. By C. H. STEARNS. South-eastern Ohio presents some very complicated problems to the topographical geologist. Among these complications, those of Athens county are notable and of peculiar interest; for through this section flows the. Hocking (Hockhocking ) river, along a valley now many times the width of the stream, and through glacial drift gravels of immense thickness, and along the hill-tops, close to Athens township, are evidences of an ancient, pre-glacial river which flowed in quite a different direct- ion than that of the present Hocking, viz., to the south- west, on, we believe, to the Ohio, by way of the Sciota River. Let us first consider, briefly, the course of the Hock- ing river, especial from Salina, six miles above Athens, to a point somewhat below the town. 68 The river from Salina pursues a very sinuous course, running due east. then south-east, south and south-west; then south-east again, on around Athens, continuing in a generally south-easterly direction to the Ohio river. At Salina we note the end of a ridge which constitutes a divide between the present and an old river valley. The latter, forms what is now known as the ‘“‘Plains,”” and is frequently referred to as a “terrace.” This old river course was filled with glacial drift, which subsequently has been covered with aluvium. Some very large mounds and other earth- works are found upon it. These valleys join some two and one-half miles to the southeast. This divide has been subjected to great erosion. The ridges bordering the Plains are studded with some notably high peaks. For the greater part of the remaining distance to Athens, the course of the present river follows the valley, hugging the base of the southern hills. The glacial drift gravels are plainly outlined through the greater part of the valley. Tributary valleys along the whole course are numerous. The great deepening effect of the glacial waters was largely obliterated by the immense burden of gravel which came down from the edge of the ice at the time of its maximum advance, this drift being deposited in the valleys hundreds of feet in depth, which subse- quently were cut into terraces by the ‘flood waters ”’ from the retreating ice. Just abovethe town of Athens, a gravel deposit of two hundred feet above the present river level was noted, and a boring in the old river bed, in the eastern part of the town, showed gravelata depth of sixty feet below the surface of the present river. Standing on North Hill, three hundred feet above the river, we note the fact that certain tributary valleys enter the Hocking valley against the current, one indi- cation that the old pre-glacial stream flowed in another direction, and, following along the top of the ridge 69 toward the west, we can see a very perceptable break in their outline. The natural inference is, therefore. that through this cut ran the stream in question. To establish the truth or falsity of this theory has been the object of several trips over these hills, and on to a point within four miles of Albany. Here we are met with the complications, already referred to, each of the many high ridges and their enclosed valleys, offering a tempt- ing study in themselves. But the main point to be kept in mind is the drainage of the old peneplain. We have succeeded in defining the general boundaries of the commencement of this great south-west river valley, as we suppose. Lack of time has precluded the possibil- ity of tracing the course beyond Lee township, but from what we have gathered by inquiry concerning the topo- graphy below that section, there is reason to suppose that the outlet can be traced still farther. Of the tributary valleys before referred to as flowing in a direction opposite to the Hocking, we have made a partial study of the one just across from Athens, viz., Rock Riffle. While passing up the valley, it is interesting to observe that petrified wood has been found in the bed of the diminutive stream. And, indeed, to the southeast of Athens, along the Jersey- ville road, such petrifactions have been found in con- siderable quantity, including some large fragments of tree-trunks. Coming to the head of the valley, we meet, perhaps, as complicated a configuration as is to be found in this locality. We tind the hills of ex- ceptionally high altitude, and much cut up by erosion. A broad ridge separates Rock Riffle valley from one to the east, also communicating with the Hocking valley. and from the southeast another valley joins it. Taking now, a course mainly to the west from the head of Rock Riffle. we pass along the northern boundary of another valley, which is soon joined by a second valley from the southeast: and on coming to 70 the Albany road, we note a confluence of this with two other valleys. The valley thus formed continues but a very short distance, when we reach the Hocking valley. The Hocking River even now seeks a new course over its flood plain. Such is noted in the Athens Loop. On the southeast of the town proper. the river not long ago, changed its course from a horse shoe-shaped situation to a nearly straight bed. Again, directly south, we find the same occurance. At this place, as the river changed its bed, it flowed clear around the neck of land and made an island. Some of the oldest citizens remember where the people living on this island were obliged to visit town ina boat. At both places the old river bed is plainly visible. . There is another such horse shoe bend at the base of the Asylum hill, but though the river here struggles for a new course, the State keeps it back by large dykes. a be rs Ohio State Academy of Science. SPECIAL PAPERS NO. 1: SANDUSKY FLORA. A CATALOGUE LIBRARY NEW ¥ OF THE Bo FLOWERING PLANTS and FERNS GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION, IN ERIE COUNTY, OHIO, AND THE PENINSULA AND ISLANDS OF OTTAWA COUNTY, By? By kx MOSELEY,-A:* M; PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, May, 1899. x ‘ io} ® xr eG ‘ : d i we) Coe ee eee eae ee ee ae nea ee ee ee ee a ap ae ERS det EB AN 7 - “SANDUSKY FLORA. a ee. “A CATALOGUE ee OF THE BLOWERING PLANTS and FERNS GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION, IN ERIE COUNTY, OHIO, AND THE PENINSULA AND ISLANDS OF OTTAWA COUNTY, by Be ee MOSELEY;: A.M: PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, May, 1899. PRESS OF CLAPPER PRINTING CO. WOOSTER, OHIO. TO THE MEMORY OF THE MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY ,/ WHOSE DEATH IS ANNOUNCED, AS THE PROOF OF THE LAST PAGES OF THIS ‘‘SPECIAL PAPER”’ « ih ARE BEING RETURNED TO THE PRINTER, Ye, MANNING F. FORCE. ‘ GENERAL, JURIST, SCIENTIST, AND ABOVE ALL, A MAN WHOM iy: NO DESIRE FOR WEALTH OR FAME COULD DIVERT Ps i a / | FROM THE FAITHFUL SERVICE OF HIS er FELLOW MEN, THIS WORK IS ~ (See oe : Bee ; oie : DEDICATED. DANDUSKRY, FLORA, The flora of the Sandusky district is a rich one. We believe there is no other local collection of Ohio plants that approaches within three hundred species of the number collected in the past seven years, in Erie county and the eastern part of Ottawa county, and now preserved at the Sandusky High School. Of the many local lists published in other states, we have seen none that give so many native species as have been found near Sandusky, although several of them cover much larger areas and represent the labors of many botanists working for long periods of time. Some of these lists, moreover, include territory that is regarded especially rich in plants. The ‘‘ Flora of Buffalo and its Vicinity,’? by David F. Day, pregents the names of all the plants which have been detected within fifty miles of Buffalo, a territory many times as large as Erie county, Ohio, and includ- ing on the one side the whole of the Niagara river with its profusion of flowers and ferns, and, on the other mountains with an altitude of 2300 feet above the sea. “The Cayuga Flora’ by William R. Dudley, published as a Bulletin of the Cornell University, covers an area 65 miles in extreme length and is based on numerous collections, the first of which was made in 1827. The ‘Plants of Monroe county, New York, and Adjacent Territory,’’ published by the Rochester 2 SANDUSKY FLORA. Academy of Science, in addition to Monroe county, which is about three times as large as Erie county, Ohio, includes portions of five other counties and gives twenty species reported by early botanists, but no longer found. All of these districts border on Lake Ontario and one of them on Lake Erie also. The whole of England contains but about 1200 - native phenogams; surpassing the little district about Sandusky by less than a hundred species. Although several hundred native plants not found in Erie county grow in one place or another in Ohio, yet so well is the flora of the state represented here, that it is probably not too much to say that excepting the counties bordering on the Ohio river and those that contain sphagnous swamps or bogs, there are few counties in the state where a botanist, unfamiliar with the territory would be likely to find in a single day’s search more than half a dozen native species that do not grow somewhere in Erie county. The surpassing richness of the Sandusky flora is not due to the fact that it includes islands within its territory, for scarcely any of its species are confined to the islands, nor is it in very large measure due to the fact that it includes species that are confined to the lake shore but rather to peculiarities of climate and geolog- ical features, both of which depend to some extent on the proximity of the lake. CLIMATIC: INFLUENCE .OF CAKE. ERI ON VEGETATION. The Catalogue of Canadian Plants in six volumes includes the whole territory lying north of the Great Lakes and extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Sandusky district contains 165 native species and varieties not given in the Canadian catalogue besides a MOSELEY. 3 number of others which in Canada are confined to Pt. Pelee or Pt. Pelee Island, spots only a few miles distant from the islands of Ottawa and Erie counties, Ohio. The Sandusky district contains 67 native plants not known to grow anywhere in Michigan and many others which in Michigan are confined to the south- western part where the climate is tempered by Lake Michigan. But what seems quite as remarkable is the fact that the Sandusky district contains 305 native plants not known to grow within fifty miles of Buffalo, while the Buffalo district has about 244 native species and varieties not given in the Sandusky list. But even this great difference between two regions bordering on Lake Erie is largely due to climate, for the summer at Buffalo is not only cooler but lasts less than three- fourths as long as at Sandusky. Since the prevailing winds have traversed Lake Erie for nearly its whole length before reaching Buffalo the mean temperature in summer there is about 3° lowér than at Sandusky. In the spring the difference is even greater than insummer, being about 54%° lower in April and May. This is due to the fact that when the ice breaks up it is blown to the east end of the lake and remains so crowded there as to prevent navigation three weeks or more after Sandusky Bay has been clear. The average date of the last killing frost in spring in Sandusky, is April 14; at Buffalo, May 20, that is 36 days later. Moreover, San- dusky is protected by its position from cold north-west winds in autumn, while Buffalo is not, so that the first killing frost at Sandusky does not come on an average until October 23, but at Buffalo October 5, that is 18 days earlier. Like an east and west mountain range, Lake Erie protects the plants on its south side from cold north winds while they get the full force of winds from the south, but with the vegetation on the north side it is the reverse. Moreover, the heat given out by the 4. SANDUSKY FLORA. water in winter as it freezes, modifies the climate of the adjacent land. It would seem that an equal amount of heat should be absorbed by the ice in melting, and thus the winter prolonged into spring, but for the region about the westernend of the lake this is not true, because a great part of the ice is blown away toward the east end of the lake, whose period of cold is prolonged thereby. And so it comes that the climate on the south side of Lake Erie is not only milder than that on the north side but much milder than that at the east end, and, if we reckon the length of summer from the average date of the last killing frost in spring to the average date of the first killing frost in autumn, we find the summer at Sandusky to last 192 days and at Buffalo only 138 days. The counties of Ohio lying to the east of Erie county and bordering on the lake havea climate some- what less mild than that of the Sandusky region for their land rises more abruptly from the water, and the prevailing winds pass over more of the lake before reaching them. In Erie county the land within a few miles of the lake is mostly much less than a hundred feet in elevation. The temperature at Sandusky in spring and summer averages about one and a half degrees higher than at Cleveland, and one degree higher than in the eastern part of Erie county, four miles back from the lake shore where Mr. W.H. Todd has recorded observations for the government for many years. It is interesting to observe that the protection from frost afforded by Lake Erie scarcely extends beyond the counties that border upon it and, as a result we have many plants in these that have not been reported from any other county north of the middle of the state, and quite a number that have been found nowhere else in Ohio except in the southern part, within forty miles of the Ohio River. Even so far south as Columbus, the MOSSLEY. 5 last killing frost in spring occurs on an average six days later than at Sandusky and the first killing frost in autumn five days earlier. CLIMATE OF THREE CITIES ON LAKE ERIE AND ONE A HUNDRED MILES SOUTH OF IT FROM TIME OF ESTABLISHMENT OF WEATHER BUREAU IN EACH PLACE TO END OF 1897. Sandusky.| Cleveland.| Buffalo. | Columbus. WORE AU 4878. 1869. 1870. 1878. We aiisyeecee-ceeeae 26.2 26 25 28.4 gj |February.......... 29.4. 26 25.3 32.1 = iar Gls. seecctenc 34.7 33 30.5 38.1 Gr) Alprils css eccec 47.7 46 4.2.5 Bil. 2 a1 Gy CaP 59.5 58 54.2 62.0 5 | ote Coenen aera 68.8 68 65.4 (ORs) RS Yi y.coceteascsasee 73.6 72 70.2 74.9 BAIS TSb 2, sconces 71.6 70 69.1 72.3 September.....--- 65.6 64 62.5 66.1 mOcbober.: ~~ MOSELEY. 30 CATALOGUE. PTERIDOPHYTA. OPHIOGLOSSACE. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. . TERNATUM, Swartz. Eastern Milan, Berlin, Florence, Vermillion; in- frequent. Varies greatly. . VIRGINIANUM, Swartz. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. FILICES. ADIANTUI, L. . PEDATUM, L. Maiden-hair Fern. Common. Not on the Islands. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. . ACROSTICHOIDES, Swartz. Shield Fern. Scarce in Perkins. Common on high banks of Huron and Vermillion Rivers. . CRISTATUM, Swartz. Vermillion River bottoms, Florence; rare. . GOLDIANUM, Hook. ; Florence and Kromer’s woods, Perkins; scarce. . MARGINALE, Swartz. Common on steep river banks. . NOVEBORACENSE, Swartz. Infrequent. 36 SANDUSKY FLORA. A. SPINULOSUM, Swartz. Frequent in rich woods. A. SPINULOSUM INTERMEDIUM, D. C. Eaton. Frequent. Neither this nor the species seen on Peninsula or Islands. A. THELYPTERIS, Swartz. Common. ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort. A. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Michx. Infrequent. A. EBENEUM. Common in Fufnace woods, Vermillion, ‘* Cedar Point,” J. R. Schacht. A. FILIX-FOEMINA, Bernh. Common. Not on Peninsula or Islands. A. THELYPTEROIDES, Michx. Perkins and Florence ; scarce. CAIPTOSORUS, Link, Walking-fern. C. RHIZOPHYLLUs, Link. On sides of sandstone rocks, Vermillion River, S. Florence ; on limestone, three places in Mar- garetta, Catawba, Kelley’s sland. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh, Bladder Fern. C. BULBIFERA, Bernh. Frequent. Islands. C. FRAGILIS, Bernh. Common. Kelley’s Island. DICKSONIA, L’Her. D. PILOsIUscULA, Willd. Vermillion River; frequent. Big woods, Per- kins; scarce. . ONOCLEA, L. O. SENSIBILIS L. Sensitive Fern. Common. Not on the Islands. MOSELEY. 37 . STRUTHIOPTERIS, Hoffman. Vermillion River bottoms, frequent. OSMUNDA, L. . CINNAMOMEA, L. Cinnamon Fern. Infrequent ; Florence, Milan ‘‘ Perkins.”’ . CLAYTONIANA, L. Common in moist woods. Not on Peninsula or Islands. . REGALIS, L. Flowering Fern. Infrequent in wet woods. PELL/A, Link, Cliff-Brake. . ATROPURPUREA, Link. Sandstone quarry, Furnace woods, Vermillion; on limestone, Margaretta, Peninsula, Catawba, Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee, Beech Fern. . HEXAGONOPTERA, Fee. Frequent from the Huron river east. POLYPODIUIMI, L., Polypody. . VULGARE, L. Rocky banks of rivers and Kelley’s Island; scarce. PTERIS, L. . AQUILINA, L., Common Brake. Frequent. EQUISETACE.. EQUISETUIM, L., Horsetail. . ARVENSE, L. Common but not observed on the Islands, except Kelley’s. 38 Owe wm - SANDUSKY FLORA. . LAEVIGATUM, Braun. Frequent, at least in the western part of the county. . LIMOsuM, L. Lake marshes, Huron Tp. . LITTORALE, Kuhl.* Perkins; rare. . PRATENSE, Ehrh. Frequent. . ROBUSTUM, Braun, Common, apparently entirely supplanting E. hyemale. Put-in-Bay and Kelley’s Island but no others . VARIEGATUM, Schleicher,* Cedar Point and elsewhere; rare. LYCOPODIACEZ. LYCOPODIUMI, L., Ciub-Moss. . COMPLANATUM, L. Ground-Pine. East fork of Vermillion River; rare. . DENDROIDEUM, Michx. East of Milan; rare. LUCIDULUM, Michx. Quarry in Furnace woods, Vermillion; rare. Each of the three kinds of club-moss has been found in but a single spot, and of the last two, only a few specimens. MOSELEY. 39 GYMNOSPERM. CONIFERA:, JUNIPERUS, L. J. communis, L. Mr. Latham’s woods, Catawba; very rare. J. virernrana, L., Red Cedar. Frequent in dry soil in various parts of Erie and Ottawa counties. Formerly abundant on the islands where its wood was one of the first sources of income to the early settlers. Many stumps two feet or more in diameter still remain on Kelley’s Island, though they are being used for kindling and for boat knees. The trees grew in the thin soil overlying the limestone, and so the roots following the level surface of the rock were given off from the trunk at a right angle. Having greater strength than an artificial joint and great durability sections of these stumps make excellent knees for small boats. Large cedars grew formerly also on Cedar Point where small ones are common now. PINUS, Tourn. P. strosus, L. White Pine. Cedar Point and Vermillion River. Both this and Red Cedar grew once where Sandusky Bay is now. TAXUS, Tourn. T. CANADENSIS, Willd. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. Shores of Islands and Vermillion River ; infre- quent. TSUGA, Carriere. T. CANADENSIS, Carr. Hemlock. Common along the Old Woman Creek at Berlin Heights and along the Vermillion River. 40 SANDUSKY FLORA. MONOCOTYLEDONES. TYPHACEAS, SPARGANIUM, Tourn, Bur-reed. S. ANDROCLADUM. Engelm. Lake marshes. Middle Bass. S. EURYCARPUM, Engelm. Lake marshes. Middle Bass. S. SIMPLEX, Huds. Southern Florence, Shinrock. TYPHA, Tourn. T. AUGUSTIFOLIA, L. Castalia stream, Portage River and North Bass; scarce. T. LaTIFOLIA, L. Common Cat-tail. Common. NAIADACEAE. NAIAS, L., Naiad. N. FLEXILIS, Rostk, and Schmidt. Common. N. FLEXILIS ROBUSTA, Morong.* Infrequent. N. GRACILLIMA, A. Br.* . * Portage River A. j.” faeters. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pond-weed. P. AMPLIFOLIUS, Tuckerm, Deep water; infrequent. P. FoLiosus, Raf. East Harbor, Put-in-bay, North Bass; mostly in shallow water. P’ FOLIOSUS NIAGARENSIS, (Tuckerm.) Morong.* North Bass and small streams in Erie County, especially Mills Creek. MOSELEY. 41 . FRIESU, Rupr.* Sandusky Bay, Put-in-Bay; infrequent. . HETEROPHYLLUS, Schreb.* Frequent; especially the variety Jongipeduncula- tus. The variety maximus occurs at North Bass. . HILLU, Morong.* East Harbor; rare. . INTERRUPTUS, Kitaibel.* Sandusky Bay, Put-in-Bay; rare. . LONCHITES, Tuckerm. Common. . LUCENS, L.* Frequent. . NATANS, L. Common, as is also the socalled variety, prolixus. . PECTINATUS, L. Abundant- . PERFOLIATUS, L. Frequent. . PERFOLIATUS RICHARDSONII A. Bennett. Abundant. . PRAELONGUs, Wulf.* Sandusky Bay, August Guenther. Perhaps its habit of withdrawing beneath the water, as soon as its fruit is set, has prevented us from find- ing much of it. > PUSILLUS, .* Infrequent. . ROBBINSI, Oakes. Sandusky Bay; scarce. . ZZ, “Rothe Sandusky Bay; scarce. . ZOSTERZFOLIUS, Schum. Common. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-Grass. . PALUSTRE, L.* Castalia Sporting Club grounds; rare. 4.2 SANDUSKY FLORA. ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell, Horned Pond-Weed. Z. PALUSTRIS. The ‘‘variety’’ pedunculata grows, or did grow in one of the rivulets flowing from the Blue Hole, Castalia; rare. ALISMACE-=. ALISIIA, L. Water-Plantain. A. PLANTAGO, L. Common. LOPHOTOCARPUS, T. Durand. L. CALYCINUS, (Engelm) J. G. Smith.* In a small pond bordering the southern boundary of Sandusky. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-Head. S. ARIFOLIA, Nutt. Oxford, Danbury ; scarce. S. GRAMINEA, Michx.* Sandusky Bay. ‘‘East Harbor,” A. J. Pieters. S. LATIFOLIA, Willd. (S. VARIABILIS, Engelm. ) Common and variable. S. riGIDA, Pursh. (S. HETEROPHYLLA, Pursh. ) Sandusky Bay, Put-in-Bay, Harbors ; frequent. In deeper water than the last. HYDROCHARIDACE-. ELODEA, Ilichx. Water-Weed. E. CANADENSIS, Michx. Common. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. Filling the cove east of Sandusky so as to make it difficult to row a boat there. NC MOSELEY. AS VALLISNERIA, L. Tape-Grass, Eel-Grass. SPIRALIS, L. Common. GRASIINE-. AGROPYRON, Gaert. . CANINUM, Beauv.* Berlin Heights; rare. /GLAUCUM, Kk; é& S.* L.S. & M.S. Ry., Sandusky; scarce. . REPENS, Beauv. Couch-Grass, Quitch-Grass. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. 2 ALBA, Ly, Common, as is the variety vulgaris, Red Top. . PERENNANS, Tuckerm, Thin-Grass. Frequent. . SCABRA, Willd. Hair-Grass. Infrequent. Put-in.Bay, Middle Bass. ALOPECURUS, L. Foxtail-Grass. . GENICULATUS ARISTULATUS, Torr. Islands, Peninsula and Milan; rare in Erie county. AMIMOPHILA, Host. . ARUNDINACEA, Host. Sea Sand-Reed. Cedar Point and Marblehead Sand Spit. ANDROPOGON, L. Beard-Grass. . PROVINCIALIS, Lam. (A. FuRCATUS, Muhl.) Frequent. . SCOPARIUS, Michx. Frequent. Not observed in Ottawa county. 44 SANDUSKY FLORA. ARISTIDA, L. Triple-awned Grass. . GRACILIS, Ell.* Unplowed prairle, Perkins. . PURPURASCENS, Poir.* Roadside, Joseph Smith’s, Perkins. ASPERELLA, Humb. Bottle-brush Gréss. . HYSTRIX, Humb’ Common. BOUTELOUA, Lag. Muskit-Grass. . RACEMOSA, Lag. Castalia cemetery and southwest, Marblehead ; dry ground ; scarce. Our forms approach the variety aristosa. BRACHYELYTRUI1, Beanv. . ERECTUM, Beanv. (B. ARIsTATUM R. & S§. ) Frequent. BROMUS, L. Brome-Grass. > CILIATUS, L. Common. Kelley’s Island., Rattlesnake Island. The variety purgans also common, but not on the Islands. - KALMII, Gray. Wild Chess. Margaretta Ridge ; rare. . racemosus, L. Upright Chess. Common. . secalinus, L Cheat or Chess. Not so common as the las:. . tectorum, L. Along Big Four Ry., Sandusky and Castalia ; elsewhere also, but scarce. CENCHRUS, L. Hedgehog or Bur-Grass. . TRIBULOIDES, L. Common in sand. MOSELEY. 45 CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. . NUTANS, Benth, Indian Grass, Wood Grass. Frequent. CINNA, L. Wood Reed-Grass. . ARUNDINACEA, L. Frequent. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard-Grass. . glomerata, L. Frequent. DANTHONIA, DC. Wild Oat-Grass. . spicata, A. & S. Common. Not on Islands, except Put-in-Bay. DEYEUXIA, Raf. . CANADENSIS, Beauv. Blue-Joint Grass. Frequent. Middle Bass, North Bass. EATONIA, Raf. . OBTUSATA, Gray.* Infrequent. Margaretta |idge, Marblehead, North Bass, etc. . PENNSYLVANICA, Gray. Frequent. Islands. . PURPURASCENS Raf. (E. DUDLEYI, Vasey. E. NITIDA Nash. ) Florence, and Furnace woods, Vermillion. ELEUSINE, Gaertn. . indica, Gaertn. Dog’s-tail or Wire Grass. Formerly seldom seen,but now common along many sandy lanes. ELYMUS, L. Lyme-Grass, Wiid Rye. . CANADENSIS, L. Frequent, especially on sand beaches. Islands. The so called variety glaucifolius. occurs in a number of places but does not appear at all dis- tinct. 46 SANDUSKY FLORA. K. striatus, Willd. Infrequent. Kelley’sIsland. The so called var- iety villosus was found in Perkins. E. VIRGINICUS, L Frequent alongstreams and shores of the Islands. ERAGROSTIS, Host. E. CAPILLARIS, Nees. Willow Point, Margaretta and different parts of the Peninsula. E. FRANKH, Steud. Perkins, Castalia, Lockwood’s woods, Catawba. E. major, Host. Abundant. E. puRSHm, Schrader. Common in Erie Co., especially along railroads. Kelley’s Island. E. REPTANS, Nees. Infrequent. E. SPECTABILIS, Steud.* (E. PECTINACEA SPECTABILIS, Gray) Lake sands of Cedar Point, Marble-head Spit, and Port Clinton; local. FESTUCA, L. Fescue-Grass. F. elatior, L. Meadow Fescue. Common. The variety pratensis common in San- dusky and along some country roads. F. nutans, Spreng. ; Common. Not noticed on Kelley’s sland. F. TENELLA, Willd. Marblehead, Cedar Point and east of Milan. GLYCERIA, R.Br. Manna Grass. G. FLUITANS, R. Br. Infrequent. Islands. G. NERVATA, Trin. Common. MOSELEY. 47 G. PALLIDA, Trin. Port Clinton’; rare. HIEROCHLOE, S. G. Gmel. H. BOREALIS, R. & S. ‘* Perkins ’’ Elon House. HORDEUM, L. H. jusatum, L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Common along L. S. & M.S. Ry. in Ottawa Co. Blue Hole, Castalia. Kelley’s Island, where probably introduced in baled hay. Marblehead. KOELERIA, Pers. K. CRISTATA, Pers.* Catawba, where first found by A. D. Selby. Margaretta Ridge, Oxford; also ten miles west of Toledo. LEERSIA, Swartz. L. ORYZOIDES, Swartz. Rice Cut-grass. Common. L. vireinica, Willd. White Grass. Common but not noticed on any island except Kelley’s. LOLIUM, L. L. perenne, L. Common Darnel, Ray or Rye-Grass. Sandusky, Soldier’s Home, Kelley’s Island, Put-in- Bay; infrequent. Not noticed until 1897. MELICA, L. Melic-Grass. M. piFFusa, Pursh.* Castalia; rare. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Drop-seed Grass. M. GLOMERATA, Trin.* West of Castalia; rare; also ten miles west of Toledo. an ie ape, SANDUSKY FLORA. . MEXICANA, Trin. Common. SCHREBERI, J. F. Gmel. ( M. pirFusa, Schreb.) Common. SOBOLIFERA, Trin.* Florence, Catawba; rare. . SYLVATICA, Torr. & Gray. Perkins, Florence, Middle Bass; infrequent. . WILLDENOWIH, Trin. Vermillion River, Huron, Milan, Perkins, Marga- retta Ridge; infrequent. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. Mountain Rice. . MELANOCARPA, Muhl. Margaretta Ridge, Vermillion River, Put-in-Bay ; rare. PANICUIS1, L. Panic-Grass. . AGROSTOIDES, Muhl. Huron, Milan, Oxford, Perkins, North Bass; local. . BARBULATUM, Michx. Berlin; rare. . CAPILLARE, L. Old-witch Grass. Common. . CLANDESTINUM, L. Cedar Point, Perkins, and common along river channels. . COLUMBIANUM, Scribn. Castalia, Cedar Point. Formerly called P. dichotomum. . crus-galli, L. Barnyard-Grass. Abundant. . CRUS-GALLI HISPIDUM, Muhl. Frequent on wet ground about Sandusky Bay and East Harbor. . DEPAUPERATUM, Muhl. Catawba and high banks of Vermillion River and Old Woman Creek. a) ae Ra ee at MOSELEY. 49 . DICHOTOMUM, L. Common and variable, the so called variety gracile, found only at Berlin Heights, seeming most distinct from other forms. . FLEXILE, Scribn. Castalia prairie; common. Oxford. . glabrum, Gaudin. Small Crab-Grass. Common. North Bass the only island. . LATIFOLIUM, L. Common in Erie County. . MILIACEUM, L. Millet. Adventive. ‘‘Cedar Point,’’ E. Claassen. Sandusky near the Bay, one specimen growing on rubbish. PROLIFERUM, Lam. Sandusky, Oxford; rare. . PUBESCENS, Lam. Common in Erie County. sanguinale, L. Large Crab-Grass. Abundant. SCOPARIUM, Lam. Oxford, Margaretta, Cedar Point, Port Clinton; common. . . VIRGATUM, L. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Abundant on sandy shores of Lake Erie. PASPALUII, L. SETACEUM, Michx. Dell Lindsley’s orchard, Perkins, where it has probably been for many years. PHALARIS, L. . ARUNDINACEA, L. Cedar Point, Huron, western Margaretta, Middle Bass; infrequent. The variety picta Ribbon- Grass, has become established along some road- side ditches. . canariensis, L. Canary-Grass. Adventive in Sandusky. "SANDUSKY FLORA. PHLEUNM, L. _P. pratense, L. Timothy. Abundant. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. . COMMUNIS, Trin. Frequent on wet ground. Huron, Castalia, Port Clinton, Harbors. POA, L. Meacow-Grass. BY P. ALSODES, Gray. / en Florence ; scarce. ‘ a Sir. P. annual, L. Low Spear-Grass. ip Frequent. “ry gh i P. compressa, L. Wire-Grass. Ne y A, Abundant. so aa P. DEBILIS, Torr. j ae Si Furnace woods, Vermillion ; rare. : SF P. PRATENSIS, L. June Grass. Kentucky Blue-Grass. Ai Abundant. One specimen has a panicle eleven § inches long. .P. SEROTINA, Ehrhart. f f é Huron; rare. | si P. SYLVESTRIS, Gray. i r Parker’s Creek, Florence; rare. : j P. trivialis, L. mS Shinrock; rare. 2 SETARIA, Beany. : bi, S. glauca, Beany. Foxtail. Pigeon-Grass. em Abundant. The worst weed we have. | ts. S. italica, Beanv. Italian Millet, Hungarian Grass. ; Rarely escaped. Middle Bass, North Bass. te ; S. verticillata, Beanv. a Sandusky near Big Four dock, 1898. be S. viridis, Beanv. Green Foxtail. ; Me Less abundant than S. glauca. MOSELEY. Bil SPARTINA, Schreb. Marsh Grass. S. SCHREBERI, J. F.Gmel. (S. cyNOSuROIDES Willd. ) Fresh-water Cord-Grass. Frequent. Middle Bass. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. Rush-Grass. S. ASPER, Kunth. L.S.& M.S. Ry, east of Sandusky; rare. S. CRYPTANDRUS, Gray. , Frequent on Cedar Point and several places on the Peninsula. S. NEGLECTUwuS, Nash. Sandusky, Castalia, Plaster Beds. S. VAGINZEFLORUS, Vasey. Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the only Islands. STIPA, L. S. SPARTEA, Trin.* Porcupine Grass. In sand; Cedar Point, Perkins, Bloomingville cemetery; rare. TRIODIA, R. Br. T. CUPREA, Jacq.* ‘'all Red-Top. In sand near the road through the woods be- tween Port Clinton and Catawba; rare. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. T. PURPUREA, Chapm. Sand-Grass. Frequent on all sandy shores of Lake Erie; in places abundant. Kelley’s Island. ZIZANIA, L. Z. AQUATICA, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Abundant in shallow parts of Sandusky Bay, the Harbors, etc. Middle Bass. SANDUSKY FLORA. | CYPERACEZ. sa CAREX, L., Sedge. ; Br C, aLBicans, Willd.* be Put-in-Bay; rare. ae C. avpBursina, Sheldon, (C. LAXIFLORA LATIFOLIA ‘ a Boott.) a ce Frequent. Kelley’s Island. mar) C. aguatmis, Wahl. ; y Huron, Cedar Point, Put-in-Bay ; scarce. on, C..arcTaTa, Boott. bs Florence, Berlin, Oxford; rare. 5 C. AUREA, Nutt.* ; / One vigorous plant growing on a stump that F stands in a stream near the Blue Hole, Castalia. set, C. BICKNELLH, Britton (C. STRAMINEA CRAWEI, Boott.) Berlin Heights; rare. C. BROMOIDES, Schkuhr. Florence, Berlin Heights, Milan; local. C. CAREYANA, Torr. Beecher’s flats, Vermillion River; rare. C. CEPHALOIDEA, Dewey. Frequent. C, CEPHALOPHORA, Muhl. ne More frequent than the last. Bass Islands. c c e Ge iC . coMMuNIS, Bailey. ‘ Florence, Margaretta Ridge; scarce. , . COMMUNIS WHEELERI, Bailey.” Vermillion River, Florence; rare. . ConyUNCTA, Boott. Florence, Berlin, Perkins; scarce. . CRAWEI, Dewey.* Castalia prairie, Marblehead; local. . cRINITA, Lam. Frequent from the Huron River east, especially in Berlin. es . HYSTERICINA, Muhl. MOSELEY. 53 . DAVISH, Schwein & Torr. Shinrock, Perkins, Port Clinton, Kelley’s island infrequent. DIGITALIS, Willd. Common in Florence; frequent in Vermillion, Berlin and Milan. DIGITALIS COPULATA, Bailey. Florence, Berlin, Milan; frequent. EBURNEA, Boott.* Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay; rare, FILIFORMIS, L. Frequent? FCENEA PERPLEXA, Bailey.* Furnace woods, Vermillion; rare. Fusca, All. Throughout Erie Co; infrequent. GLAUCODEA, luckerm. Vermillion, Berlin, Milan; infrequent. GRACILLIMA, Schwein. Frequent in Erie Co. GRANULARIS, Muhl. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. GRANULARIS HALEANA, Porter.* (C. HALEANA, Olney) Florence, Castalia, Groton; infrequent. The Groton specimens have very broad leaves. GRAYII, Carey. Huron, Milan and east; infrequent. GRISEA, Wahl. Rather frequent. . HITCHCOCKIANA, Dewey Florence; scarce. Common. Put-in-Bay and Middle Bass the only islands. . INTERIOR, Bailey.* - Castalia; rare. INTUMESCENS, Rudge. Berlin, Vermillion, Florence; infrequent. SANDUSKY FLORA. eon C. JAMEsII, Schwein. age Berlin; rare. Florence; infrequent. i a C. LaNucinosa, Michx. (C. FILIFORMIS LATIFOLIA, — | Boeckl. ) Frequent. Put-in-Bay. C. LAXICULMIS, Schwein. Florence, Vermillion, Milan; infrequent. C. LAXIFLORA, Lam. Frequent. Kelleys Island. C. LAXIFLORA PATULIFOLIA, Carey. Florence, Berlin, Huron; infrequent. ve LAXIFLORA STRIATULA, Carey. Common. LAXIFLORA VARIANS, Bailey. Common. Kelley’s the only island. ne LUPULINA, Muhl. j Common. The so-called variety hedunculata occurs in Florence. Pee C. Luripa, Wahl. Frequent. Hybrids of this and the last occur in nw Florence and Berlin. . MONILE, Tuckerm. Vermillion, Berlin, Kimball; scarce. . MUHLENBERGH, Schkuhr.* Cedar Point; frequent. . MUHLENBERGII ENERVIS, Boott. : Catawba; rare. : . muricata, L. Furnace woods, Vermillion; rare. C. MUSKINGUMENSIS, Schwein.* Catawba; rare. C. oLiGocaRPA, Schkuhr. Prout’s, Shinrock, Vermillion, Florence: in- frequent. C. PALLESCENS. Berlin Heights and Florence; rare. C. pPEDUNCULATA, Muhl. Steep banks of Vermillion River, Florence; rare. ola oer? CO ds C) S29 Gar Aer A OQ QO . ROSEA RADIATA, Dewey. Cee Mags o Wao eae 2 ee San olive 7 REM Om pa. MOSELEY. 55 . PENNSYLVANICA, Lam, Abundant. Put-in-Bay the only island. . PLANTAGINEA, Lam. Steep banks of Vermillion River and tributaries in southern Florence; infrequent. PLATYPHYLLA, Carey. High banks, Vermillion River, Florence; rare. PRASINA, Wahl. Infrequent. . PSEUDO-CYPERUS AMERICANA, Hochst. (C. Comosa, Boott. ) Islands, Cedar Point, Castalia, South Florence; local. PUBESCENS, Muhl. Frequent, especially in Florence. . RICHARDSONH, R. Br.* : Castalia cemetery; rare. RIPARIA, Curtis. Infrequent. . ROSEA, Schkuhr. Common. Middle Bass the only island. Florence; rare. . SARTWELLIANA, Olney.* (C. SARTWELLU, Dewey. ) Castalia; scarce. Huron, Cedar Point; rare. . SCABRATA, Schwein. Springy banks of Vermillion River; rare. . SCOPARIA, Schkuhr. Common. Not on the Islands. \ . SETACEA, Dewey. Oxford; rare or else taken for C. vulpinoidea. . SHORTIANA, Dewey. Perkins, Castalia, Berlin and common in Milan. . siccaTa, Dewey.* Perrin’s, Milan; Margaretta Ridge; rare. . SPARGANIOIDES, Muhl. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Rattlesnake. — 56 SANDUSKY FLORA. cee C. sovarrosa, L. Sere Frequent. ep C. STENOLEPIS, Torr. : ee Common, especially near Sandusky. Middle a) Bass the only island. ! . STERILIS, Schkuhr. é Aa Castalia; rare. ; fam | STERILIS CEPHALANTHA, Bailey. 1 Tisdell’s, Vermillion; rare. v4 . strpaTa, Muhl. Common. . STRAMINEA, Willd. ‘ Beas Infrequent. ) . STRAMINEA BREVIOR, Dewey.* (C. FESTUCACEA, Schkuhr. ) Marblehead, Johnson’s Island, Kelley’s, Green. C. STRAMINEA MIRABILIS. Tuckerm. Huron, Milan and east ; rare. C. stricta, Lam. Scarce. : C. STRICTA DECORA, Bailey.* (C. HAYDENII, Dewey.) Kimball ; rare. C. TENELLA, Schkuhr. Vermillion River flat, Florence ; one place. C. TEReTIUSCULA, Gooden. Castalia ; scarce. . C. TeTANICA, Schkuhr. Castalia prairie ; frequent. C. TETANICA MEADII, Bailey.* Castalia prairie. C. TETANICA WOODII, Bailey. Huron and southern Florence in woods. Differs from the species in habitat and appearance. C. TorTA, Boott. snfrequent. One specimen considered a hybrid of this and C. crinita. Ge C2) es aioe oan Q ce B= Ba < MOSELEY. 57 TRIBULOIDES, Wahl. Frequent, especially the variety turbata. North Bass. TRIBULOIDES CRISTATA, Bailey. Common. North Bass the only island. TRIBULOIDES REDUCTA, Bailey.* Florence and Huron ; rare. TRICEPS HIRSUTA, Bailey. Frequent. TRICHOCARPA, Muhl. Huron River, Milan. The variety imberbis grows in Florence. Both scarce. TRICHOCARPA ARISTATA, Bailey.* Huron, Castalia ; infrequent. C. TYPHINOIDES, Schwein. ctosheie o Renton Lie East Berlin; local. - TUCKERMANNI, Boott. Infrequent. UTRICULATA, Boott. Blair Creek, Florence; rare. The so-called variety minor at Tisdell’s, Vermillion ; rare. VARIA, Muhl. Frequent. VIRESCENS, Muhl. Oxford, Huron and east; common. VIRESCENS COSTATA, Dewey. Berlin Heights and east; infrequent. VIRIDULA, Michx.* (C. FLAVA VIRIDULA, Bailey.) Castalia prairie; local. . VULPINOIDEA, Michx. Common. . WILDENOWH, Schkuhr. Florence; rare. CLADIUM, P. Br. Twig-Rush. . TRIGLOMERATUM, Nees. (C. MARISCOIDES, Torr.) Perkins, ‘‘ Castalia,’’ E. Claassen. 58 EN C: SANDUSKY FLORA. CYPERUS, L. Galingale. DIANDRUS, Torr. Frequent. Islands. The so-called variety cast- aneus on Cedar Polnt. ESCULENTUS, L. Frequent in cultivated ground. . FILICULMIS, Vahl, (MARISCUS GLOMERATUS, Barton.) Rather frequent in sand. . FLAVESCENS, L.* Frankinberg’s pasture, south-eastern Florence. MICHAUXIANUS, Schult, (C. spEctosus, Vahl.) About Sandusky Bay; scarce. . REFRACTus, Engelm.* East branch, Vermillion River; one specimen. . SCHWEINITzU, Torr. Cedar Point; common. Port Clinton. . STRIGOSUS, L. Common and variable. Abundant in many pastures. One specimen over three feet tall has primary rays 8 inches long, secondary rays 24% inches, spikelets nearly 1 inch. DULICHIUM, Pers. . SPATHACEUM, Pers. Perkins, Milan, Cedar Point; local. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. Spike-Rush. . ACICULARIS, R. Br. Castalia and borders of marshes connected with Lake Erie; frequent. Bass Islands. . ACUMINATA, Nees.* (E. COMPRESSA, Sullivant. ) Sandusky, Cedar Point, Huron, Marblehead; Scarce: . ENGELMANNI, Steud.* North of Tisdell’s, Vermillion; rare. . INTERMEDIA, Schult. Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Marblehead, Bass Islands; frequent. 'e9) it Se MOSELEY. 59 . OVATA, R. Br. Frequent. Kelley's Island. North Bass. . PALUSTRIS, R. Br. Frequent. . PALUSTRIS GLAUCESCENS, Gray. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. . PALUSTRIS VIGENS, Bailey.* Sandusky Bay; in water several feet deep. . TENUIS, Schult. Infrequent. ERIOPHORUII, L. Cotton-Grass. . POLYSTACHYON, L. ‘‘Huron River’’ Henry Schoepfle. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. . AUTUMNALIS, R. & S. A little bog near the Cedar Point light house. . CAPILLARIS, Gray.* In sand, south Perkins and east of Milan ; local. RYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rush. S,CAPILLACEA, Torr: Prairie along L. HK. & W. Ry., west of Castalia ; local. . cymosa, Nutt.* East of Milan ; local. . GLOMERATA, Vahl.* East of Milan; local. Also ten miles west of Toledo. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush. ATROVIRENS. Common. ERECTUS, Poir.* (S. DEBILIS, Pursh.) Along shore of East Harbor west of Lakeside. 60 SANDUSKY FLORA. S. ERIOPHORUM, Michx. ( ERIOPHORUM CYPERINUM, L.) Frequent. The variety Jaxum occurs in Florence, Milan, and, probably, elsewhere. S. Lacustris, L. Great Bulrush. Common. Extensively used in the vineyards for tying up the vines. S. LiInEATUS, Michx. (ERIOPHORUM LINEATUM, Benth & Hook.) Frequent. Kelley’s Island. North Bass. S. MARITIMUS, L. (S. FLUVIATILIS, Gray.) River Club- Rush. Common in the marshes east of Sandusky and in the East Harbor; elsewhere infrequent. Put-in- Bay. S. POLYPHYLLUS, Vahl. Frequent. Middle Bass. S. PUNGENS, Vahl. Common, especially about Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie. S. SYEVATICUS, 25." ‘‘Pond near U. S. Fish Hatchery, Put-in-Bay.”’ Aj Pieters. S. TORREYI, Olney.* North side of East Harbor; rare. SCLERIA, Berg. Nut-Rush. S; pauCIFLORA, Muhl.* East of Milan; local. Also ten miles west of Toledo. S. TRIGLOMERATA, Michx.* East of Milan; local. Also ten miles west of Toledo. ARACEAE, ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag. A. CALAMUS, L. Frequent. Abundant near Port Clinton, Put-in- Bay. ‘ Kelley’s Island.” MOSELEY. 61 ARISAEMA, Mart. A. DRACONTIUM, Schott. Green Dragon, Dragon-root. Scarce. er A. TRIPHYLLUM, Schott. Indian Turnip. © Common. va SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. S. FOETIDUS, Nutt. Infrequent. LEMNACE-, LEMNA, L. Duck-weed, Duck’s-meat. L. MINOR, L. Common at Castalia and on still water Potneeted with Lake Erie. Islands. L. POLYRRHIZA, L. (SPIRODELA POLYRRHIZA, Schleid.) Common on still water connected with the Lake. Florence. he TRISULCA,.L: Castalia and still waters connected with the Lake; infrequent- Put-in-Bay. ! WOLFFIA, Workel. W. COLUMBIANA, Karsten. Mouth of Old Woman Creek, Pipe Creek’ Put-in- Bay; local. COMMELINACEAE. © 3 TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort! T. VIRGINIANA, L. Frequent, especially on Cedar Point. T. VIRGINIANA OCCIDENTALIS, Britton. B. & O. Ry. seven miles south of depot; rare. 62 SANDUSKY FLORA. PONTEDERIACE-., HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. Mud-Plantain. H. GRAMINEA, Vahl. Common in still water connected with Lake Erie. PONTEDERIA, L. Pickerel-weed. PS CORDA, “I. Frequent in shallow water connected with Lake Erie. JUNCACEA:, JUNCUS, L. Rush. Bog-Rush. J. acuminatus, Michx. Florence; rare. J. ALPINUS INSIGNIS, Fries. Castalia, Oxford, shores of Lake Erie; frequent. Kelley’s Island. J. BALTICUS LITTORALIS, Engelm. Castalia, Cedar Point, Marblehead sand spit; locally abundant. J. BUFONIUs, L. Sandusky near B. & O. and L. S.& M.S. Ry’s; Pate: J. CANADENSIS. Shinrock and Sandusky where the so-called va- riety longicaudatus grows. J, CANADENSIS BRACHYCEPHALUS, Engelm. Castalia, Willow Point, Sandy Beach. J. EFFUSUS, L. Common or Soft Rush. : Frequent. North Bass. J. MARGINATUS, Rostk. Berlin, Vermillion, east of Milan ; infrequent. J. noposus, L. Frequent, sah MOSELEY. 63 J. NODOSUS MEGACEPHALUS, Torr. Frequent. Islands. J. SCIRPOIDEs, Lam.* Oxford, southern Perkins, Vermillion; infrequent. J. TENVIs, Willd. Common. LUZULA, D C. Wood-Rush. L. CAMPESTRIS, D C. Frequent, especially in Milan. L. VERNALIS, D C. . Vermillion River, Chapelle Creek; scarce. LILIACEAE. ALETRIS, L. A. FARINOSA, L.* Perrin’s, Milan and Joseph Smith’s, Perkins; rare ALLIUM, L. A. CANADENSE, L. Wild Garlic. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. A. CERNUUM, Roth. Wild Onion. *Common on the Islands, Peninsula, and at Castalia. A. TRICOocCCUM, Ait. Wild Leek. Islands, Peninsula, Florence; infrequent, ASPARAGUS, L. A. officinalis, L. Garden Asparagus. Escaped in many places. Islands. CAMASSIA, Lindl. C. FRASERI, Torr. Wild Hyacinth. Infrequent, but occurs on eight islands and in eight townships. 64 SANDUSKY FLORA. CHAMAELIRIUM. Willd. . CAROLINIANUM, Willd. Blazing-Star. , Southern Perkins, Margaretta Ridge, east of Milan, Berlin Heights ; rare. DISPORUM, Salisb. . LANUGINOSuM, Nichols. Florence, Berlin; scarce. ERYTHRONIUNMI, L. . ALBIDUM, Nutt. White-Dog’s-tooth Violet. A weed in vineyards west of Sandusky. Common on Huron River’ bottoms, Infrequent or rare in other parts of the county. Johnson’s Island, Kelley’s, Rattlesnake, Port Clinton. . AMERICANUM, Ker. Yellow Adder’s-tongue. Common. HEMEROCALLIS, L. . fulva, L. Roadsides; infrequent. North Bass. LiLiUM, L. . CANADENSE, L. Wild Yellow. Lily.: Infrequent. Kelley’s, Island. . PHILADELPHICUM, L. Wild Orangered Lily. Wood Lily. Scarce. . SUPERBUM, L. Turk’s-cap Lily. Milan, Florence, Vermillion; rare. Mr. Haise of Florence found ‘‘several years ago a lily with forty or fifty flowers.” MAIANTHEMUN, Wigg. M. CoNVALLARIA, Wigg. (M. CANADENSE, Desf.) False Lily-of-the-valley: Cedar Point and high banks of Old Woman _ Creek, Chapelle Creek and Vermillion River; infrequent. ae MOSELEY. 65 MEDEOLA, L. Indian Cucumber-root. M. virGINIcA, L. Florence, Berlin, Milan, Perkins; scarce. OAKESIA, Watson. . SESSILIFOLIA, Watson. Florence; rare. ORNITHOGALUM, L. Star-of-Bethlehem. . umbellatum L. Perkins, Sundusky, Put-in-Bay; rare: POLYGONATUII, Adans. . BIFLORUM, Ell. Smaller Solomon’s Seal. Common. GIGANTEUM, Dietrich. Great Solomon’s Seal. Common. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon’s Seal. . RACEMOSA, Desf. False Spikenard. Common. . STELLATA, Desf. Common; less so on the mainland than the preceding. SMILAX, L. Greenbrier. . ECIRRHATA, Watson. Perkins, Groton, Catawba, Kelley’s Island; scarce. . HERBACEA, L. Carrion-F lower. Common. . HISPIDA, Muhl. Frequent. Islands. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Horse-brier. Infrequent. Put-in-Bay. The ‘‘variety’’ crenulata 8S. & H. found at Chapelle Creek. TRILLIUM, L. Wake Robin. . ERECTUM, L. Common. 66 fick. SANDUSKY FLORA. GRANDIFLORUM, Salisb. Common. SESSILE, L. Vermillion River flats ; frequent. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. . GRANDIFLORA. Infrequent. Islands. ZYGADENUS, [lichx. . ELEGANS, Pursh.* Marblehead; rare. AMARYLLIDACE-.. HYPOXIS, L. Star-Grass. ERECTA, L. Infrequent. DIOSCOREACE-E. DIOSCOREA, L. Yam. VILLOSA, L. Wild Yam-root. Frequent. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. IRIDACEAE, IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce. CRISTATA, Ait, Crested Dwarf Iris. Our specimens of this rare plant were collected along the Vermillion River in what was said to be Erie County, but the spot proves to be a few yards south of the line. Eli Beecher, who owns the adjacent flats in Erie County, .says he has seen it there. | ~ MOSELEY. 67 I. vERSICOLOR, L. Larger Blue Flag. Frequent. Islands. SISYRINCHIUMI, L. Blue-eyed Grass. S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Mill. Infrequent. S. GRAMINOIDES, Bicknell. Infrequent. ORCHIDACE-:. APLECTRUIM, Torr. Putty-Root. Adam-and-Eye. A. HYEMALE, Torr. Rare. Puckrin’s woods, Perkins. ‘‘Smith’s, Perkins,’ Ross Ransom. ‘Cedar Point,’ Claassen and Krebs. ‘ Marblehead,’’ Gertrude Johnson. ‘‘Vermillion,’’ Otto Todd. ‘Formerly considerable near the quarry on west branch of Vermillion River,’’ Eli Beecher. CALOPOGON, R. Br. C. PULCHELLUS, R. Br. South-west of Castalia; rare. Seen only in 1895. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. C. MULTIFLORA, Nutt. Florence, Huron, Catawba; rare. C. ODONTORHIZA, Nutt. Blair Creek, Florence; Graham’s woods, Huron; Smith’s woods, Perkins; rare. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady’s Slipper. Moccason-flower. C, CANDIDUM, Muhl.* Small White Lady’s Slipper. Along a railroad near Castalia ; locally common. C. PUBESCENS, Willd. Larger yellow Lady's Slipper. In seven townships, but rare. C. SPECTABILE, Salisb. Showy Lady’s Slipper. One spot on high, wet, shale bank of east branch, Vermillion River. An orchid found by Job Fish “about 1859, the most beautiful wild,fiower”’ he ‘ever found” was probably of this species. 68 SANDUSKY FLORA. GOODYERA, R. Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain. PUBESCENS, R Br. Florence, Berlin, Milan, Oxford, Perkins; scarce. HABENARIA, Willd. Rein-Orchis. BRACTEATA, R. Br. In five townships; rare. HERBIOLA, R. Br. (H. VIRESCENS, Spreng.) In five townships ; rare. . HOOKERIANA, Torr. “Margaretta Ridge,’ Henry Schoepfle; one plant. . LACERA-R. Br. Ragged Fringed-Orchis. Perkins, Milan, Vermillion; rare. . PSYCODES, Gray. Purple Fringed-Orchis. Florence, Milan, ‘‘Cedar Point,’’ Leslie Stair: rare. TRIDENTATA, Hook. East of Milan; one plant. LIPARIS, Richard. Twayblade. LESELU, Richard. Bog near Cedar Point Light House, ORCHIS, L. SPECTABILIS, L. Showy Orchis. Rather frequent in Florence, infrequent in four townships. POGONIA, Juss. PENDULA, Lindl. “Florence,’’ Josephine Fish, also Otto Todd; East Berlin; ‘‘ Perkins,’’ Ransom ; local. ~ SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies’ Tresses. . CERNUA, Richard. Local. This and Orchis spectabilis are less rare than our other orchids. . GRACILIS, Beck. ‘‘Bloomingville,’”’ W. A, Kellerman. Perkins; rare. MOSELEY. 69 DICOTYLEDONES. SAURURACEAE. SAURURUS, L. Lizard’s-tail. S. CERNUUS, L. Frequent in eastern part of the county; in- frequent in Huron, Milan and Perkins. JUGLANDACE-E. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory. C. ALBA, Nutt. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. Abundant. Hickory is used in Sandusky by two wheel works and two whip-stalk factories ; also by the Sandusky Tool Company for chisel hand- les, for tin-smith’s mallets, and for ladder-rounds that are sent to Northern Michigan for use in the copper mines. C. AMARA, Nutt. Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory. Frequent. One in the German Settlement has a circumference of 9 feet, 8 inches. C. MICROCARPA, Nutt. Frequent, at least in Perkins. C. sutcaTa, Nutt. Big Shell-bark. King-nut. Frequent, 70 SANDUSKY FLORA. C. TOMENTOSA, Nutt. Mocker-nut. White-heart Hickory. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. C. porcinA, Nutt. Pig-nut or Broom Hickory. ~* Frequent. Islands. JUGLANS, L. J. CINEREA, L. Butternut. White Walnut. Infrequent. J. NIGRA, L. Black Walnut. Frequent. Said to have grown formerly on Kelley’s Island, and Middle Bass. The number and size of the walnut stumps along the border of the Huron marsh east of Sandusky and of the prostrate trunks in the marsh is remarkable. See page 14. SALICACE-®, POPULUS, L. P. alba, L. White Poplar. Abele. Frequent in the’ vicinity of planted trees. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. P. GRANDIDENTATA, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Rather frequent. Put-in-Bay. Plentiful along the lake shore drive east of Huron. P. HETEROPHYLLA, L. Downy Poplar. Florence, Huron; rare. P. MONILIFERA, Ait. Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar. Common. P. TREMULOIDES, Michx. American Aspen. Frequent, especially on the Islands. SALIX, L. Willow. Osier. S--atha-esertteakKoeh-—_Blhre Witow. Cedar Point and Sandusky near the Bay; rare. . SERICEA, Marsh. Silky Willow. MOSELEY. alba vitellina, Koch. Golden Osier. Frequent. Islands. AMYGDALOIDEs, Anders. Frequent. . CANDIDA, Willd.* Sage Willow. Hoary Willow. Castalia prairie; rare. . coRDATA, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow.. Common, but not noticed on Kelley’s Island. . CORDATA ANGUSTATA, Anders. Infrequent. Put-in-Bay. DISCOLOR, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Frequent, as is also the “ variety ” eriocephala. . GLAUCOPHYLLA, Bebb. Cedar Point, Castalia ; infrequent. . HUMILIS, Marsh. Prairie Willow. Oxford ; scarce. . LONGIFOLIA; Muhl. Common, especially along the lake. - LucipAa, Muhl. Florence, Marblehead, Put-in-Bay ; infrequent. . NIGRA, Marsh. Black Willow. Frequent. Islands. NIGRA FALCATA, Torr. Frequent. PETIOLARIS, Smith. House’s swamp, southern Perkins. purpurea, L. Purple Willow. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. ROSTRATA, Richardson. Infrequent. Islands. House’s swamp, Perkins. Milan? . fragilis X alba. Castalia, ete. fal 72 SANDUSKY FLORA. BETULACE-E, CARPINUS, L. Iron-wood. C, AMERICANA, Michx. American Hornbeam. Blue or Water Beech. Frequent. ‘Formerly many on Kelley’s Island.”’ Lester Carpenter. CORYLUS, L. C. AMERICANA, Walt. Hazel-nut. Common. Not on the Islands. OSTRYA, L. Iron-wood. O. virernica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. Lever- wood. ; Common, especially on rocky shores of the Islands. FAGACE. CASTANEA, L. C. SATIVA AMERICANA, Watson. Chestnut. Common in Erie County in sandy soil. Chestnut fence posts sometimes put forth leafy shoots. FAGUS, L. F. FERRUGINEA, Ait. American Beech. Not on Islands or Peninsula, nor within five miles of Sandusky. A few in Kromer’s woods and farther south along Pipe Creek. Infrequent along Huron River in Milan, frequent in Berlin, com- mon in Vermillion, abundant in Florence. ‘‘ Two trees on Put-in-Bay. thirty years ago,’’ Vroman. “HKormerly a few on Middle Bass.’’ Wood found in the submerged forest, Huron Marsh. Most Sandusky children do not know beech nuts. Wood used by Sandusky Tool Company for planes. ee MOSELEY. 73 QUERCUS, L. Oak. Q. aLBa, L. White Oak. Common. Q. BICOLOR, Willd. Willd. Swamp White Oak. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Q. coccINEA, Wang. Scarlet Oak. East of Milan; frequent. Marblehead, Port Clinton, Catawba and probably elsewhere. Q. IMBRICARIA, Michx. Laurel or Shingle Oak. Common in middle and western parts of Erie County. Abundant in Oxford and on Cedar Point. Q. MacrocaRPA, Michx. Bur Oak, Over-cupor Mossy- cup Oak. Frequent. Islands. Under the large Bur Oak at the corner of Wayne and Jefferson Sts., the Indians used to hold their councils. It is said to have grown very little since the early settlers came to Sandusky. Q. MUHLENBERGI, Engelm. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Common on the Peninsula and Islands. Less frequent in Erie County. Q. PALUSTRIS, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish or Pin Oak. Common. Not noticed on the Islands. Q. PRINuS, L. Rock Chestnut Oak. Sandusky. Marblehead, Islands and elsewhere? The oak in Judge Mackey’s yard on Columbus Ave. south of the fair grounds is of this species. Q. RUBRA, L. Red Oak. Common. Q. VELUTINA, Lam. (Q. TiIncToRIA,) Bartram. Black Oak. Quercitron. Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the only islands. On Cedar Point, where this species abounds, is a tree which I should call Q. marylandica, Muench., were I not advised differently, and other trees of the same sort or else hybrids between it and Q. velutina. None of these were noticed until September, 1898. 74 U. U. toh M. M. M. SANDUSKY FLORA. ULMACEA:. ae CELTIS, L. 4 . OCCIDENTALIS, L. Hackberry. Sugar-berry. | Frequent. Common on the Islands and Cedar Point. ULIIUS, L. AMERICANA, L. American or White Elm. Common. Wood used for the handles and bands of baskets and for lime barrels. 4 FuLVa, Michx. Slippery or Red Elm. Frequent. All the Islands. MORACE. CANNABIS, L. sativa, L. Hemp. Roadside, Margaretta or Groton; very rare. HUMULUS, L. LUPULUS, L. Hop. Castalia, Milan ; infrequent. MACLURA, Nutt. AURANTIACA, Nutt. Osage Orange. Found only near where it has been planted; scarcely naturalized. The row of trees on the Ransom place, Castalia road, probably surpasses any farther north in America. MORUS, L. alba, L.* White Mulberry. Rare in woods, where the seeds have probably been dropped by birds. RUBRA, L. Red Mulberry. Throughout, but infrequent. ‘‘Formerly common at Port Clinton.’’ Islands. eh SMO REN TERN hm, ek TN A enki al iis aA apes iyi on Aw, ‘ hd : A MOSELEY. 75 URTICACEAE, BCEHMERIA, Jacq. . CYLINDRICA, Sw. False Nettle. Common. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. . CANADENSIS, Gaudichaud. Wood-Nettle. Common. PARIETARIA, L. . PENNSYLVANICA, Muhl. Pellitory. Abundant. PILEA, Lindl. . PuMILA, Gray. Richweed. Clearweed. Common. Kelley’s the only island. URTICA, L. Nettle. . GRACILIS, Ait. Common. SANTALACE-. COMANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. . UMBELLATA, Nutt. Frequent. ARISTOLOCHIACE =. ARIRTOLOCHIA, L. . SERPENTARIA, L. Virginia Snakeroot. Florence, Berlin, Perkins, Margaretta; scarce. ASARUII, L. Wild Ginger. . ACUMINATUM, Bicknell. Florence and probably elsewhere. 76 A. AO A eee eee SANDUSKY FLORA. REFLEXUM, Bicknell. yy Huron River, Milan, and probably elsewhere. Seis The variety ambiguum also occurs. : POLYGONACE. : FAGOPYRUII, Gaertn. ESCULENTUM, Moench. Buckwheat. Infrequent, except in fields where it has sometime . been sown. . POLYGONUM, L. Knotweed. . ACRE, H. B. K. Water Smartweed. We Common. . AMPHIBIUM, L.* Marblehead ; rare. . ARIFOLIUM, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Bristol’s woods, Florence. . AVICULARE, L. Knot-grass. Door-weed. Abundant. ; CAREYI, Olney.* Southern Perkins. . convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed. Common. . DUMETORUM, L. Copse or Hedge Buckwheat. Milan, Marblehead. This or P. SCANDENS is common and grows on the Islands. ._ ERECTUM, L. Erect Knotweed. Common. . HARTWRIGHTI Gray.* A few plants near L. S. & M.S. freight house. Doubtless introduced. ~HYDROPIPER. Smart-weed. Water Pepper. Common. HYDROPIPEROIDES, Michx. Mild Water. Pepper. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. pee G 7 { BY cs oy ; va ea A ey . MOSELEY. i 4 P. INCARNATUM Hl. Frequent in wet places near Lake Erie and Sandusky Bay, also at Castalia. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM, L. Cedar Point, Lockwood’s ; infrequent. P. LITTORALE, Link.* Sandusky; frequent. Kelley’s Island, and probably many other places near Lake Erie, We failed to distinguish it, till recently, from P. aviculare. P. MUHLENBERGH, Watson. Frequent. Islands. P, orientale, L. Barely naturalized in two or three places. P. PENNSYLVANICuUM, L. Abundant. Kelley’s and Middle Bass the only islands where it has been noticed. P. persicaria, L. Lady’s Thumb. Abundant. P. RAMOSISSIMUM, Michx.* Hill’s woods, southern Perkins ; one plant. P. sacirratum, L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Frequent. P. SCANDENS, L. Climbing False Buckwheat. Margaretta, Cedar Point and probably elsewhere. See P. dumetorum. P. TENUE, Michx.* Marblehead; frequent. Margaretta, between quarry and Castalia road. Only in thin soil over- lying the lime stone. P. VIRGINIANUM, L. Common. Not on the Islands. RUMEX, L. R. acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel, Abundant. Put-in-Bay; rare. ‘Kelley’s Island.”’ Not on other islands. eas tia Bi Nite ST RR a hh Ba a ela Oa i Wages a 3 SN eo “i ie ai Bt : Pees hy cA ae ee a a bV¥ x ye, peat my a ; jee? : { 7A BH DN FD SANDUSKY FLORA. | y Sandusky by Big Four track, Put-in-Bay ; rare: also Oak Harbor, Ottawa County. r | « . ALTIssImus, Wood. Pale Dock. 4 . BRITANNICA, L. Great Water-Dock. Marshes connected with Sandusky Bay; frequent. . crispus, L. Curled Dock. Abundant. . obtusifolius, L. Bitter Dock. Common. . VERTICILLATUS. Common in marshes. CHENOPODIACE-. ATRIPLEX, L. Orache. . ARGENTEA, Nutt. Near Big Four R. R., Sandusky and Castalia; rare. . HASTATA, L. Common near Lake and Bay. In many places in Sandusky the most common weed. . LITTORALIS, L.* Sandusky ; frequent. Huron. CHENOPODIUII, L. Pigweed. . album, L. Lamb’s Quarters. Pigweed. j F Common. . album viride, Moq. Common. . ambrosioides, L. Mexican Tea. L. S. & M.S. R. R. yards, Sandusky; rare. . BOSCIANUM, Mog. Cedar Point, Perkins, Kelley’s Island, and, doubtless, elsewhere. cs MOSELEY. 79 . botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium. Western part of Erie Co., mostly along railways (CS. & H.-and L..E. & W). Marblehead. Kelley’s Island. Infrequent except on Marble- head. glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Castalia prairie and along L. E. & W. Ry. at Castalia and Sandusky; rare. . HYBRIDUM, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Islands, Peninsula, Cedar Point, Perkins, Margaretta; frequent. . LEPTOPHYLLUM, Nutt.* Cedar Point and probably elsewhere; infrequent. . murale, L. Sandusky; infrequent. . urbicum, L. Rather frequent on the Peninsula, and in the western third of Erie Co. Kelley’s Island. AMARANTACE®, ACNIDA, L. TUBERCULATA, Mogq. Wet ground near Lake and Bay and at Castalia; infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass AMARANTUS, L. Amaranth. . ALBUS. L. Tumble Weed. Common. . BLITOIDES, Watson. Common. . chlorostachys, Willd. Common. . hypochondriacus, L. Sandusky, Perkins; scarce. 80 SANDUSKY FLORA. ' : A. paniculatus, L. Roadsides, Sandusky and Islands; infrequent. A. retroflexus, L. Common. PHYTOLACCACE®. PHYTOLACCA, L. P. pECANDRA, L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Gar- get. Common. NYCTAGINACEA. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. O. NYCTAGINEUS, Sweet. L.S. & M.S. Ry. in eastern Sandusky. - AIZOACE. MOLLUGO, L. M. VERTICILLATA, L. Carpet-weed. Sandusky, southern Perkins, Milan; local. PORTULACACE/~:. CLAYTONIA, L. C. vireinica, L. Spring Beauty. Abundant. PORTULACA, L. P. oleracea, L. Purslane. Abundant. / MOSELEY. 81 CARYOPHYLLACE. ANYCHIA, [lichx. Forked Chickweed. . CAPILLACEA, DC. Infrequent. Put-in-Bay. . DICHOTOMA, Michx. Marblehead, Catawba; infrequent. Plentiful in places on the shale in Oxford and Perkins. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. . LATERIFLORA, L. Lake woods, Port Clnton and Big woods, Perkins; rare. . serpyllifola, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. ‘Islands, Peninsula, Margaretta, western Perkins; frequent. . sTRICTA, Michx. Islands, Peninsula, Margaretta, western Perkins, Cedar Point; locally common. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. . NUTANS, Raf. Frequent. Islands. . OBLONGIFOLIUM, Torrey.* More frequent than the last on Islands and Peninsula and in the western half of Erie Co. . vulgatum, L. Common. LYCHNIS, L. . dioica, L. Red Lychnis. Avery; probably adventive. . githago, Scop. Corn Cockle. Common. Kelley’s the only Island. . vespertina, Sibth. Franz Otto’s, Perkins. 82 - SANDUSKY FLORA. SAPONARIA, L. . officinalis, L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. Frequent. Islands. SILENE, L. . ANTIRRHINA, L. Sleepy Catchfly. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. . conica, L.* Corn Catchfly. ‘“‘Sandy field west of B. & O. R. R., southern Perkins.’”’” Ross Ransom. The first recorded | appearance of this plant in the United States was at Clyde, Sandusky County, where it was intro- duced in Crimson Clover seed, 1896. . cucubalus, Wibel.* Bladder Campion. Well established and increasing in a field of James Hamilton, Kelley’s Island. . dichotoma, Ehrh. Forked Catchfly. Northeast of Port Clinton; probably adventive. . noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Sandusky; scarce. . wircinica, L. Fire Pink. Put-in-Bay; frequent. Kelley’s Island. Ca- tawba, Hartshorn’s, Johnson’s Island. ‘Cedar Point,’’ Alden Knight. STELLARIA, L. . LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort. Frequent. . media, Cyrill. Common Chickweed. Abundant. NYMPHAEACEAE. BRASENIA, Schreber. . PELTATA, Pursh. Water-shield. Cedar Point; one plant. MOSELEY. 83 NELUIIBIUII, Adans. Sacred Bean. N. LuTEUM, Willd. American Nelumbo or Lotus. Water Chinkapin or Wankapin. In still, deep, water at several places about Sandusky Bay, in the East and West »Harbors, at Port Clinton where a large amount of it grows in the Portage River, and west to Monroe, Michigan, but believed to grow nowhere along the American shore of Lake Erie east of the mouth of the Old Woman Creek. A hundred acres of it at the head of Sandusky Bay and along the river, more, probably, than the whole quantity in the United States farther east. The lotus has the largest flowers and largest leaves of any plant in the Sandusky flora. Petioles sometimes 9 feet long; ‘‘ blades 26 inches broad.”’ NUPHAR, Smith. Spatter-Dock. N. aDvENA, Ait. Yellow Pond-Lily. Sandusky Bay, Middle Bass, Blair Creek; freqnent. NYMPHAEA, Tourn. Water-Lily. N. TUBEROSA, Paine. Common in still waters connected with the Bay and Lake. CERATOPHYLLACE-, CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. C. DEMERSUM, L. Sandusky Bay, East Harbor, Port Clinton, Put- in-Bay; common. WR ATO alana ie AA A oo a) a a ek Als Aa VN i Li ie Mail te A OL Nios als 4 SEAN, Ye igs bits sirrulie et , / PA ; ; ! Warnk | ‘ 84. SANDUSKY FLORA. MAGNOLIACE. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip-tree. L.. TULIPIFERA, L. Scarce in the western but frequent in the eastern part of the county, where many of the largest trees in the primeval forest were of this species. Lakeside. Commonly called White-wood and im- properly, Yellow Poplar and White Poplar. The wood suitable for pumps, troughs and hollow ware. MAGNOLIA, L. M. acuminata, L. Cucumber-tree. Two trees near the iron bridge across east branch of Vermillion River. ‘“‘Big woods, Perkins.”’ AMONACE-=. ASIMINA, Adans. A. TRILOBA, Dunal. North American Papaw. Not found near Sandusky, but near Milan and in many places east from there to the Vermillion River, especially along the Old Woman Creek and other streams. Also in the forest west of Castaliain Sandusky Co, ‘‘Formerly on Kelley’s Island.”’ RANUNCULACE-E. ACT/EA, L. A. ALBA, Mill. White Baneberry. Frequent. A. SPICATA RUBRA, Ait. Red Baneberry. Cedar Point, Perkins, Margaretta Ridge; scarce. eperiin. MOSELEY. 85 ANETIONE, L. . ACUTILOBA, Laws. (Hepatica acutiloba, D C.) Liver-leaf. Frequent. Islands. . CYLINDRICA, Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. Infrequent but observed in eight townships. . DICHOTOMA, L. (A pennsylvanica, L. ) Common. All islands, except Kelley’s. . HEPATICA, L. (Hepatica triloba, Chaix) Liver-leaf. Frequent. Not observed in Florence where A. acutiloba is rather common. Islands. Both - species more frequent on the Peninsula than in Erie Co. . NEMOROSA, L. Wind-flower. Wood Anemone. Common. . THALICTROIDES, L. Rue-Anemone, Common. Sometimes double. In blossom as late as September. . VIRGINIANA, L. Frequent. Islands. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. . CANADENSIs, L. Not noticed near Sandusky, except on Cedar Point, but common among rocks on the Penin- sula and Islands and at Margaretta Ridge. Berlin, Vermillion, Florence. Adorns the rocky shores of the islands. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold. . PALUSTRIS, L. Frequent. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbane. . RACEMOSA, Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh. Common in woods in eastern part of Erie Co, and extending west to Perkins. 86 SANDUSKY FLORA. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin’s Bower C. VIRGINIANA, L. Frequent. North Bass. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. D. ajacis, L. Spontaneous in gardens and near them. D. AZUREUM, Michx. One plant found by L. S. & M.S. Ry. between Venice and Bay Bridge, by Will Newberry. Probably adventive. HYDRASTIS, Ellis. Orange-root. H. CANADENSIS, L. Golden Seal. Frequent in rich woods long’ undisturbed. ‘“‘Kelley’s Island.’’ ‘'Catawba.”’ ISOPYRUII, L. J. BITERNATUM, Torr & Gray. Vermillion River, southeren Florence; scarce. ‘Huron River at Norwalk’’ Leslie D. Stair. NIGELLA, L. N. damascena, L. Fennel-flower. Spontaneous in gardens and rarely escaped. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. R. aBorTIvus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Common. R. acris, L. Tall or Meadow Buttercup. Florence, Berlin, Huron, Sandusky, Put-in-Bay; infrequent. R. circinatus, Sibth. Stiff Water Crowfoot. Sandusky Bay, Castalia, Mill’s Creek; frequent. R. FASCICULARIS, Muhl. Early Buttercup. Margaretta, Huron, Peninsula, Johnson’s Island, Kelley’s Island; locally plentiful. MOSELEY. , 87 . MULTIFIDUS, Pursh. House’s swamp, Perkins; Castalia; Peninsula; Islands; infrequent. . OBTusIuscuLus, Raf. (R. ambigens, Watson,) Water Plantain Spearwort, Millan and Florence; rare. . PENNSYLVANICUS, L. f. Bristly Buttercup. Sandnsky and Willow Point near the Bay, Catawba; rare. . RECURTATUS, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Frequent, especially along rivers. . SCELERATUS, L. Cursed Crowfoot. Frequent. Islands. . SEPTENTRIONALIS, Poir. Swamp or Marsh Butter- cup. Common. Kelley’s and ‘‘Put-in-Bay”’ the only islands. THALICTRUII, L. Meadow-Rue. . DioicuM, L. Early Meadow-Rue. Common. . POLYGAMUM, Muhl. Tall Meadow-Rue. Frequent. . PURPURASCENS, L. Purplish Meadew-Rue. Frequent, especially near Castslia. BERBERIDACE. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. . VULGARIS, L. Common Barberry. Woods, Milan and Huron; rare. Seeds probably dropped by birds. CAULOPHYLLUI1, [lichx. Blue Cohosh. . THALICTROIDES, Michx. Florence, Vermillion, Berlin, Perkins, Johnson’s Island; infrequent. v #3\ ps . roy re f ems i ih i aft ore AY 88 ' SANDUSKY FLORA. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twin-leaf. J. BINATA, Barton, (J. DIPHYLLA, Pers. ) Johnson’s Island, but nowhere else near Sandusky. Lockwood’s woods, Peninsula. Several places along Vermillion River, Florence. PODOPHYLLUM, L. Mandrake. - P. PELTATUM, L. May-Apple. Abundant. Fruit edible. ‘‘Leaves and roots poisonous.” Gray. MENISPERMACE-., MENISPERMUI1, L, Moonseed. M. CANADENSE, L. Frequent.. Islands. LAURACE-E. LINDERA, Thumb. L. BENZOIN, Meisn. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. In rich woods jn Erie County the most abundant shrub. SASSAFRAS, Nees. S. OFFICINALE, Nees. Frequent. ‘Formerly on the Islands.” Sub- merged trunks found in Huron Marsh. See page 15. Some trees on the Peninsula measured by J. R. Kelly have trunks with circumferences as follows: (8:ft}: 1 ines 74th: “Git 100 an ee Formerly sassafras oil was made in Sandusky. PAPAVERACE/., CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine. C. majus, L. Scarce. MOSELEY. ‘89 PAPAVER, L. Poppy. . argemone, L. Rough-fruited Corn-Poppy. “Tn a Crimson Clover field, Perkins.”’ Ross Ransom. Probably adventive. . somniferum, L. Opium Poppy. Along a railroad, Sandusky; rare and adventive. SANGUINARIA, Dell. Blood-root. . CANADENSIS, L. Frequent. Islands. FUMARIACE. CORYDALIS, Vent. . AUREA, Willd. Golden Corydalis. “* Port Clinton,’’ Leslie D. Stair. . FLAVULA, D C. Peninsula and Islands including Johnson’s. ‘‘Cedar Point.” Krebs. DICENTRA, Borkh. . CANADENSIS, Walp. Squirrel Corn. Berlin, Florence, Milan, Perkins; rare. * Vermillion ’’ Otto K. Todd, . CUCULLARIA, Bernh. Dutchman’s Breeches. Frequent. All the Islands. FUMARIA, L. Fumitory. . officinalis, L. Sandusky, Cedar Point, Kelley’s Island; rare. CRUCIFER-.. ALYSSUM, L. . CALYCINUM, L. ‘‘Catawba’’ Nettie Schnaitter. 90 \ A. . PERFOLIATA, Lam. Tower Mustard. SANDUSKY FLORA. ; is ARABIS, L. Rock Cress. ‘ CANADENSIS, L. Sickle-pod. | bee Perkins, Margaretta, Peninsula, Johnson’s | Island, Put-in-Bay. Middle Bass; infrequent. Fig al . DENTATA, Torr & Gray. : Cedar Point, Florence, Johnson’s Island, North — | Bass, Green Island; infrequent. ae . DRUMMOND! Gray. (A. CONFINIS. Watson.) Cedar Point and Islands; frequent. . HIRSUTA, Scop. Marblehead; common. Catawba. Mouse Island, Margaretta, Huron River. LAEVIGATA. DC. Frequent. Islands. . ~ . LYRATA, L. Cedar Point;common. Perkins, Marblehead. Johnson’s Island; rare. BARBAREA, R. Br. Winter Cress. VULGARIS, R. Br. Yellow Rocket. Frequent, Green Island. Some of the specimens, at least, belong to the “variety” stricta, which may be distinct. “ BRASSICA, L. . napus, L. Rape. Sandusky, Vermillion; adventive. . nigra, Kock. Black Mustard. Common. . sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock. E Abundant. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket. MARITIMA, Scop. (C. AMERICANA, Nutt. ) Shores of Lakeand Bay ; common. MME A MOE RN MhURN igs Meer genie TL Uirem. MOM Romntin’ of huey ce NA (> Sey, v Wed fo) > fe a y / MOSELEY. 91 CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax. C. sativa, Crantz. Sandusky and Avery; rare. CAPSELLA, Medic. Shepherd’s Purse. C. bursa-pastoris, Medic. Abundant. CARDATIIINE, L. Bitter Cress. C. DIPHYLLA, Wood. Two-leaved Toothwort. Huron River near Millan; rare. Florence; scarce. ‘Berlin Heights’? Chas. Judson. C. LacintaTa, Wood. Toothwort. Pepperroot. Common. C. PENNSYLVANICA, Muhl. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. North Bass. C. RHOMBOIDEA, DC. Spring Cress. Common. C. RHOMBOIDEA PURPUREA, Torr. Common. COCHLEARIA, L. i arimoracia,:.k/:. (Nasturtium arnoracia, Fries.) Horseradish. Frequent. Islands. CONRINGIA, Link. C. orientalis, Dum.* Hare’s-ear Mustard. Four plants found along railroad near ice houses, eastern Sandusky, 1897, by Geo. Gilbert. DRABA, Dill. Whitlow-Grass. D. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Common on Marblehead and in some places in Margaretta in thin soil overlying the limestome. D. verna, lh. ‘‘Perkins,’’ Lindsey House. rare. SANDUSKY FLORA. ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Mustard. . PARVIFLORUM, Nutt.* . One place along L. E. & W. Ry., west of Castalia ; rare. LEPIDIUM, L Pepperwort. Peppergrass. . APETALUM, Willd. (UL. INTERMEDIUM, Gray.) Sandusky ; infrequent. . campestre, R. Br. Sandusky, Perkins, Margaretta, Peninsula, Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. Common in places, especially on the Peninsula. . vircinicuM, L. Wild Peppergrass. Common. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water-Cress. . LACUSTRE, Gray. Lake Cress. Shinrock; rare. . officinale, R. Br. True Water-Cress. Castalia; frequent. . PALUSTRE, DC. Marsh Cress. Common. On the Islands, and generally near the Lake or Bay, the variety hispidum is more common. . sylvestre, R. Br.* Yellow Cress. Four places in Perkins, three of them near or not far from Pipe Creek. SISYMBRIUM, L. . alliaria, Scop. ‘‘Kelley’s Island.’’ Probably adventive. . CANESCENS, Nutt. Tansy Mustard. Cedar Point, Marblehead, Islands; frequent. . officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard. Common. THLASPI, L. . arvense, L. Field Pennycress. Sandusky; rare and adventive. MOSELEY. 93 CAPPARIDACE. CLEONE, L. . GRAVEOLENS, Raf. (POLANISIA GRAVEOLENS, Raf. ) Common on sandy beaches. Also in gravel along BB. & WR, RESEDACE-E. RESEDA, L. Mignonette. . lutea,-L. Sandusky, Kelley’s Island; rare and adventive. DROSERACE-:. *DROSERA, L. Sundew. . ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. East of Milan; very rare. CRASSULACE. PENTHORUII, Gronoy. Ditch Stone-crop. . SEDOIDEsS, L. Frequent. Islands. SEDUM, L. Stone-crop. Orpine. . acre, L. Mossy Stone-crop. Kelley’s Island, roadside by the cemetery. Cedar Point near the Light House. Escaped. . telephium, L. Orpine. Live-for-ever. Bogart, Castalia, and Sandhill cemeteries. Put- in-Bay, North Bass, ‘‘ Marblehead”’ U G. Sanger . TERNATUM, Michx. Wild Stone-crop. Frequent at the foot of steep shale banks of streams. Put-in-Bay. Gibraltar. 9A. SANDUSKY FLORA. SAXIFRAGACAE. — CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L. Golden Saxifrage. “it ‘ C. AMERICANUM, Schwein. Tat Vermillion River, Florence; two places. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. H. AMERICANA, L. . Common. MITELLA, L. Bishop’s-Cap. Mitrewort. M. DIPHYLLA, L. Infrequent. PARNASSIA, L. Grass of Parnassus. P. CAROLINIANA, Michx. Castalia; frequent. Perkins, Milan, Florence; rare. PHILADELPHUS, L. P. coronarius, L. Mock Orange. Syringa. Sparingly escaped at Sandusky and Berlin Heights. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. S. PENNSYLVANICA, L. Swamp Saxifrage. Milan and Florence; scarce. TIARELLA, L. False Mitrewort. T. CORDIFOLIA, L. East fork, Vermillion River; rare. GROSSULARIACE-., RIBES, L. R. AUREUM, Pursh. Missouri or Buffalo Currant. Well established on south side of Kelley’s Island. Roadside near a house in Margaretta. R. CyNosBATI. L, Gooseberry. Common. MOSELEY. 95 . FLorIpuM, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. . LACUSTRE, Poir. ‘*Cedar Point.’”’ Millie Carter. HAMAMELIDACE. Hamamelis, L. Witch-Hazel. . VIRGINIANA, L. Florence, Vermillion, Berlin, Milan; frequent. “Portage River.” PLATANACE-E. PLATANUS, L. Sycamore. . OCCIDENTALIs, L. Buttonwood. Frequent. Islands. The largest tree in Erie county is probably the buttonwood six miles south of Sondusky, in the woods, but near the road and a little east of Pipe Creek. ROSACEA. AGRITIONIA, L. Agrimony. . EUPATORIA, L. Common. Kelley’s the only Island. . MOLLIs, Torr. & Gray. Perkins and doubtless elsewhere. . PARVIFLORA, Soland. Frequent. In places, abundant. . STRIATA Michx. Margaretta Ridge. Probably elsewhere. FRAGARIA, L. Strawberry. UVESCAt IE: Peninsula, Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay, Cedar Point, Margaretta, Berlin; frequent in rocky places. ave . 7 - ‘ 7 Mg Cee, re , i 4% : te tare oe t a ¥ * x ‘ + : 96 . STRICTUM, Soland. SANDUSKY FLORA. VIRGINIANA, Duchesne. Common. Kelley’s, Put-in-Bay and Mouse the only Islands. Many specimens answer to de- scription of the ‘‘ variety ’’ i//inoense. GEUM, L. Avens. . ALBUM, Gmelin. Common. Southern Perkins; rare. ; VERNUM, Torr. & Gray. Johnson’s Island, Marblehead, Berlin, Perkins, etc.; rather frequent. . VIRGINIANUM, L. Frequent. Kelley’s Island? Put-in-Bay. NEILLIA, D. Don. Ninebark. OPULIFOLIA, Benth. & Hook. Common -on rocky shores of Peninsula and Islands. Vermillion River; rare. POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil. . ANSERINA, L. Silver-weed. Common on sandy shores of Lake and Bay, back a few yards from the water. Middle Bass, North Bass, Rattlesnake Island. . ARGUTA, Pursh. Marblehead, Port Clinton, Put-in-Bay, Marga- retta Ridge, Krieger’s, Perkins; infrequent. . CANADENSIS, L. Five-finger. Common. Not on the Islands. . FRuTICosA, L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Castalia prairie; common. In blossom as late as October 10th. . NORVEGICA, L. Frequent. In places abundant. Put-in-Bay. . SUPINA, L. Huron and several places about Sandusky Bay. MOSELEY. 97 ROSA, L. Rose. . BLANDA, Ait. Cedar Point, Oxford, Groton, Margaretta; local. . CAROLINA, L. Common. . HUMILIS, Marsh. Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the only Islands. . rubiginosa, L. Sweetbrier. Eglantine. Frequent. Islands. . SETIGERA, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose. Perkins, Groton, Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Peninsula, Mouse Island, Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass; common. Well worth cultivating. RUBUS, L. Bramble. . CANADENSIS, L. Low Blackberry, Dewberry. Common. . Hispipus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry. East of Milan, Berlin, Vermillion, Joseph Smith’s, Perkins; local. . OCCIDENTALIS, L. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry. Common. . opoRATUS, L. Purple-flowering Raspberry. “Near Vermillion River north of Birmingham” Mrs. W. H. Olds. I have seen this handsome species at Buffalo, Ashtabula, Cleveland and in Lorain County within a few rods of Erie County, but no farther west. . SETosuS, Bigel.* Bristly Blackberry. Prairie, Oxford and Perkins; common. . sTRIGOSUS, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. Old huckleberry swamp near Axtell; rare. ‘“‘ Other places’’? . TRIFLORUS, Richardson. Dwarf Raspberry. German settlement, Perkins, and east fork of Ver- million River; rare. Also in the forest west of Castalia, in Sandusky County. 98 SANDUSKY FLORA. vig pines R. vitLosus, Ait. High Blackberry. ee Common. SPIRAEA, L. Meadow-Sweet. S. LOBATA, Jacq.* Queen of the Prairie. Southwest of Castalia; local. X beautiful plant. ; S. SALICIFOLIA, L. Common Meadow-sweet. j Oxford, Perkins, Milan, Florence; infrequent. S. TOMENTOSA, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush. Oxford prairie; very rare. POMACE. AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-berry. A. CANADENSIS, Torr & Gray. Shad-bush. Service- berry. Frequent. Islands. A. OBLONGIFOLIA, Torr & Gray. Cedar Point, Mouse Island, Kelley’s Island; scarce. ; CRATAEGUS, L. Thorn. C. coccinEa, L, Common. Put-in-bay; scarce. North Bass. No | other islands. ; C. CRuUS-GALLI. L. Cockspur Thorn. - Frequent. C. oxyacantha, L. English Hawthorn. In a thicket, Vermillion and two places in Huron. Seed probably dropped by birds. C. PUNCTATA, Jacq. . Perkins, Shinrock, Florence. Frequent in Florence. ‘‘ Marblehead’’ Gertrude Johnson. C. suBVILLosA, T. & G. (C. CoccinEa MOLLIs, T. & G.) Common. Kelley’s the only Island. C. TOMENTOSA, L. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass. MOSELEY. 99 PYRUS, L. . AMERICANA, DC.* American Mountain-Ash. In thickets, Rattlesnake Island, Put-in-Bay and several places in Erie County. Doubtless from seeds dropped by birds. . ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ait.* ‘“ Margaretta’’ Flossie Nolan. Perkins, scarce. . ARBUTIFOLIA, L. f. Choke-berry. Tisdell’s, Vermillion; rare. . ARBUTIFOLIA MELANOCARPA, Hook. Milan, Berlin, Vermillion, Marblehead; infrequent . communis, L. Pear. In woods or by roadsides, Perkins, Groton, Catawba, Put-in-Bay; rare. ‘‘ Kelley’s Island.”’ . CORONARIA, L. American Crab-Apple. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. . malus, L. Apple. Frequent. Islands. DRUPACEA. PRUNUS, L. . AMERICANA, Marshall. Wild Yellow or Red Plum. Rather frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. . avium, L. Sweet Cherry. In several woods where, doubtless, it has started from pits dropped by birds. Kelley’s Island. . CUNEATA, Raf.* . Oxford prairie; rare. . persica, Stokes. Peach. Roadsides; infrequent. Islands. 300,000 bnshels of peaches, raised on Catawba, wereshipped from there in 1898, enough to have supplied more than a peck to every family in the western half of the United States. 100 E. SANDUSKY FLORA. SEROTINA, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Common. Timber found in the submerged forest, Huron marsh. Mr. W. H. Todd says that these cherries are more attractive to birds than grapes, and that it pays to plant the trees near vineyards for this reason. Are they not worth planting for \ the timber ? . VIRGINIANA, L. Choke-Cherry. Abundant on Cedar Point and Islands. Much less common elsewhere. CAESALPINACE, CASSIA, L. Senna. . CHAMACRISTA, L. Partridge Pea. Common on the shale in Oxford, Perkins, and Huron near the ‘‘slate’” cut. Infrequent along railroads in Sandusky. Catawba. . MARYLANDICA, L. Wild Senna. Margaretta, Johnson’s Island, Marblehead; in- frequent. ‘‘ Port Clinton.” CERCIS, L. Judas-tree. CANADENSIS, L. Red-bud. Peninsula; frequent. Margaretta; infrequent. Milan; scarce. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. TRIACANTHOS, L. Three-thorned Acacia. Honey- Locust. Common, especially near Sandusky and .in Ottawacounty. A tree of great expanse stands on Osborn St. near Hayes Ave. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. CANADENSIS, Lam. Distribution peculiar and the tree not generally known. It grows on all of the eight islands on MOSELEY. 101 which I have collected, yet on Put-in-Bay seems limited to onespot near the south point. Marble- head, one standing by the side of the principal street; Catawba; Port Clinton where Dr. Hitch- cock said there were fifty on one acre, Margar- etta, several places; Perkins, Gurley’s; Huron, one by the Sandusky road; Berlin, formerly on Sterling Hill’s place and elsewhere; Vermillion, near Axtel; Florence, near Terryville. PAPILIONACEA= AMPHICARP@A, Ell. Hog Pea-nut. . MONOICA, Ell. Common. . PITCHERI, Torr & Gray.* Perkins, Milan, Cedar Point, Catawba, Islands; frequent. APIOS, Boerhaave. Ground-nut. Wild Bean. . TUBEROSA, Moench. Rather frequent. ‘* Tubers edible.’’ ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch. . CANADENSIS, L. Shores of the Islands and about Sandusky Bay; frequent. BAPTISIA, Vent. False Indigo. . LEUCANTHA, Torr & Gray. Oxford and southern Perkins; infrequent. . TINCTORIA, R. Br. Wild Indigo. Oxford, Perkins, eastern Milan, Vermillion, Florence; infrequent. DESMODIUM, Desy. Tick-Trefoil. . ACUMINATUM, DC. Common. Not on the Islands. Some specimens show a reversion of loments to leaves. See sixth annual report, page 32. 102 SANDUSKY FLORA. D. CANADENSE, DC. D. DD: Frequent. CANESCENS, DC. Common. CILIARE, DC. Margaretta Ridge, Berlin Heights, east of Milan and Joseph Smith’s woods, Perkins; infrequent. . CUSPIDATUM, Hooker. Infrequent. DILLENH, Darlingt.. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. . ILLINOENSE, Gray.* Marblehead, Margaretta, southern Perkins; scarce. . LINEATUM, DC.* Joseph Smith’s woods, Perkins; local. . MARYLANDICUM, F. Boott. Margaretta Ridge; rare. . NUDIFLORUM, DC. Frequent. PANICULATUM, DC. Frequent. Put-in.Bay. RIGIDUM, DC. Infrequent. ROTUNDIFOLIUM DC. Rather frequent in sandy woods, occurring in, at least, fourteen places in Erie County and on the Peninsula. . SESSILIFOLIUM, Torr. and Gray.* Sandy fields on Margaretta Ridge; common. Sandhill cemetery. Also ten miles west of Toledo. LATHYRUS, L. Vetchling. MYRTIFOLIUS, Muhl. Huron River near Enterprise. “L.S. & M.S. Ry. Sandusky,’’ Elmer Unchrich. OCHROLEUCUS, Hook. Peninsula and Islands. RE a Rae SURE me rhe Why Ain xen LSE MOSELEY. 103 . PALUSTRIS, L. Common, . VENosus, Muhl.* Margaretta Ridge; considerable. LESPEDEZA, [lichx. Bush-Clover. . CAPITATA, Michx. Common, at least in sandy soil. Not on the Islands. L. NUTTALL, Darl.* ag ge a ees na ge = Margaretta Ridge. . POLYSTACHYA, Michx. Margaretta Ridge, East of Milan, Berlin Heights, Vermillion, Florence; frequent. . PROCUMBENS, Michx. Vermillion; rare. . RETICULATA, Pers. Margaretta, Huron, Marblehead, Catawba. STUVEI INTERMEDIA, Watson. Frequent. . VIOLACEA, Pers. Frequent. LUPINUS, L. Lupine. PERENNIS, L. Wild Lupine. Margaretta Ridge; Joseph’s Smith’s, Perkins; east of Milan; local. ‘‘Scott’s cemetery” Gertrude Taylor. MEDICAGO, L. Medick. . Iupulina, L. Black Medick. Nonesuch. Frequent. Islands. . sativa, L. Lucerne. Alfalfa. Sandusky, Perkins, Marblehead, Put-in-Bay; roadsides, scarce. Can be raised in the dry soil of the Peuinsula and Islands. MELILOTUS, Juss. Melilot. Sweet Clover. . alba Desv. White Melilot. Abundant. © 104 SANDUSKY FLORA. M. officinalis, Lam. Yellow Melilot. ee ee Sandusky, Johnson’s Island, Put-in-Bay; in- frequent. PHASEOLUS, L. . DIVERSIFOLIUS, Pers. (STROPHOSTYLES ANGULOSA, - Ell.) Trailing Wild Bean. Common on sandy shores. Islands. PSORALEA, L. . MELILOTOIDES, Michx.* Bloomingville cemetery and southeast of Kim- ball; indigenous but rare. ROBINIA, L. Locust-tree. . PSEUDACACIA, L. Common Locust. False Acacia. Infrequent. Islands. Naturalized on banks of Huron River and elsewhere. The first tree of this species taken to Europe, 1638, was stillstandingin the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, in 1890. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea. . VIRGINIANA, Pers. Goat’s Rue. Cat-gut. Castalia cemetery. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. . HYBRIDUM, L. Alsike Clover. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. . pratense, L. Red Clover. Common. . REFLEXUM, L.* Buffalo Clover. ‘“‘Johnson’s Island.’’ Minnie Matern. . REPENS, L. White Clover. Common. VICIA, L. Vetch. . AMERICANA, Muhl. Sandusky, especially along L. S. & M.S. R. R. west of Hancock St., Margaretta Ridge, Ca- - tawhba, Kelley’s Island, North Bass; local. MOSELEY. 105 V. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Islands, Peninsula and western part of Erie county; common. Wii sativa, Ll. Lakeside, North Bass, Rattlesnake Island; rare. GERANIACE.. ERODIUM, L’Her. Storksbill. E. cicutarium, L’Her. ‘‘EBast of Milan.’’ Will Bittner. GERANIUM, L. Cranesbill. G. CAROLINIANUM, L. Frequent in cultivated ground. Islands. G. MACULATUM, L. Wild Cranesbill. Common. Kelley’s the only Island. G. ROBERTIANUM, L. Herb Robert. Common in rocky woods on the Peninsula and all the Islands. In sand, Cedar Point; frequent. Florence, but scarce so far from the Lake. Seldom if ever seen in the interior of Ohio or Mich- igan. I have seen it in Great Britain, where it is Ri also native but not so common as on our Islands and Peninsula. Here it probably thrives better than anywhere farther south in America. It blooms from May till late in October and adds much to the beauty of woodland and rocky shores. OXALIDACE. OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel. O. cymosa, Small. Common. wire rats Rh Rest Pe Meee. al sy aoe ne , et 106 SANDUSKY FLORA. O. stricta, L. Common. O. vioLAcEA, L. Violet Wood-Sorrel. Frequent along a stream in south-eastern Milan and in woods in southern Perkins. Infrequent in Berlin, Huron, near the Soldiers’ Home and near the West Harbor. ‘ Florence.”’ LINACE. LINUM, L. Flax. L. SULCATUM. Widder’s woods and Castalia cemetery, Marga- retta; Sandhill cemetery; Latham’s, Catawha; rare. L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. Along railroads; infrequent. Kelley’s Island. L. VIRGINIANUM, _L. Dry unbroken ground, especially at the top of high steep banks, Oxford and east; scarce. RUTACE-. PTELEA,L. Hop-tree. P. rrirouiata, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Common on the Islands and generally on sandy shores of the Lake. Occurs also in Florence and Margaretta. One on Cedar point has a circum- ference of thirty-tour inches, one foot above the ground. ZANTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash. Z, AMERICANUM, Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. Perkins, Groton, Cedar Point, Marblehead, Port Clinton, Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass; frequent. MOSELEY. 107 SIMARUBACE-. AILANTHUS, Desf. Tree-of-Heaven. A. glandulosa, Desf. Chinese Sumach. Naturalized on Cedar Point and in many places in Sandusky, especially about lumber yards and near buildings where the shelter from wind, the reflected sunlight and the protection afforded by the Bay from untimely frosts enable it to thrive better than in most places so far north. Woods, Florence, and creek valleys, Berlin; rare. POLYGALACE. POLYGALA, L. Milkwort. P. SANGUINEA, L. Abundant on the shale, Oxford and southern Per- kins. Huron, south-east of Milan, Berlin, Ver- milhon; locally common. P. SENEGA, L. . Margaretta Ridge, Marblehead, Perkins ceme- tery; scarce. The variety Jatifolia grows at Catawba. P. VERTICILLATA, L. Dry soil, especially at the top of steep banks; infrequent. P. VERTICILLATA AMBIGUA, Wats & Coult. South of Huron; rare. EUPHORBIACE. ACALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. A. VIRGINICA, L. Abundant. 108 SANDUSKY FLORA. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. E. comMuTatTA, Engelm. Marblehead, Johnson’s Island, Cedar Point, Willow Point; rare except near the railroad on Marblehead. E. COROLLATA, L. Frequent. E. cyparissias, L. Cypress Spurge. Spreading in and from cemeteries and yards. Islands. E. DENTATA, Michx.* Islands, Peninsula and mainland near Sandusky Bay; frequent. E. nirsuta, Wiegand.* Common, but not on the Islands. E. MACULATA, L. Abundant. E. MARGINATA, Pursh. Naturalized in flower gardens, frequent; else- where rare. E. peplus, L.* Along fence, Jefferson St., near Fulton St., San- dusky, where it has been for a number of years. E. POLYGONIFOLIA, L. Abundant on sandyshores of Lake Erie. Islands. E. PRESLU, Guss. Common. E. SERPENS, HBK.* Johnson’s Island; rare. A lot in Sandusky, va- cant in 1896, but since used for a building site. CALLITRICHACE-:. CALLITRICHE, L. Water-Starwort. C. HETEROPHYLLA, Pursh. Berlin; rare. Sot , - ' 7 cw SN ANI BVO fia Sie) fey AM MAN Vie me ay « Ee AEN 2 ae a y ee, MOSELEY. 109 . VERNA, L. Birmingham and Kimball; rare. LIMNANTHACE-E. FLGERKEA, Willd. False Mermaid. . PROSERPINACOIDES, Willd. Common in alluvial soil. ANACARDIACE:. RHUS, L. Sumach. . AROMATICA, Ait. Fragrant Sumac. Cedar Point and Marblehead; common. Other parts of the Peninsula, Islands, Margaretta, western Perkins; frequent. . COPALLINA, L. Dwarf Sumac. Oxtord and southern Perkins; common. South- east of Milan. . GLABRA, L. Smooth Sumac. Common. . RADICANS, L. (R. TOXICODENDRON,) Poison Ivy. Everywhere except on Green Island. Common. Berries eaten and seeds distributed by birds. . TypHINA, L. Staghorn Sumac. Islands, Peninsula and Cedar Point; abundant. Lester Carpenter of Kelley’s Island has book- shelves of this wood, and says that one tree was sixteen inches in diameter near the ground, and about fourteen inches, at a height of six feet. Where else does sumac attain such a size? . VENENATA, DC. Poison Sumac. ' Vermillion; almost exterminated. ‘‘ Formerly in old huckleberry swamp near Axtel’”’ A. A. Blair and L. W. Washburn. 110 SANDUSKY FLORA. ILICACE. ILEX, L. Holly. I. VERTICILLATA, Gray. Winterberry. Black Alder. Rather frequent. Green Island. CELASTRACE-. CELASTRUS, L. Shrubby Bitter sweet. v C. sCANDENS, L. Wax-work, Climbing Bitter-sweet. Common. EUONYMUS, L. Spindle-tree. E. ATROPURPUREUS, Jacq. Burning-Bush. Wahoo. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. E. opovatus, Nutt.. Running Strawberry Bush. Islands; Sugar Rock, Catawba; Hartshorn’s; frequent. Vermillion River, Florence. STAPHYLEACE-. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut. S. TriFoLiIA, L. American Bladder-nut. Frequent. Green Island. - ACERACE-A., ACER, L. Maple. _A. pasycaRpuM, Ehrh. White or Silver Maple. Common. Planted for shade. Wood used in Sandusky in making baskets. A. ruBRUM, L. Red or Swamp Maple. River banks; infrequent. MOSELEY. 111 A, SACCHARINUM, Wang. Sugar or Rock Maple. Common in Florence, where there are many sugar bushes. Less common in other parts of the county, on the Peninsula and all the Islands. Wood used by the Sandusky Furniture Company for making bowling alleys, and by the Tool Com- pany for the jaws of hand-screws. A. SACCHARINUM NIGRUM, Torr & Gray. Black Sugar Maple. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. North Bass. © NEGUNDO, [Moench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. N. aCEROIDES, Moench. Vermillion River, Huron River, Pipe Creek, Shin- rock, Bay Bridge, Port Clinton, Put-in-Bay; scarce except along rivers. HIPPOCASTANACE-. AESCULUS, L. ZE. GLABRA, Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeve. Frequent along streams and on Johnson’s Island. Marblehead, Kelley’s Island; scarce. Middle Bass, one. “North Bass, one.” ‘‘Buckeye Island, formerly.” BALSAMINACE-. IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed. I. auREA, Muhl. (I. paLtyipa, Nutt.) Pale Touch-me- not. Frequent in rich soil in damp woods. Rattlesnake Island. I. prFLorA, Walt. (I. rFuLva, Nutt.) Spotted Touch- me-not. Common, especially on Cedar Point and shores of the Islands. 112 V. SANDUSKY FLORA. RHAMNACE-=. CEANOTHUS, L. Red-root. . AMERICANUS, L. New Jersey Tea. Peninsula, Margeretta Ridge, Perkins, Oxford, east of Milan; frequent. . OvATUS, Desf. Peninsula; frequent. VITACEA. VITIS, L. Grape. BICOLOR, LeConte. Blue or Winter Grape. Infrequent. A vine in Peter Mainzer’s woods, German Settlement, Perkins, is about 80 feet high and measures 2814 inches in circumference. CORDIFOLIA, Michx. Frost or Chicken Grape. Milan, Berlin, Vermillion; rather frequent. John- son’s Island. HEDERACEA, Ehrh. (AMPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA, Michx.) Virginia Creeper. Common. LABRusCA, L. Northern Fox Grape. Vermillion, Florence, Berlin, Milan, Oxford. Rather frequent in Florence. . RIPARIA, Michx. Riverside or Sweet scented Grape. Common. Abundant on Cedar Point. Nearlyall the wild grape vines near Sandusky and on the Islands and Peninsula are of this species. Wild grapes formerly abounded on the Islands. Vine- yards have for many years occupied half or more of the cultivated ground of the Islands,—more than half theentire area of Middle Bass and North Bass. Of late they have been to some extent sup- planted by peach orchards. The yield continues good,—between six and nine million pounds an- nually for Ottawa county, surpassed the last few years by Lake and Cuyahoga counties,—but the price has been low. ae” ha it dat tae Ava eae Paha ihe tenes ms =f .S ws Moar “ fs = es . MOSELEY. 113 TILIACE. TILIA, L. Linden. T. AMERICANA, L. Basswood. Common. Wood used in Sandusky for making excelsior and small boxes. Crayon made in San- dusky is used in nearly every school-house in the United States and to some extentin Europe. For the crayon boxes, basswood logs four feet long, steamed and stripped of bark, are revolved in front of a knife that peels off long sheets of the re- quired thickness. The cores of the logs, about six inches thick, are sent to Muncie, Indiana, for mak- ing paper pulp. MALVACE-., ABUTILON, Gaertn. Indian Mallow. ~ A. avicennae, Gaertn. Velvet-Leaf. Common. Cultivated in western China for its fibre: here a garden weed. ALTHAA. A. rosea, Cav. Hollyhock. Escaped into streets and vacant lots in a hundred places, in Sandusky; also in many other places in Erie county and on the Islands and Peninsula. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallow. H. MoscHEUTOs, L. Swamp Rose-Mallow. In marshes connected with Sandusky Bay and the Harbors; frequent. Port Clinton. North Bass. A showy plant. 114 SANDUSKY FLORA. H. trionum, L. Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-Hour. Venice Mallow. Black-eyed Susan. Frequent. Not yet well known, but occurring throughout Frie county, on the Peninsula and on Kelley’s Island. Plentiful in some places. MALVA, L. Mallow. _M. moschata, L. Musk Mallow. Searce. Kelley’s Island. M. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow. Abundant. M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow. Rare. SIDA, L. S. spinosa, L. Sandusky, Perkins, Peninsula; local Island; frequent. HYPERICACE. HYPERICUM, L. St John’s-wort. ry ASCYRON, L. Great St. John’s-wort. Vermillion River, Huron River, infrequent. . CANADENSE, L.* South-east of Milan; rare. . CANADENSE MAJUS, Gray.* Perkins, Groton ; infrequent. . GYMNANTHUM, Engelm & Gray.* Prairie, Oxford and Perkins; common. KALMIANUM, L. Prairie north and west of Castalia; Middle Bass; rare. ‘‘ Put-in-Bay.” . MACULATUM, Walt. Frequent. Rattlesnake Island. Ba see se . Kelley’s ‘ Shinrock ; common, “2 ec vel Aw \F's MOSELEY. ib es H. MUTILUM, L. Frequent. Common on Oxford prairie. . perforatum, L. Common St. John’s-wort. Frequent. Common in parts of Berlin. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass. . SAROTHRA, Michx. (H. NUDICAULE Walt.) Orange-grass. Pine-weed. Oxford; common on the shale. Huron, Ver- million; local. . VIRGINICUM, L. (ELODES CAMPANULATA, Pursh.) Marsh St Johns-wort. Infrequent. CISTACE.. HELIANTHEMUM, Pers. Frost-weed. H. CANADENSE, Michx. Margaretta Ridge and Perkins; rare. . Majus, (L) B.S. P. East of Milan; infrequent. Cedar Point and southern Perkins; local. LECHEA, Kalm. Pinweed. . LEGGETTH, Britt & Holl. Leonard’s Hazel Patch, Perkins. © . MAJOR, Michx. Wintergreen woods east of Milan, Bloomingville cemetery, Castalia cemetery, Smith’s, Perkins; local. ‘‘Cedar Point’’ Claassen. . MINOR, L. (LL. THYMIFOLIA of Gray’s Manual.) Vermillion, southern Perkins and east of Milan; local and scarcer than the last. VIOLACE. IONIDIUM, Vent. . CONCOLOR, Benth & Hook. Green Violet. Vermillion River, Florence; rare. 116 V. ¥ ys 9 '6F V. V. Ni. Vv. SANDUSKY FLORA. VIOLA, L. Violet. BLANDA, Willd. Sweet White Violet. One wet field in Margaretta, since plowed up. ‘*Perkins.”” ‘‘Berlin.”’ BLANDA PALUSTRIFORMIS, Gray.* Damp cool rocks, Vermillion River and tributary ravines; scarce. . CANINA MUHLENBERGH, Gray. Dog Violet. Vermillion River near Birmingham; one specimen. Also Rocky Ridge, Ottawa county. CUCULLA’A, Ait. Common Blue Violet. Abundant. In bloom October 8. LANCEOLATA, L. Lance-leaved Violet. Oxford and Perkins prairie; rather frequent. Vermillion southeast of the village; locally plentiful. ovATa, Nutt.” Castalia cemetery; rare. PALMATA, L. Sandusky, Catawba; scarce. PEDATIFIDA, G. Don.* Marblehead; scarce. Margaretta and Perkins rare. PUBESCENS, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Common. PUBESCENS SCABRIUSCULA, Torr & Gray. Perkins, Milan. Apparently common: we have confounded it with the species. ROSTRATA, Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. Florence; frequent. Berlin Heights, but not nearer Sandusky. . sAGITTATA, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. Prairie, Oxford and Perkins; common. East of Milan. Vermillion. In bloom October 5. . sTRIATA, Ait. Pale Violet. Common along rivers and, locally, elsewhere. . POL MS eee e Are |] Le Tal , re La! Ua) } ‘ rs * ( 4 . Reem tty! fuer ects Mes MOSELEY. 2 lp by V. TENELLA, Muhl. (Viola tricolor arvensis DC., perhaps.) Field Pansy. Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Marblehead, Catawba. Put-in-Bay; in- frequent but apparently indigenous. V. tricolor L., Pansy, persists where it has been cultivated. Three other species grow in Cuyahoga county. See page 30. CACTACE-. OPUNTIA, [lill. Prickly Pear. O. RAFINESQUI, Engelm.* Cedar Point and one field in Margaretta; common. Marblehead; scarce. THYMELAZACE-. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Moosewood. D. PALUSTRIS, L. One bush on Beecher’s flats, Vermillion River, southern Florence. ‘‘Formerly plentiful’ there. ELAZEAGNACE-E. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. S. CANADENSIS, Nutt. One spot on east fork Vermillion River; rare. “Cedar Point,’’ W. A. Kellerman. LYTHRACEA. AMMANNIA, L. A. COCCINEA, Rottb.* Presque Isle Point, Peninsula; local. 118 SANDUSKY FLORA. LYTHRUII, L. Loosestrife. L. ALATUM, Pursh. Common, especially on wet prairies. Put-in-Bay and Middle Bass the only Islands. NESEA, Comm, Juss. N. VERTICILLATA, HBK. (DECODON VERTICILLATUS. Ell.) Swamp Loosestrife. Marshes connected with Bay and Lake; common. Islands. ROTALA, L. R. RAMoOSIOR, Koehne. Marblehead; rare. The only spot in northern Ohio. MELASTOMACE-. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beauty. R, virerinica, L.* Southern Perkins and East of Milan; plentiful in a tew places; regarded rare until 1898. ONAGRACEE. CIRC4EA, L. Enchanter’s Nightshade. C. ALPINA, L. Florence, mostly on old logs; scarce, C. LUTETIANA, L. Common. Put-in-bay the only Island. EPILOBIUII, L. Willow-herb. E. ADENOCAULON, Haussk. Castalia, Vermillion in old quarry, Marblehead, Kelley’s Island, North Bass; infrequent. MOSELEY. 119 E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed. Infrequent. | E, coLoratum. Muhl. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass. E. LINEARE, Muhl. Castalia and Peninsula; infrequent. GAURA, L. G. BLENNIS, L. Rather frequent. LUDWIGIA, L. False Loosestrife. L. ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Seed-box. Common on the shale. Cedar Point. L. PALUSTRIS, Ell. Water Purslane. Frequent. L. POLYCARPA, Short & Peter. Oxford, Perkins, Vermillion; infrequent. CENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose. CE. BIENNIS, L. Common Evening Primrose. Common. CE. FRUTICOSA, L. Sundrops. Kimball; locally plentiful. CE. OAKESIANA, Robbins.* Sandusky and probably Cedar Point and else- where about the Lake. Not distinguished from GE. bennis until 1898, probably for the reason that it is not annual, as described. Several years ago August Guenther, at my suggestion, pulled up a large number of CEnotheras on Cedar Point and elsewhere, but failed to find one with an an- nual root. One or the other species is very com- mon on the shores of the Islands. 120 SANDUSKY FLORA. Ci. Pumita, L. Oxford, southern Perkins, east of Milan, Vermill- ion; scarce. ‘“‘Southern Margaretta,” Elsie Johns. , CZ. RHOMBIPETALA, Nutt.* Cedar Point. HALORAGIDACE-.. MYRIOPHYLLUII, L. Water-Milfoil. M. sPicaTuMm, L. Sandusky Bay, East Harbor, Catawba, Put-in- Bay; common. PROSERPINACA, L. Mermaid-weed. P. PALUSTRIS, L. : Perkins, Castalia, Marblehead ; in swamps. ARALIACE-E. ARALIA, L. A. NuDICAULIS, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Rather frequent. Green Island, Kelley’s Island. A. QUINQUEFOLIA Decsne & Planch. Ginseng. A few years ago frequent; now nearly extermin- ated. The ginseng dug on Put-in-Bay, 1892 and 1893, sold for about $800 at about $3 a pound. A. RACEMOSA, L. Spikenard. Frequent on steep banks of streams, and occurs in several other places. A. TRIFOLIA, Decsne & Planch. Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut. Two places in Florence. MOSELEY. 4 121 UMBELLIFERAE. ARCHANGELIGA, Hoffm. . ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm. Castalia; frequent. Perkins. . HIRSUTA, Torr & Gray. Sandy soil; infrequent. CARUM, L. Caraway. . carvi, L: Infrequent. Islands. CHAEROPHYLLUM, L. . PROCUMBENS, Crantz. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. CICUTA, L. Water Hemlock. . BULBIFERA, L. Frequent. Islands. . MACULATA, L. Musquash Root. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. CONIUM, L. Poison Hemlock. . maculatum, L. Roadside, Groton; local. CRYPTOTZENIA, DC. Honewort. . CANADENSIS, DC. Frequent. DAUCUS, L. Carrot. » carota, L. A weed in some places in the eastern part of Erie county. Infrequent or scarce in Sandusky and elsewhere, but, perhaps, spreading from the east. eae PURER ail si: rly. gage ea eed SANDUSKY FLORA. ERIGENIA, Nutt. Harbinger-of-Spring. . BULBOSA, Nutt. Rather frequent near streams. Kelley’s Island.. ERYNGIUNFI, L. . YUCC4:FOLIUM, Michx.* - Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snake-root. Southeast of Kimball; plentiful. Roadside west of Union Corners, and roadside at Joseph Smith’s, Perkins; rare. FCENICULUII, Adans, Fennel. . vulgare, Mill. (F. officinale, All. ) Sandusky and Groton; rare. HERACLEUM, L. Cow-Parsnip. . LANATUM, Michx. Perkins, Florence, Port Clinton; infrequent. HYDROCOTYLE, L. Water Pennywort. . AMERICANA, L. Florence; rare. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely. . BREVISTYLIS, DC. Common. . LONGISTYLIs, DC. , Common. PEUCEDANUM, L. . sativum, Benth & Hook. Parsnip. Common. Kelley’s the only island. . TERNATUM, Nutt. (TIEDEMANNIA RIGIDA, Coult & Rose.) Cowbane. . Infrequent. CoA el taeda vt Ai, oh abuse MOSELEY. 23 PIMPINELLA, L. P. INTEGERRIMA, Benth & Hook. Frequent, especially on rocky hillsides. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. SANICULA, L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot. S. CANADENSIS, L. Frequent orcommon. Put-in-Bay group. S. MARYLANDICA, L. Frequent orcommon. Kelley’s Island. The two species of sanicle are so much alike that I have not always attempted to distinguish between them. The U. S. National Museum has a specimen of S. trifoliata from Lorain county, and the same might probably be found in Erie county by diligent searching. © SIUM, L. Water Parsnip. S. CICUTAFOLIUM, Schrank. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip. ._ T. AUREUM, Nutt. Sandusky, Margaretta, Marblehead: infrequent. The so-called variety atropurpureum in Florence. T. AUREUM TRIFOLIATUM. Coult & Rose. Frequent on the Peninsula and in the western part of Eriecounty. Put-in-Bay. T. BARBINODE, Nutt. Margaretta, Peninsula, Islands; frequent. ‘‘Cedar Point.” T. BARBINODE, ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Coult & Rose. Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Marblehead, Mouse Island; frequent. ZIZIA, Koch. Z. AUREA. Koch. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. 124 SANDUSKY FLORA. CORNACE-. CORNUS, L. Cornel. Dogwood. 'C. ALTERNIFOLIA, L. f. Florence, Catawba; scarce. C. amomum, Mill. (C. SERICEA, L. ) Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Common. C. ASPERIFOLIA, Michx. Common, C. canpipissima, Mill. (C. PANICULATA, L’Her.) Frequent. C. circinatTa, L’Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dog- wood. Frequent, especially on the Peninsula and along the Vermillion River. Kelley’s Island. C. FLorIDA, L. Flowering Dogwood. Common. Kelley’s the only Island. C. STOLONIFERA, Michx, Red-osier Dogwood. Castalia; rare. Shore of Lake Erie east of Huron. NYSSA, L. Tupelo. N. MULTIFLORA, Wang. (N. syLvatTica, Marsh. ) Pepperidge. Sour Gum. Rich soil; infrequent. PYROLACE-:, CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa. C, macuLaTa, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen, , Furnace woods, Vermillion. C. UMBELLATA, Nutt. Prince’s Pine. Cedar Point; east of Milan; Vermillion River, Florence, rare. MOSELEY. 125 PYROLA, L. Wintergreen. P, ELLIPTICA, Nutt, Shin-leaf. Florence, Milan, Perkins, Cedar Point, Marble- head; infrequent. P. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Florence, Berlin Heights, Milan, Perkins, Marga- retta Ridge; infrequent. MONOTROPACE-. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. M. UNIFLORA, L,. Corpse-Plant. Infrequent. ERICACE. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry. A. uva-uRsI, Spreng.* Cedar Point; frequent. Vermillion River, Ver- million; rare. EPIG4EA, L. Ground Laurel. E. REPENS, L, Trailing Arbutus. Berlin Heights; rare. GAULTHERIA, L. Aromatic Wintergreen. G. PROCUMBENS, L. Creeping Wintergreen. One woods east of Milan; frequent. Berlin Heights and Vermillion River; rare. Formerly so plentiful on the banks of the Vermillion River north of Birmingham that they were known locally as the ‘‘ Wintergreen Banks.”’ 126 SANDUSKY FLORA. VACCINIACE-E. GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry. H. resinosa, Torr & Gray. Black Huckleberry. Oxford and east; frequent. OXYCOCCUS, Hill. Cranberry. O. MACROCARPUS, Pers. Large or American Cranberry. Milan; nearly exterminated. ‘‘ Formerly east of Berlin Heights and plentiful near Axtel.”’ VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry. V. coRyMBosum, L. High-bush or Swamp Blueberry. A few bushes on and near Tisdale’s Vermillion, and in the old” swamp near Axtel where years ° ago, ‘‘ grew a thousand bushels of berries.’’ See page 31. V. PENNSYLVANICUM, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. Vermillion River, Vermillion; rare. V. VACILLANS, Solander. Low Blueberry. Fiequent from the Huron River east. This and the Black Huckleberry are the only Ericacez often met with in Erie county and these not often west of the Huron River. I know of none of this order on the Islands and, excepting the Shin-leaf and ‘Indian Pipe,’”’ none on the Peninsula. PRIMULACE-. ANAGALLIS, L. Pimpernel. A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel. ‘‘Sandusky.’”’ Victor Hommel. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip. D. meapriA, L.* Shooting-Star. : Castalia; rare. Called also Pride-of-Ohio, but probably not one in a thousand of the peoplenow living in Ohio ever saw it growing wild. — MOSELEY. 127 LYSITIACHIA, L. Loosestrife. . nummularia, L. Moneywort. Frequent in damp places along roads and oc- casional elsewhere. Middle Bass. . QUADRIFOLIA, L. Rather frequent. . STRICTA, Ait. Infrequent. Bass Islands. . THYRSIFLORA, L. Tufted Loosestrife. Perkins, Huron, Cedar Point, Catawba; infrequent. SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed. . VALERANDI AMERICANUS, Gray. Florence, Shinrock, Huron, Milan, Groton; infrequent. STEIRONEMA, Raf. . CILIATUM, Raf. Common. . LONGIFOLIUM, Gray. Sandusky, Oxford, Margaretta, Peninsula, Put-in Bay, Middle Bass, Rattlesnake Island; frequent. OLEACE-. FRAXINUS, L. Ash. . AMERICANA, L. White Ash. Common. Wood used by the Sandusky Tool Company for hoe handles. . PUBESCENS, Lam. Red Ash. Frequent. Islands. On Kelley’s Island fruit 214 inches long and 5-12 inch wide. . QUADRANGULATA, Michx. Blue Ash. Islands and Peninsula; frequent. Margaretta Ridge. 128 SANDUSKY FLORA. F. F, L. S. i. G G. G. SAMBUCIFOLIA, Lam. Black Ash. Infrequent. Islands. viripis, Michx. f. Green Ash. Cedar Point and Vermillion River. LIGUSTRUM, L. vulgare, L. Privet. Prim. Cedar Point, Milan, etc; rare. SYRINGA, L. vulgaris, L. Lilac. Kelley’s Island; well established. Sandusky. GENTIANACE-. BARTONIA, [luhl. . TENELLA, Muhl. East of Milan; rare. FRASERA, Walt. American Columbo. CAROLINENSIS, Walt. Margaretta Ridge, Perkins, Huron, Berlin; scarce. GENTIANA, L._ Gentian. . ANDREWSI, Griseb. Closed Gentian. Frequent along ditches. . CRINITA, Froel. Fringed Gentian. Castalia, southern Perkins,eastern Milan, Oxford near Huron River; infrequent. ‘‘ Marblehead.”’ DETONSA Rottb. (G. SERRATA, Gunner.) Vermillion River, Florence; one young plant found on wet shale cliff. PUBERULA, Michx.* Southern Perkins; beautiful but very rare. MOSELEY. 129 G. QUINQUEFLORA, Lam. Vermillion River; frequent on the east fork. Mar- garetta Ridge; rare. The variety occidentalis in southern Perkins. SABBATIA, Adans. S. ANGULARIS, Pursh. ‘Florence, 1888.’’ Josephine Fish. Eastern Milan and Vermillion River, Florence; scarce. APOCYNACE-©. APOCYNUM, L. A. ANDROSEMIFOLIUM, L. Spreading Dogbane. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. Middle Bass. A. CANNABINUM, L. Indian Hemp. Frequent but on lower ground. Islands. VINCA, L. V. minor L. Periwinkle, Myrtle. Spreading in and from yards and cemeteries. Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass. ASCLEPIADACE-. ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed. A. LONGIFOLIA, EIl.* Prairie; Oxford, Perkins, Huron; frequent. A. VIRIDIFLORA, Ell. Oxford, Margaretta, Cedar Point, Marblehead, Catawba. Infrequent, except on Marblehead, where the ‘‘ variety ’’ Janceolata also occurs. 130 SANDUSKY FLORA. ee A. & c ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed. . INCARNATA, L. Swamp Milkweed. Common. . INCARNATA PULCHRA, Pers. Castalia; rare. OBTUSIFOLIA, Michx.* In sand, Margaretta Ridge, Castalia cemetery, southern Perkins; rare. PHYTOLACCOIDES, Pursh. Poke Milkweed. In nine places, but scarce. Put-in-Bay. PURPURASCENS, L. Purple Milkweed. Perkins, Margaretta, Groton, Marblehead, Catawba; infrequent. . QUADRIFOLIA, Jacq. Huron River and Perkins; rare. . SULLIVANTI, Engelm.* Oxford and Sandusky; scarce. . SyrRIACA, L. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Common. . TUBEROSA, L. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. North Bass. VERTICILLATA, L. Southern Margaretta, Groton, Marblehead, Catawba; scarce. CONVOLVULACE-.. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. . arvensis, L. Small Bindweed. Sandusky and Islands; local. . SEPIUM, L. (CALYSTEGIA SEPIUM, R. Br.) Hedge Bindweed. Common. A rank weed in corn fields in Perkins. On portions of the bay shore of Cedar Point so thick as to make walking difficult. MOSELEY. = 131 C. SEPIUM REPENS, Gray.* , _ Oxford; frequent? Catawba. ‘‘ Marblehead,” U. G. Sanger. f IPOMCEA, L. Morning Glory. I. PANDURATA, Meyer. (I. Fas1riGIATA. Sweet.) Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-earth. Frequent. I. purpurea, Roth. Morning-glory. ' Escaped into roads and waste places, Sandusky, Peninsula, Put-in-Bay, North Bass; infrequent. CUSCUTACE-. CUSCUTA, L. Dodder. C. ARVENSIS, Beyrich.* Oxford, Florence, Port Clinton; rare. C. CHLOROCARPA, Engelm.* Catawba; frequent. East Harbor, Castalia, Willow Point, Sandusky, Oxford; infrequent. . DECORA, Engelm.* Marblehead ; rare. . GRonovui, Willd. Common. . INFLEXA, Engelm.* Oxford and Margaretta Ridge; scarce. . TENUIFLORA, Engelm. : Perkins, Oxford, Port Clinton, Put-in-Bay; Infrequent. LP rN GF MET 4 1p ae POLEMONIACE. PHLOX, L. P. DIVARICATA, L.. Common. A specimen from Johnson’s Island has narrow, acuminate, corolla lobes. 132 SANDUSKY FLORA. P. PANICULATA, L. Spreading from gardens to roadsides in several places. P. piLosa, L. Margaretta Ridge, Oxford, southern Perkins, Huron, Catawba; locally common. P. suBuLATA, L. Ground or Moss Pink. : Catawba; frequent.. Vermillion or Florence; rare. ‘‘Berlin”’ Sterling Hill. POLEMONIUM, L. Greek Valerian. P. REPTANS, L. Near the Huron and Vermillion rivers ; infrequent, ‘‘Hartshorn’s, Peninsula.’’ Pearl Green. HYDROPHYLLACEZ. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Waterleaf. H. APPENDICULATUM, Michx. Frequent, especially on the Islands and Peninsula. H. CANADENSE, L. Florence and Vermillion; rare. H. MACROPHYLLUM, Nutt. One spot on west bank of west fork of Vermillion River; a dozen or more plants growing with a few of the preceding species. Unknown elsewhere so far north. H. VIRGINICUM, L. Common. Islands, except Kelley’s and Put-in- Bay. PHACELIA, Juss. P. pursHt, Buckley. Johnson’s Island; common. Milan, Vermillion, Peninsula, Kelley’s Island; scarce. P MOSELEY. 3 133 BORAGINACE. BORAGO, L. . officinalis, L. Borage. Spontaneous near the Soldiers’ Home. CYNOGLOSSUIT, L. . officinale, L. Hound’s-tongue. Common. ECHINOSPERMUII, Lehm. Stickseed. . lappula, Lehm. Peninsula, Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass, Perkins, Sandusky; rather frequent. . VIRGINICUM, Lehm. Beggar’s Lice. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. ECHIUM, L. Viper’s Bugloss. . vulgare, L. Blue-weed. Well established in the L. E. & W. freight yard, Sandusky. LITHOSPERMOUNM, L. . arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. Abundant One of the worst weeds on Kelley’s Island and elsewhere. . CANESCENS, Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. Peninsula, Margaretta, southern Perkins; infrequent. . HIRTUM, Lehm.* Hairy Puccoon. Cedar Point; common. MERTENSIA, Roth. Lungwort. . virGINIcA, DC. Virginia Cowslip. Blue-bells. Johnson’s Island, Huron River; frequent. Marblehead, Kelley’s Island, North Bass, Berlin, Vermillion River; infrequent or scarce. BS Shs y sg, ees ek Tiana 134 SANDUSKY FLORA. fies MYOSOTIS, L. Scorpion-grass. M. VERNA, Nutt. : Rather frequent. Put-in-Bay. ONOSMODIUM, [iichx. O. CAROLINIANUM, DC. i Margaretta, western Perkins, Peninsula, John- son’s Island; infrequent. VERBENACE-, LIPPIA, L. L. LaNcroLaTa, Michx. Fog-fruit. Sandusky, Margaretta, Groton, Johnson’s Island, Peninsula, Put-in-Bay; infrequent. VERBENA, L. Vervain. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Michx. Common in dry calcareous soil. Kelley’s the only island. V. BRACTEATA, Lag & Rodr.* Near the L. E. & W. freight house; rare. V. HASTATA, L. Blue Vervain. Common. V. URTICAEFOLIA, L. White Vervain. Frequent. Islands. Hybrids between this and the preceding occur. LABIATZ.. BLEPHILIA, Raf. B. crLiATa, Raf. Johnson’s Island, Marblehead, Catawba, Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay, Margaretta, western Per- kins ; locally plentiful. MOSELEY. 135 B. HIRSUTA, Benth. In woods, Erie county and Catawba; infrequent. CALAISIUNTHA. Lam. C. CLINopopiuM, Benth. Basil. Islands, Peninsula, Cedar Point; common. Smith’s woods, Perkins. C. NUTTALLU, Benth. Prairies, Castalia and Marblehead ; common. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse Balm. C. CANADENSIS, L. Rich-weed. Frequent. HEDEOMA, Pers. H. PULEGIOIDES, Pers. American Pennyroyal. Common. ISANTHUS, [lichx. I. CAERULEuS, Michx. False Pennyroyal. Dry calcareous soil; frequent, especially about quarries. Kelley’s Island. Common on Marble- head. LAMIUM, L. Dead-Nettle. I, amplexicaule, L. Throughout but scarce. Islands. L. purpureum, L. ‘‘Soldiers’ Home.’’ Carl Anderson. LEONURUS, L. L. cardiaca, L. Motherwort. Common. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop. L. NEPETOIDES, Benth. Peninsula; jrequent. Kelley’s Island, Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Groton, Perkins, Bloom- ingville, Florence; infrequent. 136 SANDUSKY FLORA. L. SCROPHULARIAEFOLJuvs, Benth. East of Milan; rare. Also at Oak Harbor, Ottawa county. LYCOPUS, L.. Water Hoarhound. L. RUBELLUs, Moench. Infrequent. Islands. L. sINvaATus, Ell. Frequent. Islands. L. VIRGINICUS, L. Bugle-weed. Common, MARRUBIUII, L. Hoarhound. M. vulgare, L. Common Hoarhound. Islands and Peninsula; common. Margaretta Sandusky, Milan; local. MELISSA, L. Balm. M. officinalis, L. Common Balm. Woods, Put-in-Bay and Vermillion; rare. MENTHA,L. Mint. = M. CANADENSIS, L. Wild Mint. Common. M. piperata, L. Peppermint. Frequent, especially about Castalia. ‘‘ The continuous inhalation of the oil for several days will cure catarrh.”’ M. viridis, L. Spearmint. Common. Put-in-Bay the only island. ‘AGNARDA, L. Hosee-miat. M. CLINOpPopDIA, L. Milan; rare. M. FistuLosa, L. Wild Bergamot. Common. The variety mollis seems to be the more common form. MOSELEY. 137 NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint, . cataria, L. Catnip. Common. . glechoma, Benth. GroundIvy. Gill. Common. Not noticed on the Islands, except Rattlesnake, where it appeared about 1892, and Put-in-Bay. Along rivers it has become super- abundant. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head. . VIRGINIANA, Benth. Marblehead, Put-in-Bay, Middle Bass, Groton, eastern Sandusky; scarce. . PRUNELLA, L. Self-heal. _ VULGARIS, L. Heal-all. Common. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint. . LANCEOLATUM, Pursh. Castalia; common. Oxford, Milan, Peninsula; frequent. Put-in-Bay. . LINIFOLIUM, Pursh. Oxford prairie and Vermillion River flats; rare. . MUTICUM PILOSUM, Gray. East of Port Clinton; rare. SATUREIA, L. Savory. . hortensis, L. Summer Savory. Well established in and near the village ot Marblehead. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. GALERICULATA, L, Common. Put-in-Bay and Middle Bass the only islands. 138 SANDUSKY FLORA. S. LATERIFLoRA, L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Common. S. NERVOsA, Pursh. Vermillion, woods east of the river and Florence along west fork; rare. S. PARVULA, Michx. Mostly in calcareous soil, Margaretta, Peninsula, Kelley’s Island; frequent. S. VERSICOLOR, Nutt. Marblehead; frequent. Cedar Point, Johnson’s Island, Put-in-Bay, Catawba, Margaretta, Per- kins; infrequent. STACHYS, L. Hedge-Nettle. S. ASPERA, Michx. : Sandusky, Cedar Point, Peninsula; common. Middle Bass, North Bass. S. TENUIFOLIA, Willd. (S. ASPERA GLABRA, Gray. ) Old Woman Creek, Berlin Heights; rare. TEUCRIUM, L. Germander. T. CANADENSE, L. Wood Sage. Common especially on the shores of the Islands. SOLANACE-., DATURA, L. Jamestown or Jimson-weed. D. stramonium, L. Margaretta; frequent; elsewhere scarce. DPD. tatula, L. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. LYCIUIM, L. Matrimony Vine. L. vulgare, Dunal. Escaped from gardens in some places. Kelley’s Island. SC Sot Neots ee PO ce bya MOSELEY. 139 LYCOPERSICUT/, Hill. . esculentum, Mill. Tomato. Sandusky; well established near the Bay. Kel- ley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru. . physaloides, Gaertn. Perkins; scarce. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. . HETEROPHYLLA, Nees. ( P. VIRGINIANA, Gray. ) Common. . HETEROPHYLLA AMBIGUA, Gray. Marblehead. . HETEROPHYLLA NYCTAGINEA, Dunal. Huron, Milan, Perkins, Danbury. . LANCEOLATA, Michx. Sandusky, Perkins, Port Clinton, Kelley’s Island, ‘‘Marblehead.”’ . . PHILADELPHICA, Lam. Perkins, Groton. . PRUINOSA, L. Kelley’s Island. SOLANUM, L. Nightshade. . CAROLINENSE, L. Horse-Nettle. Several places near railroads; scarce. . duleamara, L. Bittersweet. Frequent, especially on the Peninsulaand Islands. Abundant in Lake woods east of Port Clin- ton. Appearing to be indigenous. . NIGRUM, L. Common Nightshade. Common. . ROSTRATUM, Dunal. Marblehead, about the quarry, where the dry soil seems adapted to this western weed, but we hope Mr. Harsh has succeeded in exterminating it. Put-in-Bay and ‘‘west of Sandusky,’ 1895. 140 @ SANDUSKY FLORA. SCROPHULARIACE-. CASTILLEJA, L. Painted-Cup. . COCCINEA, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-Cup. Hartshorn’s, Peninsula and Catawba; rare. CHELONE, L, Turtle-head. . GLABRA, L. Snake-head. Throughout Erie county; infrequent. CONOBEA, Aublet. . MULTIFIDA, Benth.* Prairies, Castalia, Marblehead, Kelley’s Island; scarce. GERARDIA, L. AURICULATA,. Michx.* Marblehead; rare. : FLAVA, L. Downy False Foxglove. ‘Huron River?’ Henry Schoepfle. ” . PURPUREA, L. Purple Gerardia. Castalia, where it adorns the grounds of the Trout Club, Oxford, southern Perkins, Perrin’s, Milan, Cedar Point, Peninsula; infrequent. PURPUREA PAUPERCULA, Gray.” Oxford and southern Perkins; rare. QUERCIFOLIA, Pursh. Smooth False Foxglove. Infrequent. TENUIFOLIA, Vahl. Slender Gerardia. ‘Frequent. Kelley’s Island. GRATIOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop. SPHAEROCARPA, Ell.* DeLamater’s, Kimbail; rare. VIRGINIANA, L, Rather frequent. MOSELEY. : 141 ILYSANTHES, Raf. I. RIPARIA, Raf. False Pimpernel. Sandusky, Huron River, Peninsula; infrequent. LINARIA, Juss. Toad Flax. L. vulgaris, Mill. Butter and Eggs. Common. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. M. avatus, Solander. Frequent in the eastern part of Erie county. Milan and Perkins; infrequent. | M. RINGENS, L. Frequent. Bass Islands. PEDICULARIS, L. Lousewort. P. CANADENSIS, L. Wood Betony. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. P. LANCEOLATA, Michx. Milan, Margaretta, Perkins; infrequent. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Beard-tongue. P. PUBESCENS, Solander. Frequent, especially on the Islands and Peninsula. SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort. S. NODOSA MARYLANDICA. Gray. Frequent. Islands, SEYMERIA, Pursh. S. MACROPHYLLA, Nutt. Mullein-Foxglove. Cedar Point, Port Clinton, Vermillion River; scarce. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. V. blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. Frequent, Kelley’s Island. Middle Bass. 142 Wh NY SANDUSKY FLORA. thapsus, L. Common Mullein. Common. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. . ANAGALLIS, L. Water Speedwell. _Margaretta, Huron, Berlin, Kelley’s Island; infrequent. . arvensis, L. Corn Speedwell. Common. hederzfolia, L.* Ivy-leaved Speedwell. ‘““Vard on east Market St., Sandusky.” Ione Pratt. , OFFICINALIS, L. Common Speedwell. Margaretta Ridge and east of Port Clinton; rare. ‘‘Florence.’’ Josephine Fish. . PEREGRINA, L. Neckweed. Purslane Speed well. Frequent. Put-in-Bay, North Bass, Rattlesnake Island. . SCUTELLATA, L. Marsh Speedwell. Infrequent. . SERPYLLIFOLIA, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. . vireinica, L. -Culver’s-root. Culver’s Physic. Infrequent. LENTIBULARIACE, UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. . GIBBA, L.* Cedar Point; local. . VULGARIS, L. Greater Bladderwort. Sandusky Bay and East Harbor; frequent. Cas- talia; infrequent. MOSELEY. 143 OROBANCHACE. APHYLLON, [litchell. A. UNIFLORUM, Gray. One-flowered Cancer-root. Sandusky, three places; ‘‘Bogart’’ James D. Parker, Jr.; Florence; ‘‘Catawba’’ Earl Covell: scarce. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. Cancer-root. C. AMERICANA, Wallroth. Local. Put-in-Bay, northwest woods; plentiful. Perkins, big woods. Florence; two places. EPIFAGUS, Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root. E. AMERICANUS, Nutt. (EPIPHEGUS VIRGINIANA, Bart). Florence, Vermillion, Berlin; frequent. BIGNONIACEA=: TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. T. RADICANS, Juss. Trumpet Creeper. Frequent in woods and probably indigenous. Abundant on Cedar Point. Islands. ACANTHACE-=. DIANTHERA, Gronoyv. Water-Willow. D. AMERICANA, L. Marblehead, Put-in-Bay, Middle Bass; rare. “Mills Creek; plentiful’? Hommel. PHRYMACE-. PHRYMA, L. Lopseed. P. LEPTOSTACHYA, L. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. SANDUSKY FLORA. PLANTAGINACE-. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. . ARISTATA, Michx. Sandy field on Margaretta Ridge and near L. E. & W. freight house, Sandusky; rare. . CORDATA, Lam. Huron and Florence; rare. . lanceolata, L. Ribgrass. Ribwort. English Plantain. Frequent but not common in most parts. Kelly’s Island, Put-in-Bay. . Major, L. Common Plantain. Common. . RUGELI, Decaisne. More common than the preceding. VIRGINICA, L. Sandy field on Margaretta Ridge; rare. RUBIACE:. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-bush. . OCCIDENTALIS, L. Common. GALIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers. . APARINE, L. Cleavers. Goose-Grass. Abundant. . ASPRELLUM, Michx. Rough Bedstraw. Infrequent. Islands. . BOREALE, L. Northern Bedstraw. Perkins, Margaretta, Marblehead, Catawba, Kelley’s Island; scarce. . CIRC#zANS, Michx. Wild Liquorice. Rather common. Put-in-Bay, Middle Bass, Rattlesnake Island. MOSELEY. 145 . CONCINNUM, Torr & Gray. Common. Not on the Islands. . LANCEOLATUM, Torr. Wild Liquorice. Florence, Vermillion, Berlin Heights; rare. . PILosum, Ait. Frequent. One specimen shows a reversion of flowers to leaves. . TRIFIDUM, L. Small Bedstraw. Frequent. Put-in-Bay. Middle Bass. The variety pusillum occurs at Castalia and ‘‘ Cedar Point.” . TRIFIDUM LATIFOLIUM, Torr. Infrequent. . TRIFLORUM, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Frequent. Rattlesnake Island. HOUSTONIA, L. . CAERULEA, L. Bluets. Innocence. Not found near Sandusky but in many places from southern Perkins south and east. East of Milan I have seen several million blossoms on three or four acres of ground, appearing at a distance as if a light snow had fallen, not com- pletely covering the grass. . CILIOLATA, Torr. Marblehead; common. Margaretta. Soldier’s Home. . LONGIFOLIA, Gaertn. Rocky shores of Rattlesnake Island and Put-in- Bay; frequent. Marblehead. MITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berry. . REPENS, L. Banks of Vermillion River and _ tributaries; common. Old Woman Creek at Berlin Heights; frequent. Milan, Perkins, Groton; scarce. 146 SANDUSKY FLORA. NV. CAPRIFOLIACE. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle. . GLauCA, Hill. Margaretta Ridge; rare. . GLAUCESCENS, Rydb. Infrequent. Islands. . SEMPERVIRENS, L. Trumpet.or Coral Honeysuckle. Woods near Huron, where the seed was doubtless dropped by birds; rare. SAMBUCUS. L. Elder. . CANADENSIS, L. Common Elder. Common. . RACEMOSA, L. Red-berried Elder. Eastern Sandusky; east of Milan; Vermillion River, Florence; scarce. ; SYMPHORICARPOS, Juss. Snowberry. . ORBICULATUS, Moench. (S. VULGARIS, Michx.) Indian Currant. Coral-berry. Sandusky and Milan; escaped. . RACEMOSUS, Michx. Snowberry. Marblehead; common, Elsewhere scarce. . RACEMOSUS PAUCIFLORUS, Robbins. Cedar Point; common- TRIOSTEUII, L. Horse-Gentian. . PERFOLIATUM, L. Fever-wort. Frequent. VIBURNUM, L. Arrow-wood. . ACERIFOLIUM, L. Dockmackie. Frequent from the Huron River east. Put-in- Bay. DENTATUM, L. Florence and eastern Berlin; infrequent. tm dD i RRS mit ed : A OR gs MOSELEY. 147 . LENTAGO, L, Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass. . OPULUS, L. Cranberry-tree. **Groton”’ and big woods, Perkins; rare. . PUBESCENS, Pursh. Marblehead, Catawba, Kelley’s Island, Put-in- Bay; frequent. VALERIANACE-=. VALERIANA, L. Valerian. . PAUCIFLORA, Michx. Lake woods east of Port Clinton, Florence, Milan; rare. VALERIANELLA, Poll. Corn-Salad. Lamb-Lettuce. . olitoria, Poll. Shinrock; rare. . RADIATA, Dufr. Perkins, Milan, Shinrock; scarce. . WOODSIANA, Walp.* Woodbury’s woods, Berlin; local. DIPSACACE-=. DIPSACUS, L. Teasel. . sylvestris, Mill. Common. Kelley’s the only island. CUCURBITACEA&. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple. . LOBATA, Torr & Gray. Lake woods east of Port Clinton; abund- ant. Elsewhere infrequent. 148 SANDUSKY FLORA. SICYOS, L. S. ANGULATUS, L. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber. Green Island; common. Rattlesnake Island, Put- in-Bay, Catawba, Port Clinton, Cedar Point, Sandusky; infrequent. CArMPANULACEZE, CAIPANULA, L. Bellflower. C. AMERICANA, L. Tall Bellflower. Common. C. APARINOIDES, Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. Cedar Point, Venice, Peninsula; locally common. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Harebell. Common on rocky shores but apparently absent from Kelley’s Island. LOBELIA, L. L. CARDINALIS, L. Cardinal-flower. Infrequent. Islands. L. inFLaTta, L. Indian Tobacco. Rather frequent. Put-in-Bay. L. KALMHU, L. Common on rocky shores. Florence; rare. L. spicaTa, Lam. Common on the prairies, L. sypHititica, L. Great Lobelia. Common. Kelley’s, Middle Bass and North Bass the only islands. SPECULARIA, Heister. Venus’s Looking-gtass. S. PERFOLIATA, A. DC. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. MOSELEY. 149 CICHORIACE-. CICHORIUM, L. Chicory. Succory. . intybus, L. Roadsides in a number of places; local. Common at Port Clinton and Catawba. Kelley’s Island, Middle Bass. HIERACIUM, L. Hawkweed. . CANADENSE, Michx.* Huron, Milan, Oxford, Marblehead, Catawba; infrequent. Gronovu, L. Hairy Hawkweed. Infrequent. The ‘‘variety’’ subnudum in the Bloomingville cemetery. PANICULATUM, L. Vermillion River and Berlin Heights; infrequent. H. scasruMm, Michx. L. L. L. L. E; Frequent. KRIGIA, Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion. . AMPLEXICAULIS, Nutt. Frequent in Milan Township. Elsewhere in- frequent. Kelley’s Island. , LACTUCA, L. Lettuce. ACUMINATA, Spreng. Perkin’s, Margaretta, Port Clinton; infrequent. ALPINA, Benth & Hook, (L. LEUCOPH2A, Gray.) Frequent. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay. CANADENSIS, L. Wild Lettuce. Common. FLORIDANA, Gaertn. Margaretta Ridge, Cedar Point, Peninsula, Put- in-Bay, Green Island ; frequent. scariola, L. Prickly Lettuce. Abundant. One of the worst weeds. 150 SANDUSKY FLORA. PRENANTHES, L. Rattlesnake-root. . ALBA, L. White-lettuce. Common. . ALTISSIMA, L.: Infrequent. Put-in-Bay. . ASPERA, Michx.* Prairie east of Kimball; rare. . CREPIDINEA, Michx. Near Pipe Creek in German Settlement woods; rare. RACEMOSA, Michx. Prairies. West of Castalia; frequent. Oxford, Groton, ‘‘Perkins,’” ‘‘Gypsum”’; infrequent or scarce. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle. asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-thistle. Infrequent. Islands. oleraceus, L. Common Sow-Thistle. Frequent. Islands. TARAXICUISI, L. Dandelion. . officinale, Weber. Common Dandelion. Abundant, ‘“‘In blossom when the boys were skating ’’ Freyensee. TRAGOPOGON, Goats-beard. . porrifolius, L. Salsify. Oyster-plant. Roadsides; infrequent. Islands. . pratensis, L. Goats-beard. Sandusky, in vacant lots near Central Avenue and elsewhere; spreading. COMPOSITAE. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow. . MILLEFOLIUM, L. Common Yarrow or Milfoil. Abundant. MOSELEY. 51 ACTINELLA, Nutt. . ACAULIS GLABRA, Gray.” Marblehead prairie; infrequent but occurring at ‘places widely separated and, apparently, indigenous. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. . SQUARROSA, Nutt. Frequent on flood grounds of streams. ATIBROSIA, L. Ragweed. . ARTEMISLEFOLIA, L. Ragweed. Roman Worm- wood. Abundant. After Setaria glauca probably the worst weed. . TRIFIDA, L. Great Ragweed. Common. The so-called variety integrifolia is infrequent. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. Everlasting. . PLANTAGINEA, R. Br. Plantain-leaved Everlasting. Common. Kelley’s and Put-in-Bay the only islands. A specimen collected on Marblehead by Ralph H. McKelvey is what Greene would call A. neglecta and one in Perkins by Will Sprow A. neodioica. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile. . cotula, L. May-weed. Common. ARCTIUII, L. Burdock. . lappa majus, Gray. ‘“‘Bogart’’ H. D. Banks. 152 SANDUSKY FLORA. A. lappa minus, Gray. Common. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood. A. annua, L. Sandusky, well established near the Big Four docks. A. BIENNIS, Willd. Sandusky, Castalia, Johnson’s Island, Marble- head, Middle Bass, North Bass; frequent only near railroads or docks. A. caupaTa, Michx.* Cedar Point and Marblehead sand spit ; common. A. LUDOVICIANA, Nutt.* Western Mugwort. Established in one spot on embankment of L. S. & M.S. Ry., eastern Sandusky. A. vulgaris, L. Common Mugwort. Escaped in cemeteries and from gardens to roads; scarce. ASTER, L. A. AZUREUS, Lindl. Sandy soil from Margaretta Ridge to Berlinville; infrequent. Catawba. A. CORDIFOLIUvS, L. Frequent. A. CORYMBOSUS, Ait. Florence and Milan; scarce. A. piFFusus, Ait. Frequent and variable. A. pUMosuUs, L.* Sandy soil, Milan, southern Perkins; infrequent. Oxford; frequent? Flowers white. ’ A. ERICOIDES, L. Common on rocky shores. A. ERICOIDES PLATYPHYLLUS, Torr & Gray.* Castalia; rare. MOSELEY. 153 . JUNCEus, Ait.* Castalia and east of Milan; scarce. ., LAEVIS, ) Li. Milan, Huron, Oxford, Margaretta, Florence, Catawba; rather frequent. . MACROPHYLLUs, L. Frequent but not observed near Sandusky. Put- in-Bay. . MULTIFLORUS, Ait: Dry soil in the limestone region; frequent. Put- in-Bay. . NOVE-ANGLLE, L. Along roads near Sandusky and south next to the most common Aster. Not so common in the eastern part of the county and on the Peninsula. Kelley’s Island, Put-in-Bay ; scarce. . PANICULATUS, Lam. Our most common Aster. . POLYPHYLLUS, Willd. Marblehead, Put-in-Bay, Gibraltar, and probably other dele . PRENANTHOIDES, Muhl. Perkins, Bloomingville, Milan, Berlin, Florence; infrequent. . PTARMICOIDES, Torr & Gray.* Marblehead; local. . PUNICEUS, L. Castalia, Bloomingville, Milan, Florence; in- frequent. . PUNICEUS LUCIDULUs, Gray.* Castalia, along the mill race. . SAGITTIFOLIUS, Willd. Common. . SALICIFOLIUs, Ait. Oxford, Milan, Groton, Margaretta, Sandusky, Catawba; infrequent. Many specimens of A. paniculatus approach this species, 154 A. - tee ee Bate Fo a A eke, Be er i Eee A, ee ed eee eae es a we: a pele} Frais Pi : EN Sue LaF Wy ; : ; ? ; sta abet ce Mabe! SANDUSKY FLORA. SsHORTH, Hook. Peninsula and Islands; common. Huron and Vermillion Rivers; frequent. . TRADESCANTI, L. Frequent, at least in Perkins and Oxford. Kel. ley’s Island. . UMBELLATUS, Mill. Infrequent. . VIMINEUS, Lam.* Perkins and probably elsewhere. BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold. . BECKH, Torr.* Water Marigold. Black Channel, Biemiller’s Cove, East Harbor; scarce. . BIPINNATA, L. Spanish Needles. Sandusky, Cedar Point, Catawba, North Bass; rare. . CERNUA, L. Smaller Bur-Marigold. Perkins and Margaretta; scarce. . CHRYSANTHEMOIDES, Michx. Larger Bur-Marigold. Frequeut. Islands. . connaTa, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks. Common. One specimen seven feet tall. Some specimens have the awns upwardly barbed. . CONNATA COMOSA, Gray. Frequent. . FRoNDOSA, L. Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight. Common. A troublesome weed. BOLTONIA, L’Her. . ASTEROIDES, L’Her. Sheltered beaches of Lake Erie and Sandusky Bay especially Johnson’s Island and the beach stretch- ing from Port Clinton towards Catawba. Not on rocks nor pure sand, Put-in-Bay the only island in the lake. MOSELEY 155 CALENDULA, L. Marigold. . officinalis, L. Garden Marigold. Sandusky and Put-in-Bay; spreading and escap- ing, but seldom far from gardens. Hardly naturalized. CENTAUREA, L. . eyanus, L. Blue-bottle. Corn-flower. Kelley’s Island and elsewhere; sparingly escaped. CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. . balsamita, L. Costmary. Escaped from gardens in several places. . leucanthemum, L. Ox-eye or White Daisy. White- weed, Common in several places but not generally dis- tributed. Put-in-Bay. . parthenium, Bernh. Feverfew. Escaped to waste places in Sandusky and well es- tablished in woods on Put-in-Bay. CNICUS, L. . ALTISsImus, Willd. Infrequent. Kelley’s Island. . arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle. Frequent, especially near the Lake and Bay. Islands. . DISCOLOR, Muhl. Frequent. . lanceolatus, Willd. Common Thistle. Common. . MuTIcus, Ell. Swamp Thistle. Infrequent. COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed. . ARISTOSA, Michx. Castalia and Venice marshes; common. Cedar Point, Catawba, Vermillion; frequent. 156 SANDUSKY FLORA. Ss es ae en Pace bes rs ao . DISCOIDEA, Torr & Gray. Sandusky, Cedar Point, Oxford; locally plentiful. . TRICHOSPERMA. Michx. Tickseed Sunflower. Infrequent. . TRICHOSPERMA TENUILOBA, Gray. Frequent, especially on wet prairies. Kelley’s Island. Hundreds of acres of marsh near Bay Bridge glow in autumn with the yellow blossoms, a sight worth going far to see. TRIPTERIS, L. Tall Coreopsis. Frequent from Milan and Cedar Point west. Peninsula. ECLIPTA, L. . ERECTA, L. (E. ALBA Hassk. ) Sandusky, East Harbor, Lockwood’s; scarce. ERECHTITES, Raf. Fireweed. . PRE ALTA, Raf. (E. HIERACIFOLIA, Rat. ) Common. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. . ANNUUS, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious. Common. . BELLIDIFOLIUs, Muhl. Robin’s Plantain. Milan, Perkins, Margaretta Ridge; infrequent. CANADENSIS, L.. Horse-weed. Butter-weed. Common. . PHILADELPHICus, L. Common Fleabane. Common. sTricosus, Muhl. Daisy Fleabane. Frequent or common. Islands. Abundant on Marblehead. EUPATORIUM, L. Thoroughwort. . AGERATOIDES, L. White Snakeroot. Common. Rattlesnake the only island. This plant H. H. Lockwood says is the ‘‘ Tremble- weed’’ and the cause of milk sickness. MOSELEY. 157 . ALTISSIMUM, L. Northwestern Margaretta; infrequent. John- son’s, Marblehead; rare. . PERFOLIATUM, L. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Common. . PURPUREUM, L. Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed. Common. Not on the Islands. . SESSILIFOLIUM, L. Upland Boneset. Milan, Huron, Catawba; rare. GNAPHALIUII, L. Cudweed. . DECURRENS, Ives. Everlasting. Catawba and Florence; very rare. . OBTUSIFOLIUM, L. (G. POLYCEPHALUM, Michx.) Common Everlasting. Common. . PURPUREUM, L. Purplish Cudweed. Infrequent. . ULIGINOSUM, L. Low Cudweed. Infrequent. HELENIUM, L. Snéeze-weed. . AUTUMNALE, L. Common at Sandusky and vicinity. Florence. Catawba. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. . ANNUUS, L. Frequently escaped. ‘‘Cedar Point, far from any house’’ Ralph H. McKelvey. . DECAPETALUS, L. Frequent. . DIVARICATUS, L. Frequent, especially on Marblehead and_ the Islands. 158 H. SANDUSKY FLORA. GIGANTEUS, L. Sandusky to Milan and west; common. The so- called variety, ambiguus, occurs in Perkins and Oxford, and near Port Clinton. H. GROSSE-SERRATUS, Martens. Oxford, Groton, Margaretta; frequent. H. Hirsutus, Raf. Cedar Point, Peninsula, Oxford, Narea Groton; rather common. 2 MOLLIS, Lam.* Prairie, Oxford and Huron; enough to supply the botanists of the world. H. OCCIDENTALIS, Riddell. Castalia cemetery and Kimball; scarce. H. PARVIFLORUS, Bernh. Frequent. . STRUMOSUS MOLLIs, Torr & Gray.* Oxford, Groton, Castalia, Cedar Point, Port Clinton; infrequent. Apparently all our speci- mens of H. strumosus are of this variety. . TRACHELIFOLIus, Willd. Florence, Port Clinton; scarce? TUBEROSUS, L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Frequent. Kelley’s Island. Put-in-Bay. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye. . LAVIS, Pers. Common. . SCABRA, Dunal. Rather frequent. INULA, L. Elecampane. helenium, L. Infrequent. Florence; frequent. S. MOSELEY. ’ 159 KUHNIA, L. . EUPATORIOIDES, L. Dry soil near Castalia; locally common. San- dusky and Perkins; scarce. LEPACHYS, Raf. . PINNATIFIDA, Raf. Common on prairies. LIATRIS, Schreb. Button Snakeroot. . SCARIOSA, Willd. Catawba, Cedar Point, Margaretta Ridge, south- ern Perkins, Kimball; plentiful in some places. . spicata, Willd. Castalia prairie; abundant and showy. Marble- head, Cedar Point, Oxford, southern Perkins, Groton, east of Milan; frequent on undisturbed damp ground. . SQUARROSA INTERMEDIA, DC.* Blazing-Star. Castalia and Sandhill cemeteries. POLYMNIA, L. Leaf-Cup. . CANADENSIS, L. Cedar Point, Peninsula, Islands; infrequent. RUDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower. . HIRTA, L. Common. Not on the Islands. . LACINIATA, L. Frequent. . TRILOBA, L. ‘Port Clinton’’ Wm, Krebs. SENECIO, L. Groundsel. ATRIPLICIFOLIUS, Hook. (CACALIA ATRIPLICIFOLIA, L.) Pale Indian Plantain. Vermillion River, Florence; frequent, Elsewhere infrequent. 160 SANDUSKY FLORA. S. S. S. AUREuS, L. Golden Ragwort. Frequent. AUREUS OBOVATUS, Torr & Gray. Squaw-weed. Common. Kelley’s the only island. AUREUS BALSAMIT2, Torr & Gray. Castalia, Perkins, Marblehead, Catawba; fre- quent. Put-in-Bay. = SILPHIUM, L. Rosin-weed. . PERFOLIATUM, L. Cup-Plant. Huron and Vermillion rivers; infrequent. Cas- talia; local. j . TEREBINTHENACEUM, Jacq. Prairie Dock. Common on the prairies. . TRIFOLIATUM, L. Frequent. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. . BICOLOR, L. Frequent. . BICOLOR CONCOLOR, Torr & Gray. Rocky shores of the Put-in-Bay Islands; infrequent. . CAEsIA, L. Common in rich woods. Islands. . CANADENSIS, L. Abundant. . JUNCEA, Ait. Frequent. . LANCEOLATA, L. Common. . LATIFOLIA, L. Florence; frequent. Vermillion, Berlin Heights, Milan, Perkins, Catawba, Kelley’s Island, Green Island, Rattlesnake; scarce. neu hes ae an MOSELEY. 161 . NEMORALIs, Ait. Frequent. Islands. . OHIOENSIS, Riddell. Castalia prairie; infrequent. . PATULA, Muhl. Florence, Milan, Castalia, Kelley’s Island; infrequent. . RIDDELLI, Frank. Castalia; frequent. Marblehead, Groton, House’s swamp, Perkins; infrequent. . RIGIDA, L. Marblehead and Oxford; frequent. Huron, San- dusky, Margaretta, Groton, Middle Bass; local. . RuGosA, Mill. East of Milan; local. . SEROTINA, Ait. Frequent. o . SEROTINA GIGANTEA, Gray. Milan, Oxford, southern Perkins; scarce. . SPECIOSA, Nutt. Huron River and Peninsula; infrequent. South- ern Perkins; scarce. . SPECIOSA ANGUSTATA, Torr & Gray.” Leonard’s Hazel Patch, Perkins; rare. . TENUIFOLIA, Pursh. Oxford prairie; abundant. . ULMIFOLIA, Mubhl. Marblehead; frequent. Elsewhere infrequent. Islands. TANACETUM, L. Tansy. . vulgare, L. Roadsides; frequent. Islands. The ordinary form is the variety crispum, but the other occurs in ‘‘ Perkins’’ and on “*‘ Kelley’s Island.”’ 162 SANDUSKY FLORA. VERNONIA, Schreb. Iron-weed. V. ALTISSIMA, Nutt. Common. Kelley’s the only island. V. ALTISSIMA GRANDIFLORA, Nutt. Huron, Willow Point, Kelley’s Island ; infrequent. V. FASCICULATA, Michx. Prairies; frequent. XANTHIUM, L. Cocklebur. X. CANADENSE, Mill. Common. The so-called variety echinatum is the common form near the Bay and Lake. Page 7. CORRECTIONS. For Hypericum kalmianum read Potentilla fruticosa. The two grow together on the prairie but the latteris more abundant and to it belong the small petrified leaves collected. Page 28. The four names at the top of first column should be at the bottom. Page 50. For P. annual read P. annua. Page 54. For hedunculata read pedunculata. Page 63. For J. TENViIs read J. TENUIS. Page 76. Place a mark of doubt —?— after occurs, at end of third line. Page 84. For AMONACE4 read ANONACE-E. Page 94. For SAXIFRAGACZ: read SAXIFRAGACEA. Page 150. For T. pratensis read T. pratensis. Aig hd BY ss *.* The names of families are in capitals. genera of each family and the species of each genus are arranged alphabetically. Abele We ehastee ea renee oe ‘Adaan- and- Eve... Adder’s-tongue FOL TEMG sbavns tes ies sacese.c Ailanthus .. ....... ate ee Alder. : ALISMACE: Y ALE IA-£OO be 2.0 at cnet ¢ AMaranty >, Lise as s AMARANTACE/..... AMARYLLIDACEZ 66 American Cowslip......126 Ammannia........... 21, 117 ANACAKDIACE.ZE ...109 A DEMONG oss. ete 85 ANONACEAS. .....cc. $4 APOCYNAUCEZE.........129 PATE. cckewdanaesonceasen see = “OO Apple of Peru......, 3s ARACE 2, ARALIACEZ.. Arbutus (Trailing)...... 125 ARISTOLOCHIA- GH Aiea). ne eek 75 Arrow-GTa&S ......:0..00000 41 ALBIS stove veces teste Serre 96 SANT eS arn stents cotcrt 136 LSC W ICE Bac eee eR nee ii BALSAMINACEZ....111 Baneberry.. Ke ceeetawen On BALDONTY. foe selecdsnoces 87 Barnyara- Grass.......... 48 SAS ae Sto sett ser see eee 3A BSS WOOO ete savecvesee: 115 Bastard Toad-flax ..... 7d Beak-Rusie. 225.02 se ao Bearberry. 25 Beard Grass..... Beard-tongue............... Beech-drops 3 Beds bra w. nos Asan. : Beggar's Lice...... Hid Sp caer Belifiower... Bellwort... Benjamin- bush.. ces Ben T=Grasss sos s2..2522- 83 Cranesbill.. ae ...105 IG QSRE UT re) 25, tales Josue <= re Horse-Balm..444-2 135 CRASSULACE . 93 | Forked Chickweed.. ETFOTSE-DNIEL: fe estes 65 Cress.. 5 ee 92 | Foxtail Grass........... 43, 3 Hovse-Gentian.............146 Crowfoot | te .. 86] Frost-weed...... .115 | Horse-Nettle...............189 CRUCIFER™.. . 89} FUMARIACE& . 89} Horseradish. sae Cucumber........... SST Mamrpon yee. a, 89 | Horsetail...... af Cucumber-tree............ 84 Horse-weed : CUCU ey sere Eee Galingale Hound's-Tongue.........153 Cudweed.. ery GY nik Gch ete t i er aneeeeer to Huckleberry ...:..<.:.-2.. -126 Culver’s-root.. 2 | Garlic HYDROCHARIDACB Cup-plant,.:..:;..... Gentian. ...... 42 WOEVANG. as eee ees GENTIANACEZ......128| HYDROPHYLLACE.. SU" GERANIACE£E ....... 195 “132 Geranium ...............%...105 HY PERICACE.......114 Deer-Grass.. Dewberry... DIOSCOREACES..... 66 DIPSACACHA.. 2.2.2... 147 LIC c ih aaa Pea on 78 Dockmackie... 146 POUGE! eek Fe eeicasiees 13L WOebAReL oe es 129 Dozg’s-tail (Tass ake 45 Dogwood... i. wk Door-weed. ... Dragon-root Drop-seed Grass.......... 47 Duck’s-meat............ .. G1 PUG W eek. . otis. etsktecnsss 61 Dutchman’s Breeches 8 Dwarf Dandelion........149 ICI OTASS.. or) 8 if acceso Ae Fglantine. 97 ELZAGNACES........117 EQUIS#TACE.......... BT ERICACE=.. py OSs P55 EU PHORBIACE:.....107 Evening Primrose..... 119 Everlasting........... 151, 157 FAGACE#.. ames Die Dragon- head... 137 alee Tadeo! eh False Loosestrite......... 119 False Mermaid.. False Pimpernel... Hemp Gerardia:.) a4 A:. Geriander.. Giaut Hy SSOP. Gill... EAS eer eae Ginsens_. 1 Jbsr eka rey 120 Goat’s-Beard...............15 Goals Rowen. ies... cise 104 Golden-rod.-..............0.: Goldeus Seals. occ atta 86 Gooseberry «...............6 4 Gousehootn Mes ote . 79 Goose-Grass) »c2..0).65 at GRAMINEAE Goble va ade seedy aenei edt 112 Grass of Parnassus..... 94 Greek Valerian 35 Cneen 33 GROSSULARIACHE 4 Ground Cherry.. 139 Ground Dey eis FeAl Ground Laurel............12 ERACEDELEY.8 oil ook cen 74 HALORAGIDACE#.120 HA ™MAMELIDACEA 9 Harbinger-of-Spring.. See Hardhack PEP SG Ors Idee Hawthorn) 22s ie Hazelnuts! .ccic.sccien Hedge-Hyssop.. i Hedge-Nettle..... Herb-Robert.. Hickory... TIGICA GAA 4 scat 110 Indian Cue umber- root 65 Indian-Grass..........5 ... 45 Indian Hemp... ant Indian Pipe... poder sk Indian Piantain......... 159 Indian ~Rice. ee 51 Indian Tobacco.......... 148 Endian“Puesip.sase 61 dnwocence says 145 [RIDACEA 2 cnt 66 Briss 21 ae lron-weed..,.. Iron-wood Jamestown-weed......... 13) Jerusalem Oak............ 79 Jewel-weed ............. bese Joe-Pye Weed.. Indas-tree ..... JUGLANDACEZ...... 69 UNG A CHAR ieee 2 JMHLC-DELLY. i .c-trecreceeeee en fune- Grass. 50 HOM IPSE ot eccceesse eeaoe Kentucky Blue-Grass 40 Kino=n atk: 2.5. ccreceee! 109 KK ROUPTASS: cee een cces acho ISNOUWCEU i. eens LU LAB EA Rains £27 3 13 Lady’s Slipper......... .. 67 Lady’s Thumbs... 7 Ladies’*Tresses........... 65 Lamb Lettuce.............. 147 Larkspur.. Bae soay ott LAURACE.. Leaf-cup............ Leatherwood.. Leek . LEMNACE#.. 1 LENT(BULARI ACEA. False Spikenard TLIEPOCASTAN A CEAS Bo eer eases aca amer de raeeeede 142 Feather Geranium.... DANS Roce SS cian tecke eeeoc ees jHyiT Tel | LOPE rire crs ee een 149 L252) 11 | Ea es ae a 122) Hoary Pea .2..3.0....5...05 104) Lilac ..... .128 Fennel-flower..... ........ 86 | Hog Pea-nut........... 2.101 ae, sagetank wee Ue) 170 eee ep OD I PELOLLY ee it om secsoccee THOM Meaty. san. Pk eee ee 64 Fescue-Grass.............. 46 | Hollyhock...................118 Lily of the Valley...... 64 166 INDEX. LIMNANTHACEA.... 109 | Mustard.............. 90, 91, 92 LINACE“...... 5 Migr tle 2. [25 GS dtson.eteec kad Pine pe Live-for-ever... NAIADACE........ Liver-leaf......... Nada) 2...) et ce ee Lizard’s-tail.... £ Neck weed GLODELIA.«: -ssesess Buscces acces Nelumbo Locust-tree... ....... Nettle Loosestrife............ ils, 17 New Jersey Tea....... Lopseed... bs eee Nichtshads. 2.25..2 4s 5 Lois. Sess. Nanebarks ys. ee ) Lousewort..... INONESM ON: .c5-f.3.. .cscseds On UNE RARE eee eas 60 Ree caries Bi Ay cueasacves iY CH RACH A 43> MAGNOLIACE Mallow. nell 114 MALVACE. « i138 Mandrake... . 88 Manna-Grass... ee: Man-of-the-Earth ....13L Mia pie 25 eins 16, 31, 110 Marigold.......... 85, 154, 155 Marsh Grass .............- 51 Marsh-Marigold.,.. 85 Matrimony-V ine. May-Apple...... May-weed. Ae Meadow-Beauty .. Meadow-Grass............ ae Meadow-Parsnip......... ~ 123 Meadow-Rue Meadow-Sweet............ 98 MRCOG: Ae et f Spee yeciae ae 118 Melic Grass. . 47 Melilot. i were tt: core, Mexican ora é Mignonette.. NTO es 5s oes Ne Milkweed... Milkwort .\.... .... Milk-Vetch Millet 1 Ca ee se es LE 2 Seal 136 MLrewontil oe 94 Mocasson Flower....... 67 Mocker-nut ...... .......... 70 Mock Orange............... 94 Moneywort. 5 ts pian Cee 127 Monkey-flower 141 MONOTROPACE. 125 Moonseed.... 32..0,...:...2 Moosewood........4....... MORACE. ....... Morning-Glory... Moss Pinkie. Mothberwort........... Mountain Ash ..... 2 Mountain Mint..........1: Mountain Rice ........... Mouse-ear Chick weed. che Mud-Plantain IVES WOLFE... ccccetes peas 152 Mulberry. sar: Mullein.. 141 Mullein- Coxslove. 141 Muskit Grass.. . 44 NYCTAGINACE.... 80 NYMPH A4ACEE. ...... 82 alk oy Ach iet eee 16, 24, 73 Oaths Bis Ve ast ee 33 Old Witch Grass... 48 OBA CH AL Sexe ty 197 ONAGRACES.. at 8 Onion > SoS eas. Gee eee 35 Orache.. rey eer Orange- Grass. Orange- root.. Orchard- -Zrass.. Ceara ORCHIDACE......... 67 OORCIIB ease csey oe cree 1, 21,.68 OHOBANCHACE: &.. 148 OF DIME. ie ite cckcoseae San - 98 Osage Orange Mea (| COSTE netic eens 7 OXALIDACE/:. 105 Ux-eye.. bd ase 158 Ox-eye Daisy.. ple SD Oyster-plant........,....... 150 Painted Cup Panic Grassei.c2)5 fo. Pennyroy “ihe Geet Peppergrass Pepperidge: 22.78 i... y Peppermint);...435..05 156 Pepper-root:.........5..... 91 Pepperwort......... .:.. .:. 92 Periwinkle. Oe eee 143 PHYTOLACCAC EZ... 80 Pickerel-weed 62 Piveon- Berry. .2:.. 0s.) PAP TULL, eeoees oe ceansisises Pig weeds. neces. Pine= weed as hos. Pin weeds: 12 st cs PIPSISSE WAL. ./ liseess csuahs Pitcher-plant.......... .... 3 PLANTAGINACEE..144 Plantain 3.2) ..t005 . PLATANACE Pleurisy-root......... et Plum.. avechcadpe aoe Poison Hemloc . 121 Poison lvy...... .- 109 Pokeweed.. .. 80 POLEMONIACEE....131 POLYGALACEZ....... 107 POLYGONACEA# Poly pody.i.-.,:)2:5 see Pond-Lily....... Pondweed.. PONTEDERIACEZ:. 62 Poplar a . 70 POPPY 25... Peel oe . 89 Porcupine Grass.. Ras} | PORTULACACEZE.... 80 Prairie Dock.. 3 Prickly Pear... Prim eine Purslane.. Pu tty-root. Seine PY ROLACEZ.. 98 Quick- or Quitch-Grass Queen of the Prairie... docu) cdvebanteacecosses eee 3 Rae weeqy, ai eee 151 Ragw OD e352 eee 160 RANUNCULACES.. a Rape. ti eae Raspberry... ...3. ee w Rattlesnake’s-Master.122 Rattlesnake-Plantain 68 Rattlesnake-root Ribhow! ae shen este Ribgrass... isiwtecesane oe Rice Cut-Grass ........+. , 47 Rich-weed.. 75 Rock-Cress.. . 90 Roman Wormwood....151 ROSACEZ“... . 95 Rose.. claim Rose-Mallow............. 118 Rosin-weed... “5618 RUBIACE.... a eee: Ean shee ccatte eae eee j SANTALACE/®......... 75 Sarsaparilla.... ...120 Sassafras... 15, 88 SAURURACEZ......... 69 Savory SAXIFRA GACEAE. ‘a SAxiMTAee fs eS S702) 011 00 TS ae Re a BUGK Cee ce 8 aes a a Scorpion-grass SCROPHULARIAC ice Service-berry. Shad-bush...... Sheep-berry...... ... = Shepherd’s Purse....... 91 Simm -lea fc 8 2s. Gave 125 Shooting-star.....000...... 126 SICKAC—DOG LA. oot Seasc ance 9U Silkweed.. Peery eo ek! Silver-Weed............. 96 SIMARUBACE/. .... 107 SORE C RD ie ee capes Skunk Cabbage Smartweed.................. Snake-head . Snake-root 75, ‘85, 133, 159 Snapdragon................ 33 Sneeze-weed. oo... STOW DOET Yc; sosiedecwsane Soapwort... sare SOLANACEZ:............ Solomon’s Seal........ era BIOERON 25.525: -tetae vacances Sour-Gum Sow Thistle.. Spanish-Needles.. Spatter-Dock. ............. . 838 Spear-Grass... .. 00 Spearmint; he. tse 136 Spearwort.................... 7 MPeCCU Wei it..5 cence 142 Spice-bush ee Sone ca ahaseee 88 Spiderwort....2........... . 61 Spikenard))'s 0° '.2.4 4.2120 Spi-:e-Rush....... ......... 58 Spindle-tree!.:........\..3 110 Spleenwort...... .00........ 36 Spring-Beauty..... ...... 80 PUT Ors, aoads acest. fetes 108 Squaw-root.................. 143 Squaw-weed................160 Squirrel Corn.............. 89 Squirrel-tail Grass...... 47 STAPHYUEACE#.....110 Star-Grass........... .... 66 Steeple-Bush .... Stickseed...... Stick -tight. : Stitchwort................... stone-crep. sie f INDEX. StOrwR Dis. 2 oes56:c0 bec. 105 Strawberry... page May Strawberry Blite:. a3 32 Strawberry Bush........ 110 SACRO ay ee ae 149 SUP SEDCLEY .- cvsasste aches 74 WEIMAR os. Agr 109 Sundew.. eeskaancoa™ cath) Oo Sundrops... CAE 119 Sura ito) fe) ens ee é Sweet-Brier.. Sweet Cicely a PSE Re eae b Sweet Flag Sycamore....... phi EL er Sia coer 94 RAW ATACTS s,s wees be TRAASY 2.02 Wie eos eee 161 Tape-grass............ ceuemetss Tear-thumb..... .=......... 76 Teasel.. sereabese geal eNobicb ray, ag Ca if Thistle... aes ols TOT oS. ii eee seat ae 98 Thoroughwort... 156 Three-seeded Mercury wecccn Cate scese sees Snastssace ‘ THYMELEACE/#....... 117 Tickseed... ~ LOD Tic seed Sunfiower... . 156 Tiex Trefoil Lares aie Tower Mustard........... Tree of Heaven ........... Preranites 2 oN es Triple-awned Grass.... Trumpet-Creeper,........ 148 Trumpet-weed.............1/ Tulip-tree Tumble-weed............... Twayblade.. ::.:2..2 Pe Twig-Rusp yon. ceed win-lents. <2 8m, J. 88 POY EPA BANS ie 40 ULMACEZ................-+ UMBELLIFER/.. ..... URTICACE~.............. VACCINIACE™......... Wislenisns s7.0.6..03..208.. VALERIANACE...., 147 Venus’s Looney VERBENACE® "134 167 WEMVIaM eae ce si eeeteeccss Welch ee cee ee Metchling 2. 22s Miburnnna: fas Bi pV TON a eee ee re VIOLACEAE......... Viper’s Bugloss Be Virginian Cowslip...... 132 Virginian Creeper...... 112 Virgin’s-Bower..... ..... 86 WERT GHB gr inecteoec cee 112 WaAHGO® oat cce terete Walnut........... , 14, 15, 70 Wank apin 362 o> cea 83 Water Beech ..... ...:..... 72 Water Sete 83 Water-Hemlock.. “121 Wiaterlen ic) cncucosecs 132 Water-Lily................ 83 Watermel)lon......... .....- 33 Water-Milfoil .......... .. 120 Water OQats::.2:2.i5° 3 51 Water-Parsnip............ 123 Water-Pennywort......122 Water-Pepper.............. 76 Water-Pimpernel........ 127 Water-Plantain........... Water-Purslane...........119 Water-Shield.... .......... 82 Water-Starwort........... 108 Water-weed................ 42 Water-Willow.. ..143 Wax-work..... -110 White Grass.. 47 White Lettuce.. .-150 White-weed.. abate bss" Whitlow-Grass........... 91 Wild Balsam-apple.....147 Wild Bean............ 10i, 104 Wild Ginger... 25.08 75 Wild Hyacinth........... 63 Wild Liquorice...........144 Wild Oat-Grass... . 45 Willow: 5. Soe ee 70 Willow-herb .............. 118 Winterberry.73. %:4.. 110 Winter-Cress............... 90 Wintergreen, x5) 125 Wire-Grass....., .......45, 50 Witch-Hazel............... 95 W ood-Grass Wood Reed-Grass Wood-Rusb................. Wood-Sage..... Wood-Sorrel.. Ohio State Academy of Science. | SPECIAL PAPERS NO. 2. i BSR sp ad ODONATA OF OHIO A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE DRAGONFLIES KNOWN IN OHIO, WITH KEYS FOR THEIR DETERMINATION. ) A POSTHUMOUS PAPER BY DAVAS.S.. KELEICOTY,: Pu, 2; LATE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Marcu, 1899. PRESS OF CLAPPER PRINTING CO. WOOSTER, OHIO. bs vie Ra . 7 Pht SON Seiki on Ohio .State Academy of Science. SPECIAL PAPERS NO. 2. ‘eth ODONATA OF OHIO. A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE DRAGONFLIES KNOWN IN OHIO, WITH KEYS FOR THEIR DETERMINATION. A POSTHUMOUS PAPER BY DAVID: SS; KELEIC@OPEPr.. D,; LATE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Marcu, 1899. PRESS OF CLAPPER PRINTING CO. WOOSTER, OHIO. _— 4 PREFATORY NOTE The paper on the Odonata of Ohio, by Prof. D. S. Kellicott herewith presented to the public, was in such an advanced stage of progress at the time of his death that there can be no possible question as to the desira- bility of publishing it in the form which he had given to it. It was necessary, however, in order to give it the completeness that would make it most serviceable in the line intended by the author that the species not covered in the manuscript he left should be given a similar treatment. This duty has been performed by Mr. J. S. Hine, whose long association with Prof. Kellicott, and participation with him in the collection and preparation of material on which the paper is based gave him exceptional advantages for the work. Of the original manuscript by Prof. Kellicott, which covers everything up to and including Gomphus ex- ternus nothing has been changed, except to make such verbal changes as he himself would have made ona final revision for the press. For the remainder the effort has been to complete as nearly as possible on the plan followed by Prof. Kellicott, in the portion he had finished and, wherever possible, use has been made of his published descriptions. The sketch of Prof. Kellicott’s life, and the bibliog- raphy have also been prepared by Mr. Hine, the draw- ings for the plates by Mr. W. E. Kellicott. HERBERT OSBORN. Dept. Zool. and Ent. O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. Feb. 10, 1899. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. David S. Kellicott, Ph. D., late Professor of Zoology and Entomology at the Ohio State University, was born at Hasting’s Center, Oswego County, New York, January 28, 1842. His boyhood days were spent on a farm, where early in life he acquired an intense love for nature. He availed himself of the opportunities for pre- liminary education offered by the district school, and prepared for College at Mexico Academy, Mexico, New York. He entered Genesee College, now Syracuse Uni- versity, and completed the science course. Later he re- ceived the degrees of Bachelor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Philosophy from the same Institution. His life work was teaching; he taught village schools at first, but was soon called to college work, and from 1870-’72 was teacher of Mathematics in the Keystone State Normal School. At this time an opportunity presented, and he accepted a position in his chosen field, becoming Professor of Natural History in the Buffalo State Normal School, which position he held until he resigned in 1888, to accept the position at the Ohio State University. Here his quiet enthusiasm, in- domitable energy and enlightened judgment developed his department to a high degree of efficiency. The scientific attainments of Professor Kellicott ‘have been gratefully recognized by an appreciative public. At the time of his death he was president of the American Microscopical Society, General Secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Treasurer of the Ohio State Academy of Science. Formerly he was president of the Buffalo Academy of Science, and the Ohio State Academy of Science. He was among the first in this country to become a fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society of London. His death was caused by pneumonia. After an ill- ness of only a few days he died April 13th 1898. Professor Kellicott has contributed articles to various American periodicals, most of which are in- cluded in the following list. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MICROSCOPISTS. 1879. 1880. 1882. 1883. On Certain Crustaceous Parasites of Fishes from the Great Lakes. I, 53. Observations on Lerneocera cruciata. I, 64. Lerneocera tortura,n.s. II, 41. On Certain Crustaceous Parasites of Fresh-Water Fishes. AV; 75: Polyzoa—Observations on Species Detected near Buffalo, N. EE LW So tie On some Infusoria found on the Cray-Fish. V, 105. Cothurnia lata,n.s. V,113. Note on two Parasites of the Cray-Fish. V, 115. Observations on Infusoria with Description of New Species. VI, 110. Notes: Infusoria, Rotatoria, Ete. VI, 126. Observations on some Fresh-water Infusoria—with Descript- ions of a few Species regarded as new. 38. Anew Floscule. 48. A note on Argulus catostomi. 144. Additional note on a Certain Species of Rotifera. 181. Some new and rare Infusoria. 187. President’s Address: The Nature of Protozoa, and Lessons of these Simplest Animals. 5. Partial List of Rotifera of Shiawassee River, at Corunna, Michigan. 84. Observations of Fresh-water Infusoria. 97. A New Rotitferon. 32. Crustaceous Parasite of the ‘‘ Miller’s Thumb.”’ 76. Formalin in the Zoological and Histological Laboratory. Sak: The Rotifera of Sandusky Bay—First Paper. 155. The Rotifera of Sandusky Bay—Second Paper. 43. ve « ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 1893. On Certain Marine Infusoria observed at Woods Hall, Mass. II, 10. Preliminary Report of the Dragonflies of Ohio. II, 11. 1895. Third Report on the Odonata of Ohio. IV, 33. 1896. Additions to the Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio. V, 47. Preliminary Report on the Fresh-Water Sponges of Ohio. V, 50. 1897. Additions to the Catalogue of Dragonflies of Ohio. VI, 27. Insect LIFE. 1891. The Preparatory Stages of Eustrotia caduca. III, 321. 1892. Note on the Horn Fly in Ohio IV, 35. 1893. Hypoderas columba—A Note. V, 77. Notes on the Aegeriidze of Central Ohio—II. V, 81. JOURNAL OF THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY oF NATURAL HISTORY. 1893. Remarkable Malformation ina Cat. XV, 54. 1895. Catalogue of Ohio Odonota-Part I. XVII, 195. 1896. Catalogue of Ohio Odonata-Part II]. XVIII, 105. 1897. Catalogue of Ohio Odonata—Part III. XIX, 66. An Odonate Nymph from a Thermal Spring. XIX, 63. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA. 1885. On the Larval Stages of Harmonia pini, and a Parasite of the same. I, 171. On the Preparatory Stages of an Undetermined Cossus.. I, 173, 1886. Notes on Two Larve of the Genus Catocala. II, 45. 1888. Note on Hepialis argenteomaculatus. IV. 153. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEws. 1890. Dragonflies Congregating at Night. I, 146. 1891. Retinia comstockiana, Fernald. II, 33. Platycerura furcilla, Packard. II, 33. Psyche confederata, G.& R. II, 122. There are exceptions. II, 208. 1892. Perophora melsheimerii. III, 18. Cossid or Hepialid? III, 123. - 1892. The White Ant Again. V, 314. Distribution of Odonata: V, 314. 1895. Odonata-A Note and a Description. VI, 239. Wak. TRANSACTIONS OF THE OHIO STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY. Certain Entozoa of the Dog and Sheep. 1894. The State University and Medical Education. JOURNAL OF THE CoLUMBUS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1890. Our Injurious Agerians. V, 11. Blackberry Borer, ( Bembicia marginata). V, 27. 1891. Entomology. VI, 60. Report of the Committee on Entomology. VI, 100. 1892. Observations on Forest Insects. VII, 92. Report of the Committee on Entomology. VII, 96. Report of the Committee on Entomology, VII, 111. 1894, Some Museum and Granary Pests. IX, 11. The White Ant. IX, 81. Report of the Committee on Entomology. IX, 179. 1895. Report of the Committee on Entomology. X, 58. Report of the Committee on Entomology. X. 144. 1896. Remarkable Extension in the Northward Range of the Bag or Basket Worm. XI, 4. Report of the Committee on Entomology. XI, 48. AMERICAN MONTHLY MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 1885. Opercularia constricta, n.s. 1888. Nature of Protozoa. NATURALISTS BULLETIN. 1883. The Larve of the Catocale. 51st ANNUAL REPORT OF BUFFALO LIBRARY. Address at the Opening of the Buffalo Public Library. BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO NATURALIST’S AND FIELD CLUB. 1883. Notes on Protozoa. No. I. Notes on Protozoa. No. II. Entomological Notes. 41. Entomological Notes. 68. Entomological Notes. 88. BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 1877. Description of a New Species of Argulus. III, 214. 1882. Observations and Notes. IV, 29. Notes on the Larve of some Local Pterophoride. IV, 47. Observations and Notes. IV, 61. VII- 1887. 1889. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1884. 1885. 1889. 1891. 1892. 1894. 1895. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1891. 1895. 1897. 1881. 1899. THE MICROSCOPE. Notes on Fresh Water Infusoria, with Remarks on Collecting and Preserving these Delicate Animals. Intestinal Parasitic Infusoria of the Frog. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. A New Gall Moth, and Notes on Larve of Other Gall Moths. X, 201. ; Observations on Nephopterix zimmermani. XI, 114. Correspondence. XII, 59. Larval Habits of the Golden-rod Boring Plume. XII, 105. Observations on Several Species of Aigeriadz inhabiting the Vicinity of Buffalo, N. Y. XIII, 3. The Larve of Catocala unijuncta. XIII, 38. Notes on A®geria pini. XIII, 157. Is Poedisca Scudderiana a Gall-maker? XIV, 161. Psephenus Lecontei—On the External Anatomy of the Larva. XV, 191. A Note—Ovipositing Apparatus of Nonagria Subcarnea. XVI, 170. \ Occurrence of the Basket-worm in Ontario. XVI, 180. Eumacaria brumearia, Packard. XVII, 32. Arzama obliquata. XXI, 39. Notes on Two Borers Injurious to the Mountain Ash. XXIII, 250. Notes on the 42geriadz of Central Ohio. XXIV, 42. Notes on the A2geriadz of Central Ohio—II. XXIV, 20y. Preparatory Stages of Calothysanis amaturaria, XXIV, 242. List of the Dragon-flies of Corunna, Michigan. XXVI. 345. Correction. X XVII, 15. AGRICULTURAL STUDENT. The Hessian Fly. II, 31. Notes on the Occurence of Dragonflies in Ohio. III, 141. Rare Ohio Dragonflies. IV, 45. REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. Note on the Horn Fly in Ohio. XXII, 59. PROCEEDINGS OF INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Rotifera. 242. Odonata. 251. MISCELLANEOUS. Dissection of an Ophidian—Published by the Author. Address of the Retiring President of the Buffalo Microscopical Club. The Odonata of Ohio. Published as Special Papers 2. Ohio State Academy of Science. TO MY ASSOCIATES AND STUDENTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, THIS BOOKLET IS DEDICATED, IN MEMORY OF HAPPY HOURS SPENT TOGETHER AS NATURALISTS IN FIELDS AND WOODS. “ . ar ge J i Shines oe Ueealitea pete) oh ea 94 - . ag ay ed IV ERODUCTION. This brochure has been prepared in answer to the often repeated query of students and young natural- ists, ‘‘What book can I get to help me in identifying the dragonflies.’”’ If it does not prove helpful to these inquiring ones, the purpose of its making has been missed. The effort has been to prepare a helpful and suggestive guide, clear and scientifically accurate; and to record without too painful dryness, the present state of our knowledge ot a delightful group of insects. Should the attempt prove in a measure successful, as a means of increasing interest in these lively creatures and in helping some earnest minded young people to enjoy more thoroughly the pleasures of studying nature afield, the writer will feel richly repaid for his pains, j The writings of Dr. Herman Hagen, Baron de Selys-Longchamps, W. F. Kirby, Benjamin D, Walsh Philip P. Calvert, Nathan Banks, Rene’ Martin and other students of the odonata have been freely con- sulted and deep obligations to each are acknowledged. Much assistance has been given in collecting by Pro- fessor J. S. Hine, Professor E. E. Bogue, by my son, W, E. Kellicott and by many students of the Ohio State University. It does not seem necessary to give here an account of the anatomy and metamorphosis of the dragonflies ; this has been done quite recently in papers by Nathan Banks Philip (2) Calvert,” and by BProtessor J. H. Comstock,* nor will the bibliography be repeated, as it 1.) A Synopsis Catalogue and Bibliography of the Neuropteroid Insects quince se America. Transaction of the Am. Ent. Soc.,of Phila- (2.) Catalogue of the Odonata of the vicinity of Philadelphia, with an Introduction to the Study of this Group of Insects, Ib. Vol. XX. (3) Manual for the study of Insects, Ithaca. N. Y., 1895. 2 DRAGONELIES OF OHIO. is accessible to most students in the papers cited and in the Synoptic Catalogue of W. F. Kirby. References will be made, by foot notes, to descriptions made since the papers cited were published. Dragonflies occur in most parts of the earth. Rep- “resentatives of this ancient race fly beyond the Arctic Circle and at an elevation of 10,000 feet. However, they are heat-loving insects and of course are more numerous in tropical and sub-tropical countries than elsewhere. The number of known species in the whole world exceeds 2000; in North America about 300; and in Ohio 100. The Odonate fauna of Ohio is essentially rich in species ang in the number of individuals. The great lake system on the north, and the Ohio River on the south afford favorable conditions for their life, and avenues for their approach from south-west and north- west; while our diversified area with its numerous rivers and morasses is not an unfavorable habitat. The number of living species listed for Great Britain is forty-five, for France seventy, and for all Europe one hundred and twenty. Still our Century of Odonates, it is supposed, represents a waning race; once, when the climate Was more nearly tropical, the number was probably much greater. A question of equal interest is whether the results of the changes incident to civiliza- tion have produced adiminution of our resident species. There is an impression abroad that we have lost species in, for example, the present century; that some species cannot withstand the consequences of stream pollution, drainage of morasses, and the more inconstant charac- ter of the streams and ponds. There are no data for determining the question. It is the opinion of the writer that some few forms once residents are no longer within our limits, but that others have taken up their homes here at the same time; in fact it appears proba- ble that the number has increased rather than dimin- ished up to the present time. KELLICOTT. 3 The pronounced individuality of the Dragonflies has attracted the attention of people to them quite uni- versally and strongly. This is shown by the awakened imagination shown in the many and often strikingly significant popular names. The Germans call them ‘‘Wassernympfe,” the Dutch ‘Scherpstekendevieg,”’ the French “ Demozrselle,’’ the Portugese ‘‘ Mosca que da grandes picacas,’’ the Italians ‘‘Saetta,’’ the English Dragonflies or Horsestingers, while in our own country we may have not only the English names but others quite as forcible; for example, ‘‘ Spindles,’ ‘‘ Mosquito- hawks.”’ ‘‘ Snake-feeders,”’ ‘‘Snake-doctors,”’ ‘‘ Darning- needles,’ or to be more profane ‘‘Devil’s darning- needles.’’ These names most happily express the char- acteristics of these veritable dragons of the air and water. It has been said that ‘‘some of these names testify to the wide spread, but quite unfounded, belief in the harmfulness of these creatures to man.’’ The writer recalls at least one grown person who truly believed they were harmful. This was a_ school teacher, who impressed upon him, and others of her charge, that the devil’s darning-needles about the ‘‘old swimmin’ hole’’ were dangerous, and that they were quite determined to sew up the ears of truants who sought the limpid waters and grass-covered banks of the millrace, rather than the hard and strict ways of the prosy school-room. This is the one ‘‘fact’’ of Natural History he remembers to have been taught him in the ‘‘ district’’ school. ‘pt a ie>fa - Ahan: eniien hubahndante | ketees Silay enon he kh lg ga Theg ee dead 29 ial We avec hh ones NEC tah ET “henge hed lvoe, qt ie lethal oy 115) Gan 5 tray Aen rr ak a wigs MLS as A © Sly GEA ait ep Ay UE RT kh ea de PE Lo Xe eae eet A pal eerie ae of ih eae Gite whale Rermtts an aha” ais uu tes aivuera news: tated ey VA wnt A ped i ae bade ube NFa ls © Sa TEP TP URE SE POLLY Flee iy RR ive nk deh guy pale AROS et Lidae pre SPiN Mlttervent iryrevers pee oth LT tg cov agl ans ore a ¥ 4 it Maes eee er eS! perry ince Bast Tiree i saan: Deets ah) ees ier Bie, eee ee ile. (ye His PF ite Al aN ae Oe eh i Fpae a 5 piel Mahal si nee OLS ae es te siina 9 ee Na a se AB AeS ren et fol tle RATS is Pl Try te ll Cah sh Ad, cole kg er my < P i} ‘ a? A ean 6 ' 4 ain b Le ' rr - : ~: te | ya) ‘ “ } : or bi th i ws ’ { " 1 up fia ; ry Pe roe ar) et ee ET J \y ¢ yen} vs ’ | ‘4 . 7 ry. ¥ \ , , 4 i . 4 rye ' . a ‘ i Ad As ‘: : ' Vevilre . i 1 eR aia ae eke EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 8. Lateral view of ¢ abdominal appendages of Enallagma ex- sulans. Same E£. aspersum. Same E. fischeri. Same E&. signatum. ‘ Same E. ebrium. Same E. doubledayi. Dorsal view © abdominal ap- pendages E, aspersum. Lateral view <' abdominal ap- pendages E. traviatum. Dorsal view © abdominal ap- pendages E. traviatum. Lateral view ( abdominal ap- pendages E. hageni. Same EF. geminatum. Same E. divagans. Same BE, pollutum. Same E. carrunculatum. eee A eed PS ) . rs pth cf ‘ ‘ax ‘" 1G ; Fey >, hs Va ~ * py? es ° : j ‘ 4h Pai r ‘ - , ; F . - pt : arte ge - ‘ - ‘ is = 0 vi ‘ 4 * 7 : ras = " od ace oe olga wei te rel 4 3 5 . t. #55 ESET iar YS t ' . ’ 5 - ’ ae P F, . oi, ‘ ' ee oe —— ’ ae a ’ . } oe dl rac 24 | , 4 2 4 : Pond ~ a +) tes [sii ee - oe | ade a a ae - h P > Z * Pt! hm 9 ah nese IF ¢ UTTER Taka ee a Ripe Ais ee Oa : AS nitrite ch. 5 ae — aM kanes a ait aoe ry tee eat Vee du S06 a4 ae od, Kt + WER EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Dorsal view left G abdominal appendages Lestes disjuncta. Same L. congener. Same L. vigilax. Same L. forcipata. Same L. uncata. Same L. rectangularis. Same L. inzqualis. Same L. unguiculata. 24. bo bo bo “101 01 Lateral view external ¢~ genital organs of second abdominal seg- ment of Diplax rubicundula, as seen when the insect is turned upside down. Same D. semicincta. Same D. vicina. Same D. obtrusa. 4 ie X) ae < : : _ ee * 4 . ‘) pot é Dees % i Pe (a. ' i ¢ * ’ d eh aT te aaa at ey , P 1 t f - ’ , . 1 fl f - * BR, J me ~ { , = x " wh . * f I 4 ‘i By a | i} ‘ fe E x Dal ‘ t r : \ ~ . ' A | 1 a ‘ Fi ‘ a ps 2k oe * | soll eb aiaie ~7 a ae I ol : ; LK EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 28. Lateral view of abdominal ap- 34. Same G. vastus. — aS = pendages GompAus fraternus. 35. Same G. exilis. 29. Same G. grasiinellis. 36. Same G. plagiatus. 30. Same G. villosipes. 37. Same G. lividus. 31. Same G. spicatus. 38. Same G. spiniceps. 32. Same G. furcifer. 39. Same G. quadricolor. 33. Same G. externus. ee pene! ; o “ a i oof ag x Nene yi a ay Nhl a ot 3 rh eds ala “ ae tire a ah St eR a ? ae | 4 4 « “ s refs, ¢ rie i c+ _ ae . _ A = 3 an ‘ = we 4 J _ bs aS atl » ~ code i YER US A Site, ah (eae fate Bay 5) tiles eh aime “ae Aye aetene . SF are et ont ha Peles rayear yey) owt rs g 25 oe i! seieayet Hoagie “ sala TIS. + wali eis The Systematic Place of the Odonata. The orders of insects fall naturally into two groups: those having incomplete metamorphosis, Heterometabola, and those in which the metamor- phosis is complete, Metabola. In the latter group of orders there are four sharply separated stages,—egg, larva, pupa and imago; in the former the changes in- cident to the period of adolescence are gradual, so that the larval and pupal stages are not sharply defined. The voung continue active and feed from birth until the final change to imago. Such growing insects are called nymphs. They are arranged by Professor J. H. Comstock, as follows: Heterometabola. Metabola. Thysanura. Neuroptera. Ephemerida. Mecoptera. Odonata. Trichoptera. Plecoptera. Lepidoptera. Isoptera. Diptera. Corrodentia. Siphonaptera. Mallophaga. Coleoptera. Euplexoptera. Hymenoptera. Orthoptera. Physopoda. Hemiptera. Thus the Odonata or Dragonflies rank among least specialized insects; those most nearly related to the 6 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. primative stock; to those orders having representa- tives at lower geological horizons than Metabola. They present, however, some contrasts and exceptions to those of related orders. In these the head thorax and abdomen are sharply separated as in Metabola. ‘They are active, powerful and boldly predaceous. Their nymphs, as well as the adults, exhibit the malig- nant side of life that lived and sported about the marshes of the remote Tertiary Period. LESSER GROUPS.OF THE ORDEK The Order Odonata is divided into two sub-orders : I. Zygoptera in which both pairs of wings are similar and which in repose are held vertically; the males have two inferior abdominal appendages and the nymphs have three caudal gill-plates; and I]. Anisop- tera in which the two pairs of wings are dissimilar, in repose they are held horizontally; the males have one terminal inferior abdominal appendage, and the nymphs have no terminal gill-plates. Our representatives of the Order may be arranged in the following lesser groups: ORDER ODONATA. I. SUB-ORDER ZYGOPTERA. 1. Famity AGRIONIDZ. (1) Sub-family Calopterygine. (2) Sub-family Agrionine. Il. SUB-ORDER ANISOPTERA. 2. FaMILY AZSCHNIDZ. (3) Sub-family Gomphine. (4) Sub-family Corduligasterine. (5) Sub-family A2schnine. -] KELLICOTT. 3. FamiILy LIBELLULIDZ. (6) Sub-family Corduline. (7) Sub-family Libelluline. Key to the Foregoing Sub-families. 1. Wings alike, closed vertically in repose, eyes far separated..........2 INOS NO ViGscncece.ccts.ccndeckees ssenrestnoressocievosnancarcensesesectsmaranc-Geserrs pad dee Se) f 7 wa Fertare ts) ‘ AF Stet ~ : ro * 4 KELLICOTT. 4.7 The abdominal appendages are yellow, brownish above and at tips, about the length of 10. In profile the superiors are securiform; on the upper side curved upwards, truncated obliquely from below upwards and extended downwards at lower angle; from above the outer side is nearly straight, the inner concave, end ob- tuse with a projecting edge before the end on the inner side, inside below there is a cushion-like process exceed- ing the posterior edge making the same convex, this process turns forward and ends in a free curved piece resembling a halfclosed hand. The inferiors are slender curved inwards, much shorter than the superiors. The female has the same colors as the male, although the yellow is not so bright, the head is similar marked ; the yellow areas and spots of the prothorax are larger ; the thorax has a mid-dorsal black stripe, the humeral suture is black with a brownish wash on each side but no real humeral stripe, the femora have a dotted line and a solid line of black, the tibiz have an interrupted black line. Abdominal rings 1—9 are black dorsally with the usual interrupted basal rings; all of the dorsum of 10 and the posterior margin of 9 are bluish. The conical appendages are dark and the valves and processes light. Pollutum is exceedingly abundant along borders of marshes, on shores of Lake Erie and the larger interior lakes. IscHNURA Charpentier. Three species of this genus occur in Eastern Amer- ica,—ramburii along the Atlantic coast, prognatha, Virginia and verticalis everywhere. Only the last has been detected in the state. These forms are small, characterized by unlike pterostigma on the fore and hind wings, that of the fore wings is darker than the other but it reaches the costa, a fact which separates the present genus from the next. 48 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. Ischnura verticalis, Say. Length: of abdomen % 20, ° 21; of hind wing & 135.914: These measuremeuts are ayerages of a series, but individuals are found which are much larger and others that are smaller. The male is green, bronze, black and blue. The top of head, post clypeus, base of labrum and antenne are black, the rest green including the round occipital spots; prothorax black with anterior edge and sides green; dorsum of thorax black with narrow green stripes each side (sometimes interrupted as in N. posita) the rest green, legs greenish with black stripes on femora and tibiz, tarsi and claws ringed with brown; pterostigma of fore wings brown, hind wings lght yellow. The abdomen is green below and on sides .ex- tending as interrupted basal rings on 2-7; the dorsum of 1-7 and 10 are otherwise black; 8 and 9 are blue with a lateral half band on each black. The posterior dorsal edge of 10 has a bifid upturned process; the superior appendages are black above, depressed, turned downards and inwards, expanded apically, the angles rounded especially the inner; the inferiors are longer, light below, black above, curved inwards; in profile they are bifid, the upper branch short and erect, the lower slender straight. The females are of two forms (a) black and green ( pruinose) (b ) orange and bronze black. (b) Topof head, postclypeus, base of labrum black, anteclypeus greenish. rear of head orange including the large connected ovate occipital spots which are con- fluent below with orange of rear of head. Thorax as in male, bright orange taking the place of green. Legs yellow with narrow stripes on tibie, and rings on tarsi and claws black. The 1 and 2 are all orange except more or less of an apical ring, 3 orange except a narrow dorsal band on posterior two thirds. All the others Fagen KELLICOTT. 49 greenish yellow on sides and black on dorsum; valves and short appendages, orange, processes black. (a) Pale green and black as in male, the whole covered with a bluish bloom ; the apex of dorsum of 2— 7 darker, 8-10 darker, appendages and valves pale, processes blackish. Pterostigma on all wings light yellow. Verticalis is without question the most abundant and ubiquitus species. It is one of the first to appear and one of the last on the wing in the fall. It may be found about all sorts of water courses and ponds. ANOMALAGRION, Selys. There is but one species in the genus and that is American occuring in both North and South America. It has been found in many quarters of the state. Anomalagrion hastatum, Say. Length: of abdomen 3 18. 2 20; of hind wing J 10,212. Male is black and yellow; the head is black; yellow as follows: minute occipital spots, genae. base of antennz, front, anteclypeus, labrum, except black line at base, and the underparts; prothorax black with yellow broken lines on the borders; thorax black with two narrow white lines, yellow on sides and below, legs vellow black half stripe on femora, traces on the tibiz. Pterostigma of anterior wings are ovate, on hind wings black rhomboidal. Abdomen is yellow, black bronze as follows: dorsum of 1-3, basal lance shaped and apical shield-shape spots of 4 and 5, the whole of 6 and basal half of 7. The posterior margin of 10 has a long bifid spine. The appendages are half as long as 10, yellow; superior appendages from above bifid, inner branch broad rounded, outer narrow, straight, pointed, Sele NSN ¢ 7 a * ee eee ae . e-s, ee eh 5. ee ty a A 7 i AS ay, NG he f°, 4 hiss d 4 % \ a SSitac Slate re Sat aah PNA 8. ees 3% 50 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. longer; the inferiors are stout, curved upward and in- ward, black at tip. The female orange and black, head black and orange, pattern as inthe male except the rear is orange; prothorax black with light lines on margin, sides orange; thorax orange with a wide mid-dorsal spot black; pterostigma light yellow; abdomen orange black as follows: small triangle in middle of 1, same at base of 2, rings at apex of 2-4, all of 5-8, basal triangles each sides of 9. The appendage and valves orange, the extreme tips of the processes black. THIRD SUB-FAMILY. GOMPHIN 44 This group includes species of strong individuality, their form and habits are unlike those of other groups. The rigid spike-like abdomen, rather small and sep- arated eyes are characters that define them without mistake. Among them are our bulkiest species, none are really small. Their habitats are various: some are found only about the rapid streams or waved tossed lakes, others by the reedy pools, while others haunt the sloughs mantled by lily-pads. They do not fly about in apparent sportiveness as do the Libellulas; the females rest among the adjacent foliage, or on the ground in some near by pathway; repairing at intervals to the water’s edge, or skimming the roughened surface of the rapid stream or disturbed lake for oviposition; the males rest nearer the water, skirt the bordering aquates, or explore the water far from shore in search of the ovi- positing females. Copulation is at rest in low herbage or high up in trees. The female oviposits unattended by the male and the eggs are washed from the tip of the abdomen by repeated dips into the water, either in some KELLICOTT. Sil quiet nook among the weeds or in other species far out on the rough surface of swift stream or wind disturbed lake. Most species fly in early summer, some in mid, and a few late in summer. The genera represented may be defined and sep- arated as follows: I. Median lobe of the labium bifid. A. Basilar space free; triangles of front wings crossed; females with genital valves. (Legion, Petaluria, Selys. ) 1. Triangles of the front wings with the upper side longer than the inner, outer longest; superior appendages of the male much widened beyond the middle; pterostigma very long, Tachopteryx. (Not yet taken in the state. ) it; Median lobial lobe entire. Basilar space free; female without genital lobes. B. A part or all of the triangles crossed, membranule small or wanting. ( Legion Gomphoides, Selys). 1. Legs long, hind femora reaching to the apex of 2; triangles crossed; internal and supra triangular spaces free......... Hagentus. C. Triangles and supratrianuler spaces free; membran- ule very small or wanting. (Legion Gomphus Selys ). 1. Inferior appendages bifid, branches nearly contiguous, straight, UP-Curved At APEX ..........sceecesssesesenerereeereeee seeeaaseeeee Ophiogomphus. 2. Inferior appendages of the male bifid, branches divergent; super- iors but little longer than 10, divergent. Vulvar lamina con- siderably shorter than 9. (1). Hind femora of moderate length with many short spines, Gomphus. (2). Hind femora long (reaching apex of 2) spines many with an inferior row of 5-7. Much longer than the rest, Dromogomphus. HAGENIUS, Selys. There is only one known species in North America ; this is fairly common, at least in Northern Ohio. It prefers the borders of sluggish streams and bayous. 52 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. Hagenius brevistylus. Selys. Length: of abdomen & and @ 55-60; of hind wing co and 2 48-52. The male is black and yellow. Head yellow, black as follows : occiput (rear yellow ), vertex, base of frons antenze, lines between frons and clypeus and at base of labrum. There is a stout vertical cone each side; the occiput is convex with a marginal fringe of black hairs. Prothorax relatively small with a geminate spot in the middle posteriorly ; the dorsum of the thorax is black with yellow marks; semi-collar, short, mid-dorsal carina, narrow curved line each side, narrow humerals; the sides are yellow with two parallel black bands in the middle separated by a yellow line, the latter interrupted at the metathoracic stigmata; the last thoracic is post- eriorly edged with black. The legs are black, cox with yellow spots. The wings are slightly flavescent, costa yellow to the pterostigma which is long 5 mm., yellowish, covering 6-8 cells. The abdomen is black with a mid-dorsal yellow band on 1-8, more or less in- terrupted at apex of 3-7, on 8 there is a large basal trowel shaped triangle; the sides of 1-9 are yellow; 8 and 9 are slightly expanded laterally; the yellow on side of 8 occupies the entire length, on 9 it is lunate, shorter than the ring. The abdominal appendages are shorter than 10, black. The posterior border of 10 is straight, super- iors wide apart, slightly curved inwards, outer angle rounded, apex obtuse; in profile the upper border is curved downwards, apex prolonged in a sharp spine, anterior to it near the inner border there is another shorter and stouter one, and on the outer edge near the base there is a downwardly and outwardly directed pro- ‘cess. The inferiors are united, broad, apex slightly excavated, apex directed upwards. The female is very similar; 8 and 9 are consider- ably expanded laterally; appendages black, as long as eX 4 ‘ot wt be KELLICOTT. 43 10; vulvar lamina covering one-fourth of 9, black, apex excavated, angles sharp. OPHIOGOMPHUS, Selys. There are several closely related forms of this group of elegant species. One only has been captured within our limits. It occurs in early summer about swift water of larger streams, usually flying with and in a similar manner to Gomphus fraternus and G. ex- ternus in parts where these occur. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh. Length: of abdomen & 40, 2 38; of hind wing & 30, 2 32 mm. Bright yellowish green and pale brown. Face and occiput green, the latter slightly sinuous each side, cilia long and black, vertex blackish, vesicle straight, slightly swollen at the ends, antennz black; thorax with a narrow pale antehumeral not reaching the shoulder, humeral complete and similar in width and color, sides uniformaly yellowish-greev, also the legs except the knees, inner surface of tibiz and tarsi which are blackish; wings hyaline, costa green, veins black, pterostigma brown, covering four or five cells. Ab- domen slender, 8-§) strongly dilated; brown with elongated yellow spots on dorsum of 1—10, conspicuous on 2 and 10, ears on 2 yellow, large yellow spots on sides of 7-9. Abdominal appendages yellow; superiors longer than 10, stout hairy, obtuse, somewhat divaricate curving towards the mid-line, under surface with black tubercles; inferior not so wide, a little shorter, obliquely truncated; in profile strongly excavated before the apex, a stout process directed upward at outer angle of the truncation. Female similar in color, but differing as follows: vertex lighter, humerals fainter and the dorsal spots 54 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. on abdomen less sharply defined. The abdomen is stout 8 and 9 somewhat expanded; the appendages are long, yellow, acute; the vulvar lamina nearly as long as 9, divided to the base, branches nearly cylindrical, pointed, apexes bent outward and upward, clawlike. It has not been taken later than June 20 in Central Ohio. 4 GOMPHUS, Leach. ° This genus is well represented in our fauna; four- teen species have been taken and a few more are sure to be added in the future. Baron De-Selys has arranged the species in groups defined as follows: I Group, (Indian). II Group. Front of thorax with six broad black bands; 7, 8 and 9 much dilated; membranule moder- ate. Anal appendages of the male black. III Group. Front of the thorax yellow with six lines or bands, more or less broad; segments 7, 8 and 9 somewhat dilated; membranule very small; anal ap- pendages black, superiors as long as 9, inferiors almost as long. IV Group. Front of thorax olivaceous, with 4 or 6 lines or bands, brown, more or less distinct; segments 7 and 8 moderately expanded; anal appendages yellow or light brown, superiors as long as 10, inferiors nearly as long. Pr: V Group. Front of thorax with an interrupted, mesothoracic semi-collar and two cuneiform spots (stripes) yellow; sides yellow with two black rays, confluent at two points; pterostigma short, black; ’ face mostly black; anal appendages brown, superiors longer than the 10th segment. VI. Group. Front of the thorax black with two. antehumeral wide bands and a superior antehumeral KELLICOTT. 55 point vellow; sides yellow with a black,. interrupted band; face yellow; anal appendages yellow, as long as 10. VII. Pterostigma long; front indented, front of thorax brown with two isolated, narrow, straight lines, a vestige of a humeral and a mesothoracic semi- collar interrupted in the middle all yellowish green; abdomen long, slightly dilated posteriorly. Our species are distributed in these groups as follows : II. dilatatus and vastus, WI, quadricolor, fraternus, externus and graslinellus, IV. villosipes, furcifer, exilis, lividus and spicatus, VI. spiniceps and plagiatus, VII. notatus. The species may be separated with little difficulty by the following characters. ioe 1. Large, male abdomen 50 mm; face yellow with two narrow EATS MELISS DIACK DAWA Ss sitar .covcanecededsarastcueds neransaawecwasteene dilatatus. 2. Medium, male abdomen 38 mm.; face yellow with two broad EGAUS VEESE) DIACK DATES Rehr auc peevcctacssvcctenssaassescavtaduetesecneus vastus. Ill. HE MWOLS MMOs O— dd MACK AN. co ciereaccocetse testcase ures cuccseeeeetceemenes (1) and (2). 2. Dorsum of 9-10 with a yellow band.................csceeseees (3) and (4). (1). Small, male abdomen 32 mm.; no yellow on dorsum of 8, quadricolor. (2). Medium, male abdomen 38 mm.; yellow triangle on dorsum of 8 (sometimes a faint yellow band on Q.........06. ceseseeeeee fraternus. (3). Medium, superior abdominal appendages of the male slender, obliquely truncated and excavated at apical fourth...... externus. (4). Medium, male superior appendages stouter, obliquely truncated with a prominent tooth at outer angle................000 graslinellus. IV. 1. Medium size, male abdomen 35 mm.; antehumeral stripes slightly divergent below. (1). Superior male appendages yellow, truncate with inwardly directed spine at the inner distal angle, rae Dia | b x vt 2 SS Ro a ¥ “ M4 SAN y ‘ i i \ rea ’ «NEB E MES) NP PALI MAA ARTA aa oe RLS A tua TE SPL ae LN RY SORA RSC SENDS, Be To che se a he : : b LAM Oe oF Cb che Ie ORO Ble BURL x sun? wee ae 56 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. (a). Male and female occiput with a spine in the middle.....villosipes. (b). Without the occipital spines.........esseeeeeeeceseeeetsesseereseeens furcifer. (2). Superior appendages brown, pointed, an acute tooth represent- ing the outer distal angle. (a). From side view the male superior appendages have a strong, acute tooth near the middle of the inner, inferior edge, spicatus. (b). From side view the male superior appendages have obtuse prominence near the apex of the inner, inferior edge........ lividus. 2. Small, male abdomen 30 mm.; antehumeral more divergent below. (1). Face yellow, occiput straight.........ssccsscceeersrssensseeeeeeeees exilis. VI. 1. Large, black, 9 1omg...........s.csececssernnsceccscsesesnscsnnsorensreners spiniceps. 2. Large, brown, 9 slightly longer than 8.........sss:ssee-eeees plagiatus. VII. 1. Large, brown and yellow.............cssssessseesssescescnenssenseeneeees notatus. GrovuP II. Gomphus dilatatus, Rambur. Length: of abdomen o& 50, ° 47; of hind wing & 40, 2 40. Male black and yellow; head yellow, the following black: borders of labrum and vertical line in the middle, a transverse line between clypeus and frons, the vertex antennee ; and the vertical vesicle is straight, occiput rather narrow, convex with a fringe of black cilia. The prothorax black, sides yellow with a large geminate spot centrally of the same: the thorax is yellow, black as follows: a mid-dorsal stripe with parallel sides, not reaching the front margin, anante-humeral and humeral —both widely separated by a narrow yellow line and two lines on the side; legs black with coxae and under side of fore tibiae yellow; the wings are hyaline, costa yellow; pterostigma moderate covering five cells, yellow surrounded by heavy black veins. The abdomen is black, yellow as follows: sides of 1-2, dorsal band on 1-4, lanceolate apical spot on 5-7, large triangular apical spot on side of 8 and oblong one on side of 9. KELLICOTT. ’ 57 The ears on 2 are yellow, edges black; joints 3-6 are slender, especially 3. The appendages are black divaricate; the superiors as long as 10, slender, acuminate, apex obliquely trun- cate on outer distal fourth, there is a minute tubercle at beginning of the obliquity, in profile arched; the inferiors equally spreading nearly as long, up turned at the apex. Female similar; vulvar scale elongate, of two lam- ella which are narrower towards the end and turned outwards. _ This fine species has been taken only in the central part of the State in June. It is evidently rare. One male is known in which the triangles are all one crossed. Gomphus vastus, Walsh. Length of abdomen oS and & 38; of hind wing & and 2 28. Male black marked with greenish yellow. Head with yellow, as follows: occiput, except the extreme edge, two spots at rear of eyes, frons in the middle, anterior half of postclypeus, labrum on either side, the gene and the lateral lobes of the labium. The occiput is slightly concave. Prothorax black with yellow front edge, spot each side and in middle of posterior edge; thorax with yellow semicollar, upper half of carina, antehumerals, narrow humerals and sides, on the latter there is a black line in the front of the stigma and one at the second lateral suture. Legs and feet black with anterior femora yellow on the outside. Pterostigma brown covering four or five cells; costa green on extreme edge, the fore wings slightly flav- escent on basal fourth. The abdomen is slender 7, 8 and 9 very much expanded laterally; shiny black with pale olive mid-dorsal interrupted band on 2-7; this is broad and halberd-shaped on 2, narrow and basal on 3-6, basal triangle on 7, the apical edge of 7 is bright 58 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. * yellow, also a spot on basal edge each side of 8 and the whole lateral expansion of 9, the dorsum of 1 and the sides of 1 and 2 are light green. The appendages are black, a little longer than 10; the superiors from above are divaricate, base broad, gradually narrowing with the apex obliquely truncated ‘making the inner angle acute; in profile they are arched with a tooth at outer angle of the apical truncation, apex slightly turned upward. The inferiors reach the . truncation of the superiors, a little more divaricate, apex turned up and obtuse. The female differs in having a small black thorn either side of the vertical vesicle, the abdomen a little stouter, the mid-dorsal more distinct, 7, 8, and 9 not quite so much dilated and the spots at base of 8 faint. The appendages are cylindrical acuminate, black, longer than 10; the vulvar lamina longer than half of 9, bifid for one third its length, branches acuminate, approx- imated. This is an exceedingly common odonate along the shore of Lake Erie. The females fly far out over the waves dipping the abdomen in the water as they fly to wash off the eggs. During June and early in July they may be found on any sunny shore of the lake or bays. They capolate at rest in trees and shrubs. Group III. Gomphus quadricolor, Walsh. Length: of abdomen &% and ° 32 mm; of hind wing 3 26, 2°27 mm. Male black and yellow. Face and occiput yellow; vertex black; vertical vesicle slightly excavated in the middle, occiput very convex. Prothorax black or dark brown with yellow spots on the sides and» middle; dorsum of the thorax brown, mid-dorsalcarinae in part yellow also a broad ante-humeral and a narrow humeral, sides yellow with two well marked oblique KELLICOTT. 59 bands narrow; coxae yellow, legs black with little pale on the inside of the femora; costa yellowish, ptero- stigma light brown covering three cells on fore wings. Abdomen slender, moderately expanded at 8 and 9, and four on hind wings black, yellow as follows: sides of 1 and 2 including the ear like appendages, expansion of 8 and 9, dorsal band from 1-8-broad on 1 and 2, narrow, lanceolate, apical, very small triangle on 8. The superior appendages of the male are black, longer than 10, pointed with the apex directed outward; in profile there is a broad expansion downward with a backwardly directed tooth near outer third. The in- feriors are nearly as long, more divaricate and turned upward at apex. The female is stouter, occiput less strongly convex, vertex lighter, more pale or .even olive on femora, dorsal band less pronounced, expansions on 8-9 slight not so bright yellow. The appendages are conical and black; the vulvar lamina is exceedingly short, emargin- ate, lobes round and thick; the posterior border of 8 is thickened and emarginate so there are four rounded bodies at this level. This pretty species has been taken in Central Ohio late in May and as late as June 15. It rests on rocks projecting from rapids on the banks near by the most rapid parts of large streams. Gomphus fraternus, Say. Length of abdomen J and & 38; of hind wing & 31, ? 82. Male black and greenish yellow, Head; occiput yellow, strongly convex, fringed with black hairs, rear black, yellow at border of eyes, vertex and antennee black, the whole face yellow, labium brownish. Pro- thorax black, bright yellow anterior edge, olive spot each side and two geminate ones in middle above. The thoracic carina is yellow with narrow black, parallel, 60 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. “band each side not quite reaching the anterior border of mesothorax, a broad black antehumeral separated ex- cept at one point above from the narrower humeral by a yellow line; sides yellow with second lateral suture black and a band below reaching the mesothorac stigma a little above; wings with the costa green ; pterostigma brown, covering three or three and a half cells; legs and feet black. The abdomen with well marked dorsal yellow band on 1-8, a broad space on 1, three lobed on 2, narrow, extending nearly the whole length of 3-6, on 7 half as long as ring, on 8 small triangle; the sides of 1-2 yellow, on the lateral expansions of 8 a large bright yellow spot separated from an apical one by irregular brown shade, and all of the sides of 9. The appendages are blackish, longer than 10, from above divaricate, base broad, tapering, apex acuminate, in profile arched, apex obliquely truncated upward ; in- feriors more spreading, reaching beyond the lower angle of the truncation which is slightly prolonged, apex turned upward, obtuse. The female differs in having the occiput concave with an obtuse process in the middle, the humeral and ante-humeral connected for a wider space, a yellow stripe on outer side of first femur and sometimes on third ; the abdomen is stouter, and the expansion of the apex not so broad. The appendages black and pointed ; the lamina reaches the middle of 9, bifid in apical third, branches turned outwards at apex. Fraternus is common in most parts, in May, June, and first days of July; it is only found by the shore of the great water or by considerable streams, then about the most rapidreaches. The females oviposit by wash- ing the eggs into the rapids or the breaking waves. Gomphus externus, Selys. Length : of abdomen, & 40, 2 40; of hind wing 3 ES Sars KELLICOTT. 61 Male black and greenish yellow. Head; occiput not at all or slightly convex, yellow fringed with black hairs, rear black with a stripe proceeding downward from the occiput and outer border yellow, vertex black with a small spot on each side below the occiput yellowish green, antenne black, whole face yellow, margins of mouth brownish. Prothorax black, anterior border bright yellow, above with a spot each side and a geminate spot between, yellowish. Thoracic carina yellow with a black band each side, interrupted anteriorly, a broad, black antehumeral separated below from the humeral by yellow, first and second lateral sutures and an abbreviated line between them reaching nearly to the metastigma black, remainder of thorax greenish yellow ; costa green, pterostigma brown covering about four cells, legs black with the exception of the anterior femora each of which have a greenish yellow vitta on the inner side. Dorsal band of ab- domen yellow as follows, a patch broadest behind on 1, broad and three lobed on 2, broad at base, gradually narrowed but not reaching the apex on 3-6, a triang- ular basal on 7 and 8, reaching the whole length of the segment on 9; laterally sides of 1 and 2 and part of 3, partially obscured spots on base of 4-7; a basal and a small apical spot on 8, whole length of 9, yellowish. Appendages longer than 10, from above divaricate, tapering gradually from base, outer distal angle ob- tuse, inner distal angle acuminate, apex obliquely truncate, from side arched ; inferiors nearly as long as the superiors, apex turned upwards. The appendages of this form are very much like those of fraternus, but the superiors have a more prominent outer distal angle and the inner distal angle is not so strongly produced. ‘the female has the occiput straight, not . ‘rising in the middle in two confluent curves ” (Walsh), nor is 62 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. “the space between the lateral thoracic lines livid,” but of the more usual greenish yellow hue ; the verti- cal thorns are black and conical ; the posterior femora are either with or without external vittz, in this re- gard agreeing with the female of fraternus. +t has been said that the latter has no vertical thorns, and that the females of externus and fraternus may thus be separated ; this will not do, for the female fraternus has long slender, black or yellow vertical thorns ; they are easily separated, however, by the difference in the occiput—/raternus with a spine in the middle of the border, externus having the same straight or slightly concave—externus is larger and the vitta 2 is aimost as conspicuous as in externus. Easily separated from fraternus by the wide yellow vitta on the ninth abdominal segment, its larger size and straight or concave occiput. Common along the Olentangy river at Delaware and Columbus in June. Gomphus graslinellus, Walsh. Length of abdomen S and & 39, of hind wing & 33, 2 34. Male black, yellow and greenish yellow. Head; occiput yellow, slightly convex, fringed with short, black hairs, rear yellow with the upper parts of the orbits brownish or black, vertex and antenne black. Prothorax black with a bright yellow spot on the anterior border, base with a spot each side and one between them yellowish; thoracic carina brown with a similar colored space each side, humeral and ante- humeral bands present, separated for their whole length by a narrow yellow stripe, first and second ’ lateral sutures margined with brown; wings with the costz greenish yellow; legs, femora and. tarsi black, tibiee black with a yellow dorsal band as follows: a rather wide, uniform band on 1 and 2, a narrower, = KELLICOTT. 63 tapering patch on 3-6 in no case reaching the apex, a triangular, basal patch on 7 and 8, a wide vitta wide- ning gradually as it approaches the apex on 9 and an elongate spot on 10; laterally segments 1, 2 and base of 3 are greenish yellow, 4-7 have obscure basal patches, and 8 and 9 have the lower border wholly bright yellow. Superior appendages brown, from above divaricate, sides nearly parallel, outer distal angle nearly a right angle, inner distal angle pro- duced into an oblique acuminate process, apex slightlv concave ; inferior appendage nearly as long as_ the superior, spreading, curved upward and inward at the tip. The female is stronger, abdominal segments 8 and 9 are not so strongly dilated, the front femora are yellowish vittate below and the occiput is concave with a prominence in the middle ; appendages pointed, dark, the lamina is short. Separated from fraternus by the wide vitta on 9, and from externus as well as fraternus by the greenish yellow stripe on the superior side of all the tibie. The species flies in central Ohio during June and the first part of Juiy. Four pairs taken in this local- ity are in the University collection. GrouP IV. Gomphus villosipes, Selys. Length of abdomen o& 38, 2 39; of hind wing J 31, 2 383, The color is black, olive, yellow, and brown. In the male the rear of the eyes is yellow below, black above; occiput yellow, extreme edge black, cilia black; convex, stout, black, spine in the center; vertex black, end of the vesicle yellow; whole front and lips yellow. Pro- thorax black, yellow spot on sides and double one in middle of second lobes, yellow spot in middle of third RN ERE AE Se ae Ee OL aE Oe EP CRE ty A, Nd ac Ey cee EE ee is parte Ew (oe MEK ae => 2 = ala Meo any rx? ; y 4 Sh Ie i ¢ eh. ad, ‘ a” = 64." DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO.. ' lobe. Thorax light olive, black, marked as follows; stripe each side the carina not forming a collar, an ante- humeral and humeral well separated, a line in front of the stigma and the upper part of the second suture; the legs are black yellow as follows; inside of femora of first pair, narrow stripe on external side of tibiz of alt pairs; wings with costa olive, pterostigma yellow. The abdomen is black with olive dorsal band on 1-7, 8 and 9 all brown lighter on the sides, moderately dilated, sides of 1-7 more or less oli e, 9 yellow including the appendages, The superior appendages are as long as 10, divar- icate wide at base, tapering, outer apical angle rounded, inner produced into a long, black tipped spine set obliquely inward; in profile greatly curved, apical third directed obliquely upward. Inferiors with spreading apexes blackish, curved up at apex. Female differs in being stouter and a little larger and in having more vellow onthe sides of the abdomen. In one specimen the spine on the occiput is quadriden- tate above, the same organ in some males shows two similar teeth, while in others it is simply acuminate. The vulvar lamina is triangular, one third as long as 9 with the apex two parted, contiguous. The species is on the wing at Columbus during the latter half of May and the first part of June. Gomphus furcifer, Hagen. Length : of abdomen & and & 36, hind wing 30. Colors black, olive, brownand yellow. Male, occi- put very slightly convex, olive and fringed with black hairs, rear of head yellow below, black above, whole face olive, mandibles and vertex black. Prothorax with an irregular, yellow spot near the front margin, posterior to this a lateral spot each side and two gemi- nate spots on the vertex olive ; mesothoracic carina olive bounded each side by brown which in some KELLICOTT. 65 specimens is obscure ; a hunieral and an antehumeral present, usually united above; first and second lateral sutures obscurely margined with brown. Dor- sal line on abdomen present on 1-7, 10 nearly all yellow. Appendages yellow, spreading, shorter than 10, sides nearly parallel, outer distal angle prominent, tipped with a black denticle, inner angle produced into an oblique horn-like process, apex truncate, inferiors longer than the superiors, strongly divaricate, yellow, turned upward and black a: tip. The female has the vulvar scale short, triangular divided at the apex with the ends rounded. Readily separated from villosipes by the male ap- pendages, and by the absence of the spine on the occiput. Taken at Licking Reservoir, June 14, and at Kent, June 21. Does not seem to be common. Gomphus exilis, Selys. Length : of abdomen ' 30, 2 32; hind wing o 24, 2 26. Colors black, olive, yellow and brown. Male occi- put yellow or olive, straight and ciliate above, rear of head brown or brownish, front margin of prothorax yellow, posteriorly with an olive spot each side and a geminate one of the same color between them; brown each side of the thoracic carina, humeral and ante- humeral bands present, more or less obscurely sep- arated by olive, space between first and second lateral sutures brown, legs brown or black, all the tibize vittate with olive above, feet black; wings, costa green- ish, pterostigma brown. Abdomen black, yellow dorsal band present on segments 1-9, segments s and 9 with ventral edges yellow, 10 wholly brown or with a small yellow marking dorsally. Superior appendages as long as 10, divaricate con- ical, acute at apex, from side viewa triangular process 66 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. may be seen on the under side ; inferiors shorter than superiors, divaricate and turned up at tip from side view. ; The female differs in having the tenth segment wholly yellow, the legs, front pair femora yellow below and blackish above, middle femora the same, hind femora yellow except at apex, the coxae and trochan- ters of all the legs yellow. Vulvar lamina short, not more than a fifth as long as 9, triangular, divided, the two lobes separated with their apexes rounded. This species is common in all parts of the state in the latter part of May, June, and fore part of July. It has been taken at Columbus as early as May 9th. Canals and ponds are its favorite resorts. Gomphus lividus, Selys. Length of abdomen & 34-36, 2 36, hind wing & 30-32, 2 34. Colors fuscous, olive and yellow.. Male, occiput convex, ciliated with black hairs, face yellow, vertex and antenne fuscous, rear of head olive, largely over- laid with brown. Prothorax fuscous, front border, a posterior, geminate spot and a spot each side olive ; thoracic carina fuscous narrowly margined each side with the same color, humeral and antehumeral bands fuscous obscurely divided for part of their extent by olive, space between the first and second lateral sutures fuscous, as is an oblique band on the posterior margin of the thorax ; legs fuscous with the superior side of all the tibiz and hind metatarsi marked with olive ; wings, costa olive, pterostigma yellowish brown. Abdomen, dorsal band present on 1-9, this band is abbreviated on 5-8, on 9 it is wide and con- ‘tinuous ; sides of 1-2 and 8-9 olive below, basal spot on 3-7 ; superior appendages brown, nearly one and a half times as long as 10, divaricate, widest at base, gradually tapering, outer distal angle has the appear- KELLICOTT. 67 ance of a small denticle, inner distal angle strongly concave ; from side view an inferior prominence oc- cupies the outer third. Inferiors more spreading than the superiors, of nearly the same length, and, from side view turned upward at the tip. The female has the occiput straight, and the legs more olive than those of the male. This species may be easily separated from villosipes and furcifer by its fuscous instead of black color ; and by the superior appendages of the male, which instead of the inner distal angle being produced into a process which points obliquely inward, as inthose species, the prominence of this angle takes the general direction of the body of appendage. From exilis it may be readily separated by its color and larger size. Gomphus spicatus, Selys. Length of abdomen & 35, 2 35, hind wing £ 27, S 30. Colors olive, brown and fuscous. Male; occiput olive, regularly convex, ciliated with black hairs on the superior margin: prothorax fuscous with the usual lighter markings. Mid-dorsal carina margined, each side with brown; humeral and antehumeral bands present, brown, obscurely separated by olive for at least part of their extent, space between the first and second lateral sutures brown, none of the brown markings on the thorax are as conspicuous as in the foregoing species of this group.. Legs fuscous, all the tibiz vittate with olive above; wings, costa yellow; pteros- tigma brown, covering four cells and part of a fifth. Abdomen, dorsal band present, segments 8-9 yellow on the inferior edge of the lateral surface. Superior ap- pendages divaricate, as long as 10, wedge shaped with an acute projection near the middle of the outer border, apex acuminate. From side view, near the middle of 68 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. the inner margin is a prominent acute projection. In- feriors more spreading than the superiors, from side view gradually curved from base to apex. The female differs in having the occiput suddenly prominent in the. middle and front femora wholly olive and hind femora olive with apex fuscous. The vulvar lamina is about one fourth as long as 9, divided lengthwise, the tips separated; so that it has the appearance of being com- posed of two wedge-shaped parts with acute apexes. The slight contrast in the colors of the thorax, and the acute spine on the under side of the middle of the inner edge of the superior appendage of the male, are characteristics of this species. Spicatus frequents the borders of wave beaten shores or rushing rivers; the males, during the warm sunny hours, make frequent excursions over the crested waves, after each of which they return to shore for rest, the females generally remain in the herbage or higher on trees near by, flying out occasionaly to deposit their eggs in the disturbed waters and often bringing back a consort to the place of rest. A common species in parts of Northern Ohio in June. Group VI. Gomphus spiniceps, Walsh. ” Length of abdomen oF 48, ° 47, hind wing 3 36, & 39. Male; colors black, olive and yellow; head black with an olive band on the post-frons. On the vertex there is a U-shaped elevation, the upper angles of which are tooth-like, and between this and the eye on either side there is a small yellowish spine ; occiput nearly straight, olivaceous above. Thorax and dorsum black with brownish reflection, mesothoracic had’ 2) eae eae 2 , a KELLICOTT. , 69 collar, a short. broad stripe each side and antehumeral ray, spatulate above, olive ; sides paler, with an oliv- aceous stripe beneath each wing, olivaceous below ; wings hyaline, veins and costa black, pterostigma reddish brown, 5 millim. long; membranule very narrow, whitish ; legs black. Abdomen black, 8 and 9 strongly dilated, 9 almost as long as 8+10; 1, 2, 8 and 9 olivaceous on the sides, 1-8 with dorsal yellow spots as follows: 1, apical, triangular ; 2, lanceolate, nearly the entire length; 3, 4, 5 and 6, basal, oblong ; 7 and 8, basal, triangular ; appendages black, divaric- ate, superiors longer than 10, acute, depressed, slightly turned up at apex and having eight or ten minute crenulations on the lower, outer edge apically, inferiors not quite so long, hamulate at apex. The female differs in the abdomen being much stouter, 8 and 9 not dilated and in the possession of a small notch in the middle of the occiput. The vulvar lamina is very short and rounded at the apex. The species has been taken at Sugar Grove and Akron in September. Four specimens were captured and many more seen at Sugar Grove, September 4th, 1894. They were observed flying late in the after- noon, and ovipositing in a small brook that was rippling over pebbles. They continued to fly until it was so dark that the eye could not follow them. Pairs at rest; the female oviposits in a manner similar to that of the Libellulas. Gomphus plagiatus, Selys. Note—Regarding the identity of Ohio specimens which I believe to be plagiatus, at the present time, there is some doubt. This species and notatus are ap- parently very close. Dr. Calvert has kindly sent me specimens of plagiatus taken in Texas. A dozen specimens taken at Sandusky June 20, 96 and referred to by Prof. Kellicott in Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX, ) Loe setts Ey Pye P/N ref Cas) Fea a 4 a Ue ' Wet 4 “ ; Ly) Ag Aa 1 ; ier 78 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. 66 as notatus agree with the above mentioned speci- mens of plagiatus. Mr. C. C. Adams who has studied the specimens of both species in the museum of Com- parative Zoology recently states that the female of plagiatus has the vulvar lamina emarginated in the middle while the same is rounded in notatus. The Sandusky females agree with p/agiatus in this regard. _ Because of the doubt existing in my mind, I give | Dr. Calvert's description of plagiatus in full below. Olive green. Brown predominating on thoracic dorsum so as to leave a narrow antehumeral stripe, notably divergent from above downwards from its fellow of the opposite side, and the mid dorsal carina yellow (teneral) or green ; sides pale, a line in front of the metastigma and on the second lateral suture, brown. Abdomen long, 1-6 brown with a pale green mid-dorsal spot or stripe, 7-10 yellowish. Male: Hind margin of occiput slightly convex, Superior appendages with teeth, apex obliquely trun- cated (when viewed from above), the acuter angle on the inner side, usually no tubercle at the outer (obtuse) angle. Inferior appendages one-fourth shorter. Female. Hind margin of occiput straight. Vulvar lamina very short, less than one-tenth of 9, em- arginated in the middle, tips on either side of emargin- ation acute. Length of abdomen & 40-45, ° 44-49 ; hind wing SB 32-35, 2 35.5-37. Mr. C. C. Adams makes the statement that the females of plagiatus and notatus may be separated by the vulvar laminz. This is emarginated in the middle in plagiatus and rounded in notatus. One female specimen taken at Wauseon July 1, ~ 1896, I am of the opinion belongs here. It measures as follows: Length of abdomen 42, of hind wing 38 millimeters. KELLICOTT. vial Group VII. Gomphus notatus, Ramb. Dr Calvert states that Gomphus notatus seems to differ from plagiatus according to specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology by its smaller size, slightly concave occiput (slightly convex in plagiatus ) 8th segment of the abdomen dark brown with a mid- dorsal yellow triangular spot, (this segment pale brown in plagiatus ) and no well marked external ante- apical angle on superior appendages as exists in plagiatus. DROMOGOMPHUS, Selys. Two species of this genus have been taken in the State ; spinosus is common in all parts, spoliatus is abundant in the Maumee Valley. The species when flying usually follow close to the banks of quiet streams and canals, and are not so fond of rippling , water as are many species of the genus Gomphus. The two species may be separated as follows : 1. Abdominal segments 7-10 almost entirely yellow, the distal part of hind femora black..............:ssscsseeereseeeeeeeeneeeeeroeees spoliatus. 2. Abdominal segments 7-10 almost entirely black. hind femora all phen eee esee aes See erecta tot catenanccescngsesgocidustcesedsdeveatench shscenniiag spinosus. Dromogomphus spinosus, Selys. Length : of abdomen & 41 ° 42, hind wing @ 35, ? 37, Male; colors black, brown, olive and yellow. Head; occiput olive, regularly convex, ciliated ; front olive with sutures margined with black ; vertex and man- dibles black : Prothorax black, yellow dorsally ; mid- dorsal carina olive, a fine band each side uniting above and below with the antehumeral, a broad humeral and an antehumeral united above and below, brown, remainder of thorax olive; legs and feet black, front 73 DRAGONNLIES OF OHIO. tibiz vittate with olive beneath. Abdomen; dorsal band present on all the segments, sides of 1-2 and base of 3 olive, sides of 7-10 more or less marked with yellow, superior appendages black, from above wedge- shaped, acuminate at tip; from side view, tips slightly elevated, inferior appendages from above slightly more spreading than the superiors, gradually curved, from side view four fifths as long as the superiors, gradually curved, apex blunt. The female differs in the stouter form of the ab- domen, in the occiput being concave in the middle where it bears an angular tooth, and in the humerals and antehumerals being separated above. The vulvar lamina is about a third as long as 9, triangular in general outline and divided at the apex with the two parts divaricate, pointed. The species is distributed all over the State. The female has been observed often ovipositing in a manner similar to Maccromia illinoisensis, that is by skimming the water and every few feet or rods touch- ing it with the abdominal tip, scarcely check- ing her speed ; at other times I have seen them drop down from an overhanging tree and repeatedly tap the water, remaining in one place after the manner of Libellula. Pairs were noticed to fly up into tree tops and remain in union for a-considerable time. Dromogomphus spoliatus, Selys. Length of abdomen o& 45, 2 47, hind wing % 36, SEIS E Male; colors brown, yellow and black. Head; occiput yellow, convex, ciliated with light colored hair, face vellow, vertex brown; prothorax yellow irreg- ‘ularly marked with brown, mid-dorsal carina yellow, margined each side with brown which gradually widens anteriorly, humerat and antehumeral bands present, separated ; first and second lateral sutures and KELLICOTT. ite more or less ot the space between them brown, re- mainder of the thorax and all the coxae yellow; legs and feet, all the tibize and tarsi, front femora except an inferior, vellow vitta on each, middle femora and distal part of hind femora, black; the hind femora have dark lines laterally and superiorly for their whole length; costa yellowish, pterostigma light brown covering four cells. Abdomen; dorsal line present on 1-6, sides of 1-3, basal, transverse band on 4-6, all of segments 7-10, yellow ; segments 7-10 are often largely suffused with brown above and the extreme ventral edge is always brown in fully matured specimens. Superior appenda- ges yellow, in form resembling those of spinosus; in- feriors from above gradually diyaricate, more spread- ing than the superiors, wide at base and gradually narrowed; from side view yellow at base, black distally, shorter than the superiors, suddenly turned up at apex and produced above into an acute projection. The female differs in its larger size and stouter ab- domen and in the occiput being rather suddenly promi- nent at the middle. This prominence does not forma spine as in spinosus but simply an obtuse angle. The vulvar lamina is nearly a third as long as 9, triangular in general outline, the apex is divided; the two parts divaricate, acuminate, and turned outward at the tips. The species is common in north western Ohio along the Maumee River and its tributaries, and the Ohio Canal. I have never seen this species fly up into trees during copulation as is stated regarding spinosus. Both male and female fly along the bank with a swift, regular flight, coming to rest on bare spots close to the water where copulation takes place. The female ovi- posits similar to Libellula. The queer thing about this gomphid is that females are as often taken as males. . 74 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. FOURTH SUB-FAMILY. CORDULEGASTERIN At. The members of this sub-family are all large insects. Less than ten species have been described from America north of Mexico. None of these seem to be common, so far as individuals are concerned, at least they are not often taken. I have seen so few specimens on the wing that I do not feel justified in giving anything of their habits in the field. CORDULEGASTER, Leach. Two species have been taken in the state ; they may be separated as follows : 1. Large species, abdominalsegments 2-7 nearly encircled by yellow, erroneous. 2. Smaller species, yellow on abdomen takes the form of spear- shaped markings on the dorsum of segments 2-8............ obliquus. Cordulegaster erroneous, Hagen. Length of abdomen & 53-56, 2° 62, hind wing & 44— 47, ¥ 50. Female; colors black, brown and yellow. Head; anterior part of vertex, nasus, genee, disk of labrum, and labium, yellow ; occiput yellow behind, brownish yellow in front, ciliated above with long yellowish hairs; remainder brown. Thorax; in front two oblique bands pointed below and abbreviated at. both ends, on each side two oblique bands abbreviated at the ends, and a spot above between them, the posterior ventral surface and a spot between each pair of wings yellow, remainder black ; legs and feet black ; veins of wings and pterostigma black. Abdomen, a ventral and a lateral spot each side on 1, a transverse median band, oblique on the sides and continued by the ventral spots on t, and a ventral and lateral spot distally / KELLICOLT: Lies each side on 2; a median band and a small lateral spot distally on 3; a median band on 4-7 obscurely abbreviated above ; and a triangular lateral spot each side on 8 yellow; remainder black. Vulvar lamina three times as long as 9, eight millimeters, wide at base, gradually narrowed with apex rounded, divided except at base, the two parts contiguous; append- ages short, black, apex angular. he male is colored similar to the female : super- ior appendages short, not as long as 10, two small interior teeth. Inferior appendages three-fourths as long as the superiors. The female was taken, while resting above a cold spring on a hillside at Sugar Grove, July 5, 1891. Cordulegaster obliquus, Say. Length : of abdomen o' 52, 2 58, hindwing o 44, ° 48. Male; colors black, yellow andbrown. Head; rhin- arium, mandibles and posterior part of vertex black, eyes brown, remainder yellowish. Thorax; an ante- humeral band widest above and abbreviated at both ends, two lateral bands with a row of more or less ob- scured spots, posterior part of venter, and a spot between each pair of wings yellow, remainder brown- ish-black. Legs and feet black. Costa yellow in front, veins and pterostigma black, Abdomen; a ven- tral spot each side on 1, a dorsal band and two lateral spots on 2; a dorsal and a ventral band on 3, dorsal bands in the form of spear-shaped spots on 4-8, yellow, remainder black. Superior appendages from above about three fourths as long as 10, slightly divaricate, sides nearly parallel, abruptly pointed at the apex; from side view straight, cut obliquely upwards at apex which is pointed and slightly elevated. Inferior ap- pendages from side view about two thirds as long as 76 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. the superiors, straight, prominent at the outer distal angle and bearing a forward curving tooth. The female is colored similar to the male. Taken at Orwell, Ashtabula County, June 1895. PIFTH SU B-FAMILY. AESCHNIN AE. The members of this sub-family found in Ohio are medium sized to very large insects. It includes some of the most hardy forms, being the first to appear on the wing in spring and the last to disappear in the fall. The eyes are contiguous for nearly their entire width in both sexes, wings are long and broad and the anal angles of the hind pair are rounded in the female and prominent in the male (except Anax). Asa usual thing they do not spend so much time flying over the water as some of the preceding forms. They are common about fields and sunny places in woodlands, and are continually busy catching flies and other small insects for food. The female is attended by the male much of the time and it is a common thing to see pairs take long excursions over the water, flying three or four feet above its surface. The female seems to prefer to ovi- posit in stagnant pools and ponds where the surface is covered by duck weed and other aquatic plants. The genera may be separated as follows ; 1:3 Priangle once crossed 5p. 2i.cees. ines Sacccqecnanco+sscazvenes .Gomphezschna Triangle with more than one transversal...........:sssscccessssenseenees 2 2. Subnodal sector furcate in the hind wings...................sssssssssse-oesrs 3 Subnodal sector not furcate in the hind wings...............cceseseeeseees 5 3. Anal angle of male rounded, thorax uniform green..............- Anax Anal angle of hind wing of male acute, thorax brown, banded With PTEEN............00:0.ccccesessacesescnensecessctrcnsenseestsconecoeseracoessencrnnsuannus + KELLICOTT. T(r ( 4. Expanse more than 110 millim., abdomen of male and female not strongly constricted at three... 205. .csises.ctd ate Epizeschna Expanse less than 100 millim., abdomen strongly constricted at EHECE., Are actece ext os seeks caveeteea iv ccna ule sedy se caceactuersataateaschuectecneeets Eschua 5. Fore wing broadest at the nodus, two lemon yellow spots later- allky ani; top aint giao Ws seteesek. «Sanh Shas heats, peak Fonscolombia Fore wing broadest at nodus, two whitish bands laterally on [eh no) gre pera es eee a dete la a ee cer Gee ee Bar ent Basizeschna ANAX, Leach. This genus differs from all other members of the Azschnine in the male having the anal angles of the hind wings rounded. The species are very large and their flight is strong. A. junius is an exceedingly abundant form in all parts of the state. A. Jongipes has never been taken in Ohio, but Mr. Charles Dury is confident he identified the species on the wing at Cin- cinnati in May 1898. The following table will serve to separate these two species : 1. Front above with a fuscous spot surrounded by green and the MO ley. THES so 20 ces ssie- cane cee sacbeoteatdecseccbenautacs <-tad AP tacos ote ne yc METEEEEST SP NoMmMaArKINES OF IONE ADOT Esse. -h ss. awceeeotcew ck Con atetooet longipes. Anax junius, Drury. Length: of abdomen 53-57 ° 53, hind wing & 50 —52, 2 54. Colors ; male, green, blue and fuscous. Head; front green, a hlack spot above surrounded by green, then by fuscous; mandibles black, other mouth parts green; eyes fuscous occiput greenish in the middle ; rear of eyes, superior margin and middle fuscous, lateral parts green Thorax green; femora brown, tibie and _ tarsi black ; wings hyaline, costa yellow, other veins fus- cous or brown; pterostigma yellow, membranule large, white anteriorly, fuscous posteriorly. The base of the abdomen corresponds in color to the thorax, blue begins at the anterior third of the second segment and is mgre or less apparent on several segments, but 78 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. fuscous predominates, The colors are so changed in dry specimens that it is difficult to define their exact outlines. Male superior appendages as long as 9+10. From above gradually widening from base; inner border suddenly excavated near the apex; an acute spine at outer distal angle; a median, longitudinal thickening traverses the whole length of each ap- pendage. Inferior appendage short about one sixth as long as the superiors, distal end truncate. The female differs in having the occiput twice tuberculate posteriorly, and in not having so strong a constriction at abdominal segment three. The append- ages are as long as 9+10, foliate, pointed at apex. This species has been taken at Columbus as early as March 21st, and has been observed on the wing during the first days of November. It oviposits usually while attended by the male. The pair may be seen flying over stagnant water where sedges and the like abound; at intervals they drop down and alight on some object near the water’s surface ; soon the female may be seen with her abdomen beneath the surface of the water depositing her eggs. Nymphs of various sizes may be secured from ponds and ditches at most any time of year. Anax longipes, Hagen. Length of abdomen of 55-58, ¥ 52-60, hind wing 51-53 2 49-56. The following from Hagen’s description, Psyche 1890. Vol V, 303, will enable the student to identifiy the species : Male, eyes dark reddish brown, head, thorax and base of abdomen green; abdomen brick red; front green, without any spot above ; vertex, antenne and occiput black ; eyes behind with a very large, elong- ated green spot; legs black, femora yellow. Wings hyaline, venation black, costa yellow, pterostigma narrow, yellow. KELLICOTT. 79 Female, head, thorax, legs and the two basal seg- ments green; eyes blue, the hind margin of the oc- ciput on each side yellow; second segment with a transversal brownish median stripe on each side; ab- domen from the third segment brown. Hagen’s description was taken from living specimens. GOMPHAESCHNA, Selys. The insects of this genus have been taken in the State only at Columbus. Either they are not common or we have not learned how to procure them, for but few speciments have been taken or even seen. Gomphaeschna furcillata, Say. Length : of abdomen & 44, ° 41; hind wing & 2 36. Male, color black and brown. Head. eyes brown, front brownish the posterior extremities in the form of a band grayish, disk marked with yellowish; an- tenn yellow ; behind the eyes black. Thorax brown, a narrow humeral band and two lateral bands black; the first lateral band is abbrev- iated above, the posterior one is narrow and reaches to the base of the hind wing; between the inferior portions of the humeral stripes there are two yellow markings resembling marks of parenthesis. Femora brown, tibiz and tarsi black; wings; costa yellow, pterostigma and veins brown. Abdomen black, the apex of each segment and ventral markings obscure brownish. Superior appendages as long as 9+10 in- ferior edge abruptly widened at basal fourth, both edges gradually widening from thence to apex, a longi- tudinal thickening at middle, apex rounded, inferior appendages two fifths as long as the superiors; the distal third divided, with the branches divaricate. The colors of living specimens are very much brighter than in dry specimens. Thus what I have called brown or yellow is really greenish originally. 80 DRAGONELIES OF OHIO. Taken at Columbus June 13. This species differs from any other species of the sub-family in our fauna in the form of the abdomen. The widening again after the constriction at three is not present, but a very gradual narrowing continues from thence to apex. FONSCOLOMBIA, Selys. The single representative of this genus is quite common in Ohio. It flies along streams where fallen trees and drift-wood .abound. Its glossy wings cor- respond so closely to the water that it is seen with difficulty. The female has been observed resting on the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes twenty feet or more above the ground. This is one of the species which the collector is not likely to procure until he understands its habits. After that he considers it acommon form. Fonscolombia vinosa, Say. Length of abdomen & 50 & 50. hind wing 3 42 ? 4.4. Male; color reddish brown, darker in fully matured specimens. Two conspicuous yellow spots on each side of thorax; wings slightly brown at base, veins reddish, pterostigma yellow. Abdomen; mid-dorsal carina present on 2-8, auricles on 2 yellow, two or three small yellow spots usually present on sides of 4— 8; superior appendages as long as 9410, widest beyond the middle, narrowed from thence towards apex which is bluntly angular, a longitudinal, median thickening present. Inferior appendages one third as long, yellow, con- ical, notched and brown at apex. The female has the hind wing wider and the anal angle rounded. Taken in all sections of Ohio in August and September. KELLICOTT. 81 BASLZESCHNA, Selys. The single species of this genus is abundant at times, while some seasons pass without its being ob- served at all. It is on the wing early, specimens having been procured at Columbus as early as the middle of April. Basizschna janata, Say. Length: of abdomen &% & 43, hind wing 3 2 36. Colors; brown and fuscous. Male; front greenish, above yellow or greenish, with a median, longitudinal, impressed, black marking; occiput and rear of eyes largely yellowish. Thorax, mid-dorsal carina fuscous bordered each side by greenish; two greenish yellow bands edged with fuscous on each side; wings clouded at base, veins brown, pterostigma yellow, membranule white. Abdomen constricted at 3, superior append- ages as long as 9+ 10, narrow at base, very gradually widening to beyond the middle. Here there is a bend and the general direction is directly backward, instead of obliquely downward and backwards as before. The apical third is flattened. Inferior appendages conical, one half as long as the superiors. The female appendages are shorter, straight, and anal angle of hind wing rounded. EPIAESCHNA, Selys. Like the two preceeding genera this one contains only a single species. It is the bulkiest dragonfly of our fauna. Macromia taeniolata approaches it in expanse but not in size of body. This species differs from other species of the sub-family in the less obvious constriction at abdominal segment three. Epizschna heros, Fab. Length: of abdomen & 65 & 67, hind wing 5' 55 & 60. 82 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. Male; colors brown and green. Front green darker approaching brown above, margin of mouth brown. Thorax brown, an antehumeral band and two lateral bands with a spot between their superior ends, -green. Wings yellowish, veins and pterostigma brown; legs; femora brown at base, black at apex, tibiz and tarsi black. Abdomen brown marked with bright green which becomes obscure in dry specimens; 10 witha mid-dorsal tooth. Superior appendages, basal third narrow, remain- der widened, median longitudinal carina present, in- ferior edge hairy. Inferior appendage one half as long as superiors, oblong, notched at apex. The female lacks the spine on the dorsum of 10, but has a spined projection ventrally on that segment. She also has the rear of the eyes elevated so that a promi- nent projection is formed each side of the occiput. The species flies during early summer. Whenon the wing it is continually catching insects, great number, of which are required to satisfy its voracious appetite. It is one of the few dragonflies that often enter buildings. AESCHNA, Fabricius. The species of this genus fly very commonly from August until the end of warm weather in the fall. In protected places along the edge of woods, one may find all of our Ohio forms flying together most any time in September. The different species are so much alike that one can not with certainty recognize them-on the wing. Like the other members of this sub-family they take long excursions over sunny fields in search of flies and other insects for food. The three species of the genus taken in Ohio may be separated as follows 1. Male, anal triangle of hind wing with three cells; a prominent spine at inferior ‘distal angle of superior appendages. Female, genital valve SeeOuEyy elevated at apex, vulvular process long, 2 raeyl Vero eases ee soosae Se Seer ee eee caebacn cn cen sete cauestantsepetesscan teens constricta. KELLICOTT. 83 ) Male, anal triangle with two cells; superior appendages with longitudinal carina not denticulated. Female, genital valve not strongly elevated at apex, vulvular process short.......... verticalis. 3. Male, anal triangle of two cells; longitudinal carina of superior appendages with apical third denticulated................... clepsydra.* *We have not succeeded in identifying the female of this species. Ajschna constricta, Say. Length of abdomen ©“ 52-58, ° 53-55, hind wing S 43-46 2 45. Colors fuscous, brown and green. Male; front green, with a T-shaped black spot above; occiput yellow, lateral projections black; back of eyes black. Thorax brown with an antehumeral and two lateral bands green, also green between each pair of wings, femora brown above fuscous beneath, tibia and tarsi black; wings, pterostigma fuscous, membranule white anteriorly, dark posteriorly, anal angle of hind wings three celled. Abdomen fuscous, banded and spotted with green, strongly constricted at 3; superior ap- pendages as long as 9+10, inferior margin prominent, hairy, and thickened to form an inward projecting tubercle posteriorly; base narrow, inferior distal angle produced into a prominent spine. Inferior appendages one half as long as the superiors, concave above, con- ical, blunt and obscurely notched at apex. Female, wings yellowish, especially in o'd speci- mens, appendages foliate, mucronate at tips, narrow at base, length 7 millimeters; genital valve slightly longer than 9, with a lateral emargination; apex elevated truncate; vulvular process 2 millimeters long and tipped with a bundle of hairs. Description of female taken from three specimens taken in copulation. This is our commonest 42schna and is taken in all parts of the state. Aischna verticalis, Hagen. Length of abdomen, 50-53 ° 53, hind wing 44.47 2 45, 84 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. Colors brown, fuscous and green. Male; markings on thorax and abdomen are variable in different speci- mens. There are only two cells in the anal triangle of hind wings which at once separates it from constricta. Superior appendages as long as 9+ 10, narrow at base, superior longitudinal carina not denticulated, apex with a short thorn directed obliquely downward. Inferior appendage one half as long, conical, angular at apex. Female of the same form as the male, appendages narrow at base, oblong, rounded at apex, obscurely mucronate, Genital valve as long as 9 with a lateral emargination; apex not strongly elevated. Vulvular process short, not over one millimeter. The appen- dages only a little more than half as wide as in con- stricta, This description was taken from a female taken in copulation. When more material is procured it may be necessary to verify some statments. This species flies with constricta but is not nearly so common. Alschna clepsydra, Say. Length of abdomen, “@ 51 % 50, hind wing J 44, 2 43. Colors brown, fuscous and green, Head, front green, nasus and rhinarium fuscous or brownish. in some specimens. Mandibles and margins of mouth. fuscous, a fuscous T spot above; occiput yellow in the middle, remainder fuscous; rear of eyes fuscous. Thorax brown, an antehumeral stripe and two lateral stripes green, also green between the wings above; femora and tibize brown above, fuscous beneath, tarsi _ fuscous ; wings and pterostigma fuscous above, yvellow- ish beneath, costa yellowish, other veins fuscous; anal triangle of two cells, membranule small. Abdomen constricted at 3, fuscous marked with green; mid-dorsal carina present; appendages as long KELLICOTT. 85 as 9+10, narrow at base, inferior edge widened at basal third, width nearly uniform from thence to. near the apex; longitudinal carina present, denticulated on posterior third; apex rounded and furnished with a spine which points obliquely downward. SIXTH, SUB-FAMILY: CORDULIN 2. ' The members of this sub-family are medium sized to large species, and unlike those of the preceding, are seldom seen except in the vicinity of water. All I have seen ovipositing fly leisurely near the bank and strike the water from time to time with the tips of their abdomens to wash off the eggs. Some of the forms fly quite early in spring but none of them are on the wing late in the fall. The following will aid the student in separating our genera: 1. Hypertriagonal space free, sectors of the arculus free at origin...2 Hypertriagonal space traversed, sectors of the arculus more or LES Swe Cl patsy OG Cie pees e weesec capes eens v dank noeas (aces deer eae emace= sewer seven A 2. Hind wings with dark markings at least at base.........1......eeseseee 3 Hind wings without dark markings, colors metallic. Somatochlora. 3. Hind wings, dark only at base with triangles free... Tetragonuria Hind wings, dark at base, middle and apex, triangles traversed. Epicordulia. 4. Large species, expanse over 90 millimeters, tenth segment of the Abdomen black im WG@bl) SCKESi.15.-.04-.ccesseccens-necace¥ Oumecene Macromia. Smaller species, expanse 70-75 millimeters, tenth segment light. Didymops. MACROMIA, Rambur. The members of this genus are easily rocognisable on the wing by the transverse yellow band of the ab- domen. They are large species and fly from middle to late summer. Both males and females, in apparently 86 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. equal numbers, have been taken while flying over the surface of the water. The following key will separate the species of the genus: Expanse less than 100 millimeters, no antehumeral stripe illinoisensis Expanse 110 millimeters or over, antehumeral stripe present teniolata Macromia taeniolata, Rambur. Length of abdomen of 58 & 61, hind wing o' 52 & 58. Colors black, yellow and brown. Male; head large, front vertex black with two prominences above, frons metallic green with yellow spots superiorly, rhinarium fuscous ; labrum olive, dark at middle and inferior edge A faceted tubercle on the posterior edge of eye. Thorax fuscous with a distinct greenish reflection ; yellow superioraly, part of antehumeral and a complete lateral band present, yellow. The latter entirely en- circles the thorax, passing between the insertions of the two pairs of wings above and the second and third pairs of: limbs below. Legs*and feet black, the hind femora reaching the middle of the 2nd abdominal seg- ment. Abdomen black, with superior yellow markings on segments 1-8 Superior appendages 38-5 milli- meters in length, bent inwards at apical third, apex turned outwards; an emargination on the outer side extends from the base to beyond the middle where it terminates in a small tooth. Inferior appendage nearly as long as the superiors, conical, curving up- wards towards the apex. Female usually larger than the male, and in my “specimens the superior yellow markings on 8 of the male are not present. Female usually larger than the male, and in my specimens, the superior yellow markings on 8 of the KELLICOTT. 87 male, are not present. The species is common in the north western part of the state along the Maumee River. The males fly well out, and consequently are seldom taken, the females oviposit among leaves and algze near the shore. Macromia illinoisensis, Walsh. Length: of abdomen 3 48-50, 2 50; hind wing, 3 45 2° 46. . Male; colors fuscous, brown and yellow. Head very much asin teniolata. Thorax brown or fuscous with metallic greenish reflections. Yellow before the base of the anterior wings, and lateral band present as in the latter species, but the antehumeral absent. Wing hyaline often brownish tinted, more promi- nently at the apex. Superior yellow markings, often very small, on abdominal segments 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8, oc- cupying nearly a third of 7 at base. This last is strikingly prominent when the species is on the wing. Superior appendages much as in teniolata, but more gradually narrowed towards the apex; slightly longer than 10. Inferior appendage about as long as the su- periors, conical, apexelevated, Female differs in having superior yellow markings on segments 2—7 and the wings are often more uniformly brownish. The species flies most commonly during July, and may be seen at times some distance from water. I have taken the female flying over ripples of our larger streams, and a pair in copulation resting on alow bush not over two feet from the ground. It ismore common than the preceding species and may be Seren ted in any part of the state. Its smaller size will separate it from taniolata. DIDYMOPS, Rambur. The single species of this genus is commonly taken in Ohio. We have found it most common in May, 88 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. although it has been taken as early as April 25. At this early date the species was found in sunny places along the border of woods. Didymops transversa, Say. Length: of abdomen & 36-38 2 40; hind wing & 33-35 2 37. Male; colors brown and yellowish. Head, front livid with frons and nasus brownish, frons above with an olive spot each side; rear of eyes yellowish, dark near the occiput. Thorax -trown, a transverse band before base of the fore wings. mid-dorsal carina, a narrow humeral and a prominent lateral stripe, white; wings brownish at base, costa yellow, pterostigma and veins fuscous; legs, femora brown, tibiz yellowish above, fuscous below, tarsi black. Abdomen brown, all the segments more or less banded, a prominent whitish band at base of 7, and a spot each side at base of 8; 10 wholly whitish or yellowish. Superior appendages 2 millimeters in length, widest at base, nearly straight, posterior third on the outer side narrowed, apex acute; inferior appendage about as long as superiors, edged with brown, conical, apex blunt and furnished superiorly with a pair of prominences. Female larger than the male and the brown mark- ings between costa and third vein at the base of the wings is noticeably longer. EPICORDULIA Selys. The two species of this genus are American. We have only one of these in Ohio. This one is common along all of our larger streams, canals, and lake shores during July and August. Epicordulia princeps, Hagen. Length: of abdomen 3 43 2 47; hind wing 3' 41 & 45. KELLICOTT. 89 Colors; olive, brown and fuscous. Male; front olive, vertex brownish, antenne black. Thorax thickly clothed with long, gray pile, ground color olive, anter- ior, lateral band prominent below, humeral and ante- humeral bands present, but usually very nearly obscure. Legs, coxz and trochanters olive, front and middle femora olive above, fuscous beneath, hind femora and all the tibiz and tarsi fuscous. Wings with a basal patch, often greatly reduced on the front pair, a patch at nodus, sometimes wanting, and apex black. Ab- domen constricted at 3, largely fuscous above; beneath and on the sides yellowish brown. Superior append- ages club shaped in general outline; inferior, apical fourth excised, apex very bluntly pointed. Inferior ap- pendage more than two thirds the length of the su- periors, widest at base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is furnished with two upward directed projections. Female similar to the male in color and form, vul- var lamina nearly as long as 9, divided for its entire length, the two parts divaricate, slightly curvedinward at apex; appendages longer than 9+10. The species is easily identified by the black mark- ings on the wings, as none of our large forms except some of the Libellulas have such characters. TETRAGONEURIA, Hagen. Two species of this genus have been recorded for Ohio. These fly in the fore part of summer, and one is very common. Small ponds seem to attract these forms, but it is not unusual to find them flying over running water. They are the smallest species of the sub-family, Corduline. Tetragoneuria cynosura, Say. Length: of abdomen & 30, 2 27; hind wing J 28, 9 29. 90 DRAGONELIES OF OHIO. Male; frons, labrum and labium yellow, other parts of front olive. In some specimens the whole front is olive. Thorax with a covering of long pubescence, two angular, yellow spots in front of the inferior half of the second lateral suture, these spots and both sutures mar- gined with metallic blue. Basal two thirds of front femora yellowish or light brown, remainder of legs dark brown to nearly black. Fore wings hyaline; hind wings with a basal streak between subcostal and median veins extending to first antecubital, the space at extreme base between submedian and post-costal veins and a triangu- lar patch occupying the lower part of the anal triangle and part of at least three neighboring cells, fuscous; re- mainder hyaline. The dark markings of the wings are variable, but in none of our specimens do they extend much beyond what I have indicated, they may be very much reduced however. Abdomen fuscous with yellow markings on the sides of segments 2-9. Superior appendages as long as 9+10, the apical two thirds (nearly) thickened. From above separated at base, gradually approaching one another for one half their length, then diverging to apex. Inferior appendage reaching the middle of the thickened portion of the superiors, oblong conical,.ex- panded laterally at extreme apex. Female vulvar lamina composed of two horn-like lobes whose apices reach beyond the extent of the ninth segment. The species is a common one in all parts of Ohio. Tetragoneuria semiaqua, Burm. Length: of abdomen 3 26-27, 2 28; hind wing & 25-28, 2.29. This species is very close to cynosura. Color alone is used to characterize it. The fuscous at the base of the hind wing is much extended, and occupies nearly all the space between the base of this wing and a line ye KELLICOTT. 91 drawn from the anal angle to the fourth antecubital. Different specimens vary in this respect, in some the dark marking isslightly reduced while in others it is ex- tended. This characteris constant in Maine specimens, kindly loaned me by C. C. Adams, in New York speci- mens and in Indiana specimens, so that, in none I have seen is there necessity of confusion with.cynosura. Taken at Columbus and observed at Delaware, in May. SEVENTH SUB-FAMILY. LIBELLULINA. Twenty-eight species of Ohio dragonflies fall under this sub-family. They are second to the AGRIONINA® when number of species is considered, but are by far the most conspicuous forms of our odonat fauna in all situ- ations, especially during the summerseason. Stagnant pools and ponds, skirted by sedges, cat tails and water lilies are especially attractive to them. Here the males fly back and forth, catching small insects for food, and searching for the females. While pursuing this appar- ent pleasure many of them sacrifice their lives to satisfy the greedy appetite of the king bird who perches himself on a branch of a nearby tree where he can view the proceedings and swoop down whenever he is sure he can procure a dragonfly for his trouble. Presently at your feet you observe the female with wings almost motionless, waving up and down, and at each downward movement, striking the tip of her abdomen on the surface of the water. She is oviposit- ing. If with a water net a quantity of the debris near the bank be procured a dozen or more nymphs of various stages are usually included. Thus one might seat himself and write out nearly a full life history of a dragonfly from the material of a few minute’s collecting. 92 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. The members of this sub-family are medium sized to large species with ample wings and short, thick bodies. In some species males and females arecolored differently, while in others both sexes are alike. Most of the forms are easily collected on account of their abundance, but there are a few species that occur over large areas and are never common anywhere, these are usually procured with difficulty: The Ohio species are placed in ten genera which may be separated by the following table: iA 2. 3. 10. Hind wings very wide at base, fore wings, except in some cases at extreme base, entirely transparent...........seccecccscsocssesescsesesssenees 3 Hind wings not extremely wide at base..............::::sesssssesseseseseeese 4 Base of hind wing black or brown for its entire width......Tramea Base of hind wing transparent with anal margin yellowish, or sntuscatedat Anal ANGIE s ceslieck ccuspeosaeteesnecs nan sederacnnsetace Pantala. Hind lobe of the prothorax large, bilobed.............cccsssssesseeeeseceeees 5 Hind lobe of the prothorax small, emtire..........sesserereerresrerernneees 10 Sectors of the arculus pedicellate............ccccccccorsesseeveccceccceresccneeees 6 Sectors of the arculus not pedicellate...............ccsscccccnrssssereneesserses 9 Both sectors of the triangle in the hind wings arising from its Frit eirples.. scskewsndns.c0ceseacvevorse tere scweneodt cose da nespmr ae asenteenangnscalegeaaame 7 Lower sectors of the triangle in the hind wings arising from its hind angle, the upper from its Outer Side..........csseceeeeeeeeeeeeeeetnees 8 Nearly black species, extreme base of hind wings black, front WWIUEG te teae tc cosmedad anaes Sus oe gsemeameeceu ns tacerratagteeenenseegtear ese Leucorhinia. Never black, extreme base, sometimes basal half, of hind wings yellowish brown, front variously colored but never pure white, Diplax. Base of hind wings perfectly transparent, thorax unicolorous, last antecubital of front wings usually not continued to median MELT Sareea eee ade esau ne rteneecen cate eateae ieee cue Tuc receesceae careers Mesothemis. Base of hind wings yellowish brown, thorax banded with black and olive, last antecubital of front wings usually continued to MEMIA A WENN. 2s vs yar sone edveeoscecsh nnn acnoesusacetooonasbprseovences Pachydiplax. Small species, expanse about 30 millimeters, hamule of male not WOGHR Gh ace docked 2a 5) cain; soustere tao teeesh Uacenatdeaxannssthracrams the yessahmeaene Perithemis. Larger species, hamule of male bifid...........--ssesseeceeseeees Celithemis. Male with a pair of ventral hooks on first abdominal segment, third tibiz, as long as third femOra...........ccccesseseeseceeeens Plathemis. Male with no ventral hooks, female with third tibiz at least a little longer than third femora...........cc.ssesesssssscscescrssonseees Libellula. ANG KELLICOTT. 93 PANTALA, Hagen. The two species of this genus are large with hind wings very wide at base. Abdominal segments 3 and 4 each with two additional transverse carinz, nodal sector waved. 1. Front yellow, anal margin of hind wing yellowish....... flavescens. 2. Front red, anal angle of hind wing with a fuscous spot. hymenza. Pantala flavescens, Fab. Length: of abdomen o& 32-34, 2 34; hind wing & 40- 42, 2 41. Male; color yellowish brown. Front yellowish, margins of mouth, antenneze and basal part of vertex fuscous. Thorax, mid-dorsal carina and vestiges of lateral bands present, fuscous; hind wing, anal margin and a small patch at apex flavescent. Abdomen with a maculate mid-dorsal band, sometimes absent on some of the segments. Superior appendages about 3 m.m. in length, yellow at base, remainder black, oblong, nearly contiguous, and furnished with an oblique spine at apex. Inferior appendage two thirds as long as su- periors. Female like the male. The species is a strong flyer and fully matured specimens are hard to take as they fly well out from the bank. Taken in all parts of Ohio during July and August. Pantala hymenza, Say. Length: of abdomen & 30-33, 2 31; hind wing ov 40-42, S 42. Male, color reddish brown. Front red, margin of mouth, antennz and basal part of vertex fuscous. Rear of eyes narrowly yellowish on the sides, remain- der brown. Hind wing with anal angle and oftentimes apex fuscous. Abdomen reddish brown, segments 8— 10 with black dorsal band. Female similar to the 94. DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. male. Easily separated from flavescens by the red base, and fuscous spot at anal angle of hind wing. The species has been taken at Columbus (Osburn), Laramie Reservoir (Williamson), and Columbus, in July. TRAMEA, Hagen. This genus contains three Ohio species. The base of hind wing in all of them is wide and conspicuously colored. Abdominal segments 3 and 4 with one ad- ditional transverse carina, nodal sector not waved or broken. 1. Basal fourth or fifth of hind wings violet black............... lacerata. Basal part of hind wings DrowD..............ccccccsscesssseseneocsssnens Oe 2. 2. Basal third of hind wings brown, hamule not exceeding the genital lobe in length, vulvar lamina shorter than 9........ carolina. Basal fourth of hind wing brown, hamule exceeding the genital lobe; vulvar lamina asilone AS; 9 ries... nccena-nosens gdsenpucspne ss onusta. Tramea lJacerata, Hagen. Length: of abdomen & 37, 2 35; hind wing o' 42— 45, 2 46. Male, color brownish black. Front blackish, vertex and large part of frons metallic violet. Thorax with a greenish reflection, legs black, anterior wings hyaline, black at extreme base, hind wings violet black at base, the outer edge ragged, a triangular, hyaline space near the middle of the anal margin. A large light colored spot on the dorsum of the seventh ab- dominal segment, often obscure in dry specimens. Superior appendages as long as one half of 8+9+10, hamule shorter than the genital lobe. The female has yellowish white markings on 3-7; on 3-5 these consist of a pair of small spots. Vulvar lamina one half as long as 9. The species is common in all parts of the state dur- ing a large part of the summer. KELLICOTY. 9A Tramea carolina, Linn. Length: of abdomen & 2 32; hind wing co & 41. Male, color reddish brown. Superior part of frons violet. Femora brownish at base, black at apex, tibiz and tarsi black; front wings hyaline, extreme base yellowish, hind wings reddish brown at base for nearly a third of their length, within the space many of the fine veins are yellowish. Abdominal segments 8-10 black above. Superior appendages a little longer than 9+10, slender and pointed at apex. Inferior ap- pendage nearly two thirds as long as the Superiors. Hamules as long as, or very slightly longer than the genital lobes. Female abdominal segments 8 and 9 black, vulvar lamina not quite as long as 9, bilobed. A comparatively common species in various parts of the state during the summer months. Tramea onusta, Hagen. Length: of abdomen of 31, 2 33; hind wing o 38-41 2 42. Male, color reddish brown, vertex brown, front reddish brown, in the specimens before me not showing the violet present on the superior part of the frons in carolina. Femora brownish at base, black at apex, tibiz and tarsi black; wings, anterior pair hyaline, extreme base brown, the reddish brown patch at the base of the posterior pair is narrower than in carolina and the outer edge is more ragged. Superior appen- dages a little longer than 9+10, hamules noticeably longer than the genital lobes. Female vulvar lamina as long as 9, bilobed in its apical three fourths. Taken at Columbus May 7, and at Cincinnati (Dury) May 23. LIBELLULA, Linn. In Libellula the posterior lobe of the prothorax is small and entire. The male is without hooks on the 96 DRAGONFLIES OF OHIO. first abdominal segment. Nine Ohio species are con- sidered under this genus. Several of them are very common forms, while others are local or rare. None of them fly very early in Spring. The following key will aid in separating the species: 1. Base of wings black nearly to middle for entire width....... basalis. Base of wings transparent for at least a part of the width......... 2 2. A dark colored patch of more or less extent at nodus of each WY HEL Diee seeds ccubestvcacatevea tuner dceesbbsceastnenses tore dscuckhantiese sab eccnes wane san aeeeneeae 3. No dark patch 8 GUUS). stvrcss.seucoccthesesvagetoetsespaceeaee wavganenapeieeee 6. 38. Dark marking at nodus entirely posterior to it, small................ 4. Dark marking at nodus surrounding it, much larget.................. 5. 4. Base of hind wing with a triangular, black patch which is pro- duced at its outer angle, apex of wings transparent quadrimaculata. Base of hind wing with only the space between second and third veins, black, apex of wings fuscous, more prominently in the PC HIANG 5. osu td acsdetatse tedenandbaus daxadcduces 107 PASSMIM LG Eto: vs oho 02s eestnases te sscces 109 OLE TAP CH hs ateacenodsadsanvsdasvcesceces a ba | DD ELUSAL Sec eksiccg skies eevee Ret 109 PEL DICH Ul Ab ion. coce pass onste case ces 108 BEKMICITICE AN acasessrscessceehcelaese oes: 110 stat [2 Pe, ee idl MN papa a8 110 ~ ~~ Rote ae e wey Ti * r) ~~ “7 DrOMOPFOMPHUS .ccc)wcbastapenacasesey Gt SPINGSUS cs yaectsagetievs secaeucsevgainy 71 SPOMACUSIAS A vevccacnscct on .<. cadeeecescosteoesaaeeeee 93. Perithemtis.:..i-.....ccesesesnesecesqsoue alone domitia..:<...2. Aken sceabbcgs cfdcoae del aoa Dlathemia.co ay. trimaculata........<0.<..ei.d<.ssanaen ee Tetragoneuria.............cc.cccecseeee 89 SYDOSUEA A: t3-. ss-eoreee snot dusoeucees em SEMMAQ NAL. 6. 2.ecsscedatateeonpneeeny eee Oreanied *3!:2iscss cevuvevsessedeseestee dee amma lacerata....... hedacd casan se dence sapere ONUSEA 2... ss dass cobasesh oncteecetpeseneneaa EIGHTH ANNU - og x= he > este / OF SCIENCE ss any Sell rm ea : : — ~y ? at a wu ut + , ms ist Sitar “ +s 7 F ? EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OHIO STATE LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GAROEN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. 1900. OFFICERS 1900. PRESIDENT, JOSUA LINDAHL. VICE-PRESIDENTS, J. A. BOWNOCKER, LYNDS JONES. SECRETARY, E. L. MOSELEY. TREASURER, LIBRARY NEW YORK HERBERT OSBORN. xy BOTANICAL GARDEN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, EX-OFFICIO, JOSUA LINDAHL, E. L. MOSELEY, HERBERT OSBORN. ELECTIVE, C. E. SLOCUM, MARY E. LAW. CONTENTS. Bilger filamentous VASE Of, =. sec-cos.ccsscncensscesvcsdscsseccnavensnasceect oeneeeeeee 15 Board: of Trustees, Members Ofsssces cos hone cc aceos cncochcanccvescusccntensestaceaeees 8 Birds, Occasional Abundance of Certain Species on or near Lake VTE. cc ckacacecccavaseceeeanscctecasets sess svigeesei Jovcats sees ss Moseeeaneesseseceeusbessteees 12 Constitution; Amendment to;Artiele: EVs sis. <.. Dayton Wright, Prof. G. Ppededcks Wright, Prof. Albert A., Forest St., Oberlin Wright, Prof. John B. Wilmington Young, W. U., St. Marys Deceased. Edward Orton, Columbus ELGHEHANNUAT. REPORT OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. WINTER MEETING. The ninth annual meeting was held at the Public Library Building in Cleveland, December 22nd and 23rd, 1899. The attendance surpassed that of any previous winter meeting. With only two exceptions the forty-eight papers on the printed program were presented, nearly all of them by their authors. Al- though no time was wasted, it was found necessary, in order to complete the program before 5 o’clock Satur- day afternoon, to separate into sections. Accordingly at 2:15 the botanists withdrew to a separate room to hear the botanical papers which remained unread at that time. A. D. Selby and J. A. Bownocker were appointed a committee to draft resolutions regarding the two members who had died during the year,—Doctor Orton and General Force. After some discussion, the Academy voted to have a committee appointed to prepare a directory of the streams, lakes, ponds, artificial reservoirs, swamps and marshes of Ohio. The president appointed the follow- ing on this committee:—E. B. Williamson, W. A. Kellerman, Gerard Fowke. A committee consisting of H. C. Beardslee and Herbert Osborn was elected for the purpose of deciding on the best system of colors to be adopted for general use in scientific descriptions. P 8 The carefully prepared report of the committee on science teaching formed an important part of the pro- gram and elicited much useful discussion. The publication committee reported that the Special Papers, No. 1. and 2., and the Seventh Annual Report, in all 353 pages, had been published during the year at acost to the Academy of $197.10. REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES. The following grants were made from the Mc- Millin Research Fund: W. G. Tight, to aid in the study of the preglacial drainage olethe Muskinoumwallleyececen.c: evceercteccncertecettercccesretcectes $50.00 J. A. Bownocker, to aid in the study of preglacial drainage in the Miami valley and the upper Maumee valley,........... 50.00 J. H. Todd, to aid in study of preglacial drainage of Wayne Ena AaMTACetb\ COUNELES S recscareue cn .c0 loseote coaenacecanececcnerreqnancarie 10.00 Herbert Osborn, to aid in the study of the fishes of northern ANG SOMEBErnIOHIOl Ts nedsecsesssecesesesekc ec ne taae tase ot teen eee en seeee 50.C0 Mota. 356. teie Mesa eee $160.00 The trustees have decided to use the balance of $90.00 in illustrating Special Papers, No. 3, to con- tain all reports of the work on preglacial drainage in Ohio done by members of the Academy, and Mr. Mc- Millin has sanctioned the use in this manner. The following communication has recently been re- ceived from Mr. McMillin: New York, DEc. 14, 1899. F. M. Webster, M. Sc., Wooster, Ohio. : DeaR Sir:—I am in receipt of your letter of 12th, enclosing to me bills of expenses incurred in research work, and paid from funds I contributed to the Association, for which I thank you. I am send- ing to-day to the Capital City Bank a check for $250.00, to be placed to the credit of your committee for the use of the society during the coming year. Yours truly, EMERSON MCMILLIN. F. M. WessTER, Chairman. At the Saturday morning session a committee con- sisting of A. D. Selby, C. E. Slocum and J. A. Bow- nocker was elected to draft resolutions to be presented at the afternoon session concerning a topographic survey of the state. Following are the resolutions: 9 RESOLUTIONS REGARDING TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY. The Ohio State Academy of Science earnestly seeks to secure a topographic survey of Ohio. Such a survey is demanded that ac- curate maps may replace the present inaccurate ones. This will re- quire complete triangulation of the state anew by competent engineers and result in detailed maps of every township of the state, showing the elevation of the land and all drainage systems. Such maps, when accurately made will be of inestimable value to all the citizens of the state, to trustees of water works, city officials, county and township officers, individual land owners, and to scientists they will furnish the only adequate basis for their endeavors now and for the large plans of the future. Ohio cannot afford to lag behind other states in this great work, which may now be completed in conjunction with the United States Geological Survey, thus securing at once economy, accuracy and uniformity. Resolved, That to strengthen the hands of the committee on Topographic Survey appointed by the Academy three years since, and secure proper legislation in Ohio, the president be authorized to appoint two additional members of the committee; said members to be residents of Columbus or easily accessible to that city. The amendment to Article IV of the constitution, duly proposed the year before, was adopted. AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE IV OF THE CONSTITUTION. There shall be a Board of Trustees consisting of three members; one elected for one year, one for two years, one for three years, and thereafter one elected annually for three years. It shall be the duty of this Board of Trustees to act as the custodian of all property of the Academy and to administer all funds received for original research and investigation. The following resolution offered by Professor Osborn was adopted: Moved that the trustees be instructed to appoint a librarian who sha!l have charge of the distribution of publications and who shall arrange an exchange with other societies and receive and list all ex- changes. Exchanges so received shall be accessible to all members for consultation or may upon payment of transportation charges be withdrawn for reasonable periods of time. Twenty-six new members were elected. Saturday evening quite a number of the members went to the Physical Laboratory ‘of Case School where they were pleasantly entertained by Professor Miller 10 and his assistant with an exhibition of wireless tel- egraphy, Roentgen rays, illuminated Geissler tubes and many other delicate pieces of apparatus. ae? Sh Re RS ie PAPERS READ. Notes on a few Northern Ohio Fungi, - H.C. BEARDSLEE Notes'on’ Ohio’ Salix,)* 90) "2 #7 =!) See 2A. SD) SEEBY Ohio Species of Crepidotus, = - - H. C. BEARDSLEE New Fish Bones frem the Cleveland Shale, - Wn. CLARK Some Insect Notes, - - - - - - F. M. WEBSTER Mollusca of Tuscarawas County, Stat IT A) SEN SiR Distribution of the Hydrophytic Siphonogams of Ohio, W. A. KELLERMAN List of Some of the Higher Phagophytes of Ohio, JoHNn H. SCHAFFNER A Scheme for a Catalogue of the Streams, Lakes and Swamps of Ohio, - - - - - E. B. WILLIAMSON Preglaciai Drainage of Wayne and Associate Counties, J. H. Topp A Deep Preglacial Channel in Western Ohio and Eastern Indiana, et tvs YE Sistive& oF tiodtAs BownocKkeEr Report of Drainage Modifications on the Lower Muskin- gum and Ohio Rivers,.-. =.) =). =, .- W. G. TIGHT Notes on the Drainage of the Little Miami River, J. A. BOWNOCKER Notes on the Occurrence and Distribution of some Ohio Fishes, RAYMOND OSBURN The Non-indigenous Flora of Ohio, W. A. and Mrs. KELLERMAN On the use of some Important Botanical Terms, JouHn H. SCHAFFNER The Moulting of Birds, - - - - - - LyYNpDs JONES Additional Records for Ohio Hemiptera, - — - H. OsBorN Occasional Abundance of Certain Birds on or near Lake 1 Ba Sota a= in ae 2 meer tte E. L. MOsSELEY Species of Filamentous Algae of Cuyahoga County, J. R. Watson Five Plants not reported for Erie County in the Sandusky Flora, - - - W. A. KELLERMAN and R. F. Griccs Record of Additions to the Ohio List of Plants for 1899, W. A. KELLERMAN Future Work of the Academy of Science in Ohio, : F. M. WEBSTER Plant Photographs, -- - - - - = CaRL KREBS Out-door Work in Geography, sets - HERBERT C. Woop “ 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38, 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 11 Working Methods with the Fleshy Fungi, H. C. BEARDSLEE Additions to the Ohio Flora, - - - - A. D. SELBY Report of the Committee on Science Teaching in the Public Schools, - - - W. A. KELLERMAN, Mary E. Law, Won. WERTSNER, J. A. BOWNOCKER, C. J. HERRICK. Do Bob-Whites Migrate?- - - - - E, E. MasTERMAN Notes on the Internal Temperature of Trees, W. R. LAazeNnBy Diphtheria and Antitoxin, ease gel a R. G. SCHNEE Defiance Glacial Bay, - - - ©- 9 - Cuas. E. SLocum The Ecological Plant Geography of Ohio, - A. D. SELBY The Maximum Height of Some Common Plants, JoHn H. SCHAFFNER The Potlimzation of. Corn,” /-~ **- “=~ "'= W. R. LazeENBY Noteson Termes, - - - - - - F. L. ODENBACH Notes on the Insect Fauna of Sandusky, -— - H. OsBorn Experiments with the Sorghum Smuts, W. A. KELLERMAN Shark’s Teeth found in Wayne County, -~ - J. \ Lopvp The Tumbleweeds of Ohio, Se J. H. SCHAFFNER Flora of the Muskingum valley and Survey Work, A. D. SELBY Displacement of the Black Variety of Sciurus Carolinensis by the Gray Variety, = jj) eel vs 2) gH M: Comstock An extinct proboscidian engraved on stone by a con- temporary artist, ae tS ie ee bas oe. Ly MOSELEY: The Ohio Uredineae, W. A. KELLERMAN and CLARA ARMSTRONG An Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie, W. A. KELLRRMAN and THOs. BONSER Railroad Weeds, < + = = = = - L. DD: STA The Ohio Willows, - W. A. KELLERMAN and R. F. Grices Report on the State Herbarium, - - W. A. KELLERMAN PRESIDENT’s! ADDRESS—The Limitations of Scientific Discovery, G. FREDERICK WRIGHT | ILLustRaTED LecTurE—The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio, : W. G. Ticur 12 SUMMER MEETING. The summer meeting of the Academy was held in connection with the meeting at Columbus of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, The only session was in Orton Hall, Friday, August 25th at 9 A. M. Twenty-three new members were elected. Remarks were made favoring Cleveland as the place of winter meeting. Rev. Herzer addressed the Academy on the so-called fossil genus, Sigillaria. OCCASIONAL ABUNDANCE OF CERTAIN BIRDS ON OR NEAR LAKE ERIE. BY E. L. MOSELEY, SANDUSKY, OHIO. On the Saturday before last Thanksgiving citizens of Sandusky whose places of business overlook the Bay saw wild swans in such numbers as most of them had never seen before. From the shore near the western limit of the city more than a thousand could be seen at one time resting on the water. The night watchman at the Short Hine dock said they arrived during the night, though another observer saw fifty- six flying in one string the day before. This fall was marked by the absence of cold rains and high winds. From the 14th of November the weather had been warmer every day than usual at that time of year,—on the 14th only three degrees warmer but from the 15th to the 24th on an average nine degrees warmer than the normal. This caused the swans to remain rather late in Canada. From Nov. 22nd to Nov. 25th the wind blew from the north and north-east and so they moved down to the most southerly feeding ground to be found before starting 13 on their long journey to the south. One that was shot proved to be a whistling swan, Olor columbianus. Most of them remained but a single day, though some were around as late as Dec. 11. Mr. August Fettel says that every March many swans on their way north pass to the east of San- dusky, and that in the spring of 1887 when he was working on the pavillion at Cedar Point, he saw ‘‘one continuous string of swans flying only thirty or forty feet above the water for two hours. There must have been thousands of them.”’ Mr. Dildyne, keeper of the club-house at the West Huron marsh, says he has not seen so many swans before in the fall for ten years but that there were more last spring and he usually sees more in spring than in the fall. Mr. Ritter keeper of the range-light at the entrance to Sandusky Bay, also saw more last spring. Canada geese appeared in great numbers this fall the same day as the swans. There may have been two thousand of them and as many swans on Sandusky Bay, Nov. 25th. Many of the geese were still there Dec. 18; and some may remain all winter, as they did two years ago. Before sunrise, April 11th I896, occurred a thunder- shower at Sandusky with a warm wind from the south-east. I had seen no yellow-bellied sapsuckers earlier in the season but that morning they were numerous. Seventy-five, it is said, were seen in a single yard at one time and there must have been thousands in the city. In the country, where I spent most of the day, Isaw no sapsuckers. My earliest record for these birds in 1894, is April 7th; in 1898, April 7; in 1895, April 8th; in 1891 and 1899, April 10th. In 1896 they came with the warm wind of April 11th, and stopped in Sandusky for liquid refreshments before at- tempting to cross the lake. These sapsuckers ap- parently take no solid food while they are with us. April 1st 1892, Captain Haas was detained on Rattlesnake Island by a dense fog. Wherever he 14 walked he could take but a few steps without starting up a woodcock. About a week later he was on the island again but could not find any of them. The same fog that made it unsafe for him to leave the island had detained the birds also. The preceding cases are clearly traceable to the influence of the weather. Others depend rather upon local abundance of food. October 29th, 1895, John R. Schacht, whose father is engaged in the fish business in Erie, Pa., wrote me as follows:—‘‘ To-day a boat came in with some hundred pin tail ducks which were caught in the gill nets and drowned. The nets are only five feet deep and rest on the bottom in nineteen fathoms of water. It seems the ducks dive down after the fish and thus get caught in the nets and drowned. “The fishermen claim that they have caught as high as two hundred ducks in their nets which were in only fourteen fathoms of water. About this week and next is the time when such great numbers get caught and drowned. ‘Thought I would mention the above as it seemed very remarkable that these birds dove to such great depths. ‘The ducks are all of this one species,—pintail.”’ In his next letter he wrote:—‘‘Since writing vou about the pintails being caught in the deep water fish nets, I have inquired and found out that in the fall of 1893 one tug in one day brought in between 1000 and 1500 ducks. Also have found that they have caught them in thirty fathoms of water.”’ In my paper on ‘The White-headed Eagle in Northern Ohio,’ I mentioned the fact that about seventy-five eagles had been seen at one time feeding on the fish which had been caught under the ice in seines and rejected by the fishermen. Eave swallows, after the young are full-fledged, may sometimes be seen resting in great numbers on the 15 wires along country roads in the vicinity of the lake . marshes. In July 1894 I saw about six hundred together on the wires a few miles west of Sandusky and in 1896 about twelve hundred a few miles east of the city. Mr. Marion W. Bacome recently told me of seeing one time between Bellevue and Fremont a much greater number of ‘‘common”’ swallows than this. There were ‘‘at least three birds to the foot for a distance of nearly four hundred feet’? and he thinks nine wires, making not less than ten thousand swallows. PRELIMINARY LIST OF FILAMENTOUS ALG OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. BY J. R. WATSON, ADELBERT COLLEGE, CLEVELAND, OHIO. Cyanophycee. lutetiana, Pet.* Oscillaria, majuscula, Kg.* tenuis, Ag. maxima (Hass) Witts.* princeps, Vauch. froelica fusea, Kirch. anguina, Bory.* limosa, Ag.* Nostoc, (a doubtful genus ). commune, Vauch. tenuissimum, Ag.* Conjugatae. Oedogonium, capillare (L) Kg. capilliforme, Kg.* cardiacum, (Hass) Hitt.* paludosum, Wittr.* Zygnema stellium, Ag. Spirogyra, adnata, Kg. bellis, (Hass) Cleve.* crassa, Kg. decima, (Muhl) Kg. dubia longi-articulata, Kg.* elongata, (Berk) Kg.* fluviatalis, Hilse inflata, (Vauch) Rab. jurgensii, Kg.* longata (Vauch) Kg. *Not previously reported for Ohio. quinina, (Ag) Kg. rivularis, Rab. setiformis, (Roth) Kg.* Chloraphycee. Draparnaldia, glomerata, Ag. glomerata, maxima, Wood.* Cladophora, fracta, Kg. glomerata, Kg. glometata clavata, Wolle.* glometata rivularis, Rab.* glometata pumila, Bail.* crispata vitrea, Kg.* Ulotrix zonata (W & M) Aresch. flaccida, Kg. Conferva vulgaris, Rabb. farlowii, Wolle. floccosa, Ag.* Vaucheria, geminata (Vauch) D.C. geminata racemosa, Walz. sessilis, (Vauch) D. C. terrestris, Lyn. 16 FUTURE WORK OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE IN OHIO. BY F. M. WEBSTER, WOOSTER, OHIO. Let me preface my paper with the suggestion that all science is alike to us, as a body. Science is facts classified and the mere statement of facts may, or may not, be science. The man or woman, who presents a lengthy, wordy paper, abounding in technical and obscure terms, is not likely to be a scientific person, unless such have, in their researches, gone beyond their fellows and pushed far out into the unknown. Even here, it might be well to call attention to the fact that the foremost among scientific people are noted for simplicity and brevity rather than otherwise. As I have indicated, there is not a branch of science in which we, as members of this body, may not legiti- mately enter. I am. indeed, pleased to note the broadening out as indicated by the program of the present meeting and hope this will continue. As to methods of investigation, it would be the height of presumption on my part to attempt to lay down any particular scheme. But when a paper comes to the publication committee, a certain amount of discretion is demanded, and with your board of trustees, it is imperative that the best possible use should be made of our funds. We expend both time and money in attending the academy meetings, and we hope and expect to derive a certain benefit from the association with one another. But beyond this it seems to me we have a right to expect to hear new facts stated, or the new application of old ones. So also in our publications, we expect not to read of old and threadbare subjects that have been repeated again and again, but we look for additions to 17 the sum total of our knowledge. Therefore, as Chairman of the Board of Trustees and of the Pub- lication Committee, I am opposed to publishing any- thing that does not show on it the marks of originality either in investigation or application. It is entirely possible to make a paper original, valuable, scientific and popular, all at the same time. But it is not possible to make a long, wordy compilation, that when sifted contains not a single new fact, either useful or valuable for our publications, because the periodical literature of the day is full and overflowing with matter of that sort, and it can be purchased far more cheaply there than we can afford to publish it in our Reports and Special Papers. Reports of the occurrence of new or rare forms are always in order, but even here some information in regard to habit, abundance, or peculiarities, if any are to be observed, will double their value. We want papers dealing with natural, social, political, mechanical and every other science, but we desire these to be as original as possible, and without more compilation than is neces- sary to explain, or indicate, the value of the original portions. I cannot conceive of a good compiler not being a good investigator for no other condition is possible. A good compiler is much like a mill that receives the grain as it comes from nature, and puts it out as a nutritious article of food. A poor compiler is like a sponge that draws in the water and forces it out again, precisely as it came in, only a bit dirtier. Our publications are not supported for the purpose of helping any one to get their names in print, but to tell to the world that we are doing something and to show that this something is of value to the scientific man or woman, wherever such may be. This is not a criticism and should not be taken in that spirit, but it is a plea for originality in our studies and investigations, and a severe boiling down when we come to publish results. Over publication and under investigation is as fatal to an institution as it is to an individual. 18 EXPERIMENTS WITH THE SORGHUM SMUTS. BY W. A. KELLERMAN, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. Some experiments in smut infection with the two sorghum smuts, Ustilago reiliana and Ustilago sorghi, have been for some time carried on both in the green house and in the field. In addition to the seed infection experiments, tests were also made in the field during the past season as to the efficiency of hot water as a fungicide for the latter species. The illustrations herewith presented show sorghum plants infected with Ustilago reiliana. No.1 was infected and planted two years ago. No. 2 was infected and planted one year ago. Both pots of plants have been growing continuously in the green- house, and the stalks not wholly blighted by the smut have from time to time produced perfect seed. Similar infection experiments were previously carried on and have been reported elsewhere in print. My experi. ments in the field were not so successful as the green- house experiments. I used maize of several varieties as well as sorghum, but succeeded in obtaining only two cases of infection. These were both of popcorn. The previous vear showed as little success—though in each case I used a qaantity of the smut which was ap- parently sound. Some of it was several years old, yet spores grown the previous season were also used. But it has been abundantly and conclusively shown that infection of sorghum plants take place in this manner— a fact of importance in connection with the application of fungicides. This smut had been reported for Kansas, New Jersey and Ohio. In Kansas it occurs on maize as well as on sorghum. The same is the case in southern Europe. It is also known, from experiments I have previ- ously carried on, that Ustilago sorghi also infects the 19 plant through the seed—i. e. penetrating the very young seedling. I have this past season repeated the experiment in the field—in every case succeeding in getting an abundaat crop of the smut. I have also to record for the first time the experi- mental infection of the broomcorn plant with Ustilago sorghi. The experiment was carried on in the field. Clean seed was obtained and with this a quantity of smut spores of Ustilago sorghi from common saccha- rine sorghum was mixed. The majority of the stalks in the row—hundreds in number—bore smutted heads showing the efficiency of the seed infection. In the same plot tests were made with hot water as a fungi- cide for the grain sorghum smut (Ustilago sorghi). The seed known to have adhering smut grains was treated in the same manner as is usual for oats and wheat to prevent Ustilago avene and Tilletia tritici. That is, the seed was immersed for fifteen minutes in water heated to 133 degrees F. The following table shows the result: Sorghum, seed not treated; Number of stalks 205, per cent. smutted 19.02. Sorghum, seed treated with hot water; Number of stalks 179; per cent. smutted 1.12. Broomcorn, seed not treated; Number of stalks 310; per cent. smutted 59.03. Broomcorn, seed treated with hot water; Number of stalks 293; per cent. smutted 3.10. Although this treatment did not wholly eradicate the smut, it is evident that in a practical sense it would be considered an efficient fungicide. As a matter of fact, an enormous amount of smut was used to infect the seed artificially before applying the hot water, and the smut wafted by breezes in the laboratory where the work was carried on would satisfactorily account for subsequent infection and the consequent small amount of smut in plants grown from the treated seed. 20 SOME PLANTS NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN IN OHIO. BY A. D. SELBY, WOOSTER, OHIO. These not reported kefore, include :— | Cyperus Engelmanii Steud. Specimens from Wayne County so named. New. Collected by Mr. Duvel, Brown’s Lake, 9-7-’99. Gyrostachys precox (Walt.) Kuntze. Duvel. Browns Lake, Sept. 7. Rumex Patientia L. Wooster. Duvel. New. Chenopodium murale, (L.) Wooster, Selby. Not new. Scleranthus annuus L. With crimson clover. Clyde, H. L. Persing. New. Reseda lutea, L. Clyde. As Scleranthus. Previously reported only from Sandusky? Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Penna. Ry., Orrville, Duvel. New. Now growing more specimens. Sida hermaphrodita L. Northern Williams County, 1899. A. D. Selby. Clinopodium Nepeta L. Waterville, Lucas County, Selby. Nabalus trifoliatus. Wooster, 98, Duvel. Eupatorium hyssopifojium? Lactuca saligna L. Dayton 1899. Abundant, Selby. Sonchus palustris, L. In damp vineyard near Unionville, Ashtabula - County, Selby. Appears to be nearer this than S. arvensis L. a0 NOTES ON OHIO SALIX. BY A. D. SELBY. The working up of the Floras of the Sub station and Station Farms, including the Flora of Wayne County in which the Experiment Station is situated, has brought us in contact with a rich development of willow species. The collections have been made by the writer, aided by Mr. J. W. T. Duvel, formerly Assistant Botanist. The writer has further gathered specimens of Salix from several other localities in the state. In Wayne County we find a diversity of willow forms including those of bogs and stream banks. Upon the Sub station at Strongsville, Cuyahoga County, the willows are not abundant. At Neapolis, Fulton County, on the other hand the willows are numerous. This farm is situated on the old lake or shore (beach) sands of that ‘‘Oak-openings”’ region, the soils are very sandy. These notes, incomplete as they of course are, may be of some value to those who work upon Salix. The material has been for the most part examined and determined by Carleton R. Ball formerly of Ames, Iowa, but now of the Dwision of Agros- tology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. I would ex- press my obligations to him. The following are some of the species collected, with localities: Salix nigra Marsh. Common, Wooster, Strongsville; Chillicothe; Akron; Georgesville, Franklin County. Salix nigra falcata (Marsh) Torr., Wooster. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Catawba Is., Ottawa County; Georgesville, Franklin County; Akron. 22 Salix amygdaloides latifolia, (Anders) Bebb. Neapolis. Salix amygdaloides x nigra, ‘“‘C. R. Ball.” Two specimens are so classed. One nearer S. nigra and the other strictly intermediate. The larger reaches a height of twenty feet. Salix lucida Muhl. Wooster; Akron; Doylestown; Myer’s Lake and Congress Lake, Stark County. Salix fragilis L. Wooster. Salix alba L. Varieties. Also possible hybrid forms, Wooster. Salix Baylonica L. Creek bank near Wooster, (Shreve). Salix purpurea L. Brownhelm, Lorain County. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Wooster; Catawba Island; Georgesville; Chilli- cothe; Neapolis. Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Akron; Neapolis. Also a long leaved form, Neapolis. Salix humilis Marsh. Georgesville; Neapolis; Turkey Foot Lake, Summit County., Georgesville material, scarcely typical. Salix tristis Aiton. Georgesville; Marshfield, Athens County. Scarcely typical. Salix discolor Muhl. Wooster (Overton); Catawba Island; Akron; Killbuck Valley, Wayne County; Georgesville; Neapolis. Also Neapolis, toothed-leaved form. Salix sericea Marsh. Wooster; Akron. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. Neapolis. Salix candida Fluegge. Hartville Swamp, Stark County. 23 Salix cordata Muhl. Wooster; Catawba Island; Neapolis and many other points. Salix cordata angustata, (Muhl.) Bebb. Wooster. Salix cordata x ? Many doubtful hybrids? Salix cordata x sericea? ‘““Nearly the S. cordata xX sericea of Dr. Glatfelter, butt cannot arree.) its hein Salix myrtilloides, L. By Brown’s Lake near Shreve, Wayne County. The hybrid or intermediate form of S. amygdaloides X nigra, is offered as an addition should it prove worthy. I am desirous of collecting at the Station herbarium, a full representation of Ohio species of Salix. It is especially desired to gather there a very full collection of the willows of the Mus- kingum Valley drainage area. Contributions par- ticularly of complete specimens, will be welcomed and cared for. OUT-DOOR WORK IN GEOGRAPHY. BY HERBERT C. WOOD. The wide spread popular interest in geography in this last decade of the nineteenth century is to be com- pared only with that of the period of the Roman Empire, and with that of the period immediately following the discovery of America: when the Roman conqueror led in triumph through the streets of the Eternal City the strange peoples of the East, laden with gold and the other products of their far off native lands; and when Columbus revealed to Spain and all Europe the wealth and fertility of the Western Continent. 24 The geography of the not far distant past has been almost wholly descriptive. It has consisted of mechanical definitions of land forms and bodies of water which gave but little idea of the forms defined and none of their origin. Countries and states were bounded, their capitals and principal towns named and located, and their products enumerated. A volcano was a ‘burning mountain;’’ and rivers rose in lakes and ‘‘emptied”’ into the sea. We did not learn why the volcane ejects — lava and broken fragments of rock, which are wrongly called ‘‘ashes,’’ or that it does not really ‘burn; nor why the Deleware, Susquehanna, and the Potomac rivers cross the Allegheny ridges and the Blue Ridge to reach the Atlantic, while New River crosses both the Alleghany and the Blue Ridge in the opposite direction to reach the Ohio. We learned that Albany, Trenton, Richmond, Raleigh, Columbia, and Atlanta were state capitals; but their relations to tide-water, coastal plain, and interior basin were left for more recent times to dis- cover. In this way one continent after another was studied, and the artificial stereotyped classification applied to all. Fortunately for the pupils of the present day, the old method is a thing of the past, and a rational method has come to take its place. To two fundamental ideas is due the welcome change. The law of cause and effect has now come to be recog- nized as the guiding principle in geography as the other sciences, and under the name of ‘‘the causal notion in geography’”’ has come to dominate our modern teaching. The second notion is that of ‘‘the type form,” by which the features of the earth’s surface are described with relation to the forces which operated to produce them and to give to each the characteristic structure and form which the great physiographic processes everywhere bring forth. 25 Now that these ideas have come to us, teachers are seeking on every hand tor means to advance and develope them. I believe that the new era has only just begun; and that we are entering upon a period of wonderful progress in this science. Certainly more attention is being given to it; and its claims for more time in the curriculum and for special preparation on the part of teachers is being recognized. Full recognition cannot come too soon. Field work in geography is but one step in the development of the causal notion. We are looking for the forces which have produced and are producing the type forms. To understand how these forces produce the type furms we must see them at work. We cannot see this in a book. We must go out-of-doors. As soon as the necessity for such work is recog- nized, teachers begin to ask, ‘‘ How shall we go about it?’? ‘*Where shall we go?” ‘‘ What things shall we study ?”’ and ‘‘What shall we do with what we have learned, after we return to the class-room ?”’ Ishall not attempt to enumerate all the things that may be studied; but will describe a few experiences with my own classes in the field, and tell what we did with the material which we obtained. We went to the gorge of Euclid Creek, ten miles east of the Public Square in Cleveland, to study the gorge and the flood-plain of that stream. It may be asked why it was necessary to go so far away to get information, when we have a river flowing through the city, with a larger volume of water, a wider valley, and a more extensive flood-plain. The reasons are two. First, the river at Cleveland lies in a densely settled district covered with many buildings and difficult of access by a large class. Second, the very fact of size and complications due to modifications and improvements made it more desirable to go out into the country, where we could find a small stream with all its features nearly in their original condition, but little modified by human agencies. 26 At Euclid Avenue, the stream emerges from a gorge about one hundred feet deep, and flows northward, meandering across the former bed of Lake Erie to the present shore line. We turned our attention on this excursion to the part of the stream south of the avenue, where it has dissected the plateau which was formerly the plain bordering the lake. We followed the stream and were soon within the gorge, and stood upon the surface of a flood-plain a quarter of a mile wide, into which the stream had cut a trench about ten feet deep. First we gave our our attention to the stream. It contained but little water at this time; although we could see that it contained more in times of high water. Its bed was the horizontal shale rock, and upon this were scattered boulders which had _ been washed out from the drift and brought along by the stream. Its banks were steep and overhanging where the curve of the stream threw the water against them, while the opposite banks were low and shelved toward the water where tongues of new-made land had been deposited in the quieter eddies. The stream was at work; and by setting sticks afloat we quickly saw the course of the water as it set now toward one bank, now toward the opposite one, in the smaller curves. This led us to observe the wider sweeps from side to side of the entire valley. About midway of the length of the gorge, it crossed com- pletely from the base of one bluff to that of the other, with intervening smaller meanders. Upon the peninsu- las thus formed were patches of vinevard, which showed us the agricultural value of the alluvial soil of the flood-plain. Where the stream touched the base of eithe: bluff, there was a sheer ascent of the full height of the valley wall. The stratified shales had been cut as with a knife; and so far had weathering progressed, that two active boys ascended half way to the top by digging their 27 heels into the soft material. From the face of the opposite bluff we obtained some fine photographs of the rain gullies upon its surface; and afterward a lantern slide was made for use in the schoolroom. This work was done by a pupil. Continuing our journey, we ascended to the top- most level of the valley wall, by a road which was cut into the bluff. On one side of this road was a steep wooded slope to the stream, while on the other was the steep wall of shale, decreasing in height as we ascended. No figures could have given us the idea of the depth of the gorge which we got from the ex- perience in climbing; and the pupils had but to reach out and handle the disintegrated shale and dig away the loosened fragments to the firm rock beneath, to see through what the stream had cut its way, and how the valley is still being widened by weathering. Finally we reached the top, and came out upon a plateau which stretched away with a slight rise to the upland far away against the southern horizon, where the sky-line was unbroken as far as the eye could see. Facing northward, we saw the stream far below, meandering across its flood-plain within the gorge and out across the plain beyond to the blue line of the lake on the northern horizon. Then, and only then could we appreciate the enormous quantity of material which even this little creek, insignificant in the great St. Lawrence system of drainage, had brought down. The anetoid barometer had been set to zero at Euclid Avenue; and now we read it to see how deep the gorge was. This was the occasion of a lesson on the aneroid barometer and the method by which we obtained the result. We returned through the valley again to the street cars at the avenue, and reviewed what we had seen in the light of the completed work. This exursion was made on a Saturday afternoon, the cost to those who went by street cars was twenty cents, and to those 28 who went on bicycles nothing; and all were at home before six o’clock. The lesson on stream erosion was followed by two on the work of waves along the shores of Lake Erie. We went first to Glennwood Beach, east of the citv. Here there is a continuous beach one hundred feet wide and several miles long, including Glennwood, Villa, and Euclid Beaches, back of which rises a bluff of clay and sand to a height of forty feet. First we noted the direction of the wind which was from the west, the prevailing direction along the lake; and also the angle at which the waves met the shore, about forty-five degrees. Approaching close to the water’s edge, we observed the zigzag course of the pebbles which were being moved along by the waves; and bits of wood were thrown in and traced for several rods down the beach. This gave us the general direction in which the lake moves the waste along the shore. As far as ye could see out under the shallow water were great beds of ripple marks in the sand. These we studied carefully by cutting them through with a stick and watching the waves fill the gaps again. The pupils had already noticed the ripple marks in the many stone sidewalks of the city; now the origin of those marks was understood. Back a few feet from the water was the well marked crest-line of the beach, sloping sharply toward the lake and more gently toward the base of the cliff. All the time we were walking along this ridge, studying its mode of form- ation and its direction parallel to the shore. Finally we walked close to the edge of the bluff. Here drift- wood had been heaped by storms; and beneath the overhanging wall were many sea-caves. A storm of that very week had brought down great masses of clay large enough to fill a wagon; and some of the boys climbed to the top ot the bluff and dislodged more. Then we could see how the shores of the lake are re- treating, and how the owners of land there must 29 protect their property from the attacks of the waves by building sea-walls of stone or buttresses of wooden piling. On the following Saturday we went to Edgewater Park, west of the city, and again studied the work of the waves there. The beach was similar, so that we could review the preceding lesson by seeing the same forces at work at another point. At the extreme western end of the park. however, the beach ends abruptly against cliffs of shale which rise perpendicularly from the water. No finer example of a sea-cliff could be found along the lakes. We were able to go along its base for a short distance, by walking up a narrow rock shelf; and a still lower shelf could be seen projecting out beneath the water. Sea-caves were abundant; and lying in them were heaps of rock fragments, the tools which the waves had used to hollow them out. Here we used the clinometer, to see the slight eastward dip of the strata of shale; and the aneroid barometer gave us the height of the clift.. We also ex- amined the thin layer of drift overlying the shale, and found drift boulders mixed with the fragments of native rock in the pebble beach. About midway of the sand beach the shales dis- appeared, because they had heen cut away by the Pre- glacial Cuyahoga, and the old valley had been filled with the delta sand. Each of these excursions to the lake was attended by about one hundred pupils, the cost was inapprecia- ble, and each occupied but a Saturday afternoon. How much more profitable is it to know our home region, in such a way that we have only to go outside the walls of our school rooms, to see how the great physiographic processess have given to the lands their familiar form and outline? When we can do this, then shall we be prepared to see other regions with relation to their origin and development. New interest will be aroused in proportion as we gain power to interpret 30 their forms: and when we again go abroad in our own country and in others we shall look with eyes newly opened and minds alert to the wonders and beauties of this earth of ours. LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESH WATER MOL- LUSCA OF TUSCARAWAS COUNTY, OHIO. BY DR. V. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA. The following list is the result of fifteen years’ care- ful collecting. The number of species and forms found is a comparatively large one, especially if the fact is considered that our county has no lakes, ponds or ex- tensive swamps. This is not the place to enter upon controversies on questions of classification and nomenclature. Where names had to be changed, synonyms are added when desirable to secure the identity of a species. The generic name ‘‘ Unio”’ has been retained for convenience. But there are, in fact, several genera well founded by characters of the soft parts, and also the shells. Numbers 105 to 116 will range under Lampsilis, 117 to 126 under Quadrula, 127 and 128 under Unio etc., 129 and 132 probably fall under different other genera. Some species of the genera Ancylus, Physa, Am- nicola and Goniobasis need a revision, and a few are, to all probability, new and unpublished. Of special interest are, in first order: (No. 76) Planorbis rubellus Sterki, the types of which are from our county; (No. 81) Gundlachia, the occurence of which, in this vicinity, is of highest interest; (No. 128) Unio complanatus Sol., here for the first time found in the Ohio drainage, as to the writer’s knowledge. Mention may be made also of four well confirmed species of Pisidium the types of which were detected 31 in our county, and which are now known from a large part of the country. The writer is working up the recent mollusca of Ohio. All communications, and the sending of ma- terials from all parts of the state will be highly ap- preciated as they will help making the list of both forms and localities more complete and valuable. NUMBER OF SPECIES. CA: Wo. 6 Ua {Coy Ue: | ReneS CREE CEES scbesoorh on Berne 62 Fresh Water ‘‘Snails,”’’....... PEED Se rts ae eee 4.2 GaStrOPOGAl 3 ax: cmes.ccs cinco: t-cnasneereanenanee sobre onsces 104 MUEAVOTIAT Setce reno San caorons css cackioco ce eee eee eeeee ete eaeee 41 C veladidaer.t..c:t.tcetccossccveste tree cectaratesteesneetesteeres 20 Bele po Caer ers esecth sl farocvats. cece tetensteonecooe se sens: 61 Tortalltinnartbbe rs: se stock 20208 3.5 ie RR aa ero a 165— 1. Polygvra albolabris Say. Rather common. var. minor. A small, thin shelled form was found at New Philadelphia, on the bank along the river. 2. Polygvra thyroides Say. Rather common. 3. Polygyra multilineata Say. Not common, and generally rather small. 4. Polygvra profunda Say. Scarce; Goshen, Blick- town, on steep, wooded hillsides. 5. Polvgvra mitchelliana Lea. Quite scarce; low grounds near New Philadelphia. Polygyra pennsvlvanica Green. Scarce; variable in color. Polygyra tridentata Say. Common; rather variable in size; a number of specimens with- out any teeth on the peristome, collected at different places, seem to represent rather a deficient form than a variety. 8. Polygvra fraudulenta Pils. (fallax auctt. nec. Say, teste Pilsbrv.) Not very common, albin specimens are found occasionally. 9. Polygvra palliata Say. Scarce. 10. Polygyra inflecta Say. Rather scarce. or “I B ce bs 12. 13. 14. 15. LG: iy ¢: 18. to, 20. mAs 32 Polygyra monodon Rack. var fraterna Say. Rather common. Polygyra hirsuta Say. Common; rather vari- able in size; albin specimens were found at different places. Vallonia pulchella Mull. Rather common. A form with milky-white, opaque shell was found at New Philadelphia. Vallonia excentrica Sterkid. A few specimens in drift on the Tuscarawas river. (This is an eastern, and European species.) Pyramidula solitaria Say. Rather scarce. Pyramidula alternata Say. Not very common; a few reversed specimens were found. Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Common. Pyramidula striatella Anth. Common. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Common. Punctum pygmaeum Drap. Common. Sphyradium edentulum Drap. (Pupa edentula Drap., Vertigo simplex Gould.) Rather scarce. Some specimens are high with the last whorl wider, like some S. ‘‘alticolum Ingers., or var. gredleri Clessin. Strobilops labyrinthicus Say. Not scarce. Strobilops virgo Pils. Quite rare. On a hill (meadow) near New Phila. Leucochila tallax Say. Rather scarce. Bifidaria corticaria Say. Scarce. Bifidaria armifera Say. Rather common. Bifidaria contracta Say. Common. Bifidaria curuidens Gld. Common. Var. gracilis Sterki. Scarce; New Phila. Bifidaria pentodon Say. Not common. Speci- mens from damp places are usually low and short ovoid. (f. curta.) Vertigo gouldii Binn. Rare: Goshen hill. Vertigo ovata Say. Not very common. Vertigo ventricosa Mse. Damp places, not rare. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38, 39. 40. 41. 4:2. 43. 4.4. 45. 46. 33 Var. elatior Sterki. Larger and more elevated than ventricosa, with a rather acute apex; a strong callus in the palate, into which the palatal plicae merge, a strong, tooth-like lamella in the base. Although rather different from ventricosa, it seems to be connected by intermediate specimens. Seen from New York, Ohio, Michigan and West to Montana, while the type is found in the eastern part of country. Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Rather scarce. Vertigo (Angustula) milium_ Gld. Rather common. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. (Cionella, Ferussacia, subcylindrica Lin.) Not common. Circinaria concava Say. ehileavenchs e.) Rather common. Hvalima fuliginosa Griffith. Searce. Hyalinia hammonis Streem (radiatula Ald., electrina Gld.) Common. Most specimens are mature before winter. Hyalinia wheatleyi Bld. Rather scarce. Hyalinia —? Near hammonis and wheatleyi; but seems to be distinct, Seen also from the southern Alleghanies and from Texas. One specimen near Midvale Station. Hyalinia indentata Say. Rather common. Hyalinia ferrea Mse. Very rare; Midvale. Hyalinia milium Mse. Common. Zonitoides* exignus Stimpson. Common. Zonitoides minusculus Binney. Rather scarce. Zonitoides Jeviusculus Sterki. Rare. About a dozen dead shells were found in drift on the river after the high water of 1898. This is the most eastern known _ station of this species. *Since the anatomy of this and the two following species is not known, their ranging under this genus may be doubted. And so it is with No. 43 which is ranged with Hy. ferrea for the similar ..ppearancee of its shell. 34 Zonitoides nitidus Mull. Not common. Zonitoides arboreus Say. Very common; some- what variable. Zonitoides intertextus Binn. Not common. Zonitoides ligerus Say. Common. The rather small varietv also known from Pennsylvania and Michigan. Comparatively large speci- mens were collected at Stillwater. Zonitoides suppressus Say. Rather scarce. Zonitoides multidentatus Binn. Rare: Goshen. Conulus fulvus Mull. Common. Conulus sterkii Dall. Rare; Goshen. This is the smallest of our land shells. Limax campestris Say. Common. Tebennohorus carolinensis Bosc. Rather common and decidelv variable in the color markings. Pallitera dorsalis Binn. Rather scarce. Succinea retusa Lea. (S. ovalis Gld.) Common and variable. . Succinea? Rare. Succinea avara Say. Common. Decidedly variable in size, and the color of the shell. Carvchium exiguum Say. Common. Carychium exile Ad. Common. Prefers dry, elevated situations. Limnaea columella Say. Not rare. Limnaea palustris Mull (elodes Say.) Common in some places. Most specimens have a strong. rose-colored lip when = mature. Young, hatched in August, in a small aquarium, were fully grown by midwinter. Limnaea desidiosa Say. Rather common, vari- able. Small, scalaroid specimens are found occasionally. Limnaea humilis Say. Common. Limnaea? Very rare. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Rather common. Planorbis lentus Say. Scarce. Doubtfully dis- tinct from trivolvis. tO. 71. 2: 73. 74. 75. 76. (ue fe Go. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 35 Planorbis briarinatus Say. Common. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Rare. Planorbis dilatatus Gld. Common. Planorbis deflectus Say. Rare. Planorbis umbilicatellus Cxll. Not common, pools and ditches. Planorbis exacutus Say.. Not very common. Planorbis rubellus Sterki. Rare. Stone Creek Valley near Odberts Station. (Also known from Michigan.) Planorbis parvns Say. Common; variable in size, color and thickness of the shell. Plan. circumlineatus Tryon. Rare. Small swamp south-east of New Philadelphia. Is considered by some conchologists, a var. of parvus, vet seems to be distinct. Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Rare; swampy place of Ohio Canal. Closely resembling the European Pl. albus Mull. Planorbis (Planorbula) armigerus Say. Common. Gundlachia ‘‘meekeana Stimson? Agrees with g. californica.”’—Found in a_ pool, at Goshen Station, in April 1891 where about two hundred were collected. In November of the same year, and in April 1892, none could be found, and none since. Two specimens were collected in another pool, about two miles distant, in June 1894, and in. November of the same vear, a few voung were found in the Tuscarawas river. Ancylus—? Scarce in some pools of the Tus- carawas Vallev. Ancylus diaphanus Hald. Common, especially in the river. Variable: there are specimens with low and obtuse apex. Ancylus tardus Say. Not very common, in the river and Stillwater Creek. Variable. 85. ‘86. 87. 88. 89. 90: O1. 92; 93. 94. A15y 96. 36 Ancylus rivularis Say. Very common especially in the river. A var.(?) is larger and somewhat different in shape; scarce in pools. Ancylus—? Not scarce, in the river. Only two millimeters long when mature, narrow, with the sides paralled. rather high. Has been filed, for years, under the M. S. name A. pumilus, and is evidently a distinct n. sp. The North American Ancyli need a careful revision, with onatomic examination. Aplexa hypnorum Lin. Scarce. Found near Midvale. Physa heterostropha Say. Common and vari able. An albin (perfectly colorless) specimen has been found. Var. gyrina Say. Common. Physa —? Very small, seems distinct. Near Dennison. Physa (? ancillaria) Tuscarawas river. Sugar Creek, Ohio Canal, etc. It has been identified as heterostropha, but is decidedly distinct as to shell and anatomy. Physa —? Also doubtless a distinct species. The shell is like that of Aplexa hypnorum, for which it has been mistaken, but much smaller; the pallial fringes and the radul are those of a Physa. Has been noticed for years and was also received from other States. (Ms. name: Ph. aplectoides.) Campeloma integra Say. Common. Inverse specimens are numerous. Some examples identified as C. rubra are not distinct. Somatogyrus isogonus Say. River and Ohio Canal, rather scarce. Amnicola decisa Hald. Rare. Amnicola orbiculata Lea. Common in the river, race and Ohio Canal. Amnicola parva Lea. Ohio Canal, notcommon. Sa: 98. 99: 100. LOL: 102. 103. 104. LOS; ROW.. 108. 37 Amnicola_ cincinnatiensis Anth. Ohio Canal, rare. Pomatipsis lapidaria Say. Common in some places, as a rule away from water. Bithynella obtusa Say. Ohio Canal, rather rare. Pleurcera labiatum Lea. River, rare. Goniobasis_ livescens Mke. ‘var _ lithasisides Lea”. River, abundant. Goniobasis gracilior Anth. var.—River, common and variable. Goniohbasis depygis Say. Little Still-water Creek. Valvata tricarinata Say. Common. Unio ligamentinus Lam. River, abundant; in many places outnumbering all other Unionidae combined. Rather variable in size, shape and color. One specimen was found in the canal. Unio rectus Lam. Not common in the river; large; one specimen, female, is 184 millimeters long. The nacre is purple colored in the young, white in the adult. Unio luteolus Lam. Common in the river and Creeks, large and beautiful in the Ohio Canal. Prefers quiet water and muddy bottom. A coarse, short form, very much inflated and badly eroded, in the Little Stillwater Creek. Unio ventricosus Barnes. (U sulesvatus Lea, the male. U. occidens Lea, the female.) Rather common in the river, attaining a large size. In some, the nacre is rose colored. One shell has three large, well formed cardinal teeth in each valve. An interesting observation has been made on a large female specimen. Being under about ten inches of quiet, clear water, the posterior, prodruding parts of its mantle flaps were widely expanded and regularly undulating, waving, probably for the purpose 109. LLO: B Ue Bs fe: 113. 114. i See 116. i Na lar 118. tah: 120. 121. 38 of producing an increased current of water over the branchiae. Unio multiradiatus Lea. River, rather scarce. Unio iris Lea. River, rather scarce. Unio novi-eloraci Lea. River, not common. It still remains to be proved whether this species and the preceeding are identical or not. Unio tabalis Lea. River, not scarce; the female average rather smaller than the male. In July 1893, an adult male was found with a byssus thread. Unio rangianus Lea. River, rather scarce. Unio triangularis Barnes. River, common. Unio parvus Barnes. Scarce in the river, common in the canal. Unio circulus Lea. It seems that this and U. lens Lea are identical, the latter corresponding with the female. Common intheriver. The male is constantly much larger and heavier than the female. Unio tuberculatus Barnes (verncos us Raf.) River and larger Creeks, rather common. The shell of the female is different from that of the male by an expansion of the posterior end. Unio undulatus Barnes. River, Sugar Creek and Canal, common. Unio pustulosus Lea. River, conimon, large, variable. Some specimens are almost covered all over with warts, others show hardly any. Unio verrucosus Barnes. Scarce in the river, large and heavy. Unio coccineus Hild. River and Sugar Creek, rather common; variable in shape and size. The larger specimens have some undulations below their middle. The nacre is white, or salmon colored to deep pink. Unio pyramidatus Lea. River, not common. Some specimens with very large and heavy 123. 124. 39 shells. Color of the nacre white to deep pink. This and the preceeding species are closely related and vet constantly distinct. Unio rubiginosus Lea. Common in the river and canal. Nacre milky white to salmon colored. Unio subrotundus Lea. River, abundant, and very variable. In some specimens, the beaks aré very prominent, even so that extreme forms resemble U. pyramidatus, while others are hardly distinguishable from large U. coccineus, in shape; the soft parts, however, and also the nacre are characteristic enough to separate them. The following are forms more remote from the type. var kirtlandianus Lea. Little inflated, with the out- lines snbquadrate. var.—Umbones very large and quite anterior; striae 125. 126. Aare of growth coarse and regular; little con- nected with the type and found only in certain localities. Unio aesopus Green. Frequent in the river a few miles above Canal Dover: scarce else- where. Unio clavus Lam. River, not common. Unio gibbosus Barnes. Common in the river; rare in the Ohio canal. Many old specimens are strongly curved downward in _ the posterior part. The female shells are more inflated, in the average, than the male. F. arctior Lea. Not coimon; nacre white or salmon colored. Also specimens inter- mediate in color between the type and this form, which can not even be regarded as a varietv. 128. Unio complanatus Sol. A single, large and well formed specimen was found ina mill race on the river, at New Philadelphia; the first instance of its having been collected in the Ohio drainage. This eastern species has evi- #29: 130. ik: 138. Poo: 40 dently migrated from the eastern rivers, by the canals, to Lake Erie, and from there over the divide (Summit Co., ;Ohio) by way of the Ohio canal, then into the Tuscarawas river. Unio cylindricus Say. River, rare. One large and well formed specimen has none of the characteristic prominences along the um- bonal ridge. Another is aberrant in color- ation, having crowded, fine, dark green inter- mixed with few light green radial lines, and showing nothing of the characteristic pointed markings. Unio metanever Raf. var wardi Lea. Sugar Creek and race on some at Canal Dover. Not a trace was found in the river. Unio phaseolus Hildr. Common in the river and Sugar Creek, attaining a large size. The shell is very thick and heavy, comparatively. In the female, there is a deep, oblique sulens on the inner surface of each value, correspond- ing with the unluminous outer branches. Unio irroratus Lea, Common in the river; nacre white to rose colored. Alasmodonta pressa Lea. (U. pressus). River and Ohio Canal, scarce. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. (Margaritona rugosa). Common in the river; Sugar Creek; scarce in the canal. Alasmodonta complanata, Barn. Scarce and small in the river. Common and quite large in the Ohio Canal. Still water Creek. Alasmodonta marginata Say. River, rather common. Alasmodonta delioidea Lea. River and Ohio Canal, rather common. Alasmodonta_ hildrethiana Lea. River, quite scarce. Alasmodonta dehiscens Say. River, rather scarce. 41 140. ‘‘Anodonta’’ edentula Say. Common in the river; creeks; scarce in the canal. 141. ‘‘Anodonta”’ ferussaciana Lea. River and canal, scarce. No’s. 140 and 141 are no true Amodontae, and will be ranged under another genus. 142. Anodonta grandis Say. Clay pit pools at New Philadelphia; one specimen was 7% inches long. 143. Anodonta salmonea Lea. River and canal, common. 144, Anodonta decora Lea. Little Still-water Creek, near Dennison. 145. Anodonta imbecillis Say. River, creeks. races, canal. Most specimens have characteristic undulations in the middle of the valves. In young examples, the glochidium shell is dis- tinctly visible in the center of the umbones. The animal is hormaphroditic! 146. Sphaertum simile Say. Few places. 147. Sphaerinm striatinum Lam. Common in the river, creeks and races; variable. 148. Sphaerium stamineum Con. Abundant in the same waters with the preceeding. Variable, especially as to striation. 149. Sphaeritum tabale Pr. Nimishillen creek; not yet found in the river. 150. Sphaerium rhomboideum Say. Ditch from a small swamp southeast of New Philadelphia. 151. Sphaerium occidentale Pr. Rather common in pools and ditches, scarce in the river and canal. It has been found in large numbers, llving and propagating, in low grounds of the Tuscarawas valley, under wood, dead leaves, etc., where water was standing only during freshets, a few days in a year; a small form with strongly marked lines of growth. 152. Calyculina transversa Say. Common in the river and canal. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 163. 164. 165. 4.2 Calyculina partumeiaSay. In pools and ditches, common, small. It is noteworthy that almost every place has its own, rather constant form. Yet a part may be distinct. Calyculina securis Pr. wvarcardissa Pr. (teste Roper). Pools and ditches; less common than the preceeding. A large, strongly in- flated form, usually of a vivid yellow, the surface dull; variable. Pisidium compressum Pr. Common in the river, creeks, races and the canal, and in pools filled by-freshets; variable in shape and striation. Pisidium fallax Sterki. River and creeks, rather common. Pisidium cruciutum Sterki. River, rather common. One of the most characteristic of all Pisidia. Pisidium punctatum Sterki. River, not rare; most specimens typical, with ridges on the beaks. The smallest of our species. Pisidium variabile Pr. Rather scarce, in different places. Pisidium nov-eboracense Pr. Spring-brooks, ditch from swamp; rare in the river. Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Rather scarce. Pisidium walkeri Sterki. Side-cut on mill race, not common, but very good, _ typical specimens. Pisidium abditum Hald. Ditches and pools, common and variable. Pisidium politum Sterki. Common in ditch from swamp, where the types were found, mill race and other places. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Ditches, not common. (All these Pisidia are good, well characterized species, and distributed over a large part of the country ). 43 REPORT OF THE STATE HERBARIUM. BY W. A. KELLERMAN, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. The State Herbarium in charge of the Botanical Department of the Ohio State University, has been steadily growing for six years and now includes over ten thousand mounted sheets of phanerogans and vascular cryptogams. It contains also a large number of specimens of the lower plants, but these are only partially mounted and arranged and not as yet counted. The incorporation into the herbarium of a large number of specimens collected recently is now being rapidly carried on. While the author’s labor on this State collection may be indicated to some extent by the fact that his name as collector occurs on the labels of nearly four thousand of the higher plants and many of those of the lower plants, it must be understood that assistance has been rendered by a large number of persons throughout the State, and sincere thanks for these important contributions are hereby tendered. The herbarium of the late Joseph F. James was purchased by the State University, and that collection furnished about five hundred and fifty specimens for the State Herbarium. The next largest collector so far represented is Mr. Wm. C. Werner, formerly an assistant in the Botanical Department. Previous to the past season the persons contributing over one hundred specimens were, Mrs. «=. J. Spence (354 specimens), E. L. Fullmer (346), E. Wilkinson (310), E. K. Bogue (309), Ed Claassen (299), A. Wetzstein (273), K. L. Mosely (222), J. A. Sanford (160), Wm. Krebs and Claassen (136), H. Jaske (131), W. H. Aiken (112), and J. 8. Vandewoort (105). 44 During or at the close of the season of 1899 the following persons have made large and important donations: Albert Ricksecker (Oberlin), Thos. Bonser (Carey), A. Wetzstein (St. Marys) EK. V. Louth (Ashtabula), W. W. Stockberger (Granville), Clara M. Tangeman (New Bremen), Otto E. Jennings (Olena), Wm. Krebs (Cleveland), F. J. Tyler (Perry), C. A. Miner (Bristolville), H. J. Winkler (Dayton), W. H. Aiken (Cincinnati), A. D. Selby (Wooster), A. H. Snyder (Paris), and L. C. Riddie, R. E. Griggs, J. H. Schaffner and EK. L. Fullmer (Columbus). It is hoped that during the next year even larger donations may be made. The specimens of several important genera have been critically examined by specialists, thereby largely enhancing the value of the collection. This is true, for example, of Crataegus, Salix, Asarum, Antennaria, Euphorbia, Aster, Panicum, Hicoria, ete. “It is designed that this collection shall thoroughly and completely illustrate the distribution of every species in the state and be so rich in specimens that variations due to any and every cause will be fully exhibited. Continuous annual increase should also show promptly the introduction of additional species from abroad and the escaped species as soon as they get clearly beyond cultivation. It is needless to add that this Herbarium is open to all she people of the State. to whom in fact it belongs, and who it is confiidently hoped, will avail themselves of its usefulness even more largely in the future than in the past. REPORT ON RAIL ROAD WEEDS. BY L. D. STAIR, MANSFIELD OHIO. Plants growing where they are not desirable to man, are called weeds. Many plants which under 45 certain conditions are most useful may under other circumstances, be exceedingly harmful. For instance, wheat is one of the most useful of all plants, but along the railroad it may be a nuisance. Railroad weeds are those plants which grow in sufficient a- bundance along the railroad either along the right of way or in the ballasted track to be troublesome in getting rid of them. Weeds may be either native plants or intro- ductions from Europe, Asia, Africa or South America. Often the primary introcuction of the seeds of these introduced weeds is a puzzle, whether in vegetables, fruits, seeds, grains or animals imported from these countries. The most likely way is in packages of seeds or grains. As a general thing, native plants which have become weeds do not cause nearly so much trouble as the introduced species. These latter spread for the first few years with amazing rapidity, due to changing and bettering of conditions of growth and lack of enemies. Then later parasitic fungi, insects and animals find them suitable as host- plants or food. Thus in time, as they become natural- ized the conditions about balance each other. Weeds compared to ordinary plants bear e- normous quantities of seed. Most of them do not depend upon insects for the polination of their flowers. They depend upon themselves for fertilizing and producing their seed. Ingenious means for the distribution of seed. suiting various locations and circumstances, are provided by many weeds. To the farmer, weeds are injurious; first, by robbing cultivated plants of moisture light. space and food-elements ; second, by harboring injurious fungi and insects ; last, by the rendering of wheat, rye, oats etc., unmarketable on account of weed-seeds mixed with the grain. In talking about railroad weeds, one must first explain that those plants which are weeds to the farmer are not necessarily to be considered weeds to 46 the railroad for some of the cultivated plants of the farmer are a railroads worst weeds. For in general all plants which occasion expense of any kind to a rail road company are its weeds. These observations have only extended over a period of two years and over the North-eastern and Eastern central portion of Ohio. There is attached a list of about three hundred plants which come under the head of railroad weeds. For convenience of example they may be divided into three groups, which are quite as distinctly marked as the flora of a bog. a rich woods or a lake- beach. These three groups comprise first ; plants growing on the track proper in the ballast, giving a very bad appearance ; and railroads try to get rid of at least these weeds: second, plants growing in the ditches thereby causing improper drainage. These have to be dug out or hoed out in order to give an un- impeded flow of water ; third, the weeds growing on the property between the track and the fences. These are the weeds that you see growing by any roadside and are simply cut down with scythe or brush-hook. Of all plants growing in the track wheat. bride- weed, ephorbias and foxtail grass give the most trouble. In the ditches the lime-forming algae (notably species of Chara) and the various species of Polyganum are particularly bad. The conditions of track and track ballast vary so greatly from crushed stone, slag, ashes, cinder to gravel and dirt that the amount of weeds in the ballast depends greatly on its character. Of these various kinds of ballast, the smallest number of weeds grow in slag and cinder ballast and the greatest in dirt. When I tell you that the expense to some of the rail- roads in getting rid of their weeds amounts to as much ‘as $140.00 per mile per year then you can see it is a matter of some importance. If an average of $50.00 per mile per year is taken, and since the mileage of main track in Ohio alone is 9000 miles (exclusive of all side tracks). the total cost per year to railroads in 47 Ohio is overa half million dollars, and this is a very moderate estimate. On some roads it takes 20 per cent. of section-men’s time to attend to weeds. I have a number of letters from supervisors giving the cost due to weeds in terms of the distance and time. And all this expense simply for appearance sake. To the railroad, weeds only effect the aesthetic side. The unsightly, unkept appearance of weeds is general along all highways, canals aud railroads. The direct injury to the materials of a railroad due to weeds is trifling, except one called fungi and other cryptogamic life weeds. Fungi hasten the life of ties, but this is small compared to the destruction caused by the alternate expansion and contraction of the wood-fibres when wet or dry, and the freezing of water in the pores in winter, thus bursting the wood- cells. In the North-eastern part of the United States. the portion included between 100th meridian and the Atlantic, and Canada and Tennessee, there are about 3,300 species of seed plants. Of this number 2,900 are native and 400 introduced. Of these 460 introduced plants, perhaps 75 per cent. may be classed as weeds. The proportion of native plants which are weeds is not more than 10 per cent. The number of species of all plants growing in Eastern Ohio might reach 1,500, of this number nearly 300 are weeds, in the railroad sense. The seeds of these foreign stragglers are brought in various ways ; packages of vegetable and flower seeds, in clover, grass and grain seed. Seeds with prickly coatings, like burdock, become attached to the fur of animals and carried in wool. Seeds with glutinous coverings are carried by the feet of birds. Many hard-coated seeds not ground up in the food of animals and not attacked by their digestive organs and spread in their dung. Western hay, straw and grains bring many western and prairie forms to the east and vice versa. 48 Other seeds are spread by the wind, like dandelion, having hair-like parachutes which render them buoyant. Others are provided with membranous wings Some, for instance the tumble-weeds, dis- tribute their seeds by curling into ball form, when dry In the fall breaking off near the root and are blown about here and there by the wind, scattering seeds as they go. Russian thistle is an example of this. The heads of some grasses, like old-witch- grass, have this same peculiarity. Some plants retain their seed until snow is on the ground and then the wind blows the seed over the surface of the snow. Along the railroad, weeds are also scattered by dirty stock-cars, by cattle and in hay and straw. Leaky grain-cars drop much seed. On the slow track on grades, especially the eastbound track bringing grains from the west, there is usually a mat of weeds, grains, etc. This is natural, as the trains running slow do not blow away the seed dropped by them. The question of the destruction of weeds is much easier to speak about than to carry out. The pre- vention of the introduction of weed-seeds can hardly be accomplished. It would be recommended, however, that all stock. vegetable and hay cars be thoroughly cleaned and kept clean ; to be only cleaned at certain specified places, at division termini. All refuse hay, manure and dirt should be burned at these points. Grain cars should be carefully watched at time of loading to prevent leakage and kept in good repair. Perennial weeds, especially those with underground stems or large roots, must be kept cut close to the ground to starve out the underground part. The taking away of the leaves, deprives the plants of the carbon dioxide of the air and so starves them out gradually. Salt, kerosene, strong sulphuric or hydrochloric or carbolic acid may be used with most excellent result on the more pernicious ones growing in patches. Weeds caused by certain conditions of the soil, 49 may be controlled by the removal of the condition, such as marsh plants, by better drainage. Many perenniats—Canada _ thistle, horse-nettle and_ field bindweed—must not be removed by the cutting out of the roots as it only increases the difficulty as: each separate piece of underground stem will produce new plants. Chemicals would be the best remedy in these cases. Weeds should be cut while in bud and then be burned. Any mature plants should always be burned. To burn weeds, they should first be carried to a barren spot so that the burnt ground will not give an un- sightly appearanco to the sodded banks, care being taken that the fire is not allowed to extend to fences or adjoining land. Weeds pulled from the ballasted track, should be put together and carried away and not thrown onto the right of way banks. Some railroads that are not parlicular about the neat appearance of their right of way and wish to cut their weeds as cheaply as possible, attach steel cutters to the wings of a snow plow or to special apphances. This is hauled by a iocomotive and can clean twenty to twenty-five miles of track a day with four men, two to extend or close the wings and two to raise and lower the cutters at crossings and switches. ‘the Shefheld weed-cutting hand-car is used ef- fectively on many roads and with five or six men can cut four or five miles per day. Brine, gasoline or oil- burners, and steam jets are among the means ex- perimented with by railroads in this direction. In experiments with electricity on the Illinois Central, a brush 10ft. long and 4 ins. wide was made of fine bare copper wire and suspended from the flat car, so that it would always touch the ground. Another car con- tained an engine, dynamo, transformers, etc., steam being taken from the locomotive. The cars were run at a speed of five miles an hour and two trips were found sufficient to kill all the vegetation, an ad- vantage of this process being that all the roots were absolutely killed. The brush was in short sections, 50 insulated one from the other, so that all the current would not be discharged though any one weed. A current of ten thousand volts was found to be most satisfactory. Burning weeds with jets from burners using crude oil and compressed air. has been tried on _ the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Sainte Marie Railroad. This apparatus was mounted on a self-propelled flat- car and could work over ten miles a day consuming fifteen to twenty gallons of oil per mile. for transmission by mail or for indefinite preser- vation—the work of sorting, separating species and mounting being done at any convenient time. Date of capture and the food plant if possible of determination should accompany each lot as these add immeasurably to the value of the collection. Aside from the few months work which has been possible to me, the University collections contain a number of species collected by Mr. Hine and these furnish the basis for the preliminary record here presented.* Aside from records made by Prof. C. M. Weed of Aphididz and of various injurious species by Prof. Webster scarcely any records occur in literature, the only one of Say’s species which can be counted as referred to the state being one which is given for ‘‘ near Lake Erie and in Indiana.”’ The list as it stands however may serve to show the general nature of the fauna and as a basis tor future additions. The number will certainly be largely increased by another season’s collection. *As the printing of this paper was deferred from last Annual Report it has been possible to add a number of records made during the season of 1899. 62 HOMOPTERA. CICADIDAE. Cicada tibicen Linn. Columbus. Common, widely distributed. Cicada pruinosa Say. Columbus. Tibicen septem decem, L. ‘‘Seventeen year cicada’’. Represented by different broods in various . parts of the state. Tibicen rimosa, Say (?) Probably one of the varieties of this species. MEMBRACIDAE. Entilia sinuata, Fab. Columbus. Usually rare. Occurs on wild sunflowers and other weeds. Publilia concava, Say. Columbus. Hanging Rock. Often abundant. Occurs in colonies’ on Helianthus and other compositae. Ceresa diceros, Say. Columbus, Sandusky, Castalia, abundant on various plants, especially in woods. Ceresa bubalus, Fab. Colnmbus, Castalia, Sandusky. Widly distributed, abundant. Often injurious to orchard trees. Ceresa basalis Walk. (?) Medina. Fairly common in northern U. S. Thelia bimaculata Fab. Columbus. Common on Black Locust. Thelia uhleri, Stal. No locality. Not rare in various parts of northern U. S. Thelia crataegi Fitch. Columbus. Usually rather rare. Occurs on thorn, Contributions from the Department of Zoology and Entomology Ohio State University, No. 2. Thelia turriculata Emmons. “Ohio” (Kellicott vide Goding). Thelia univittata Harr. Sandusky. 63 Thelia godingi VanD. Wauseon (Hine), Van Dugee. Credit it to black cherry and scrub-oak. Telamona reclivata Fitch. Wauseon. Food plant basswood. Telamona monticola Fab. Sandusky, Georgesville, Fairly common. Telamona ampelopsidis Harr. Columbus (?) Usually common on ampelopsis. Telamona concava Fitch. Columbus. Telamona fasciata Fitch. Columbus. Common. Telamona spreta Godg. Reported by Prof. Webster as occuring on Ampelopsis quinquefolia at Wooster. Heliria strombergi Godg. Jeffersonville. Archasia beltragei Stal. Wauseon. Usually rare on Oak. Similia camelus Fab. Columbus. Sometimes occurs in abundance. Acutalis calva Say. Columbus, Abundant. Cyrtolobus fenestratus Fitch. Columbus. Rare. Cyrtolobus vau Say. Columbus, Wauseon. On Oaks. Cyrtolobus trilineatus Say. Columbus. Atymna castaneae Th. Ashtabula, On Chestnut. Atymna querci Fitch. Sandusky, Newark, Columbus. Abundant on oaks and may sometimes be found in large numbers on grass or other plants beneath oak trees. Ophiderma salamandra Fairm. Columbus. Usually rather rare. Hanging Rock, 5, 29, ’99. Vanduzea arquata Say. Columbus. Abundant on Black Locust. Carvnota mera Say. Columbus. A common species of wide range in U.S. On Hickory. Enchenopa binotata Fab. Columbus, Georgesville. Common on thistles and other weeds. Campylenchia curvata Fab. Columbus, Castalia. Abundant over large part of U. S. Feeds as 64 larva on clover and probably many other plants. Microcentrus caryae Fitch. Common on_ hickory. Northeru U.S. Adults in August. FULGORIDAE. Scalops sulcipes Say. Castalia. Ranges over U. S. east of Rocky Mountains. On grassy lowland. Ormenis pruinosa Say. Columbus. Common to large area in U. S. On orchard trees and various shrubs. Ormenis septentrionalis Fab. Medina, Georgesville, Columbus, Wauseon. Common, especially southern U. S. Amphiscepa_ bivittata Say. Medina, Castalia. Common. Occurs on low herbage, wider, distributed in U.S. Helicoptera sp. (nova Say or near) Medina. Common. Bruchomorpha dorsata Fitch. Wauseon. Seldom plentiful but generally distributed. Bruchomorpha oculata Newm. Columbus. Rather rare in grassy lowland. Otiocerus degeeri Wauseon. Not abundant. Occurs on forest trees. Otiocerus amyotii Rocky Fork. Rather common in torest or on hickory or other trees. Otiocerus stolli Wauseon. Fairly plentiful. Occurs from Atlantic west to lowa at least. Lamenia vulgaris Fitch. Wauseon. Very common in eastern U. S., west to Missouri River. Feeds on willow, thorn, beech, etc. Stenocranus dorsalis Fitch. Columbus. Abundant in grassy lowland. Stenocranus lautus VanD. Sandusky, Columbus, Rocky Fork, Georgesville. Common. Stobera tricarinata Say. Common, widely distributed in WAS: 65 Liburnia puella VanD. Georgesville, Columbus, Rocky Fork, Sandusky. Common. Pissonotus ater VanD. Columbus. On water willow in October. (Hine.) CERCOPIDAE. Lepvronia quadrangularis Say. Rocky Fork. Very common over large part of U. S. from Atlantic to Rocky Mountains, on low herbage. Aphrophora paralella Say. Columbus (?) Common, eastern U.S. west to Ill. and Ark. Aphrophora quadrinotata Say. Medina, Ashtabula. Common. Atlantic west to Rocky Mountains. Clastoptera obtusa Say. Georgesville, Columbus. Abundant on willow. Clastoptera proteus Fitch. (Loc. ?) A common species over larger part of U. S. and like pre- ceding species represented by many varieties. BYTHOSCOPIDAE. Macropsis apicalis O. and B. Columbus. Hanging Rock. On honey locust. Usually very a- bundant where this plant occurs. Bythoscopus distinctus VanD. Columbus, Ashtabula. Common. Bythoscopus variabilis Fh. On Hamamelis. Ashtabula July 19 ’99 (R. C. Osburn). Agallia sanguinolenta Prov. Columbus. Abundant everywhere. Agallia quadrinotata Prov. Columbus (Nymphs). A common species eastern U. S. Agallia constricta VanD. Wooster. Usually common south. Agallia novella Say. Columbus. Nymphs. Common eastern U.S. Pediopsis gleditschiae O. and B. Hanging Rock. Columbns. Abundant on Honey Locust. 66 Pediopsis viridis Fh. Ironton. Columbus. An abundant species on willows. Idiocerus suturalis Fitch. Wauseon. Idiocerus snowi G. and B. Sandusky, Columbus. Common on willows. Idiocerus alternatus Fitch. Columbus. Idiocerus verticis Say. Columbus. TETTIGONIDAE. Aulacizes guttata Sign. Georgesville, Columbus. A southern species reaches its northern limit probably in central Ohio. Tettigonia bifida Say. Medina, Castalia. Common. Tettigonia hieroglyphica Say. Widely distributed. Tettigonia tripunctata Fitch. Columbus, Rocky Fork, Ashtabula. Tettigonia similis Wdw. Wooster. Common _ over eastern U. S., Maine to Iowa. Diedrocephala_ versuta Say. Georgesville, Ironton. A common southern species. Not recorded for Columbus or farther north in the state. Diedrocephala coccinea Forst. Columbus. Common over U.S: Diedrocephala mollipes Say. Columbus, Georgesville, Castalia (H.O.) Wooster in matted grass (C. W. M.) Abundant everywhere in U. S. and probably ranges over most of North America. Injurious to grass. Diedrocephala angulifera Walk. Sandusky. In coarse grasses of lowland. Helochara communis Fitch. Columbus, Georgesville. Abundant from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. Gypona octolineata Say. Columbus, Georgesville. A- bundant on great variety of plants. Gypona rugosa Spang. Wauseon. Rare. Probably southern in distribution. Gvpona bimaculata Wdw. Castalia. Common in low land. 67 Gypona melanota Spang. Castalia. Rare. Occurs to east and west. Gypona scarlatina Fh. Castalia. Common in low land. Penthimia americana Fh. Sandusky, Wauseon. Common over large area in U. S. JASSIDAE. Acocephalus albittrous Linn. Kelley Island, Lake Erie, Castalia, Ashtabula. Usually rather rare, Maine to Indiana and Michigan. Xestocephalus pulicarius Van D. Columbus. A plenti- ful little species. Atlantic to plains. Parabolocratus_ viridis, Uhl. Castalia, Columbus. Common. Platymetopius acutus, Say. Rocky Fork, Ironton, Waterloo. Common Maine to Rocky Mts. Platymetopius frontalis Van D. Columbus, Castalia. Less common than preceding. Deltocephalus sayi, Fitch. Columbus, Rocky Fork. Common in grassy woods. Deltocephalus weedi Van D. Columbus, Rocky Fork. Abundant in Southern States, occurs north to central Iowa, and Ohio, in grass. Deltocephalus: nigritons, Forbes. Columbns, Rocky Fork. Exceedingly abundant over large part of the United States. Deltocephalus inimicus, Say. Columbus. Abundant everywhere in blue grass, etc. Deltocephalus flavicosta, Stal. Columbus. Rather rare, occurs southward probably to southern South America. Deltocephalus_ svlvestris O. & B. Columbus. In grassy timber land. Athysanus curtisii, Fitch. Columbus, Rocky Fork. Abundant in grasses. Eutettix lurida Van D. Rather rare. 68 Eutettix seminudus, Say. Columbus, Ironton. Common. Eutettix cincta O. & B. Wooster. Rather common west to Iowa. Eutettix strobi Fitch. Columbus. Common. At- lantic to plains. Larae occur on Chenopodium causing purple spots on leaves which they mimic in color. Phlepsius humidus Van D. Georgesville. In low, moist places along river beds. Phlepsius irroratus Say. Columbus. Abundant and very widely distributed in United States. Scaphoideus immistus Say. Columbus. Common. Scaphoideus auronitens Prov. Columbus. One specimen. Scaphoideus scalaris Van D. Columbus one specimen. Scaphoideus intricatus Uhl. Rare. One specimen Columbus. Thamnotettix clitellarius Say. Columbus. Common. Often observed on orchard trees. Thamnotettix lJongula G. and B. Columbus. Common. Thamnotettix melanogaster Prov. Columbus. A- bundant in lowlands, probably feeds on sedges. Thamnotettix fitchii VanD. Columbus. Common in low land. Limotettix -striola Fall. Columbus, Georgesville. Common. Limotettix exitiosa Uhl. Columbus. Often abundant. Sometimes destructive in fall wheat and grass land. _ Chlorotettix galbunata VanD. Georgesville, Common. Chlorotettix unicolor Fh. Ashtabula. Chlorotettix tergatus Fh. Wooster, Ashtabula. Jasius olitorius Say, Columbus. Common. Gnathodus punctatus Thunbg. Columbus. Common. Gnathodus impictus VanD. Columbus. Rather rare. Cicadula 6-notata Fall. Columbus. Abundant. Cicadula variata Fall. Columbus. 69 Cicadula_ punctifrons Fall. var americana VanD. Columbus. Sandusky. Ironton. On shrubby willow. Alebra albostriella Fall. Columbus. Dicraneura fieberi Mel. Columbus. Dicraneura abnormis Columbus. Empoasca sp. Empoasca mali LeB. Columbus. Abundant on apple and many other plants. Typhlocyba comes vitis Harr. Columbus. Abundant on grape every where. . Typhlocyba comes basilaris Say. Columbus. Common on grape. Typhlocyba comes comes Say. Columbus. Common. Typhlocyba comes maculata Gill. On sycamore. Columbus. Typhlocyba vulnerata Say. Columbus. Abundant. Typhlocyba querci Fitch. Wauseon. Typhlocyba querci' var _ bifasciata. Columbus. Wauseon. Common. Typhlocyha hartii Gill. Columbus. Rare. Typhlocyba obliqua Say. Columbus. Common. Typhlocyba rosae Harr. Columbus, (Weed) Common. Typhlocyvhba trifasciata Say. Columbus. Common. PSYLLIDAE. Pachypsylla celtidis-nmammae Very abundant on Hack- berry. Columbus, Sandusky. Pachypsylla_ celetidis gemma Wooster, 10-2-’98. (C. W. M.) APHIDIDAE. Siphonophora circumplex. Wooster, 3-16-’97. (C. W.M.) From Easter lilies in greenhouse. Siphonophora avenae. Wooster, O, 5-26-’98. (F. M. W.) Winged males and young in heads of rye. Givens, 6-5-’98. (S. A. Powell.) On wheat heads in great numbers. 70 Siphonophora rudbeckiae Fitch. Columbus. (weed.) A common species on Rudbeckia. Aphis brassicae Linn. Common cabbage plant-louse. Everywhere common. Aphis mali. Common apple plant-louse. Aphis gossypii. ‘‘Cucumber plant-louse.’’ Often very abundant and destructive. Lawrence Co., 9- 28-98. Destructive to strawberries on several premises. Bradrick 11-17-98. On strawberry plants. (Webster.) Myzus cerasii L. Columbus, (Weed.) On _ cherry Often very plentiful. Myzus ribis L. Columbus. (Weed) Myzus persicae. Common. “ Peach Aphis.” Myzus persicae niger Sm, 8-22-98. Waterville- Seriously abundant on roots of peach trees. ( Webster.) Lachnus strobi Fitch. Columbus, ( Weed.) Lachnus dentatus LeB. Columbus, ( Weed.) Lachnus pint L. Columbus, ( Weed.) Malanoxanthus salicti Harr. Columbus, (Weed.) Malanoxanthus salicis Linn. Columbus, ( Weed.) Schizoneura imbricator Fitch. Common __ Beech blight. Schizoneura lanigera Haussm. Common Apple root louse. Lakewood, 8-12-96. On trunks of apple, especially injured parts.: (C. W. M.) Ravenna, (F. M. W.) Wooster (C. W. M.) Schizoneura americana El1 leaf gall-louse. Schizoneura tesselata Fitch. Zanesville, 11-5-’96. Infesting ‘‘ English Alder’’ (Webster. ) Pemphigus smilacinus O. and S. On smilax, Rocky Fork. Pemphigus vagabundus Fh Vagabond _ gall. Columbus, Sandusky. Very plentiful at Cedar Point, summer of 1899. Colopha ulmicola. Common Cocks comb gall on elm leaves. 71 Phylloxera vastatrix Planch. Grape Phylloxera. On hickory. Columbus. ALEYRODIAE. Aleyrodes sp. Very abundant, autumn of 1898, on Sycamore and other trees at Columbus. Aleyrodes sp. Ada, 8-12-’96. Complained of as doing slight injury to strawberry (Webster.) COCCIDAE. Orthezia insignis Doug. Columbus in Greenhouse. Orthezia americana? Georgesville. (Fullmer,) Dactylopius citri Rossi. Mealy bug of greenhouse. Dactylopius adonidum L. Wooster, 3-1-’98. [C. W. M.] On roots of plum and Carolina poplar in insectary. Wooster, 3-16-’98. On clover roots in incectary. [C. W. M.] Wooster, 1-19-1900. At present feeding on following plants in insectary, Canna, Barberry, Rose, Onion, Tobacco, Poplar [W. N.] Lecanium hesperidum L. ‘‘ Oleander scale.” Lecanium oleae Bern. Columbus. Lecanium celtidis. Sandusky. Lecanium nigrofasciatum Pergande, Cleveland, O. 12-24.’99. [F. M. W.] Thick on Norway maple. Lecanium cofteae Walk. [is the same as hemispherium.| Wooster, [W. N.] 1-1-1900. On Pteris sp. in greenhouse. Wooster, 9-7-’97. [F. M. W.] On chrysanthemum in insectary. Ashland, O. 3-10-97. Lecanium persicae Syracuse, 4-24-96. Dresden 12-21- ’96. (Webster.) Lecanium armenicum Craw. Painesville, 2-5-'97. On spanish chestnut. (Webster.) Pulvinaria acericola W. & R. Columbus. Mytilaspis pommorum Bouche. Portage. East Cleve- land. Very abundant on poplars, 7-29-96. (C. W. M.) t2 Mvtilaspis citricola Pack. On oranges in market. Parlatoria pergandei Comst. Columbus. Chionaspis furfurus Fitch. Westerville. Wooster on apple. 1-12-1900. (W.N.) Chionaspis_ pinifoliae Fh. Columbus, Wooster on pines, austriaca. 1-19-1900. (Wooster.) Chionaspis biclavis Comst. Columbus. Chionaspis corni Cooly. Sandusky. Diaspis cacti Comst. In greenhouse. Columbus. Diaspis rosae Columbus. (Bogue.) Berlin Cross-roads, Jackson Co., 3-6-’97. Infesting raspberries. (Webster.) Wooster 12-7-’97, on raspberry. (CW. NE.) Diaspis bromeliae Columbus. (Bogue.) Diaspis amygdali Painesville. 8-16-97. On flowering cherry received direct from Japan. (Webster.) Aspidiotus ancylus Putnm. Columbus. Will, 5-18- 99, So abundant in spots in an Osage orange hedge as to kill the dwarfed tree. (C. W. M.) Aspidiotus forbesi Johns. Columbus. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. ‘San Jose Scale”’ Clinton Co., Catawba Id., etc, introduced. 39 localities recorded by Webster. Aspidiotus dichrospermi Morgan. Columbus. Aspidiotus obscurus Comst. Columbus. (Hine.) Catawba Island. 1-11-’97. (Owen.) Aspidiotus ficus Ashm. Wooster. (Webster.) Columbus. In greenhouse. Aspidiotus neriiL. Columbus. In greenhouse. HETEROPTERA. Homaemus aeneifrons Say. Ohio. Ordinarily rare. Eurygaster alternatus Say. Ashtabula, July 19-’99, R. C. Osburn. Usually found on grasses in lowland. CORIMELAENIDAE. Corimelaena atra Am. et Sow. Columbus. Usually rather common. 73 Corimelaena lateralis Fab. Columbus. Common. Corimelaena pulicaria. CYDNIDAE, Pangaeus bilineatus Say, No locality. Probably Columbus. Canthophorus cinctus P. Beauv. Columbus. Not ; abundant. PENTATOMIDAE. Stiretrus anchorago Fab. No locality. Not common but widely distributed. Perillus circumcinctus Stal. No locality. Podisus cynicus Say. Georgesville. Not abundant. Podisus spinosus Dallas. Columbus. Very common over most of U. S. Wooster. In breeding cage fed on aphis brassicae. Attacked and killed adult, murgantia histrionica. Adults’ and larvae destroying larvae of Lina scripta. On Carolina poplar feeding on larvae of Ichthvura inclusa. (Webster.) Brochymena arborea Say. No locality. Common to eastern U.S. generally. Brochymena annulata Fab. Columbus. Common U. S. generally. Gypsum hibernating in grape leaves. (Webster.) Neottiglossa undata Say. Columbus, Georgesville, Castalia. Cosmopepla carnifex Fab. Columbus. Ashtabula July 19-’99. (R: C. Osburn.) Mormidea lugens Oliv. ‘‘Ohio.’’ Said to occur on mullein. Euschistus fissilis Uhl. No _ locality, probably Columbus. Euschistus tristigmus Say. Georgesville, Columbus. Euschistus variolarius P. Beauv. Columbus, Castalia (H. O.,) Ashtabula. (R.C. Osburn.) Fidelity. (Webster.) Larvae observed de- 74 stroying larvae of unicorn’ prominent. ( Webster.) Hymenarcys aequalis Say. Columbus, Georgesville. Hymenarcis nervosus Say. Castalia. Menecles insertus Say. Georgesville. Usually rare. Trichopepta semivittata Say. Ashtabula July 19-’99. (R. C. Osburn.) Peritbalus limbolarius Stal. Georgesville, Columbus. Abundant in autumn on Golden Rod and other compositae. Thyanta custator Fab. Columbus. Abundant es- pecially westward. Murgantia histrionica Hahn. Cincinnati, Columbus, Wooster. Southern, has extended distribution northward but seems to have reached its limit. Nezara hilaris Say. Columbus, Common over wide area. Nezara pennsylvanica Fab. One specimen. Columbus. Rare. Banasa calva Say. Columbus. Notcommon. Occurs west to Rocky Mts. COREIDAE. Chariesterus antennator Fab. Columbus. Corynocoris distinctus Dall, Ashtabula, July 19-99. (R. C. Osburn.) Archimerus calcarator Fab. Three specimens. No locality. Probably Columbus. Common to United States generally. Euthoctha galeator Fab. Wauseon. Common over U.S: Metapodius terminalis Dail. Georgesville. Leptoglossus oppositus Say. Columbus. (Snyder.) ‘Anasa trstis D.G. Columbus, Wooster. The common ‘Squash bug.”’ Alydus conspersus Mont. Columbus, Castalia. Alydus eurinus Say. Columbus, Castalia. Alydus pluto Uhl. (?) Rocky Fork. Described from 75 Colorado but occurs in Dakota and Iowa, no record further east. Protenor belfragei Stal. Columbus, Sandusky. Fre- quents low land on rank grasses. Harmostes reflexulus Say. Columbus. Common. Widely distributed in U. S. and Mexico. Corizus lateralis Say. Wooster. Found among stems of Malva rotundifolia. (Webster. (C. W. M.) Corizus nigristernum. Sign. Common U.S. generally. Corizus novaeboracensis Sign. Neides muticus Say. Sandusky, Medina. Jalysus spinosus Say. Columbus. LYGAEIDAE. Nysius thymi Wolff. Nysius angustatus Uhl. Wauseon. Reported in straw- berries as ‘‘eating them to the ground.”’ Blissus leucopterus Columbus, Sandusky, ete. ‘‘ Chinch bug.” Cymodema tabida Columbus. Geocoris sp. Columbus. Oedancala dorsalis Say. Hanging rock, Ironton. Myodocha serripes Oliv. Columbus. More common southward. Flushing 6-15-’98. Abundant in a strawberry bed. (C. W. M.) Radnor, com- plained of as injuring strawberries. Heraeus plebejus Stal. [?| Pamera bilobata Say. Sandusky. Rare, Pamera basalis. Dall. Columbus, Georgesville. Eremocoris ferus Sav. Akron. Trapezonotus nebulosus Fall, Columbus. [C. W. M.] Peliopelta abbreviata Uhl. Columbus, Wooster. In matted grass. Gypsum, hibenating in grape ieaves. A common species east of plains. Lygaeus turcicus Fab. ‘‘Ohio.’’ Castalia, Sandusky. Common on Cedar Point on asclepias. Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. Columbus. CAPSIDAE. Miris affinis Reut. Columbus. 76 Leptoterna dolobrata Linn. Wooster. Very abundant. Collaria oculata Reut. Ashtabula. Collaria meilleurii Prov. Ashtabula. Teratocoris discolor Uh. Wooster. Calocoris rapidus Say. Columbus, Castalia. Melinna fasciata Uhl. Wauseon. Melinna modesta Uhl. Sandusky. Lopidea media Say. Hanging Rock. Lygus pratensis L. Sandusky, Columbus, Castalia. Common to Europe and America. Varying from temperate and tropical regions. Lowel- ville, abundant on leaves of celery. (Webster.) Poecilocapsus lineatus Fab. Columbus. Granville. Poecilocapsus goniphorus Say. One specimen. No locality. Probably Columbus. Hyaliodes vitripennis Say. Wauseon. Pilophorus bifasciatus Fab. Wauseon. Halticus uhleri Giard. Stone-lick, 5-16-’99. (C. W. M.) Wooster. Halticus bractatus Say. Lawrence Cu., 9-28-98. On strawberry in limited numbers. (Webster. ). Wooster, Lakewood. Abundant on cucumbers in greenhouse. Wooster 1-1-’97 on rose in insectary., -(C..W.M_) Garganus fusiformis Say. Columbus, Rocky Fork. Xenetus scutellatus Uhl. One specimen, Columbus, May 30-99. Hanging Rock. ACANTHIIDAE. Triphleps insidiosus Say. Columbus. Acanthia lectularia L. Columbus and elsewhere. TINGITIDAE. Piesma cinerea Say. Columbus. Common, has variety of food plants and ranges over an extended area. Corythuca arcuata Say. Columbus. Common on Oak, Hawthorn, etc. 77 Corythuca ciliata, Say. Columbus. Abundant on Sycamore. Gargaphia fasciata Columbus. Common on Linden. ARADIDAE. Aradus robustus Uhl. Columbus. Neuroctenus simplex Uhler. Columbus. Abundant under bark of fallen trees. PHYMATIDAE. Phymata_ fasciata Gray. Columbus. Abundant. Ranges far to south and west. NABIDAE. Coriscus subcoleoptratus Kby. Wauseon. Coriscus ferus Linn. Columbus, Wauseon, (Hine.) Wooster 3-30-97. On corn growing in In- sectary 10-26-’96. Feeding on plant lice in winter wheat. (C. W. M.) Coriscus punctipes Reut. Columbus. REDUVIIDAE. Sinea diadema Fab, Columbus. Acholla multispinosa DeGeer. Sandusky, Wauseon. Milyas cinctus Fab. Columbus, observed clustering on trees in autumn of ’98. Wooster 9-22-’99 (C. W. M.) Diplodus luridus Stal. Gambier. More common southward. Melanolestes picipes H. Schf. Georgesville. Common. Extends west to Ja. and plains. ‘‘ Kissing bug.”’ Opsicoetus personatus L. Loc. (?) Conorhinus’ sanguisugus Lec. Cincinnati, (Dury.) Common in southern states. This would seem to be about its northern limit. Puirontis infrma Stal. Columbus. A southern species. Rare in this latitude. Pygolampis pectoralis Say. One specimen. No lo- cality. Columbus [?] Fairly common in this latitude farther west. 78 Oncerotrachelus acuminatus Say. Columbus. Common. A southern species. This is proba- bly about its northern limit. Emesa longipes De G. Columbus. Put in Bay. Common. Occurs on various trees. Carnivo- rous remarkable for very slender body and legs. LIMNOBATIDAE. Limnobates lineata Say. Columbus. Widely distribu- ted. HYGROTRECHIDAE. Hygrotrechus remigis Say. Columbus. Water strider. Abundant over large part of U.S. Limnotrechus marginatus Say. Columbus. Common and widely distributed. VELIIDAE. Stephania picta H. Schf. Columbus. Common on quiet water. Rheumatobates rileyi U. Columbus, This very inter- esting little species I found quite plentiful at Big Run south of Columbus. Hebrus americanus Uhl. Columbus. A minute species of wide range. Rhagovelia obesa Uhl. Columbus. SALDIDAE. Salda ligata Say. Wauseon. Salda interstitialis Say. Wauseon, Sandusky. Salda humilis Say. Columbus, Sandusky, Johnsons, Id. Abundant. ' Salda orbiculata Uhl. Ironton, June, 1899. Wooster. GALGULIDAE Galgulus oculatus Fab. Sugar grove (Kellicott) a 3 southern species. BELOSTOMATIDAE. Zaitha fluminea Say. Columbus. Abundant over eastern U. S. 79 Belostoma americana Leidy. Columbus. Abundant and widely distributed. Benacus griseus Say. Columbus. Abundant and widely distributed. NEPIDAE. Nepa apiculta Uhl. Columbus. Ranatra fusca Pal Beauv. Columbus. Ranatra 4-—dentata Stal. Columbus. Our most common form, ranges south and west. NOTONECTIDAE. Notonecta undulata Say. Wauseon. Abundant over large part of U.S. Columbus. Common. Notonecta irrorata Uhl, Columbus. Plea striola Fieb. Columbus. Abundant and widely distributed in U. S. CORISIDAE. Corisa alternata Say. Columbus. Very abundant and of wide range. Corisa harrisii Uhl. ‘“Ohio.’”” Common. Widely dis- tributed. 80 PLANT PHOTOGRAPHY. BY CARL KREBS, CLEVELAND, OHIO. Since the improved and simplified methods of photography have facilitated its use, it has become a valuable adjunct to scientific research. In botany, this art has not been applied very ex- tensively as yet. The reason for this may be, perhaps because few botanists are enough versed in operating a camera to overcome the difficulties, which plant- photography presents, whereas; artists do not seem to possess the appreciation and knowledge neeessary to produce pictures of botanical subjects. Occasionally we meet with plant illustrations obtained from photographs in writings of travel and exploration, but they are usually small and crude, and consequently of no scientific value. A most beautiful collection of plant photographs is in possession of the museum of Kew in England, among which might be mentioned a group composed of Venus fly-trap, pitcher plant and sun dew: another one of different lichens on a piece of rock: one showing methods of seed dissemination; and still another one, a-Rafflesia taken with the wild surroundings of its tropical home. From experiences gained in obtaining my own collection of plant photos, I will quote the following fundamental points to be observed. 81 Groupes of plants, shrubs, trees and vegetation pictures are of course taken in their native haunts. Large individuals may be taken in the same way, providing the surroundings contrast enough with the different parts of the plant, so as to show up well in the picture. Plant pictures should have artistic effects, but not at the cost of definition and detail, for they must show the searching eye of the botanist the very pubescense on stem and leaves. In order to obtain such definition, the smallest diaphragm or opening of the lens is used, which then requires a time exposure to sufficiently effect the sensitized plate. In out-door work, therefor, it is necessary that the atmosphere should be perfectly calm, for the least motion of the plant will blurr the picture. As a perfectly calm day however is a rare thing, a chance exposure, made during the temporary lull of the wind, will usually succeed. Small plants and parts of plants are best taken to the operators studio or a convenient place, where they can be posed in front of a white, black or shaded screen as the case may require. Care must be taken to allow enough space between subject and screen to avoid the casting of shadows on the latter. Photographing a plant in a comparatively large size, necessitates a close focus, allowing but a small depth of perspective. In this case bushy plants, twigs and branches present a great difficulty, for these parts must be brought as much as possible into a plane parallel to the lens, in feos to prevent them from ap- pearing out of focus. A soft diffused light is almost imperative for taking plant pictures in order to avoid deep shadows, which efface detail. The various tints of the vegetable kingdom offer many problems to photography, as different colors affect the ordinary sensitized plate with different 82 , degrees of actinity. Thus green and red acts very slow, whereas blue acts quickly. Isochromatic plates and ray filters correct these effects. As to the development of the exposed plate the ordinary processes for bringing out detail are used. Dark and under-exposed parts of a negative may be urged along by taking the plate out of the bath at intervals and breathing upon the parts in question. Finally to make the prints, the platuium papers have proved most satisfactorily, giving both definition and artistic effects. Then also the different tones of brown, yellow, black and olive possible to attain with these papers, when appropiately applied do much to enhance the beauty of the pictures. Since time and space will only permit of referring to a few of the chief points to be observed, this paper must be limited to the afore-said. Although it can hardly be assumed that plant photography would be practical for illustrating elementary botanies, it is beside being a fascinating study in itself an interesting and attractive way of recording many botanical observations. £ [| VOC, & sr, § / ~ : (/ Ohio State Academy of Science SPECIAL PAPERS No. 3. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO Comprising the Results of Researches made by Mem-= bers of the Academy of Science, by the Aid of the McMillin Research Fund dg Some Drainage Modifications in Washington and Adjacent Counties — With Illustrations and Map, : By W. G. Tight, M.S. History of the Little Miami River — With Map, By J. A. Bowwnocker, A.M. Some Observations on the Preglacial Drainage of Wayne and Adjacent Counties— With Map, . By J. H. Todd, M.D. Preglacial Drainage Conditions in the Vicinity of Cincin- nati, Ohio— With Map, . . . . . By Gerard Fowke Published by the Academy of Science with the Emerson McMillin Research Fund. DECEMBER, 1900 Ohio State Academy of Science. SPECIAL PAPERS NO. 3. iat RE erie LAT: DRAINAGE OF OHIO Comprising the Results of Researches made by Members of the Academy of Science, by the aid of the McMillin Research Fund. PUBLISHED, BY THE ACADEMY .. OF. SCIENCE WITH THE EMERSON E. MCMILLIN RESEARCH FUND. “December, 1900. PRESS OF FRED. J. HEER, COLUMBUS, OHIO. PREPACE, T the 1898 winter meeting of the Ohio State Academy A of Science, Mr. Emerson E. McMillin, already a life member, through Professor W. R. Lazenby, tendered the Academy the sum of $250.00 to be expended by the trustees in furthering original scientific researches in Ohio. The donor placed no restrictions upon the use of this fund except to express a desire that, so far as possible, it be used in aiding those who are competent and willing to give their time, but unable to contribute their expenses while employed in their researches; thus giving aid to such inde- pendent workers as lacked the necessary financial resources. Among the grants made by the trustees during 1899, from this fund, were $50.00 each to Professors Tight and Bow- nocker, and $10.00 to J. H. Todd, M.D., for the purpose of aiding them in studying the Preglacial Drainage of certain por- tions of Ohio. From this fund for 1900, Mr. Gerard Fowke was granted the sum of $25.00, for a similar purpose. The results from the work prosecuted under these grants are here- with transmitted as No. 3 of the Series of Special Papers. Mr. Fowke has kindly consented to prepare an introduction, giv- ing a short review of work previously done along this line of research in Ohio. The map facing preface illustrating the pre- glacial drainage of the entire State, so far as it has been worked out, has been prepared by Professor Tight. The expense of publication has also been taken from Mr. McMillin’s research fund, which he has been kind enough to continue for 1900. Professor Raymond Osburn was granted $50.00 in 1899 to aid in the study of the fishes of the State, and a similar sum was - granted him in 1900. The results of Professor Osburn’s re- searches are being prepared for publication and will constitute No. 4, of this series, and will be issued early in 1901. F. M. WeEssTER, Chairman, H. C. BEARDSLEE, Joun H. SCHAFFNER, Trustees Ohio State Academy of Science. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL ‘ rl P . -j Woerarart + ~ ' . ~ J beh if 2 ‘ : 4 : ee Wit ae cit | 5 Pl oe thd se INTRODUCTION. OR many years the abandoned water courses in Ohio have f perplexed geologists. Most of them are attributed to streams in the immediate vicinity. Some, how- ever, are in such situation that no existing river or creek could produce them unless very great alterations of level should take place. Others interlock in a manner which would require exceedingly rapid and violent changes in any stream now found within many miles, if their origin is to be thus explained. For example, each one of four ancient valleys located within the limits of Hamilton county, namely, back of Cincinnati, along Mill creek, at North Bend, and across the northern and western ends of the county, is accounted for by assuming that “the Miami river must have once followed this course.” But it would be impossible for the Miami to excavate them, because all have a greater depth than the bed of the Ohio river; and the latter could never have been deeper than it is now, for below the mouth of Mill creek there is rock bottom. Besides, the Miami could form them only by accomplishing the improbable feat of eroding a deep channel and then, without any discoverable reason, de- serting this course and carving a new one for itself through the bordering hills. The same difficulty is encountered when the attempt is made to connect former and recent stream beds in various other parts of the State. The great variation in width of different portions of the Ohio valley has also awaited explanation. A traveler from Pitts- burg to Evansville will find the hills on either side alternately approaching the water and receding from it. In some parts they are so steep and come so near together, as to form a veritable gorge; again, level or terraced bottom lands a mile or even more in width intervene between the shores and the high lands. Moreover, there is no system or regularity about these changes. Sometimes there may be observed a gradual increase in width, 6 INTRODUCTION. very slight it is true but still perceptible, the hills presenting gentle slopes and smooth, rounded outlines; then the valley begins to narrow, the hills are more sharply outlined, and pres- ently the stream is running between precipitous walls. At in- tervals the valley will expand to a width much greater than is to be found for many miles above or below; and after holding a practically uniform width for some distance will rapidly contract. Modifications of this character are usually asserted to be due to the diversified composition of strata through which the river makes its way. To the same cause, too, are assigned the fre- quent abrupt curves, some of them so sharp that the river seems almost to double back on itself. There are, to be sure, many degrees of hardness and of solubility in all the rocks through which the Ohio has cut its channel; and these prop- erties would certainly be factors in the phenomena _ ob- served. But, even where these features are most pronounced, the rock seems to be tolerably homogeneous in its structure; and it does not seem reasonable to suppose that inequalities of this nature would be so capriciously distributed as would have to be the case were they the only or even the principal cause of such conditions. In recent years much thought has been given to these ques- tions, and some investigations conducted mainly by Prof. Tight as shown by his article have given us the key to the problem. It is very easily answered; being simply the fact that prior to the glacial period the Ohio as a separate stream had no exist- ence. Its present channel was occupied by a series of discon- nected water courses, varying in size from small ravines to large rivers. The expansions in its course are the valleys of the larger pre-glacial streams; the abrupt curves and numerous windings result from the efforts of the stream to find the lowest level in broken and irregularly eroded country across which it must seek a path from one valley to another; and the narrows or gorges mark the places where it broke through the minor water- sheds that obstructed its progress. The following pages contain the result of examinations made within the past two years, under the auspices of the Ohio Acad- emy of Science. There are some references in the text that INTRODUCTION. 7 will inform the reader who wishes to pursue the subject further, where to obtain additional information. Professor Tight whose previous researches have been largely carried out in the Muskingum and Hocking valleys has extended his work down the present Ohio valley as far as Man- chester, in Adams county, where he locates a col which marked the line of division between the waters flowing east in the present bed of the Ohio and those flowing west. As some statements in the present paper can not be understood by those who are not aware of his discoveries in this region, it may be well to say that he has demonstrated that Kanawha river in preglacial times flowed westward from St. Albans, past Guyandotte, to the Scioto, and followed that valley northward. Into this river flowed all the creeks and rivulets rising east of the Manchester col. Beyond Circleville it has not been traced, as the old valley is obliterated by the drift deposits of the ice-sheet. Some data are at hand, however, as mentioned in Professor Bownocker’s paper, indicating that it pursued a westerly course and left the State somewhere about the Celina reservoir. The history of the Little Miami, as worked out by Professor Bownocker, is important in that it shows the general tendency of the drainage of southern Ohio toward the north and west. This would not be the case unless there was an outlet for the ‘waters in that direction, such as old Kanawha seems to have furnished. The chief value of Doctor Todd's article is to be found in the evidence which it presents that vast changes following the advent of the ice-sheet were by no means confined to the imme- diate region of the Muskingum and the Ohio, but reached to the - borders of the Lakes, thus showing a probable northern out- let for the waters in that direction also. The concluding paper treats of the Ohio river from the point where Professor Tight leaves it. The old waterways in this section being more plainly marked and less complicated than they are further east, the labor of deciphering has been less difficult. A great field is opened up for those who are to continue these researches. There is probably not a stream in the State, 8 INTRODUCTION. ancient or modern, which has not been more or less modified by the influences described, even to the extent, in many cases, of owing its origin to them. The work will be incomplete so long as any portion of the State remains uncharted. And it must extend still further before a complete history of the Ohio river can be written. As yet, we know nothing of the pre- glacial conditions below Louisville, or of the tributary streams in southern Indiana and western Kentucky. It may not be out of place to call attention here to a matter which seems to have escaped notice heretofore. The oldest land in Ohio is that along the Cincinnati axis, in the western part of the State. From here, through three geological eras, the Upper Silurian, Devonian, and Sub-Car- boniferous, the slope was toward the southeast; consequently the surface flow must have been in the same general direction. It is quite possible that to this epoch are to be assigned the older erosion planes mentioned by Professor Tight in his present paper. Not only in Ohio, but in the neighboring States as well, are to be observed these old levels at an average elevation of about two hundred feet above the present streams. The sugges- tion is ventured that these represent drainage lines as they ex- isted prior to the Appalachian uplift. Such valleys must have formed in the immense length of time during which surface. waters sought the constantly receding ocean that bordered the swamps of the coal measure period. When these were up- lifted into mountain ranges, the elevation must have been gen- eral enough to produce a considerable effect upon the region to the westward. Otherwise a trough would have resulted be- tween the land just emerging from the sea and that which had so long stood above the waves. Had this been the case, it would seem that the ancient rivers must have turned toward either the north or the south, and flowed around the island on which they had their birth. Instead of this, however, we find the entire drainage of the newly risen country flowing back di- rectly across the formations whose waste had assisted in building it up. It is a plausible supposition that the high level valleys pertain to a pre-Carboniferous drainage toward the southeast; while some at least, of the narrow and deep valleys cut through INTRODUCTION. 9 or along them are features of a reversed drainage, of pre-glacial age, toward the northwest; and that it is the latter which has been again reversed and sent off to the southwest by the con- tinental ice-sheet. A serious objection, and one which may be fatal to this sug- gestion, is the great length of time that has elapsed since the Ap- palachians were formed. This is sufficient for subsequent erosion to have effaced all inequalities of level which prevailed in the central valleys at that period. However, minor oscillitations may have occurred which would preserve or perpetuate the older valleys. At any rate, whether any evidence now remains of it or not, there must have been a former drainage from western Ohio to- ward the eastward; and this drainage must have become reversed when the Allegheny plateau was raised to a sufficient elevation. The only escape from such conclusion is in assuming that all the teachings of our geologists, previous to this time, concerning the succession of formations, are erroneous. While very many errors, due to lack of data, have crept into our text-books, the sequence of geological deposits in this region seems well estab- lished. If not so early as herein intimated, these high-level val- leys may still belong to a drainage period antedating either of those discussed in these papers. GERARD. FOwWKE. Ne &- , . Vee be eatoda, hme heat im ei ae aaa a are a mes itd SoC TSENG TSCM Sean aD eae ne es at | ery et hie Uae pen ‘fale: oy dail aren ; ‘ ’ ; ’ ler, . it ; Aa : ete e's eA ee ae a i eee eel is 4st n 74 x . ° sie feist Apa et vet Pers ae cL ky, CS hf Ber Aa ys pF ) a : er bi , oe os at i eee ae } satel er SE 4 ° ‘ = _ 2 “ a te Meare ey ite ’ ‘a ated Y Pcs . an) aa J . H Paul’ ¢ oe e = . ul WP, ad 4 “alii a9 eel | , ' : bape Or 88 be ‘ - , . © « \ a 4 P ( * J r rt 4 = « . ‘ 4 be P ‘ ‘ i . ‘ . r ' 2 * + * ‘ ? ~ i J . . e a % DRAINAGE MODIFICATIONS IN WASHINGTON AND: ADJACENT COUNTIES. By G. W. TIGHT. INTRODUCTION. The study of the region treated of in this paper was ‘under- taken as the natural out growth of the work previously done in. the surrounding sections. The correlations of the preglacial. drainage in the areas to the east, north and west left this region of the lower Muskingum somewhat isolated and very naturally raised the question as to its preglacial conditions of drainage. On account of the position which the region occupies, the resto- ration. of the old drainage has a very important bearing on the interpretations already worked out for the surrounding regions. The problem is one which was recognized by Prof. E. B. Andrews and referred to in the second volume of the Ohio Survey, where- he says: “The drainage features of the county (Washington) present some very interesting facts. The Ohio River, Little Muskingum, Duck Creek ,and the Muskingum all converge towards a common center, the last three uniting with the former: in Marietta township.” “The slopes of nearly half a circle find their lowest point at a common center in Marietta township.” And after a brief description of the stream courses he further states: “Thus it will be seen that the county presents a great variety of surface slopes. In the eastern half of the county the slope is southwestern and southern, while in the western, i. e., west of the Muskingum, it is chiefly northern and southwestern. While the general drainage of southeastern Ohio is to the south- east, the large streams, like the Muskingum and Hocking, flow- ing in a direction approximately at right angles to the directiom of the Ohio, yet in Washington county we have almost every variety of direction.” “What originally determined the flow of streams in these different directions it is impossible now to deter- mine. In; some: “parts of the ‘state. the: dip vof the strata determines the direction of drainage, but this can not be the case to any large extent in Washington county.” Andi 12 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. again: “It is true that the direction of streams is, for lim- ited distances, determined by the character of the strata of rocks in which they flow, the softer rocks yielding a passage while the harder resist. This will explain many of the crooked ways of our streams which would be otherwise utterly inexplicable. But this cause could not have determined the general direction of the streams in Washington county.” In Dr. S. P. Hildreth’s Geological Report for 1838 he states, after a brief description of the old valley floors in this region: “From the frequency of these flat lands between the headwaters of the Little Hocking and the south branch of Wolf Creek, it is quite possible that at some remote period the waters of Wolf Creek were discharged into the Ohio instead of the Muskingum.” “Great changes, evidently, have been made in the direction of all our water courses before they found their present levels.” While it is apparent that the earlier geologists partially rec- ognized the problems presented by the typographic features of the region and made some observations and deductions there seems to have been no systematic endeavor to follow up the study. As considerable field work, scattered through several years, had already been done in the region by the author, it was with pleasure that he suggested to the irustees of the Ohio State Academy of Science, upon their request for information con- cerning the problems in the field of geographic geology of the state, that this recion be further studied, with a view to the more complete correlation of the data in hand and the publica- tion of a report of the same. By the action of the trustees a grant was made to the author which enabled him to spend five weeks in field study. This grant was from the Hon. Emerson E. McMillin Special Research Fund of the Ohio State Academy of Science. The field studies conducted under this grant in connection with the work previously done have enabled the author to make what he believes to be a correct solution of the problem of the preglacial drainage of the region. While the conclusions reached, as a result of this work, seem to be thoroughly established, still the work can be con- THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 13. sidered as only fairly begun and this report is scarcely more than a preliminary statement which it is hoped will give a general view of the field and serve as a stimulus to more thor- ough and detailed work. Many interesting and important ques- tions remain still to be answered by more extended field study. Some of these are indicated on the accompanying map. It is not expected but that, here and there, minor modifications of the results presented may arise from this more careful and detailed field study, but the main features of the preglacial drainage seem to be so thoroughly established as to leave little room for doubt in regard to the correctness of the general cor- relations. The matter will be presented very largely in the order in which it was worked out in the field studies. Some references will be made to earlier work and observations, but it is not intended that this shall be in any sense a completed mon- ograph of the region. Most of the facts presented in the text find their expression in the accompanying map (Plate I) and illus- trations in a form which will give to those not familiar with the region a clearer idea of the results. Much of the detailed data is purposely omitted from this paper and only such are given as bear directly on the general conclusions. The author desires to take this opportunity to express his thanks to the generous donor of the Special Research Fund for this practical interest in pure science, and in the Ohio State Academy of Science, and to the trustees of the fund for their confidence in his ability to wisely expend the portion allotted to him. And furthermore, to express the hope that the results herein presented will prove of sufficient value to warrant this. generosity and confidence. LOCATION OF THE AREA. The region under consideration embraces all of Washington county and parts of all the counties which bound it in both Ohio and West Virginia. It includes the territory drained by the sec- tion of the Ohio from New Martinsville, W. Va., to the mouth of Shade River, Ohio, except that portion of the Muskingum above the north line of Morgan county, and of the Hocking above Athens, in Athens county. The section lying north of the ‘14 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. ‘Ohio River and west of the Muskingum River has received most attention, as within this area the most important changes -of drainage have taken place. Only a limited amount of time thas been given to the section east of the Muskingum, in the Duck Creek and Little Muskingum basins, so that scarcely more than a few suggestions are offered concerning the modifications which have there taken place. The entire area considered lies far outside the glacial boundary of Professor G. F. Wright and the only deposits of glacial material are the gravel trains along the Ohio, Muskingum and Hocking and a few scattered erratics which occur at various elevations on the inter-fluvial tracts. RELATION TO ADJACENT DRAINAGE. Immediately to the north of this region is a large area now -drained by the Muskingum. The preglacial drainage of this northern part of the Muskingum River has already been traced with considerable detail and the results published in the Bul- letins of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, Vol- ume VIII, Part 2, page 35; Volume IX, Part 2, page 33, and Volume XI, Article VIII. In these reports it is shown that the preglacial drainage consisted of a main stream which had its head in the upper waters of the Tuscarawas and flowed south- ‘easterly past Dresden, Newark and into the present Scioto basin near Lockbourne, south of Columbus. Into this main valley emptied many tributaries. Only three of these are of especial concern in this connection. They are, first, the Wills Creek valley which heads directly north of the Duck Creek basin and extends northward into the Tuscarawas above Dresden. This valley has not as yet been studied and it may be that the present valley is composed of several preglacial elements. Wills Creek has a very crooked course and as far as the data in hand now show, is an aggrading stream. It presents many interesting features well worthy of more careful study. Secondly, just west of the Wills Creek basin is the portion of the Muskingum River from the north Morgan county line to Dresden. It is shown in the works already referred to that this section of the Muskingum is reversed and that in preglacial times there was a col on the Muskingum at Efixeseth PLATE I. SS 7M 7; =~ oY ~ Bweode teh, S \ art +S { \ ZO Pe —_\ fe \ fa xe i I \, Ay, = Y yt \ sardhe Yt SQN Martinsville Cot, . ~- DRAINAGE ~MODIFICATIONS WASHINGTON & ADUACENT COUNTIES = W.G. Tiget Legend Present Drainage Lines Sere Preglacial Drainage Lines |§ —~>—— County Lines SSS Preglacial Cols ra Preglactal Valley IS Seale mi. pe eS ee 4 ii | THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. LS the north Morgan county line and from this col there was a small tributary ran northward into the main preglacial axis. The third section is that of the Jonathan Creek which was tributary to this reversed Muskingum section at Zanesville. The headwaters of these northward flowing streams are shown on the accompanying map (Plate I). To the east of the region lies the drainage basin of the Mo- nongahela and upper Ohio. The modifications in this section have been very great and have been the object of study by many geologists. A summary of the work done by the earlier stu- dents, with newly added data, is given by Dr. T. C. Cham- berlin and Mr. Frank Leverett in the American Journal of Sci- ence, Volume XLVII, No. 280. According to these authors there was an old col on the Ohio a little below New Martins- ville, W. Va. Fishing Creek being the headwaters of the stream which flowed northward up the present Ohio’s course above New Martinsville into the then northward discharging Monon- gahela. The region to the west and southwest remains open to further investigation. CHARACTER OF THE BOUNDING WATERSHED. The watershed which surrounds the region is a well marked topographic feature and quite regular in its general outlines. It rises to a nearly uniform elevation, being somewhat higher to the southeast and lower to the northwest. To the southeast it forms the divide between the tributaries of the Ohio and the Monongahela. It forms everywhere a high dividing ridge, ex- cept at the several points where it is cut through by the present drainage lines. Here the streams have narrow, gorge-like val- leys and the elevation of the ridge persists surprisingly near to the stream courses. While the cols crossed by the streams must have been low they were evidently quite narrow gaps or else the ridge would show more of a lowering at these points. Only a small portion of the divide is shown on the map and this is cut in but two places, i. e., at the north Morgan county line and below New Martinsville. 16 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. ~ DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRESENT DRAINAGE. The distribution of the present drainage is shown on the map (Plate I) in black. The Ohio is the major stream and this crosses the region in a general southwesterly direction. The next larger stream is the Muskingum which enters the Ohio on the northern side at Marietta. Next in importance is the Hocking which enters also on the northern side of the Ohio and has a general southeastern direction, rather abnormal to the course of the Ohio. On the southern side of the Ohio the Little Kanawha enters at Parkersburg. East of the Little Kanawha lies the consid- erable basin of Middle Island Creek, which enters the Ohio just above St. Mary’s. To the west and southwest of the Little Kanawha is the basin of the Big Kanawha. The modifications which have taken place on the Big Kanawha are discussed by the author and by Mr. Frank Leverett in the Denison Univer- sity Bulletin, Volume IX, Part 2, Articles III and IV. On the northern side of the Ohio and east of the Muskin- gum are the valleys of the Little Muskingum and Duck Creek, both tributary to the Ohio a little above the mouth of the Mus- kingum. West of the Muskingum and between it and the Hocking is the somewhat branched system of the Little Hocking. This has two main branches, the North Branch and the East Branch. East of the North Branch of the Little Hocking and north of the Big Hocking is the basin of Federal Creek. This is a very peculiar stream as it flows in almost a circular course with many radial tributaries, those on the north side of the circle being much longer than those on the south side. South of the lower portion of the Hocking is the Shade River system with its three main branches, East, Middle and West Forks. The only other considerable stream in the region is Wolf Creek. This rises in northern Morgan county and flows south- ward and eastward and enters the Muskingum at Beverly. A short distance above its mouth it receives a tributary of consid- THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 1 WF erable size, South Fork. This tributary parallels the Muskingum for many miles but flows in the opposite direction. It is seen that the present drainage is very much diversified and abnormal. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. The topographic features of the region are quite as varied as its drainage distribution. The present forms, being the resultant of at least two cycles of erosion, which in many ways were quite discordant, show every variety of combination of parts of each cycle. A few miles northwest of Marietta there is a group of very high points in the ridge which separates the headwaters of the East Fork of the Little Hocking and the South Fork of Wolf Creek, from the waters of the Muskingum and Ohio. This ridge is the northward continuation of the high ridge in West Virginia which separates the waters of Middle Island Creek from those of the Little Kanawha. On a very high por- tion of this ridge and several miles north of Marietta is located a large Catholic Church which has a tall spire tipped with a gilded cross. This church serves as a convenient land mark for a radius of from twenty to thirty miles. A little south of the church on this same ridge is a high hill, marked on the map (Plate I) Horizon Hill, for from its summit there is an unobstructed view in every direction for many miles. From this elevated point of view the general surface of the region is seen to rise to the north, east and south and to sink to the west, in the direction of down the Ohio and the East Fork of the Little Hocking. With this general surface configuration all the larger streams are in general accord and suggest at once that their direction was largely determined by the slope of the general surface of the upland plain. From this high elevation the deep, narrow valleys that traverse the region are lost in perspective and a very fair picture is obtained of the old features as they existed before the work of the deeper erosion was accomplished. This old land surface was a gently rolling plain. The valleys were very broad Vs in cross section and the ridges and hills were low. The entire relief of the region ranged between 150-200 18 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. feet. The old slopes were well graded and the angles of slopes very low. It would have been considered very fair agricultural lands. A photograph taken from our standpoint gives a good idea of the features of this old form. The surface is seen now dotted with farm houses and the cultivated lands of the region are principally located on this old surface. . On closer inspection it is observed that this rolling surface is very deeply scarred by an extensive net work of narrow, deep valleys which are present almost every where over the region; the principal exception being along the present divide separat- ing the waters of Wolf Creek from those of the Little Hocking. The reasons for this notable exception will appear later. In many places these deep valleys are scarcely more than narrow gorges. They vary in depth below the old surface from 100 to 250 feet, depending upon their proximity to the larger streams. Their slopes are so steep that they are rarely cultivated but are usually covered with timber. They are such a barrier to the construction of roads that over large areas there are two almost distinct systems of highways, one the valley roads and the other the ridge roads. These often parallel each other for many miles without connection. The valley roads pass over the ridges at the head water gaps where they are usually crossed by the ridge roads. There is everywhere a well marked change in the angle of the slopes between the old surface and the deeper valleys, indicating very clearly the line between the old erosion cycle and the more recent. So that the fact that the region has experienced a very wide spread rejuvenescence is very apparent. The exceptions to these general features are rather local and require a more detailed treatment. They are the flat low lands associated with the present divides and the broad valleys of the larger streams. CHARACTERS OF THE OHIO VALLEY. The Ohio River valley where it enters the region in the vicin- ity of New Martinsville, is a very narrow gorge. The bordering hills are very steep, often exposing vertical cliffs which rise to the level of the adjacent table land. The river PEATE. IE ‘OryO Uleysey YNOS JO SMoIA aka S,patq JO sorjs ! J I Tq J I “IDATY oy} wor AvMe adoys plo LajoBAVYD ‘UIseg wWusurysnW 213} et} sso1oe YoU Surypoo, MatA ‘8 “IDATY ay} 07 ado|g MON “T UL WUE Yd] WO [TPTH PWo9IG JO MotA IVON “G ‘yoRay Suo’T JB Yo}aI}s a] TUt-gT ay} An Suryooy ‘OryO 94} WO MIA “T A TIGHT — Drainage Modifications. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 19 can scarcely be said to have a valley in the general usage of the term, for it is hardly more than a passage way through a rough and hilly country. The bottoms along the sides of the stream are very narrow or entirely wanting and the high water stages of the river wash the talus slopes on both sides of the river. Figures 1 and 2 of plate II show some of the features of this' part ‘of the valley. Passing down the river towards Marietta, the valley be- comes gradually wider and the bordering hills less high and abrupt. This is more noticeable where the larger streams enter the Ohio. There is a sharp bend in the valley at the mouth of Bull Creek where the river turns north towards Marietta and again at the mouth of the Muskingum at Marietta where the val- ley turns again towards the southwest. A little below Marietta there is a very considerable narrowing of the valley. This is so apparent that it is quite suggestive that possibly this might be the location of an old col in the ridge that separates the Middle Island creek and Little Kanawha basins and which appears so strongly developed on the north side of the Ohio between the head waters of east fork of little Hocking and the Muskingum. A little below Marietta the valley turns to the south as far as the mouth of the Little Kanawha at Parkersburg. Through- out this portion the valley is quite broad but still the valley walls are quite steep and precipitous. In making the great bend at Parkersburg the river has cut back the hills on the West Virginia side so that the valley has ex- tensive bottoms on the Ohio side. The valley width remains about constant from Parkersburg to the mouth of the Little Hocking but it narrows very rapidly from that point to the col marked on the map above the mouth of the Big Hocking. At this col the valley is only about three quarters of a mile wide and vertical cliffs form the valley walls. Below this col the valley broadens again gradually towards the southwest. CHARACTERS OF THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY. The Muskingum River crosses the north Morgan county line in a very narrow gorge-like valley. The bordering hills present very steep, often vertical faces to the river and rise from 250 to 350 feet above it. 20 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. Passing southward the valley gradually broadens through Morgan county and reaches its maximum width, in this sec- tion, near Roxbury where it bends sharply to the north and be- comes rapidly narrower and its walls more precipitous until at the col near the sharp bend to the south (Figure 2, plate III,) the valley is a narraw gorge. After passing the mouth of Meigs Creek the valley broadens again to the mouth of Wolf Creek, at Beverly, from which point it begins to narrow again on pass- ing further down the stream, until it reaches a minimum at the point marked col on the map, a short distance above Lowell (Figure 1, plate III). From Lowell onward to its mouth it in- creases in size and width until at Marietta the valley is as large as that of the Ohio itself. Throughout the course of the valley there are extensive gravel terraces in the broad and open portions but these are en- tirely absent in the narrow section above Meigs creek and but very slightly show in the Lowell narrows. These terraces are the gravel trains which head far up the Tuscarawas and Lick- ing in the morainic belts of the glaciated area. CHARATCERS OF THE TITTLE MUSKINGUM AND DUCK CREEK VALLEYS. These valleys have not been studied as carefully as the others and only their very general features are referred to. The val- lay of the Little Muskingum is rather narrow throughout its entire length. It shows a marked tendency to broaden out at the points where it receives its largest tributaries. It is cut out of the floor of a broad basin-like valley of the old land surface. One of its remarkable features is its close parallelism to the Ohio through its entire length. A view from the divide which separates the Little Muskingum from the Ohio, (Figure 3, plate II), shows at a glance that the old valley of the Little Muskingum was very much larger and had reached a more ad- vanced stage of planation than that of the stream which was later occupied by the Ohio. A view looking northward from this divide across the Little Muskingum country is in very strik- ing contrast to one looking southward across the Ohio! ‘MINSULASNIA Pt} UO [OD Yaaig sSIOW PLATE Il. “WUSULASN A IY} WO [OD [JaMO’T “T . HN — . sn emer 4 PROS eT PRR oe BGR TAM SS Or) STR T ae ge ag aoe Bi TIGHT — Drainage Modifications. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 21 The valley of Duck Creek resembles much that of the Little Muskingum. The lower part of the valley is much broader and the hills more rounded than in the middle and upper sections. This lower course has the appearance of recent occupancy by a larger stream than originally cut the valley. This fact associ- ated with some of the features farther up the valley suggests that there have been several modifications of the streams but they have not been fully worked out and are left with question marks on the map. The suggestions indicated on the map will serve as a working formula for further investigation. CHARACTERS OF THE WOLF CREEK AND TATTLE HOCKING VALLEYS. Wolf Creek heads in northern Morgan county on the divide which was crossed by the Muskingum when it broke over into this basin. It flows soutward many miles closely parallel to the Muskingum, much as the Little Muskingum parallels the Ohio. Its valley is narrow and deep. It broadens gradually to- wards the south of the point where it turns eastward when it narrows rapidly to the col a few miles above its mouth. Near the mouth of the valley; just above the junc- tion of its South Fork there is an old deserted ox bow of con- siderable interest. This ox bow seems to have been cut off at the time the flood waters cut out the col above. The valley is quite narraw at the cut off, The hill which occupies the center of the ox bow rises almost as high as the surrounding general surface. Below the mouth of the South Fork the valley is very broad and the hills more rolling. This valley does not seem to have ever been cut down to the level of the deep channel of the Muskingum. It seems as though the lime stone stratum which forms the floor of the valley at its mouth had prevented the valley from becoming well graded to the level of the deeper channels of the larger streams. The valley of the South Fork of Wolf Creek is very markedly different from that of the main creek. Throughout most of its length this valley is comparatively broad and open and bounded by more gently rolling hills. At places the walls are rather steep but that is the exception rather than the rule. In the upper waters the contrast with the head water features of the 22 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. main stream are most striking. The country around the head waters is rather flat or gently rolling with very deep soils. Many of the smaller tributaries rise in extensive swamp areas. These swamp areas often lie on the divide which separates the waters of Wolf Creek from those of the Little Hocking. The slope of this divide on the north side which ‘is drained by the tributaries of Wolf Creek is much less dissected than the south slope which is drained by the tributaries of the Little Hocking. The Little Hocking valley is divided into two main branches which are very similar to each other in characters and present no special modifications from the normal. They are rather nar- row with moderately steep valley sides. Every where are pres- ent the marks of the recent rejuvenescence. The valley of the East Fork occupies much the broader depression in the old land surface. Several of its tributaries on the north side, like the head waters of the South Fork of Wolf Creek, rise in the flat tracts on the same divide. The tributaries on the south side of the East Fork are all short, as the East Fork, like the Little Mus- kingum, parallels the Ohio throughout its entire length and is separated from it by a high ridge but a few miles wide. CHARACTERS OF THE HOCKING VALLEY BELOW ATHENS. At Athens there is a large loop in the Hocking Rive and the valley is quite broad. Some distance below the city the present river has crossed an old col. The valley is not as narrow as might be expected but the presence of the old col is shown by the vertical cliffs that face the river and the persistency of the old water shed at its maximum elevation, up to the very walls of the valley. Below this col the valley gradually widens and the walls be- come less precipitous, although they remain quite steep, to the bend at Guysville. Below this point the valley gradually nar- rows again to the mouth of Federal Creek. Below this the nar- rowing is much more abrupt and at the point marked col on the map the valley is a very narrow gorge with vertical rock walls. There were here several channel ways during the cutting out of the old col by the present river. Some of, these were cut nearly Na at a ae hPa Te Cd a i Oe eee a Se abies aaa AL ar ay i, @ 4 f ' ive é ‘ PEAT ESV: ‘QT[IATOOD aAOqe Salt Maj eB ‘Ka TVA BuryooH mk Poe Syn 2 = TIGHT — Drainage Modifications. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 23 to the present level of the river so that the bold rock cliffs and the numerous deep ravines present very picturesque scenery. Below this col the valley gradually broadens again and the walls become less precipitous as far down as Coolville, (plate IV). Between Coolville and its mouth the river again passes through a narrows. That the narrows at this point is the site of an old col is not so evident as in the other cases farther up the river. CHARACTER OF THE FEDERAL CREEK VALLEY. A study of this valley was not included under the outiine planned for the work for the Academy, but it soon became evi- dent, from the field work, that under one of the working hypoth- eses it might prove to be in the line of discharge of the waters of the Muskingum, so that its investigation became necessary. The divide separating the waters of Federal Creek from those of Wolf Creek and the Little Hocking was carefully examined for an abandoned valley floor, but none was found. There are some low cols in the divide which may possibly have been occu- pied by water during some of the high water stages associated with the drainage modifications. The valley of Federal Creek is rather deep and narrow in its lower portion, but in the section around Amesville is much broader. All the tributaries on the northern side occupy rather broad valleys. The effects of the rejuvenescense which are so marked a feature throughout most of the region are less apparent in the Federal Creek basin than anywhere else in the entire region. The data upon which rests the location of the old col below Amesville are not as satisfactory as could be desired. The location is made more from the necessities of the case than from field observations. CHARACTERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE OLD VALLEY- FLOORS. It is very evident that as soon as a river deserts any part of its valley, the abandoned portion will develop at once into a divide from which the waters will flow each way into the remain- ing sections of the river. This will be especially true if from any cause a river course is divided and one portion caused to 24 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. reverse its direction of flow. It therefore becomes a common characteristic of these abandoned valley floors that they are located on present divides and it follows that wherever found, the old streams crossed the present divides at such points. They will therefore be discussed in connection with the divides in which they occur. As already mentioned, these flat low lands associated with the present divides form one of the notable exceptions to the general topographic features. The most striking case of this kind is the divide which separates the waters of Wolf Creek from those of the East Fork of Little Hocking. In this divide there are three well marked cases and several less notable ones. Those at Layman, Barlow and Fleming are the most important. They were the subject of study by Dr. S. P. Hildreth who wrote as follows in his report of 1838 concerning the valley at Barlow. “On Mr. Lawton’s farm, in Barlow, township, Wash- ington county, in the midst of the marl region, is a locality of fossil fresh-water shells of the genus Unio. They are imbedded in coarse sand or gravel, cemented by ferruginous matter. The spot on which they are found has once evidently been the bed of an ancient lake or pond. It is now a beautiful valley of a mile or more in width by four miles in length, sur- rounded by low hills. On the south side a small branch drains the superfluous water into the Little Hocking. In digging wells for domestic use in this tract, beds of sand, gravel and plastic clay are passed to the depth of thirty feet, containing imbedded branches of trees, leaves and fragments of wood of recent and living species. Similar valleys and levels are found in the uplands of the western part of the county, lying between the headwaters of the creeks, and are a kind of table-land. From the frequency of these flat lands between the headwaters of the Little Hocking and the south branch of Wolf Creek, it is quite pos- sible that at some remote period the waters of Wolf Creek were discharged into the Ohio River instead of the Muskingum. This opinion is strengthened from the fact that the head branches of the South Fork now rise within two miles of the Ohio, and run northerly, parallel with and opposite to the course of the Muskingum for twelve miles, and joins that river twenty miles THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 25 from its mouth. The remains of its ancient beds would form pools and ponds of standing water, furnishing fit residences for the fresh water shells, whose fossil remains are now found there. Great changes evidently have been made in the direction of all our water courses before they found their present levels.”’ The valley floor at Layman is not quite as large as that at Barlow, but it did not carry as large a stream. Several fields in this old valley floor show still, under cultivation, a black valley soil and the writer was informed by Mr. J. A. Gage, of Layman, that at one place there is a deep muck from which much decayed wood has been taken and the waters issuing therefrom have a very disagreeable odor. The old floor at Fleming is still smaller than the others and probably carried a smailer stream. The full depths of the silt deposits that cover these floors was not determined as all the wells examined were very shallow. The bordering hills asso- ciated with these old valleys were very low and well graded and usually carried very deep soils which they often retain at present, where not exposed to the erosion of the more recent cycle. Not directly in this divide but associated with the Wolf Creek basin is another abandoned valley floor near Watertown. This floor lies about two miles northeast of the town and about a mile east of the South Fork of Wolf Creek. Rainbow Creek heads on this floor. Whether all or only a part of the stream which occupied this Rainbow Creek valley drained over this floor is as yet undetermined. If there were other cols on the Muskingum below Lowell and the reversed Rainbow Creek car- ried a section of the present Muskingum, they will require very careful detailed work to determine, as the erosion of the valley of the Muskingum has been so great in this portion that almost every trace of such cols has been lost. There are some indica- tions in the character of the divides which would seem to locate one such below the mouth of Bear Run. If this should be cer- tainly located it would follow that both Cat Run and Bear Run drained through Rainbow Creek reversed and over the old Water- town valley floor. The location of this col is not indicated on the map as it was not considered sufficiently well established. 26 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. In the divide separating the waters of Wolf Creek from the Muskingum, just south of Roxbury, there is a very low col which while it presents few features characteristic of most of the old valley reninants, still it seems quite certain that it represents. the location of an old abandoned valley. The divide at this point is so narrow and the amount of erosion of the large streams. - on each side is so great (about 150 feet), that nearly all the old valley characters have been lost from excessive erosion. In the divide separating the lower waters of the Hocking from those of the Little Hocking there is a well preserved valley floor (Figures 1 and 3, Plate V) which has been sectioned in several places by the cuts on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwest- ern railroad. The best section is but a few rods west of Torch station where the cut is about twenty-five feet deep and very near the center of the old valley and in the present crest line. The section shows above the tracks, about fifteen feet of very fine clay, scattered through which are some small decayed peb- bles. Except for the absence of foreign material this clay resem- bles very much a glacial till. No lamination was observed and it was thought to be a very deep residual soil. Above this clay is a layer of from two to three feet of river gravel composed mostly of small material varying from a quarter of an inch to four inches in size and mostly flattish or lenticular in form. Its local origin from the carboniferous sandstones and _ shales is. very evident. The sandstone pebbles are more nearly equi- axial than the pebbles of the shales. All of this gravel is. so thoroughly decayed that good sized pebbles can be easily crushed between the fingers. The section did not show any well marked evidence of shingling, but was very certainly stream-made and stream-laid. Above the gravel is about a foot of rather red clay soil and above that some six to seven feet of loéss-like silt. The rock is not revealed in the bottom of the cut so that the exact depth of the filling was not determined. How- ever it is thought not to be very deep below the railroad track to the rock, judging from other sections to the east and west, which do not show so much clay but do cut into the rock. In some of these cuts the gravel lies directly upon a decayed rock surface without the thick clay beneath. PEA TEV. ‘JOURYSIP 9} Ut Jel 24) U0 194TH O1YO ‘APT[VA [PIB Sa1q 9YI UMOp ‘YO10, Sp1eMO} SULyoo] SuryooH 91WT ay jo AaT[eA ay] wor “e ‘sureld stoddny, ye Aa] [BA [eIOR|Sa1q *Z “YOO, JB AB[JVA [VIOV[ S21 “] & G TIGHT — Drainage Modifications. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 27 One of these sections about a mile east of Torch shows about eight feet of a sandy clay graduating into the much de- cayed underlying rock and overlain with about two feet of gravel and this with about five to six feet of the loéss-like silt. Both east and west of Torch the old valley floor is deeply cut by recent erosion into many very picturesque ravines and gorges. This is especially true on the west. The railroad fol- lows up one of these ravines from the valley of the Hocking onto the old valley floor making a grade of about 125 feet in about two miles. This old floor extends westward to the Hock- ing and crosses the Hocking valley at Coolville. A cut on the pike in the main street of the village shows a fine section of the gravels in which the shingling to the southwest is very marked. From Coolville the old valley is a very conspicuous feature in the typography as it extends southwestward past Tuppers Plains (Figure 2, Plate V) and into the basin of Shade River. Between Coolville and Tupper’s Plains the old valley floor is: deeply cut by a small tributary of the Hocking. At the Plains the old floor forms a part of the divide between this tributary and the East Fork of Shade River. A few wells sunk in the valley penetrate from twenty to thirty feet of clay silts to a water bear- ing sand or gravel layer. Two other remnants of old valley floors may be referred to,. though somewhat beyond the exact limits of the major topic of this report. One of these lies between ‘the headwaters of Rush Run, a tributary of Federal Creek, and the Hocking; the other on. the divide separating the middle fork of Shade River from the Hocking and about a mile’south of Guysville. These are of im- portance in connection with the drainage changes of Federal. Creek and the lower part of the Hocking below Athens. RESTORATION OF THE OLD DRAINAGE SYSTEM. With the general features of the region, the position of the old eroded cols, which cross the present valleys, and the posi- tions of the remnants of the old valley floors, thus very briefly presented, it seems possible to trace with a considerable degree of certainty the old drainage system. This is represented on the map in red. This reconstruction is based on many detailed 28 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. observations of elevations and gradients of the old valley floors, and measurements of valley widths and amounts of erosion, which it is not possible to present in a sketch of this kind. It will be seen by a glance at the map (Plate I) that the old system coincides with the present drainage along most of the smaller streams. Middle Island Creek and the Little Muskin- gum were the main headwater branches. Tributary to Middle Island Creek was a small stream which headed at the New Martinsville col and flowed along the present course of the Ohio as far as Newport. The northward deflection of the old drainage at the mouth of Bull Creek was probably caused by the great strength of the ridge separating the latter from the Little Kanawha basin already referred to. Below the mouth of the Little Muskingum the Duck Creek tributary entered. This was probably smaller than the stream in the present Duck Creek valley. The next tributary was that of a stream which carried the drainage of the section of the Mus- kingum below Lowell and probably much of that of the head- waters of the present Duck Creek. The Little Kanawha was the next stream to enter the main line which followed along the present Ohio. Just at Parkersburg the Little Kanawha is de- flected somewhat to the west of its former line of discharge, the old outlet being blocked with deep clay deposits. Below Park- ersburg the old stream followed the present Ohio as far as the mouth of the Little Hocking. Here it received a branch almost, if not quite, as large as itself. This branch comprised several elements. The first one on the east was composed of the drain- age from the head water region of the present South Fork of Wolf Creek which crossed the old valley floor at Fleming into the present valley of the East Fork of the Little Hocking. The middle element was made up of the Meigs Creek, Olive Creek and Big Run drainage and the section of the Muskingum above Lowell and below the Meigs Creek col. These waters entered the mouth of Wolf Creek and followed down the East Fork reversed and through the old valley at Barlow into the East Fork of Little Hocking. The western element included the present basin of Wolf Creek and that section of the Muskingum between the north THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 29; Morgan county line and the Meigs Creek col. These latter waters crossed into the Wolf Creek valley through the gap south of Rox- bury and thence southward through the old valley at Layman into the Little Hocking. Below the mouth of the Little Hocking the old stream passed through the old valley floor at Torch, crossed the Hock- ing at Coolville and thence through the old valley at Tupper’s Plains into the basin of Shade River. At Coolville it receives a short tributary, along the line of the Hocking which headed at the col below the mouth of Federal Creek. Along the line of the present Middle Fork of Shade River the old stream received the waters from the section of the Hocking blow the Athens col, including also those of the Federal Creek basin. These waters crossed the ridge through the gap south of Guysville. Concerning the further course of this old river it may be stated that since the work was completed which forms the basis of this report, much more field work has been done and it is known that the old river passed westward across southern Ohio and found its way into the Scioto. A more detailed report is now in preparation covering the entire history of this old valley. The normal characters of this old system are shown on the map Plate VI, which presents the old drainage separated from the present. It is noticeable that this old normal drainage conforms very closely to the slopes of the old upland surface. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Within the limits of this paper it is not possible to discuss at length the probable factors involved in the production of the modifications of drainage from this old restored system to the new or present form. However, it may not be out of place to offer a few suggestions of a theoretical nature with the hope that they may be helpful in the further study of the phenomena themselves. The first and most natural question that arises is, if the restoration, as worked out, truly represents the conditions of drainage prior to the pres- ent, what produced the change? The answer to this question may not be found in the study of so limited a field and the phe- nomena therein presented. From the work previously done in 80 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. adjacent regions it appears that the drainage modifications therein observed were intimately associated with the phenomena _of the glacial period. The blocking of the northern discharge of the Monongahela and upper waters of the Ohio by the advancing ice or its extensive deposits turned the waters of the present upper Ohio region over the New Martinsville col into this basin. In a similar way the waters of the Muskingum which originally discharged westward past Newark and into the Scioto were deflected southward over the old col on the north Morgan county line. The conditions in the case of the Hocking are not so clear and at once suggest that there were other factors present besides the simple introduction of these large streams at par- ticular points. For if the waters of the Hocking were set over the Athens col, due to the damming action of the ice or its deposits, on some northward flowing stream, it would seem as though it would have followed down the Middle Fork of Shade River branch of the old drainage and would not have ctossed the col below the mouth of Federal Creek. As this region is far beyond the direct action of the ice and the only glacial deposits of note are the gravel trains found in the valleys of the Ohio, Muskingum and Hocking it at once becomes evident that the modifications wholly within the region must have been produced in some other way than by the direct action of the ice or its deposits. Such for example are the modifications of the lower Muskingum within Washington county. If the waters which headed at the north Morgan county line col were flowing over the gap south of Roxbury and through the old valley at Layman at the time the Muskingum waters first crossed this col it would seem that the larger stream would have followed the more direct and open line of the old drainage than to have turned to the north over the Meigs Creek col and again over the Lowell col. It seems necessary to assume one of two possible explana- tions. First, that there was some obstruction to the old direct line or that the modifications antedate the introduction of the Muskingum waters and that when the waters came over the col they followed the drainage they discovered already estab- lished, which was practically coincident with the present system. Of these two explanations the last seems best to fit the facts THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 31 as they appear in this and neighboring districts. If then the modifications were not produced by the glacial floods which were poured over the cols into the basin, but antedate the advent of these larger streams, some modifying cause must be found which could have produced the changes under the action of the old drainage itself. The necessary factor seems to be supplied in the silt deposits which occupy the remnants of the old valleys. These silts often exceed thirty-five feet in thickness. They must have been deposited under exceptionaal slack water conditions. It is believed that their deposition on the floors of the old valleys so choked up the old drainage that it was compelled to follow new lines which were often over the low cols in the divides and that these new lines were well established when the glacial waters were poured into the basin. The limits of this paper will not permit the full discussion of the problem, but it is hoped that sufficient has been said to show the very great interest that is involved in the study of the geographic geology of the state and to stimulate further research along these lines by members of the Ohio State Academy and others. HISTORY OF THE LITTLE MIAMI RIVER. By J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. The headwaters of the Little Miami river lie on the glacial plains of western Madison and eastern Clarke counties. The two chief tributaries, known respectively as the East and North branches, unite about two miles north of Clifton to form the Little Miami proper. The valleys of these branches are nar- row, but increase in width and depth to the south, though noth- ing but drift is seen until just north of Clifton where the Niag- ara limestone appears in the bluffs to the west. At Clifton the river bids adieu to these commonplace sur- roundings. Flowing directly over the Niagara limestone, it forms a series of rapids and cascades, and then enters the gorge, which is 80 feet deep, but at the narrowest point not more than one-fourth of that in width. Down stream the gorge widens and at the same time the bluffs become less precipitous. Soon a narrow flood plain appears, and farther down a strip of farm land is found. At Jacobis mill the valley becomes conspicuous. The valley from this place to Clifton may be compared to a greatly elongated V with the apex at Clifton. Everywhere the bluffs are of limestone, making certain that the gorge and valley have been cut from rock, and not from drift as above Clifton. South from Jacobis the valley widens comparatively rap- idly, owing to the stream having left the hard Niagara limestone and entered the much more easily eroded Hudson series, con- sisting of shales and thin bedded limestones. Nowhere below the north margin of the latter foundation was the stream found directly on rock, but everywhere on a mantle of drift which is of variable but usually unknown depth. At Trebines station a few miles west of Xenia a well located 50 yards from the river was sunk to a depth of 49 feet without penetrating rock. At Alpha the valley expands greatly, though the only tributary there uniting with the Miami is Beaver Creek—a very small stream in a very large valley of which more will be said O'G AWN Bellefontaine © i AUGXLAIZE / Wapakoneta eS -y 2 Hartford FORD Nene One AN Bellefontaine e Winchester RANDOLPH -] DARKE -creenvil edt - | 2) as Eaton e Ri (Steves HISTORY OF me * LITTLE MIAMI RIVER . BY. J.A. BOW NOCKER Drainage in vicinity of Cincinnati after Fowke LEGEND Present Drainage Preglacial Drainage THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 33 hereafter. About one mile south of Alpha the valley again contracts, there having a width of perhaps one-tenth of a mile. At this point the valley lies about 75 feet below the top of the bluffs which are steep and composed of rock. Two miles farther down, the valley has again expanded and has a width of one-half mile. From the latter point to Bellbrook there are several variations in the width of the valley. ‘These result largely from the entrance of tributaries and in part from the irregularities in the deposits of drift, and perhaps also from varia- tions in the durability of the rock. Just east of Bellbrook and north of the point at which the Miami turns abruptly to the east, there is a marked change in the width of the valley. Here the rock bluffs extend so close to the river that the flood plain on one side is only 85 yards wide, while on the opposite side there is scarcely room for a wagon road. A cross section of the valley here is shown in the follow- ing figure. Fig. Cross Section of (tamiat Col just above mouth of Sugar CreeK Of special interest is the terrace east of the stream. It is in rock and has a pronounced slope up stream. From this point the valley widens, rather slowly up stream and rapidly down. The constriction in the valley and the expansion in both direc- tions, the terrace sloping wp stream, and the abrupt bend in the river just below, make certain the existence of a col at this place. At the point where the Miami bends sharply to the east it is joined by Sugar creek which, though the smaller stream, flows through the larger valley. While connecting these two streams one mile north of this place there is an abandoned valley. The following sketch will indicate these relations. 34 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. Opposite Bellbrook, Sugar creek flows through a valley nearly one-half mile wide. From this place it narrows down stream, reaching the minimum width a few hundred yards before it unites with the Miami. From this point the valley expands rapidly in both directions, and here is located another col. On the east side of this valley is a terrace standing about 7o feet above the creek. As already stated there is an abandoned valley connecting Sugar creek with the little Miami about one mile north of the point at which the two streams now unite. This abandoned THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 35 valley is about one-half mile wide, and so corresponds to the present valley of Sugar Creek at Bellbrook. Similarly it har- monizes with the Miami at the place of junction with that stream. These relations show plainly that Sugar Creek formerly flowed through this old valley, and thence northward in the valley of the present Miami. The Miami valley below the point of junction with Sugar creek was occupied by a stream which flowed east to Spring Valley where it united with another stream which will be dis- cussed later. Now the question how was the change from these conditions to the present produced? The answer is not difficult to find. It is one of the many changes produced by the great ice-sheet which formerly covered the northern half of the continent. The existence of a terminal moraine across the valley at Alpha shows that the ice front once stood at that place. This effec- tually blocked the course of the north flowing Sugar creek. The waters were ponded in front of the ice forming a long and narrow but deep lake. The waters rose higher and higher until they overflowed the divides, thus starting the streams in their present courses. The rapid flowing silt laden waters soon low- ered the divides thus draining the lake, but not until its bed had been rapidly silted with drift. After the withdrawal of the glacier the streams found it easier to continue in their new channels than they did to clear out the drift deposits and resume their preglacial courses. From the point of junction of Sugar creek and the Miami, the latter flows east to Spring Valley and thence making a sharp turn runs due south for a few miles. The valley widens until just opposite Mt. Holly where it is a mile or more in width, not being exceeded in this respect by any part of the valley except just above Cincinnati. Everywhere in this section of the river there is a heavy mantle of drift. About ten years ago a deep well was sunk at Spring Valley, and according to the best evidence now obtainable 170 feet of drift were found. This well it should be noted was on the north side of the valley in the angle made by the sharp bend in the stream. More recently two deep wells 36 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. were sunk at Waynesville, but these were at the foot of the hills and only about thirty feet of drift were found. From the great width opposite Mt. Holly, the valley con- tracts rapidly to the south. At Waynesville it is only four- tenths of a mile wide, while at Oregonia 6 miles farther down it is less than one-fourth mile in width. The valley continues to contract until a point is reached about three-fourths of a mile south of Ft. Ancient. At this place, locally known as the “Nar- rows’, the bluffs of limestone extend directly down to the river, there being scarcely room for the railroad tracks. No rock, other than drift, was observed in the channel at this point, nor could the depth of drift be ascertained. Below the “Narrows” the valley widens gradually, but does not become prominent until Morrow is reached. The relations at the ‘‘Narrows” indicate the existence of a col at that place. At Morow where the river turns abruptly to the west it receives Todd’s Fork, an important tributary from the east, and imme- diately below the point of junction there is a marked increase in the width of the valley. This sudden change must be due to Todd’s Fork; and the wide valley below the place of junction, to the preglacial work of Todd’s Fork and not to the much younger stream, the Little Miami. From Morrow to South Lebanon the valley continues without noted change; but just west of the last named place the river, making a sharp bend, flows due south, and immediately the valley begins to narrow. The change is so rapid that just north of Fosters the valley has become a gorge, there being barely room for the railroad on one side of the river and the public road on the other. After retaining this character for a fraction of a mile the valley widens gradually and continues without abrupt change for a number of miles to the south. Another col exists at the narrows immediately north of Fosters. Now the question—how shall we interpret the drainage phe- nomena observed from Spring Valley to Fosters? The answer to this is found in the location of the cols and the character of the valleys. From the col at Ft. Ancient a stream flowed north to Spring Valley where it received an important tributary from the west as already described. From the same col probably a THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. - 37 small stream flowed south uniting at Morrow with Todd’s Fork, a much larger stream. It is to the controling influence of the latter that the present Miami makes its abrupt bend at Morrow. From Morrow the preglacial Todd’s Fork continued west to South Lebanon in the valley now occupied by the Little Miami. Just west of the last named village a small stream, having its headwaters near Fosters, flowed north and then northwest through the present valley of Muddy creek and soon united with the ancient Todd’s Fork, which from South Lebanon flowed northwest through the valley of Turtle creek, and thence into the valley of the present Great Miami at Middletown. From the col at Fosters a stream flowed south through the valley now occupied by the Little Miami. The change from these early conditions to the present is not difficult to explain. The margin of the ice sheet, known as the early Wisconsin, crossed the old valley just west of South Lebanon and also the valley of the present Miami between Ore- gonia and Waynesville. This completely blocked the old courses of these streams, and, ponding the waters in front of the ice, formed small lakes. One of these lay between the ice front and the col néar Ft. Ancient. Gradually the waters in this small lake rose higher and higher until they crossed the col and started on their southerly course. While this was happening a much larger lake was forming in the Todd’s Fork valley. This lake extended from the margin of the ice west of South Lebanon up the valley of Todd’sFork beyond Morrow. These waters rose until they overflowed the col at Fosters which they soon low- ered. The level of the waters fell proportionately and soon the lake disappeared, but not until its bed had been much clogged with drift. The thickness of the latter is not known. At King’s Mills the shot tower well passed through 62 feet of drift without reaching rock. Whuie this bed was being deposited the floor of the lake near Ft. Ancient was likewise being silted, and the same is true of the old valley west of Lebanon. The clogging of the latter was rendered more complete by the moraine which crosses the valley at that place. When finally the ice withdrew the preglacial courses which were so filled with drift that the streams were compelled to continue in their new channels. 38 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. From Fosters south the valley widens fairly regularly to a short distance below Milford. Everywhere the stream flows over drift. At Loveland a well 35 feet deep passed through two thin ledges of limestone, thus showing that the drift at that place is not deep. Below Loveland the quantity of drift increases. At Miamisville the gravel forms a terrace 62 feet high on which the village is located. Just below Camp Denison the Miami has abandoned its old course, and now occupies a channel farther east which is separated from its former valley by a knoll of lime- stone. Just south of this place is the town Milford, which, in the language of Dr. Orton, “stands on an island of blue lime- stone” and is surrounded on all sides by deep channels of erosion. The old valley of the river lies to the north and east of the town. These changes may be the result of the heavy deposits of drift which clog the valley in this vicinity. A mile and one-half south of Milford another marked change occurs in the character of the valley. At that point East Fork of the Miami unites with the river, and immediately there is a decided increase in the width of the Miami valley. East Fork has in places a valley a mile or more in width, and lies 200 feet below the general upland. The valley of the Miami below the mcuth of East Fork is comparable with the valley of the latter, but not with the valley of the Miami above the point of junction. These relations indicate that the Miami val- ley below the place of junction is really a continuation of the valley of East Fork, and that the breadth of the former is really due to the work of East Fork long before the present Miami was born. In those early days a tributary whose headwaters were near Fosters flowed south through the valley of the present Miami, and united with the waters of East Fork where this stream now unites with the Miami. From this place to the junction with the Ohio the Miami valley is everywhere prominent. At Newton, four miles below Milford, it is more than a mile in width and it is several times wider than the Ohio just below the point of junction of the two rivers. These relations suggest important drainage mod- ifications in the vicinity of Cincinnati, though it is no part of the purpose of this article to discuss these. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 39 Having now traced the several streams from which the Little Miami was formed, and shown in what manner these were united to make the present river, let us consider further those parts of the preglacial streams which are not a part of the Miami. Let us first return to the mouth of Turtle Creek and examine that portion of Todds Fork which lies between the point last named and Middletown. The old valley through which this stream flowed is very conspicuous, and has long been known. It was first mapped by Dr. Orton and published with his article on Warren county in volume three of the Ohio Sur- vey. The width of the valley varies from about a quarter mile to more than a mile, the latter width being found near Middle- town. The valley is so flat that the old canal which extended from Middletown to Lebanon was without locks. The depth of drift in the valley is not known. Two wells have been found in which the rock is reported to have been struck at a depth of about twenty feet. This shallow depth may be due to an old island now buried, or more probably to a slab of limestone having been dropped in the old valley by the ice sheet and then covered with drift. Two or three miles west of the mouth of Turtle Creek a branch valley leaves the main one. This extends north and east passing the city of Lebanon, where two deep wells only a few hundred yards apart showed depths of drift of 126 and 256 feet. Just west of this city the wells which supply the place with water showed only go feet of drift, but these were located at the extreme side of the valley. Beyond Lebanon this old valley can be followed to the Little Miami with which it unites a mile or two above Oregonia. The bed of this section of the valley, however, is not flat. There is a rapid rise east from Lebanon to a point about one mile from the Little Miami, where the valley stands 190 feet above the adjacent river and 65 feet below the table-land in which the valley is cut. From this place the valley slopes rapidly to the Miami. The width of the valley at the summit is between an eighth: and a quarter mile. Only twice in this tributary valley is rock shown in its bed; once at 1Geol. Sur. of Ohio, Vol. III, p. 382. 40 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. Lebanon where the course of the stream has been changed by man and only a few hundred feet from where one of the deep wells was sunk; and the other perhaps a half mile from the point at which the valley unites with the Little Miami. This tributary valley may be explained in two ways: (1) It may have been occupied by two streams, one flowing into that part of the ancestral Miami which flowed from Ft. Ancient to the north, and the other to the southwest past Lebanon and thence into the abandoned channel which constituted a part of the pre- glacial course of Todd’s Fork. These streams must have been so situated that their headwaters tapped the divide at the same point, thus producing the present continuous valley. (2) The other method by which this valley may have been formed was by an old stream flowing from the present Little Miami past Lebanon and thence into the main valley farther south. To this theory there are two objections: (1) The stream occupying the adja- cent portion of the ancestral Miami flowed north. Under such conditions it is dificult to understand how there could be such a cross stream; (2) the rock in the valley a half mile from the Miami and above the level of the latter is also against this theory. Caesar’s Creek, which unites with the Miami between Oregonia and Waynesville, ows through a narrow valley in its lower course, but two or three miles above its mouth the valley is at least a half mile wide. The divide between this stream and the Miami is everywhere of rock except opposite Mt. Holly where it is very low and composed of drift. In fact this divide is a part of the Wisconsin moraine which skirts the east side of the valley at this place. The gorge-like char- acter of Caeser’s Creek near its mouth, the expansion of the valley a few miles up stream, and the low divide composed of drift leads to the conclusion that Caesar’s Creek is part of the reversed stream, which once united with the ancestral Miami opposite Mt. Holly. This interpretation it may be added is in harmony with the great width of the Miami at the latter point. Now the question—what became of that branch of the an- cestral Miami which we have traced as far north as Spring Val- ley? This question cannot be answered as definitely as we might wish. But there seems to be only one course possible THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 41 and that was northwest towards Alpha. In any other direction a wall of limestone is encountered. The territory between Spring Valley and Alpha was once the margin of a great ice sheet and when this receded it left a morainic deposit which not only pre- vented the northward flow of the stream but entirely obscured the old channel. From Alpha its course is plainer, because from that place an old valley a mile wide in places can be readily followed northwest by Osborn where it is crossed by the Mad river, and thence on past New Carlisle to the Great Miami at Tippecanoe. The lower part of this old valley is occupied by a small stream, Beaver Creek, which is insignificant when com- pared to the valley through which it flows. The other end of the valley is occupied by Honey Creek, likewise a stream which grossly misfits its valley. At two points only was the depth of drift in this old valley learned. At Osborn there are 207 feet and at New Carlisle 300 feet. Nowhere in the valley was bed rock seen. From these relations it appears not unreasonable to conclude that the old stream which has been traced to Spring Valley continued north- west past Alpha, Osborn and New Carlisle, and reached the valley of the present Great Miami near Tippecanoe. The stream could not have continued north far in this valley, how- ever, for between Troy and Piqua the river flows in a very shal- low channel on a bed of limestone. Neither could it have continued west of the Great Miami because there a solid wall of rock is found. To the suggestion that the stream may have turned south at Tippecanoe and flowed through the present valley of the Great Miami there is the objection that the Great Miami itself is regarded by some as a reversed stream. There appears then only one course for it to have taken, that is north along the east side of the Great Miami to just above Piqua where there is a great expansion of the valley and where the drift is more than 124 feet deep. But the old river could not have followed this valley far, because it contracts rapidly and a few miles up stream flows over rock again. About two miles north of Piqua there unites with the Miami, Laramie Creek, a sluggish stream that drains Laramie reservoir situated a few miles to the northwest. This stream everywhere flows over a 42 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO, mantle of drift and.in a deep valley cut out of the same material. The valley is narrow near its outlet but expands up stream, and near the station, Dawson, is fully a half mile wide. A large portion of this valley is undulating, and the irregularities found suggest that it is an old valley filled, rather than a young valley cut out of the drift. It seems to the writer that this valley is preglacial and that the old stream may have flowed through it to the vicinity of Berlin and there have entered the buried channel which has been traced to that place. The channel to which reference has just been made was studied during the summer of 1898, and the report published in the American Geologist for March of the following year. During the summer of 1899 the work was continued and the mapping of the valley extended. These channels are shown on the map which accompanies this report. As may be there seen, they lie in Champaign, Shelby, Auglaize, Allen and Mercer counties, Ohio, and in Adams, Jay, Blackford and Grant coun- ties, Indiana. It must be borne in mind that all surface indications of these channels have been destroyed by the great ice invasions. So completely have they been filled that the present streams in places flow at right angles to the preglacial ones. In fact the course of one of the old channels in eastern Shelby county is now the site of a watershed separating the drainage of Lake Erie from that of the Ohio river. Our knowledge of the location of these channels is due entirely to the driller for oil and gas; and progress in mapping these is likewise dependent upon him. All that we can do is to patiently follow the drill as it moves from section to section, and tabulate the facts which it discloses. Wherever this work ceases there also the work of mapping the old channel discon- tinues. For the facts relating to the greater portion of these channels reference must be made to the article in the American Geologist already referred to. It is proper here to discuss such additions only as have been made since that article was pub- lished. Work during the past summer has been along two lines: (1) Tracing a tributary of the main channe! in Auglaize and THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 43. Allen counties; (2) following the channel westward in Indiana. These points will be considered in order. In Washington town- ship, Auglaize county, Ohio, near the Shelby county line, a well: in section 23 shows 208 feet of drift; while in section 22 imme- diately to the west there are 76 feet only. In section 14 due north from 23 a well showed 300 feet of drift without striking rock. The depth of drift outside the channel in this locality cannot be stated since no wells have been drilled there. In Wapakoneta two wells have been sunk, one on the east side of the city and the other on the west. The former disclosed 125 feet of drift and the latter 90 feet. One mile north of the last well 130 feet are found. One and one-half miles northeast of Wapakoneta in section 16 two wells disclose depths of drift of 398 and 400 feet, with a mile and one-half northwest only 68 feet are found. This shows a drop in the rock floor of 332 feet in the surface distance just given. The next point at which the channel is struck is in section 34, Duchouquet township. These wells are near the village of Cridersville and just south of the Allen county line. Two wells there disclose depths of drift of 400 and 486 feet; while within a mile either east or west of these the depth is less than 130 feet. From Cridersville the channel runs northeast into Perry town- ship, Allen county. In the northeast corner of section 25 there are 394 feet of drift, while one-fourth mile due south from this there are only 166 feet, and one-half mile northwest only 123 feet. Obviously the channel is here very narrow. To the northeast in section 20 there are 350 feet, but beyond this the drill dis- closes no marked variations in depth of drift, and so the channel could not be followed farther. The apparent shallowing of this channel to the northeast indicates that the flow of water was to the southwest. In German township, Allen county, from three to five miles: northwest of Lima, several comparatively deep drives are found. In section 15 there are 235 feet; in section 16 there are 262 feet ; in section 8 there are 214 feet. But these depths of drift are inter- mingled with very much shallower ones, so that their interpre- tation is not easy. Possibly they may result from several deep but very narrow canons. 44 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. It may not be improper to say a few words here concerning the continuation of the channel which was mapped last year as far as Anna, Shelby county. Southeast from this village no deep wells have been drilled and so the continuation of the channel cannot be shown with certainty. It may be recalied, however that at the town St. Paris, Champaign county, a drill passed through 530 feet of drift without reaching rock, while east and west of this place the drift is comparatively shallow. The distance of St. Paris from Anna is more than 20 miles and the writer is loth to connect these two points without records at intermediate places. However south from Anna the drift shallows and at Sidney the limestone appears in the river bed. East also from Anna the drift becomes thinner, as is shown by the deep well at Quincy. While these points are not conclu- sive they indicate that the channel cannot extend either south or east from Anna, while the great depth to the southeast indi- cates that it extends in that direction and that the channel at St. Paris is a continuation of the one traced as far as Anna. A few words remain to be said concerning the channel in Indiana. In the report published a year ago, and te which reference has already been made, the channel was traced across Jay and Adams counties into Harrison township, Blackford county. It enters this township in section 20 and passes through sections 26, 35, 34 and 33. The maximum depth of drift re- ported is 430 feet, while outside the channel the drift is very shallow, not more than 50 feet in places. Near the southwestern corner of this township the channel curves to the northwest and enters Washington township, where depths of drift of 438 and 440 feet were found in sections 20 and 17. Many other deep drives are reported in this locality so that the channel can be definitely located. Continuing in the northwesterly course the channel passes from Blackford county and enters Monroe town- ship, Grant county, where, in the southeast quarter of section 12, 430 feet of drift were found. The channel can be traced through sections 12, 13, II, 10, 3 and 4 of this township, and then through sections 33, 32, 31 and 30 of Van Buren township, Grant county. In the latter township the depth of drift appears smaller and according to M. W. Page of the Ohio Oil Com- THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 45. pany does not exceed 300 feet. From this township the channel enters Washington township and continuing in the northwest- erly course can be traced to its center, where in the southeast quarter of section 15, 348 feet of drift are found. Beyond this point the channel cannot be traced at present. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PREGLACIAL DRAIN- AGE OF WAYNE AND ADJACENT COUNTIES. Bye jaca opps Ma) In presenting this paper to the Academy I simply wish to lay before you—for your criticism—the results of careful obser- vations on the present drainage system of Wayne and associate counties, together with the relation it sustains to pre-glacial channels, and to a topography modified by glacial forces. The associate counties are Medina, Ashland, Richland, Knox and Holmes; but even parts of these (with all of Holmes) must be excluded from any associate activity in the initial forces that determined the pre-glacial drainage lines. Although later, and before the glacier’s advent, they became potent factors in establishing an outlet for the waters, their hills were not in exist- ence when the first lines of drainage were cut; and these first lines are still marked features in our landscape. These counties rest on the ‘Waverly capping of the north- east face, or incline, of that island or low mountain chain known as the “Cincinnati Arch.” Here the arch, owing to its hood of hard Waverly, is least eroded; and, ¢ H DKA ND \\ yun epnie i : i om salizen i ~ a 3 Niaxe “Ez (a: THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 47 Any one walking as I have walked, from Wooster by Hayes- ville and Mansfield to Bellville; and then crossing the profile from Ashland to Loudonville: will see this fact demonstrated to convicition. In the first tramp (Wooster to Belleville) you cross all the streams that drain the eastern face of the plateau; and the eleva- tions, as determined by barometer, may be instructive. Wooster University stands 522 feet above Lake Erie. Killbuck Valley 332, Jefferson, on rock summitt of plateau, 600, the flood plain of Muddy Fork 432, and the divide between this and the Jerome Fork 650, while its flood plain is 450. MHayesville, on the summit of the divide between the Jerome and the Black Forks, 700, and the flood plain of the Black Fork at Mifflin is 500, the depot at Mansfield 581, and the plateau south of the city is 800, and above Bellville 900. In the cross section from Ash- land to Loudonville the divide between the Jerome and the Black Forks, independent of glacial deposits, is almost a level plane, with only a gradual descent of rock strata of about 50 feet. The valleys in which the streams run average about three- fourths of a mile, and the rock floor averages about 150 feet be- low the present bed of the streams, while the rivulets and creeks that form the streams, start from the rock with the dip of the rock, and only mar the strike of the strata by erosion as they proceed. The above presents a picture of the extreme eastern face of the plateau, showing the uniformity of elevations between streams, and the gentle dip of the plateau to the north and east, as well as the depth to which it was eroded by pre-glacial streams. Prof. Newberry further says: “A current from the south swept the eastern shore of our ancient Atlantis that floated the trunks of tree-ferns and branches of lepidodendron to Sandusky.” This current gave the imutial direction to a pre-glacial stream that, in after time, carried the waters not only of the Waverly but of the virgin coal hills as well, to the great channel through the bed of Lake Erie. The crescent of the highest hills spoken of, that bound the elevations, and head the present streams, presents one horn resting on Medina county, the other on Knox, while the center 48 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. includes the Savannah Lakes in Ashland county. It forms the rim of a bowl or hydrographic basin, and its pinnacles of highest hills show as the zig-zag wanderings of a worm fence. The rivulets and creeks dovetail and intertwine like the locking of fingers; while all along the crest are to be found, between the exposures of native rock, the remains of old lakes, gravel knolls, cat swamps, sink holes, and millions of boulders, the largest two lying near Lodi and Ashland, with an estimated weight of 300 and 350 tons respectively. The elevations of this rim above Lake Erie are, Wadsworth 700 feet. But Wadsworth is underlaid with coal, and is there- fore east of our pre-glacial channel, which must run exactly be- ween the Coal Measure hills and the Waverly capped Island. Seville is on carboniferous conglomerate, and is situated west of the valley of the river Styx, which drains the coal fields north and west of Wadsworth. It is just on the edge of the Coal Measures, and its elevation is 403 feet above Lake Erie, while drillings in the vicinity show 300 feet of drift. This makes a rapid decline of near 600 feet in six miles to the rock bottom of the Seville valley, and the surface decline continues west into a broad valley, where we are justified in assuming the same amount of drift with a lower well head, although no drillings have been made in the center of the valley. On the west side of this valley 1} miles east of Leroy, and southwest of Chippewa Lake, a drilled well shows 149 feet to rock, and going north east to a point 44 miles due south of Me- dina village, and northeast of Chippewa Lake, a drill was sunk 190 feet and no rock was struck, but 4 miles north, Waverly rock was struck at 125 feet. While 14 miles south, rock was struck in Carboniferous conglomerate at 42 feet, showing a north- east channel through Chippewa Lake on the edge of the con- glomerate. Following this line to a well three miles due east of Medina, near the head of Rocky river, I find 140 feet of blue clay above 60 feet of white sand; the well was abandoned at 200 feet without reaching rock, as sand ran up the pipe to water level. This well head is 180 feet below Medina and it makes the bottom of this drill hole 133 feet above Lake Erie. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 49 This is not conclusive, but it shows no rock bottom at a level lower than Wooster and Orrville, and provides an outlet for the waters of Wayne county to Rocky river, and thence to the lake between the Coal Measures and the Waverly. Ascending from this well to Medina village the elevation is 513 feet above Lake Erie, and crossing the divide between Rocky and Black rivers I find the surface elevation at Lodi to be only 282 feet; thence up to West Salem the register gives 575; at Polk 640; above Ashland 650; at Savannah lakes 700; north of Mansfield 862; and by the registered grades of 892, 912, 932 and 952 I am on the Belleville hills, and ascending to the south of Independence I find myself on one of the highest pinnacles in the State, about 1000 feet above Lake Erie. Note the graded ascent of the crest that divides the waters, or rather note the descent, and remember that this decline in elevation means the gradual dip of a plateau, the face of which presents north and east. The streams that drain this basin all trend east or southeast, toward one central axis, and this axis was primarily Prof. Newberry’s current from the south that swept around this head- land to Sandusky; and next, during the putting down of the Coals, the forecasts of these channels supplied fresh water to the coal marshes in the Allegheny basin: and lastly, after the Coal Measures were elevated to their present level, the axis channel became the trough to carry the waters from both the Coal and Waverly hills to the great pre-glacial river that ran through what is now the basin of Lake Erie. This large hydrographic basin is now made up of six smaller ones; the Clear Fork, Rocky Fork, Black Fork, Jerome Fork, and Muddy Fork, of the Mohecan river; and the mysterious basin of Killbuck from Wooster to Burbank, where a glacial dam breaks its association with Black river, and fills a scallop or “Water-wier’ in the Waverly, below the present surface of Lake Erie. These streams all run in broad valleys, with flood plains near a mile wide; they are separated by high table lands which showed—before the glacier’s advent—evenly bedded rock strata, but now they are crushed like a ship in arctic ice. The bed and trend of these streams conspire to impress you—not 50 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. so much with their individuality—as that they are parts of a whole, converging to a common axis of drainage, and this axis is the trough between the Coal hills and the Waverly from Loudonville to Lake Erie. The P. F. W. & C. R. R. follows this trough from Loudonville to Wooster, and its record of levels will tell us the grade of descent. Mansfield is 578 feet above the Lake, Lucas 518, Perrysville 433, Loudonville 412, Lakeville 378, Shreve 352 and ‘Wooster 342 above Lake Erie, making a de- cline of 236 feet between Mansfield and Wooster or about 6 feet to the mile. This old waterway is clearly defined from Loudonville to Wooster, and from there is easily traced by Orrville and Chip- pewa Lake to Rocky river ; that portion between Loudonville and Wooster is bounded by high and rocky hills of Waverly on the northwest, and Carboniferous conglomerate on the southeast; and the channel ran the entire distance, exactly between these too widely different geologic formations. It is filled to varying depths with gravel, and sand, and clay; its surface presenting a broad and fertile valley, with soft undulations between kames, kettle holes, and cranberry marshes. Its rock floor, however, is of greater interest to the student of preglacial water ways, and, beginning at Loudonville, a drilled well shows this rock floor to be 150 feet below the village, mak- ing our starting point 262 feet above Lake Erie. Next, near the bridge over Lake Fork, where a preglacial channel comes in from Mohecanville, the rock floor is determined by the chain of lakelets that marks its course; their depth being about 130 feet, and the surface elevation here being 375 feet gives the rock bot- tom 245 féet above Lake Erie. Applying the same rule at Odel’s Lake, through which the axial channel passes, I find rock at 228 feet; and at Big Prairie with a surface elevation of 390 feet, a drilled well shows 176 feet of drift, making. the floor 214 feet above Lake Erie. Near Alligewi (Custaloga) Junction between Big Prairie and Shreve, where the precursor of the Lake Fork, that tore out a channel 10 miles long, 14 miles wide and 400 feet deep—counting from hill tops—thus creating the “Big Meadow” of the Indian and the “Big Prairie” of the Pioneer, entered the axial channel by THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. a | Brown’s Lake, the surface is very deceiving. The drift seems piled in without order—now rising into hills 500 feet above the lake, and resembling a divide, and now sinking to the plains of the prairie—but a well was drilled here on the plane, at the Brown farm, to water at 170 feet—no rock encountered—and.as the well head’s elevation was 380 feet, it shows the rock floor to be less than 210 feet above Lake Erie. Two miles from this, at Shreve, the elevation is 352 feet, and many wells have been driven to water—the only object sought—which is found in white sand under blue clay at from 60 to 105 feet. So I am safe in assuming the rock floor to be less than 200 feet, as the continuance of a channel is unques- tioned. Still, if the channel at Shreve should be regarded as a trib- utary from the coal hills of Holmes county—and here such a preglacial channel does come in—it would not modify the facts given above, nor embarrass my water-way to Wooster, as there is another way for the waters to proceed. A channel which was possibly used during the later history of the coal beds, when changes of ievel were common, and shiftings of coal into Waverly, and Waverly back into coal, were frequent, is trace- able west of the Shreve hills—in which is found a small pocket of No. 7 coal—and it returns to the axial channel through the pre- glacial channe! at Millbrook. A very little digging would now turn the Lake Fork into Killbuck. So little that the A. & W. R. R. were afraid to run their track from the clay plant in the Big Prairie to Millbrook through this valley, for their engineer assured them that their track would be flooded if they cut half a mile through the gravel barrier that divides the Big Prairie from the Millbrook valley, as the flood plain of Big Prairie is 150 feet above that of Kill- buck. This channel will be more fully studied in the future. On the Troutman farm, near Millbrook, and where the above old channel comes in, a well was drilled on a gravel knoll elevated 376 feet, to the depth of 185 feet, but no rock struck; four furlongs east on the Webb farm, a well was driven to water at 100 feet and no rock encountered; while two furlongs a little south of east, and one furlong from the hill, rock was struck ‘at 52 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OH8HIO. 40 feet. These drillings were all on Sec. 6, Franklin township, Wayne county. It would seem that between Shreve and Wooster, where the © widening channel from Millersburgh enters the axial channel, the rock floor has been deepened as well as widened and a preglacial lake, tripod in shape, formed. The spread of the rugged inclosing hills, the great flood plane known to the pioneers as the Killbuck swamps, and which to them became a lake at each “spring flood’, all go to prove this. The basin would be ro miles long from Wooster to Shreve and 8 toward Millersburgh, with a width of from 14 to 3 miles; over this plane the Killbuck Creek then crept from hill to hill, and back again like the doublings of a snake. The Indian chief, Killbuck, made himself noted by killing a deer with an arrow from his bow that, on its errand of death, crossed the creek three times. One drilling in the center of this lake, 14 miles south of Wooster, and 5 miles from the cross section wells, with a well head of 330 feet, shows 185 feet to rock and 480 feet to Berea sand (which here has a thickness of 27 feet); this makes the rock bed of the channel only 145 feet above Lake Erie, and to this must all other levels conform, unless the lake character of a basin with a deeper bottom than the main channel can be proved. This brings me to the city of Wooster, and from here to Orrville I have a rough road to travel, but the preglacial water came here, and there was but one way for it to go out, and I must find that way under the high gravel hills between here and Orrville. On the south of Wooster is Madison Hill, on which is located the Ohio Experiment Station, with its quarry of elegant Coal Measure sandstone; and 1} miles north of it across Apple Creek valley, on a terrace of which is located South and East Wooster, Wooster University is planted on a hill of naked Waverly shale 522 feet above Lake Erie. Madison Hill has about the same elevation, and between them, but near 200 feet below them, sparkles the crystal water of Apple Creek. No drillings have been made in the center of the channel to the rock floor—so its elevation cannot be proven here—but many drillings have been made for water, which is found in white sand THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 53 at from 95 to 105 feet. One well was drilled to rock on the side of the channel, at the foot of College Hill and showed 120 feet to shale; while six furlongs east, across the Apple Creek, at the foot of Madison Hill, rock was found at 45 feet and the channel runs between these two wells. From this throat at Wooster the axial channel proceeds almost due east for a distance of 8 miles to a point 24 miles southwest of Orrville, near which the C. A. & C. R. R. enters and follows it in a northeast direction to Orrville. It is bounded by the same type of Coal Measure hills on the southeast, and Waverly on the northwest as at Wooster, but the trough is’ filled with drumlins of varying heights. At Honeytown, three miles east of Wooster, the Apple Creek enters it through a preglacial channel from the coal hills on the southeast ; but it is so deflected by glacial debris that it turns on itself and follows the axial channel back to Wooster and thence to the Killbuck. Near Honeytown I can give you a better record of rock floor; one-half mile east of that hamlet on the Mock farm—Sec 7, East Union Tp.—a well was drilled to the depth of 185 feet and no rock found. The well head has an elevation of 345 feet and shows the rock floor to be, at most, less than 160 feet above Juake Erie. .In the N. E. + Sec. 2, East Union Tp., two and one-fourth miles southwest of Orrville, near the C. A. & C.R.R., a well was drilled through sand, gravel, and yellow clay, above 50 feet of blue clay, soft as mud, and the well was abandoned as hopeless in this “blue soap” at 110 feet, without striking rock, while one-half mile away in the S. E. + of same Sec. hard sand rock was struck at 3 feet, but drilling was continued in the rock until at the depth of 50 feet a flowing well was struck which yields ten gallons of pure water per minute. This well was on the side of the channel. This would seem to throw a little light on the origin of the many flowing wells about Apple Creek, Shreve, Fredericksburgh, and along some of the preglacial waterways of Ashland county. But I leave this in the satisfaction I feel in being able to demonstrate a deep preglacial channel under these hills that connects the axial channel with the broad valley of swamps that lie north and east of Orrville where it is joined by the out- 54 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. put of the dismal swamps bordering Newman’s Creek, which seems to open—as a wedge—the coal measure hills of Baugh- man Tp. to drain them. Of course I cannot demonstrate the elevations of the rock floor to these mysterious swamps, for no drillings have been made in these marshes to their bottom, that I am apprised of; but no geologist who has examined them has ever doubted the existence of a preglacial channel here. His only question has been, “To where does it go?” And I think I can prove to you, at least by circumstantial evidence, that the channel proceeds through these swamps north, and after taking in the waters of the Red Run region, goes northwest diagonally across Milton Tp. south of Sterling and east of Creston, where, after reversing or rather doing away with the necessity of a Chippewa Creek, it took up the waters of Killbuck’s head from Wayne Tp. and car- ried them to Chippewa Lake to be forwarded to Rocky River. One proof of this is found in the fact that two and one-half miles southeast of Sterling, in Milton Tp., an Artesian well, in the line of the channel, has for thirty years filied a three inch pipe with pure water from a depth of 80 feet, and no rock was encountered in its drilling. And second, when the A. & G. W. R. R. was building from Sterling to Creston, some fifty years ago, a section of the track sank out of sight, went down in the night to stay, and they had to change the line and use the wood from an acre of heavy oak timber to steady it in the new place. The third item of proof is that several wells have been sunk in the line of the channel east of Creston to 160 feet and no rock struck. These wells are in valleys some 50 feet lower than Creston village, as I am informed. I am also in- formed by a prominenet member of the U. S. Geological Sur- vey that “a well at Sterling has about 400 feet of drift.” I have been unable to locate this well unless it be one situated about one mile northwest of Sterling, near the Medina county line, which reveals great depth of drift, but the exact thickness I could not secure. Yet enough was secured to demonstrate a rock floor very nearly on a level with the surface of Lake Erie, or about the same elevation, as I will show in the Black River THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. oo channel, only 10 miles west, over the horse-back divide at Lodi. Such a channel in width and depth, could not have been pro- duced by drainage from the north, for, it is only 12 miles to the rock crest above Medina city, and but six miles to the north and south divide between Chatham and Lafayette townships. It was on the foot hills of the east face of this divide that the two wells —noted in the early part of this paper—were drilled to rock, at the respective depths of 149 and 125 feet; they are 4} miles apart, and, joining them with the Medina city foot hill, 44 miles north, they mark the eastern extension of the Waverly as a surface rock, from Le Roy to Medina, a distance of nine miles. Opposed to this headland of Waverly I find the declin- ing face of the last projection of the Coal Measures from Sharon to Seville, where the quarries of Carboniferous conglomerate are worked from the western face of the hill, and it was between these diverse and opposing faces that the primitive channel ran into that of Rocky river. I must now search for a cause of sufficient magnitude to convert the drainage system described, into that of the present; a conversion that has created a new topography for a large part of the State of Ohio. When the glacier passed from the soft shale bed it had plowed out for Lake Erie to lie in, it met two mountainous ob- stacles of greater, and yet unequal resistance; viz: the Coal Measure hills and the Waverly plateau, each still rising to the height of 700 feet, with the pre-glacial channel, over which now runs the Rocky river exactly between them; seven miles east of Rocky river, opened the wide mouth of the Cuyahoga, that drained the northwest face of the Coal Measures: a cross section of these, from east to west, through the center of Cuyahoga county shows (according to Prof. Newberry in Vol. I, Geolog- ical Survey) the pre-glacial bed of Rocky river to be 3 miles wide and that of the Cuyahoga 44 miles, with the intervening Coal Measure projection only 7 miles. Now 14 miles west of Rocky river comes down across the Waverly the broad trough over which now flows Black river, and all these wide pre-glacial chan- nels worn down into the Erie shale, below the Lake’s present 56 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. level, making three broad and deep breaches between the prime obstacles barring the glacier’s even progress. Huge as it was its course was modified. Striae on the hills of Summit county are directed south- west, while on the pure Waverly of Richland and Ashland coun- ties they are southeast; these scorings if projected would meet in the Killbuck valley. How could such scorings be produced? Is it not plain to anyone with operative intelligence, and a mind unbiased by pre-conceptions, that the broad inclined plane from Mansfield to Wooster, facing the high range of hills bordering the Tuscarawas valley from Massillon to Akron, would of neces- sity influence the ice-front, when a lower plane was there, and lead you to expect and search for just such glacial scratchings? Here were two forces acting the one against the other, and to gether they directed a lob of the glacier that had entered the inviting depression created by the three open channels across Cuyahoga ,eastern Lorain, western Summit, Medina and Wayne counties until it was stranded as a bow on the hard high hills of Holmes county, just before it reached the continental divide of the Coal Measures; this bow a little more than subtends the south front of Wayne county, the bowstring being about 30 miles long, while the central projection is about 8 miles to Millersburg, with the Killbuck valley as a fixed arrow in the bent bow, This lobe of the glacier seems to have become detached from the main body just where the Coal Measures end below Loudonville in Ashland county, for the main mountain of ice slid on south over the smoother face of the Waverly that skirts the Coal Measures to below Newark, before it was deflected— a distance of 40 miles. Now, it was this arrested lobe of the glacier, that brought the load of material that changed the entire topography of the hydroghaphic basin described in this paper; from Cleveland to Millersburg, and from Massillon to Mansfield, its burden of Life in Death was put down, giving a new physiognomy and a new physiology to the landscape; and the remodeled features, with their fresh expressions, made the face of this valley a thing a beauty to the eye and a blessing to the nation; the angular hills and gorge-like valleys, were rounded THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. ov up into gentle swells, and smoothed out into graceful undula- tions, and the food in the “glacier’s grist’ was so digested and assimilated that hill and dale rejoiced in verdure unsurpassed, and there was left as our inheritance, as fine a grazing and wheat- growing section as the sun shines on. But our old water-ways were obliterated, filled with drift to hundreds of feet above their holding, and new drainage channels must be created; a few of which, together with their mode of creation I will attempt to describe. The Clear Fork of the Mohecan, followed, in part, the old channel to near Perrys- ville, but was here obstructed in its course to the Black Fork gorge by drift; the obliterated channel being now distinguished by two small lakes—or kettle holes between the high gravel knolls that turned the waters. The deflected stream then cut a new channel southeast to the Mohecan, its newness be- ing demonstrated by numerous falls, the most picturesque being Lyons Falls, where the stream cuts down into the crumbling red sandstone of the Waverly immediately below the Carbonifer- ous conglomerate of an outlying coal hill, revealing many and beautiful casts of fossil. The Black Fork was blocked by mo- rainic material where the Killbuck lobe of the glacier became fixed on the Loudonville hills; but it found a col a mile below the village, where the diverted Clear Fork rejoined it, and, uniting their forces they cut a narrow gorge through hills that now stand 425 feet above the rock bottomed and rock banked Mohecan. Here a mountain of sand stone and shale is cut in two as you would cut a loaf of bread. The next col is at Lake Fork where, because their old channel in the Big Prairie was walled up by a glacial dam now 180 feet high, the Muddy and Jerome Forks of the Mohecan were compelled to mingle their waters and tear down a low breach in the hills at Fort Tyler into a gorge 200 feet deep, and 3 miles long, through a divide, to gain—at Roch- ester a pre-glacial channel coming down from Mohecanville. This channel of waters—now called Lake Fork—followed to above Lakeville, where they were again staggered out of their course by the hill like obstructions of glacial debris that here stopped transit in the axial trough, and, they must a second time cut a way through high conglomerate hills for 7 miles to join 538 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. the new channel of the united Black and Clear Forks, 5 miles below Loudonville, and create the Big Mohecan. We now come to the mysterious Killbuck, the preglacial heralds of which entered the axial channel at Wooster, but its mystery is explained by the lately discovered fact, that it was not through its entire course that it so entered pre-glacial times— even from the north,— and-its channel from the south will be discussed later. Late investigation has developed a new feature in the Kill- buck and Black river valleys, one that throws much light on the enigma of pre-glacial drainage in this region, and these newly observed facts make it necessary that I repeat a few salient points. of my paper, and introduce additional detail. I must especially recall to your mind the picture of an island in a Devonian sea; and this island made up of a fold of Silurian and Devonian rock, capped with deeply eroded Waverly. The head of this island was near the mouth of the Black river trough that drained this face of the Waverly; and its sides are now practically bounded by an imaginary line running through Norwalk, New Haven, Galion and Mt. Gilead—on the west, and on the southeast and northeast, by the Coal Measure conglom- erate from Independence, by Loudonville, Wooster, Orrville and Rocky river from head to mouth. It must be remembered that this island has never been en- tirely submerged since the elevation of the Waverly. Its surface constituted a plateau with only rounded and eroded edges, as determined by the strike of the strata, while the waters drained from it—owing to difference in temperature and quality—assisted greatly in developing into permanancy a current along its sides —from south to north—and around its head. This current was maintained during the putting down of the Coals and. istituted the axial channel for all pre-glacial drainage in this region. On the west and north we had the progenitors of the Huron, Vermil- lion, Black and Rocky rivers; on the southeast and east we had the initial channels of the Clear, Rocky, Black, Jerome and Muddy Forks oi the Mohecan river, and a portion of Killbuck channel, pouring their floods into this common current ; and this, through all Carboniferous and subsequent time, until the gla- THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 59° cier’s burden blocked the way. What a game of shuttle-cock must have been played between the debris of their floods, and the deposits in the coal marshes, from the frequent oscillations of land and sea during this zon of time; and how this shifting of debris and growth must have modified the course of the current at different times! And when we think of the corrosive influ- ence of the atmosphere, and the erosiv power of the streams, we will not wonder at the great width and depth of the main drainage troughs noted above, nor at the occasional dove-tail- ings of the Waverly and the Coal Measures conglomerate that throws a shadow over the course of the mutual outlet for their waters. Furthermore, not only was this water way obscured, but the entire face of the plateau was transmuted. Erosion had so marred its features, and glacial drift so deformed them, that my first examination was faulty and I must add to, and explain, the elevations noted in the early part of the paper. The line of highest hills there noted marks the present divide between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, but not the pre-glacial divide marking the crest of the Waverly. I found it to be south, and east of this line of hills. Entering Wayne county south of West Salem, it passes across Congress township about two miles south of Congress village, and crosses the Killbuck one mile north of Cedar Valley (now Overton) and entering Wayne township: it intersects a north and south divide from Burbank to Wooster in such a manner as to almost present the picture of a turkey’s foot, the central toe—the continuance of the continental divide— extending across Wayne township to Green and ending at Smith- ville. The right toe, being represented by a range of hills that run southeast to Wooster, where Wooster University is located on the extreme front, 172 feet above the city’s square. From these two points the descent of the Waverly is very rapid until it disappears under the Coal Measures. The elevations of these spurs are, above ‘Wooster 640 feet, above Smithville 700 feet, and the rock is badly crushed. The projection of the third toe is disgramed by a line of high elevations running from the heel at Cedar Valley, northeast across Canaan township, and almost paralleling the middle division of Killbuck valley—to. 60 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. east of Burbank—where it was connected with the divide separat- ing the Black from the Rocky river, and shows that a north and south pre-glacial divide in the plateau did exist from Me- dina to Wooster; and where it was crossed by the continental divide above Cedar valley, the Killbuck gorge was bisected. Here the hills banking the Killbuck are less than 80 rods apart, although nearly 200 feet high, and the stream runs on a rock bottom. From this point, and from all the northeast face of Con- gress Tp. the collected waters were carried into one channel, that of the Black River, at Lodi, and thence to the Lake. Drilled wells west of Burbank show 100 feet to rock; in the Harrisville swamps 90 feet, and its bottom is studded with innumerable boulders. Southwest of Lodi rock is found at 120 feet, and two miles northwest of Lodi on the Little Black River, the drill passed through 285 feet of drift before reaching rock, and the well head is 45 feet below Lodi; two miles north of this, where the valley is 20 feet lower, no rock was struck at 270 feet, and one mile northeast rock was not reached at 217 feet, but 14 miles east of the line of these wells, with well heads 45 feet above Lodi, rock was reached at from 200 to 204 feet and the ascent is very rapid from here to the crest of the divide between Black and Rocky Rivers, which follows the line’ between Chatham and Lafayette townships. Many other wells have been drilled in this region of which I have the records, but these are enough to show that the preglacial trough over which the Black River now winds its torturous course was many feet lower than the present level of Lake Erie. The next observa- tion of interest made here is connected with the unique Killbuck, which now drains the northeast angle formed by the crossing of the divides near Cedar Valley. Bisecting this angle was found a preglacial channel passing northeast through the Jackson swamp to join the axial channel near Creston. The three heads of the present Killbuck, after uniting, follow in part this old channel across Canaan Tp. to its northeast corner and there, turning abruptly west, the stream cuts its way for seven miles through the divide to the trough of Black River, where it again turns at an acute angle and pro- THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 61 ceeds southeast to Wooster, passing, after traveling 24 miles, within one mile of the springs that mark its head. The explanation is this: When the great mass of morainic material which formed the hills between Creston and Sterling was piled into, and over the water-way, then as low as the Lake’s present level, of course this channel was oblit- erated, as well as the one coming from Canaan Tp., now rep- resented by the head of Killbuck. The dammed up waters of the Killbuck channel formed a lake at Jackson, and the ob- structed waters in the axial channel created the larger lake froin Orrville to Easton. Now these lakes must have an outlet, and the waters of the eastern one, now represented by Orrville swamps, Chippewa Creek, and the subterranean passage near Sterling, where fish came up when the railroad went down, cut its way by a low col in the coal measures at Warwick and gave birth to the Tuscarawas River. The other, or Old Hickory Lake, forced a way directly across the north and south divide, creating a broad and rocky channel for Killbuck to Burbank, but the Black River trough was also blocked by a series of kames running east and west and forming the south border of a Lake imprisoned between Burbank and Lodi, now known as the Harrisville Swamp. So the Killbuck waters must search for a new way out, and being joined by the embarrassed waters of the northeast face of Con- gress Tp. enough force was generated to cut a narrow path through the continental divide near Cedar Valley, and so the Killbuck river was completed and sent on its way to join the Tuscarawas at Coshocton. This completes the preglacial and present drainage of the northwest half of the hydrographic basin. The southeast half shows a rim made up of hills as high, and hard, and irregular, as those on the west and north, but of different material. The first were of Waverly, while these are composed of all the fac- tors of the coal measures. Each of the seven numbers of the coals are represented, while limestone, and sandstone, iron ore, and chert are found as capstones to the rim of the bowl through all of Holmes county. The line of the divide starts near Inde- pendence and Bellville in Richland county, and passes through 62 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. the southwest corner of Hanover Tp, Ashland county, touch- ing the northeast corner of Knox county, and crosses the Mo- hican four miles south of its junction with the Clear Fork and near its union with the Lake Fork. From here it runs north- east into Knox Tp., Holmes county, and crossing an enig- matical north and south divide that turns Black Creek to the east, it continues in a northeast direction across the township and enters Monroe Tp. at its northwest corner, then bending southeast it traverses the township nearly midway between Paint Valley and Welcome, and has for its crest the Blue Stone, of which the Millersburgh court house is built, and the red sand- stone known as Killbuck red sand-stone. From here, after crossing the southwest corner of Hardy Tp. it enters the north corner of Killbuck Tp. and crossing the Killbuck River 4 miles below Millersburg, locates a narrowing in the Killbuck channel, supposed to be a col, just where that stream turns to the south- west to be joined to the Black Creek. From here this divide enters in an easterly direction the northwest corner of Mechanic Tp. and crosses the township in zigzags until it approaches the northeast corner where it turns abruptly northeast to Santillo P. O., then east through a stone-quarry region and on to a point two miles south of Berlin, where it again turns northeast and passes north of New Carlisle, where a new turn directs it to the limestone ridge above Weinsburgh. It here leaves the county of Holmes in worm-fence progression, possibly to Dun- dee, or in some other way to assimilate with the confining walls of the mysterious Tuscarawas. I have not had the privilege of tracing it, nor determining the location of the col in the Big Sugar Creek, whence the waters were carried in preglacial times from the Newmans Creek channel north of Orrville. But this I have determined, that a spur of the divide passes from near Weinsburgh by Mt. Eaton to Kidron, inclosing a territory that sent its waters to Kidron, and thence to the Apple Creek channel. Along this old water way, Artesian wells are secured from white sand at from 75 to 80 feet. This valley is followed by the new Camp Railroad from Kidron to Honey- town. It is no easy matter to determine the exact crest of the THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 63 divide, but the character and quality of the earth together with the strike of the rock strata, determines the trend of the rivulets that make up the creeks, and the creeks continue in the same general course until a ravine has been reached cutting into strata of lower geologic formation; here a new direction may be given, which is again modified by elevation and strike of strata. Unlike Wayne county, the strike of the strata in Holmes county is very irregular. We used all these points in following the line of divide, spending five days between Lou- donville, Nashville, Napoleon, Oxford, Millersburgh and Holmesville, and the prime thing noticed, as obscuring the in- vestigation, was the influence of the glacial moraine on the direc- tion of the rivulets. The morainic material from Stark to Ash- land county is abundant on an irregular line from two to four miles north of the crest of highest hills and gradually thins out to the crest, creating an intervening border plain where the rivulets seem to struggle to find a way out, and then,shuddering back, make crow-feet markings on the summit, or they huddle together, forming little pools, or they spread out to form peat swamps, like the notable one north of Berlin where the Ohio Ground Sloth (Megalonis Jeffersonii) was found. Any one will recognize these important facts who will crit- ically examine the line of the terminal moraine as platted by Prof. G. F. Wright. I say important because they must be used in questionable cases, as thé Sugar Creek and upper Tuscarawas regions. This brings me to the preglacial channels that drained the Carboniferous side of the completed hydrographic basin and were tributary to the common water way. The first on the west was a small channel coming in just south of Loudonville and one mile north of the present confluence of the Clear and Black forks; it drained the higher hills of Hanover township and is crossed by the new bed of the Clear Fork. Drakes Valiey from Nashville to Lakeville marks the line of the second. The third in order drained the limestone highlands of Ripley and enters the main channel just west of Shreve. A well on the D. E. Foltz farm shows g1 feet to water but no rock. We are now at the south exposure of the Limestone ridge of 64 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. Ripley township and all its waters were directed by the dip of the rock to the Paint Valley channel, which started near Nashville and enters the Killbuck channel near Holmesville. . The next and principal tributary ts the great Killbuck chan- nel, in which the waters are now reversed. We located the col in this river 4 miles south of Millersburgh, but later observations: reveal many facts pointing out Oxford as the site of the col, and that the Black Creek gorge sent its waters to Wooster. In driving from Nashville to Napoleon by a route west of the common, | found a range of hills starting from the east and west divide in Knox township that had not been considered in the first investigation, and although this discovery does not do away with the significance of the line of high hills there noted yet it does constrain me to believe that this divide was sur- rounded by a range of higher hills, and that the waters of Black Creek were included by them. This line continues almost par- allel with the Mohican River to old Fort Fizzle, west of Napo- leon, and from here is directed to the “Summit Ridge” in Rich- land township, and only separated from it by a strait so narrow that it seemed like a col. As the summit rtdge is continuous to Oxford and forms the dividing ridge between Wolf Creek and Black Creek; and also because there is a line of high hills on the south side of Killbuck Valley that connects with, and is continuous with the line of hills in Killbuck township where I located the col, I fear that the former location of the col only noted the crossing of a line of hills, and that the true col was at Oxford. But leaving this for future investigation, when I will note the observations by barometer, I return to the sixth channel, a small one that comes in, between coal hills, two miles south of Millersburg from a fissure directed to Berlin. The eighth comes in from Salt Creek township, between Holmes- ville and the Holmes county infirmary. It is now occupied in part by Martins Creek. A drilled well here shows 196 feet to rock. The eighth in order is probably of more importance to the people of Wayne county than all the others combined, for it furnishes-a series of flowing wells of the purest water. It drained a large portion of Salt Creek and Paint Creek town- ships in both Wayne and Holmes counties. I have only traced THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 65 the channel a short distance into Holmes county, where it is now represented by Dry Run, passing down a fissure between coal hills southwest of the south branch of Salt Creek, and entering the Big Salt Creek valley near the tile factory below Fredericksburgh; here it is joined by a small channel from the limestone hills of Wayne county. At this point is located the col in the Big Salt Creek, and from here the stream goes tearing over a rocky bed and between rock hills to Holmesville five miles distant. From this col the old channel passes almost due north to old Edinburgh, where it is joined by the preglacial channel coming in from Kidron by Apple Creek. It then proceeds in a northwest direction along the valley of the Apple Creek to Honeytown where it enters the main channel to the lake by Orrville. This valley is one-half mile wide and is filled with drift from Honeytown to Fredericksburgh and Kidron, and flowing wells are secured on every farm in its course, except near Honey- town where the dam in the great channel is complete. The ob- structing glacial hills rise to 200 feet above the plane and no rock is found below the flood plane at 185 feet, and Apple Creek is turned, like the Killbuck at Burbank, almost at right angles back to Wooster. In all the flowing wells water is found on blue boulder clay and in white sand. Fredericksburgh wells are about 100 feet deep, Apple Creek 120 and rock is reached at Apple Creek at 186 feet. This completes the description of the channels tributary to the central channel, as far as the one represented by the Big Sugar Creek. And here I must call your attention to a feature in the location of these channels which will be better understood by referring to the map accompanying this paper, viz., all the channels that enter the axial channel from the coal measures enter it through fissures or gorges between coal hills; and this fact must help us in determining the original course of the chan- nels now occupied by Sugar Creek, Newmans Creek, and Chip- pewa Creek; the waters now in them trend out, but we think this evidence shows that in preglacial times they flowed in. First, as to Sugar Creek, in which the col is not located, it will be observed that it now passes up a ravine, between coal 66 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. hills, from a point in the axial channel that is more than I10 feet below its present bed; and second, that the rivulets from the innumerable springs that line its border, through all of Sugar Creek township to Stark county, have their primal direc- ion with the strike of the strata, which is contrary to the present course of the stream. Now the law of the other channels and coal hill fissures being applied to this would show the stream to be reversed. Nearly the same features with the same expressions are found in Newmans Creek for six miles across Baughman township, with this addition, the old dismal swamp of which this stream is the remains was shaped like an Indian arrow head, the point driven into the coal hills as far as the Stark County line, and along its sides coal banks facing each other, and all entered by drifts. The shoulders of the dart on the north and south are rep- resented by short preglacial channels entering from the hills, while the stem is pictured by the mouth of the swamp as it entered the Orrville glacial lake. There is neither coal nor conglomerate under the swamp, but its margin is marked all around by conglomerate, and the environing hills are coal from the base of the dart to its point. The mines on its opposite sides, across the shaft of the arrow, are but half a mile apart, while ar the barbs the hills are two miles apart, and the stem at its neck is half a mile broad, but it widens to near three miles where it enters the lake. It seems plain that this dismal swamp or “Shades of Death,’ as the pioneers called it, marked the line of a preglacial channel tending north and west. The direction of the next preglacial channel was north- west from the coal hills to the axial channel, and is now indicated by Patton Lake, Fox Lake and Red Run, all located end to end in the Tamarack swamp, which is a marsh on the side of a hill. The next channel, that through which the Chippewa Creek now flows to form the head of the Tuscarawas River, is from a scientific point of view the most important of all, for it has of late been a mooted question where the Chippewa Lake and the Sterling channels sent their waters in preglacial times. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 67 The old supposition was that they went out by the Chip- pewa Creek channel to the Tuscarawas and thence to the Ohio River. But a later conception sent them by Warwick and New Portage to the Cuyahoga River and thence to the great Lake Erie channel, but in both of these the reckoning was made with- out considering the existence of the axial channel described, or the force of the Orrville Lake. My first objection to them is that I have found another way through which the waters could proceed, and that the Chip- pewa channel passes over Carboniferous conglomerate that was once covered with coal. In other words, it shows a breach in coal hills that is not consistent with their formation, but which is in accordance with the idea presented above, that the dam- med up waters of the Orrville Lake selected the point of least resistance to force their way through their prison walls, viz., the V-shaped fissure still recognizable in the coai hills on the sides of this channel. In sections 26 and 25 of Chippewa township coal mines are operated less than a mile apart with the Chip- pewa Creek channel between them, making the strait too narrow for the volume of water to pass. It would be like passing a two- inch ball through an inch augur-hole. But as it is not the out- let we are contending for, but only for the general trend of the main channel between the Waverly and Carboniferous, and its tributaries from the hills of widely separated geologic periods. I will wait for further developments before I will change my present thinking, that these waters went from the Orrville Lake across the Chippewa channel, receiving it as a tributary from section 26, through Chippewa Lake to Rocky River and thence to the great preglacial channel in Lake Erie. PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE CONDITIONS IN THE VICINITY OF CINCINNATI. By GERARD FOWKE. At the winter meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, in 1897, I offered a paper upon the above subject. This was published as a Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, in volume XI. Recently the opportunity has been afforded by the Academy, through the McMillan fund, for further exploration of the region. Some discoveries resulted which con- siderably modify so much of that article as relates to the section below Cincinnati. In order that the reader may arrive at a correct understand- ing of the matter herein presented, it will be necessary to utilize such portions of the report already published as refer to the ter- ritory east of the Great Miami river, and acknowledgment is hereby made to the Denison University for permission so to do. The initial point of this part of the Ohio was near Man- chester, at the col (A). A few miles below, Cabin creek entered, and at Maysville it was joined by Limestone creek. For dis- tinction, the name of the latter is given to the stream. At short intervals below, other tributaries put in, each marked by a large area of bottom land. Between them the valley is somewhat narrower. ‘This is because gravels and silt cover the low points at the junction of the streams, where the combined valleys are widest. These features continue to the mouth of the Little Mi- ami. The distance between the hills bordering this tributary is very much greater than the width of the main valley at any place above; and the shrunken stream which winds its devious way from side to side of the included level, seems entirely inade- _ quate to the task of carving out such a basin. Immediately be- low ‘this, at Dayton, Kentucky, opposite the upper end of Cin- cinnati, the Ohio contracts almost at once to a narrow channel, very much less than that of the Little Miami. It is evident that a col (B) at this point formerly deflected the waters of old Lime- stone to the northward. On passing through this gap, the Ohio LEGEND cous (LéFteRED) — I | N PRESENT CHANNELS: ~~~ Dye ANCIENT CHANNELS -~--~~~ j ARROWS POINT WITH PAE-CLACIAL W. E FLOW. j iA j@ : Aa v ge 3 f nAMILToOny — Wk al Pog ") | Aer. a his Ben a. ‘ g I N dD. - Peeves 7 wenery “79 GQ J d Z ‘ 3 Coulrss NY ce) a c A \ i i _ c aA. TS, = 5 . ee 5 : Mths 50,4 °Y AS am IN EN Ye ever eo a. a eS i e Maysvled J Louisville RICKOND PORTE MOUTH, THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 69 is seen to flow between extensive bottom lands on which stand the cities of Cincinnati, Newport and Covington. Here it re- ceives the Licking from the south and Mill creek from the north; the latter, like the Little Miami, coming through a valley in which it seems almost lost as it meanders aimlessly back and forth. Then the Ohio passes into a very diminished space at Sedamsville, where it flows on rock bottom. This is the site of another col (C); and from here the hills gradually recede to North Bend. Three miles below North Bend was another col (D); a little farther down the Ohio suddenly debouches into a very broad valley where it receives the Great Miami. Like the two streams observed above here, the latter seems utterly incom- petent to the excavation of the trough which it occupies. This valley holds its width to the mouth of the Kentucky, varying somewhat from the average in different parts, as it does elsewhere. One noticeable feature along this stretch is that nearly all the tributary streams have a direction opposite the current of the river; that is, in going down the main stream one is looking toward the sources of those which flow into it. There are also several abrupt bends; in these the outer side of the curve is at the foot of the steep hills or cliffs, while on the other side are wide bottom lands. At Sugar creek the river makes an acute turn to the west, which course it holds past Carrciton, where it receives the Kentucky. From this town it tapidly narrows until it reaches Madison (E). Here was the last col above Louisville. The valley contracts until on the Indiana side the water washes the solid rock, while on the Kentucky side there is a strip of level land only wide enough to afford room for a single warehouse. Two miles below Madison, the river turns again toward the south through a gorge which gradually expands until it opens into the basin in which Louisville is situated. The interpretation of these facts is about as follows: When old Limestone was deflected northward by the col at (B) it entered the depression lying north and east of Cincin- nati. Here it received a considerable tributary from the east by way of the present East Fork. The united streams flowed west, and reached Mill creek valley at the point (G) in the vicin- 70 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. ity of Carthage. A short ravine joined them, from the hills where the Little Miami discharges, but that river was not then in existence, being a post-glacial stream. It will be perceived that when old Limestone turned north- ward, it was separated from the Licking only by the col at (B). Between this col and the one at Sedamsville (C) the Licking flowed north into Mill creek valley where it continued its north- erly course. Receiving old Limestone at (G) it passed on and entered the valley of the Great Miami at Hamilton. From the west side of the col at (C) a ravine extended to North Bend. The hill behind this village, though apparently continuous with the blue limestone formations on either side, is composed of glacial material. This fact was first disclosed when the railroad which passes through here undertook to make a tunnel; it was found that the limestone was absent. Conse- quently only a cut was needed. This cut is in the lowest part of the deposit; the higher hills to the eastward are also composed of drift. This proves that the ravine from (C) formerly turned to the north at this point, reached the Great Miami valley at Cleves, and there turned west along the present course of the river. The wide valley below the col (D) has an interesting his- tory. It is continuous from Hamilton to the mouth of the Ken- tucky river. This fact, in connection with the rapid narrowing of the Ohio between Carrolton and Madison, together with the certain evidence of a col at the latter place, proves beyond question that this ancient bed was eroded by the Kentucky river. In other words, that stream, instead of following the present Ohio as it does now, or flowing across Indiana, turned to the east and north to join the Licking at Hamilton. There is no other channel through which it could have gone. The hills in every other direction, except at the gorge below Madison, are unbroken. From Lawrenceburg it extended almost due north through the valley now partially occupied by the Whitewater and Dry Run, to the point (H). Here it turned east, and at (I) reached the Great Miami, following that valley to Hamilton. From Hamilton northward the old river bed is filled with drift and has not been traced. There can be no doubt, however, THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 71 that it joined old Kanawha north of Dayton—probably in the neighborhood of Piqua. The lower part of the Great Miami requires a few words of explanation. There was a col at (F), just south of the village of Miami. North of this Taylor’s creek flowed north and emptied into the Kentucky at (I). South of the col (F), a small ravine joined the creek that flowed through the gap at North Bend, at a point somewhere near Valley Junction (K). Having thus traced the fjormer rivers and their tributaries, and located the cols, so far as they are essential to the problem, we are in a position to follow the steps by which the Ohio was established. The Great Kanawha held its way across Ohio until the glacier had advanced to that part of its valley which extended farthest to the northward. For a time the waters may have skirted the ice-front and recovered their natural channel farther down; but presently the valley was completely closed and the imprisoned waters found no escape until they had reached the level of the col at Madison (EF). At this stage began the readjustment of drainage channels. The principal stream at this time was, of course, the Kanawha. How far it may have extended toward the north or the north- west, we have no means of knowing; but it was probably first reached by the glacier at some place west of Ohio. Shut off by this agent from its natural outlet, it turned back into the old Kentucky, wherever their confluence may have been; followed that channel past Hamilton, Lawrenceburg and Carrolton and was impounded by the col at Madison (E). If we may judge from the nearly uniform level of the hills on either side of the river there, up to the very edge of the cliffs which descend steeply to the water, this point in the old watershed was but little lower than any other along the crest. Whatever its eleva- tion, the Kanawha was compelled to rise to its level. As a result, a lake was formed which reached well up toward the headwaters of every stream between the Kentucky river and the Cumberland mountains on the south and to the eastern part of Ohio on the north. It had to reach the level not of the bottom of the gap, but of the highest flood of the torrents which poured (2 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. through the gap. The mythical “Lake Ohio,” which is cur- rently believed to have resulted from a blocking of the Ohio- river by the glacier, would be insignificant by comparison— admitting, for the sake of comparison, that it ever existed as so frequently described. The area of the real lake, created by the Madison dam, can be ascertained only by carrying the level at which it stood at its outlet, up the Kentucky, Great Miami, Licking, Big Sandy, Kanawha, and across central Ohio toward the headwaters of the Tuscarawas. Until this level is ascer- tained we cannot know how much of the country was sub- merged, or how many of the existing high areas were drowned. Neither have we any means at present of knowing how long these conditions prevailed. They may have lasted until the col had worn low enough to drain off most of the accumulated water. On the other hand, the advancing ice may have pushed this water in front of it, and maintained a constantly diminishing lake until its most southern limit was reached. If we may sup- pose the former supposition to be the correct one, then a new river was established; following the Kanawha as far as the mouth of the Licking-Kentucky, and that stream, reversed, from there toward the south and west. In time, the encroaching ice covered the site of its junction with these two rivers, and Kanawha was again deprived of an outlet. A second lake was formed, including the basin of the Kanawha and all its tributaries east of the Licking. It in- creased in area and depth until it surmounted the col at (A); flowing over this divide, its waters would follow old Limestone to its junction with the Licking at the point (G), thence north to Hamilton, and so find their way to the Kentucky. The glacier reached Hamilton, and for the third time a lake was formed. Both Kanawha and Licking were now shut off; the water rose over the col at (C). The Kanawha reached this by following old Limestone as before to (G), and thence down the Mill creek valley. Pushing through the gap at North Bend, and past Cleves, they reached the Kentucky along the bed now occupied by the Great Miami below that village. When the ice came to the hills about Cincinnati, the mouth of old Limestone at (G) was obliterated, and for the fourth time THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 73: Kanawha was backed up into a lake which rose until it over- flowed the co! at (B). Joining Licking again, the two followed their last channel as far as North Bend and probably out past Cleves; but there is a possibility that before the col at (B) was removed the ice had advanced far enough to reach the hill below North Bend and obstruct that outlet. In this case the new lake would have included Licking as well as Kanawha, and had to rise to the level of the col at (D) before it could have begun to drain off. If, however, the col at (B) was worn down in time for the water above it to escape past Cleves, then, when the ice had advanced across the valley below Cleves, a fifth lake covered the upper Ohio valley before the col at (D) was eroded and the present drainage to the mouth of the Great Miami establishd. It is possible there was still a sixth lake, though if so it was of less extent and shorter duration than any of the others, and was due to a projection or loop of the glacier pushing out of Miami valley as a dam to the new Ohio—which name is now applicable to the river for the first time—until its waters broke: through a ravine back of Petersburg, Kentucky. The depres- sion thus formed is usually spoken of as “an abandoned chan-- nel of the Ohio,” but it was occupied only while torrents from melting ice were far above existing flood: plains. It furnishes about the only evidence, by the way, that the glacier ever reached the Kentucky hills. The theory advanced here in regard to the succession of glacial lakes is based entirely on the assumption that the col at Madison (FE) was broken down sufficiently to drain the first one formed, and upon the further assumption that the ice reached each necessary point for the formation of a lake, in the order here given. There seems to be no doubt regarding the first and most extensive one; the existence of the others depends upon the strength of the col at (E) and the relative periods of time at which the subsidiary streams were blocked. . It is not necessary to presume a constant forward motion of the glacier; its advance may have been frequently interrupted, or there may even have been an occasional recession without in the least invalidating the argument. The effect would be the same in the end, whether there was a continuous progressive motion, or- “74 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. -an intermittent action. Even if there was more than one glacial period, the sequence of events would not be greatly different from the series here described. The work was begun by the one which first blocked the Kanawha, and was completed by the one which extended farthest south. When the ice retreated, the drift which it left behind shut the rivers and creeks off from their former ways, and they were left as we now find them. The channel of old Limestone has been partially taken possession of by the Little Miami and its East Fork; the part between these streams and its former mouth at (G) is deserted. Licking turns west at Covington, and its ancient valley from Cincinnati to Hamilton has been pre- empted by the insignificant Mill creek. The Whitewater, a post-glacial stream, and the mouth of the Great Miami use a fragment of the old Kentucky river valley in Ohio, but the part between (1) and (H) is abandoned. The Miami utilizes that portion of its channel between Hamilton and the point (I), where Taylor’s creek formerly emptied; but the immense gravel de- posits which were left here deflected the new river toward the east. It followed a small ravine for a short distance, then broke over a low place in the divide between this ravine and Taylor’s creek, filled the latter to the col (F), tore this out, and at Cleves fell into the creek which came through the hill at North Bend; it went with that creek to the drift filled valley of the old Ken- tucky near Valley Junction, through which it has eroded its devious way to the Ohio. A large creek entered the old Kentucky at the town of Harrison; the Whitewater crossed this to reach the ancient valley, leaving an island of Silurian rock between the former and recent beds, just as the Great Miami did at the gravel deposits at (1). The old streams herein described flowed through valleys which were eroded to a considerable depth below the waters which now go through them. While the new channels were forming the old ones were being filled with sediments of mud- laden torrents and debris from masses of floating ice. The streams of today have not had time to clear out these deposits, so they remain as the bottom lands on either side uf _—--— ‘MOT? ANZIONV HLIM INIOd SM0YYY ~a—a eo STINNVHD TWIIVWI9-FYd STINNVHD 4NISTUd \] (OFHILLI7) $702 THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO. 75 the river. As such they must continue to exist until a greater elevation above sea level of the interior region permits the Ohio and Mississippi to scour their channels deeper than the present grade lines will allow them to do. ‘ The extensive drift deposits south of Cincinnati have not yet been accounted for in a satisfactory manner. Professor Wright says that the great masses of conglomerate two miles below Aurora, Indiana, are the terminal moraine. Only a casual inspection is needed to show that this assertion is entirely un- founded. There are similar deposits farther down, and at a much greater altitude, which he has overlooked, or at least not mentioned. A careful examination of this entire territory is required in order to determine the limit of the ice sheet; to ascertain what part it may have taken in the surface changes below Lawrenceburg to estimate the relative elevation of the hills at Madison and those where these deposits are found; and to discover the probable causes which led to the gravel deposits upon the high lands in Boone county, Kentucky. A hae a at) raliye ara ape ii Bian cand Doe 3 bao, beat Seas Di Pb La oF re MRPPORL AE, mate TOG PY he ce ORT il Tyee ie ‘ ‘ pots “A@ oi. & a os a4 WV AL Mee. VOL a ce. fF Roel oe PAN oe OT . b ‘ oa) it’. de 57> he | ; A i. ; * ; #: wie aaa Oo 3 oe ALY sl > nate ' An 2 Pes re) Ped aL 1 Yaad bs ee Yoh F 445 ¢ { 1? 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