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Be aa PC OO CO sehen Pores ¥ rarer ey tanya ee Ye : aaa Se ease kane sae heaee® a a a ae tee Pe re vase tage late Wp Cee ae 8. rs Raraes re ee ee ee Piatra ar hy OF brary Or ay CR eS aes Cer Perera wearer se ae a oe Wetman teow arene srmrarmagmarmne, sraremuns) ane ASH kee man tA a tert nr etn eset ena Aes Segara etd “or asa seam hoeeEns WORD SRS Ta Span tamara em nemymyemehs esameene toesned a1 amsenyeny -eAennt Phyo! RapeG- Ann arb sve y& ainende Sepeey SutR : ei eT cae nas a Rar tk amar da amare sete man atk AEE TAI a heatesnfecert Leen eT ITT ST DSN TE Sane ms RST Han CERNE NT NAGA: Dagmar Ar gtene~g rere, ouarmrtekmee Anarassrareneee* inl ae we BOOUUILAS ~ om Ao et, 7 rh ai or le Commodity. a | oO S && | oO rs uo) | rt £ 5 z > 5 3 | 2 roy ae E gen es 3 esl & » o oe) vo oar) re) > io) > = | 4 B ae = ] l ESE Gy ees an he soa ne EEE eee 9,000 | 25.5) — 230,000 70 $161, 000 Biclewheatence ns eae Ne aetna oa 257,000 | 18.0| 4,626,000, .69| 3,192,000 Gorn (Ghelled) seco ee ee ee el ee a 1,413,000 | 32.5 | 45,922,000 | .64| 29, 390, 000 BES oe abe e a Rion to Reco cane ree ae 1,003,000 | 29.6 | 29,689,000 | .54| 16,032,000 Rye. Li Sede aac see ae oe ee 346,000 | 16.7) 5,783,000 | .75| 4,337,000 Wheat, yas oec acces kia asc EEE, ae nen 1,618,000 | 18.6 | 30,095,000 | .96 | 28,891,000 Total, sss ivses se teiad shovs c/wativelse slam ease Meee: | CRE ee eee | ee ote eer k 5c $82, 003,000 HAY, POTATOES AND TOBACCO. The hay crop represented 3,150,000 acres, the average yield being 1.45 tons per acre, or a total of 4,568,000 tons. At an estimated value of $15.75 per ton, this crop was worth $71,946,000. Pennsylvania’s acreage devoted to potato culture was 261,000, with an average yield of 88 bushels per acre, or a total of 22,968,000 bushels, standing second in point of production. The average price on December 1 was 67 cents a bushel or a total estimated val- ue of $15,389,000. The State produced 40,320,000 pounds of tobacco, grown upon 32,000 acres or an average of 1,260 pounds per acre. The aggregate value is unknown as the bulk of the crop is not sold or ready for the market. Its quality is high, and fair prices will prevail. RESUME AND COMPARISON OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. A careful examination and comparison of agricultural statistics show that Pennsylvania again leads in the production of rye, a fact to which I have alréady referred, the total yield in 1907 being 5,783,000 bushels. Michigan ranks second with a total of 5,452,000 and Wisconsin comes third with a yield of 4,765,000 bushels. All the other states produce rye in limited amounts. California, con- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7 trary to the general opinion, is also a rye growing state with a yield of 1,251,000 bushels. The entire rye crop of New York reached but 2,119,000 bushels. Pennsylvania rye-flour brings the highest price in the markets, and as a result much of this grain raised in Penn- sylvania is made into flour. There is also, always a good demand for Pennsylvania rye at the highest market prices by distillers who make what they call choice brands of strictly high grade rye whis- key their specialty; so that many thousands of bushels are shipped out of the State. The demand for rye straw and the high price at which it sells on account of its length and pliability, which make it especially valuable for packing purposes and bedding for animals, also adds to the importance of this valuable crop. Pennsylvania’s buckwheat crop in 1907 reached a total of 4,626,- 000 bushels, standing next to New York where the product amount- _ ed to 5,687,000 bushels. None of the other states grow much buck- wheat, although some of them have the climate and the soil well suited to the production of this crop. The amount of buckwheat that can be produced upon an acre and the price it commands in the mar- ket, make it one of the most valuable cereal crops that can be raised on land adapted to its growth. The supply for good clean buck- wheat is never equal to the demand which is constantly on the in- crease. The greater part of the buckwheat produced in the State is converted into flour by Pennsylvania mills. Much of this flour finds a market in our own State, and many tons of it are shippeG annually to the large cities of the West and South, always bringing good returns. The middlings, which is a by-product obtained in the manufacture of the flour, is a very valuable article of feed. The high per cent. of proteids this feed contains makes it especially val- uable as a feed for dairy cows and young animals. While Pennsylvania always produces a large quantity of buck- wheat, there are good reasons why the quantity should be much larger. The thin gravelly soil so frequently found upon the high al- titudes of the State, when properly treated by the application of commercial fertilizers, seem to be just as well and even better adapted to the production of buckwheat than the richer soils found in the valleys where corn and wheat grow so luxuriously. It is also a recognized pecularity of the buckwheat crop, that it tames the wild land upon which it is grown and puts it in condition for rais- ing the domestic grasses, where only mountain shrubs and bram- bles seem disposed to grow. The large areas of mountain lands in the State from which the timber has been cut, if they are to brought into subjection for agricultural purposes could, as a first step, be profitably employed in raising buckwheat and in this way the output of the crop could be greatly increased. THE TOBACCO CROP. The tobacco crop of Pennsylvania was of extra good quality and the general conditions attending its cultivation, housing and cur- ing, were considered favorable. Asa result of these favorable con- ditions, it is believed that the prices that the crop of 1907 will command, will exceed the figures paid for last year’s crop. The se- ries of experiments recently made in Lancaster county under the di- rection of the Pennsylvania experiment station have demonstrated that Pennsylavnia can produce a very superior quality of tobacco, 8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. and that with well directed efforts, it can be made one of the very best paying crops our farmers can raise. But few counties are do- ing anything in the way of raising tobacco; but there is no reason, except it be the question of farm help, why tobacco growing should not become more popular and receive the attention of farmers in many of the counties in which the subject has heretofore been given no thought. DAIRY INTERESTS. The dairying interests of the State are growing in importance and profit and our dairy products are said to exceed in value any of the cereal crops we produce. This growth is due to a number of causes. Increasing knowledge of the business, as well as modern implements and appliances for carrying it on, have had a beneficial effect. The organization of dairy associations whose members are by contact with each other stimulated to put forth every effort to produce better results has been very helpful. The instructions given at the dairy school connected with our State College have been of great service in producing better conditions throughout the State. The work of the State Dairy Union has been very helpful and deserves the highest commendation. This progressive move- ment should be continued and should receive the most liberal recog- nition. Like other operations upon the farm, this industry cannot be carried forward successfully without a considerable amount of farm help; but whether the business be conducted upon a large or a small scale, the practical dairyman has a sure and profitable source of income. Attention has recently been turned by some of the dairymen of the State, to the manufacture or preparation of condensed milk. A condensing factory established in one of the northern counties of the State, is said to be yielding large returns to its patrons. This is a matter that it will pav our farmers to look into. The demand for condensed milk is constantly increasing. Every vessel that sails from an American harbor wants to take on board a large quan- tity of this important commodity. The increase of our army and navy is greatly increasing the demand for it, and farmers in sections well adapted to milk production, should not fail to inform them- selves concerning this industry, which, although it is old, is com- paratively new in Pennsylvania. HAY CROP. The amount of hay produced in our State in 1907 was considera- bly below that of the previous year. It is quite possible, however, that the aggregate value may have equaled or even surpassed that of the crop of 1906. It is difficult to make even an approximate estimate of the value of our hay crop for any given year, owing to the different varieties and the diversified quality of the hay produced. Timothy and clover continue to hold first rank in importance among plants grown for hay. A few farmers are experimenting with alfalfa, a plant which thus far seems to be somewhat uncertain as to its adaption to the conditions prevalent in our State. Agricultural stations throughout the country are doing much to bring it into greater publicity and there can be no question as to its great value wherever it can be successfully grown. The large No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9 crops it is capable of producing, where conditions are favorable, to- gether with its unusually high feeding value and its importance as an accumulator of nitrogen in the soil, make it well worth careful study and experimentation by the Pennsylvania farmer. If we can provide the conditions necessary to its successful growth, there can be no doubt concerning its becoming one of the richest and best paying crops produced upon the farms of the State. FRUIT CULTURE. It is gratifying to see the increased interest that has been taken in fruit growing during the last two or three years. Having no- ticed the tendency in this direction, a competent and practical fruit grower was employed by this Department to inquire into the local conditions of the various sections of the State and their adaptabil- ity to fruit production, to make such investigation as seemed neces- sary to determine the varieties best suited to the several districts of the State and to prepare a bulletin covering as well as possible, in the limited space that could be allotted to such bulletin, the entire subject. of Fruit Growing in Pennsylvania. This bulletin was one of the Department publications for the year 1907. The demand for it was unprecedented, which shows the lively interest that is being taken in the subject of fruit growing by the farmers of the State. Although 15,000 copies were printed, it was thought for a while that we should be compelled to issue a second edition. The work being done by the Pennsylvania State Horticultural So- ciety is worthy of the highest commendation. This is an associa- tion of intelligent practical horticulturists, principally fruit growers, who meet regularly for the discussion of subjects bearing upon fruit growing and other branches of Horticulture; and the published journals of their proceedings add very much to the value of the ag- ricultural literature of the State. Fruit Growers Associations have been organized in a number of counties and all are performing excellent service for the fruit growing industry. One of the most active of these associations is located in Adams county, and in order to determine the value of certain materials, when applied as sprays for the extermination of insects and diseases destructive to fruits and fruit trees by farmers and orchardists who make no claim to being specialists in this line, ‘as well as the cost of the same, an arrangement was made by this Department with said Association to conduct a series of experi- ments and to report results. The intention in the first place was to publish the report in full, as a bulletin of the Department, but later, the Association was asked to prepare a summary of the report, which appears elsewhere in this report, and which it is believed will prove very valuable to fruit growers generally. The work that is being done by the Zoological Department to help the fruit growers of the State, speaks for itself. It is not only receiving the highest commendation of our local fruit growers, put it is attracting the attention of fruit growers all over the country. MARKET GARDENING. That Pennsylvania produces annually over $15,000,000 worth of vegetables, is a statement that will no doubt surprise many who may ee this report. But one state in the Union exceeds this 10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. amount. The large scale upon which market gardening is carried on in this State is owing to the splendid home market we have for everything the truck grower produces. Much as we are doing in this line, there are still reasons why this industry should be encouraged and why more should be done. With the large acreage of land we have that is peculiarly adapted to truck farming and the transportation facilities we possess, there is no reason why we should be dependent upon other states for veg- etable products other than such as are received from the South in the early spring, before our own products are ready for the market. It is nevertheless true that hundreds of carloads are shipped into Pennsylvania every year from New Jersey, Ohio and other bordering states. The Department of Agriculture has at various times issued special bulletins relating to Market Gardening and Truck Farming, which have proved quite helpful to those engaged in the business, and which to our certain knowledge have been instrumental in turning the attention of others to this profitable branch of farm in- dustry. The demand for such products is still on the increase, and with the undeniable evidence before us that truck farming properly con- ducted, pays several fold more than raising the ordinary farm crops. the wonder is, that there should not be more interest taken in scien- tific market gardening. Our State College has recognized the importance of this industry and has provided a special course of training for young men who expect to engage in it. A large part of the instruction is given in the field where the work is done and where every scientific prin- ciple involved can be more fully and satisfactorily explained than is possible in the class room. POULTRY. Pennsylvania holds a high rank among the leading states in the production of eggs and poultry. The publications issued by the National and State Departments of Agriculture, relating to poultry husbandry, are in great demand. The constant presence ‘of the lead pencil and vest pocket note book that every institute lecturer has for years been insisting that the farmer must always have with him, has, in recent years, induced many farmers and farmers’ wives to keep records of what it costs to keep their flocks, and the returns they are receiving, and results have proved so encouraging as to induce many of them to prepare for keeping larger flocks and to enter upon poultry culture on a much larger scale than had been customary. It has been but a few years since the flocks of poultry on the average farm were quite small, and farmers had doubts as to wheth- er there was any profit in what were kept. At the present time it is not uncommon to find farms on which several hundred fowls of the different varieties are kept and in every instance where they are given proper attention and care, they are found to be a profita- ble source of income. In the poultry business as in other branches of farming, there are those who are after the largest profits which they manage to secure by selling pure bred stock and eggs, but the majority depend en- tirely upon the ordinary poultry and egg market which is usually found quite satisfactory. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11 Most poultry raisers have come to understand the disadvantage of in-breeding and raising “scrub-stock,” so that quite as much pains is taken to secure pure blood of whatever variety may be in greatest favor and to keep the breeding up to the proper standard by the introduction of new blood as is taken with any of the other live stock upon the farm. FARM ANIMALS. The National Department of Agriculture has just issued a state- ment of the number, average and total value of farm animals in the country, from which the following statement relating to Penn- sylvania is taken. The statement shows that in 1907 the figures were as follows: 3 os o < | I o ae Animals. 3 3 o > | t=} el a oes E 5 s 3 > ° vA | Z | | | | *juesoIg ‘g0uRpUa}1V Sioyeeds ‘SLT (OPT, 9b ‘O0T ‘CIE “06 ‘0S ‘GLE “G8 “ar “Gz ‘os ‘008 ‘G2o ‘OF ‘008 . ‘SE ‘0S “O0T “0S “0%% ‘92 ‘OOL °88 ‘00T “SL ‘OF ‘008 ‘0ST 08 “G88 “OSE ‘002, ‘OST ‘Gu ‘GG ‘OOT ‘gz ‘00Z “OPE “Sh “SLT “65 ‘QoL (19 “GO ‘881 “88 ‘OST ‘FG ‘29, ‘82 ‘Eg ‘002 ‘OST “89 “GST “es “C8~ ‘002 ‘OST “Gh ‘29 ‘09 “oe “OST “ge “Gar 09" ‘00 ‘G8 “88 ‘0g “09 “0S ‘oS ‘gE ‘0S “G3 “GLT ‘OS “OST “OSh “06 “OL “OOT ‘OF ‘096 “OT “SLT ‘ge 06 ‘og ‘“gzz_‘09 “GIL “9L ‘OFT “$9 ‘99 ‘08 ‘88 ‘8PF ‘sUOISSOS AQ BDUBPUI}V 1A 1D 10 LD LO HD 09 INN 01D 11 19 1D LE 09 0D 9 1G i LD Oo sses JO JaquUInNN T : “suo AANNANAANT TAH HANNANN RRR HNANAHA Qo “Qa “Qo “Qa “ot “Got “Qe “qout “Qed | “IBIN ‘IRIN “IBIN “uUBe ‘uBP ‘oad ‘Qe “aT “Qot “‘Qe4 “CoH ‘09d ‘00d ‘00d ‘09d 0aq7 ‘o0d i AwtOOnA ti9 ' Lrmoraognh mas ‘ajnqiqsur jo sféeq ‘a7"q ‘uny dJeldog ‘yeo0ip a0uRD “elejune “OlTFASaT}ABYS ‘yaodsve'T ‘sdulidg SurHUIS “UMO}1OS TI) ‘o10qspirg “‘UMO}LIAOG ‘¥Y90I1D MOTOR pH HOnEI Tonto ‘poomazoalg, ‘yoyo Hog ‘pop jo younyo ‘queseelqd “iN looyos Buo1jsusy stotaletatststoretevetere ‘TreH esuein ‘aT AAouy ng “MOVT 97eIS “OTITASABI ‘Sainquovery * « ‘UMOJSIONVEL ry ee! “UOJUTTO ‘plojxQO MIN ‘PIeyIIe AT ‘OTITASepusg ‘90BId er “Tyee ‘TaABvag ‘Suo1jsuly ‘AUN SOL ‘SUIVPYV *Aqunop “LO6T—906T HO NOSVAS —SHLALILSNI SYUAWUVA VINVATASNNGd "2-906 JO UOSVOS ‘SOININSUT SIOWMIVF papua}}e OYA Suosdod CTE‘OFT JO [B10] PULAS B ayVUT [[TM SOTJUNOD JUaAETIp 94} Ur suUOISsos Aq oDULpPUe}Y OY, ‘SUOISSOS [8G OJUL PoplArp ‘ajnjzTSUrL Jo SK{ep ZEE JO [v10} B pyoy aloM JAOTT, ‘avodk [BOST 9Y} SULINP Pjoy a19M So}NITSU! odoyM soovyd p ue soyep Jo ‘satjunos Aq “yst] a}Jo[dmM09 B ST SUIMOT[OJT OT, 29 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 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Doce. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 32 eZ9'S £86 L6L Gcl‘t | 18% C8F‘T | 162 G12'S S96 661 G08 09T 80S 69T LEL'T OFO'T 80% 169 681 G08 ‘T G6L 6S1 OT0'T | 02 STS"s 6g 611 cue cil O9F G6 css LLT 090°3 G19 1 012 89 GLL EST Ocs | LIT 008 008 O9T G8L ‘3 | SLL | SST | 098 ‘T CGC = 099 | G&L gce ‘T | S01 Tl OSt 06 002 00 cT8‘T GLy | 8ST. OLZ | 06 SIZ L ccs TLT 0F0'T cor &6 0g GG 47 98 SST ‘T S8T‘T | 88% 092 ‘T 092 'T GSS Hts re hae | ay Paani) i i coy i 3 | ® = | D TR | “90uUBpUua} Ty Iman > | 2 OD 69 09 69 OD 09 29 10 LS

.c.cethieteninn ocean oo ee Howard G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills. STATA ciactsne csltarciwic foe moe ee H. L. Harvey, Juniata. ISTAOEOLG: steps eet eee eee »... Ek. E. ‘Chubbuck, Rome, R. F. D. No. 16.. BU CLESE «syne sy sean Sie ep ea Watson T. Davis, Ivyland. SU UIGTE Meher ciniorctave mate ooo atten ene W. H. H. Riddle, Butler. Cambrian eck co ae ee H. J. Krumenacker, Carrolltown. C@aIneroniee cee sets orcs eae W. H. Howard, Emporium. ACAI OT eS ea Me ciee ols nn ee Brice Brenckman, Weatherly, R. F. D. WETIENO MAS hier hee iol eee John A. Woodward, Howard. CRCSECTy Miers annoy ate, Seem Dr. M. EH. Conard, Westgrove. GIATIO IY ats nore cise acto neers ae Ss. X. McClellan, Knox. ClEArhieldmenccctso scm eee ene E. M. Davis, Grampian. ChMEOM Ree ciauieiiers a roles cee tee oe Joel A. Herr, Milhall, R. EF. D. W@ranwicOrdtn pte aes coe ere ee A. P. Young, Millville. Colummibias «we eevaensnrcise nis eee cicteerinn J. F. Seavy, Seagerstown. Cumberlands We accsc se ecoes coesee oe Rev. T. J. Ferguson, Mechanicsburg. TO ZHENG} CaS on RNS rast ears eee net len ee Rea S. F. Barber, Harrisburg. DAMA WATE ac. aromas heirs ere ihe R. M. Heyburn, Ward. IAVICLECR Pieces eect tr maak J. B. Werner, St. Mary’s. EBA Faaorate ay arene cet are orcietaretinn a oe eee Archie Billings, Edinboro. EEL OMe reve casts tector Ciel erie ee Sylvester Duff, Smock. MOVES ts OMe wis, costio rates Ponte a Oe C. A. Randall, Tionesta. MIL EONS sores ae sae cistonpete acer Peoria J. P. Young Marion. OPTI? “said kroner cis oan oereeee R, M. Kendall, McConnellsburg. Greene? “s.cRecscera cece eee eee ne J. W. Stewart, Jefferson. Huntine don y..taacosesee weteceaee G. G. Hutchison, Warrior’s Mark. TY GAAME | sie a resetelecre meieree eho rctar eo S. M. McHenry, Indiana. JeStTLErS ON), #icien. secwen ence cee eee Peter B. Cowan, Brookville. SMUINIa tah. ca sch esensmun cei eco Matthew Rodgers, Mexico. WealekKaw amma.’ vain ste seers ce eyortionemeiere Horace Seamans, Factoryville. TANCASTER. | Aanviea css s wereieeertanttene W. H. Brosius, Drumore. EK. S. Hoover, Lancaster. NMBA CTICE). Aa che erctet toric eae coe eine Saml. McCreary, Volant, R. F. D. Lebanon, ....Hdward Shuey, Lickdale. WGehie hls Ss Serescnie cack ee P. S. Fenstermaker, Allentown. WGMAETNCs oS scaaeceetcsoen cose J. E, Hildebrandt, Dallas, R. F. D. TEMWCOMIN So Meicerioss seh neeein ccitees A. J. Kahler, Hughesville. DVEGES CAIN Se acre Sica sieieree sie eee L. W. Howden, Corryville. Mier COR, tisat a ceccuenn ahi W. C. Black, Mercer. INURE GLIA sisretars.cierepinicets cae tia mais cartoon M. M. Naginey, Milroy. INTODMOC ys oe stgsctee eee O eile anon ae ‘andal Bisbing, East Stroudsburg. Monte OmMenyss ase sateeee cena ie Jason Sexton, North Wales. IMONGOUT: /c. peacmas Skee eect ee C. A. Wagner, Ottawa. INGA NEEM Os saceensons -daoesenans Wm. F. Beck, Easton, R. F. D. No. 1. Northumberiands = 46) soeeene eee I. A. Eschbach, Milton, R. F. D. No. 1. ROTI Yo els oan So Ore A. T. Holman, Millerstown. hiladelphiarn seen eene eee Dr. W. H. Ridge, Brevose. JET encom ae MES ah UM B. F. Killam, Paupack. Rotter: ts ssc...6 acs ae Ae Horace H. Hall, Ellisburg. Schiyllilly (sere scatcsssinasee eee W. H. Stout, Pinesrove: Siavidlier matings a akiiecs ee neo ees Chas. Miller, Salem. SOMTETSEUM ciclacarisainais Se eee Jaccb 8. Miller, Friedens. SHUR ahs Seeks oh aeRae ete noe Aenean E. R. Warburton, Dushore, R. F. D. No. 3. SHEO(DGIOGHIINE, ~ eb opeeeads donno acaGee I. A. Davies, Montrose. ET OPA iin OPN ed hehe ne Sas FE, E. Field, No. 209 Caldwell Ave., Elmira. MUTA OMI tarsal arate, sistele sie ee oven Pa aise J. Newton Glover, Vicksburg. WiGiaTe Wolk X0 Re ac claiy serotne Uo IOC cha orate W. A. Crawford, Cooperstown. WATT ON enc Sse erencr anne er etawtete levels ever stent Geo. A. Woodside, Sugargrove. WieisShintetOnia sccm tease te D. S. Taylor, Raccoon. HVVG AGIOS: eae fits cra core catoarace ons vomereee thatavels W. EH. Perham, Niagara. NVIESEmOre AMG. .te-ciacistacies tee cree ei M. N. Clark, Claridge. WAVOMINe” seni cece weve D. A. Knuppenburg, Lake Carey. York, ee oy G. F. Barnes, Rossville. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LIST OF INSTITUTE LECTURERS FOR SEASON OF 1906-7. . Armsby, Dr. H. P., State College, Centre County. Barber, S. F., Box 104, Harrisburg, Dauphin county. Barclay, Richard D., Haverford, Montgomery county. ‘ Bashore, Dr. Harvey B., West Fairview, Cumberland county. Beardslee, R. L., Warrenham, Bradford county. Black, Wm. C., Mercer, Mercer county Bond, M. §., Danville, Montour county. Brodhead, C. W., Montrose, Susquehanna county. Bruckart, J. W., Lititz, Lancaster county. Burns, J. S., Imperial, R. F. D. No. 1, Allegheny county. Butz; Prof. Geo. C., State College, Centre county. Campbell, J. T., Hartstown, Crawford county. Clark, M. N., Claridge, Westmoreland county Cooke, Prof. Wells W., No. 13828 Twelfth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Cox, J. W., New Wilmington, Lawrence county. Cure, Z. T., Jermyn, Lackawanna county. Detrich, Dr. J. D., West Chester, R. F. D. No. 12, Chester county. Drake, W. M. C., Volant, Lawrence county. Frear, Dr. Wm., State College, Centre county. Fritz, Mrs. Sarah B., Duncannon, Perry county. Funk, Dr. J. H., Boyertown, Berks county. Hall, Horace H., Ellisburg, Potter county. Herr, Joel A., Millhall, R. F. D., Clinton county. Hill, W. F., Chambersburg, Franklin county. Hoover, E. S., Lancaster, Lancaster county. Hull, Geo. E., Transfer, R. F. D., Mercer county. - Kahler, A. J., Hughesville, Lycoming county. Kester, R. P., Grampian, Clearfield county. Ledy, J. H., Marion, Franklin county. Lehman, Amos B., Fayetteville, Franklin county. Lighty, L. W., East Berlin, Adams county. Mairs, Prof. T. I., State College, Centre county. Massey, Prof. W. F., No. 205 St. Marks Square, Philadelphia. McDowell, Prof. M. S., State College, Centre county. Menges, Prof. Franklin, York, York county. Miller, Prof. Norman G., Asst. Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg. Northup, Henry W., Dalton, R. F. D. No, 1, Lackawanna county. Orr, T. E., Beaver, Beaver county. Owens, Prof. Wm. G., Lewisburg, Union county. Peachey, J. H., Belleville, Mifflin county. Philips, T. J., Atglen, Chester county. Phillips, E. L., New Bethlehem, Clarion county. Pillsbury, Prof. J. P., State College, Centre county. Schock, Oliver D., Asst. Dairy and Food Commissioner, Harrisburg. Schwarz, R. F., Analomink, Monroe county. Seeds, R. S., Birmingham, Huntingdon county Smith, J. O., Trough Creek, Huntingdon county. Stout, W. H., Pinegrove, Schuylkill county. Thayer, Dr. I. A., New Castle, Lawrence county. Tower, Dr. E. E., No. 5414 Osage Avenue, Philadelphia. Van Norman, Prof. H. E., State College, Centre county. Waener, E. J., Harrison city, Westmoreland county. Wallace, Mrs. Mary A., Ellwood city, Lawrence county. Watts, D. H., Kerrmoor, Clearfield county. Waychoft, G. B., Jefferson, Greene county. Weld, R. J., Sugargrove, Warren county. Wittman, W. Theo., Allentown, Lehigh county. 35 36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The following is a list of Lecturers, Speakers and Essayists who gave instruction at institutes, season of 1906-07, with topics for dis- cussion: 1906-1907. ARMSBY, DR. H. P., State College, Centre County, Pa.: 1. Balanced Rations. 2. Individuality in Feeding. 3. Feeding-stuffs Guarantees. 4. The Choice of Feeding-stuffs. 5. Some Points Regarding the Handling of Live Stock. (15 to 20 minutes each.) BARBER, S. F., Box 104, Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pa.: . The Silo Throughout the Year Butter Making on the Farm. Care of Stable Manure and How Best to Apply It. Seeding of Grass for Hay. Care of Milk for Retail Trade. Marketing of Farm Crops. . The Importance of Humus or Vegetable Matter in the Soil; Why Most Farms of Our State are Deficient of It. BARCLAY, RICHARD D., Haverford, Montgomery County, Pa.: 1. Bee-keeping. (60 minutes.) 2. San José Scale. (30 minutes.) 3. Agricultural Education from the Student’s Point of View. (30 minutes.) 4. Fancy, ‘Stock and Its Management. (40 minutes.) 5. Principles of Spraying. (30 minutes.) BASHORE, DR. HARVEY B., West Fairview, Cumberland County, Pa.: 1. Farm Hygiene. (15 minutes.) 2. Vilage Hygiene. (15 minutes.) 3. Good Health—A Much Neglected Crop. (15 minutes.) BEARDSLEEF, R. L., Warrenham, Bradford County, Pa.: 1. How to Establish and Maintain a Dairy. 2. How to Renovate an Impoverished Farm. 3. Raising Skim Milk Calves. 4. Fodder Corn, Silo and Silage. 5 6 Te IS OUR oe . Sheep Husbandry. . Potato Culture. The Farmer’s Horse. BLACK, WM. C., Mercer County, Pa.: il. The Value of Pedigree. (30 minutes.) 2. The Beef Breeds of Cattle. (30 minutes.) 3. Comparison of Beef and Dairy Types for Beef Purposes. (30 minutes.) 4. Cultivation and Uses of Corn Plant. (30 minutes.) 5. Sheep, Breed, Mutton and Wool. (30 minutes.) 7. Raising the Calf. (30 minutes.) 8. Swine, Breed and Feed. (30 minutes.) BOND, M. S., Danville, Montour County, Pa.: 1. History, Discovery and Culture of the Potato. (30 minutes.) 2. Experience with Commercial Fertilizers for Thirty Years. (30 minutes.) 3. Growing and Marketing Vegetables. (30 minutes.) 4. The Farmer’s Garden. (15 minutes.) 5. ‘Soil Restoration. (20 minutes.) 6. Short Talk with Boys and Girls about Staying on the Farm. (20 min- utes.) 7. I Don’t Know. (15 minutes.) BRODHEAD, C. W., Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa.: 1. Care of Horses and Colts’ Feet and Teeth. (Illustrated.) (45 minutes.) 2. Horseshoeing. (Illustrated with chart and specimens.) (45 minutes.) 3. Some Things every Horse Owner Should Know. (40 minutes.) 4. Zoology of the Horse. (Illustrated.) (30 minutes.) BRUCKART, J. W., Lititz, Lancaster County, Pa.: 1. The Poultry Department on the Farm. (45 minutes.) 2. Better Poultry and More of It. (45 minutes.) No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 37 3. Success with Poultry in Limited Quarters. (30 minutes.) 4. The Incubator and the Brooder on the Farm. (45 minutes.) 5. Profitable Market Gardening. (45 minutes.) 6. Strawberry and Small Fruit Culture. (45 minutes.) 7. San José Seale. (30 minutes.) 8. Personal Experience with Lime and the Legumes. (30 minutes.) 9. Lights and Shadows of Farm Life. (Evening Lecture.) (45 minutes.) BURNS, J. S., Imperial, R. F. D. No. 1, Allegheny County, Pa.: BU CA) i MSC R OBE ek tus: OO DO IS oO SHIH MN ill CLARK, M. N., Claridge, Westmoreland County, Pa.: . Corn Breeding and Selection of Seed. (30 minutes.) . Corn: Preparation of Soil and Cultivation. (30 minutes.) . Breeding and Care of Swine. (80 minutes.) Sheep Husbandry. (25 minutes.) Cattle Feeding. (25 minutes.) Growing and Preserving Pork for Family Use. (385 minutes.) The Farmer and His Wife. (Evening Lecture.) (380 minutes.) Home Influence. (40 minutes.) Education for Country Children. (35 minutes.) 7, PROF. GHO. C., State College, Centre County, Pa.: . Modern Treatment of Apple Orchards. Peach Culture. . Insect Enemies of Farm and Garden. Ornamentation of Home Grounds. Botany of the Farm. . Agricultural Education. . Small Fruits. . Bacteria for Leguminous Crops. IPBELL, J. T., Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa.: . Construction of Poultry Houses and Fixtures. Profitable Egg Production. (lJllustrated.) (45 minutes.) Lice, Gapes and Poultry Diseases. (20 to 30 minutes.) . Experience with Incubators and Brooders. (Lantern slides.) (25 to 30 minutes.) : Economic Maintenance of the Productivity of the Soil. (40 to 60 minutes.) Acid Soils and Their Treatment. (Lantern slides.) (45 minutes.) Commercial Potato Growing. (30 minutes.) . The Farmer’s Garden (20 to 30 minutes.) . Crop Rotation in Relation to Soil Improvement. (30 to 40 minutes.) . To Have and To Hold. (Evening lecture for young boys and girls.) (40- 50 minutes.) Use of Cement and Concrete Work on the Farm. (20-30 minutes.) . Buying and Care of Farm Implements. (20 minutes.) Every Farmer Should Be a Member of the Grange. (20 minute8.) Growing Swine. (20 minutes.) . The Farm Journal for the Farmer. (20 minutes.) Theory and Practical Education. (20 minutes.) Marketing the Products of the Farm. (25 minutes.) How to Grow Horses. (15 minutes.) . Some of the Mistakes Made on the Farm. (25 minutes.) CONARD, DR. M. E., Westgrove, Chester County, Pa.: 1: The Dairy Barn ‘and Surroundings. 2. Conditions and Care Necessary to the Production of Market Milk. 3. How to Build Up the Dairy Herd. 4. Some Points on the Feeding of Calves. COOKE, PROF. WELLS W., No. 1328 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, IDES, ue Soil Fertility and How to Retain It. 2. How to Use the Silo to the Best Advantage. Q fo) OWI ONE G9 PIP PA $000 1 oT 99 . Economical Buying of Stock Foods. Feeding for the Production of the Best Milk. . Economical Summer Feeding of Cows. . Utilizing the Whole Value of Farm Manure. Modern Methods of Milk Handling. Nature Study in the Country School. 4 Economical Feeding of the Farmer’s Family. JOHN W., New Wilmington, Lawrence County, Pa.: The Easiest and Most Profitable Way to Grow Potatoes. (25 minutes.) Raising and Care of Poultry. (35 minutes.) . Increasing Soil Fertility. (25 minutes.) Maintaining Soil Moisture and Vegetable Matter in the Soil. (25 minutes.) . Commercial Fertilizer. (25 minutes.) A Practical Education for the Farmer. (25 minutes.) The Formation and Management of the Dairy Herd. (25 minutes.) 8. The San Jore and Other Insect Pests of Fruit Trees. (20 minutes.) 38 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. CURE, Z. T., Jermyn, Lackawanna County, Pa.: 1. Potato Culture. (20 minutes.) Up-to-date Talk on Corn. (20 to 25 minutes.) Economy in the Use of Commercial Fertilizers. (20 minutes.) Production and Care of Orchards. (25 minutes.) Education to the Farmer a Necessity. (30 to 35 minutes.) The Raising and Harly Training of Colts; The Profitable Time to Sell, Ete. (80 minutes.) The Handling of Sheep and Production of Early Spring Lambs. (20 min- utes.) The Handling of Heifer Calves to and During First Year of Maternity. (20 minutes.) . A Talk on the Laws Governing Animal Improvement. RICH, J. D., West Chester, Chester County, Pa.: How to Keep Twenty Head or More of Dairy Animals on Fifteen Acres. . Kighteen Years Experience in Soiling. Sixteen Years Experience with Wooden Silo. Shall we Grow Crops on Fifteen Acre Farm and no Fertilizer? . Feed, Breed and Care of the Dairy. Breeding and Raising the Dairy Animal. The Agricultural College and the Farmer. The Farmer’s Waste Basket. . The Small Farm Vs. The Large Farm. . Bench, Book and Farm. DRAKE, W. M. C., Volant, Lawrence County, Pa.: 1.How to Grow Clover. (40 minutes.) Corn Breeding. (40 minutes.) . Breeding, Feeding and Care of Farm Animals. (40 minutes.) . Keeping a Dairy. (40 minutes.) The Use of Common Fertilizer. (30 minutes.) . The Farm as a Factory. (40 minutes.) . Potato Culture. (30 minutes.) Fruit Culture. (30 minutes.) . The Farmer’s Education. (50 minutes.) FREAR, DR. WM., State College, Centre County, Pa.: . Fertilizer Economics. (20 minutes.) The Accumulation and Uses of Humus. (30 minutes.) Condimental Stock Foods; Their Uses and Abuses. (20 minutes.) The Selection of Seed Corn. (30 minutes.) The Gain in Soil Nitrogen Resulting from Leguminous Crops. (20 min- utes.) FRITZ, MRS. SARAH B., Duncannon, Perry County, Pa.: 1. Our Country Homes. (20 minutes.) 2. The Wife a Partner. (25 minutes.) 38. The Mission of Beauty. (25 minutes.) 4. Three Practical Ways of Farmers’ Wives Making Money. (15 minutes.) FUNK, DR. J. H., Boyertown, Berks County, Pa.: 1; Commercial Orcharding. (45 minutes.) Pruning, Fertilizing and Thinning. (45 to 60 minutes.) Spraying. (45 minutes.) . San José Scale and Other Insect Pests. (45 minutes.) Small Fruits. (45 minutes.) Birds and Insectss (60 minutes.) The Peach and How to Raise It. (45 minutes.) Potato Culture. (45 to 60 minutes.) HALL, HORACE H., Ellisburg, Potter County, Pa.: 1. Cheese Dairying. The Silo. . Cover for Feed and Fertilizer. Cement Stable Floors. . Strawberries for the Home and Market. Fiarmer Telephones. Why Farmers Should Organize. What Education Should Farmers Have. . The Basis of Our Greatness. . Our Greatest Benefactors. HARSHBERGER, PROF. J. W., No. 737 Corinthian Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.: . The Accumulation of Soil Nitrogen. (45 minutes.) The Role of Leguminous Plants. (45 minutes.) The Selection and Breeding of Indian Corn. (45 minutes.) The abe of Agricultural Plants and How to Combat Them. (30 min- utes The Corn Plant; A Nature Study. (30 minutes.) DE Bee yrs oe © FT Moor i WO IRD OM poo ts gle oh OID OVE Cy} DOWAIR Rwy a No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39 HERR, JOEL A., Millhall, R. F. D., Clinton County, Pas “pecialties in Farming. (20 minutes.) . Selection and Breeding of Dairy Cows. (20 minutes.) . Large Fruit Growing. Woe minutes.) . Practical Road Making. (25 minutes.) . Farm Fertility. (20 minutes.) . The Bright Side of Farm Life. (85 minutes.) . Education Through Organization. (30 minutes.) . Higher Education and The Means of Getting It. (30 minutes.) . The Farmer as a Citizen. (25 minutes.) Soil Moisture. (20 minutes.) HILL, W. F., Chambersburg, Franklin County, Pa.: is Desirable Soil Conditions. (20 minutes.) 2. Saving and Applying Manure. (20 minutes.) 3. Observations in Our Own Country. (20 minutes.) 4, Obseryations in Foreign Lands. (20 minutes.) 5. Organization; The Present Power. (20 minutes.) 6. Our Education; Our Capital. (20 minutes.) HOOVER, HON. E. S., Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pa.: Forestry as Pertaining to Farming. (20 minutes.) . Education of the Farmer’s Son. (15 minutes.) 3. Failures in Farming and the Causes. (15 minutes.) 4. System on the Farm. (15 minutes.) 5. Beautifying the Home Grounds. (15 minutes.) 6. Soil Improvement. (15 minutes.) 7 8 a nie . Cutlivation of Tobacco; Its Curing and Preparation for Market. (15 min- utes.) . The Proper Time for Harvesting Farm Crops. (15 minutes.) 9. Care of Farm Machinery. (20 minutes.) 10. The Horse; His Breeding, Rearing and Training. (20 minutes.) 11. Growing Trees on the Farm. (15 minutes.) 12. Farmer’s Institutes; Their Benefit. (15 minutes.) 13. How-Can We Keep up the Fertility of the Soil the Cheapest? (15 min- utes.) 14. Wastes on the Farm. (15 minutes.) HULL, GHO. E., Transfer, R. F. D., Mercer County, Pa.: . High Grade Farm Butter. (20 to 25 minutes.) Breed, Feed and Care of the Dairy Cow. (20 minutes.) Construction and Filling of Silos. (25 minutes.) Construction of a Labor Saving Dairy Barn. (20 minutes.) Marketing Farm Products. (30 minutes.) . The Farm Water Supply. (25 minutes.) . Feeding Steers for Market. (20 minutes.) . Some Experience With Sheep. (20 minutes.) . Our Farm Homes. (35 to 30 minutes.) KAHLER, HON. A. J., Hughesville, Lycoming County, Pa.: ep ae aie 1. Soil Fertility. Pecorn Cmire, 3. Taxation. 4. Hogs for Profit. 5. Concentration of Schools in Rural Districts. 6. My Experience with Lime and Commercial Fertilizer. 7. Proper Care of Barnyard Manure. 8. How Best to Keep the Boys on the Farm. 9. Breeding, Treating and Selection of Corn. KESTER, R. P., Grampian; R. EF. D., No. 2, Clearfield County, Pa.: alr Making the Dairy Pay. .(45 minutes.) 2. Dairy Types and Breeds. (30 minutes.) 3. Profitable Feeding of the Dairy Cow. (30 minutes.) 4. The Silo an Essential to Profitable Dairying. (30 minutes.) 5. Poultry Culture. (30 minutes.) 6. Gardening for Home and for Market. (30 minutes.) 7. Intelligent Use of Commercial Fertilizers. (30 minutes.) 8. The Rural Schools. (Evening lecture.) (40 minutes.) 9. Advantages of Rural Life. (Evening lecture.) (40 minutes.) LEDY, J. H., Marion, Franklin County, Pa.: 1. General Fruit Growing; How to Take Care of Trees. 2. Peach, Apple and Plum Culture. 3. Pruning, Cultivating and Fertilizing the Orchard. 4. The Farmers’ Garden. 5. Alfalfa; Its Value and How to Grow It. 6. Small Fruit Culture. 7. Tomatoes and Cantaloups; How to Grow Them. 8. Poultry for Profit, and How to Make Hens Lay in January. 9. San José Scale a Specialty. 10. Crimson Clover and Soja Beans; their Value and How to Grow Them. 40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. LEHMAN, AMOS B., Fayetteville, Franklin County Pa.: 1. Breeding, Feeding and Profit in Hogs. Legumes for Feed and Fertility. Dairy vs. Beef Cattle. . Insects, Friends and Foes. Nature Study in the Public Schools. . Theory and Practice in Farming . Methods and Observation in Culture of Fruits. LIGHTY, L. W.. East Berlin, Adams County, Pa.: . The Farmers’ Cow; How to Make Her Profitable. (50 minutes.) . Feeding the Dairy Cow. (45 minutes.) . Culture and Feeding the Corn Crop. (45 minutes.) . Silo Experience and Practice. (30 minutes.) Soiling and Soiling Crops. (30 minutes.) Value, Care and Application of Farm Manure. (30 minutes.) . Producing and Marketing Dairy Products. (40 minutes.) . Improving and Maintaining the Fertility of Our Soils. The Making of a Home on the Farm. (30 minutes.) . Education for our Boys and Girls; What and How. (45 minutes.) MAIRS, PROF. T. I., State College, Centre County, Pa.: ile Baby Beef Production for Pennsylvania. (20 to 40 minutes.) . Steer Feeding in Pennsylvania. (20 to 40 minutes.) Pork Production. (20-40 minutes.) Mutton Growing. (20 to 40 minutes.) Leguminous Forage Crops as a Source of Protein. (20 to 40 minutes.) Horse Growing for Pennsylvania Farmers. (20-40 minutes.) 3, 4. 5. 6. MASSEY, PROF. W. F., No. 205 St. Marks Square, Philadelphia, Pa.: dE 2. ae 4. WONBPOMPwDre H So The Improvement of the Soil and Rotation of Crops. The Southern Cow Pea and its Place in Pennsylvania. Southern Market Gardening and Its Lessons for our Gardeners. Orchard Planting, Pruning and Culture. 5. Commercial Fertilizing; Their Use and Abuse. McDOWELL, PROF. M. S., State College, Centre County, Pa.: 1. Commercial Fertilizers. 2. A Few Facts About Bacteria. 3. Insoluble Phosphate. 4. Lime. 5. Agriculture, an Art. MENGES, PROF. FRANKLIN, York, York County, Pa.: 1. Domestic Chemistry. (30 minutes.) 2. Fixation of Free Nitrogen Explained. (30 minutes.) 3. Nitrification; Conditions Necessary to Produce it. (30 minutes.) 4. Maintenance of Soil Moisture. (30 minutes.) 5. Methods for Raising Hay and Leguminous Crops. (30 minutes.) 6. Various Methods for Crop Rotation. (30 minutes.) 7. Benefits of Crop Breeding. (30 minutes.) 8. The Necessity of Education for the Farmer. (30 minutes.) 9. Denatured Alcohol in Agriculture. (30 minutes.) 10. Insect Friends and Foes of the Farmer. (30 minutes.) MILLER, PROF. NORMAN G., Assistant Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pas: Alfalfa; Its Value as a Forage and Fertilizer. (30 minutes.) Fungus Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment. . (35 minutes.) Insects Injurious to Horticultural and Other Crops. (25 minutes.) The Cow Pea and Its Uses. (25 minutes.) . Seale Insects and Their Treatment. (25 minutes.) NORTHUP, HENRY W., Dalton, R. F. D., Lackawanna County, Pa.: 1. Selection, Care and Management of the Dairy. 2. Practical Experience with the Silo. 3. Potato Growing. 4. The Exhaustation and Restoration of our Soil. 5. Fruit Culture. %. Specialties in Farming. 7. Farm Products and How to Market Them. 8. Nature Study for Country Schools. 9. Educating the Farmer and Increasing His Usefulness. 10. Desirable Country Homes and How to Enjoy Them. (30 minutes.) ORR, T. E., Beaver, Beaver County, Pa.: 1. Poultry as a Side Line for Farmers. 2. Poultry as a Business. 3. Poultry Houses. 4. Incubators and Brooders. 5. Eggs for City Trade. 6. The Breed or the Feed—Which? 7. Running a One-Horse Farm. OTe 69 8 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41 8. Two Good Highways; How They are Made. 9. The Business End of Farming. 10. The Farmer and the Public Schools. OWENS, PROF. WM. G., Lewisburg, Union County, Pa.: 1. What Chemistry is Doing for the Farm. (60 minutes.) 2. The Successful Farmer’s Education. (60 minutes.) 3. Farm Sanitation. (30 minutes.) 4. What Has Been Done by Breeding. (30 minutes.) 5. Improved Fertility. (80 minutes.) 6. Manure or Commercial Fertilizers. (380 minutes.) 7. Bacteria as a Source of Nitrogen. (30 minutes.) 8. Protection from Insect Pests. (30 minutes.) PEACHEY, J. H., Belleville, Mifflin County, Pa.: 1. Corn Culture. 2. The Home on the Farm. (Illustrated lecture.) 3. Butter Making on the Farm. 4. Breeding and Feeding the Pig. 5. Soil Improvement. 6. The Clover Crop and How to Grow It. 7. Echoes from the Farm. (Illustrated lecture.) 8. The Problem of Education for Country Children. (Illustrated lecture.) (From 30 to 45 minutes each.) PHILIPS, HON. THOMAS J., Atglen, Chester County, Pa.: . Commercial Fertilizers; Their Nature and Use. (40 minutes.) The Silo as I have Found It. (380 minutes.) Is Lime a Fertilizer? How Does it Benefit the Farmer? (35 minutes.) Thirty Years Experience with Dairy Cows. (30 minutes.) Poultry Upon the Farm; A Farmer’s Experience. (25 minutes.) The Farmers’ Garden. (20 minutes.) . Are Farmers Business Men? If Not, Why Not? (35 minutes.) A Peep Through the Key-Hole. (40 minutes.) PHILLIPS, E. L., New Bethlehem, Clarion County, Pa.: 1. Breeding Animals on the Farm. (20 minutes.) 2. Can the Farm be Made a Success. (30 minutes.) 3. Farm Implements, Selecting, Buying and Caring For. (25 minutes.) 4. Commercial Fertilizers. (30 minutes.) 5. Good Roads; How to Get Them. (25 to 30 minutes.) PILLSBURY, J. P., ‘State College, Centre County, Pa.: 1. Pruning. (20 minutes.) 2. Strawberry Culture. (20 minutes.) 3. How to Plant An Orchard. (30 minutes.) 4. Care of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. (20 minutes.) 5. Grafting and Budding. (20 minutes.) SCHOCK, OLIVER D., Assistant Dairy and Food Commissioner, Harrisburg. Pas: 1. Enforcing the Pure Food Laws in Pennsylvania. 2. Education for the Farmers’ Sons and Daughters. . Floriculture in Coutry Homes. . Progress in Agriculture. . Profitable Poultry on the Farm. . Growing Grapes for Pleasure and Profit. . The Country Fair. SCHWARZ, HON. R. F., Analomink, Montgomery County, Pa.: Geto CS RO AD OVE co ile Market Gardening. (45 minutes.) 2. Small Fruit Growing. (30 minutes.) 3. The Commercial Orchard. (35 minutes.) 4. The Orchard for Home Consumption. (30 minutes.) 5. A Thorough Understanding of the Fertilizer Question. (45 minutes.) 6. The Home Mixing of Fertilizer. (30 minutes.) 7. Reclaiming of Worn-Out Soil Without Manure, or Success with Crimson Clover. (60 minutes.) 8. Profit in Poultry. (40 minutes.) 9. The New Road Law and the Farmers’ Duty Under It. (30 minutes.) 10. Why Should a Farmer Boy and Girl Be Educated. (45 minutes.) (Illus- trated lecture.) 11. Fruits and Vegetables for the Farmer’s Table. (40 minutes.) (Illus- trated lecture.) SEEDS, ROBERT S8., Birmingham, Huntingdon County, Pa.: . Value of Barnyard Manure. (30 minutes.) . Soil Improvement, The Keynote of Agriculture. (30 minutes.) The Value of Fertility and Cheapest Way to Get It. (40 minutes.) . Education and the Farmer. (20 minutes.) . Benefits Derived from Farmers’ Institutes. (20 minutes.) What Constitutes a Country Home. (45 minutes) Mistakes in Life Exposed. (60 minutes.) 4 TIP OUR 29 bo PH 42 . ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. SMITH, J. O., Calvin, Huntingdon County, Pa.: mh How Plants Grow; How Plants Feed. (35 minutes.) 2. Foods of the Vegetable World. (30 minutes.) o oeas . Soils; How Formed; How Made Fertile, Etc. (380 minutes.) . Farmers to the Front. (30 minutes.) When is a Man Educated? (30 minutes.) . Relation of a Farm. (Entertaining.) TOUT, W. H., Pinegrove, Schuylkill County, Pa.: ae 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8. Fruit Growing. . Market Gardening and Small Fruit Growing. . Geological Observations, Bee-Keeping. . Manures and Fertilizers. . Theory vs. Practice. . Redeeming Exhausted Soil. How to Obtain an Education under Difficulties. (30 minutes each.) SURFACE, PROF. H. A., Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.: ile rs COO NID OI co po i The Economic Value and Protection of our Native Birds. (40-50 minutes.) . General Principles and Methods of Insect Warfare. (40 minutes.) . The Hessian Fly in Pennsylvania. (30 minutes.) . Our Insect Friends. (Illustrated.) (30-40 minutes.) . Nature Study and Agriculture in the Public Schools. (25-30 minutes.) Centralization of Schools. (20 minutes.) - Higher Education for Farmers’ Boys and Girls. (20-25 minutes.) The Elements of Success. (15-20 minutes.) . The Needs of the Farmer. (30-40 minutes.) . Practical Bee-Keeping. THAYER, DR. I. A., New Castle, Lawrence County, Pa.: 15. . Tile’ Draining; Why and How. (40 minutes.) . Soil Moisture. (30 minutes.) Preparation of the Seed Bed. (40 minutes.) . Stable Manure. (40 minutes.) Commercial Fertilizers. (30 minutes.) . The Clover as Fertilizers. (30 minutes.) The Clovers as Food. (30 minutes.) Alfalfa. (30 minutes.) The Principles of Stock Feeding. (40 minutes.) Care of Farm Animal. (40 minutes.) . The Farmer’s Horse. (30 minutes.) . Strawberry Culture. (30 minutes.) . Back to Nature. (40-60 minutes.) -. Home Hygiene. (Evening lecture.) (40 minutes.) The Farmer’s Table. (Evening lecture). \(40 minutes.) TOWER, DR. E. E., Hop Bottom, Susquehanna County, Pa.: ils “1D Ol Co bo tO COD OV CO CO PT 10. Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse and Cow. (lIllustrated.) (30 min- utes each.) Common Diseases of Farm Animals. . Contagious Diseases of Farm Animals. . Tuberculosis; Symptoms at Different Stages. . Rabies. . Care of Farm Animals in Disease and Health. . Stock Foods and Condition Powders; Their Value and What they Cost the Farmer. NORMAN, PROF. H. E., State College, Centre County, Pa.: . On What Do the Dairy -Profits Depend? Helpful and Harmful Bacteria. . Why Does the Tests Vary? The Young Folks Chance. Something the Agricultural College and Experiment Station May Do. . Feeding Practice. . Skim-milk; Butter-milk; Why? Only a Cow; That’s the Rub. . Cow Stable Devices. Silo and Silage. WAGNER, F. J., Harrison City, Westmoreland County, Pa.: POH oo DO RY . Soils and Soil Making. (15-20 minutes.) . The Business Side of Farming. (15-30 minutes.) . Dairying for Profit. (15-20 minutes.) 5 . Clover and Its Cultivation. (15-20 minutes.) . Education for the Farmer and His Family. (15-20 minutes.) . Advantages in Cream Separator. (15 minutes.) WALLACE, MRS. MARY A., Ellwood City, Lawrence County, Pa.: ie 2. 3. Centralization of Rural Schools. (30 minutes.) The Country Home; Its Sanitation; Convenience, Etc. (30 minutes.) Thoughts for the Housekeeper. (Illustrated lecture.) (30 minutes.) No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43 4. A Talk with the Country Boys and Girls. (30 minutes.) 5. Domestic Science. (30 minutes.) 6. Food and Care of Babies. (30 minutes.) 7. Country Butter; How to Make It. (20 minutes.) WATTS, D. H., Kerrmoor, Clearfield County, Pa.: The Dairy Herd and Stable. The Feed and Care of the Dairy Herd. The Silo and Why Profitable. . Gilt-edge Butter; How to Make and Sell It. The Apple Orchard and Its Care. . The Soil, the Seed Bed and Plant. . The Steam Engine as Used on our Farm. Farm Buildings and Blunders. . The Farmer of the Future. (Evening Talk.) (30 minutes each.) WAYCHOFF, G. B., Jefferson, Greene Coune, Pa.: . Clover as a Soil Renovator. (40 minutes.) Uses of Lime in Agriculture. (45 minutes.) Berry Culture. (30 minutes.) Profitable Gardening. (30 minutes.) Soil Moisture. (30 minutes.) . Value of Humus in Crop Growing. (30 minutes.) The Ideal Education. (Evening lecture.) (45 minutes.) . A Study of Plant Roots, and Lessons Farmers should Learn from Them. (30 minutes.) TIMAN, W. THEO., Allentown, Lehigh County, Pa.: 1. Why Farmers in the Various Counties of the State are not Getting More Eggs. 2. How to Get Bushels of Eggs Winter and Summer. (60 minutes.) 3 4 5 sO I OV oo BO pS 90 ge ST 90 BO pt Wi . Successful Adaptation of Correct Poultry-keeping Methods with General Farming. (40 minutes.) . Fancy or Thoroughbred Poultry; How Sub-divided, Bred, Judged, and Exhibited... (Illustrated with living subjects.) (60 to 90 minutes.) . Fine Fruit Growing in Connection with Poultry Culture. (60 minutes.) DEPARTMENT LECTURERS. In so far as time and circumstances will permit, the officers of the Depart- ment of Agriculture are desirous of engaging in Institute work. In order to prevent disappointment in the arrangement of programs, it is recommended that Institute Managers first consult the individual whose ser- vices they may wish to secure, before placing his name on the program. Department lecutrers come to these Institutes free of charge, except that they are to be taken from and to the railroad station at the expense of local manager. The topics which they will discuss can be procured by addressing the following officers of the Department of Agriculture: HON. N. B CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture. HON. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes. JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner. PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist. DR. LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian. CROP REPORT Whilst the past year was in many respects unfavorable to the growth of full crops of many of the cereal and fruits, the price averaged higher than that of any previous year within the last decade. Exceedingly late Spring made corn planting two weeks later than usual. Cloudy and growing weather first two weeks in September was unfavorable for maturing the crops. This condition being followed about the 20th of September by a severe frost, injured much of the corn in the roasting ear stage, this cutting the crop short more than 50 per cent. Only a limited portion of the State was favored with apples on account largely of severe freezing in the late winter and early spring; however the or- chardists who by reason of careful cultivation and spraying to control insect pests and fungus diseases changed to a considerable extent the conditions and thus by careful management procured a fair crop which sold at remunerative prices. Off. Doc. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 44 OL FL 90 | $0 0 | 00 § 0S ¥ 00 08 pegs tae 00 SéL OT tT 60 | 10 SO 00 ¥ 06 r | 008 00 SLT | 00 OST | | or cL 60 | 80 SO os ¢ 00 ¢ OO GEE ee ereere “| 00 OFT | | ¥L | 03 | 60 L0 10 00 S 0S € 00 S& 00 SZ~— | 00 OST | OF | #L | LO | 90 SO 00 ¢ 00 F 00 cE an 00 SLT | as | ST 80 =| 0 90 os ¢ 0S F | 00 SF 00 OST | 00 OST IT or | 40 | 90 G0 00 9 00% | 00 SE 00 OST | 00 OST las | OT | 80 90 go ieee 0S € 00 SE 00 O9T | 00 OST | las | 8T 80 10 ¢0 00 F 0S € cé 00 OsT | 00 OST oT | ST | 80 90 90 00 9 00 S | 00 OF 00 OST | 00 OST ce SE 10 90 G0 00 9 00 F 00 LE 00 S2~ | 00 OST ai | OT | 60 60 90 | 09 9 og ¢ 0S 00 OST | 00 O9T 60 ae 90 90 gO os ¢ 0S P 00 &Z Digatet |ROOKOSE | OL FL 10 90 90 0S F 00 F 00 ¢€ 00 OST | 00 SLT | eae | ST | 80 90 SO 00 ¢ 00 F 00 SF 00 OST | 00 OFT | OT CT 80 90 90 os ¢ OS + 00 SE 00 SLT | 00 OST ras | LT 80 10 c0 00S 0S F ce 09 OLT | 00 OST OL 9. 10 90 90 0s G 0S > | 00 OF 00 OLT | 00 OST ye LT 10 90 90 0g S OS F 00 OF 00 O9T | 00 OST OT 0$ | #1 0$ | L0 O$ | 90 O$ SO 0$ | 00 S$ 00 #$ | 00 0F$ =| 00 S2T$) 00 OSTS | ) { 'Q n mM 4 % | Reve lepetee else Sg] pel Or ee | =e | 8 a St iy © © © i} 4 > mn | eo Ret ee Nee a a if o B h o | | 3 5 R me = - a - - 1D | een et ae lta eae ihe cf ee < 2 4 S » = i Sa ‘4 < g o is Boece ite oa 3 3 ® 5 eG | GE eee les cee iete 3 | & | 3 3 mh 6 g ko} 3 @ @ | % oy Q g ag ig ; | a} 4 5 te ? $ | Sele genie eB | =] 4 ie e : | |2 |x alae | z 5 | 3 a ae § | | | | | "yOoOIg SArT | “ABH Aq pa}oa]109 ‘aIn}[Nolsy Jo Arejaineg Ajyndsq ‘UIIVIW “I “VW ‘pPLlOjMBIO “erquinlo9 wee ‘UO JUTID * PISETBEID ‘UOIBLO - ‘JaqseyO “ “BLaqure) “TO [NA “ ‘gyong ‘pilojpRBig doourive “Tela “pl0j peg ‘IOABO ‘Su01jsuly ‘AUaY.S2[TV eae ‘SUBpYy “‘serqunog ‘soTJUNOD Aq ‘BIluBA[ASUUeg Ul ‘pivog pue soSeM UWI” YIM ‘YooIS VAIT pue sjonporg ue Jo saolg SurAyy ey ‘LO6T UO LUOdGHU dOUO 45 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No. 6. | | | | | | | | | | | | OL 0 Gt 08 80 08 90 08 | ¥0 08 20 08 en 58 | 92 8 | 00 ust | 00 S9T$) 00 SFIS) OS TS | 00 ETS | 89 0S) EL OS) ES OF} G9 OS 96 OF [ur rr rte er ere eee eee eseeees NageIOAW = = |———| |- —| - —|— —- or | | 80 | 20 so | 00% | 00% | 000% | 0009 | oo om | oo gt | opgt || on | joo | REG. 0005 8 Or |Sk | 30 90 |S0 |0S% | 00F 00 S& 20 | 00 OST | 00 9T | 00 GE | OL cL | 09 G9 “ts “SUTULOA AA IL 9 e202 1.90 1/90 |00S | 08S | 00 oF 00 002 | 00 8E | 009T |""°°°*) G2 | 09 OL | ‘Ppuv[eIOUIISI AA oF |9r | 40 90 Viscose feeticnes asc rca rene eal OO) 00 OFT | 00 9T | 00 FE | 08 | 08 | gg ee) reciente) ge OILABIAA. at 6/06 =| 20 90 |90 | 0S F 00 % 00 OF 00 OST | GDH AG I) (DAE SSP SS AN oR Oe ‘UOSUTYSB MA OL or =|: 80 oO | SO 00 F 00 + 00 $& 00 OFT | 00 LT | 00 ST g9 cL gg OL | SUGONOHD Swe yogi, Or | 240 =| £0 90 ¥0 Og F 00 Sét | 00 LT 00 ST | g9 08 gg go | sess) ‘OSuBUOA OT yt | LO 90 COR Oger, 00 OST | 00 9T 00 zr | 09 | 99 cy cg BOGIES hata Gay 80 or | 90 sO +0 00 & 00 S2~ | 00 9T 00 cE | 99 OL | 0g 09: | A eat Ly FO) 04 i 01 cr | 20 90 Paaeaat O00Y. 00 Sct | 00 ST OO TT | OL OR cn nt] * ‘pguueyonbsnys OL bL L0 90 F0 os ¢ 00 OST | 00 ST 00 ZI | S9- | 02 | ge OL | DOCU TOR MUNG Gas) ae 9T | 80 90 90 OU > 00 OST | OO LT | 00 FT | SJ | OL | Ge OL | veers OSTIULOS 80 | Zr | 80 90 G0. |.00 % 00 OST | 00 8t | 00 FL | SS 08 | Sh |, S90 sheiciecist TO DAIS He IE |) cel) 89 LE aimed eS ae 00 OST | 00 0@ | 00 ST | OL OL 09 «=| :«08 cress) TTTHTANYOS 60 | 7 | 20 90 co ct 00 OST | 00 FL 00 2— | SL “i ea hey tot Oe CO alare 80 90 59) 00 F | 00 OST | 00 8T OOPS ES OL ea az, 09 Oy safe iteteis 2S ee OM Del: SE | SE ae thal D0 eee COROST | ODKOST | (00782) | 00ST 559/508) 08 | ‘eIyd[apelud 60 | &— | 80 90 i) | 00 09T | 00 OST | OO ST | OO CE | G9 | OZ 0g g9 sie bee piocg Ve ALTO gi IL cr SO 80'S} 90 SO 00 OST 00 0ST | 09 8I OO7E | OL | SL gg OL pueliequinyyoON OL 9L 80 40 90 00 SLT ; 00 OST | 00 8T | OOST | OL | OL | so | mw “ss “0d UB Y}.LO Or | OF 80 90 90 00: S2E | 00 OST | OO ZT | OO TE | SO | OL | GF (1 DORE i qhomiexoyinrs *L «| 8T 60 L0 Gy 00 OST 00 OFL 00 8T 00 FE | Gh | &8 gg OL | > ‘KT9ULOS}UOPL (te ae 60 60 $0 00 OST | 00 OST | 00 LT 00 €f | GL 08 | 09 | Gy | Ss LO OLUO AG 60 @| cr | 0 90 £0 -00 OFT | 00 OSE | 009L | OO eT |**°°""| OL | OF | 09 | POSEOUOG” Dean ina (QS Ye 90 £0 0 | 00 S2E 00 0ST | 00 ZT | 006 0s OL | 0S cg DEDGDGDD Wi Gow ey iit OL | SI 80 10 $0 | aes “{{, 00 0Sf | 00 9F | OS cr | $9 | 06 | 09 OL | “ UBSyOW Oc | 8r | 60 10 <0 ; +5575) ) 00/09} (00. 8T || G0. 9T | 08 | 08 09 gh “+ ‘ZUTULODATT cE 46} 9t =| 80 60 <0 00 SLE | 00 SAT! 00 0c | 009T |; GL | 08 | 09 0L eet ST SOUSA, él | 9T | 60 60 90 ' | 00 SLT | 00 OST | 00 ST 00 ST OL OL 0g 08 | seeisiseties | User: or | 9F 80 10 ¢0 | 00 O9T | 00 OST | 00 8E | OOFT |°°°""") GL | OS go | oossres “TTOUBGOT aL | SE OC| 20 90 oO | 00 OSt | 00 Zt | 00 9T | OO FT ' OL gL | gs £9 + ‘g0ueIMETT OS was 60 $0 0 00 ¢ 00 OST | 00 OST | OOLZT | OOGT |°**"**; OL | OG 0L | * ‘IaysBvoueryT GE | OT 60 80 | $0 00 ¢ | 00 OST | 00 OST | 00 ST 00 FL OL | ob 09 OL ‘+ ‘BUUBMBYOV'T 60 |r | 60 | 0 | £0 00 ¢ 00 0ST | 00 OFT} OO 9T | OOFT | SS | 09 | SP | 09 | pecan Ueniaoiauy OD) SE 80s oo | 0 0S 00 OSt | 00 OSE | 009% | OOFE | 09 | SL | 09 | OZ sshers WOSTETEL or cr 6} 20) CO} «90 sO 6} 008 00 F 00 Sé 00 OSE | 00 OFE | 0O ST | 00 ZT go =| OL 09 «| Sh soteess | “euBIpuy 60 iSSaB "mnie tenn ‘spunod gor ‘eTeseloyM “HILAL Anno ‘punod ded ‘leyjng “‘JoyIvU 3e 08 0s or 0 60 | 80 00 T oy 08 GL OL Or or 00 T ¥G ¢9 80 80 Lo | 80 OL SG gg 80 80 80 L0 08 9G GL ot 60 Or | 80 Olt 8% 09 | Lv Ww L0 90 OL T 08 cL | OF OL OL 80 GB TL 08 08 | OL 80 Or 80 00 T 93 gL él 80 Or 80 00 T 08 09 | #1 as as | OT 08 6 gg 80 80 80 80 00 T 86 $F Or 80 OL a0) Signe Mees org 82 06 | @L 6L soy eta kare 7 GT 6 06 =| OF or 60 Or oo T era GL or or OL | 80 00 T (ae OL | OF OL PL | OL 08 re ce ai OL Hi couonG tiecurods ; 8Z ( OL | 80 80 60 10 00 T 08 wy | «60 60 80 80 00 T 96 aL or | L0 PA) 90 00 3 3G | $6 | 60 | 80 Or | OF 00 3 08 oy 80 or 60 60 GT 8% c8 Or 60 60 Or 0g T 2 0 Gg o$ | 80 0$ L0 0$ 80 0$ 0 0$ 0g 0$ a a ee i de PSM ET hs sramlecie aad 8 3 5 f e) aa e a 4 an a a 2 ® im o : 3 5 @ n a 4 Vs - o Ko] 3 an “ oO ® o ~ 3) 4 5 3 a h 3 = So 4 - Lr] 2 io fc} i] a & Ee o ® is 2 p % 3 5 al 4 5 ch ® fe 4 Ko} fre} B ‘ a » | & 5 FS 5 o ; zt 5 ry ‘ s fo) 4 : | OVA “YNIW ‘“selqejeseA oooeoMew RSoSSoerse BANA ‘Teysnqg Jed ‘ssyoved ‘ponuljuOO—L0O6T WOM LUOdHU dOUO ‘solddy *jeysnq aed ‘gserjunop ilies ‘OIBMBLIC ‘urydned ‘pur lequing ‘plojMBly “eIquin[oyy “WOULD *PleutB9LO ‘UOLIBID * *Ja7]s98UO ** 9279) “uoqiB) econ: ]000:7@) ‘Bluqule,) “19130 ‘syong ‘paojpelg “Tela * ‘syed ‘paoj poet ‘IaAbOg ‘Suo0ij}suly ‘AugysollLV see ‘SUBDY ee SSS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47 No. 6. LI O$ | ar o$ | 22 0$ | ——F—) . oS 0S T wont dsdinndind a=] to aSS33 Maan ONNTANOCAOAS OO oe oe oe oe oe oe eee oe | r | on oe | 6 of | 80 08 | 6008 80 0$ | or 1 | og 18 —— — a eee | _———— (eon walezor aor 90 | 00L | st 09 OL 60 | 60 OL | oot | ost | 06 ZL ee econ t] eneecece ceesesesl|seeseesee ee eeeens | re a |i Ne leavin, tlfeumunees 3) laataie Hid © 9 Koobusacd tee fatal | Seataneee |anader | Gsarcens \eeitase 08 ral | OF ra OL OPT | St 06 OL | 80 or 80 OGD: Wess 0g OL 80 80 Or OOT | OST ce 80 | 10 80 OL 00 T Go T 2 60 80 OL OL COTA sale : 09 OL | OL 80 90 06 Wsieeanisies iy 60 80 Or ye | OL T 00 T 0g Or 60 80 LO 00 T 00 Z OL OL | 60 60 80 ZT | OOF 08 ; ocnbge aesecigued Four ianee Were | atreres OL SUC 80 80 0S T 00 T 06 SoU emi aca scmileseter | cneae Sualtenia lates We. 09 80 06 ST ) Or | 08 | ¢¢ T 09 OL | OOT | OST eg OL 00T | SLT 09 60 Gc) 0¢ T OL OL ocr | at | eL 80 oot | ost | D OL OLT | o9T OL Fd | Pei) Bea ROE OOOO MURA | 0ST 06 OL aL \ODuaeleOgar 0g OL | 08 | ST eg 80 08 % T jk 21 OL IT | Sat eg Or 6g 00 T eh ar “aah ead lepine GL 10 OOT | ost e, 60 | &% T 00 Z cL 60 0OT | OST L 80 os || a2 1 08 OL ert | Gt 09 | LO 2200 I| cep) OF T 09 | 60 OL T | OST 06 | 2. xX | OT 0s | 60 Ort 0 2 ch | 60 00 T e) T i i i ii sewer eae ‘yo x ‘SUIWIOA MA ‘puvle1ouljsa MA sete ‘QUAB AL ‘UOJ SUIYSEA sees *USLIB MA ‘oSuBUudA ss orm, teseteeeeeeess (eSoOLy “euubyenbsns ‘o UparTne ‘Jes1sulog ‘lapAuy ‘TETAnyos teers “gqqog teeeeee Cowtgy “erg djapelyd eee ween ‘AlIOq ‘puellequinyyI0oNn “uo JdUIeYy ION “* ‘nojuoN ‘AIQULOSJUOTL eivaretetereyatar teres (QOIUOTT * “UTIL mer CONC) Ng * ‘uve yoW “SUIULOOATT * ‘gulezvy Yysryery ‘+ ‘uouBqey ‘' (g0udIMB'T ‘+ “Je sBoueT ‘BUUBMBYORT Ce a ei i ir iy . ‘ey elunse ‘uosisyor ‘euBIpUul ‘uopsuljunEe role olefaye ofeteteYesai-\acn aves eyetorsicietatetets ‘guadd£) “U0 NT * “UTPAURIT sisi!) SAS TOlH ‘Oo 0ABLT teers “guint Off. Doc. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 48 0S & 0s T a T GL T | 00 008 00 81 00 00¢ 00 09 00 08 00 @ GT 00 T GL T 00 0&2 00 LT 00 O8T 00 0S 00 $9 | 00 & 0g LT OL T | SLT 00 008 00 $3 00 00¢ 00 SZ 00 OF | 09 @ 0g T T | SLT 00 082 00 £2 00 00¢ 00 o& 00 SP | 0S ZT 00 T 0s T 00 062 00 02 00 O8T 00 0S 00 09 0S @ 0g T 00 T | Gb T 00 OS& 00 SZ 00 09¢ 00 02 00 sé | 00 € GL T OF T 00 Z 00 OFE 00 ¥2 00 OFZ 00 0& 00 0S 06 Z GL T OF T 00 & 00 098 00 &Z 00 OFZ 00 0S 00 $9 00 Z 0S T % T GL T 00 008 00 02 00 002 00 0€ 00 0S | 09% wT 00 T GLT 00 00&. | 00 &% 00 OFZ cE 00 0S 00 § 0S T OL T GL T 00 Océ 00 SZ 00 082 0G 00 SE 00 € GL T co T 00 Z 00 SLE | 00 OF 00 00€ 08 00 09 00 0S T 00 T cL T | 00 008 | 00 2 00 002 =| cg 00 ¢9 00 ¢ 0g T 00 T 00 & 00 Of | 00 22 00 0%¢ cP 00 ¢9 cL GT 00 T | QL T | Ov O06 00 06 00 002 00. 06 00 8@ 0S Z GL T Go T GL 1 | 00 0S€ 00 00 Sa OF 00 OL 0g & GT 00 T 0S T | 00 00& 00 02 00 OF OF 00 09 00 € I 00 T 0g T | 00 008 00 SZ 00 096 0& 00 SF | 00 F 0g T QS T GL T | 00 098 00 08 00 0&¢ 00 &Z 00 &8 00 & 02 T T GL T | 00 008 00 SZ 00 OF 00 OF 00 &S | 00 § 0g T Go T GL T 00 008 00 & 00 OF 00 OL 00 06 | 0S as GZ I$ 00 T$ gL T$ 00 082% | 00 ozs 00 00z$ Ses 00 Seg oe] 9) ee] | m | Le =e 4 qd a 4 SI q A 5} os 4 5 3 | fo) Lo] Pa Qa Q < er = id 5 me) E) ie) ) oO 3 eo) i) ° as ‘ n ® i) OQ <4 . iy . - ee td 4 3 o g & x 4 4 in 8 3 2g | ; a as aa < . g lt | 45 3 = a 4 Ee Siaee| ‘aie is} in 3° : o = ) c} iS) fe) a i] 5. 4 Beale i a a 3 z Be 8 © a 2 : co iy ‘e10V ‘SOSBM WIP iT Jed anjeA ‘puey wie pe lets eaer ae 3 o © 5 ° a a S) 5 : a = o oo s 3 3 ¢ ist z > 3 3 a a c n I 9 3 > 9 n - 4 D n ie AR en a eae py 1S Fa aq > p ; oO S “JOO ‘penutjuo0O—L06t WOH LUOdHY dOUoO snails ‘ujydneq ‘pueliequno pao SnawoONs “pLOJMBIO a inl steierctalstereioys “erquiayo. “+ “UO7VUITO 9) 24-25) 69) sees UOMRT oe ‘194ys9y4O “' *OT}Ua) ss) “U0dreD * *UO1aWIeD * “elIquie) teres Vaging teeees (gyong *‘plosperg, re “rer eee . ‘sya “"* ‘plojped teeee TIQABOR ‘Su01}sully so0an ‘ oe] S is of No. 6. cb I$ Or 1$ SL T$ 00 STs$ | 0¢ zs | 00 Oss | 00 SEs 00 09$ | && OF | 82 0S | cE 0S | Le OF | TE 0S | 92 C0 as OE ORO SOU OROD GOR CED UY 9B iy Qt d yes: -——-— SS ios | =| aa 0¢ I 00 I 08 I 00 008 | 00 02 00 Ost 00 &2 00 cP TRS Sal esnarce Saeaeeeel BeSe Coa Nuswa sen sees Mog. 0g T oT 00 00 098 | 00 2 00 OF | 00 gs 00 ¢¢ ae ee 08 py EO! veeses | “BuUTULOA MM 00 & 0s T GG 00 098 | 00 08 00 096 =| (00 SF 00 08 i i shatabeaat ae ‘PUBlA1OUIISS A 0S T GT 00 00 00€ | 00 a 00 Sc =| 00 06 0006 =| ess reas se ketelse aleteieselsiell NS OTTAUB IAAT SLT 0g T 00 00 0Z& | 00 9 00 OF 00 ¢¢ oosL | | €& 0g a9 | “+ ‘uo SUlyse AA cL T 0S T 00 @ 00 098 | 00 &% 00 OFZ 00 03 00 [pease enters Aatecede ‘eisai eis fefaperese) | : - “Wale MA 0$ T &% T 00% 00 026 | 00 02 00 OF 00 02 00 08 & 18 5 + ‘osuvus,, 0g T 00 T SLT 00 &@e 00 81 00 002 =| 00 0g 0008 | BERS wore isisisislsi SBONEOonT ” Thevoygoga) GLT | $2 T 00 @ | 00 Scé | 00 00 02% 00 08 ocr | sospsD0n8aG GEL Toys. cL T | eT 00 @ 00 008 #) 00 02 00 008 | 00 02 00 &g 5 “* “Bguueyenbsng 0S T oT 00 @ 00 008 00 & 00 002 00 & 000s =| : ett AOCATITOS, 0g T | 0OT 00 | 00 OF8 002 ~=—|_-«00 0ee 00 &g 00 09 facies + asraul0g Go iT 00 T 00 | 00 08% 00 02 00 OST 00 g¢ 00 00T ~=‘|° ** ‘IepAug 09 T oT SLT 00 008 00 0 00 O8T 30 08 oosc =|: a ‘TWETAnyos GL I GZ T 00 00 OFE 00 3% 00 022 00 02 OORG Siam |i sig yee PEO ROME Treen kaye ¢ oT 00 T GLI 00 008 | 00 e 00 008 00 & 00 Ssh 86} 08 SP ere peek ct ua ePilte g 0S T GZ T 00 @ 00 088 =| 00 &@ 00 08% v0 OL CORO Tae mia eee Secu pees TP AEE Call gate +) “erydjeperud eZ I | oo T 0ST | 00 008 00 02 00 002 | 00 OF 00 09 ee tacas| seen ae eae Sones ; a aqeene a tieeeeeteee” UR Tag 0g T GT 006 | 00 00€ 00 G6 00 OST | 00 OF 00 gs Ma ny ‘pul lequiny}ioN OF T 00 T 00 00 008 00 00 00% 00 OF 00 &¢ BO SRO HRS eae “* “u0}dutey}ION G2 T 00 T 0g T 00 008 00 & 00 00% 00 OF 00 OL ? re Prana aye | Soap en ee LLOOULOTN 0S T &Z 00% 00 028 00 & 00 00% 00 ¢¢ 00g, | Se ea * ‘A19ULO.S} UOT cB 1 00 T gL T 00 008 00 8 00 OST 00 £3 00 OF ho aes ae “8 “Q01UO TE 0S T 00 T | SLT | 00 008 00 2 00 002 00 09 0008S | pianist PBS IOGOO™ | BAG TTT EN 0S T 00 T 00 Z | 00 008 00 02 00 002 00 08 00 0F = sC; 8G BRO90000, eH eT 0S T 00 T 00 @ | 00 092 00 8T 00 SLT 00 02 0D OF Sas ‘ * ‘uvayoWw 0g T 00 T gL T | 00 028 00 &% 00 0F | 00 08 00 eg ae ves “BUuTULOOA'T OF T 00 T GL T 00 008 00 &% 00 00% 00 ob 00 SL ee rae eee Sutosny oT 00 T 0g T 00 082 |. 00 0 00 O8T 00 SF 00 OL CREE : “ “YsTyory BT 00 T 0S T 0 008 0006 =| 00 002 00 © 00 6 ae ‘esses moUBgaT 0S T % I 00 00 088 =| 0042 | 00 09% 00 OF 00 09 g | 38 “65 ‘Sou0TMETy G2 T 00 T GL T 00 08 00 &% 00 OF 00 06 00 &@t rae | L@ “o8* ‘JoysBvouBy GL T I 00 @ 00098 | 00% | 00 0% 00 8 00 ¢¢ SER Oa | CY + ‘BUUBMeYOBT c% 00 T 0g T 00 09% 00 00 OST 00 & 00 & Spee alee es ae Sehreqeaaye oz T 00 T QT 00 082 000% | 00 OST 00 02 00 & + ‘uosaayer GT 00 T os T 00 008 =| 00 & | 00 026 00 O§ 09 ¢¢ 5 SeBuielpiuy & 00 T 0g T 00 09% =| 008 | 00 O8T 00 0c 00 08 a * ‘uopsuljUunFy oT 00 T 0S T 00 092 00 ST | 00 002 00 0S 00 OL POOLODT Sys ese he) GZ T 00 T 0¢ T 00 0&2 00 9T 00 OST 00 0&8 | 00 ¢¢ 08 So) oan: Ort 00 T 0¢ T 00 008 00 SI 00 002 00S% | 00 OL eave hovers etaterorsl| laimetaieseitie|(eiststecaloa| teaeieelaals - ‘arprueag 09 T Tr 06 @ 00 088 00 &% 00 OFZ 00 =| 00 08 (a3 62 08 83 cree solot 0g T ez T 00 @ 00 098 00 & 00 OF 0009 =| -:00 00T 8 08 cs #2 “* ‘977048 0G T CAT 00 2 00 OZP | 09 9% 00 08Z | 00 09 00 06 CIC |QOGO00NG eee sree! eoceseseleeessses st eee enon eee ‘ona 0¢ T &@ T GLI 00 098 | 00 ¥ | 00 0F% 0002 | 00 46 oop ase OS eS Sag aT 09 T oT 00% 00 O00F 00 #3 00 OFZ | 00 eg 00 SZI peels ame OOK ‘oremeled 6—1907 4 50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The following gives the acreage, amount produced and value of Cereals and Hay grown in Pennsylvania; also the number and value of the different Farm Animals, and Pennsylvania’s rank among the different states of the Union for the various products enumerated, in the year 1906. CEREALS, HAY AND FARM PRODUCTS. aman a Te rr a AB ei i ie 7 i 3 = to = =, ae aoe E E 5 [} 4 | a > a | A ED ee ae nen ate ee 346,265 | (6,025, 011 $3, 856, 007 1st VaR — Hapa eats Oat ae EE aah ha 953.797 | 23,856,918 13,598, 443 nd RSC eae, oor ea 253,797 | 4,788,000 2'729" 160 ond RVI IEEE he eee Ht ee 1,642,553 | 29,073,188 99°. 095, 623 9th Orie Oe en Cee ne ea 1,441,797 | 57,960,239 30,199,324 12th Ope A oe cn, ne en ___ Wter1ss | 31,816,496 12’ 090, 268 lith GT aay ERO Olay Rep aM Ie APRN fore Bt Cay | Se Te lPSiccedeseeepeeen $138, 023,427 |......0c000 FARM ANIMALS. bi : | E = g z 5 3 8 Z > a AE Ce aly LOE ee Sn ee ME ee ER ea) 697,010 | $66,127,689 ith. MALS a an a Cen eee eee 40,864 | 5,024°210 18th. RAUCH GORE a ee ee ee ace 1,141/ 494 41,093,784 3rd. Other Cathe 1 ene nea ap eincmeies 984,750 17/479, 308 15th. oo aa OMNIS TIS SULT aS A Se SEN 1, 102, 058 5,358,799 12th. ARR DR ODE SSM, Cet I WH eee sin ee Es 689, 685 9,303,039 13th. Gh 02! De OSD CE SOOO EOE oS on Om OOde Ronit Jomionmery| contort Gaines $144,381,829 |........... No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 51 The following comparison of these tables for the past four years shows an almost uniform advance in the various products of Penn- sylvania: TABLE OF COMPARISON. ) | | 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. | 1906. 1907. | DEALER tec Paceiios mins faa neler etnels Noawicnicotocee $0.73 $0.75 $1.08 | $0.83 $0.78 $0.95 (CITT A OnE oc SOSR RCO SERRE OCD TUL Seen Seana 45 7 .62 | 5 55 65 GRRE ONT sapiens se eicatia cia release mieieGine sierc teeters ce 37 41 44 37 40 53 PERC MM aie serrccinsiclave mise Sate aia ciaie wietwe eimpa’a a's'eie, cn palace’ aghe 458} 60 -70 | 63 -61 -73 PP MSC RE A maharcyare Oieycyeiateicioral ccinite oS ci nlaenelwaniseele sien 43 Ary .58 -56 -58 .68 RG EERE I, oie hcaa't wie unit ators are areas micteteim eialetne 9.43 11.40 | 10.50 | 10.00 11.00 11.00 Hay, timothy, 10.47 14.00 | 12.00 12.00 13.50 16.50 Horses, average, 84.00 115.00 120.00 | 181.00 145.00 148.00 Mules, average, Cows, average, 28.00 33.00 35.00 35.00 38.00 37.00 Lambs, average, Ewes, average, 2.81 3.45 3.50 4.10 4.50 4.75 DECCES late Her (DOUNG. ade. ccctnncescine des ot 05 04 0444 04 .05 05 Steers, for feeding, per pound, ............ 03 .03 -03Y .03 04 04 Swine: shoats; per pound) - ssa.ecc.cccecoses 06 06 06 05 06 -06 ise Serat pers pOUlle las - oa c seers ncinays cen 06 06 06% 06 07 -08 Chickens, dressed, per pound, ............ paid .14 13 15 115 15 Chickensr live, pers pound)... scien s0.s- 08 10 .10 10 lil -10 IAPDICS] MP DEr- IDUBHEL > Wire ccccumes sss can ceed cern .35 -50 .44 -70 55 -70 MeEAches! PEE PASKEES. Tess aceite cwie-/oeceree -75 1.15 82 -90 1.10 1.50 Ears eeDer ENSHOI seh tcc e naaccet tre adaaons 81 -98 -94 90 -90 | 1.10 PINS S (PCr QUAPRE. "sec nc. ae oer at 06 07 .08 .07 07 | .0S @herriess) per quarts” (sce as .s:s,.% «ata: area 06 08 .08 -08 07 | .09 Blackberries, per quart, 07 07 0s .07 07 08 Raspberries, per quart, -08 -08 .09 | -08 -08 | -09 IGtALOES: DEEADUSIC! S| ssm.cieiys cians «jee aia aiciets -50 58 .52 | 59 -60 -70 Butter, per pound, at store, <...:sc.cc.s- 18 .24 22 apy) 23 | wad Butter, per pound, at market, ............ 22 24 24 25 507 | .30 Milk, wholesale, per 100 pounds, .......... 1.16 1.41 1.50 1.30 1.50 1.50 Milicce TELarl, Ser Quart! A. tres ccaeclercise ae sas 05 05 05 05 -06 06 Pes Her GOZEN> “siececcsacs se. rattan warns .18 22 24 24 25 | sad Wiool ‘short: unwashed@ «0 .cccc.nsccesece ues 16 18 2k | 25 25 |) 26 WOOL SHON, SWASRCGs ©. ciiccels sc ceciteiiecicecs's ray 24 | -28 ol -30 -3l iWocel- medium: unwashed, ..<:.... ccecssccss AT .18 noe 26 -26 -27 WOOLS meG HIME. WASHOE josie cinsie a a:ei0divic Seine aes 20 225 30 32 -32 .32 Wool, long, unwashed, .......... Bite wine cite a 218) 23 | .29 -30 -28 OU er WAS RO erect ana ne nine: staisiersce «iatemiel Sain e eiere .24 -25 31 34 34 -33 Farm land, improved, value per acre, .... 49.00 56.50 | 57.00 | 55.00 60.00 | 60.00 Farm land, value per acre, average, ..... 33.00 39.00 | 37.00 | 35.00 40.00 88.00 Farm wages by year, with board, ....... 153.00 187.00 | 185.00 | 190.00 210.00 225.00 Farm wages, summer months only, ..... 17.00 20.00 20.00 | 19.00 20.00 22.50 Farm wages, by day, with board, ....... 86 1.00 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.10 1.45 Farm wages, by day, without board, . alas bs 1.40 13D. 1.35 1.40 1.45 Farm wages. whole year, without board, 196.00 280.00 | 300.00 | 295.00 300.00 315.00 Farm wages, harvest, by day, ........... 1.23 1.55 | 1.60 1.60 1.65 a PY in Farm wages, household help, female, ... 2.05 2.35 | 2.50 | 2.50 2.50 2.75 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. The County Agricultural and Horticultural Societies of the State are rapidly adjusting their conditions to the needs of advanced agriculture. Pool selling and other forms of gambling and games of chance are gradually giving way to legitimate agricultural exhibits. The recent act of the Legislature making a conditionally appropriation to these societies will no doubt accomplish much in the way of encouraging strictly agricultural exhibits at these fairs. We have distributed, where request2d, many copies of the act and will continue to do so when requested to unless the supply should become exhausted. The attendance for 1906 was 1,829,389, as compared with the previous year, 975,100, shows an increase of 854,289, or almost double the attendance over the year 1905; total membership, 18, 852, previous year, 11,015, an increase of 7,837; membership fees, $46,729.45, previous year, $7,530, increase $39,199.45; amount paid in premiums, $99,603.82, previous year, $116,039.32, decrease, $16,489.50; amount offered in premiums for 1907, $159,145.00, previous year, $143,460.00, in- erease of $16,489.50. ‘OI[[Aseyany “‘uOsuwOD “Dp Lb | ‘UMOPSTTY “4S | UN TTWeH Tes “ON ‘TeyoS ‘q AIeH | ‘o[epuBu[leH ‘UBWIIIOH “@ ‘Ss ‘uouvgey ‘uvlUilog ‘VY £ | ‘THSeINg ‘poom ‘Ss sowmer Off. 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COnCon bn COHEMmAL cou S ‘UOT]VIOOSSY AY UMOZTPPTIN Honan dacwone sp noometriiob Ob boas ‘Kyatoog [eanj[nowsy 27815 ‘MOYUS Yo0}S UMOSIaSO_L ‘AjunoD puejtequinD JO UOl}BIOOSSY [BAN}[NOLIsy eigeete sso ‘UOIJBIOOSSY [BINI[NIIsy 8yBT InvauuopD isVajeroVau altel apaichays¥sieyetalspoun’s/ale(eie * ““OTPBIDOSSY [eoIUeYyo | 91 pue [BAN[MOIOF “[Vainqy[Nolasy AjuNOHD BIquIN[OD ENC ag ET alle ‘A1aI00S [Banqypnojusy Ajunop uoqJuI[D SEAGODAADCD COOCORRAOA Soo ‘MOIyBIOOSSW eq AJUNOD UOlIeID ‘UOIJBIDOSSY [BAIN}[NOISyY p10OJxO ‘AJ@I00G [VIAysnpuy AjunoH uUoqieD ‘AJoI00g [Bin}[NoMsy AjuUNOH uUuoJIUIBD ‘UOI}BIDOSSY [BIN}[NOISy BvIUuquepD ‘UOITEIOOSSY JIB pue YIVg SBulAniq Jeng jae a ee “£91009 [einj [Nosy AOL, STosteteny hese eiuerielcin *£191009 Tein} [Nosy AJuNOD pislojypeig alaxeraKerenay ausfate*shexeistaoriatstateis) svavelelaieinia titers ‘UOIPELOOSSYV JIBy UMOIZINY Ayan09 Sytleq Jo ‘OSSV [BAN}[NOIWOR pue [Binj[nousy ‘AJeIOOS [Van}NoWsy AjuNOD psojpeg eyaral niadetecesteratets eisinre/a/evads aveveTsa irate ‘UOINBIOOSSY UB WMO ISYOOH ‘UOTIBIOOSSYW JIB AJUNOH Suoajswmsy ‘UOI}BIOOSSY [BOIUBYOIWW pue [ein}y[NoWsy u0yAVq ‘UOI}BIDOSSY [eIn,[NoUsy AjuNOD suBpy atolvinfacevereleleietetofelslstelerelersieie:stereleiaelaievarste\ninis ‘fapueqsny Jo suoed ‘UOINIGIYXW OUDTQ siasuBi4 “eluBA[ASUUeq JO UOl}BLOOSSY [BIN}[NOWIOF 9312198 | *AJ9IN0S Jo eWIEN 9}RI0dI0D ‘LO6T JO SUOTIIQIEXA [VA Surploy doz soyrq puUB ‘SOLIvJIIegG PUB S]MOPISeIg JO Sossoippy pue soTRN FHM ‘soTjeDOg [en}[NoUsy [BooT pue ‘laysBouRy ‘BUUBMBYIV'T danbpnc ‘ey eIUNL ‘uosiazjor ‘euel pul avooneaDe “+ ‘gueery ‘ala ‘urqdneqg ‘ulydneqd ‘puvliequing ‘puvfisquing wove “pAOJAM BI ‘BIquIn[o9 ‘UOJUILO ‘U0IIBD ‘1ayseyp ‘uoqiep ‘uo18UIe Dd ‘Bliquiey aoacasoaons ‘layng ‘piojpeig. ‘plojpeig ‘syJoq ‘IaAveg ‘Su01]suLy ‘Suo01jsulry Ge Sciddoaonn ‘surepy Ayuno0g jo IsVT DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 53 No. 6. ‘taaoueH ‘YyyWWS “O ‘W ‘ytoA ‘uldeyy paeapo “yoouueyyuny, ‘spljoudsy “N “MA [ON ‘d ‘Wl ‘YU ‘Sanqsusety ‘10Z7}(0H “WA MM ‘apepsouoy ‘TTewWMey “MAM UWOSssowoy ‘QAOIZIBSNG ‘plana LL U “‘UMO}S}}OSINgG “WOSU9A9}S ‘d ‘Uu ‘Teaspoon “OF1OM eed (OD ‘OLOQSTIOM ‘P1OJ NIN tal yc | Bud ‘pleysuBy ‘JOM V TL ‘PIepIsomM “WWWS “M ‘L ‘piojivyY ‘HOOIqvISH “S “H ‘asoujyuOy, ‘paBuoeyT “LT ‘WT OTLTASHAON ‘98T}7V1I OD ‘Juely, ‘UeBUTTJOH “£ H WeH [Binjy[NoyAoOFT “Ysny prard ‘yzaodmMaeN ‘susydeis “A 9D Lf “UOUITIN “Ine UlMpa ‘mayalyyed ‘UBWIOID “VY “H ‘UJOIeZUEN ‘AaWUTOeyUIOyY “UW LC ‘dinqspnoijg ‘losuisueq 9 uyor ‘o10qeu0}g ‘SOUTH “G Selsey D ‘Iaolay, ‘AODOWW “LOM ‘IWAOUBHT ‘WIM “WU ‘yloX ‘uedoM “H uyor ‘yoouueyyunyL ‘“W1eig “M ‘a ‘juesea[d ‘WA ‘Weyureg “d ‘WA ‘OI[TAAJOoS ‘uosnsi0q “TM ‘lopueyT “OVUM jAeqQse7{ ‘uoT}eIg UlTUeH ‘puejyoinm “H ‘¢£ [sete eee eees - "Sanqstmery ‘2195 “A HuUeagL I RaraparsrePevareisiarerererncs ‘playsue ‘ijestoq “A “a |[srevelaisjplala p sisieluje piv c/arere ‘plagsuvw ‘Apoow “aq Wee eS Sonate as “PISUISAM ‘SIABC Wet ‘p4ojav yy ‘souor SC fey, G 1JUOL *Ployt9}4 Ne {on he eval : ‘eLoysnd ‘“Xnoud[OW ING: Neto baisaiee ‘ued, ‘24001 ‘Moca "es ‘S19017¢ jnujsoyD pus yye “ar ‘[nved “MM sower ‘sanqstpuey ‘AIqIeus “H “a ‘UDIIIIN ‘SunqueyoeH “HE ‘UM ‘WayeTy}ed “}}BAOT JoUVM ‘Lf “s's “Kureyey, ‘jeddey “y ydesor ‘Sindspnodjs ‘SUIBITIIM “S “£ ste nee > ictal Apuesg ‘puog “vor ‘lala ‘Ube ‘IN ‘LS 'V / * ‘uoT}BIOOSSy Siepse1g pues ‘Ajoroos [TLaingpnomsy Ajuno) ‘AJO]OOS =[eany[Nowsy JeAoueTT seseees “KJQTOOG [BiN,[NIsy AJuUNOH YOR ‘Ayapoog [einypnousy AjunoD Surwoxk Ay ‘AJOIOOG [BAN [NOMsy PUBleIOUISOAA ‘AJoIN0G [BaN{[NoTAsy AJUNOH DUAE MA STawWIBy AJuUNOH Use AA ‘UOIVBIOOSSY [bAN}[NOsy UoTU~ ‘AJOIOOSg [Bunj[NoWsy AjuNoM uolup ‘og ‘ON odUBI) Buowog AjJUNOD BSOLL ‘UOT}BIOOSsSY YIVqG syVAWIS “AJOIOOG [Binqy[Nowsy Ao[jeA senbseuemoy ‘Ajaloog [BAn}[NoWsy pszojauwy ‘AjVOIOOg [Banqjnopisy AJUNOH BuuByonbsng UBATIING ‘AJOIOOS [ban}pNosy AJUNOH JosasuUI0S ‘AJVIOOG [BAN}[NoWAOR BruvBayAsuudag ‘AjoIoOg [Bany[nNoAsSy AjunoH Adleg ‘UOIPBIOOSSY Ales UOITI ‘UOIPBIOOSSY Ale 9781S BIUBATASUUag ‘APOTOOY [BanynNolAsy AjyuNOH uoj,durey.ION srreess “KQQT00G [BIn}[NoIdy AJuUNOH so01Uu0;W ‘AyaIOOS [BInNoWAsy AJuNOD asodI19TV ‘UOI}BIOOSSY [BAIN}J[NOASY [eBIjUeD A9010; ‘y10x ‘y10x ees Eqns ‘puvlatourysa A ee ey wee ‘QUAB AM. ‘UslIB MA “UOJ SUTYSe MA ‘ora “B30LL ‘eSOLL ‘e3OLL “Bsuueyenbsng “Buuseyoeubdsng “UBATIING ‘JasIoUIOS ass “‘Blydepeliyg soretnspataretateatate ‘flay pue[saquinyyIo Ny ‘uo, dUIeYyIO Ny ‘U0 dUIBYy ION Tete ‘Q01U0TT ‘Lada ‘13010 Off. Doc. 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Doc. CONCLUSION. Pennsylvania with her diversified branch of agriculture demands more special instruction than in most localities of the United States since we grow most of the cereals and legumes, the greatest variety of fruits, animals breeding in all the leading strains is carried on, poultry for eggs and for market is rapidly emerging from a side line to a leading industry. The outlook for the future is most encouraging. The demand for accurate instruction in every direction is increasing and can only be met by appropriations in some measure commensu- rate to the broadening field of our operations. Too much credit can not be given to our efficient County Chairmen and Lo- cal Managers and faithful labors of the State Instructors, which brought the degree of success that attended the past year’s Institutes. Very respectfully, A. L. MARTIN, Director of Institutes. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 57 REPORT OF Foe DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER. HarrissurG, Pa., December 31, 1907. Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. Dear Sir: In compliance with law, I have the honor to herewith respectfully submit a report of the work of the Dairy and Food Division of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for the period intervening from April 16th., 1907, the date of my commis- sion as Dairy and Food Commissioner of this Commonwealth, to December 31st., 1907, inclusive. The duties of the office have been performed with a deep sense of its obliga- tions and responsibilities and with an earnest purpose to serve the people fairly and impartially, to the end that the greatest possible amount of good might be accomplished for the benefit of the people of Pennsylvania. WHAT DUTIES THE BUREAU OWES TO THE COMMONWEALTH. The health, the morals and the culture of the people are the foundation of so- ciety; the State promotes them under its police power which is necessarily a permanent power in any government. This declaration is founded upon the ju- dicial opinion expressed in the Quo-Warranto proceedings instituted to test the constitutionality of the law creating the office of Dairy and Food Commis- sioner of Pennsylvania. It is evident that in the suppression of food adulteration, it stands as true as in surgery, that ‘‘the merciful doctor makes the wound foul.” As a logical sequence, the dairy and food authorities are exercising special alertness in the supervision of their districts, and these special agents are trying to do all that is possible to repress violations of the dairy and food laws. The main objects to be attained are first, to prevent, and secondly to repress such wrong-doing, and for these purposes they are placed in full charge and held to an accountability for the conditions within their local districts. While these special agents of the Bureau have met many difficulties in the performance of their duty, earnest thanks are due to each and all of them for arduous work conscientiously performed HOW INCUMBENT DUTIES ARE PERFORMED. In the conduct of the business of the Bureau, the following administrative policies are pursued: The education of those specially interested in the manufacture and sale of food and dairy products. Making public the violations of the laws placed under its administration for enforcement. Instituting proper legal proceedings against all who are found to be violating the laws. The correspondence of the Bureau shows conclusively that a large proportion of the public desire to be law-abiding citizens, and that there is a general wil- lingness to secure a compliance with the laws. The Bureau is always willing to furnish information to correspondents whenever it can be supplied without prejudicing its own interests. Just as soon as the public realized that the laws were being enforced vigorously, justly and honestly, the laws were respected and the people protected from fraud. The general knowledge of these facts has resulted in a successful termination of prosecutions. Courts and magistrates can bear testimony to the fact that whenever a case is instituted, nothing is left undone to prove that it is a right- eous and proper cause for legal redress; consequently, the very small percentage of failures to secure a conviction. 5 58 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. MANUFACTURERS, JOBBERS AND DEALERS VIGILANT. Never in the history of any State have merchants taken a more active and earnest part in proposed pure food legislation than that which was witnessed at Harrisburg last Winter when the Tustin Pure Food bill was pending. Hundreds of the leading jobbers as well as manufacturers visited the State Capitol, to appear before the several committees to present their views and to convince those in authority that they were favorable to banishing impure and harmful geods from the markets of Pennsylvania. These vigilant merchants came from necessity and self-interest, but they stood together as a unit in demanding legislation that was fair and equitable to all legitimate business interests. Their protective movement resulted successfully, although there are those who are of the opinion that some of the provisions ot the present law may at a later period be declared unconstitutional. Good and effective laws are of the greatest importance to the public; they should not be formulated hurriedly nor should they be the work of professional sensationalists. It is the individual who has a ripe business experience, who stands well in his community and who has due regard for proper and legal principles whose advice will be helpful in framing proper legislation. We cannot do otherwise than commend these representatives of the various trade interest for their zeal and activity displayed, which again verified the adage that “in unity there is strength.”’ CONTINUED WARFARE AGAINST ADULTERATION. That the criminal practice of polluting and adulterating the food used by the American people had assumed such gigantic proportions as to embrace almost 90 per cent. of the food, drinks and drugs used in the United States, is an uncontradicted fact. Public analysts will bear out the veracity of the statement. This same condition prevailed in Pennsylvania, hence the drastic legislation that was passed in 1895. The Congressional action only followed after the work that was done in this State had borne fruit, as it was here that the public learned more fully than anywhere else that there were hordes of unscrupulous men who grew rich at the expense of the lives of children and invalids in particular, and the health of the whole community in general. The chemists’ reports filed in the Dairy and Food Division tell stories that thrill the reader. The deception practiced was more far-reaching than is usually supposed. An increasing mortality of children resulted from giving them milk containing formaldehyde, which is the principal article used in embalming the dead. Candy contained terra-alba, chrome-yellow, shellac, coal-tar dyes, sulphites, ete. Alum and sulphate of copper were found in bread, while pepper contained much foreign matter. Maple sugar and maple syrup were misnomers, glucose and cane sugar predominating in some brands. A blend of sulphuric and hydro-chloric acid was sold as vinegar. Acids were painted on ham and other meat to give them the appearance of smoked meat, and sul- phites were employed to ‘revive’ the spoiled and odorous Hamburg steak. To-day there is a marked dimunition of these evil practices, and the leading and best grocers realize that the day of adulterations and impositions has passed; that it is worth while to cater to the best trade, and to supply all patrons with a pure quality of food necessities; that in return for their time and knowledge, they are entitled to a good reputation for honesty, a trait that will help to build up a permanent trade and a good name. It is a gratifying fact that the percentage of adulterations in dairy and food products as compared with a long series of former years, shows a marked change in favor of pure food. To the honest and conscientious business man, much of the credit is due for the new and better era. OFFICE OF DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER IS CONSTITUTIONAL. In the recent Quo-Warranto preceedings instituted in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to test the constitutionality of the laws creating the office of Dairy and Food Commissioner of this Commonwealth, and to determine his right to perform certain duties, an opinion was delivered that is a signal triumph for the friends of the growing pure food movement. The Supreme Court affirmed the legality of the laws. The Commissioner prac- tically admitted that he was having analytical examinations of food-products made by reputable chemists, and that upon their recommendation, when articles of food were adulterated, misbranded or fraudulent, legal proceedings were brought against those selling such illegal goods, in order that their sale might be stopped and the health of the public safeguarded. This was done under the police powers that are vested in the several acts of Assembly creating the office, as well as defining the duties of the Commissioner. As stated in a pre- vious report, ex-Commissioner Warren had courted the aforesaid proceedings, in order to still more clearly establish his own rights, as well as to add strength to his officiai work. The decision of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl- vania was a notable decree in favor of better health and less fraud. This de- cision is along right lines. There is absolute need for protection from food No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59 adulteration and fraudulent practices on the part of unscrupulous manufactur- ers. The reputable trade favors a rigid enforcement of the pure food laws, and declares that they are an emphatic success. A leading grocer stated that he had no idea how far away from decency the grocery trade had drifted in the matter of serving up goods that would sell, rather than goods that were wholesome and entirely suited to health. Manufacturers had evidently been blinding themselves to the real welfare of the consumer in their race to put out cheap goods that would sell best, bleaching, coloring, flavoring and pre- serving them until the danger and fraud brought about a storm of pure food legislation to stop the evil. It was this over-stepping of rights and proprieties that compelled a halt, and brought about the present rational adjustment, which means nothing more than that food products shall be sold as far as practicable as nature made them, leaving them with their natural flavor and color, and telling the truth on the labels under which they may be sold. In many foreign countries, including Germany, France and others the most vigorous regulations are in full force for the prevention of the danger arising to the public health from the importation, preparation, storage and adulterated distribution of articles of food. He who makes an article cleaner, purer and better, whether under the compulsory conditions surrounding the enforcement of pure food laws, or through his own volition, is a public benefactor. It may _ require courage to do what is right, but the righteousness of the cause should appeal to all directly concerned, whether manufacturer, jobber or retailer. SOPHISTRY OF CERTAIN FOOD PRODUCERS. Perhaps the most striking feature of the latter-day sophisticator of foods is his rare knowledge of ihe requirements of both National and State laws, and his great skill in evading them. He is well aware of the careful tests that are being made by chemists, and to escape them or to mislead investigators, Na- ture and commerce are ransacked for new products, new methods and any- thing that will enhance the plans of the adulterator. Generally speaking, the pure food officials have stopped grosser forms of adulteration, and by a care- ful research and subsequent prosecution as each new evil was discovered, they have practically driven impure goods out of the State. A peculiar feature of the office work has been its interesting and varied cor- respondence. While there is no valid objection to supplying all the information that is practicable, the tone of some of the letters show plainly the thinly dis- guised object the writers had in mind when framing certain inquiries. In other words, some of the correspondents desire expressions of opinion with a pur- pose of determining just how far they dare go without subjecting their goods to condemnation and themselves to prosecution. The line of demarcation is often too narrow for safety, and correspondents are advised accordingly. A copy of the act of June ist, 1907, is invariably supplied in response to requests for information. DUTY OF PRESERVING HEALTH AND LIFE. The Board of Trade of the City of New York recently adopted a resolution that is far more expressive than the average book upon the same subject. The resolution reads as follows: “Health and the protection of life are more precious to the people, and more necessary to their happiness than even the extension of our commerce, the fostering of our agricultural interests, the solving of our financial problems, the cheapness or efficiency of our postal service, the improvement of our rivers and harbors, or the enlargement of our navy.”’’ Another publication reverts to the fact that over eight millions of our people living to-day will die of tuberculosis; that six millions of our present population will die of diseases of the heart and kidneys, and that of the same population, fully eight millions more will die of pneumonia. It is also stated that during the past ten years the National Department of Agriculture spent forty-six millions in stamping out diseases of animals; in sav- ing elm trees from the. attacks of beetles; in warning farmers against potato blight; in exterminating some of the many ills and annoyances incident to ag- riculture, while the same government does not raise a hand to help the human family in combatting disease and death, excepting in the restriction of the manufacture and sale of adulterated articles of food and drink. The theme is one of paramount importance, and its contemplation reveals the need of such efficient co-laborers as the Pennsylvania Department of Health, the Dairy and Food Bureau recognizing their many opportunities for successful work for the public good. CONVENTION OF NATIONAL AND STATE PURE FOOD OFFICERS. Pennsylvania was well represented at the Eleventh Annual Convention of Na- tional and State Food and Dairy officials held at Jamestown, Virginia last July. The Commissioner of this State took part in the program of exercises. These representatives assemble annually to consider plans for the betterment of their 60 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. work. This interchange of opinions has wrought a number of important changes and developed matters of the greatest importance and value to those interested in dairy and food laws and regulations. One of the principal matters considered is the question of securing a greater uniformity in laws and their interpretation and enforcement. Such action would end many annoyances, re- move serious hindrances, and thus insure a greater purity of products through- out the country. The meeting of these officials attract National attention, and they are growing in importance with each succeeding year. The enactment of a National Food and Drugs law has proven an additional stimulus for intelligent and active co- operation, and the few remaining states in the Union which did not have any pure food laws are now rapidly falling into line to advance the good cause. Pennsylvania still stands at the pinnacle so far as the enforcement of pure food legislation is concerned, and will safely carry the guidon during coming cam- paigns. PENNSYLVANIA LEADS IN DAIRY AND FOOD LAWS. There are those who recall the sneers which were evoked by the suggested vigorous enforcement of the dairy and food laws of Pennsylvania; but to-day, there is hardly any one who is not willing to acknowledge their importance and usefulness and to pronounce them as a public benefactor. With the exception of our own excellent State Health Department, there is no other medium in Penn- sylvania that contributed more towards the health of the people of Penn- sylvania than this same Dairy and Food Division of the Department of Agricul- ture. The rational business-like policy in enforcing pure food legislation in Pennsylvania was one of the potent factors in fostering the new National Food and Drugs Act. In his annual message to Congress, President Roosevelt expressed his hearty approval and support of the pure food laws of the Nation and states in the fol- lowing emphatic language: “Incidentally in the passage of the pure food law, the action of the various State food and dairy commissioners showed in striking fashion how much good for the whole people results from the hearty co-operation of the Federal and State officials in securing a given reform. It is primarily to the action of these State commissioners that we owe the enactment of this law, for they aroused the people first to demand the enactment and enforcement of State laws on the subject and then the enactment of the Federal law, without which the State laws were largely ineffective. There must be the closest co-operation between the National and State governments in administering these laws.”’ Secretary Wilson, of the National Department of Agriculture, Dr. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, Prof. Bigelow of the same Bureau, and other National champions of the pure food movement, have at various times given their hearty and welcome words of encouragement and support to the Pennsylvania authorities. HOW LAWS ARE ENFORCED. The idea that the chief duty of this department of the public service is merely to supply information to inquiring people is a mistaken one, as it is also ex- _ pected to make arrests where the laws are disregarded. The Dairy and Food Divisions has proven its devotion to its obligations and the numerous prosecu- tions brought in Pennsylvania were the result of flagrant violations of the laws. Manufacturers, jobbers and retail merchants have had ample opportunity to be- come acquainted with the simple requirements of the pure food and dairy laws. Needed information can be obtained upon application to the Dairy and Food Commissioner. It was impressed throughout the State that the new and higher standard of food products which has been developed during the past few years must be maintained. There is not a single reason why the public should be permitted to become the victims of food adulterators, and with their past experience and knowing the meaning of the improved conditions, they are among the strongest supporters of the pure food agitation. Just what these changes mean in the matter of financial help and improved health is an incalculable asset. The proportionate cost to the citizens of the State has been singularly small, as the revenues paid into the State Treasury by the Bureau for a number of years pasi have considerably exceeded the expenditures of the Food Bureau. NATIONAL AND STATE OFFICIALS MUST CO-OPERATE. The Dairy and Food Commissioner of Pennsylvania, fully recognizing the .truth that uniformity of laws and unity in their enforcement brings best re- sults, desires to urge the special importance of a more close and intimate rela- tionship of those entrusted with the enforcement of both National and State dairy and food laws and regulations. It is only by their concerted and well-or- ganized efforts that the best results are obtainable. There are channels unex- plored, and sources of adulteration and sophistry remain that can only be suc- cessfully reached after such a system of more direct and general co-operation No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 61 is fully established. The signs of the times are propitious; the press and pub- lic are sympathetic and supporting the movement for better and pure dairy and food products; but there remains much to be done. So far as the Dairy and Food Bureau of Pennsylvania is concerned, it hereby extends an invitation to the officials of the Nation and State to ask for our assistance and co-operation whenever the public interests can be better subserved by such helpfulness. NATIONAL VERSUS STATE PURE FOOD LAWS. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has some of the best dairy and food laws of any state in the Union. No state was more largely instrumental in the passage of the Food and Drugs Act by the National Congress. After seven- teen years delay, and after the exercise of many dilatory tactics, the present National law finally passed, but only in response to the rising tide of well- founded and popular impatience which became too persistent to be safely ignored. The impression entertained by many intelligent people that the National law dispenses with State laws is, however, erroneous, and the Pennsylvania laws remain in full force. The National Food and Drugs Act applies to interstate business, and does not supercede our own legislation. It is still the opinion of the Pennsylvania authorities that the National law is altogether too broad and liberal in its scope, and that with its many defective points, there are State laws in force which are a far greater safeguard to the health of the people, The National law includes drugs and medicines, as well as liquor, all of which articles are foreign to our dairy and food laws. Hundreds of corre- spondents wrote to this Bureau, making inquiries, while others desired serial numbers, etc., to be used on the medicinal and other productions. All such requests were transferred to the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. VALUABLE RESULTS OF ENFORCING PURE FOOD LAWS. The experience in Pennsylvania in enforcing dairy and food laws has firmly eonfirmed the opinion that there must be a strong public sentiment back of the laws, if efforts to enforce them are to meet with any reasonable degree of Success. This truth has been exemplified at various times during the history of this Division of the Department of Agriculture. In enforcing the laws, the public were educated in the plain truth that neither corporation nor individual was exempted, when such violators were discovered and brought to justice. While the number of prosecutions brought under the old pure food law seemed very large, yet, considering the magnitude of Pennsylvania’s business interests and the number of people engaged therein, there was no indication that the general business atmosphere was laden with a greater percentage of dishonesty or lack of probity than perhaps existed elsewhere. The anti-adulteration law has be2n tried and not found wanting, and he who believed himself to be standing supreme and above the law, has been rudely undeceived when he was found to be ignoring his plain duty and the requirements of ordinary business sense and acumen. An effort to protect the food that goes on the table of the wage-earner and his family was of special consequence to the Dairy and Food authorities, and, therefore, as intimated, no class was spared nor punished at the expense of another. While it is true that there should be additional legislation, it is also evident that the greatest evils have already been successfully restrained or curbed; but, as we have more experience, we comprehend increased needs, and still further, more stringent laws and more effective action. That there has been a wonderful improvement in the quality and character of the dairy and food supplies sold in Pennsylvania, cannot be successfully con- troverted. The money advantage accruing from this work cannot be estimated, as the scores of fraudulent practices in the preparation and sale of some of the ordinary necessaries of life were startling in their aggregate proportions. The cordial support of the manufacturers and reputable dealers does not lack appre- ciation, as it made the work of enforcing the pure food laws practicable, while a united opposition of the manufacturers and press would not only have badly crippled the efforts for good, but made the attempt almost hopeless. OFFICIAL FORCE PLEASED WITH HELP. The official force of the Dairy and Food Bureau cheerfully and properly acknowledges the courtesy and good feeling that has been established between the officers and the trade throughout Pennsylvania. Several years ago, certain commercial interests were more or less inimical to the pure food work, but it is gratifying to report that all such imaginary barriers have disappeared, and that those perhaps most strongly opposed are to-day among its firmest sup- porters and friends. The Special Agents of the Bureau who are constantly in the field, looking for violations of the pure food, milk, oleomargarine and other protective laws, recognize these improved conditions with much pleasure. There is a willing- ness upon the part of those concerned to assist in the enforcement of these laws that is very satisfactory, boding much good for the future. 62 B ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. FOOD PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED. Among the many all-important questions that are now being agitated by pure food authorities, are the following: The use of sulphur in dried fruits and molasses. The problem as to the use of benzoate of soda in ketchup, preserved fruits and fruit syrups. The proper labeling of corn syrup or glucose. The various questions involved are so far-reaching and the interests affected so extensive and valuable that the officials are inclined to give them every pos- sible consideration, but no concession inimical to public health could be granted; neither will these officials permit the public to be imposed upon, through labels that misrepresent goods, or which claim merits and qualities that are entirely false, or absolutely misleading. i There is also no question as to the importance of deciding the various prob- lems according to correct principles of business, but these decisions must not be such as to prejudice the interests of the consumer. The sale of both adulter- ated goods in Pennsylvania will not be permitted, and it is to be hoped that this matter will be fully and definitely understood. THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU. With the advent of a new State administration and the appointment of the present Dairy and Food Commissioner, there came a strong demand for a change in the publication of the Monthly Bulletin issued by this Bureau. It was determined that among the new features added, special stress should be placed upon its educational features. Under the direction of some of the best writers, the Bulletin has achieved increased success as an educator, and the publication to-day stands foremost amongst its class in the United States. The enactment and approval of the “Tustin Act,’ known as the new pure food law, and the repeal of the old and tried pure food law of June 36, 1895, opened a flood of inquiries for information which it was only possible to supply through the medium of the columns of the Bulletin. The manufacturers, jobbers and the retail trade in particular, have expressed themselves in com- mendatory language as to the benefits received through this medium of pub- licity, and all without any cost, whatever. Each number of the Bulletin contains a variety of crisp, pungent and sea- sonable editorials upon subjects relating to the advancement of the pure food cause, while the laws and rulings adopted by the Bureau also receive publicity. In this manner the trade in general has an avenue for obtaining reliable and trustworthy information. In consequence of this gratuitous advice, no one need plead ignorance of the law, since an adoption of the information imparted will in most cases protect them against prosecution or financial loss. The law makes the publication of this Bulletin mandatory, and its useful- ness was never attested more fully than during the year just closed. While the grocers of Pennsylvania almost generally receive the Bulletin, those not receiving it can have their names and addresses placed upon the regular mail- ing list by writing and requesting it to be done. The press of Pennsylvania and trade journals are making liberal extracts from the Bulletin for the infor- mation of their readers, and if practicable, the publication will be improved during the coming year and made still more valuable and interesting. Several other states are now disseminating information upon the pure food subject through similar publications, having observed its feasibility and use- fulness. Pennsylvania long ago realized that publicity was an all-important accessory and helpful factor in fighting adulterated dairy and food products. The legitimate producer and retailer are unstinted in praise for the benefits received through the work of educating the public to demand pure, wholesome and genuine food products. The Bulletin can truthfully be said to lead all others of its class, both in point of practical information and circulation. “It never contains any advertising matter, and no subscription fees can be aceepted. VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF NEW LAW BULLETIN. In the dissemination of information concerning the dairy and food laws of the Commonwealth, it was found necessary to compile and publish a new edition of such laws as are now on the statute books and in full force and effect. The same were printed in bulletin form (Bulletin No. 160), and including the appellate court decisions, comprise about 70 pages of material that is invaluable in the work of enforcing these laws. Although the former editions included only the food and dairy laws, it was deemed advisable to add a digest or summary of the various appellate court decisions and opinions relating to oleomargarine, renovated butter, food and milk, which matter was included in the new publication. This additional matter has greatly aided the special agents, attorneys and others in the conduct of hearings, trials, etc. The specific laws and interpretations are plain. / No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63 The specific laws and interpretations are plain. These decisions and opinions clearly and concisely show that the legislature delegated the police powers that were needed in regulating food supplies; that oleomargarine cannot legally be served with meals without a proper license; that a guilty knowledge is unneces- sary, and that serving oleomargarine unknowingly is no excuse; that agents for non-resident manufacturers must comply with such laws; that the State cannot totally exclude oleomargarine from sale within Pennsylvania; that the Pennsylvania law is not in conflict with the United States constitution; that both fines and imprisonment can be imposed upon violators; that courts can issue injunctions to restrain illegal sales of oleomargarine; that the sale of colored oleomargarine is illegal; etc., etc. This compendium is therefore in great demand and worthy of more general circulation for the benefit of the trade. A CONVICTED RETAILER HAS LEGAL REDRESS. Under the provisions of the Pure Food Act approved June Ist, 1907, a defend- ant who has been convicted and fined for selling adulterated or unwholesome goods has legal redress. He can institute civil proceedings, and if he succeeds in establishing the fact that he bought the goods in good faith, and that he did not in any manner change their condition after their delivery and sale, the civil suit for damages and a repayment of the fine and costs paid will be per- mitted by the courts. Section 8 of the aforesaid act reads as follows: ‘‘Any person who shall have been adjudged to have violated any of the provisions of this act, by reason of the purchase or sale of an article adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, and who shall have purchased the article, so found to be adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, under a guar- anty from the vendor thereof, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, or the act of Congress passed June thirty, nineteen hundred and six, shall have a right of action against the guarantor for the recovery of such damages as shall have been sustained by reason of such adulteration or misbranding; and such person shall, in addition thereto, be entitled to recover punitive damages; and such person shall fur- ther have the right to set off any sum or sums of money which shall have been instituted against said person for the violation of any of the provisions of this act, against any claim or right of action which the guarantor may have, arising out of the sale of the article or articles in question, or otherwise, and which shall include all expenses and reasonable attorney’s fees.” This paragraph of the new law is attracting much attention, as it is a new feature of pure food legislation in Pennsylvania. That it is commendable and wise is generally believed by retail grocers, since it serves as an additional safe-guard to their interests. Under the old laws, it was perhaps purely optional for the manufacturer and jobber to compensate the retail merchant in case he was mulcted in a fine, but under the present law, there is ample redress. RESPONSIBILITY OF EMPLOYES FOR VIOLATIONS. Although the question of responsibility of employes in connection with the sale of oleomargarine, renovated butter and other articles of food has been raised in very many instances, the work of the Dairy and Food Bureau during a long term of years, has now clearly established that both the servant who actually sells, and the master who employs him, are equally liable to con- viction. This is an exception from the general rule in law that a master is not criminally responsible for the acts of his servant if done without knowledge, express or implied, though there is reasonable evidence of an expressed or im- plied actual or constructive authority on the part of the master, and he is therefore, as a general rule, liable. There are those who claim that the court should treat the master as the real offender, though taking no part in the offense and perhaps without any knowledge of it. The Dairy and Food offi- cials have always carefully considered all claims of this nature. If the master expressly prohibited a servant from doing a criminal act, and the servant nevertheless did it without the masters knowledge or consent, the liability could very properly be placed solely upon the servant; but these cases are so infrequent that they do not merit any serious discussion. Asa rule, the Dairy and Food Bureau has experienced very little trouble in placing the re- sponsibilities for transgressions of the law where they belonged. MISBRANDING OF FOOD PRODUCTS FORBIDDEN. The determination of the Dairy and Food authorities to enforce the law relating to the misbranding of food products and insisting upon an honest and truthful designation, is becoming better known to both the manufacturer and jobber. The proper branding of all such articles of food will be insisted upon, and a special effort to bring about this reform has already been inaugu- 64 x ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. rated. Many of the more sensible and conservative manufacturers have already recognized the importance of changing their labels so as to meet the require- ments of the Pennsylvania law, and they will thereby spare themselves the public odium, expense, mental anguish and annoyance that would follow prosecutions. Others will comply philosophically rather than willingly and cheerfully, after the annoyance of being prosecuted and compelled to pay fines and endure newspaper publicity and possibly criticism. The National Food and Drugs Act, while requiring certain information from manufacturers, does not have any direct application to the Pennsylvania law, and in consequence a compliance with that law does not relieve any one from the requirements and responsibilities imposed by the State law. This matter has been explained at more or less frequent intervals, and the average manu- facturer is therefore fully informed. The people of the State are heartily approving this work, as it deals most effectively with an evil that should have been remedied many years ago. Counterfeit productions, if at all permissible, should not sail under false colors, and the old system of exaggerated and misleading labeling must be discon- tinued. One of the worst evils known to the trade has been the tendency to misbrand food products. FOOD COMMISSIONER CANNOT APPROVE OR JUDGE LABELS. Since the enactment of the pure food law, approved June ist, 1907, the Dairy and Food Bureau has received hundreds of requests demanding that the officials should examine and pass judgment upon the legality of labels found on food products, etc. In the absence of any analytical knowledge of the contents of packages, and knowing that such an “opinion” would in most instances be used very freely for advertising or other improper purposes, it was found impossible to comply with such requests. In consequence of the frequency and persistency of these requests, the Commissioner recently prom- ulgated the following circular letter of information: “Rule 12—Numerous requests are referred to this Division for the approval of labels to be used in connection with food products under the Pennsylvania Pure Food Act of June ist, 1907. This Act does not authorize the Dairy and Food Commissioner nor any Agent of the Division to approve labels. The Division, therefore, will not give its approval to any label. Any printed mat- ter upon the label implying that this Division has approved it will be without warrant. It is believed that with the law and regulations before the manu- facturers they will have no difficulty in arranging labels in conformity with the requirements set forth.” It is obvious that this is the only rule that can be safely followed by pure food authorities at this time. STATUS OF IMPORTED FOOD PRODUCTS. Inquiries have been made as to the status of imported food products that might be offered for sale in Pennsylvania. The Dairy and Food Commissioner has in all such cases held that although such articles of food may have passed government inspection, they are still subject to the approval of State authori- ties. In case samples are bought from merchants whose business places are located within Pennsylvania, and upon analytical examination, such samples are found to be adulterated or deleterious to health, there is no hesitancy about insti- tuting legal proceedings against the parties offering for sale or selling such unlawful products. If a package of such imported goods is found to bear a label that is misleading or illegal, it also comes within the scope of the authori- ties to institute prosecution. The idea that imported goods are absolutely safe to handle because of their acceptance in a port of entry is erroneous and it therefore behooves the jobber and retailer to use proper care and vigilance. This regulation is the only one that can be safely pursued by food officials, since without watchfulness and care it would be a matter of but a comparatively short time until the Penn- sylvania stores would be flooded with imported goods of at least questionable purity and quality. There is no discrimination against goods of a foreign make, but it must be understood that they shall be found to be on an equality hs home products, and subject to a careful surveillance like our home products. NO JURISDICTION OVER ADULTERATED LIQUOR. Many correspondents of the Dairy and Food Bureau, presumably under the impression that this Bureau still had undisputed jurisdiction over the sale of adulterated liquor, as in the past, entered complaint and protests against the sale of such liquids by alleged unprincipled dealers in their respective localities. Under the adverse opinion of the Supreme Court in the oft-quoted case of Com- monwealth versus Kebort, (adulterated liquor case), this office has no such power to interfere, no matter how gross or serious the harm or injustice per- petrated. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 65 An act of Assembly passed and approved in 1863 provides: ‘‘That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to make use of any active poison or other deleterious drugs, in any quantity or quantities, in the manufacture or prepar- ation, by process or rectifying, or otherwise, of any intoxicating malt or alcoholic liquors, or for any person or persons to knowingly sell such poisoned or drugged liquors in any quantity or quantities; and any person or persons so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.’’ A feature of the act that makes it doubly difficult of enforcement would be the question of proving a guilty knowledge of the existence of such adulterant, when samples were secured from a retail or wholesale liquor dealer. When a manufacturer was charged with such offence, the proof would depend mainly on the analyst who examined the sample upon which the prosecution was based. It is for these reasons that the Dairy and Food Commissioner is firmly in favor of additional liquor legislation. A RATIONAL AND EFFECTIVE LIQUOR LAW NEEDED. While the legislative session of 1907 produced some important and valuable legislation, it failed to enact the much needed liquor law that had been antici- pated, and which seemed like a coming certain reality until during the last night of the session, when the worthy measure collapsed and failed of final passage. As the Supreme Court decided that the Dairy and Food laws did not provide for protection against the sale of impure, adulterated and poisonous articles of drink, the Commissioner has no jurisdiction whatever over such sales, and consumers use such stimulants at their own risk. Their only safety or guaranty lies in the standing and integrity of the dealer from whom they may secure their supplies; and even the reliable firm or individual may be imposed upon by the unscrupulous manufacturer or manipulator of liquor. Under these conditions, notwithstanding the National law now in force, “Compound Whiskey” is being sold without any special restriction, while other artificial and counterfeit liquor is also commanding a wider patronage than ever before, to the detriment of the health of the consumer. The past year’s renewed investigations of the quality of the soft drinks that are sold in such immense quantities in the larger cities has again proven their frequent unwholesomeness and adulteration. Saccharin, salicylic acid, coal- tar dyes, etc., are common constituent parts of such drinks. The miserable stuff that was sold by vendors at some military encampments as “lemonade,” “orangeade,’ etc., should also be driven out of the market because of its dan- gerous composition. The raids made upon such vendors at encampments had a salutary effect. A rational and effective liquor law is an absolute necessity, and it can be truthfully asserted that no one will welcome it more heartily than the legiti- mate distiller, brewer and dispensing agent. ALCOHOLIC “PATENT MEDICINES.” Commissioner Capers, of the Internal Revenue Bureau, Washington, D. C., has recently promulgated lengthy lists of certain alcoholic medicinal prepara- tions which were analyzed by that Department, and because of their high alco- holic contents, classed as compound liquors under a special ruling. Because of this fact, druggists and others selling such compounds, must procure special stamps from the Revenue Agents. The Commissioner states that even though such sales may be made in good faith for medicinal purposes, the druggist must comply with the ruling and pay the special revenue tax. In view of the strict ruling of the revenue officers, a number of so-called “medicines” have been withdrawn from the markets by the manufacturers, while in other instances the formulas were so modified that the classification was changed, thus making them comply with the law. While the Dairy and Food Bureau of Pennsylvania has no jurisdiction over medicines and drugs, frequent complaints are received, alleging harmfulness, impurity, etc. The examinations made several years ago clearly proved that even some of the most common drugs fell short of the standard prescribed by the United States Pharmacopeia, and there was a surprising lack of uni- formity of quality and strength. A singular revelation was the fact that cer- tain drugs were just as likely to largely exceed as fall below the required strength, thus making them doubly dangerous for the patient for whom the questionable drug had been prescribed by the physician. More thorough and complete control is demanded for the safety and protection of the public. PHYSICIAN’S VIEWS ON ADULTERATED LIQUOR. “And what is it that the masses of our people are drinking?” asks Dr. John D. Quackenbos, of New York, in a diatribe on the drink habit, especially among women. “Anything and everything but pure whiskey, pure wine, pure beer. It is a poison far deadlier and more rapid in its action than the genuine 5—6— 1907. 66 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. articles. This fact is ignored by the temperance reformer and often by the physician. The consumption being greatly in excess of the ability of the brewers and distillers to produce wholesome beverages, notorious adulterations are resorted to. “About 50,000,000 barrels of malt liquors represents the yearly output of the United States. Much of this, to meet the demand of the trade, is sold when new and imperfectly fermented, and a great deal of sickness is the result. “The beer drinker of this country has to run the gauntlet of various pre- servatives, especially formaldehyde; its destructive action on all organs; of artificial bitters, like salicine, strychnia and aloes; of the well-known excito- motor picrotoxin, the active principle of cocculus indicus, which has narcotic or other stimulating properties, and is used to impart both bitterness and headiness; and of grains of paradise or malaguetta peppercorns, which give a hot, strong flavor and excite thirst, so that the more beer the consumer drinks the more he wants. “Of every hundred drinks sold in the United States as whiskey to-day, only one is really whiskey, but so clever is the counterfeit that club connoisseurs have failed to detect it. Amylic ether, or the common ‘whiskey’ of trade, is the ‘death’s river’ setting in resistless current towards murder, robbery, paresis and the asylum.”’ IMPURE DRINKS AND UNFAIR ADVERTISING. The published report that fully eighty per cent. of the samples of “soft drinks,” including ‘‘pop,’”’ were found to be adulterated, attracted wide-spread attention. The investigations made in Philadelphia, Pittsburg and other large places fully confirmed this statement. While the laws placed under the direc- tion of the Dairy and Food Bureau do not include “articles of drink,’’ the in- vestigation had the effect of calling the attention of the public to this insidious evil. Salicylic acid, coal-tar colors, saccharin, and other illegal chemicals and drugs were found in abundance in such samples, but their sale goes on merrily and unrestricted, so far as the law is concerned. On the other hand, a noticeable feature of the investigation was the wide publicity that brewers and distillers gave to the unfavorable reports affecting the purity of “soft drinks.” They in turn advertised very freely, calling special attention to the purity of the beer found on sale in Pennsylvania, although just a few years ago, the conditions that were found in beer were almost equally as bad as those that are now so common to temperance drinks. The Commissioner discountenanced misrepresentation as much as possible, but a few bold and unprincipled firms would persist in their claims of ‘‘absolute purity” and the ‘approval of the State authorities,’ when in fact, no such certificate of purity was ever issued to any producer of any article of food or drink, excepting through the regular channel of the Monthly Bulletin, issued by the Bureau for the information of the press and public. This paragraph is inserted in all fairness to those who were inclined to believe that a special favor had been extended to competitors, as no discrim- ination is permissible. EVILS OF THE COFFEE TRADE. The pure food law was intended “to provide against the adulteration of articles of food, and to prevent deception and fraud in the sale thereof.’ The law, therefore, cannot tolerate the misbranding of coffee, whether sold as the pure, wholsesome berry, or when composed of a mixture of ground coffee, chicory, wheat, rye, peas, ete. The latter named composition would cer- tainly not be included within the definition of an ‘ordinary article of food;”’ neither has any merchant or dealer a legal right to sell so-called ‘Java coffee’’ when it is not a native of that famed coffee producing district. This practice has been very common, indeed, and it is an abuse that was not unknown even in certain first-class business houses. The glazing, coloring and other mechanical manipulation of whole coffee, whether during the roasting process or otherwise, is also more or less ques- tionable in a legal aspect, and it is doubtful whether it can be justified. The glazing process is capable of abuse, since such coating must naturally make the coffee look better than it really is, while additional weight is also added. The object of this special treatment, coating, ete., might primarily be in- tended to protect the coffee grain against moisture and depreciation after roasting, nevertheless the practice has reached such a stage that the consumer and the conscientious dealer have been aroused. THE SALE OF “COFFEE SUBSTITUTES.” The sale of cereal products as coffee substitutes, while still commanding a fair volume of trade, has been controlled to the extent that such substitutes are no longer being packed and placed upon the market under their former misleading aliases, but they are now generally sold for what they are. A few of the brands were found to contain a little true coffee, but for the most No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 67 part they appeared to be made of parched grains of barley, wheat, etc., or of grain mixed with wheat middlings, ete. The claims of the manufacturers are usually to the effect that they make an unstimulating substitute for coffee, entirely harmless, and that it is difficult to distinguish it from the genuine coffee, while it is further declared to supply far greater nourishment at a much decreased cost. That cereal coffees do not resemble the true flavor of the genuine coffee-berry is self-evident, and it is also true that no artificial coffee substitute has been discovered that can successfully replace the aroma and quality of the true coffee. Parched rye was used quite freely in country districts during the high price period that prevailed during the war, for a coffee substitute, and even through that period, the average farmer and consumer used it unwillingly, and only because of enforced economy. To-day, the coffee lover will insist upon having none but the best coffee, and will not tolerate the imposition of so- ealled ‘“coffee-compounds” at abnormally high prices, nor without acquainting the consumer with the true nature and character of the goods offered for sale under a high-sounding name. IMPOSITION PRACTICED IN SELLING TEA. One of the many complex questions that has been brought to the attention of the Dairy and Food Bureau, is the alleged sale of adulterated tea. While it is probable that the lover of tea is quite frequently imposed upon by unscru- pulous dealers who sell tea of an inferior brand and quality at abnormally high prices, the investigations made have not always proven any wrong-doing that justified proceedings under the dairy and food laws. It has been suggested that the National authorities should take the initiative to bring about certain much needed changes in the importation and sale of tea; that a board of experts should be appointed by the Treasury Department, whose duty it should be to supervise such importations and adopt regulations that would more fully protect both the importer and retailer. With improved conditions surrounding the tea market, and with the various classes and qualities more clearly defined and better known to the trade and consumers, there would very naturally follow a readjustment of values and selling prices and a consequent increased demand for the higher grades. It is a well-known fact that in the mining and manufacturing districts of Pennsylvania where the bulk of the imported teas are sold by grocers, the demand is rather for the higher grade tea than for the inferior or cheaper grade; in other words, the miner and laborer wants a fair quality of tea and does not object to paying an equivalent price. Poor tea is not desired even at a low price. MISLEADING NAMES IN COMPOUND GOODS ILLEGAL. In a recent prosecution, a confectioner was charged with the sale of a so- ealled ‘‘chocolate’ which upon analysis was found to contain less than 25 per cent. of chocolate and about 75 per cent. of starch or other matter foreign to the cocoa bean. The fact that it was sold under the distinct name of chocolate and branded as such formed a second violation of the new pure food act, but the magistrate, after being made acquainted with the extent of the adultera- oe immediately imposed a fine of sixty dollars and costs, as provided by aw. In the consideration of this case, the decision of ex-Attorney General Elkin, relative to the sale of a “compound coffee,’’ prevailed so far as the misbranding or misnaming was concerned. As the quantity of chocolate contained was so comparatively small, it could not be sold under that distinctive name, although marked as a “compound.” The National food authorities have taken the same aad oA such adulterations and promulgated rules and decisions governing the subject. For the purpose of cheapening cocoa and chocolate, starches of various kinds are ground in with the cocoa mass at the time of the introduction of the sugar, or with the cocca after the expression of the fat. Although the adulterants may not be injurious to health, they not only reduce the nutritive value of the product, but the buyer is defrauded because of the material difference in the cost and value of cocea and common starch. The manufacturers are recogniz- ing the business and moral effect of pure food laws, and those who manufacture only the highest and pure grade chocolates and cocoas enjoy a larger patron- age than ever before. “BREAKFAST FOODS” UNDER INVESTIGATION. Cereal products, or what are commonly known as “breakfast foods,’ are now receiving special attention at the hands of Dr. William Frear, an eminent chemist and leading authority on food products, with headquarters at the State College laboratory. 68 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. There has been a most marked increase in the number and variety of break- fast foods placed upon the markets of Pennsylvania, and the aggregate sales have reached large proportions. This is especially true in the several coal-fields of the State. The manufacturers spent money lavishly in their advertising campaigns, in some instances making most extravagant or exaggerated claims relative to the composition and nutritive values of such foods. While many of these brands really contain some of the advantages claimed, in nutritive ratios, taken as a whole, their cost is frequently excessive and disproportionate to their actual value. In order that some intelligible basis of comparison might become available for the information of the public, samples of all brands found on sale in Pennsylvania were placed in Prof. Frear’s possession for a thorough examin- ation. It is probable that fully one hundred distinct brands of such “break- fast foods’ will be reported upon in the near future, with a detailed statement as to his findings, including component parts, nutritive value, purity, etc. There are diversities of opinion upon the results of such an exhaustive re- search, but the Dairy and Food officials of Pennsylvania place no credence in the alleged use of arsenic and other poisonous substances in the preparation of these foods. Just what special treatment may have been accorded may not be easy of determination, but if the brands obtained contain any harmful or deleterious substances, Dr. Frear will discover it and so report to the Dairy and Food Commissioner. While these cereal products are wholesome and advantageous, and it is a matter of sincere regret that public confidence has been shaken by unfounded reports, it is equally deplorable that manufacturers should persist in foisting upon the public such grossly exaggerated claims as to their surpassing nutritive quantities. The press of Pennsylvania has repeatedly manifested its interest in the forthcoming bulletin, and it is hoped it may be available for public distribution at an early date. If saw-dust, sand, hulls and woody shells were used in their manufacture, as has been alleged, the chemists of competitive manufacturers would not have been slow in making and announcing such discoveries. It is safe to assert that the Pennsylvania investigation of cereal foods now in progress will be the most complete and far-reaching ever conducted by any state in the Union. The question of proper branding will>receive particularly careful attention during this examination into the merits of “breakfast foods’ sold in Penn- sylvania. THE SALE OF CHEESE IN PENNSYLVANIA. A few years ago, “filled cheese,’ as it was commonly known, was found on sale in Pennsylvania in considerable quantities. Later, the National law regulating its manufacture and sale, came to the relief of the public, while Fennsylvania closely followed with legislation forbidding its manufacture and sale in this State under heavy penalties. In reply to the question as to what is “filled cheese,”’ it might be explained that the material is made from milk from which more or less of the cream has been removed and some other fatty material substituted, the usual sub- stitute for the cream having been neutral lard or some material prepared and, as intimated elsewhere, there is a strong possibility that the proper form was added to the cheese and seasoned in the usual manner. Such cheese prac- tically became an “oleo cheese.” While the present cheese law of Pennsylvania is not just what is wanted by the legitimate cheese manufacturer and dealer, it is better than none, and there is no question as to the high quality of the cheese that is being sold in our stores. The laws of New York are more strict and far reaching, and as intimated elsewhere there is a strong possibility that the proper form of a “cheese act’’ will be formulated and presented for consideration at the hands of the coming Legislature. The cheese makers of Pennsylvania have the material and resources to man- ufacture cheese second to none, and it is to be hoped that the Legislature will pass wise, protective laws governing this important branch of dairying. Penn- sylvania-made cheese should always be synonymous with excellence and purity. CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES FOUND IN CHEESE. It has been declared that the use of chemical preservatives in cheese is com- paratively rare, if not entirely unknown by the cheese manufacturers of Penn- sylvania. It is declared that the addition of a preservative to a cheese at the time of its manufacture would so seriously interfere with the ripening process as to actually defeat the purpose of storage altogether. The chemical preser- vative that might be introduced for a specific purpose would undoubtedly de- stroy the bacteria that are so essential in the ripening process. The artificial coloring of cheese, especially those with a low fat content, is a serious matter, as many of the colors employed are alleged to be deleterious to health. Until the passage of the new pure food laws, the cheese manufac- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 69 turer selected and used coloring matter to suit his own whim. To-day, if the coloring material is found to be deleterious, prosecutions are possible. The cheese in its natural color is universally acknowledged to be most palatable and most desirable. COAL-TAR DYES IN FOOD AND DRINK. Prof. C. B. Cochran, Chemist of the Dairy and Food Bureau, West Chester, has completed a series of important experiments upon colors in food products, and the results present some remarkable disclosures. In a lecture delivered before the members of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, he exhibited a large assortment of samples of wool, which had been colored by the coal-tar colors, abstracted from various food products. Sufficient carmine coloring matter to color eight yards of woolen cloth was obtained from a small jar of artificial fruit jelly, showing the large quantity that had been used by the manufacturer. Scores of the samples of wool were highly colored by poisonous dyes that were removed from butter, jellies, candies, pie-fillers, wines, etc., many of thefdyes being of great brilliancy. A sample of special interest was a jar of cranberries, because of its bright, red tint. Even huckleberry pie-fillers were deeply colored. The Professor explained that the coloring matter was not employed solely to improve the appearance of the articles, but in many instances to aid in the deception of the consumer. In the case of the huckleberry compound, it was found to contain only a small amount of the genuine fruit, the rest being composed of a filler of unknown origin. The wines and brandies so richly colored were not the product of any grape or fruit, but were counterfeit productions of harmful quality with the color added to simulate the genuine product. The use of dangerous coal-tar colors in the manufacture of butter was condemned in the strongest terms as being not only harmful but absolutely without justification. Vegetable colors, if any, should only be tolerated in butter. At the last session of the Minnesota Legislature the lawmakers enacted an act prohibiting the sale of all food products, including butter, containing so- ealled ‘“‘coal-tar colors.’ This law is to be enforced during the coming year in the strictest sense. The law, however, is somewhat peculiar because of the fact that it does not apply to any butter colored with the objectionable coal-tar dyes that may be manufactured for consumption outside of Minnesota. It posi- tively insists that only vegetable colors can be used in coloring butter made for home consumption. HARMFUL AND POWERFUL FOOD PRESERVATIVES. While it is common knowledge that chemical preservatives added to articles of food and drink are detrimental to digestion, in even very small quantities, comparatively few realize their powerful and far-reaching effects upon the human system. Salicylic acid is frequently found in wines, beer and other articles of drink, as well as in food products, and no fair minded scientific authority will be un- willing to acknowledge that its use for such purposes should not be tolerated. It is a great deal more powerful than benzoic acid in arresting the action of enzymes. It is said that one part of salicylic acid in 9.000 will stop the action of pancreatic enzyme, while it takes one part of benzoic acid in 2.600 to accomplish the same results. The use of formalin as a milk preservative is also acknowledged harmful and dangerous. It is said that one part in 7.000 will prevent fermentative action or souring, but notwithstanding this fact, dairy- men and others will persist in its excessive use, because of its cheapness. With the constant warfare that is being made against the illegal use of coal- tar dyes and chemical preservatives, by both the National and State authori- ties, it is to be hoped that their use will soon be discontinued in the manu- facture of all articles of food and drink. Keen and health-giving appetites should be supplied with pure food—the kind that characterized the primitive life of pioneer days. The old, New England ideal of “plain living and high think- ing,’ was, perhaps largely enforced by stern necessity; but it was an important factor for good that will live for centuries to come, although the manner of living was changed. FORMALDEHYDE; ITS USES AND ABUSES. Among the questions that are frequently develcped in pure food court trials is that concerning the nature of formaldehyde, a preservative that was very commonly used by milk dealers several years ago. It was first prepared in 1868 by passing a mixture of air and methyl-alcohol vapor over heated platinum, and is still practically obtained only from the oxidation of methyl-alcohol. Its germicidal qualities were only discovered about twenty years later. It has a very powerful action on various forms of organic matter, and in practical medi- cine, formaldehyde to-day is only used as a disinfectant. Being placed upon 70 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. the markets by manufacturers in various combinations, with proprietary or trade names, and sold to dairymen and milk-dealers, generally, its power for evil can scarcely be under-estimated. It was for this reason that the Dairy and Food authorities were determined to interfere with its improper use, and if possible, confine its use solely to the purposes for which it was originally manufactured. Its cheapness of production was another factor that helped to swell its un- warranted sale for illegal purposes, and when sold under these aliases, it was especially profitable to the manufacturer and retail dealer, the latter per- haps not suspecting its real composition. FORMALDEHYDE AS A MILK PRESERVATIVE. The Dairy and Food Commissioner is greatly pleased to report that the cru- sade for pure milk in Pennsylvania has revealed a gratifying change in the quality of the milk supply, as compared with the conditions that prevailed several years ago. The common use of formaldehyde as a milk and cream preservative is no longer tolerated either by the State or municipal authorities. It is estimated that 8,500 samples of milk and cream were purchased in the open markets by the special agents of the Dairy and Food Division during the past summer and submitted to the official chemists for analysis. The analytical reports showed that less than a dozen milkmen were employing formaldehyde as a preservative, and these were promptly prosecuted and convicted of a misdemeanor and heavily fined. Its serious effects upon invalids and infants are too well Known to require any extended discussion, while even the healthy individual cannot escape depression and consequent indisposition if the drug is used for several days. The United States Dispensatory refers to formaldehyde in the following language: “Tt probably ranks in power as a little inferior to corrosive sublimate, al- though it is certainly much stronger than carbolic acid. It has a very powerful action on various forms of organic matter; one part in 4000 completely dis- colorizes wine, precipitating extractive and coloring matters. Upon the higher animals it is one of the most irritating substances known. Formaldehyde is much used for the preservation of human bodies; an injection of one per cent. solution usually suffices, the body in a dry room, rapidly hardening without decomposition,” During the trial of an important milk adulteration case in a neighboring court, Prof. Cochran, Chemist of the Dairy and Food Bureau, said under oath, that one part formaldehyde in 7,000 would be sufficient to prevent milk from souring. As the average dairyman has no conception of the strength: and dangerous character of this awful stuff, he is inclined to use it recklessly and freely, thus greatly augmenting the danger to human life. This is especially the case where he obtains possession of the solution at a low price, although in many cases the article is sold in packages retailing at one dollar for a quart bottle while the contents may represent only from 7 to 10 cents worth of the drug, the balance being nothing but water. If the Dairy and Food Division had not done any other work than to look into the milk supplies of the various sections of the Commonwealth, the people would have been fully compensated for the few thousands of dollars expended in securing these changed conditions. Dairy products should always be pure, and the press of the State and consumers in general are demanding that such shall be the rule, in language and terms that cannot be misunderstood or mistaken. PRESERVATIVES AND COAL-TAR COLORS IN CATSUP. Within recent years there has been established a demand for ‘“‘condimental sauces’’ which is unprecedented. The term applies to catsups, pickles and the numerous array of miscellaneous sauces which are to be found on sale in every first-class grocery or delicatessen shop. These goods are very generally colored and chemically preserved. While the prudent housewife will produce and keep such products for home consumption in their original purity, the manufacturer who caters to the grocery trade will insist upon the use of benzoie acid, ben- zoate of soda or salicylic acid and added coloring matter in their preparation. This questionable rule has been in vogue so long that many manufacturers thought they could not dispense with these foreign ingredients. Several of the largest manufacturers, in compliance with the changed sentiment, dis- earded the further use of coloring materials and chemical preservatives, and are now preparing and shipping many of their products in small packages that had been carefully sterilized, while the quality of the goods, has also been greatly improved. In other cases, the manufacturers attach labels to the packages, certifying that the contents “are artificially colored,’ and that they contain “one-tenth of one per cent. of benzoate of soda.’’ Purchasing at random, and in different sec- tions of the State, many of the leading brands of catsup were placed in the hands of our official chemists for analysis. It was found that nearly two- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. val thirds of the samples of catsup tested contained more than double the amount of the preservative indicated by the label on the package. This development was surprising to food authorities, generally, and as the consensus of modern expert and medical testimony is unfavorable to the continued use of chemical preservatives, even in the minimum quantity named under the rules of the Federal government, it is safe to assume that when double the quantity is introduced into the human system, the result cannot be otherwise than doubly harmful. Knowing how rapidly the evil effects of drugs and chemicals will become intensified by repeated usage, the Dairy and Food Commissioner directed that prosecutions should be brought against dealers who sold such harmful and falsely labeled food products. Under the rules of both the State and Federal food authorities, the use of one-tenth of one per cent. of benzoate of soda was but tentative, and subject to revocation at the end of the present year. Just what action the Federal government will take upon this palpable vio- lation of both laws and rules remains to be seen. So far as Pennsylvania is concerned, the question is answered fully and plainly by the prosecutions already commenced and about to be instituted for similar offences. The Dairy and Food Bureau has won a signal victory in the cases brought for using such excessive quantities of benzoate of soda in catsups, scores of prosecutions having been terminated upon the payment of the fine and costs by the de- fendants. SULPHUROUS ACID IN FOOD HARMFUL TO HEALTH, That the work of the Pennsylvania Dairy and Food Bureau in making an extended investigation into the use of sulphurous acid in food products, and the consequent numerous arrests ordered, was entirely justifiable, is plainly: evidenced by the following paragraph from a bulletin issued by Dr. Wiley, Chief of the National Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.: “The relations of sulphurous acid to health are perhaps of greater import- ance than those of the preservatives already studied—namely, boron compounds and salicylic acid and its salts. The reason of this is found in the fact that the use of sulphurous acid at the present time is more general, and in certain classes of food products, according to the statements of manufacturers, more nearly approaches a necessity than is the case with boron or salicylic acid compounds. “Sulphurous acid in some form is extensively employed in many technical operations in the preparation of foods. This is especially true in the produc- tion of wine, in the preparation of evaporated or dessicated fruits, and in the manufacture of molasses. The problem presents itself under two aspects— namely, the use of sulphurous acid or its compounds for technical purposes in the preparation of foods and its application to the finished product as a preservative.”’ While the Pennsylvania laws may conform with the National food and drugs act so far as practicable, it is freely admitted that the use of this preservative is adverse to the public health and good, and especially if sulphurous acid should be consumed for any period of time in connection with our regular daily dietary. The initial work performed in Pennsylvania attracted attention throughout the nation. ANALYTICAL RESEARCHES BY STATE CHEMISTS. During the past year the several chemists in the employ of the Dairy and Food Bureau made extensive researches into numerous practical problems that are constantly arising in connection with a vigorous enforcement of the pure food laws. At the State laboratory, located at Harrisburg, Prof. Loomis made an exhaustive investigation of the color question and the report on coal-tar colors has since been printed in bulletin form by the National Department of Agriculture. Among the various products that were the subject of special inquiry, might be mentioned breakfast foods, candies, ice cream, glucose, canned goods, catsups, etc., with the result that many valuable items of information were made available for the use of the State and National au- thorities. An important and far-reaching subject, meriting special attention, was the common use of sulphurous acid and sulphites in various products, both for bleaching and preservative purposes. Reference to this phase of the work is made in another paragraph. That the National Department has taken up the work begun in this State on the misuse of sulphurous acid, forms its own commentary, and attests to the wisdom of the fight against its illegal use. There is no other state in the Union where more thorough and careful atten- tion is devoted to the examination of the milk and cream supplies than in Pennsylvania. The number of samples analyzed was far in excess of that of any preceding year. The researches into dairy products were exceedingly satisfactory, and a decreased number of prosecutions tells the story better than ordinary words. ; 72 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. It was recommended in a previous report that the State laboratory should be equipped with the paraphernalia necessary for making complete bacteriological examinations of milk, water and food products, but the requisite instruments have not yet been made available. The bacteriological chemist to-day occupies such a conspicuous part in the analytical world that each succeeding day and month only emphasizes the need of securing these increased and most desir- able advantages for the service of the Department of Agriculture, at the Har- risburg laboratory. With the aid of analytical, microscopical and bacteriolo- gical information, the work of the Dairy and Food Division would not only be greatly enlarged, but the public in general would be vastly benefited. All of this innovation could be added without any great cost to the Commonwealth. Many of the leading and progressive dairymen of Pennsylvania would hail this innovation with special pleasure. EXPERT FOOD CHEMISTS IN DEMAND. The increasing attention that is being paid to the investigation of food pro- ducts on the part of both National and State authorities has created a demand and opened a new field for an increased number of proficient and expert analysts of food products. The long experience of the chemists employed by the Dairy and Food Bureau of Pennsylvania was well known to the National authorities, and as a result, Prof. H. M. Loomis, formerly engaged in food analytical work at the State laboratory, located at Harrisburg, was offered and accepted a responsible position under the direction of Dr. H. W. Wiley, of the National Bureau of Chemistry. He is at present in charge of the Gal- veston, Texas, district. In several other cases the chemists of the Bureau are actively engaged in assisting the National government in making special examinations and researches into food products, a work that is regarded as’ of mutual advantage. It is the intention of the Pennsylvania authorities to co-operate in every manner in work that will improve the pure food supply of the State and Nation, and the experiences of the past year justified this decision, by reason of the good results attained. With thousands of analyses made by our chemists, it is but a tribute of fairness to say that in no single instance has there been any charge of un- fairness or gross error on the part of any of the numerous parties directly concerned in food analyses. In no state in the Union was a greater volume of analytical work performed, and the general results are therefore all the more gratifying to the officials responsible for the difficult task. NO JURISDICTION OVER DRUGS AND MEDICINES. The requirements of the National Food and Drugs Act are frequently con- founded with the food laws of Pennsylvania, and the Dairy and Food Bureau receives many scores of letters from correspondents, including druggists and physicians, who ask for further enlightenment. Such letters are usually re- ferred to the authorities in charge at Washington, or the several State boards having local jurisdiction. The manufacturers of patent or proprietary medi- cines are particularly interested in the new medical law, and as illegal brand- ing was far too common, its enforcement will be not only very desirable, but resultant of much good. The order issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Treasury Department of the United States, requiring dealers in certain patent medicines to pay a revenue tax as liquor dealers, also brought many letters of inquiry. This order has no connection, whatever, with the Dairy and Food Bureau, so far as Pennsylvania is concerned, and the revenue license was demanded by the National officials, because certain so-called “medicines’’ contained but very little substances whose properties were med- icinal, but such large amounts of alcohol as to make their use as intoxicants not uncommon, as well as dangerous to a certain class of patients. Another subject of inquiry came from patients who used “head-ache powders.”’ This matter is also outside of the jurisdiction of this office, but those immedi- ately concerned have a right to Know more about the different degrees of toxicity in the use of these drugs which have such potent physiological effects upon various persons. Many brands of “head-ache’ powders cannot be re- garded otherwise than extremely dangerous. The medical fraternity are best qualified to pass upon these questions, but the public should be safeguarded, as it is known that many of these “medicines” have a most depressant effect. Although always willing to co-operate with the proper authorities in charge of the laws regulating the manufacture and sale of so-called ‘patent medi- cines,’”’ the Dairy and Food Bureau of Pennsylvania has no legal jurisdiction over such products. Judging by the number of letters received by the Bureau, it is evident that the notion prevails that anybody and everybody has the right to compound, bottle, label and sell (or give away) to the public such “patent medicine.’”” The wrappers and labels in very many cases are of such a laudatory character as to give physicians a feeling of disgust. Phar- macists and physicians who are familiar with certain compositions declare that their capacity for evil is far greater than is ordinarily comprehended. It has No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73 been suggested that a board of examiners of well-known standing and practi- cal knowledge should be appointed to pass upon the formulas that are used in the manufacture of such medicines, and that in this manner much deception and possible injury to health, could be avoided. The present magnitude of the problem was entirely unforseen at the time the National Food and Drugs Act was formulated. The requests for informa- tion received by the Pennsylvania Dairy and Food Bureau serve as a criterion of the need for a closer supervision over the sale of such articles. The clamor for such protection against nostrums is not a sensational one, but is founded upon a desire to protect the public against imposition and actual injury. GLUTEN FLOUR SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERATED DRUGS. A correspondent of the Dairy and Food Bureau made inquiry concerning a certain brand of gluten flour which had been sold to him as a patient suffering with diabetes. Its use was strongly recommended because it was claimed that it was exceedingly low in starch contents, and therefore especially suited for persons suffering from this disease. It is said that in at least one instance, a sample of alleged “‘pure vegetable gluten” sold by a reputable druggist under his own name at 50 cents a pound, upon careful analysis, was found to con- tain 60 per cent. of starch—the substance which of all others the diabetic patient is paying a high price to avoid. The chemist declared that the spurious sample was grossly misleading, inasmuch as it was nothing more nor less than whole wheat flour sold at 50 cents a pound. The Dairy and Food Bureau received many other letters asking for informa- tion relative to the purity of various articles that are usually found in drug stores, and which are sold under special names and for a specific class of sufferers, but on account of the limited appropriation available, it was not always possible to purchase samples for analysis. Where no definite informa- tion could be supplied by the Dairy and Food Bureau, the letters of inquiry were referred to the Secretary of the State Pharmaceutical Board for his consideration and reply. The adulteration of drugs is a subject that is closely allied with the study of pure food in its various phases, as it is apparent that food and drugs are closely allied, and that whether sold by the grocer or the druggist, there is a connecting link that can be made prolific of much public good. It is well, however, that drugs do not come under the jurisdiction of this Bureau, but under separate and distinct control. FORM OF GUARANTY SUGGESTED. The subject of a proper form of guaranty required by retailers from jobbers is an interesting one. A proposed form was promulgated by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, but this was only tentative and intended as a guide to the prudent and careful merchant. The Tustin Pure Food Law is specific as to its requirements, but does not include any set or prescribed form of guaranty. This is a matter that rests with the dealer who is to seek self-protection, in ease illegal goods should be foisted upon him. There is no dealer who may not have use for such guarantee during his relations with the jobbers who supply the retail trade with food products. In the administration of the pure food law of Pennsylvania, the Commis- sioner is anxious to furnish all possible information to the trade, and where a proper form of guaranty is presented, and a willingness shown to place the responsibility where it properly belongs, it will serve as a valid defense; on the other hand, such guaranty must be absolutely faultless in its form and mean- ing, while the party in possession of illegal goods, proven such by chemical analysis, must show when and from whom such merchandise was obtained under such guaranty. it is, therefore, essential that every invoice should bear a guaranty, signed by the firm shipping such goods, and the purchaser must also be fully prepared to not only identify such goods, but prove date of purchase, etc., and the fact that they are the article or articles upon which prosecution was recommended. For the information of those concerned, the following form of guaranty has been suggested: “We, the vendors of the articles mentioned in the foregoing invoice hereby guarantee the same to be in full conformity with the Federal Pure Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, and also guarantee the same to be in full con- formity with the Act of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania known as the Pure Food Act, approved June ist, 1907, in that the said articles are not adul- terated or misbranded within the meaning of the aforesaid acts.’’ This can be written, or placed upon the invoice with a rubber stamp, or printed, and when legally signed and dated, it will be considered as a satis- factory form, so far as the Pennsylvania pure food authorities are concerned. The National government may prescribe a different form, but the guaranty required by the Washington authorities applies only to that department of the public service, and does not hold good in this Commonwealth. 6 74 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The Attorney General of the United States recently decided in the case of a District of Columbia dealer who was cited for a hearing on the charge of selling an adulterated food product, and who held a guarantee from a Mary- land dealer, that he had a sufficient defense, and upon further investigation, it was ascertained that the Maryland merchant in his defense, and as a matter of information, produced a guaranty from a Pennsylvania manufac- turer who had delivered the adulterated goods to him. Under these conditions and the provisions of the National Food and Drugs Act, approved June 30, 1906, the Attorney General gave the opinion that the only legal solution was to confiscate the adulterated goods and destroy them, in case any remained on the shelves of the District of Columbia purveyor. The Tustin Pure Food - Act reads as follows so far as the subject of guaranty’s is concerned: “Section 8. No prosecution shall be sustained under the provisions of this act, for the selling or offering for sale, or having in possession with intent to sell, any article or goods, as defined herein, when the same is found to be adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, when the accused can establish a guaranty, signed by the person residing in the United States from whom such article was purchased, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, designating it or within the meaning of the ‘Food and Drugs Act,’ June thirtieth, one thousand nine hundred and six enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled: Provided, however, That if the article in question is in a broken or open package, said guaranty shall not afford immunity from prosecution, unless such person shall furnish satisfactory proof that the article has not been changed in quality. The affidavit of such per- son shall be accepted as such proof and the person making such affidavit falsely shall be guilty of perjury, and punished accordingly: And provided, more- over, That every person giving a guaranty under the provisions of this act shall be held responsible for the adulteration or misbranding of any article or goods sold under said guaranty, and shall be subject to the penalties for the violation of the provisions of this act. “Said guaranty to afford protection shall contain the name and address of the person making the sale of such articles to such dealer, and, in such case, the said person shall be amenable to the prosecution, fines, and other penalties which would attach, in due course, to the dealer, under the provisions of this act, when said articles are found to be adulterated or misbranded. Provided, That no such guaranty shal! operate as a defense to prosecution for the viola- tion of this act, if the dealer shall continue to sell after written notice by the Dairy and Food Commissioner that such article is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act.” FORMULAS NEED NOT APPEAR ON LABELS. Among many manufacturers there was a mistaken idea prevalent that under the restrictions imposed by the pure food laws, they would be required to make public their private and valuable formulas, and thus open to the world, a free and untramelled manufacturer’s outlet for their respective productions, no matter how valuable or dearly bought such formula may have been. The same misunderstanding prevailed elsewhere, but so far as Pennsylvania is concerned, the Dairy and Food Bureau announced that the law does not compel the formula to be given on the label, but requires only that the articles comprising such formula shall not be in violation of the pure food law. While it is mandatory to sell pure, harmless and unadulterated food pro- ducts in Pennsylvania, the rights of producers are regarded as private just so long as they do not make themselves amenable to the law. Where a manufacturer places upon the market an article that is fraudulent, unwholsesome or injurious to health, the result of such analytical examina- tion becomes public property. When a prosecution follows such analysis, the facts are made public, and no attempt, whatever, is made to shield the defend- ant; in fact, publicity through publication, is even a better preventative of wrong-doing then the mere imposition of a nominal fine, While neither weaklings nor practical extremists could be successful as pure food agents, the Commissioner points with much pride to the unswerving integrity, tact and ability that was displayed during the many ordeals that confronted the employes of the Bureau during the past year. It is always when a new law is invoked to secure certain improved conditions, that we are compelled to cope with new and unexpected difficulties which, happily, were met with satisfaction, and a proud measure of success. WHAT THE NATIONAL GUARANTEE DOES NOT MEAN. As might very reasonably have been anticipated, manufacturers of food pro- ducts, liquor, patent medicines, etc., have grossly abused the privilege accorded to them in connection with the stamping upon their respective productions a serial number and the statement that the food or drug is “guaranteed under the food and drugs act, June 30, 1906.” No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15 With clevelry worded advertisements, some of the unscrupulous manufac- turers are endeavoring to delude the public into the belief, through the medium of deceptive labeling, that the printing or marking of such serial number upon a package implies that the same are “guaranteed by the United States Govern- ment,” or that “the United States Government new Pure Food and Drugs Act guarantees our products.” These unjust representations have aroused a strong protest against the manner of labeling goods, and as a result, the National Department of Agriculture has called a halt and threatened to expose those who are guilty of making such false claims. While the Department allows manufacturers to file a general guarantee, it assumes no responsibility, what- ever, but merely attaches a serial number in order that the responsibility can be placed where it belongs, in case of trouble or wrong-doing. It is remarkable that some prominent firms should have been found guilty of abusing the confidence of the government authorities. Their advertisements were so palpably unfair and unjust that the authorities were compelled to take official action in order to protect both the public and themselves against this chicanery. NO APPROPRIATION MADE FOR FREE ANALYSES. ‘The erroneous impression is still prevalent throughout the Commonwealth that the Dairy and Food Bureau should make analytical and bacteriological examinations of foods, drugs, patent medicines, as well as many other articles that are submitted for that purpose, without any expense to the party sub- mitting such samples. This subject has been discussed in previous reports. While the Bureau will do all that lies within its power to render services to the people of Pennsylvania, neither the appropriation available nor the chemical laboratory facilities would be sufficient to meet such demands. Its present resources are hardly sufficient to meet the expenses occasioned by making exam- inations of the samples forwarded to the several laboratories by the sworn special agents of the Department. If the resources were larger and such analytical examinations could be made, it would not only be an obvious wrong to examine at public expense samples in which perhaps only a shrewd manu- facturer or prejudiced individual might be interested; but, such reports would ultimately be used for advertising purposes, if favorable, and consequently abused by being represented as the official endorsement of the Dairy and Food Bureau. Where samples were sent in by the sworn agents for analysis the reports are public property; but otherwise such analyses could not possibly be made for the information of an individual. WHEN DUPLICATE FOOD SAMPLES ARE REQUIRED. At various times there has been a misunderstanding on the part of dealers and others regarding the law which requires the sworn special agents of the Dairy and Food Bureau to buy samples intended for analysis in duplicate. The only statute demanding the duplication of samples is the new pure food act approved June ist, 1907. It does not require that the duplicate should be sealed and left with the party from whom the sample was obtained. The law makes it mandatory that the one sample shall be forwarded to the official chem- ist of the Bureau, and the other sample is to be delivered to the office of the Dairy and Food Commissioner, to be Kept in reserve in case a re-test should be demanded during the trial or before the legal termination of the case. The statutes do not require that agents should purchase or obtain duplicates of samples of perishable goods or food products, such as milk, cream, butter, oleomargarine, ice-cream, etc., for obvious reasons. In but a single instance since the new pure food act went into effect has the duplicate sample been called into practical use. This was in connection with a retest of a certain brand of ketchup, in which 20-100 of one per cent. of ben- zoate of soda was reported by the chemist. The re-test not only confirmed the correctness of the preceding analysis, but a composite test of the same article by two prominent chemists showed that the sample contained 22-100 of one per cent. of the preservative. The legislature alone can regulate the manner of procuring samples, and the Commissioner must follow its mandates. THE ICE CREAM SUPPLY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Under a ruling promulgated by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, “ice cream must be true to name and contain not less than 12 per cent. butter-fat,”’ together with sugar and pure fruit flavor. Eggs and a small amount of gelatin are also permissible in its manufacture. Other objectionable ingredients will not be allowed. While many of the conscientious dealers have already mani- fested a willingness to comply with this ruling, a large proportion have not yet changed formulas or methods of manufacture. As some prosecutions have already been brought, it is fair to assume that ice cream must be improved in standard and quality. The use of so-called ‘mechanical’ preservatives is fre- quently urged by those who desire to keep ice cream for an indefinite period, 76 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. claiming that without the addition of gelatin, gum tragacanth or agar-agar, it will not retain its homogeneity or ‘“‘stand-up,’’ without causing the marginal icing that occurs when it is kept in storage. On the other hand, it is import- ant to know that when ice cream is kept beyond a limited time, the uncooked milk and other ingredients, even if kept under refrigeration, will commence to decompose, and possibly form toxic products. Then it may become a serious menace to health. Any practice involving the prolonged storage of such a perishable product cannot be healthful or safe. To place the product before the consumer at the earliest practicable moment following its manufacture is the only safe and satisfactory plan that we can advocate. Fair warning is given that the manufacturers of ice cream must elevate their standard, and also pay more attention to sanitary matters. Leading manu- facturers may soon be willing to sell their ice cream under a guarantee as regards butter-fat contents. This plan would undoubtedly attract the discern- ing trade who want the best obtainable and who do not question the price. In other words, the price of the ice cream could very readily be gauged by the butter-fat contents; that is, fix a definite price for cream containing twelve, fourteen, eighteen or twenty per cent. butter fat, according to its richness anG quality. In the examinations made into ice cream, few samples were found to contain chemical preservatives, such as formaldehyde, boric acid and saccharin. The use of gelatin in small amounts and certain gums and starches was attested by chemical analysis, but in general, the conditions were pronounced as being better than those that existed several years ago, when good, pure and rich ice cream was far less common than to-day. The “hokey-pokey’’ vendors have also changed some of their formulas, although their product is too frequently a compound of milk, sugar, uncertain flavor, questionable dyes and still more doubtful cleanliness. The ice cream question will need further consideration when the Legislature meets, and the best representatives of the trade will co-operate in framing proper laws to regulate its manufacture and sale. A CRUSADE FOR PURE OLIVE OIL. Olive oil has become a very important article of food in Pennsylvania, and in some sections it is almost as popular in the daily dietary as in the countries of Southern Europe. While principally employed in making the various forms of salads, there are also many hundreds of people who consume it reguiarly for medicinal purposes. The fact was brought to the attention of the Dairy and Food Bureau that the ordinary purchaser of salad or table oil presumed that he was receiving olive oil, and that the terms “Olive Oil” and “Salad Oil’ were synonymous with most purchasers and consumers. The cheapness of cottonseed oil and its similarity in appearance to olive oil presented a wide opportunity for deception and fraud, and as a result, the officials made a thorough investigation. It was soon discovered that cottonseed oil was not only placed on sale in the bottles which resembled the peculiar form adopted by the largest producers and importers of the genuine olive oil, but it was also proven that the best brands were closely imitated by external appearances by the simulations of labeling, ete., of imported and high priced oils. The cottonseed oil was also sold in tin cans of various sizes, bearing laudatory foreign markings, alleging purity and high quality, with many fictitious names of producers, but almost invariably selling at about the same prices as the genuine article. As these chemical examinations continued, the number of prosecutions for the sale of fictitious or adulterated olive oils increased. In the cities of Phil- adelphia and Pittsburg, the Italian grocers were especially conspicuous vio- lators of the pure food laws for selling bogus olive oil, while some of the larger stores were also mulcted in fines and costs. The investigation has completely changed the olive oil business, and to-day, cottonseed, table and other substitutes for olive oil are to be found in the mar- kets of Pennsylvania, but they are properly branded and sold for what they are. On the other hand, there has been created an increased demand for the pure product of the olive, and it is no longer impossible to obtain olive oil that is genuine, pure and worthy of the name and at a proper price. Many physicians have commended this phase of the past year’s work of the Dairy and Food Bureau most highly, since their patients required the highest grade olive oil, and heretofore experienced difficulty in obtaining the desired article. FOREIGN OLIVE OIL PRODUCERS DECLARE FOR PURITY. The Dairy and Food Division of Pennsylvania has been informed that as a result of the numerous prosecutions brought in this Commonwealth during the past several years for the sale of adulterated and spurious brands of so-called ‘‘pure olive oil,’ and because of the more drastic laws of the Fed- eral government, the Spanish olive oil producers, at a general meeting held at Madrid, Spain, decided to suppress the mixing of other oils, such as cotton- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7 seed oil, etc., with olive oils intended for the export trade. To aid them in attaining the end sought for, they have asked their government to grant an export duty on olive oil. They further considered the advisability of estab- lishing technical stations in New York, Japan and the South American re- publics, in order that their interests might be best conserved and protected, and further fraud prevented. In connection with this important action on the part of the Spanish importers, it is worthy of note that the gigantic movement to stop the sale of adulterated and counterfeit olive oil originated in the City of Philadelphia, where the evil had assumed singularly large proportions. It was especially great among the foreign importers. The investigations showed that the practice was even larger and more common than had been suspected. The labeling of cottonseed oil with foreign labels, whether in tin cans or in bottles, purporting to be the genuine and imported brands of olive oil, was misleading and quite common. The goods contained in such packages were not only a base counterfeit, but the seller thereof was equally guilty of selling illegally, consisting of cotton- seed oil or cheap substitutes, because of the additional charge of false repre- sentations and mislabeling. PURE SUGAR SOLD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. With the enormous amount of sugar that is being sold and consumed, some citizens still believe this product is subject to adulteration. In several instances correspondents of the Dairy and Food Bureau called attention to what they regarded as violations of the law, supposing that the sugar purchased by tnem from retail grocers was not commercially pure, and asserting that wheat flour or some other form of adulterant had been added io cheapen the sugar and increase the profit of the manufacturer. As all the sugar sold and used for domestic purposes has been refined, any gross adulteration of the raw material would have been detected by the manufacturer. In the investigations made by this Bureau, there is nothing on record to show that the analytical examinations made from time to time resulted in the discovery of a single flagrant violation of the law. In fact, the refined sugars sold in Pennsylvania for household use are amongst the purest of all articles of food. While there is a greater possibility of finding adulterations in powdered or pulverized sugar, it is worthy of note that these, too, were fuund of a uniform good quality and purity. It has been reported, however, that one extensive manufacturer of confectionery, purchases the best brands of granulated sugar and pulverizes it as it may be needed, thus securing additional protection against any attempt to adulterate. The coloring of sugar continues, but there is no attempt to commit fraud, only to secure a greater uniformity in goods. SULPHITES IN GLUCOSE AND CONFECTIONERY. Those who are keeping informed as to the work done in Pennsylvania, will recall the inhibition of the use of sulphurous acid or of its salt, sodium sul- phite, in any food .product. The analytical reports indicated its use even in abnormally and unnecessarily large amounts in corn products, dried fruits, beer and also in confectionery, where it was especially harmful since young children partook of candy freely—consumers, who, as we fully realize, were all the more susceptible to its baneful influences. These sulphites were an unnec- essary part of the glucose which formed the base of many of the cheaper grades of candy. The hundreds of prosecutions brought by the Dairy and Food authorities of Pennsylvania aroused strong protest, but the result aimed at has been largely attained. The so-called ‘‘glucose trust” is now supplying candy manufacturers and others with glucose that is entirely free from sul- phurous acids and sulphites. It is asserted by those who are well qualified to judge that the continual use of sulphites produces an unfavorable symptom in the health of the body. With a combination of the numerous preservatives and antiseptics employed in food products, and the fact that some of them are of the accumulative type, is it any wonder that the public entered an appeal for help to combat the growing iniquity? The United States government authorities are now engaged in making a scientific examination into the molasses and can syrups of Louisiana and other sugar cane-producing sections with a view of determining what effect, if any, the change in the method of manufacture would have on such pro- ducts. So far, the molasses lacks only the difference in color; that is, it is no longer being bleached with the aid of sulphites, and consequently is of a slightly darker color. The evident intent in using this objectionable material was simply to please the eye, since it could not possibly add anything to the quality of the food product in which it was used. The same experience will apply to glucose. The National Confectioners’ Association of the United States and the confectioners of Pennsylvania in particular, have declared against the manufacture and sale of any confectionery containing deleterious materials of 78 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. any kind. In the formulation of the present pure food law, commonly known as the ‘‘Tustin Act,’ their co-operation was both helpful and acceptable. They are unalterably opposed to such harmful ingredients, poisonous colors, etc., and in more than one instance called attention to some of the more flagrant short-comings. Of course, they also recognize the fact that it is somewhat difficult to establish any fixed standard for certain goods, but it is to their eredit that they are continually aiming for a higher standard. LEGAL STATUS OF GLUCOSE IN PENNSYLVANIA. The agitation concerning the subject of glucose containing sulphites attracted widespread attention not only in Pennsylvania but throughout the United States. Numerous correspondents made inquiry as to the legality of this pro- duct in the Pennsylvania market, and its status can be best defined by the explanation that when pure and free from foreign and deleterious substances, it can be regarded as a legal commodity. The word ‘sugar’ according to a standard definition, is a ‘sweet crystalline compound derived chiefly from the juice of the sugar-cane and sugar-beet.’’ This definition identifies sugar as the substance known to chemists under the name of cane-Sugar or sucrose. The subject of inquiry, namely, commercial glucose, is an entirely different product, and not even “‘grape-sugar,’” as many advertisements of some manu- facturers strongly intimated in order to attract trade and advance their pe- cuniary interests. Glucose is a product made by the action of acids on starch, and as analysis shows, it is of somewhat indefinite composition, always con- taining in addition to reducing sugars, dextrine, water, traces of starch, etc. The average tradesman and consumer understands well enough what is meant by sugar, and the substitution of commercial glucose for it is not tolerated nor warranted by law. One of the features of the enforcement of the pure food laws of Pennsylvania is the gratifying fact that the reputable and leading manufacturers of jellies and jams who are now doing business in Pennsylvania, will use only cane- sugar for sweetening and preserving. As an outgrowth of the glucose crusade, there has been created a large and substantial demand for pure syrups, and to-day, the old and uncertain mix- tures sold as “pure cane syrups,” although largely, if not entirely, composed of glucose, are rarely found in stores. IMPROVED QUALITY OF FLAVORING EXTRACTS. The ingenuity of flavoring extract manufacturers in the years when pure food laws were in their infancy surpassed comprehension. While it required skill and pure materials to produce good goods, it is probable that there was more time and ingenuity exercised in the production of adulterated and in- ferior goods than in the making of genuine and legitimate flavoring extracts. The importance of the subject required some drastic legal action on the part of the pure food authorities, but the effort was compensated by excellent results. To-day, the two best known flavoring extracts sold in our market are vanilla and lemon, and it is safe to assert that but few, if any, of the old imitations are now to be found on sale, excepting under their proper name and designation. The examinations made indicate that there is a more general compliance with the pure food law by extract manufacturers, and that the inducements for an increase of profits by substitution and adulteration are largely diminished through the vigorous enforcement of the law. As a solvent, wood alcohol was often use’ in the manufacture of extracts, its use being the more reprehensible from the fact that scientific knowledge had made it possible to eliminate the disagreeable woody odor that charac- terizes it. This alcohol is a deadly poison when used in excessive quantities, and hence the prompt and vigorous action of the food authorities was imperative. A careful examination of the analytical reports published in the Monthly Bulletin will show the marked decrease in the adulteration of flavoring ex- tracts, and that artificial and adulterated goods do not have the standing of former years, when the public were less exacting and lacking the informa- tion that now enables them to discern pure goods and to buy wisely. CHEMICALLY PRESERVED COD-FISH. The modern system of ‘‘quick-curing’”’ resulted in the prosecution of a large number of retail dealers who sold cod-fish, because of the fact that such fish, upon analysis, were found to contain large amounts of illegal chemical pre- servatives. Under the so-called ‘‘quick-curing’” plan, salting and smoking had largely disappeared, as the fish were most frequently cured in brine, and preserved with the help of borax and other forbidden chemicals. That the product appears more attractive to the eye and more palatable may be acknowledged, but there is no question as to the harmfulness of these prac- tices. It is therefore worthy of mention that the more recent analyses of No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 79 samples of various samples of cured fish purchased in different sections of Pennsylvania show very conclusively that the system of “doping” such pro- ducts has been abandoned, and that better and more wholesome substitutes are being sold to the consumer. As the working people are the largest con- sumers of this kind of food, they are benefited in a corresponding degree in being able to get a better and more nutritious fish diet than ever before at no increased cost. The hundreds of suits commenced in Pennsylvania for the sale of adulterated fish attracted general aitention throughout the United States, and the work commenced here is now bearing fruit in other states, where similar action against the sale of chemically preserved and adulterated fish in now in progress. PURE SPICES IN PENNSYLVANIA. The most satisfactory results have followed the enforcement of the pure food laws, so far as the sale of adulterated spices is concerned. The analyses made by the chemists at the several State laboratories are showing uniformly good reports as to the purity of the spices now on sale in Pennsylvania, as compared with the deplorably large number of adulterations which were found during similar investigations several years ago. These samples of pep- per, cinnamon, ginger, allspice, ete., were obtained from grocers and dealers in all parts of the State. This gratifying fact was not brought about without a vast amount of work and very many prosecutions, but to-day, spurious spices are rarely found on sale, and impure goods have been diverted into other states where the laws may perhaps be less severe and not so rigidly enforced. The purveyor of adulterated spices long ago discovered that the markets of Pennsylvania were no longer profitable. Disregard of the law cost such persons, as well as the retailers, a large amount of money, but the new era of pure spices is hailed with genuine satisfaction by the trade and consumers, generally. A determined Dairy and Food Commissioner and a court of justice were the factors that brought about the change for the better. There was a time when consumers regarded the drug store as the only safe place where pure spices were obtainable; too frequently they paid fabulous prices. To-day, the word of a reputable grocer is sufficient and will go just as far as that of the druggist, and as a result, the spice trade is an integral part of the business of both the grocer and druggist, and with pure goods practically assured, the regular grocer need no longer fear any competition. PURE CHOCOLATE AND COCOA. The examination made into the purity of the numerous brands of chocolate and cocoa found on sale in the stores of Pennsylvania, has demonstrated the pleasing fact that consumers are now experiencing but little trouble in finding pure goods. Several years ago, a similar investigation showed that adultera- tions were frequent, and that consumers were paying exorbitant prices for brands that were regarded as pure, but which contained a high per cent. of starch or material foreign to the cocoa bean. The substitutes for cocoa or chocolate cost only a trifling part of the genuine material, and in consequence the fraud offered opportunities for a marked gain for the manufacturer. Potato and wheat starch were common adulterants, while corn starch was also used more or less freely in defrauding the consumer. Comparing the price of wheat flour with pure chocolate, the reader can readily figure the chance for gain. The removal of a portion of the fat from chocolate was also prac- ticed. This constitutes an adulteration. Whether chocolate or cocoa is sold as pure or as a compound, the consumer should exercise due caution so as to avoid being imposed upon. The use of cocoa and chocolate by invalids, and especially when recommended by the medical fraternity, makes pure goods a necessity in order to supply the best nutrient. The prosecutions brought against violators of the law several years ago have had a salutary and lasting effect, and it is safe to assert that its moral good has reached far beyond the confines of Pennsylvania. UNFAIR SUBSTITUTION OF FOOD PRODUCTS. One of the many matters brought to the attention of the Dairy and Food authofities is the growing habit of many dealers of substituting articles of food for others of ‘equal value,” as is usually claimed. This evil is a wide- spread one, but the Dairy and Food Bureau has no legal authority to inter- fere. If goods of an illegal character are substituted, and the facts are adduced through the regular legal process, the dealer is amenable to the law. On the other hand, the remedy that is most easily applied is for the customer to insist upon having that article which he demands. Without taking into consideration the relative value of the article displaced and that of the article recommended as a substitute, the business principle is not a fair one to the consumer, and consequently he is justified in complaining, whether or not suffering financial loss. 80 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Some of the leading trade organizations of the State have registered their protest against the evil of substitution, believing that patrons have rights which should be respected and that if they do not have in stock the goods demanded, an explanation should be given, and the purchase of a substitute be left entirely to the discretion and judgment of the buyer. IMPOSITION IN SELLING STORAGE EGGS. While it is true that jokes relative to the sale of cold-storage eggs have be- come almost as stale as the ‘‘hen-fruit’” proper, there remains no doubt as to the attitude of the Dairy and Food Division upon the subject of imposing upon the consumer as choice, fresh eggs, stock that is of entirely unknown vintage, and unfit for food. The evil has assumed such large proportions that former references appeared in the publications of this Bureau, appealing for remedial legislation at the hands of the Legislature, but without any tangible results. In many sections of the State, merchants are now equipped to store large quantities of eggs, and as the stock is collected and placed in cold storage when prices are at the lowest ebb and retained until the market reaches the zenith in price, it is unloaded at very considerable gain. So far as the local demand for such stock is concerned, it is usually very limited; consequently the eggs are consigned to the city markets where they are only too frequently sold to the unsuspecting consumer as fresh laid eggs and at correspondingly high prices. Some dealers will not knowingly deceive their patrons, but some plan should be devised whereby storage eggs might be readily distinguished by marks and dates, so that even a child could buy intelligently and escape decep- tion, annoyance and financial loss. It is for this special reason that remedial legislation is again earnestly recommended. Never in the history of the State have eggs commanded a higher average figure than during 1907. , BETTER LARD LAW NEEDED. The Lard Act now on the statute book was approved June 8th, 1891, and provides that lard sold as such must be the pure fat of swine, and wholly derived from the fat of swine. Lard that does not comply with this require- ment must be sold in packages or wrappers on which is plainly marked on the outside in letters not less than one-half inch in length, the words, “‘Compound Lard.” This act has not fully met all requirements, and certain changes will be recommended when the Legislature again convenes. While the illegal sales of compound lard as pure lard are less frequent than at any previous period, there is no doubt but that in isolated sections, this imposition continues. Wherever a consumer has a good foundation for the belief that the law is being violated, the matter should be reported to this Bureau. The plea that it was almost impracticable to handle and sell pure lard during the warm season is not well founded, and there is no reason why the house- wife should not know what quality of lard she is buying—whether it is the pure fat of swine, or the combination of various lard substitutes under an alias. Because of the faulty construction of the present lard law, many former prosecutions were brought under the Pure Food Law approved June 26, 1895, and invariably carried to a successful termination, whether tried in the county courts or before magistrates. A stronger and more drastic law is a necessity, however. THE APIARIES OF PENNSYLVANIA. The honey producers of Pennsylvania have reasons for rejoicing because counterfeit and adulterated honey is no longer to be found on the shelves of the grocers. Several years ago, the adulterated article was extremely com- mon, as our chemists’ reports proved, and only too frequently was sold as the genuine product of the honey-bee. The Dairy and Food authorities kept up an incessant warfare upon the fraud until the spurious substitute was entirely driven from our State. The proper labelling of honey has als@® been helpful, and the strong criticism made against the illegal sale of counterfeit goods has brought forth good results, and pure honey. The apiary in Penn- sylvania brings to the owners a large amount of money, and the aggregate value of the honey produced, sold or consumed in the State is surprisingly large, because of the increased interest and greater possibilities for gain. The hbee-keepers have an effective organization, with the leading apiarists enrolled, and taking an active interest in all matters that can advance their cause. They hold regular meetings, and may be regarded as one of the many organizations that will be a strong ally of the department of Agriculture in its praiseworthy ambition to help all branches of industry. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 81 SELLING “SHUCKED” OR “OPENED” OYSTERS. The markets of Pennsylvania are supplied with large quantities of so-called “opened oysters,’’ and as they deteriorate rapidly after being opened and exposed to the air, there are natural suspicions as to their true condition and purity. The investigations of the Pennsylvania Pure Food Bureau demonstrated the fact that formaldehyde and boron compounds are occasionally used as a preservative, contrary to law, and that ‘‘shucked”’ oysters are ‘‘floated’’ in order to improve their appearance. The ‘‘floating’’ process is performed by soaking them in water, and by the addition of alleged harmless chemicals, but it is none the less to be rebuked and discountenanced by the legitimate dealer. These processes are reprehensible and it is worthy of note that they are far less common than formerly. It is to be hoped they will be entirely discon- tinued. It is urged that the consumer living near the source of supply should demand fresh shelled oysters, while those residing at distant points should exercise the utmost care. Prosecutions have been brought at various times against dealers and ped- dlers who sold chemically preserved oysters, but, as already intimated, the practice of selling such illegal goods has almost entirely vanished and better conditions are in vogue throughout the State. GROWING USE OF COMMERCIAL “PIE-FILLERS.” Although it is generally acknowledged that the fresh domestic pie is prob- ably the only one which, for sanitary and other reasons best known to the housewife, should be placed on the table, there is an increasing demand in the larger cities for the so-called “pie-fillers’’ which are manufactured and sold to bakers and others in large quantities. While many samples subjected to examination were found to be of more or less uncertain composition, it was also discovered by the chemist that the use of artificial colors of questionable healthfulness and chemical preservatives was more or less frequent. These “‘pie-fillers’ should be supplied to those who desire them in a pure and wholesome condition, and without the addition of harmful colors or pre- servatives. Under proper conditions they have a legitimate existence in the kitchen and bake-shop; but it is unwise and unlawful to foist upon the public food that will not bear critical examination. Because fruits, ordinarily, are plentiful and of comparative cheapness, and condiments and spices of good quality are also readily obtainable, there is no real, valid excuse for a continuance of the imposition. BETTER SANITARY CONDITIONS AND CLEANLINESS. The Dairy and Food Commissioner has referred to the need of keeping a closer watch over the sanitary condition of bakeries, ice cream plants and confectioneries, personal observations having forced the conclusion that rigid inspections are necessary in order to produce the best effects. The filthy con- ditions that formerly prevailed at many such places were deplorable, because inimical to public health. In some of the larger cities of the State, the environment of certain places Where candies and ice cream, as well as so-called ‘soft drinks’? were sold to children and others, were intolerably filthy and uninviting. It is to be regretted that in many cases the character of the goods that were exposed for sale were equally uninviting, unwholesome and dangerous. While the factory inspectors are empowered to inspect bakeries, there are other shops where improper sanitary conditions exist, and where active measures to abate the nuisances are in order. In the case of dairy and food products of whatsoever description, cleanliness, goodness and wholesomeness are handmaids. The physical defects mentioned can be eliminated and should be for the protection of public health. PURE, CLEAN ICE RECOMMENDED. The matter of pure and clean ice and ice supplies for the dairy and the farmers, generally, is a question that is increasing in importance with each succeeding year. Under the administration of the State Health Department, and in connection with city and borough regulations, it is gratifying to know that the question of the purity and wholesomeness of ice supplies is receiving far greater consideration than ever before. Sanitary engineers and consumers formerly seemed to regard the subject of purity as of only secondary import- ance. With the demand for the best and purest dairy products, pure water and pure ice are inseparable. The preliminary experiments made show that while natural ice formed to a reasonable depth is comparatively pure, such supplies may be contaminated if the water freezes to the full depth of the usual shallow pond on the farm, or if the pond be flooded by surface water, collected from adjoining fields. 6—6—1907. §2 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. There are dangers associated with the gathering and storage of, natural ice which merit serious thought, as was evidenced by the investigations of the Vermont Experiment Station, which pronounced a number of samples of pond- ice entirely unfit for household use. While perhaps the greatest influence in the self-purification of ice is the effect of a low temperature upon the vitality and life of bacteria, it would be unwise to disregard cautionary measures. Local authorities in a number of sections of the State forbade the gather- ing and use of ice on certain streams and ponds, because of unsanitary con- ditions that prevailed, when certain parties interested wrote to this Division for advice and permission to continue its unrestricted use in the dairy and for household purposes. As the local health officers had already passed upon the question, and being on the ground and perfectly familiar with the conditions that made such negative action necessary,-it was impolitic for the Dairy and Food authorities to venture an opinion, except to urge a strict obedience to all regulations that were intended to conserve public health. The opportunities afforded for ice infection during the distribution of what is commonly regarded as “pure ice’ are many, consequently too much care cannot be exercised. Ice men handling the ice, infection from the air of our boroughs and cities, dirt and filth from pavements and streets, dirty brooms, filthy water used for washing ice, hands and feet of laborers handling or cut- ting ice, the hoofs of horses, drainage from fields adjacent to ponds, these and scores of other dangers will always confront even the careful and cleanly ice-man. Regulations for securing a natural system of purification of our ice supply are worthy of our careful thought, especially since the demand for ice _is steadily growing and its uses multiplying at a remarkable rate. Every modern and progressive dairyman and farmer should have a liberal supply of pure ice, and he must not sacrifice health and life for the sake of escaping a slight burden consequent to obtaining ice of purity and quality. SHORTWEHEIGHT PACKAGES COMMON. In addition to guarding the people against the illegal sale of compound lard as the pure fat of swine, there should be some easy method of stopping the sale of short-weight packages. An investigation proved conclusively that the evil above referred to is far more common than is supposed, as it was found that the lard sold in packages and pails did not always contain the weight indicated on the package. In some instances packages were cne-half pound short. Other firms furnish full weight packages, and have the same properly labeled. It is alleged that competition had brought about the short-weight practice, but nothing can extenuate such a serious offence. The same snort- coming applies to other food commodities, as the correspondence received dur- ing the year will conclusively prove. In short weight packages the consumer almost invariably is charged about the same price that should be paid for an honest full-weight package. To prevent such impositions upon the public, and to make the work truly effective, a special law governing the subject should be passed, making vio- lations a misdemeanor and providing heavy penalties. Such packages should be properly labeled, with actual net weights specified, so that even a child could buy the article intelligently, and without any fear of being the victim of dishonest practices. Some of the large department stores were among the first to call attention to the imposition practiced upon an over-confiding public through the medium of short-weight packages of lard. INFORMATION RELATIVE TO MUSHROOMS. One of the peculiarly interesting experiences of the past year was the correspondence and personal visits of parties who were in quest of informa- tion relating to this edible fungi. Unfortunately such inquiries could only be referred to the National authorities at Washington, D. C., as the subject of mushrooms is fcreign to the pure food law, excepting when sold in canned form. From the earliest history, mushrooms have been extensively used as human food, and to-day the mushroom growing industry is becoming not only extensive but a source of much profit to the experienced grower. Dr. Wiley, of the National Bureau of Chemistry, laid down the following general hints: “Favorable signs. Pleasant taste and odor, peeling of the skin from rim to centre, pink gills turning brown in older specimens, solid stems, stem easily pulled out of the cap and inserted like a parasol handle. The fungi should be gathered in the morning.” Some of the canned mushrooms analyzed was chemically preserved and very inferior in quality, although sold at a high price. STATE CONTROL OF MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF TOBACCO. While England, Scotland and Ireland are enforcing certain laws governing the manufacture and sale of tobacco, this Commonwealth has no special re- strictive law relating to the subject, notwithstanding the immensity of the tobacco trade, excepting that the sale of cigarettes to minors under a speci- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 83 fied age is illegal. It was the purpose of a prominent member of the Senate during its recent session to present an act that would prohibit some existing evils, but it was abandoned until the next session. Foreign laws prevent the manufacturer or retailer from using other liquid than water in tobacco, and parties selling or sending out goods not made according to the provisions of the act are subject to fine of 200 pounds and forfeiture. For cutting, coloring, making or possessing leaves, etc., to imi- tate or to be used in tobacco, is declared illegal and subject to the same penalty. There is no reasonable doubt but that some of the manufactured tobacco sold is harmful, because of the coloring process, bleaching and other chemical treatment to which it is being subjected. The Senator referred to the complaints that had reached him, and acting in entire good faith, he will introduce the proper bill when the Legislature reconvenes. His proposition was to place the act under the jurisdiction of the Dairy and Food Bureau. That the use of drugs and chemicals should be prohibited is self-evident, no matter how general and common the practice. “PURE FOOD STORES,” “SANITARY DAIRIES,” ETC. That the repeated crusades against impure food and adulterated milk have proven prolific of much genuine good is attested by the so-called “Pure Food Stores,” “Pure Food Restaurants,” “Sanitary Dairies,” ‘Sterilized’? and ‘‘Pas- teurized Milk Stations,” ete., that are now in evidence in almost every town and city, whether large or small. A visit to some of the principal streets and business thoroughfares of any city will conclusively show that there is a strong sentiment for pure articles of food and drink, and that those who cater-to such demands of trade are receiving the bulk of the patronage. These results are perhaps due mainly to the enforcement of the drastic law of June 26, 1895, which has been repealed. The act of June ist, 1907, was substituted. As the new law has been oper- ative for but a comparatively brief period, its real worth and utility are less known than that of the old and obsolete act, but it is believed that with a few important changes and amendments at the hands of the next Legislature, it will be more satisfactory and effective than at present. The indications are that with the experience of the past year as a guide, there will be but little if any trouble in securing the co-operation of the retailers, jobbers and manufacturers in formulating laws that will be simple, more easy of enforcement and adequate to reach all violators. With a feeling of greater cordiality existing between retailers, jobbers and manufacturers, resultant of the pure food law agitation, there is no valid reason why these interests should not be merged, and all effort concentrated upon a law that will afford mutual protection to all, including the consumer, who invariably suffers the greatest wrong. BENEFITS OF PURE FOOD SHOWS. A natural sequence of the pure food movement, primarily instituted in Penn- sylvania, has resulted in the holding of numerous so-called ‘Pure Food Shows” in the larger cities of the State. As in most instances the local grocers’ organ- ization is responsible for the initial movement in holding such exhibitions, they are attended by large crowds, anxious to obtain instruction or entertainment. One of the prominent features at some of these ‘‘shows” is to give a series of lectures or talks upon culinary and other subjects by those thoroughly com- petent to instruct and entertain, thus adding to the general interest of the show. As an advertising medium, many manufacturers distribute samples of their products, realizing that in this manner they can reach the family and kitchen more quickly and directly than through any other source. The quarters or exhibition space allotted to exhibitors are usually sold at the bare cost, as the main idea involved is not to make money, but to establish a still greater degree of confidence and a pleasant and intimate relationship between the grocer and consumer. That this object has in many cases been attained Was made evident by observations at several of the larger shows. Being comprehensive in its general scope, educational in its aims, highly impressive in its importance, and combined with a wealth of decorations, and eye-opening in its revelations concerning the modern grocery store and its possibilities, the Dairy and Food Division is happy to encourage such evidences of a unity of purpose and a greater concentration for the mutual good of both the purveyor and consumer. The country apparently was ripe for these large and instructive pure food expositions as independent institutions, when prop- erly organized and judiciously managed. The pure food shows that are being held in New York, Chicago, Boston and other large cities have become almost National events in their scope and importance. " PENNSYLVANIA GROCERS’ ORGANIZATIONS. The session of the organization of Pennsylania grocers held at York, Pa., demonstrated most forcibly the pleasing fact that the days of unreasonable, acrimonious and bitter business rivalry, and the consequent sacrifice of legiti- mate bargains of profit, have passed into oblivion. To-day, the numerous 84 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. borough and city grocers’ associations are working together with the State association as a harmonious whole, and their power and influence are felt and appreciated. The Dairy and Food authorities recognize in these associations a potent ally for good, as in a majority of cases, the officers are always anxious to assist in the enforcement of the pure food laws, and opposed to the selling of impure, adulterated or deleterious food products. They have also learned that the public are discriminating, and that to-day, the average housekeeper is more interested in learning about the good qualities of the goods she may purchase, than in knowing how cheaply she can buy inferior, adulterated goods. It isa question not as to how cheap, but as to how good the article can be produced and sold to the fastidious consumer. The program arranged for these gatherings of live, progressive and inde- pendent grocers include the best talent and most progressive ideas that have been evolved by long years of fruitful experience. Some of the addresses and papers read at the York meeting attracted National attention, having been reprinted in all of the leading and influential trade journals in Pennsylvania and other states. The intellectual and social features of these meetings are most edifying and beneficial, and each succeeding meeting will be awaited with pleasant anticipations. By their concerted action and an expressed willing- ness to co-operate in the enforcement of the pure food laws, the influence exerted has been helpful in an extraordinary degree to all members and partici- pants. HELPFUL TRADE ORGANIZATIONS APPRECIATED. The Pure Butter Protective Association, of Philadelphia, the Retail Grocers’ Association, of the same city, and the Pittsburg Retailers’ Association, have again merited the praise and thanks of the Dairy and Food officials for their hearty support of the dairy and food laws. The educational propaganda in- augurated by these strong organizations has been particularly valuable and helpful. It was found in the first place, that to secure an observance of the laws, an educational campaign was necessary. This was carried on largely through the influence and appreciated help of various trade officials and their associations. The results of their work are everywhere encouraging, and it seems reasonable to expect that in the future our labors will be better under- stood and aims more readily accomplished than in the past experimental stage when grave doubts and misgivings were too often retarding factors. The new National Food and Drugs Act is still in the crucible, while the Tustin Pure Food Act of Pennsylvania is also being tried, but there is no evidence that these laws will not be accorded a careful and proper adminis- tration on the part of the officials concerned. On the other hand, with the promised co-operation of such leading and prominent organizations, there is no question as to the mutually beneficial results that will naturally follow. Oleomargarine and renovated butter are legalized by commerce through Na- tional legislation, but states have the right to place certain restrictions regu- lating their manufacture and sale within their respective borders. Inter-state commerce will in a degree affect certain food products, but as the improve- ments contemplated by legislation are generally regarded with favor by the honest and scrupulous manufacturer and jobber, there can no longer be any doubt as to the final triumph for pure food and dairy products. HOW GROCERS HAVE ORGANIZED. One of the beneficial effects of the crusade against adulterated food has been the hearty response that was made in the effort to unite grocers in active organizations for the promotion of their mutual interests. The Philadelphia Retail Grocers’ Association is one of the best examples of such organization, and with a membership comprising over 700 of the leading retail grocers of that city, it has become an influential and powerful auxiliary in the gigantic grocery trade and commercial interests of Philadelphia. Their Secretary, William H. Smedley, a conservative but very efficient execu- tive officer, is responsible for the success which has characterized every move- ment of this large organization. The system of co-operative buying instituted by the advice and help of Secretary Smedley commenced on a small scale, and after it was once inaugurated, it soon developed into an actual necessity. There is no doubt that this movement is a very popular one, and the membership are loud in their praise of the success of the experiment, because, as one of many advantages, it has in a great measure, already eliminated the fierce competition of cutters. CONFECTIONERS’ SUPPORT PURE FOOD LEGISLATION. With the National Confectioners’ Association subjecting its members to con- trol, and the United States Brewers’ Association pledging its hearty support to the pure food movement, there is much encouragement for those advocating and enforcing the statutes, whether of National or State legislation. Both of these organizations have stood by the laws since their enactment, and they No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85 desire that no kind of adulteration should be practiced nor permitted, but sternly discountenanced. These associations further declare against adultera- tion, whether the same was injurious to health or affecting the purse of the consumer; they denounce any form of deception or fraud upon the consumer, and at their meetings, have passed resolutions supporting these statements. They are not satisfied with preventative measures only; they desire and strongly urge that punitive measures be applied in any case belonging to this category of adulteration. Under the administration of these strong and ener- getic organizations, the counsel and help extended to their members should exert a far-reaching and excellent effect. The Dairy and Food Bureau appreciates such friendly help, and ventures the opinion that in no manner can the members of these active organizations receive greater benefits than by accepting the principles which they advocate; for those who will wilfully violate the laws despite such warnings, do not reflect credit nor honor upon the organizations whose privileges they have abused. COUNTERFEIT AND MISBRANDED CHOCOLATE CANDY. One of the evils found in the confectionery trade has been thé use of paraffine, umber and other substitutes in the manufacture of so-called ‘‘chocolate” goods. Certain confectioners employed paraffine wax, together with a brown coloring material, which, in some cases, was found to be brown umber, and thus de- ceived the innocent buyer into believing that he was getting pure candy ata cheap price. In other cases, the manufacturers would not designate them as chocolate, but simply as chocolate colored goods. This did not excuse the offense, and consequently the pure food authorities were obliged to stop these practices through the process of prosecutions for violations of the pure food laws. The National Association of Confectioners is organized purposely to prevent the use of harmful adulterations or ingredients in the manufacture of con- fectionery, and the members are willing to assist the pure food officials in driving out of the market spurious and harmful confectionery. They claim that their main object is to stand together for greater purity of products, knowing that increased patronage can only come through the sale of pure goods. Letters from Philadelphia, Pittsburg and other places referred to the sale of cheap candies which caused death or the illness of children, and these com- plaints received the prompt and careful attention of the special agents of the Bureau. In no single instance was it proven that such death or illness was entirely due to the use of adulterated or poisonous candy. The complainants erred in the diagnosis of the real trouble. It is but fair to make this state- ment, because of the misleading newspaper reports which have appeared from time to time, and to present this Bureau in its proper light. VINEGAR LAWS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Gross misconception existed among fruit growers and farmers concerning the actual requirements of the law regulating the manufacture and sale of pure apple or cider vinegar. A circular letter was promulgated interpreting the statute. Farmers who make cider from the pure fruit-juice and label the same with the name of the producer and the name of the article, for example, “Apple cider vinegar,’’ need not fear prosecution, for there will be none unless such vinegar is found, upon analysis, to contain added chemicals or drugs or water, or is otherwise adulterated. White wine, malt, spirits, and other varieties of vinegar are also subject to analysis, and when they are mis- branded in non-compliance with the law, the sellers thereof will be subject to a penalty. As the year just ended furnished a prolific crop of apples, and because of a better understanding of the vinegar law on the part of farmers and dealers, generally, the amount of cider-vinegar produced or stored for fermentation is largely in excess of many previous seasons. Many producers who have applied for information were desirous that the chemists of the Dairy and Food Bureau should make free analytical tests for acidity and solids in vinegar in order that they could sell their vinegar under guarantee, as demanded by some merchants, but this request could not be met, because there is no fund avail- able for the payment of the large expenses that would necessarily follow. The amended vinegar law is decidedly beneficial to fruit growers, and the Bureau will cheerfully furnish copies to all applicants. PURE CIDER VINEGAR IN INCREASED DEMAND. It is a matter of congratulation that the fruit growers and farmers of Penn- sylvania are commencing to realize the value and importance of their fruit crops better than ever before. The increased facilities for keeping prime fruit in cold storage have caused the average farmer to keep in close touch with the markets, and to-day, the fruit crop and its by-products are being handled to much better advantage and profit than in former years. 86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. One of the sources of gain, has been the increasing demand for pure apple cider vinegar. Although the vinegar law of Pennsylvania, so far as it relates to pure cider vinegar, was misunderstood by many people, the recent inierpre- tation of the act has opened a better market, and farmers and fruit growers receive correspondingly increased benefits. The Secretary of Agriculture, through the medium of an excellent bulletin, has called attention to the great possibilities of fruit culture in Pennsylvania, and it is believed that with the present favorable market conditions and the improved outlook for fruit culture, this State will soon rank among the leading fruit-growing states of the Union. Its adaptability for successful apple culture is undoubted, and as the farmers have learned too use insecticides and fungi- cides successfully on their trees and plants, and with our favorable climatic and soil conditions, fruit growing must advance in importance and value. PROPER CARE OF FRUIT VINEGAR. The Bureau of Chemistry of the National Department of Agriculture, through Dr. Wiley, its chief official, procured from the farmers and fruit growers of Pennsylvania, hundreds of samples of what were pronounced by the producers or manufacturers to be pure cider vinegar. These numerous and varied samples were intended for analytical examinations to ascertain cer- tain additional information relative to the important question of pure fruit vinegar. While the large majority of the samples tested made a comparatively fair showing, so far as acidity and solids are concerned, it was found that some of the samples, which had been represented as ‘“‘extra old cider vinegar,’’ were rather low in acetic acid. It was apparent that while standing in the original barrels, the vinegar suffered deterioration and lost more or less of its acidity. The disappearance of acetic acid is said to be due to forms of fermentation that decomposed the acetic acid, changing it into other substances, largely water and carbon-dioxide. The National Department of Agriculture, in further relation to the above im- portant subject, ‘gives the valuable information that this destructive change in pure vinegar can, and should be avoided, when once the cider vinegar has reached a sufficient degree of acidity. In actual practice, it is advised that the vinegar be tested, and when it contains the usual standard of acidity, namely 4.5 per cent., it should be drawn off or filtered and then placed in a clean barrel, filling it as full as possible and putting in the bung tight so as to exclude the air. These instructions were in direct contradiction of the plan that had been followed by many makers for years past. Among the conditions that are often responsible for the production of cider vinegar below the standard, may be named the following: Poor or watered apple juice; unfavorable conditions to the necessary fer- mentation process; lack of proper attention and care during the fermentation process; inattention to the product after it has matured. The vinegar market of Pennsylvania has been flooded with many and varied kinds of so-called ‘vinegar,’ and the Dairy and Food Bureau was called upon to investigate their true character upon many occasions with interesting results. The fruit growers of the State can supply the demand for pure fruit- vinegar from their own products, if they will but make the effort. Thousands of bushels of apples are permitted to go to waste, annually, which should be converted into cider. Good, pure apple-cider vinegar is hardly ever lacking a market at a remunerative price, while a low standard and inferior vinegar cannot possibly command either a market or a price, being practically worth- less. The vinegar laws of Pennsylvania are fair and equitable, and the fruit grower who makes vinegar upon a business-like basis need not fear moles- tation from the laws, but his interests will be fostered and encouraged by the State authorities just as far as he is deserving of such encouragement and recognition. In HMastern Pennsylvania, a number of fruit growers have estab- lished a large and profitable market for their vinegar, while they also buy and sell the vinegar made by many of the neighboring farmers. DEMAND FOR HIGH-GRADE BUTTER. Considerable speculation arose concerning the high price of butter which prevailed throughout the past year, as the average prices realized in the New York and Elgin markets were far above the normal. There were months when the wholesale price at New York averaged 34 cents per pound for Elgin butter, while near-by fancy and well-known brands commanded considerably higher figures. It was not uncommon to find special brands selling at fifty cents a pound and over, thus realizing a prediction that was sneered at only a few years ago. There is no doubt that with the rapid development of the numerous first-class hotels and boarding houses in the larger cities, the demand for an extra high class of creamery butter is almost sure to exceed the supply. Dairying, notwithstanding the increased prices now demanded for commer- elal feeding stuffs, is more profitable than for many previous years, as it is No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 87 not as much the price as the prime quality of the article that rules the market. The old and unprofitable era of twelve and fifteen cent “June butter” has passed, and because of the improved quality and consequent increased demand for Pennsylvania butter, the producer is correspondingly benefitted. With forage plentiful, and with the increased attention that is being given to cleanliness, sanitary surroundings and, particularly, more scientific care and feeding, the dairyman or farmer is now encompassed by surroundings and prospects that are encouraging. The lowest quotation for butter (June), did not fall below 25 cents for good stock, a fact which forms its own com- mentary. NORMAL PERCENTAGE OF BUTTER-FAT IN BUTTER. The oft-repeatéd declaration that butter was being manipulated by unscrupu- lous and dishonest dealers who added an abnormally large amount of water to gain additional profit was not uncommon, although the most careful inves- tigations made during 1907, failed to reveal any case of wrong-doing. The chemists reported that, taken as a whole, the condition of the butter analyzed, so far as water contents were concerned, was but little, if anything above the normal. The question of the amount of water which may legitimately be present in butter has been discussed ::t more or less regular intervals by dairymen and others. While the English iaw fixes sixteen per cent. as the maximum amount permitted, there is no such standard provided in Pennsylvania. The public are exacting in their demand for genuine butter, and severely frown upon any manipulation that may affect its quality, freshness, aroma and taste, while the additional water would certainly be detrimental. One chemist who an- alyzed 150 samples of butter found that the average per cent. of water was 8.97, and that only eight samples exceeded fourteen per cent., while 114 samples contained less than ten per cent. of water. In relation to this subject, it might be mentioned that several years ago a few prosecutions were brought against parties in Western Pennsylvania who had added large amounts of water to butter, and as the object of such man- ipulation was clearly established at court, fines and costs were imposed and the fraudulent practice brought to an end. The analytical report showed that when scientifically done, an extremely large amount of water can be added. In the consideration of normal butter, authorities, as already stated, are some- what at variance as to the per cent. of butter-fat which butter should con- tain. In England, leading authorities declare that no butter offered for sale should ccntain less than 80 per cent. of butter-fat. In connection with an investigation made by a prominent chemist, 113 samples out of a total of 120 samples were found to contain more than 85 per cent. of butter-fat, while the others contained an average of but 80 per cent. This discrepancy might have been ascribed to breeds of cattle, feeding, condition, etc., and all of the samples analyzed were therefore accepted as legitimate. The Pennsylvania dairyman and farmer has not been charged with the fraudulent manipulation of butter, but the practice was found to prevail among a few unscrupulous dealers. INCREASED PRODUCTION OF RENOVATED BUTTER. For the year ending June 30, 1907, there were 49 renovated butter factories bonded which paid the Government tax. These 49 factories produced during the fiscal year 62,919,998 pounds of renovated butter, an increase of 9,124,337 pounds over the previous fiscal year. Of this amount produced, the records show that renovated butter was inspected for export as follows: At Chicago, 3,332,456 pounds; at New York, 1,837,934 pounds; at Boston, 368,090 pounds, a total of 5,538,470 pounds. The Government authorities report that the general condition of the factories during the year was fair, viewed from a sanitary standpoint, while it is also conceded that the average quality of the product was really superior to what it had been in past years. This is ascribed to the fact that the manufacturers are insisting upon using packing stock that is fresher than that used in former years, while the improved system of manipulation may also have added to its quality. While the manufacturers under the more recent ruling of the Federal au- thorities have been granted the privilege of designating the product as “pro- cess” or “renovated” butter, Pennsylavnia will still insist upon the use of the term ‘“‘renovated.’’ The renovated butter law of this State also specifically provides that the wholesale dealer must have each and every package marked with the license number, giving his name and address, and also the inscrip- tion in conspicuous letters, “renovated butter.’’ Those interested will do well to read the act of Congress of May 9, 1902, and also the Pennsylania act, approved July 30th, 1901. 88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. OLEOMARGARINE AND RENOVATED BUTTER SALES. The continued high price of dairy butter during the year had a correspond- ing tendency to increase the cost of renovated butter, and in a measure, in- fluence the demand for oleomargarine. An examination of the official records shows that there was no increase in the number of renovated butter licenses, but that the number of dealers in oleomargarine was largely augmented. The figures will appear in tabular form in another part of this report. The ratio of increase in the sale of renovated butter as compared with oleomargarine was probably not maintained because of the apparent parity of values of reno- vated butter and creamery butter. There are indications, however, that the renovated butter manufacturers will again make a concerted effort to have the present restrictive law changed when the Legislature convenes, but it is not at all likely that they will be able to effect any radical changes. The farmers and dairymen will certainly make a strong resistance to any@proposed legis- lation inimical to their interests. The State and subordinate granges of Penn- sylvania are a unit against any changes in the present oleomargarine and renovated butter laws. If it were possible, they would secure more stringent legislation, adding strength to several points which are not entirely satis- factory. No renovated butter or oleomargarine factory has been licensed to do business in Pennsylvania, although the Revenue Bureau, at Philadelphia, reports that a tax was paid on an oleomargarine factory, but that it was not opened. It is now the custom to treat much of the rancid butter found on the market in such a manner as to remove the rancidity. In the early days of this com- paratively new industry, the product was sold as genuine, fresh butter. At the present writing it is under strict government surveillance, and each pack- age or parcel must be plainly marked on the wrapper with the words ‘“Reno- vated Butter.”’ Violations of law for non-compliance with this rule are rela- tively infrequent. The stringent laws of both the United States and the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania provide heavy penalties for violations. RENOVATED OR “PROCESS BUTTER.” Since ‘‘Renovated Butter’ is being sold in Western Pennsylvania in consid- erable quantities, the following excerpt from a report of the United ‘States Department of Agriculture, referring to this product, will prove of interest. The explanation of the process of making it is of special interest. The article shows that the method of manufacture or treatment is quite different from the “‘process’”’ used years ago: “Oleomargarine is no longer a novelty to Americans; its composition and method of manufacture have become matters of common knowledge. Reno- vated or ‘process’ butter, on the other hand, having been introduced in a large way hardly more than five or six years, and being retailed usually with- out other designation than the general one of ‘butter,’ is as yet hardly known to the general public. All grades of it—good, indifferent, and bad—are met with in our markets. The better grades of it are made from miscellaneous assortments of ‘country butter,’ mainly ‘farmers’ rolls,’ produced by individual farmers remote from creameries and sold or exchanged at the country stores, this material being treated or ‘processed,’ as the term is, while still fresh or relatively so. The poorer grades result from the treatment of inferior raw material; for example, the aforesaid ‘country butter,’ or any other kind of butter, which, by too long keeping, by abuse in regard to temperature, or by unfavorable surroundings, has suffered great deterioration. Experience has shown that only a poor article of renovated butter can be produced from rancid ‘stock.’ “HOW RENOVATED OR ‘PROCESS’ BUTTER IS MADE. “The process may be briefly outlined as follows: Melting of the butter and settling of the curd and brine, skimming off froth and scum, drawing off and discarding of the curd and brine, blowing of air through the molten fat to remove faulty odors, mixing of milk very thoroughly with the molten fat, rapid cooling and ‘granulating’ of this mixture by running it into ice-cold water, draining and ripening of the granulated mass for a number of hours, salting and working out of the excess of milk, packing or making into prints. “By this process, when used upon comparatively fresh raw material, butters of low grade are materially improved, the farmer’s revenue is increased, values are enhanced—in short, a good thing is done. Harm begins only when the renovated is sold for the genuine (that is, the original) article, for they are not the same thing. While the fats in the two are practically the same chemi- cally, the nitrogenous portions are not. Moreover, since the article known now and for ages past as ‘butter’ is an article the last step in which manufac- ture is the churning of cream, it is evident that the product of an elaborate subsequent process, a process entirely foreign to the manufacture of Bei kee should be designated by a distinctive name.” er - No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89 LICENSES AND PLACARDS MUST BE DISPLAYED. Complaints are reaching this office to the effect that certain parties selling renovated butter and oleomargarine neglect to properly display the required placards announcing that such products are being sold or served at their re- spective business places. The laws specifically provide that every restaurant proprietor or boarding-house keeper who furnishes such articles with meals must be licensed and display cards stating that such imitation dairy products are being served to the guests or boarders. Dealers selling such goods must also place the license certificates and signs, showing that they are selling such goods, in a conspicuous place in the place of business, room, or storeroom, where such product is authorized to be sold. The special agents of the Dairy and Food Division have been instructed to make a careful investigation throughout their districts and to report all delin- quents. The regular license certificate and cards must always be placed so that they can readily be seen by the patrons as well as the State officials who may have occasion to visit the dealers. The matter of distinctly branding each and every package or parcel containing oleomargarine or renovated butter before handing or delivering the same to a customer, dare not be ignored, and dealers who do not strictly comply with this provision of the laws are amen- able to arrest and the imposition of a heavy fine. DUTIES OF CONSTABLES DEFINED BY DAIRY LAWS. It is the duty of constables to assist in the proper enforcement of the oleo- margarine and renovated butter laws of Pennsylvania. Every constable in any city, borough, ward or township, having knowledge of any violations of the aforesaid acts is in duty bound, either upon his own initiative, or whenever requested so to do by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, his agents or attor- neys, or by any citizen of the Commonwealth, to make report to the Court of Quarter Sessions of the proper county, as part of his quarterly report, of the name of every person, firm or corporation known by him to have violated any of the provisions of these acts, and of the names of all witnesses furnished to said constable whose testimony it is alleged will sustain and prove the fact of such violation. The acts further provide that it shall be the duty of the judge of the said court to make inquiry of all constables at the time of making the quarterly returns as to whether they have knowledge, and whether any notice has been given to them, respectively, of any violations of this act, in accordance with the terms and meaning of these laws. Where violations are reported, the district attorney shall be instructed to have prompt measures instituted to secure the early indictment and punishment of the offenders. In one or two instances, such violations were reported, and the courts imposed the usual sentence; but the Dairy and Food authorities desire a still closer co-operation in the difficult work of stamping out entirely violations of the oleomargarine and renovated butter acts. OLEOMARGARINE PROHIBITED IN CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTI- TUTIONS. The Michigan boards of control of the State prisons, in a spirit of economy, desired to use oleomargarine in the place of butter, estimating a yearly saving of at least $40,000. This apparent saving appealed to the boards, and they were preparing to take action when some rural legislator called their attention to the fact that a law had been passed and was still in force making it a felony to use oleomargarine or similar products in State charitable institutions. This being the case, the management of many institutions wisely decided not to use the substitute for butter. A similar law is upon the Pennsylvania statutes, and that it is being fully enforced, oleomargarine dealers will readily testify. The legality of the act was disputed, but the courts and the Attorney General sustained its validity and the sale of oleomargarine to such institutions is therefore strictly pro- hibited. Officials who had been guilty of serving certain institutions with oleomargarine were convicted and fined, although they made a strong defense in court. Knowledge had reached the Dairy and Food Bureau to the effect that some of the largest public institutions were secretly making contracts for large quan- tities of oleomargarine for the use of the inmates, but these contracts were annulled before the delivery of the goods, consequently no prosecution was possible. They are under surveillance, but it is not at all probable that the contracts will be carried out. The official list shows that there are about 500 institutions in Pennsylvania receiving more or less State aid, and all of these are under the ban in consequence of the prohibitory regulation, and cannot legally feed oleomargarine to the inmates, 3 90 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. COUNTERFEIT DAIRY PRODUCTS IN CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. There is no question, whatever, as to the unlawfuiness for any charitable or penal institution to furnish to its inmates any article designed to take the place of genuine butter derived wholly from pure, unadulterated milk or cream, and the parties selling such substitutes for butter not made from pure, un- adulterated milk or cream are also liable to prosecution for every such offense. The courts of Pennsylvania have affirmed these views, and the Dairy and Food officials must enforce the laws. Special and frequent investigations of the supplies of such institutions have been made from time to time, samples of butter obtained for analysis, and it is a gratifying fact that the year just ended has revealed no violation of the statute. An examination of the records kept by a requirement of both State and Federal laws proved that some of the Pennsylvania dealers in oleomargarine were shipping large quantities of the article to numerous public institutions located beyond our State lines, but were safe and beyond our interference. Somewhat strange as it may appear to the average Pennsylvania dairyman, reliable information has reached the Dairy and Food Commissioner that some of the State Normal Schools were extensive and regular buyers of renovated or ‘‘process butter,’’ rather than use the home product of the farm, which could be purchased at a very slight additional cost. This revelation was all the more surprising because such schools are located in the heart of agricul- tural districts. TESTS FOR OLEOMARGARINE AND RENOVATED BUTTER. Numerous correspondents have renewed inquiries for simple and easy methods of distinguishing between fresh butter, renovated or process butter and oleo- margarine. The ‘‘spoon test” is suggested as a simple household test. A lump of butter two or three times the size of a pea is placed in a large spoon and heated over an alcohol lamp or Bunsen burner. If more convenient, the spoon may be held over the chimney of an ordinary kerosene lamp, or over an ordinary illuminating gas burner. If the sample in question be fresh butter, it will boil quickly and quietly, with the evolution of many small bubbles throughout the mass which produce a considerable amount of foam. Oleomargarine and renovated butter, on the other hand, sputter and crackle, making a noise somewhat similar to that noticeable when a green stick is placed in a fire. Another point of distinction is noted if a@ small portion of the sample be placed in a small bottle and set in a vessel of water sufficiently warm to melt the butter. The sample is kept melted from half an hour to an hour, when it is carefully examined. If renovated butter or oleomargarine, the fat will be tur- bid, while if genuine butter, the fat will almost certainly be entirely clear. There are other tests, but with only ordinary facilities, they are rather too complicated and uncertain, and therefore not recommended. Of course, when suspected samples are submitted by the special agents of the Dairy and Food Bureau, the chemists make a thorough and exhaustive analysis. The sense of taste and smell would not suffice for testing suspected oleomargarine. ’ ILLEGAL PEDDLING OF OLEOMARGARINE. One of the many obstacles encountered in the vigorous enforcement of the oleomargarine law of Pennsylvania was that presented in Philadelphia where peddling was in vogue by unlicensed parties. These violators of the law made a canvass of their respective districts, selling oleomargarine to boarding-house Keepers and private families at the price of fancy butter. While the special agents of the Bureau, by vigilance and careful detective work, very often suc- ceeded in obtaining samples of the oleomargarine sold, either from the peddler direct, or through some boarding-house keeper or private family, it was necessary to apply the usual heat-test, as well as subject the sample to chemical analysis in order to prevent mistakes. While this necessary work was being done, the peddler made his escape, and in some instances, would not reappear in that part of the city, thus baffling all attempts to arrest him. It was further believed that housewives, innocently or otherwise, referred to the agent’s work in procuring samples, and thus assisted in frustrating all plans to arrest the violators of law. This part of the field work demands the greatest amount of tact and good judgment, and it is absolutely necessary that the shrewdest detective resources be exercised by our agents in order to arrest such violators. When caught, the Dairy and Food Bureau will insist that the heaviest penalty be imposed, since a double wrong is inflicted. While the practice was common at one time, it is believed that it wil] soon be obsolete, and that none but properly licensed dealers will be willing to handle or attempt to sell oleomargarine in this State, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 91 MORE STRINGENT RULES FOR OLEOMARGARINE LICENSES. The abuse of both Federal and State oleomargarine licenses has prompted the authorities of Pennsylvania to adopt severe regulations relative to the granting of such license certificates. Careful investigations made by attaches of this Bureau proved that licenses in many cases were granted to applicants who had novo fixed place of business, who were not engaged in any other business than that of peddling produce, including the illegal trafficking in oleomargarine, whether colored or uncolored. These parties resided in private dwellings, which often were difficult to locate. In other instances, these investigations brought to light the fact that stables or other out-of-the-way structures had been indicated in the license applications as their places of business for selling oleomargarine; this applies to Philadelphia. The Commissioner is therefore strongly of the opinion that some additional information must hereafter accompany applications for both oleomargarine and renovated butter license certificates, in order that their issue to legitimate applicants may be duly safeguarded. The oleomargarine act of 1891 confers discretionary powers upon the Commis- sioner, and these will hereafter be more fully exercised than ever before in considering applications for licenses. Where it is not evident that an appli- eant has a legitimate place of business and is acting in good faith, it lies within the powers of the Commissioner to refuse the application. CO-OPERATION OF FEDERAL AND STATE AUTHORITIES. Through personal interviews with the revenue authorities at Washington, and considerable correspondence, a system of co-operation in ferreting out illegal dealers in oleomargarine in Pennsylvania has been established. These plans have already borne excellent results in the Philadelphia district. The detection and arrest of a number of dealers in colored oleomargarine, as well as the prosecution of unlicensed peddlers of oleomargarine, was accomplished by this co-operation, and there was no difficulty in presenting joint evidence to both the United States and local courts to secure the conviction and punishment of the defendants. These several courts not only imposed heavy fines, but added jail sentences. The effect has been salutary and far-reaching and there is a corresponding decrease in the number of violations. NEED OF ADDITIONAL NATIONAL OLEOMARGARINE LEGISLATION. At the instance of the Pennsylvania Pure Butter Protective Association, a bill will be formulated and introduced into Congress that will make the Fed- eral oleomargarine statutes as strong and effective as the laws of Pennsyl- vania. The proposed measure, among other changes in the present National oleomargarine laws, will prohibit the admixture of any butter in the manu- facture of oleomargarine. The tentative permission to use butter, whether colored or uncolored, in oleomargarine, is to be annulled because it makes it more difficult of detection. The laws are also to be changed so as to require a system of serial numbers that will enable those interested to trace the man- ufacturer and every dealer who may have handled the same. The National law would also be changed so as to make it necessary to prove that the. yellow color of oleomargarine is due to a foreign substance introduced for the purpose of giving color. The proposed changes would make it conform in a large degree with the Pennsylvania law and afford additional protection to pure butter which is not at present given by the National law on the color question. The pure butter advocates also enter a protest against settling and compro- mising oleomargarine cases, now the frequent practice of the revenue Officials. They will also insist that the statute shall be more strict regarding the proper display of stamps, marks and brands on packages containing oleomargarine and renovated butter, in order that the public can readily see the same, and thus identify the contents of packages. The Pennsylvania Pure Butter Pro- tective Association has a large and influential membership, and these will unite in a strong and united effort to secure the desired changes in the Na- tional laws. FOSTERING DAIRY INTERESTS IN PENNSYLVANIA. Letters are constantly reaching this office, demanding statistical information relating to dairying in Pennsylvania, also with requests for complete lists of the creameries and cheese factories doing business in this State. While it is true that the latter requests come mainly from parties who desire to use them solely for commercial or advertising purposes, this is no valid reason why such a compilation of information should not be made and published. In many instances mutual benefits would be derived. The available information is either obsolete or unreliable, and the Legislature could readily make a small appropriation to enable the collection of such inférmation to the advantage 92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. of the Commonwealth. In cultivating the acquaintance and friendship of such inquiring correspondents, we would in most cases learn that we were but adding strength and solidity to our already great corner-stone of improved dairying, and increased incomes for the representatives of that industry. The expenditure would be wise and the results beneficent. Advertising the dairying resources of Pennsylvania would be money judiciously expended, and a guar- antee for a greater and more successful future development. ADVANCEMENT AND PROGRESS IN DAIRYING. The Dairy and Food Division of the Department of Agriculture believes in fostering a community of interests, and is therefore happy to acknowledge the good that is being done in Pennsylvania by such friendly allies as the Penn- sylvania Dairy Union, the Pennsylvania Livestock Breeders’ Association, State Livestock Sanitary Board and other organizations interested in kindred subjects. For their continued support, co-operation and encouragement, spe- cial acknowledgments are due and are hereby tendered. While it is true that the more progressive and modern milk producers desire additional legislation to improve the dairy supplies of the Commonwealth, there are others who have strongly opposed compulsory laws and their enactment. As a result, some of the measures suggested at various periods have been defeated, and must await the legislative session of 1909 before they can be revived, reconsidered and enacted into laws for the benefit of the people. The average dairyman has now a more comprehensive grasp upon certain of the fundamentals of dairying than ever before; he knows far more about feeding standards, rations, and the home-growing of feeding stuff than at any previous period; but with all of this added knowledge, there is room for further improvement, such as will surely enhance the interests of the Penn- sylvania dairymen and farmers generally. An evolution is in progress, and as we are free to acknowledge, science has taken forward steps that a few years ago was regarded as only visionary and utterly impracticable. It is not improbable that at some far distant day, the work of the Dairy and Food Division may be confined to dairy work solely to meet the new con- ditions that will surely come. IMPROVED DAIRYING IN PENNSYLVANIA. Emerson says, “If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mouse-trap than his neighbor, though he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door.’’ It is this effort on the part of many who have a real, genuine interest in dairy researches that is responsible for the changed conditions that surround to-day many successful dairy farms and their production. There is a new era of progress before the people, and with the present prosperity of the country, all channels of trade feel the renewed pulse of activity, and the consequent demand for a better grade of food supplies of all descriptions. The producers of Pennsylvania have been correspondingly benefitted, and to- day, there are scores of butter manufacturers throughout Pennsylvania who have adopted these new and improved methods, with the result that they are commanding large prices for their butter and cream, while the demand is greater than the supply. There are butter makers in Southern Pennsylvania who have fixed yearly contracts for all the butter they can furnish, at prices much above the normal quotations; this is owing to the exceptional quality of the butter they furnish. There are neighbors who could imitate, but they lack the spirit and ambition that is a requisite to success in the business. Attention is called to this extreme variation in values merely to show what progressive dairying has done, and to drop a hint to those who have the splendid opportunities for following the examples cited. PUBLISHING RESULTS OF MILK ANALYSES. One of the benefits accruing from the general and extensive examination that was made into the milk supply of Pennsylvania during 1907, was the pub- licity that was given to the names of those who supplied their patrons with good milk, as well as those of dealers and others who were arrested and fined for the sale of adulterated milk and cream. The last named list was com- Para vely small, much to the satisfaction of the pure food officials and the public. The honest dealers were exceedingly glad to have the public know what kind of milk they were selling. It was therefore decided that the lists of samples, names from whom obtained and the results of the analyses should be published in the newspapers of the localities in which the samples were obtained by the sworn agents of the Bureau. This list was promptly mailed to the leading newspapers in the counties represented in the list of samples analyzed, and their publication followed without delay. In some cases such reports were given special @isplay, while editorial comments of a most favor- able character almost invariably followed. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93 City officials in some instances had their attention drawn to such reports, and particularly where milk of inferior quality was sold, and in the meantime, they will make an effort to secure a better and more wholesome milk supply. One of the revelations of the examinations made by our chemists was, that the Pasteurization of milk is not a remedy for its unsanitary method of pro- duction; or in other words, while clean, Pasteurized milk is good, impure and adulterated milk cannot be made right by Pasteurization. It is plainly evident that health commissioners should know more about milk, and that they should not care about the enmity of the milk dealers whom they arouse in the performance of their duties as officers of the law. The Special Agents of this Bureau performed their sworn duty with fairness and impartiality. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF MILK. In the examination of thousands of samples of milk, there is a constantly recurring demand made for bacteriological knowledge, but as stated in a pre- ceding report of the Dairy and Food Bureau, the main laboratory at Harris- burg has not as yet been equipped with the proper facilities for making such determinations. The average sample is tested for added water, chemical pre- servatives, coal-tar colors, etc., and in addition the fat contents, as well as solids are carefully determined by our chemists. The importance of making bacteriological tests is apparent, although in cases where there is an outbreak of contagious or infectious diseases in a dairyman’s family, the local health authorities usually assume control and responsibility. They are advised by the State Department of Health as to the proper course to pursue, so as to reduce the danger of spreading disease to a minimum. In a compilation of laws recently issued by the State Health Department, special attention is invited to this all-important subject, and there is no doubt that the township, borough and city officials, generally, will co-operate and thus render invaluable services to the people of the Commonwealth in com- bating diseases at a time when they can be controlled. Where typhoid fever appears in a dairyman’s family, it is of the utmost importance that not a drop of milk should be served to patrons or members of the family afflicted, unless such milk comes from a source that is entirely above suspicion. With the exercise of a little care and good sense, conditions can be materially im- proved. MUNICIPAL ‘EXAMINATION OF MILK SUPPLY. During the examinations made into the milk supply of many of the cities and boroughs of the State, it was shown that probably no article of food is being more generally consumed than milk, and a wholesome supply is there- fore of the greatest importance. A peculiarity of the situation that forced itself upon the pure food authori- ties was the wide variance in the manner in which local health officials looked after the milk supply of their respective places. Several of the larger cities have a thorough and practical system, while others appear indifferent and lack even ordinary knowledge of the quality of the milk and cream that are being served. It is suggested that a convention should be held where the organizations interested, including sanitary commissions, could exchange views and devise plans to improve the quality of market milk. That the representatives of such bodies could devise plans and means that would be of inestimable benefit can- not be gainsaid, and as the expense would be small, it is to be hoped such a convention may be held at some central point during the coming year. The local legislation in force in some of the cities and boroughs might be regarded as ample and sufficiently far-reaching, but in too many cases, politi- cal and personal reasons may intervene and thus circumvent the otherwise good work of those in authority. There is much encouragement gained by reading the reports that come from Erie, as well as several other Pennsyl- vania cities, where the public officials are vigilant, but there is room for further improvement. THE VALUE OF MILK INSPECTIONS. One of the most remarkable results of the rigid examinations conducted into the milk supplies of cities and boroughs, is the fact that the use of formalde- hyde as a preservative of milk and cream is now almost entirely unknown, while several years ago the adulterations with formalin reached as high as twenty per cent. Other chemical preservatives were also employed. Possibly there is no more powerful preventive of decomposition or souring of milk known, but its harmfulness is undisputed, and in consequence, the miscreants using the material were prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. With the im- proved methods of chemistry and the practical knowledge derived through 94 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. years of experience, it is claimed that to-day it is impossible to use formalin in dairy products without detection; in fact, there are those who claim that even in the proportion of one part to 500,000 parts of milk, its presence can be detected by the expert analyst. In the City of Chicago, the Health Department found that in 1891, the year before the attempt at a laboratory and milk inspection was begun, there were 12.801 deaths among 145,095 infants and children under five years of age—a ratio of 886 in every 10,000 of this age period. In 1904 there were 7.052 deaths among 208,893 infants and children below five years of age, showing a rate of 337 instead of 866 in every 10,000 of this age period. With recent years, this figure has been still further reduced, but not to the same extent, pro- portionately, because of the improved sanitary conditions and the strict in- spection of all dairy supplies. In Pennsylvania, the conditions were, if pus- sible, even worse, and the Dairy and Food Commissioner was therefore obliged to impose many and heavy fines before the evil practice was controlled. DANGER IN MILK WHERE TYPHOID EXISTS. At various times the Dairy and Food Division received complaints from persons who asserted that milk and cream were being sold or peddled by the members of families in which typhoid fever prevailed. While it is the purpose of this office to assist in maintaining a proper sanitary condition and to urge strict cleanliness, it is not within its power to take the heroic action that would be suggested by such complaints. The matter very properly comes under the jurisdiction of the State Health Department, and consequently all such complaints are promptly referred to that important bureau for imme- diate attention. Commissioner Dixon formulated and promulgated special reg- ulations governing the care, use and sale of milk in families in which certain contagious or infectious diseases exist, and will insist upon a strict compliance. *In nearly all instances where typhoid fever is abnormally prevalent, its in- fection and spread can be traced to faeces-polluted water or the milk supply. One of the most unfortunate conditions in the smaller towns and villages is in the fact that no one is willing to interfere with the sale of the milk that may come from such diseased producers, because of the personal animosity that might follow, the loss of trade or other causes. Whether we slake our thirst from the village well or drink the appetizing milk, there is an element of danger that cannot be overlooked. Truly, pure and uncontaminated water and fresh, sweet and pure milk cannot be too highly rated, being simply be- yond price. Every possible influence to increase this supply should be exerted for the public good and the protection of life. PURE MILK FOR CHILDREN. It is often said that the food laws of this Commonwealth are drastic, and that in some instances they may work unwarranted hardships upon those who are found guilty of violations. The Chinese take a much more serious view of the effect of adulteration on the public health, as by Chinese laws, such infractions at one time were punishable by death. Among the many complaints that reached this Bureau, were letters which came from families who alleged that the health of their infants was being jeopardized by the sale and use of milk which was believed to be adulterated, chemically preserved, or below the normal standard, As the child is usually fed by measure rather than according to the richness of the milk, the result is that it will eventually suffer loss of health if the milk is lacking the proper nutritive strength, and even this reduced nutritive value may be materially reduced if not entirely eliminated by the addition of some chemical preservative to the milk. Under these circumstances, it is well that the proper local authorities should keep in close contact with the dairymen of their respective districts, for in no other manner can they accomplish more genuine good. With the nourishing power of milk abstracted or reduced, by watering or skimming, the infant and invalid will certainly becom? a helpless victim to this unpardonable form of adulteration. CITY AND BOROUGH MILK DEPOTS NEED INSPECTION. Legislation is urgently needed in this Commonwealth in connection with its thousands of “milk depots.’ Laws should provide for a frequent and rigid in- spection of all milk depots wherever estabiished, and the needed officers should work under the direction of State authority. The penalty for a violation could be fixed at a reasonable amount; for example, from $5 to $25, and thus the party guilty of a violation, would not be seriously embarrassed, and though poor and honest, if he accidentally permitted the establishment to get below the standard, he could pay the fine. The law should provide that habitual and willful offenders should be indefinitely barred from the milk business. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95 The unsanitary conditions that surround many of the small milk depots in the larger cities are intolerable. The rooms in which milk and cream are kept and sold too often are of a most disgusting character and abominably filthy, lacking ventilation and all pretense of cleanliness. AS many cases of sickness, including typhoid fever and other contagious diseases, are directly traced to the sale of infected milk, there are special reasons for co-operating with all the authorities to bring about an improved condition in the direction indicated. Not only every room in the house in which milk and cream are sold should be kept scrupulously clean, but a milk depot, which should invariably be located in a sanitary place. INSPECTING CREAMERIES, MILK STATIONS, ETC. The continued agitation for the frequent inspection of dairies and milk depots has caused much discussion, pro and con. The farmers and others who were opposed to the proposed examination of milk and milk supplies happily are in the minority,-as the leading large producers realize that with improved facili- ties and increased production, combined with a superior quality, there is nothing to fear or lose, but all to gain. A dairyman or farmer is entitled to every possible consideration—no more nor less protection than any other man, firm or corporation engaged in producing or handling milk or any other article of food. In the general house-cleaning that has been conducted during recent years, creameries, shipping stations, canning establishments, packing houses, milk stores, etc., have all been subject to public scrutiny, and no classes should be exempted. The Dairy and Food Commissioner is determined that the public shall be supplied with pure, clean and wholesome food products. The best in- formation obtainable indicates that of the entire amount of milk produced, not more than two per cent. is regarded as unsafe; let this small proportion be reduced still further, if it cannot be entirely eliminated by judicious and heroic treatment. MILK TESTS AT CREAMERIES URGED. During the past year a number of proprietors of creameries have written to this Bureau, requesting that the milk that was being delivered to them by their patrons should be analyzed or tested at more or less regular intervals by the State in order that they might be protected against possible imposition. The Dairy and Food Bureau could not possibly meet these requests with the present force of special agents, to say naught about the increased appropriation that would be needed. While the Dairy and Food Commissioner would be pleased to co-operate with the creamerymen to bring about the absolute purity and cleanliness of the entire milk supply, he cannot, for the reasons already specified, grant such requests, and can only suggest that there should be a more general use of the Babcock-test and the lactometer. These instruments will give all the information necessary regarding the composition of milk delivered to the creameries or milk depots, and as both tests are compara- tively inexpensive and simple, their adoption is therefore strongly urged. Many of the leading creamery proprietors of the State have been compelled to keep fully informed at all times as to the quality of their milk supplies, and in consequence are realizing increased profits. No time is set for making such examinations, and consequently patrons are aware that their milk may be examined at any time, and they will therefore desist from watering or skimming. Some of the larger creameries have complete weekly records of the milk received from their patrons, covering years, and when required, they can at a glance show the average composition of each individual supply received during a term of years. QUESTIONABLE ARTICLES IN MILK AND CREAM. “Cream thickeners,’’ coloring materials for use in milk and cream, and ‘the many articles of uncertain and unknown composition used in the manufacture of ice-cream, have been under serious suspicion. Sucrate of lime or gelatin used as a “thickener’’ may be very properly termed a fraud in milk products. Reputable manufacturers and jobbers in dairy supplies long ago discredited many of these doubtful and uncertain preparations, and this aided the Divi- =e in the work of educating the people to their harmful and deceptive char- acter. It is the positive intention of the dairy and food officials to follow these vio- lations of the law as vigorously as possible. With better laws and their more rigid enforcement, the dairymen and milk producers of Pennsylvania are already experiencing an increased demand for their product, since a long- standing prejudice has at last been partly, if not entirely removed. The most wholesome and useful of all food—good, pure, milk, is again being used more freely since the confidence of the public has been restored. It is also indis- putable that the present prices realized by the producer of pure milk are the highest and perhaps the most remunerative known for a long term of years. It has resolved itself into a question of absolute purity and quality, rather than price. 96 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. With the elimination of dangerous chemicals and “dopes’’ of many kinds, the milk supplies are of a higher and better grade, and the producer and consumer are proportionately benefitted by the improvement which was so difficult of realization, and only realized after many repulses. HOUSEWIVES SHOULD CLEAN MILK BOTTLES. As the average housewife knows, when milk is once dried in a bottle, jar or other receptacle, it requires a great deal of labor to remove it. Possessing a special interest in pure, clean and wholesome milk, she can, therefore, assist the local dairyman in maintaining a supply of milk of an improved quality by cleaning all such utensils immediately after they are emptied, and before they are returned to the owner. If the dairyman does not properly wash and clean the cans and pails, milk from the previous milking will adhere to such receptacles, and containing as it does, myriads of bacteria which multiply at - an alarming rate when combined with other or new milk, it is not difficult to — conjecture the evil that must follow such a combination of active agencies. This matter should be impressed upon the minds of milk consumers, although it is perhaps only too generally accepted and believed that the milk-man should alone be held accountable to the public for the absolute cleanliness and purity of the milk delivered and sold by him. As ordinary dairy utensils con- tain depressions and grooves, it is well to keep supplied with a suitable brush to clean such utensils, rather than depend solely upon a cloth, which at its best, may not be too clean. Unless a brush is used, the places not covered during the cleaning process become veritable breeding places for bacteria. After washing, scalding and brushing such utensils, they should be exposed to the sunlight, as the direct rays of the sun are fatal to bacteriological growth. The sun-bath costs nothing but a little extra labor, but its value can- not be over-estimated. COW TESTING ASSOCIATIONS. In a number of states, the dairymen and others interested have organized what are known as “cow testing associations.” Such general tests gave sur- prising results. In many instances, they resulted in the weeding out of herds of cows that were unprofitable because of the low percentage of butter-fat derived from their milk, or because of the small quantity of milk which they produced even under good care and feeding. Many years ago a series of experiments conducted in Pennsylvania under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture proved very conclusively by the actual results obtained during such experiments, that the average farmer owned one or more of these unprofitable cows, and that the owner became poorer with each succeeding day that the herd was kept intact. The testing system is comparatively inexpensive, and it is reasonably certain that if once inaugurated in Pennsylvania, it would not soon be abandoned. The usual plan in vogue is to test the milk for a specified period, usually a week or longer, and at the end of the testing period, calculations are made as to the cost of the feed, value of the milk produced, etc., all with scientific accuracy. Canada is possibly in advance in this movement, and the expense is borne by the government, just the same as expenses are paid for the pro- motion of all agricultural interests of the Dominion. ‘Cow test associations” are a necessity in Pennsylvania, but earnest and active personal work of dairy enthusiasts will be necessary to start the good work. MANUFACTURING DAIRY PRODUCTS ON FARM UNPROFITABLE. The practical experiments made upon the farms of Pennsylvania, taken as a whole, show that it is undoubtedly the best business policy on the great ma- jority of farms, to send the milk or cream to sgme special central plant to be manufactured into butter, and that in only a comparatively few instances is it really economical to manufacture the customary dairy products on the farm. Of course, where a dairying district has the advantage of good, near-by markets for the whole milk, and where the farmer or dairyman can guarantee clean, pure and wholesome milk, the city market may be found to be the most remunerative. Customers can be found in any of the large cities and towns who will buy and handle an extra quality of milk, at a fair price; but quality and excellence are of prime importance to command the best rates. Conditions throughout the State have changed very materially during the past decade, and as a result, a comparatively small amount of “country-but- ter’ or so-called “country roll butter’ is being made and marketed. In its place, the city consumer now buys dairy or creamery butter of a quality far superior to the old style butter, which too often was an abominable, stale mixture, made only to sell to some poor, unsophisticated patron, hundreds of miles distant from the farm on which it was produced by a careless and in- different butter-maker. It is the policy of the Dairy and Food Bureau to assist farmers and dairymen in every possible and practicable way, but it could never afford to endorse the manufacture of inferior and unwholescme dairy products of any description. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 97 CONDENSED, VERSUS FRESH MILK AT ENCAMPMENTS. One of the somewhat singular conditions that attracted the attention of the Dairy and Food officials during their visits to the various military encamp- ments of the State, was the fact that the use of condensed milk had assumed such large proportions on the field. It is believed that a majority of the mil- itary companies had resorted to the use of condensed milk in preference to whole milk, such as was usually supplied by neighboring dairymen and farmers. This was mainly due to the fact that in previous years, the milk supplied to the soldiers was found to be doped with formaldehyde, skimmed or watered. It is gratifying to add that some of the violators of the law were arrested, aes by a court trial and sentenced to the payment of heavy fines and costs. A. special report upon the subject of condensed milk and invalids’ foods pre- pared by Prof. C. B. Cochran, Chemist of the Bureau, who analyzed all of the leading brands, had a wide circulation. When made from whole milk, con- densed milk was not subjected to criticism; but when manipulated for gain, and when not properly handled, it may be placed upon the market in a condition so that it would contain very little life-sustaining properties. Fresh milk, on the other hand, is regarded as a typically perfect food. Prof. Cochran’s report is one of special value and importance. The examination made into the milk supplied to these encampments during 1907 proved that the work of former years had borne excellent fruit, as the gen- eral condition and quality of the samples analyzed was excellent. The military officers in charge of the encampments expréssed themselves as being highly pleased with these invstigations, knowing the harm that has been done by the unscrupulous adulterators in preceding encampments. They co-operated in every manner with the Dairy and Food officials. THE USE OF COMMERCIAL BACTERIAL FERMENTS. Several years ago, the use of commercial bacterial ferments, in milk, cream, cheese and butter attracted much attention in Denmark and Germany. In this country, several scientific gentlemen became investigators of similar organisms, with varying results. The cultures thus obtained were sold to those interested in dairying, and when carefully employed and under favorable con- ditions the results obtained were satisfactory; but where indifference and the old-style systems were predominant, the effect was not what had been desired, but possibly what could reasonably only be expected. It was this varied ex- perience that no doubt prompted the inquiries upon the subject that were re- ceived by the Dairy and Food Bureau. It was claimed that a considerable number of factories secured an increased flavor and quality in their product from ripening their cream with the aid of these bacterial preparations, but the general deductions derived from ob- servations is to the effect that the use of such artificial ferments is not neces- sary to produce high grade products where all the ordinary surroundings are cleanly and favorable for good results. In Denmark, the cream is first Pasteurized and then ripened with the aid of artificial bacteria culture; but comparing our own American butter of the high-grade manufacturers, it is doubtful whether they could successfully com- pete against us. With the proper care of the average dairy and creamery, there is no reason why the desirable germs that give quality and flavor to the butter should not exist and render the use of the commercial bacterial fer- ments entirely unnecessary. Under these circumstances, the Dairy and Food officials are of the opinion that these correspondents were perhaps best qualified to judge as to the needs of their respective dairying interests and that it was not possible nor wise for us to advise them, for with proper care, butter of the best quality in color, texture and flavor may be made from the milk of any breed of cows. “ROPY-MILK” TROUBLES OF DAIRYMEN. The warm season presents many problems to the producers of milk and its products, and among the letters received by the Dairy and Food officials were a number referring to the fact that ‘ropy milk’? was being produced by cer- tain animals or herds, and asking for proper remedies. Those competent to determine the cause of such disturbance in milk supplies will ascribe it to bad sanitary conditions. One species of bacteria that speedily manifests itself in unclean milk causes what is known as “ropy milk,” a condition showing itself more quickly in the cream than in milk. It is said to be antagonistic to the lactic bacteria, and frequently cream and milk well inocu- lated with it will remain sweet for a considerable length of time. In fact, milk has been examined, which, while almost solid, still remained sweet. When these conditions prevail, unclean conditions exist somewhere in the production of that milk. It may be the cow, it may be the stable, it may be the milker, it may be due to unclean utensils; the only effective remedy is scrupulous clean- liness. 7—6— 1907. 98 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Some of the correspondents who reported the prevalence of “ropy milk” as- cribed it to various vague and imaginary causes, and in a majority of cases suspected or admitted all but the real source of the trouble. SELLING PURE BUTTERMILK AS A BEVERAGE. A sentiment favorable to the increased consumption of buttermilk is rapidly growing in the cities, and the producer is therefore realizing an increased mar- gin of profit from its sale. The taste for buttermilk is easily acquired, and as the consuming public are learning to appreciate its health-giving qualities, the producer should endeavor to produce an article of exceptionally good quality. The price that a critical public are willing to pay for the beverage should justify the expenditure of a little more trouble and time in its preparation and treat- ment for the city patron. The physician who prescribes buttermilk or skim milk for his patients who are suffering from certain ailments will insist that the article supplied shall be of a cleanly and palatable character. AVERAGE PRICES OF MILK-IN PENNSYLVANIA CITIES. A compilation of the average selling price of unskimmed, fresh milk, de- livered to the consumers, shows a somewhat remarkable uniformity in figures, the price averaging exactly eight cents a quart, for the year, in the following cities: Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Allegheny, Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. In the cities of Reading, Lancaster, Easton, Allentown and smaller places, the average was somewhat lower, slightly exceeding seven cents per quart. This was due to the absence of the higher transportation rate that applied to the larger cities, local supplies being sufficient for the smaller cities and bor- oughs or the haul being shorter and cheaper. HOW TO COMMAND THE BEST PRICE FOR MILK. Although confined within a limited appropriation, the State Livestock Sanitary Board has yielded a far-reaching influence, and has greatly re- duced the percentage of tuberculous cows in the Pennsylvania herds. It is therefore suggested that in every case where the owner has reasons to believe his herd has become infected, he communicate at once with the Board, pre- senting the facts for the information of the State authorities. The present conditions of our civilization has placed milk high in importance, air and pure water alone having precedence in sustaining life. This is especially true so far as infants and invalids are concerned; consequently, the increased de- mand for milk of approved ExeeMelce and purity—a theme that to-day is of National importance. If the dairymen cannot remedy some of the evils that are of such general complaint without receiving an increased price for his products, let him be paid an increased price, and then discontinue serving the impure and infec- tious article. It would certainly be far better to supply only pure and healthy milk, thus reaping a double profit, not only in a monetary sense, /but the community would also profit by having better health, fewer deaths and less suffering. With tuberculous cows exterminated from the dairy herds, and the general improvements advocated inaugurated, the dairymen will be in a position to not only select his clientele, but fix his own prices. THE NEW STANDARD FOR MEASURING MILK. The long standing complaint emanating from milk producers that they were not treated with fairness when selling their milk to the city markets because cf unfair measure being exacted, resulted in the passage cf an act providing for a milk and cream standard of measurement. Under this law, every gal- lon of milk and cream must contain 231 cubie inches of liquid per gallon, while under the old enactment the producer furnished milk and cream at a low rate by ‘“‘dry measure,’’ and the purchaser disposed of it by liquid meas- ure, the difference alone affording a good share of profit. With this special legal requirement for a standard gallon of milk or cream, there need be no further controversies, and the honest dealer will also be re- lieved from further embarassment since he buys and sells by the same legal- ized standard. The act referred to is now in force, and dairymen and others must govern themselves accordingly. LAW REQUIRES CLEANSING OF MILK CANS. While it is a matter of common knowledge that there is no better medium for the dissemination of filth and disease germs than milk, many dairymen and dealers were woefully indifferent as to the condition of the cans and other vessels employed in shipping milk and cream over railways to distant patrons. Many vessels were returned without cleaning them until the conditions be- came intolerable. As a result, a law was enacted last winter which imposes No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 99 a fine not exceeding fifty dollars for neglecting to clean milk cans and other vessels before returning them to the original shipper. The law further pro- vides that the prosecution can be brought by any person aggrieved by such negligence. It is therefore not dependent for enforcement upon any health officer or State official, as was supposed, but is available by the individual or ordinary citizen whenever the occasion may warrant such action. Many dealers wouid ignore all sanitary requirements, and permit milk cans to become so foul, filthy and odor-and-germ-laden that they were a public nui- sance. Although the law has been in force only a few months, there is a mark- ed change for the better, and the effect is salutary and beneficial in many directions. Just ‘a few prosecutions of the more glaring offenders in a city will produce a good moral effect. Local boards of health in the cities and boroughs will see to it that the law is properly observed, and where delinauents will not take heed, prosecutions will necessarily follow. Rusted and badly corroded milk cans are also a menace and should be con- demned because of their unsanitary condition. Such cans can hardly ever be placed in a sanitary condition even with careful treatment. LAW .TO PROTECT PROPERTY OF DAIRYMEN. Another proposition now to be considered is a proposed act of Assembly to prohibit unauthorized parties from the unlawful use and destruction of milk cans and other receptacles employed in the transportation of milk and cream. Such legislation is now being enforced in other states, and as the loss from this source aggregates thousands of dollars annually, there is no valid reason against similar legislation in Pennsylvania. The brewery and bottling interests have special legislation for their pro- tection against the willful Gestruction of barrels, bottles, etc., and it is equally important that the dairying interests should be similarly protected against wanton loss. The act should prohibit the selling, buying, destroying, in- juring, disposing of or concealing of any milk or cream-can, jug, bottle or jar belonging to such milk producer or dealer, under a severe penalty. It should further provide against defiling or befouling In any manner any such receptacles, thus affording additional protection against their misuse. GOOD, VERSUS BAD SYSTEMS IN BUTTER MAKING. In a certain state, the farmers living in the vicinity of one of the agricul- tural experiment stations made butter until the hot days of July, and then gave up the work because they were unable to make a product of good quality. The cream was then delivered to the college creamery, where, under different methods, butter of a good quality was readily produced. It is a well known fact that entirely too large a percentage of the butter produced in Pennsylvania during the warm months of the year is of such poor quality that it seems imperative that new methods for the care of the milk and cream and the manufacture of butter should be strenuously urged. While it is claimed that age will have a deleterious effect upon the quality. of cream, and that the private dairy does not have a supply of cream suffi- cient to warrant daily churning operations, it is equally well known that bac- terial development in cream is largely influenced by temperature and clean- liness. It is also a well known fact that the bad bacteria develop more rap- idly than the desirable forms, and that to prevent the excessive development of bacteria, the milk and cream should be kept cool, and the cream delivered to the local creamery with greater frequency. The ordinary souring of milk is due to the action of lactic bacteria on milk-sugar changing it to lactic acid. After all has been considered, the same self-evident truths stand out pre-emi- nent: Good clean milk produces rich cream, and when handled at a low tem- perature and promptly converted into butter, there is but little doubt as to its superior quality. It is a matter of genuine regret that this important question does not re- ceive more frequent and careful attention at the farmers’ institutes, and the subject is broached here in order that the intelligent housewives and home- makers may arrange to have this subject fully discussed at some of the com- ing institutes. MORE PROFITABLE COWS NEEDED. Although some claim that now and then a herd of common cows may do as well as the dairy or thoroughbred cows, an increased number of the better grade of cows is now found on the farms of the State. The thoroughbred stock will, in the aggregate, show ‘the largest financial gain. This fact is substantiated by the number of dairymen and farmers who are constantly in quest of a better grade of animals, and the additional fact that sires are now being introduced into many herds at fancy prices for the purpose of in- creasing the herd with improved blood, 100 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. When the quantity of milk is the main object in view, there are certain distinct breeds desired, such as the Holstein, etc.; but when rich milk, that is, milk containing a high percentage of butter-fat is desired, the Jerseys, Guernseys and other equally well-known breeds receive first choice. The dairying interests of Pennsylvania are gaining in value at a rapid rate, and many radical changes, as compared with former methods, have taken place during the past few years. The production of milk and its products has become a problem of scientific skill, good judgment and business capacity, and as a result, scientific feeding and the proper stabling and care of the animals is a factor of greater importance than ever before. There are still hundreds of cows upon the farms of Pennsylvania that are a source of con- stant loss to their owners, their yielding capacity being insufficient to pay for their care and keeping. Such farmers should apply the usual milk tests, and they would soon discover the cause of their inability to make a profit. ARTIFICIAL COLORING OF BUTTER. The artificial coloring of butter continues, and so far as is known, is per- mitted in every state in the Union. The experiments made in certain Western States to prohibit such artificial coloring did not meet with any degree of success, and in at least one instance, interefered with the dairy industry of a state to an alarming extent; in fact, had not the prohibitory color-clause been rescinded, all of the dairying industry so far as butter was concerned, would have been diverted to adjoining states where more liberal legislation was prevalent. It might be said in all truth and candor, however, that the principles underlying and governing legislation regarding coloring matter in foods in general have not been ordinarily applied to the coloring of butter. Dairymen, provision merchants and others have applied for information re- garding the legality of the use of butter colors, and the invariable reply is to the effect that there is no law on our statutes denying the right to use harm- less or purely vegetable colors in the manufacture of butter. Where positively poisonous materials are found in dairy products, whether in butter, cream, cheese or milk, prosecutions would be proper and brought without any hesita- tion. The close observer in the markets of Philadelphia, New York and other large cities will note that there is a decided tendency to prepare the best grades of butter with a lighter tint and a more natural color than heretofore. The so-called “rich, golden yellow color’ is no longer desired nor in vogue with those controlling the best trade. Several proposed acts to regulate the coloring of butter were introduced in the Legislature, but failed of final passage. CATTLE FEEDING STUFFS ANALYZED. One of the mediums intended to foster and encourage dairying in Penn- sylvania was the enactment and approval of a law providing for the regula- tion of the manufacture and sale of commercial cattle feeding stuffs. The act in question is under the jurisdiction of the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture, and its worth has already been clearly proven to the people of the Common- wealth in many directions. The old practice of selling adulterated feed has been abolished, and as a rule, the farmer and dairyman receives proportion- ately greater value for his money than ever before, while the live-stock fed upon such feed is correspondingly protected and benefitted. Samples of feed- ing stuffs are analyzed at a nominal cost of one dollar. Hundreds of dealers and dairymen have applied to this Bureau for informa- tion relating to this subject, but their inquiries were referred to the Depart- pent of Agriculture where the same received the most careful and prompt at- ention. A special bulletin showing the results of such investigations was issued by the Department for the information of all concerned. It is plainly evident that the composition of certain brands of cattle feeding stuffs has been ma- terially changed and improved, and that the old era of adulteration with foreign and worthless ingredients has passed. The act provides a penalty for violation of its provisions, and consequently a large number of prosecutions were ordered by the Secretary of Agriculture and conducted to a proper legal termination. The results of such prosecutions are most salutary, and local dealers in feeding stuffs are now using greater precautions to escape the penalties for handling adulterated or illegal brands. The law is of much value to all engaged in a legitimate business, while those who were accustomed to imposing upon the public have been halted and brought to judgment. CLEAN AND WHOLESOME FOOD FOR COWS. One of the many dairy subjects brought to the attention of the Dairy and Food authorities is the alleged feeding of swill to cows producing milk for public consumption. In a number of states, the laws covering this question are drastic, and absolutely forbid the feeding of any cow kept for the pro- duction of milk on swill or any substance in a state of putrefaction or rotten- ness; or on any substance of an unwholesome nature, or on any food or sub- stance that may produce diseased or unwholesome milk. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1di While this matter very obviously comes under the direct control and regu- lation of local boards of health, as well as the rules and regulations of the State Department of Health, the Dairy and Food Bureau will always be glad to co-operate in the laudable work of improving milk supplies. Only a com- paratively few years ago, but little if any attention was bestowed upon the matter of clean and wholesome food for cows. The sale of swill for feeding cows had attained large proportions, while other questionable food was not only supplied by home dealers but many carloads of objectionable and un- wholesome feed were brought here from far-distant shipping points. The writer knows of at least one instance where the material delivered to a dairy- man was completely rotten, the carload of a stinking, unhealthful mass of so-called feed for cattle being sold for less than freight charges and used for manure. Under the present improved conditions of dairying, cattle feed cannot be too good in quality, nor selected with too much care. ERADICATING TUBERCULOUS COWS FROM HERDS. The correspondence of the Dairy and Food Division has indicated more fully than ever before the trend towards the production of milk that is absolutely free from danger, so far as the bacilli of tuberculous cows is concerned. The dairymen are demanding a thorough inspection of their herds, and are anxious to weed out the diseased animals, not only for their own protection, but for the public good. The State Livestock Sanitary Board is in charge of such inspections, and there is no doubt as to the immense amount of good which their work has accomplished in behalf of humanity through the eradi- cation of tuberculosis in some of the best herds in the State. The Dairy and Food Division has united and co-operated in the difficult task of stamping out the disease from the dairy herds of Pennsylvania in every practicable manner, realizing the danger of infection, and also knowing that in many instances the physical appearance of the diseased animal is fully equal to the appearance of the average dairy cow that is entirely exempt from the disease. There is positive danger to public health so long as cows which react, whether strongly or otherwise, to the tuberculin test, are allowed to furnish milk, cream and butter for human consumption. As the State Livestock Sanitary Board has tested thousands of animals with tuberculin, veterinarians are not in the least doubtful as to its value for a correct diagnosis, as it is almost infallible, although it may not always indi- cate to what extent the animal may be affected. Perhaps one of the most un- pleasant features in connection with the consideration of the subject is the truth that a dangerously tuberculous cow, long after she has become dangerous, may continue to look and act like a healthy animal. The legislature of Penn- Sylvania is entitled to unstinted praise for the noble services and financial support rendered in behalf of this good work. GUARDING ANIMAL PRODUCTS OF PENNSYLVANIA. In view of the fact that it is said that over forty-five per cent. of the food consumption of the better classes in the United States consists of animal prod- ucts, it is at once self-evident that its strict surveillance and inspection is of the greatest value and importance to the American people. That this laudable work is now being effectually done in Pennsylvania, speaks volumes of praise for the Commonwealth, and that its beneficient effects are already visible throughout the State is a statement that can readily be confirmed even by a casual examination. The enactment of additional legislation covering the subject of animal prod- ucts, and placing certain duties and responsibilities upon the officers of the State Livestock Sanitary Beard, governing their sale, has brought about an era of improved food supplies that is greatly appreciated by the public. Although there was only a partial acquiescence to the new conditions at the outstart, and an indefinite or misleading interpretation of the law, the aver- age butcher and dealer has learned that the authorities sworn to enforce these excellent laws are deeply in earnest, and that they must fully comply with the new regulations. While the Dairy and Food Division also has powers in certain directions so far as the sale of meat products are concerned, there is a hearty and con- stant co-operation between the two bodies, and as both are working for the general welfare of the people, the consumer receives double protection against the sale of chemically preserved and decomposed meats. Prof. H. P. Armsby, of the Pennsylvania State Experimental Station, re- ports that in Pennsylvania alone, the value of the animals slaughtered for food have an aggregate value of twenty and one-half million dollars, in ad- dition to the millions of dollars worth of dressed meats that are imported. About sixteen million dollars worth of eggs and poultry are also consumed annually. 102 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. ENFORCING NEW MEAT LEGISLATION. The Dairy and Food Bureau received various complaints during the year from correspondents, (many of them writing anonymously), about the al- leged deplorable condition of local slaughter-houses, and the fact that they were a menace to the health of the people residing in the locality in which they were located, ete. Some of these allegations, apparently, were well founded. While the large packing plants doing an interstate business are under di- rect government supervision and inspection, the smaller establishments are not under such inspection, nor were they under direct State or county super- vision. The offal was usually disposed of by depositing it in an adjoining corral where it soon became a breeding place for vermin and flies. No provisions were made for a proper cooling and refrigeration of the meat, while during the warm season, both dirt and flies covered the meat. The most serious evil, perhaps, consisted in the unwelcome truth that diseased cattle were too often slaughtered and sold to the unsuspecting patron as well-fed and healthy beef. Whether the animal was filled with tubercular bacilli or a victim of lump- jaw, (actinomycosis), was immaterial, so long as there was sale for the abominable stuff. Under these conditions, there was but little surprise when drastic laws were introduced into the legislature, providing for the regular and careful inspection of slaughter-houses and their products, neither was there any doubtful question as to such proposed laws being passed and ap- proved. Dr. Leonard Pearson, Secretary of the State Livestock Sanitary -Board was largely instrumental in securing the much desired legislation, and as His Excellency, Governor Stuart, was in entire sympathy, we now have on our statute books laws that have already completely revolutionized the fresh meat trade of the State. The supervision of these establishments has wisely been placed under the eare of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, and with a corps of intelligent veterinarians serving as Special Agents, a rigid inspection and corresponding good for the public health and welfare is fully assured. Consumers already notice the marked change in the meat supplies, and unite in their praise and commendation for the good that is being accomplished, while the complaints that now reach the Dairy and Food Bureau are rare. In bringing about these gratifying changes in the meat trade, the State Livestock Sanitary Board and the Dairy and Food Bureau have always co-operated most heartily and wil- lingly. IMPROVED BEEF SUPPLY OF PENNSYLVANIA. With the dynamic energy of the agents of the State Livestock Sanitary Board making a thorough inspection of the slaughter and packing houses of Pennsylvania to prevent the sale of diseased meat and meat products, and with the special agents of the Dairy and Food Bureau constantly on the alert to prevent the sale of chemically preserved meat products, and both agencies working together harmoniously for the protection of the health of the public, no state in the Union can boast of a better meat supply than Pennsylvania. The people of Pennsylvania are enjoying business prosperity, and notwith- standing prevalent high prices, the demand for good, clean beef and meat products generally, is the largest in the history of the trade. While some objected to an enforcement of the laws which prohibited the use of chemical preservatives in meats for preserving or brightening its ap- pearance, the best portion of the trade are of the unanimous opinion that the law is a wise one, and that with its impartial enforcement, no harm can come to any legitimate dealer or business interest. The agents of the National Bureau of Animal Industry are also inspecting the Pennsylvania establish- ments, transacting an inter-state business, and it was soon found that many of the smaller butchering establishments in some of the smaller cities and towns were perhaps the most willful or indifferent violators of the laws, so far as the use of sulphites was concerned. The Dairy and Food Bureau joined in this work most heartily, not to break down our business interests, but to give the trade still greater prestige, until the beef products of the State can only stand synonymous for cleanliness, purity and healthfulness. THE MEAT SUPPLY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Singular as it may appear, unconfirmed reports have reached the Dairy and Food Bureau at various times alleging that horse-meat was being palmed upon the public in certain sections of Pennsylvania for beef. It was claimed that horse-meat was being smoked and sold as dried beef, at a price considerably below that of the genuine article. While little credence was attached to such reports, special agents of the Bureau were detailed to make an investigation with the invariable result that reports came back to the effect that the infor- mants had been deceived or misinformed. No. 6. - * DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 103 In one instance it was reported that dried-beef was being sold by a well known merchant in a prominent town ‘at a price considerably below the normal price,’’ but upon careful examination, it was discovered that the price was below its actual cost, and reduced to compete with a rival merchant who had reported the alleged wrong-doing. While the figures indicate a constantly increasing consumption of meat in Pennsylvania, and the fact that the farmers of the State are feeding steers more extensively than for many former years, the magnitude of the farmer’s occupation in adding to the store of this class of food is hardly appreciated by the average reader. Taking the United States figures as a criterion, it has been calculated that every time the clock ticks a second during ten hours of a work-day, the farmer drives nine meat animals to the butcher. SULPHITES IN FRESH MEATS PROHIBITED. The old and reprehensible practice of converting partially decomposed fresh meat into Hamburg steak, after the addition of a liberal portion of chemical preservatives, is fortunately no longer popular in Pennsylvania. ‘Several years ago the practice was a very common one and prevailed among some of the largest and most reputable butchers. While apparently fresh, and the color of the meat being restored and heightened by the use of sulphites, physi- cal changes of a dangerous character and menacing to health were in progress. The chemists reported that borax, boric acid and sulphite of soda were a fre- quent adulterant, and the Dairy and Food officials, as a rule, experienced but little difficulty in securing convictions. The leading authorities assert that the use of a cvchemical preservative agent on meat is most reprehensible, no matter what it may be, and that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania performed a praiseworthy deed in stopping this abuse. The average city meat market does no longer have in readiness for imme- diate delivery the usual large quantity of Hamburg steak to await forthcoming but uncertain customers. The old, familiar pile of highly colored and attractive _“steak” is no longer in evidence, but the purchaser will be able to assist in selecting the meat he wants and will very properly watch the process of cut- ting and grinding the same while he waits. This method may be less profit- able to the dealer, but is of far greater value to the consumer. CHEMICALLY PRESERVED FRESH MEAT UNCOMMON. One of the most beneficient results derived from the enforcement of the Pure Food Act of June 26, 1895, which was repealed by the Legislature of 1907, was the almost total elimination of the dangerous practice of using sul- phites and other chemicals in fresh meat, sausage, bologna, Hamburg steak and in fact, in nearly all meat products. Canned meats were also very fre- quently found to be heavily “doped” with these pernicious chemicals, but as the warfare against their use continued, and after the arrest and punishment of hundreds of butchers and dealers in meat and meat products, there was a very perceptible and sensible decrease in the use of such deleterious materials for the purposes indicated. The more recent investigations and consequent analytical examination of samples purchased in the open markets of Pennsylvania show a general com- pliance with the law. The new meat act (1905), under which such prosecu- tions are now being brought provides for a fine of not less than one hundred dollars, and the average dealer will therefore be averse to taking any further chances of detection, arrest and punishment. The analyses of canned or tinned meats has also shown a marked change, and the vast meat industry is certainly in a much better and more healthful condi- tion than ever before. SAUSAGE DOPED WITH STARCH AND WATER. One of the articles commonly found on sale in every butcher shop and in many stores, namely, sausage, is the subject of a special investigation that is now being made by the National and other pure food authorities. The manu- facturers have been using starch and other material foreign in sausage in ex- cessive quantities for years, and it has also developed that such foreign sub- stances are added to enable the maker to add an abnormally and unwarranted large amount of water, thus giving the manufacturer profits that do not be- long to him. In Pennsylvania this subject received special consideration several years ago, and the prosecutions brought showed very conclusively that the same methods were being practiced here. After the imposition of a number of fines, these practices were reduced to a minimum, and later, analyses of numerous sam- ples failed to show the former gross abuses. While some butchers may sit up and burn the midnight electricity (or oil), to devise devious methods to get rich quickly, the old plan of ‘watering’ or “filling’’ sausage with starch and water is no longer safe. The Dairy and Food authorities of Pennsylvania were among those to take the initiative move to stop these practices. Their efforts were effective and are ow saving money for the poor people who are probably the largest consumers of sausage, 104 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE . Off. Doé. HOW TO HANDLE FRESH MEAT AND FISH. In relation to the sale of fresh meat and fish, a rule was adopted and pro- mulgated by this Bureau to the effect that such articles of food must at all times be Kept in a pure, clean and healthful condition. In the summer season they must be covered or protected from flies and insects by screens or other devices, and kept at a temperature as will prevent decomposition. Refrigerators and ice boxes for the storage of meats and fish must be kept well iced and clean, while stores, market houses and all rooms used for the storage or sale of meats and fish should be clean, properly ventilated and kept in a sanitary condition. When meat or fish are not so cared for it will be con- sidered in violation of the laws, and the owners treated accordingly. The conditions that prevailed in many sections of the State were extremely unsanitary, if not absolutely dangerous to the health of the public, and it is pleasing to note that there has been at least a partial observance of these new rules. It is also a noteworthy fact that these unpleasant conditions were not confined entirely to the slum sections of cities, but were found to exist in many unsuspected places, and where better things had been hoped for. The Special Agents of the Dairy and Food Division are no respectors of per- sons, and abated such nuisances wherever found, regardless of the standing of the delinquent dealer. During the coming summer, special attention will be paid to this work, in connection with the joint efforts of the agents of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. IMMATURE OR “BOB-VEAL” ILLEGAL. The long mooted question as to securing legislation that would effectively prohibit the sale of immature or “‘bob-veal” has at last been answered in the affirmative, tlirough the medium of the duties placed upon the State Live- stock Sanitary Board. The sworn special agents of this Board are authorized to condemn, seize and confiscate any such veal or other unwholesome meat, and under such authority, has already brought about a change in many sec- tions of the State that is appreciated. In a majority of cases, those who dealt in immature veal would pack the carcasses in barrels and boxes, and consign them to inter-state points. Under the new National laws, these dealers would also be liable to severe penalties, and where the same are carefully observed and enforced carcasses must now be accompanied by proper certificates, show- ing their origin, etc. Several years ago, the shipments of “bob-veal’ from this State into New Jersey and New York had reached large proportions. It was currently believed that the most of the shipments were converted into canned goods and sold as ‘potted canvas-back duck,” “turkey” or “chicken.” The Dairy and Food officials are gratified because of this change, and doubly glad because of the fact that the work of inspection and consequent condem- nation, if found unfit for focd, has been placed under the careful scrutiny of skilled veterinarians. His Excellency, Governor Stuart, and Dr. Leonard Pear- son, Secretary of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, acted most wisely in their conclusion that only graduate veterinarians should be appointed to fill the responsible positions as inspectors of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. MINCE-MEAT IN PENNSYLVANIA. The Dairy and Food Bureau corresponded with numerous parties in relation to ‘the legality of various brands of mince-meat. It has been ascertained that very many of the so-called “mince meats” do not contain any meat, while in general, the meat contents are very inferior in quantity; in fact, it is said that very few of the mince meats sold in the stores contain more than 10 per cent. of meat. Suet and tallow are sometimes employed as a cheap filler as a sub- stitute for the genuine meat, which apparently produces a better combination than that made without any such substance. Without meat, the name is most certainly a misnomer, and a fraud upon the buyer and consumer. Judged by the name alone, it appears that meat of some kind would be an in- dispensable factor in the composition. Many of the brands of pressed mince-meat aré a novelty in their make-up; but in the absence of any definite knowledge as to their sanitary character—and their effect upon health when used as a regular dietary, we will refrain from making any comments. One thing is quite certain: and that is the fact that the so-called commercial mince-meat does not as a rule approximate in quality that made by the house-wife of Pennsylvania, no matter if each such “‘manu- facturer’’ has a method peculiarly her own. Until quite recently there was scarcely a well-known brand that did not contain a chemical preservative; such as benzoate of soda, etce., while in a few instances, the product was improved in appearance by the use of artificial coloring matter. Some of the leading manufacturers are now manufacturing a better grade to meet the demand of the more fastidious customer, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105 THE SALE OF DRESSED POULTRY. A visit to the market and stalls as well as stores in the larger cities and towns where dressed poultry is sold will be a revelation to some of the people of the rural districts who are accustomed to seeing and buying only live or freshly slaughtered poultry. It is said that there are thousands of fowls exposed for sale annually that were killed a year or two ago, and kept in cold storage, to await a rising or more satisfactory market. The writer saw fowls that came out of cold storage that were frozen solid, and upon being thrown around while being assorted and classified for sale, in some instances the frozen legs were broken off, through careless and rough handling. After removal from cold storage, some of the dealers dipped these fowls into water containing a pe- culiar chemical solution, to assist in restoring them to a more natural color, but the careful analysis of a number of specimens did not reveal the presence of harmful chemical preservatives. The attention of the Dairy and Food Bureau has been called at various times to the badly decomposed condition of some of the dressed poultry offered for sale in certain places, but in a majority of cases, such matters were very properly placed under the care of the local health authorities, who are always on the spot and in the place where such violations occur. Whether drawn or undrawn, poultry should be handled under the most san- itary conditions, and the sale thereof positively forbidden if there is the least indication of decomposition. This question is one of obvious importance to the housekeeper who will hail with delight any measure that will improve the present unsatisfactory condition of the average poultry market. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. The following financial statement showing the receipts of ‘the Dairy and Food Division of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1907 is of special inter- est, since it reveals at a glance the importance and growth of this important and valuable branch of the public service. The figures are as follows: RECEIPTS. OlEOnIALES UIME PAC CTISCS i wielelejeyale siatn|-/-/atefotl ain |e = Iolo wie) o\e\e ole sini sleinlo\e\ sie olelninio/«:laeps\s ® $26,586 21 Oleomarsarine OMNES, | daciseyslejsel=einaie. cis) -s-taheloge aye (ciele ale: sle\(eila ela slodaje wivieioteyg wickeie 16,438 44 TEINS Tpaoveli Mins (asad cogeearesc sonomer ee CeniCoC EOC onDomE ooo Dorr sande HDane 8,381 27 Teyavorenieye! Isibtine IbileeReie Sencooeees dees os bemodobscl goopono GoCoooUdbe 2,369 17 Whe GNVGCS» asdotdbunccesoub SaouueaeUS Sone OOo Danae AbD cenaad mance cou sootad 1,015 86 Wihi@eahe lala candsaeh an eo bobo se poCeD BO anon Da oces Coon Be RDO mrOoOdCosoroORoro er: 589 68 TEyeyrGanaudeal Terese IDE Se a aaerocnonepenoromoesed anadecmancococuuoboagsons 202 00 RIZE. ITS Psadacas sussoeEuann 5 asec adsonncnedGuaccouounuc Hoauoenancoduupnc 100 00 IL @idsl Taieecy We sd eaoooosh cde nonanRAanou0o os SAeorrocenTaoecaet mecoutomo ads aoe 50 00 $55,732 63 The entire sum above reported, namely, $55,732.68, was promptly paid into the State Treasury of Pennsylvania, for the use of the Commonwealth, as re- quired by the provisions of the General Appropriation Act. The aggregate receipts for the year 1907 compare favorably with former years. There is, however, a material decrease in the amount of fines collected for the violation of the pure food law, as compared with the preceding year. This fact is entirely due to the new pure food act which contains a number of prce- visos foreign to the act of 1895, which it supplants. The new law places the responsibility on the manufacturer, wholesale dealer or jobber, in cases where the retail merchant has exercised proper care and discretion in securing guar- antees. As in many such cases the goods are traced to non-residents of the State, no further legal action can follow in Pennsylvania and the only course to pursue is to report the violations to the National authorities for their con- sideration and action. Special attention has again been devoted to the illegal traffic in oleomar- garine, and the amount of fines collected from that source, $16,438.44, is the largest in the history of the Dairy and Food Bureau. i The receipts from renovated butter licenses amounted to $2,369.17, while $202.00 was received from defendants who violated the law regulating its man- ufacture and sale in Pennsylvania. EXPENDITURES OF THE BUREAU. The expenditures of the Dairy and Food Division during the year 1907 amount- ed to $78,455.88, classified as follows: EXPENDITURES. Special “Agents Salariess 1 ce ccescicte co.cc s viele) sie ctsie es oleie cle oni cisiniee.cie s) sie se w/0)nie $20,491 86 (WHEMISES © HEX PCTISCSp y etoe.c cine cle alee teveletehataloce ciacalsio va: Gla aah ais nie ees miperel nea Sve tm er aaa acai were co Nel er eah ae Tne Pe ane URE SAIC EPEAA OTN Seti wtais cele: arie sno (uie' s'e(Srahacn\s Mae PS TMToEDS RAR nic ecnloke aad Fae tate Nas etme IN OU G MO Ra Che CEA CEE CIC HID Cee EMEC IEE GI OD Son SORE cee ITE oe Sie Sane ere IEG ay Se inte RST aM tlio aeeg eae ee bare sh” CAMO Gr heh c/a. Aelia ye pcos ako oss oo ee Sn: ER EN. ARUN See OER TEL NICED, | ae ape GRAB ee OER SEE Ae hin Meo ee er PRUE EE Oe ay Tig Se ae eo + DONDYIEERNDHHN NRE OO RE HOO no- w aoa HHH oO rary * 3 s1bo Doe nwo Ap: co a > = oo 218 The total of the first column is 1618, against 1699 last mBumber condemned is 218 as against 283 last year. TES st eee eee i. adil #7 *4 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 139 The glanders situation of Philadelphia has improved somewhat, but there is still more glanders in Philadelphia than in all of the other sixty-six counties combined. A very energetic effort is being made to control this disease in all parts of the State and especially in Philadelphia, its chief seat. A careful watch is being kept on all sale-stables, and horse markets in general, and wherever a horse with glanders is located or where there is reason to suspect that there may be a horse afflicted with this disease, an immediate inspection is made and a quarantine is established, if necessary, until the suspected ani- mal has been examined to determine whether it is or is not afflicted with glan- ders. For this purpose the mallein test is relied on to a very great extent. If there is a discharge of pus from a skin lesion, or from the nose, a sample of pus is taken for examination in the laboratory. This examination consists in guinea pig inoculation. The collection of samples of blood for use in the agglutination test is some- times practiced. Results of this method of examination are referred to in the report of the laboratory. There has been great improvement during the year in the matter of reporting cases of glanders by owners and by veterinarians. Too much stress cannot be laid on the importance of early reports in this as in all other dangerous infec- tions of animals. Sometimes, an outbreak is not discovered until it has con- tinued for so long as to have led, unnecessarily, to the infection of several horses that might easily have been saved if the first appearance of the disease had been reported. Instances of this kind are becoming rarer as a result of the constant reminders that have been issued from this office. The unusual prevalence of glanders during the last two years has made it necessary for the State Livestock Sanitary Board to incur more expense in the control of this disease than has heretofore been necessary. This has exhausted resources that might otherwise have been used in other directions, as in the control of tuberculosis. There has, however, been no question as to the import- ance or necessity of energetically opposing this disease. All experience shows that if glanders is not effectively controlled, its tendency is to continue tospread, to the enormous detriment of horse interests. The situation is one that can be controlled now at relatively moderate cost. If the resources of the State Live- stock Sanitary Board were used in other directions, to the comparative neglect of this condition, the spread of glanders would undoubtedly be such as to render it necessary, in years to come, to expend sums of money to control glanders, so great as to be out of all proportion to the amounts now required. While it is unfortunate that some of the other work has to be restricted in order to effec- tively meet this new condition (and also the condition arising from the occur- rence of epizootic lymphangitis) there is, in my mind, no doubt as to the pro- priety of the course that has been followed. The plan for handling this disease is, in general, the same as has heretofore been described. HEMORRHAGIS SEPTICAEMIA. This disease has occurred during the past year in the following named counties: Carbon, Centre, Jefferson, Mercer, Potter and Warren. Forty-five cattle have been reported as having died inci- dent to the small outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicaemia that have occurred in these six counties. HOG CHOLERA. This disease has been reported during the past year in the following named counties: Armstrong, Allegheny, Berks, Blair, Bucks, Carbon, Centre, Chester. Clearfield, Cumberland, Franklin, Huntingdon, Juniata, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, Mercer, Montgomery, Northumberland, Sullivan, Washington ena Westmoreland. Most of these out- breaks have been small and have involved but one or a few herds in closely limited districts. In only few cases has the disease spread to more than six or seven farms. In most instances it has been possible to trace the origin of in- fection to hogs that have been shipped from a distance by railroad. In other cases, it has not been possible to determine the origin of the infection. The quar- antine measures that have been adopted, the isolation of the affected hogs, the disinfection of the infected premises, have in most cases, sufficed to keep the outbreaks within bounds. But while it has been possible to keep outbreaks from spreading to many farms, the losses in some cases have been very heavy on the farms involved. There is great need in the control of this disease for a means of immunizing animals on infected or exposed farms. This problem is one that the Bureau of Animal Industry has been working on for a number of years, as noted in previous reports, and it is believed that this work is now developed to such a point that its results will soon be available for the protec- tion and benefit of hog raisers of the country through its application by State veterinary sanitary services. MANGE OF HORSES. This disease has occurred during the past year in the following named counties: Allegheny, Berks, Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Centre, Chester, Delaware, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lebanon, Lycoming, Montgomery, Monroe, Philadelphia, Somerset, Susquehanna, Tioga, Wayne and York. Not many cases have occurred in any one county. The greatest prevalence has been in Philadelphia and in Lackawanna counties. This disease has been traced to horses brought from the West, just as glanders has been so widely distributed 140 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. in this State during the past two years in the same way. The fact that the disease has occurred in a large number of widely scattered places and that there have been very few cases in each outbreak, sometimes only two or three, tends to show that the infection is being distributed from some distant point of origin. Where an infectious disease has long been in a district there is evidence of its spread locally, and such evidence is rare in respect to mange of horses. In addition to this evidence, a considerable number of horses that have re- cently been shipped from the West have been found to be suffering from mange, usually in its early stages. Mange spreads rather insidiously and the condition is not one to cause alarm to owners of infected horses until after it has progressed considerably. This being the case, it is probable that mange is more widely spread than appears from the cases that have been reported. If so, this will be emphasized by a decided increase in the number of reported cases next year. The lime and sulphur wash, made according to the instructions furnished in the report of 1906, is a thoroughly effective and satisfactory remedy for the treatment of horses affected with this disease. All cases of mange, according to law, must be reported to the Secretary of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. Unfortunately, however, veterinarians are not called in, in many cases, to treat horses with mange until the disease is quite advanced and has spread to a number of horses in contact. TUBERCULOSIS: During the past year, 1,819 animals afflicted with tubercu- losis have been destroyed. These have come from 878 separate sources in sixty counties. The greatest number of tuberculous cows have come from the coun- ties in which the dairy industry is most highly developed. There is, however, no county in the State that has not been reached by tuberculosis of cattle, al- though there are great differences in the extent of prevalence. Most of the work that has been done by the State Livestock Sanitary Board in the repression of tuberculosis of cattle has been done in response to volun- tary requests from the owners of tuberculous cattle or of suspected herds. There is no provision for a general systematic inspection of the cattle of any part of the State. To conduct a systematic, periodical inspection of herds, or, if not of all herds, then of dairy herds, would require a staif of assistants and an appropriation greatly in excess of those now provided. There is in some quarters an urgent demand for the regular inspection of herds producing milk for use as market milk. This demand comes not only from milk consumers and from boards of health, but also from dairymen who are now doing good work, but who have to sell their product in the market in competition with milk produced on farms where no attention is paid to sani- tation. Most of the consumers of milk do not discriminate between clean milk and dirty milk; they take it as it comes and pay the standard market price and ask no questions as to its source or as to the conditions under which it has been handied. lf the milk contains a reasonable percentage of cream, if large quantities of visible dirt do not gather in the bottom of the container and if the milk does not sour within less than one day, the average consumer is satisfied. This lack of discrimination on the part of consumers is discouraging to those dairymen who take an interest in endeavoring to raise the standard of their pro- ducts, who keep their herds free from tuberculosis, their premises clean and sanitary and who enforce the practices indicated by their knowledge of milk hygiene. For such producers to gain no market advantage over the man who has an infected herd and doesn’t care, whose premises are dirty, whose utensils are unclean, whose facilities for washing and sterlizing are primitive or non- existent and who supplies milk of low hygienic quality, appears to be unfair to the careful producer. For the encouragement of good producers, it is im- portant that bad unsanitary dairies should be improved or suppressed. This subject is mentioned in connection with the discussion of tuberculosis, not because tuberculosis is the only, or, perhaps, the most important part of the subject of milk hygiene, but because the public is rather in the habit of thinking that the eradication of tubercuiosis is the first step that should be taken in efforts to improve the quality and wholesomeress of the milk supply. The fact is, that the eradication of tuberculosis from herds is but one of several things that it is necessary to do to place a milk supply on a proper basis. There are other diseases of cattle that are of importance; the sanitary condition of the premises, the purity of the water supply, the equipment of the dairy and its ad- ministration all have to be considered in this connection. It is, however, true, in most cases, that where a herd is free from tuberculosis the other conditions on the dairy farm are good. This is because the dairyman, if sufficiently care- ful to keep his herd free from tuberculosis or to eradicate tuberculosis, if it has once been introduced, is likely to be so progressive as to keep the various details of his farm and dairy work up to a high standard. Of course this obser- vation does not hold good in localities where there is little tuberculosis of cattle and where the freedom of a herd from infection is a matter of good luck rather than of careful planning and administration. While most of the facts in regard to tuberculosis of cattle that are essential to herd owners in their efforts to protect their cattle against this disease are rather widely known, there is still, in some quarters, need for further promul- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 141 . gation of information on this subject. This is due to the distorted or false statements regarding tuberculosis that have been distributed during the past few years from certain sources having selfish ends to serve. The position that the representatives of the State Livestock Sanitary Board have taken in regard to tuberculosis has always been conservative. There has been no effort, in Pennsylvania, to force farmers, against their will, to have their herds tested with tuberculin, or to have cattle that have reacted to tuberculin destroyed. The tuberculin test of herds in this State has always been voluntary and owners of reacting cattle in early stages of tuberculosis have always been encouraged to keep these animals and to use them subject to the principles and precautions of the Bang or Danish system. The only compul- sion that exists in regard to the use of tuberculin is that in relation to the inspection of dairy cows and cattle for breeding purposes brought into Pennsyl- vania from other states. The only compulsion that exists in regard to the destruction of tuberculous cattle applies to cows that have tuberculosis of the udder, or to animals afflicted with the disease in an extensive or generalized form. The disagreements and disputes that have occurred in some other states between the veterinary sanitary authorities and herd owners have been notable for their absence in Pennsylvania. When a farmer realizes what tuberculosis of cattle is and what its preva- lence in his herd means to him, he is quite as anxious to get rid of the disease as the public can be that he shall do so. If herd owners have, in some instances, been tardy in reporting tuberculosis or in taking effective measures to eradi- cate it from their herds, it has been because they were misinformed in regard to the disease and its significance, or because the resources of the State Livestock Sanitary Board were not sufficient to furnish them the aid and as- sistance that they desired. If appraisements for reacting cattle could be made on such a basis as to allow about three-fourths of the actual value of such ani- mals, chey would run at an average of about $40.00 per head, excepting in pure bred herds, where they would be higher. If appraisements could be made on this basis, the requests from owners for assistance in eradicating tuberculosis from their herds would be very numerous, as is shown by the fact that under present conditions there are now on file more than nine hundred applications from herd owners in excess of a number that can be responded to, on account of insufficient appropriation. If appraisement could be made on such a basis as indicated above, the cost to the State for its work in the eradication of tuber- culosis of cattle would be from $150,000.00 to $200,000.00 a year. The appraise- ments for cattle destroyed have always been far below the real value of the cattic and it is necessary, with the very small appropriation now available, and the great demand of farmers for assistance, that the average appraise- ment shall be lowered still more in order that the maximum number of farmers may be helped to some extent. At present, the resources are so limited that it is not possible to eradicate tuberculosis from one-half of the herds that are reported by their owners with requests for assistance. Tuberculosis has been spreading among cattle for a long term of years. Its spread is very insidious and it is frequently impossible to ascertain when a given herd became infected. Of course it is known that the chief mode of dis- tribution is through the transfer of infected cattle from one herd to another, but an animal may be infected for a long time and may be spreading tubercle bacilli in large quantities without showing external signs of disease. It is only by the use of the tuberculin test that such animals can be detected and danger from them avoided. Therefore, it has not been possible, until recently, for farmers to avoid the infection of their herds, however great their care may have been, however good the sanitary condition of their buildings, however well the cattle were fed and cared for, as it is only by the detection and ex- clusion of the first infected animal that this could be done and this was impossi- ble without the tuberculin test. Hence, the condition that exists is, to a very large extent, one for which herd owners are not responsible, and the extinction of tuberculosis among cattle is demanded for the protection of the livestock industry and the public health, that is, on public grounds, it is but right that the public should share the cost and the loss of this work. While the introduction of bovine tuberculosis and a large part of its distri- bution have been unavoidable, the same excuse cannot now be offered for the herd owner who knowingly propagates the disease by permitting it to continue in his herd or by selling infected cattle. It would seem to be just for the ‘State to offer to eradicate tuberculosis from herds at public expense and to hold this offer open for a certain time, say ten years, and afterwards require herd owners to keep their herds free from tuber- culosis at their own expense. The cost to the State under this plan might be from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000, distributed over a period of ten years. The advan- tage of the plan would be that that it would provide a limit to the period during which this expense would continue; it would permit all owners of diseas- ed herds to free their herds from infection with little loss and it would place the responsibility for further losses from tuberculosis where they would belong. In such a plan the animals not showing external signs of tuberculosis should be disposed of through the slaughter house, subject to competent meat inspec- tion. The modified Danish system might be used, as originally described and 142 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. recommended in previous reports, consisting in gathering together on certain farms reacting cattle from several herds with the view of keeping them and using them under such conditions that they may return a certain amount of profit without risk that they may spread disease. The vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis would also enter prominently into such a plan. The work that is now being done in relation to tuberculosis of cattle is pro- ducing marked results and there is a steady diminution in the prevalence of tuberculosis throughout the State, as is shown by such fragmentary and com- posite evidence as is available. But the problem is too large for the present machinery. It is unsatisfactory to this office to be able to do so little when so much is asked for and required. It is unsatisfactory and disappointing to herd owners to be told that their herds cannot be tested and tuberculosis erad- icated from among their cattle on account of the limited resources of the Board. If more money for this work cannot be found, then the present plan must con- tinue; it is giving good results and is carrying us steadily, although slowly, in the right direction. There can be no doubt, however that it would be good pub- lic policy to respond more fully to the demands from every quarter that tuber- culosis of cattle shall be repressed at a more rapid rate than is now possible. RABIES. During the past year the presence of rabies has been reported in the following named counties: Adams, Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Berks, But- ler, Bucks, Cambria, Chester, Columbia, Delaware, Fayette, Greene, In- diana, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Luzerne, Monroe, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Susquehanna, Venango, Washington, Westmoreland and Wyoming. It will be seen that twenty-five counties have been involved. The greatest number of cases have occurred in the counties of Delaware, Chester and Westmoreland. Seven hundred and tweny-nine dogs have been destroyed on account of infection by rabies or violation of quarantine. General quarantines were established in sixteen districts. These quarantines apply to all dogs in prescribed districts and remain in force 100 days. Five hundred and sixty-nine dogs were quarantined by the service of individual notices upon their owners. Where rabies is reported, an effort is _.ways made to secure the head of the suspected animal for laboratory examination. It may be shot or otherwise des- troyed by any one. Where the quarantined district includes a city or borough, an effort is always made to secure the cooperation of the city or borough au- thorities in the establishment and enforcement of the quarantine within their field of jurisdiction. By these means, extensive outbreaks of rabies have been prevented during the past yeor. The disease, however, is widely distributed and it is only by constant watchfulness that it is kept from spreading extensively. There have been numerous instances during the year that have shown the im- portance and value of the quarantine that have been established. Dogs muz- zled or confined have often developed rabies after they were placed under re- straint. When it was found that they were afflicted with rabies they were, of course, destroyed, and as they had no opportunity to bite other animals they did not become factors in the dissemination of the disease. Some well meaning but misinformed persons oppose the quarantine, muzzling, or confinement of dogs during outbreaks of rabies because they contend that this restraint may produce rabies in the restricted animals. There is not one par- ticle of evidence that can possibly be found to support such ridiculous views, which are totally erroneous. Rabies has been entirely exterminated in England, where it prevailed extensively for many years, by a general, compulsory muz- zling order. All dogs in England were required to be muzzled or kept under proper restraint. Those that became infected with rabies were unable to convey the disease to other dogs and so rabies became extinct. While all mammals are subject to rabies, the dog is the chief factor in the dis- semination and perpetuation of the disease. It is not possible for other animals, if rabid, to roam and convey infection to the extent that the dog does, therefore if rabies were fully controlled in dogs it would soon die out among other spe- cies of animals. It may seem to be trivial, but it is necessary to again remark that rabies is produced only by inoculation, and usually from the saliva, that is, by the bite of a rabid animal. It is not a disease that originates spontaneously or that is produced by any other cause than direct or indirect inoculation from an infected beast. Therefore, when rabies is once extinguished within a district or coun- try it does not re-appear unless the virus of the disease is brought in from without and the virus is thus transferred in the body of an infected animal. This knowledge as to the impossibility of the spontaneous origin of rabies and as to the way in which it is distributed is not at all discredited by the fact that there is no knowledge as to the probable origin of the disease. What we know, beyond peradventure, is that rabies cannot occur without the occur- rence of a previous case from which the infection producing the existing case was derived. Just as we know that wheat cannot be grown unless wheat is planted, we know that rabies cannot occur unless the virus of the disease is implanted in the tissues of a susceptible animal. We do not know where the first case of rabies came from, nor do we know the source of the first wheat planted. These facts are being more widely distributed and accepted and this makes it possible to secure more active co-operation from the public in the en- forcement of rabies quarantines, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 143 If rabies is diagnosed by this means, or if other evidence of the existence of rabies is such as to furnish reasonable ground for belief that rabies has ac- tually occurred, then a quarantine is established covering all dogs that have been exposed to contact with the rabid dog. If the history and conditions sur- rounding the case are such as to make it possible to locate all of the exposed animals, these animals are then quarantined by the service of special individ- ual quarantine notices upon their owners. If, however, the rabid dog has been at large and his course cannot be actually traced, as is so often the case, then a general quarantine is established affecting all dogs in the district that has been travelled over by the rabid dog. Such general quarantines are established by proclamation. The order of quarantine is published in two newspapers printed in the county of the quarantined area, and copies of the quarantine notice are posted conspicuously throughout the district involved. The laboratory of the State Livestock Sanitary Board is always ready to re- ceive the bodies or heads of animals that have died under such circumstances that, as to denote they may have been affected with rabies. In sending such material to the laboratory, the head should be severed from the body as soon as possible after death. It should then be wrapped in oilcloth, parchment pa- per, rubber or other water proof material and should be placed in a large buck- et, surrounded by cracked ice and sent at once to the laboratory of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, 39th street and Wocdland avenue, Philadelphia. A letter addressed to the State Veterinarian should accompany the specimen or should be forwarded in the same mail. This letter should give information as to conditions surrounding the case. By the newer methods of examination, it is possible quickly to tell, in most instances, whether the animal from which the speciment was taken was affected with rabies or not. If the animal was so affected, then it is possible promptly to take such precautions as may be neces- sary to prevent the further spread of disease, and if it is found that the animal was not affected with rabies, then a great deal of unnecessary expense and anxiety are avoided. Respectfully submitted, LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian. 144 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC ZOOLOGIST. Harrispure, Pa., January 1, 1908. Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg Fa.: Sir: I have the honor to submit to you the Annual Report of the Division of Zoology for the year, 1907. During the past year the work of this office has been prosecuted with as much vigor as possible, and with results that are certainly successful, as shown by the many communications received, and by the improved condition of orchards due to greatly increased knowledge of methods of fighting insect pests in this State. Five years ago when the present Economic Zoologist entered this office there was very little indeed known in this State concerning spraying. The number of spray pumps in use did not average four in each county; trees were dying by the thousands from the deadly efiects of pests, orchards were neglected and orchardists were discouraged; farmers nad ceased to plant new orchards, the sales of the nurserymen were running low, tree agents were finding great diffi- culty to dispose of their wares, almost no fruit trees, as a rule, were being sold, fruits were imperfect in quality and high in price, and the outlook for orcharding was very discouraging. Recognizing the conditions and the work necessary to remedy them, the present Economic Zoologist undertook a series of experiments and demonstra- tions, showing how to control insect pests, with special reference to the deadly and destructive San José Scale. We continually advocated liberal use of the boiled Lime-sulfur Wash, and as fruit growers commenced to try the methods recommended, all were astonished at the results obtained. They found by one thorough application that they could check the pest and restore the trees to fair condition of growth. Tens of thousands of trees, peach especially, have been made fruitful in this State within the second year after the application of the remedy prescribed. The San José Scale is now under satisfactory and practically perfect control of fruit growers, and the men engaged in this important occupation have taken renewed courage and greater interest in their business. They have purchased spraying apparatus to the extent of scores in each county, and have sought information to a remarkable degree, educat- ing themselves in the life histories of insect pests, methods of preserving beneficial species and destroying obnoxious kinds, and of applying practical remedies to save their crops. They are now seeing the profitable results of intelligent activity. More extensive orchards are being planted in this State at present than ever before; nurserymen have told us during the past year that their sales of trees amounted to more than during the total five years previous; a new business has been established in the sale of spraying apparatus and commercial insecti- cides of various kinds, and a new profession has come into existence in that of the commercial tree sprayer. Three or four years ago at a public meeting in Lancaster we recommended as a solution of the San José Scale problem, that some person in each township or borough equip himself with a good power spraying apparatus and go into the business of spraying orchards, or that several persons in a neighborhood unite to buy a really good outfit, form a partnership and do their own spraying at such times as is necessary to give best results. At that time these recommendations were opposed by a prom- inent fruit grower in the State on the basis that the spraying season is so short that it would not pay, as several persons would want the apparatus at one time, and, on the other hand, no one would want it excepting during a few days only. It has since been proven that spraying for the San José Scale can be done successfully at any time when the trees are dormant or the leaves are off, and that there is ample time for dozens of persons to use the same apparatus and have as good results as they should desire. The possibility of a prolonged period of spraying for the San José Scale, and even for other objectionable insect pests, has been fully demonstrated, and consequently the profession of the commercial sprayer has developed. Hach year, from every township where fruits are grown, there continues to be a demand for some person equipped with apparatus to do the work of spraying for pests in the proper season, at fair compensation, and thus make good No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 145 profits. To assist in this work we have prepared a list of names and addresses of persons whom we have learned are engaged in the good work of com- mercial spraying. This list has been published in our Monthly Bulletin, and at present is as follows: COMMERCIAL SPRAYERS. The following is a list of names and addresses of persons who will furnish apparatus and do commercial spraying. If others are known we shall be glad to learn of them. Bedford County. Mr. Todder, Bedford, Pa. Mr. L. O. Walter, New Enterprise, Pa. Berks County. Mr. Jeremiah Gressley, Rockland, Pa. Mr. Henry Miller, Shoemakersville, Pa. Mr. W. P. Ruth, Sinking Springs, Pa. Mr. J. S. A. Schaeffer, North Heidelberg, Pa. Mr. J. H. Giles, 123 S. Fifth St., Reading, Pa. Mr. W. K. Hummelreich, Blandon, Pa. The Board of Poor Directors at Shillington have a Niagara outfit which they will rent. Blair County. Mr, N. A. Rhodes, Tyrone, Pa. Bucks County. Mr. Mahlon Gross, Fountainville, Pa. Mr. H. L. Shelly, Quakertown, Pa. (50c per tree). Mr. Jos. T. Diehl, Perkasie, Pa., R. No. 2. Mr. E. H. Alderfer, Souderton, Pa. Bell 19W. 2 machines. Mr. Charles Rickert, Perkasie, Pa. Mr. S. M. Rosenberger, Blooming Glen, Pa. Centre County. Mr. A. M. Breon, Millheim. Chester County. Mr. Dennis Gallagher, Strafford, Pa. Mr. J. D. Thomas, Whitford, Pa. Mr. Chas. S. Coates, Nottingham, Pa. Mr. J. T. Clarke, West Chester, Pa. Mr. Elias Jones, Malvern, Pa., Box 57. Clearfield County. “Mr. W. P. Tate, Curwensville, Pa. - Clinton County. Mr. H. S. Bollinger, Lock Haven, Pa. Cumberland County. Mr. John Hale, New Cumberland, Pa. Mr. Kast, Mechanicsburg, Pa. Mr. John H. Myers, Dickinson, Pa. Dauphin County. Mr. J. R. Snavely, Harrisburg, Pa. Mr. E. B. Mitchell, Harrisburg, Pa. Mr. Roy P. Walter, Berrysburg, Pa. Delaware County. Mr. Jordan C. Cavener, Media, Pa. Mr. N. P. Suplee, Collingdale, Pa. Franklin County. Mr. W. H. Stewart, Roxbury, Pa., Box 12. Fulton County. Mr. Robert L. Jackson, McConnellsburg, Pa. Lackawanna County. Mr. Clark (Florist), Scranton, Pa, Lancaster County. Mr. Jacob Chambers, Lancaster, Pa. Care of Dr. S. T. Davis. Mr. D. P. Bricker, Lititz, Pa. Mr. A. F. Trout, Quarryville, Pa. Mr. C. D. Herr, Cresswell, Pa. Mr. G. B. O. Felty, Millersville, Pa. Mr. B. F. Barr, Lancaster, Pa. Mr. J. Wilmuth, 735 E. Orange St., Lancaster, Pa. Mr. Menno E. Shirk, Stevens, Pa. Mr. Moses Lapp, Gap, Pa., R. F. D. No. 2. Mr. Harlan Gatchell, Peters Creek, Pa., R. F. D. Mr. E. Eshleman, West Willow, Pa., R. No. 2. Mr. John H. Weaver, New Holland, Pa., R. F. D. Mr. John Kensinger, Leola, Pa. Mr. Wesley Brook Hart, Lititz, Pa. Mr. John Reist, Mt. Joy, Pa. Mr. Phares Martin, Reidenbaugh’s Store, Pa. Lycoming County. Mr. Wolf, Williamsport, Pa. Mr. Hamilton, Williamsport, Pa. Mifflin County. Mr. -J. P. Arnold, Milroy, Pa., R. F. D. No. 15S3. Monroe County. Mr. Randall Bisbing, E. Stroudsburg, Pa. Montgomery County. Mr. D. M. Ellis, Bridgeport, Pa. Mr. H. E. Wohlert, Bala, Pa. 10—6—1907. 146 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Mr. John M. Markley, Lansdale, Pa., L. B. 245. Mr. J. K. Scehwenk, Providence Square, Pa. Mr. W. E. Baker, Skippack, Pa. Messrs. Miller and Baker, Hatfield, Pa. Mr. E. H. Bernd, Tylersport, Pa. Mr. Jos. D. Detwiler, Souderton, Pa., R. D. No. 1. Mr. Calvin Hart, Lafayette Hill, Pa. Mr. C. K. Milford, 1041 Green St., Norristown, Pa. Mr. T. P. Dutton, Willow Grove, Pa. Mr. Raymond Hoot, West Point, Pa. Mr. W. O. Carver, Lansdale, Pa. Mr. G. W. Shunk, Lower Providence, Pa. Mr. John Toomey, Conshohocken, Pa. Mr. G. L. Oddy, Centre Square, Pa. Mr. Wm. Sturzwecher, Lansdale, Pa. Mr. Peter Reilly, Rosemont, Pa. Northampton County. Mr. &. EH. Graver, Easton, Pa., R.- No 1. Mr. J. N. Hartzell, ©. Bangor, R. EF. D. No. 48, Pa. Mr. Ervin S. Lambert, Easton, Pa., R. No. 4. Northumberland County. Mr. F. A. Newcomer, Milton, Pa. Mri sGhais:; Diehl; Pottserove, Pa.) R. i iD: Philadelphia County. Thos, Meehan & Sons, Mt. Airy, Phila., Pa. Mr. Herbert Inman, 2419 N. College Ave., Phila., Pa, Mr. F. C. Peters, 1o7 N. 20th Street, Phila., Pa. D. H. Kyler & Co., Germantown, Pa. Scientific Spraying Co., 5104 Brown St., Philadelphia, Pa. Schuylkill County. Mr. Al. Kimmel, Orwigsburg, Pa. Mr. J. L. Heine, Orwigsburg, Pa. Snyder County, Mr. Albert Dreese, Beaver Springs, Pa. Mr. W. H. Bingaman, Beavertown, Pa. Mr. J. J. Tobias, Beavertown, Pa. Mr. J. Shamback, Swineford, Pa. Mr. E. A. Shafer, Port Trevorton, Pa. Union County. Mr. H. A. Taylor, Mifflinburg, Pa. Mr. Geo. Kunkel, Lewisburg, R. No. 1, Pa. Mr. Solomon Dewalt, W. Milton, Pa. Westmoreland County. Mr. J. N. Woolman, Greensburg, Pa. York County. Mr. John O. Gardner, 25 E. King St., York, Pa. Mr. Marion Thomas, Delta, Pa. Mr. Howard Anderson, Stewartstown, Pa. Mr. John H. Baird, Stewartstown, Pa., R. No. 1. Mr, John F. Stern, Sunnyburn, Pa. Mr. John H. Budd, York, Pa. Mr. D. Barnett, Woodbine, Pa., R. F. D. Mr. O. K. Burkins, Woodbine, Pa., R. F. D. Mr. Edward Hetrick, Dallastown, Pa. Mr. Howard Miller, Red Lion, Pa, Mr. John Taylor, Dallastown, Pa. Fauth Bros., Wrightsville, Pa., R. D. No. 1, Box 107. Mr. A. E. Houseal, Red Lion, Pa. Mr. John Spangier, Red Lion, Pa. After orchardists once spray, they find the results so very gratifying in sav- ing their fruit crops and producing first class fruits, where formerly they pro- duced only culls, that they are now purchasing and using apparatus, studying the subject of fruit production, buying and planting trees and showing a gen- eral horticultural awakening such as this State has not known for many years. In Volume I, Number 1, of our Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology, we announced the features of the work that would be undertaken by this office. Among these were the examination of specimens and answers to questions sent, personal work of investigation and experimentation, publications, lec- tures, inspection of nurseries and private premises, inspection of imported plants, seeds and fruits, and the making of collections. These features of the work of the office have been faithfully executed to such extent as has been found advisable and possible during the past year, with the addition of exten- sive orchard inspection, and the establishment of demonstration orchards in some of the different counties of this State. DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS. The citizens of Pennsylvania have justly asked to be shown the methods of doing things which were new to them. We believe there is nothing equal to the demonstration method to bring the desired results. Consequently we have established demonstration orchards at the following places: e No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 147 | County. Owner. Place. | Demonstrator in | | Charge, | = Es ——_ | a = PANIC HENNY, ac seaschreciss Sip GW ONGSD ita s aneeee series POac ally Smee temi elcie eter | G. W. Sloop. PSCCHHOT Os Pe loretanilNavesesisteerente | Bedford County Home,.| Bedford, ............... Re hy daee: [ELST ROP Gi ce eel erie Prany Gl Berks County Home,.... ctsiout hte r\ilelaie sl Gannaceoead | Ju. C. Bowers. Bi lkcseien saetes sans National Farm School, | Farm School, ......... | E. L. Loux. IBLE RT vce sass saceciee County Home, ....:.:... WSC eI ce ee deem acme cy | Frank L. McClure. Wambnia. hone sh aeeccetec County Home, ......... a eMIbensbuney ence we emee| R. F. Lee. MOG SECT Mel (a otc piecionisietaree Gounty Hlome, s.ccevase Embreeville, .......... | Francis Windle. Gleamhiotds. sakes colace @ounty: Momen cocci | Wier waitelicls | Sacéscedauena Ry reece: CFOMUITRA Finan ve ss aehorele Bloom Poor ‘Dist. <-o.« ASIGOMIS DUKE: i sterasicjratenier> A. W. Stephens. (Orb Gaal oS cl aXe mer ere Indian School, Garis ley i iss% anrstermas listen EF, Z. Hartzell. Dauphin, County Home, gol ERAPLISDUNES acictien oiseic ere PP. H, Hertzog. Delaware, n@Oumitys BLOMUS «cis. ect le fer DWit aa ae Seal COE NG Ob seen M. E. Shay. MANIOTING COD © .a.cverseweace FREPOTINATON Y= aa:- sreisierorcnire | EDUC ETON eae scl s cieles | J. Bergy. ETE wok soc ceca Frank Daugherty, ..... | SusshEhe, pt endasdnuecdee | G, W. Sloop. Eackawanna, .fscnccesss Randolph Crippen Hs- | Dalton, ................ A. O. Winn. tate. SATU CASE CIS Vere niciart cieicteiortterd Home for Friendless | Lancaster, ............. J.’ De Herr: Children. County Home, ....-c.- TARGASECP: Clave siiccte J. D. Herr. PIS DANION: Sh rateis-a. cee stavieteinle ) County Hiomes 4ecscc.05-:5 (lsebamon. eens Rallbedie pete erties Wa CORDES ssa Se uoemine a's eCity EVOMe sy ae clwametse at sre | Williamsport, .. eles Co moster: MGM Te Scecccs luvloccianet PICOUIVE ye LOMO Sasi eames ERISPFISEO WINS) totere scx olsiets nia | J. Bergy. MGHtEOMERY > | ecjeclciclasics | State Asylum, .......... | Norristown, jd. Se Usrizes: AUDO TACIT ee arn cys waters oe nate Pa. Insane Llospital. ..) Danville, os. es senee ce A. W. Stephens, Northampton, .......... Carter Junior Republic,| Redington, ............ | P. R. Boltz. Northumberland, ...... | Odd Fellows’ Orphans’ | Sunbury, ...............| A. W. Stephens. Home, | REET Y Sshstcccurt abt taieeayss i Gounty ELOMES. s.scss. one TIO SGI se cote eucoun eaten TG hester: EAGER T ee, cteae arom ceratete An's | County Home, .iic.0s< InGamdersporti .s.acsecee M. L, Benn. BELO iateiaiestofselatcinie eioiotare iG PAT Eatherillgr i icnncn Wellsboro, R. D. 1,...) M. L, Benn. PREM MEM erie tines Neerland aaNet GuLOhM@Nin alchior ccicic ells MLCK SOUTER ccaretessteinraloielsieto 1 eT Co Woster WG) Sedacouspooonne | Inst. for Feeble Minded,| Polk, ................... | F. L. McClure, Westmoreland, ......... | Gounty. ELOWIG, i... 2caininsste GPeenSHUrE), .cenaaheces | G. W. Sloop. ) It is our purpose to continue these demonstration orchards during 1908 and 1909, and to establish others. It is now evident that no work we have yet started will prove so important, helpful and practical as this. Demonstra- tions are given showing the present or modern methods of orchard prac- tice to produce first-class fruit, free from injury by insect pects or plant diseases. Announcements are made through the press and otherwise concern- ing the dates of the demonstrations, and interested persons are invited to attend. The attendance often is large and the citizens take great interest in the work and express themselves as having received great help from the same. The final results can not be seen within two or three years, but by next year we shall be able to show what can be accomplished in the practical renovation of old, diseased and worn-out orchards. ORCHARD INSPECTION. Orchard inspection has been the chief means of coming into contact with the public and rendering direct personal services. We have had about thirty dif- ferent persons on the inspecting force. Their duty was to inspect private premises, in order to report to this office the kinds of pests found and the varieties of fruits infested. We, in turn, send notification of pests present and instructions as to the proper treatment to destroy them. This, combined with the demonstration orchard system, is resulting in the preservation of orchards as no other means could have done. The detailed reports of the inspection for 1907 are as follows: DETAILED REPORTS OF ORCHARD INSPECTIONS FOR 1907. Report of inspections by counties and inspectors giving (a) number of dem- onstrations; (b) total number of persons in attendance at demonstrations; (c) number of orchard or rural inspections; (d) number of borough_ inspections; (e) number of rural premises found infested with San José Scale; (f) percentage of rural premises infested with San José Scale; (g) number of fruit trees rep- resented in rural inspections in 1905 and 1906; (h) number of fruit trees repre- sented in rural inspections in 1907. Off. Doc. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 148 ey. 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Dee. LICENSED TREE DEALERS. It is necessary for each tree dealer in Pennsylvania to procure a license or certificate from the Department of Agriculture, permitting him to transact his business in this State. However, it is not necessary for-the tree agent to obtain such license. The difference between the tree agent and tree dealer is, that the former represents one nursery, acting for them upon commission and not handling any stock beside that for which he has direct orders. Of course it is impossible for any nursery to transact business or sell or deliver stock in this State, without a license, and consequently the person who is acting as direct. agent for any nursery is selling under the license or certificate of his firm. Thus the agent is regarded as holding a license by virtue of the one which his firm must obtain to transact business in the State. By the term “Tree Dealer’ we refer to persons who make a business of buy- ing nursery stock from various places and selling it again upon his own responsibility or under his own name. Whenever we learn of a tree dealer in this State, we ascertain cf him the names and addresses of the firms from which he procures his stock, and we then write to the State Nursery Inspectors in the respective states given and learn if the nurseries named have been inspected, and if the firms have in every way complied with the rquirements of the law in their states, and if they have a certificate for selling nursery stock according to the regulations of the said state or states. Upon obtaining this information, if all is favorable, a certificate is sent from this office to the tree dealer to sell stock from those nurseries which we have investigated and found to have certificates, but from those only. If it be found that any nursery, the dealer named, in any State whatever, has not complied with the legal requirements of said state and does not have.a certificate for the selling of stock in its own state, the tree dealer is refused a certificate to sell stock from that nursery. Any tree dealer in this State should consequently be able to show his cer- tificate from this office and any agent should have credentials signed by the nursery which he represents, and which he can show. He should also be able to show conclusive evidence that his nursery holds a certificate of inspection in the state where the stock is grown. The following is a list of licensed tree dealers in Pennsylvania at this date: ALLEGHENY COUNTY. Cc. F. Halfast, Wilkinsburg, Pa. HK. C. Hauser, Bellevue, Pa. H. M. Devereaux, Swissvale, Pa. Charles Honess, Allegheny, Pa. W. B. Bockstose, Castle Shannon, Pa. J. F. Zimmerman, Emsworth, Pa. L. F. Miller, 1023 Garret St., Pittsburg, J. M. Fails, 1807 Runette Ave., Pitts- Pa. burs. sear BEAVER COUNTY. J. C. Withrow, Vanport, Pa. A. E. Crouch, Rochester, Pa. J. H. Gutermuth, Rochester, Pa. BR RISS {COUN ye Jacob H. Wieand, Reading, Pa. Alfred Driebelbis, Reading, Pa. M. BE. Smeltzer, Reading, Pa. L. M. Neischwender, Hamburg, Pa. BLAIR COUNTY. James Hopkins, Juniata, Pa. BRADFORD COUNTY. J. EF. Gable, Athens, Pa. J. ©. Sibley, 2. DiINo, 16, Rome Pa. Jos. EK. Hamilton, R. D: No: 16, Rome; Pay BUCKS COUNTY. A. P. Krautz, Silver Dale, Pa. BUTLER COUNTY. Geo. W. Haine, R. D. No. 32, Callery, Pa. CARBON COUNTY. Paul Neihoff, Lehighton, Pa. L. B. Wagner, Weissport, Pa. David N. Rehr, Lehighton, Pa. CHESTER COUNTY. John Alcorn, Malvern, Pa. EF. W. Richardson, Paoli, Pa. CLEARFIELD COUNTY. Thos. W. Munro, DuBois, Pa. CLINTON COUNTY. W. W. Richie, Lock Haven, Pa. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 151 CRAWFORD COUNTY. J. ©. Boyd, Guy’s Mills, Pa. EF. M. Fleming, Cochranton, Pa. CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Ira A. Bigler, Camp Hill, Pa. Towzer & Wolff, Carlisle, Pa. D. C. Rupp, Shiremanstown, Pa. DAUPHIN COUNTY. A. H. Shreiner; Harrisburg, Pa. T. A. Woods, Harrisburg, Pa. Geo. FEF. Greenawalt, Hummelstown, J. R. Snavely, Harrisburg, Pa. Pa. J. M. Christman, Fort Hunter, Pa. DELAWARE COUNTY. John Wetherill, Chester, Pa. ERIE COUNTY. E. Hogoboom, Girard, Pa. W. C. Batchelor, Erie, Pa. W. S. Waldo, North East, Pa. EF. S. Powell, Lundy’s Lane, Pa. C. E. Powell, Lundy’s Lane, Pa. FRANKLIN COUNTY. J. W. Heffelfinger, Greenvillage, Pa. FULTON COUNTY. S. M. Robinson, McConnellsburg, Pa. Lewis H. Wible, McConnellsburg, Pa. X LACKAWANNA COUNTY. Giles L. Clark, Scranton, Pa. A. J. Noble, Scranton, Pa. LANCASTER COUNTY. J. S. Holwager, Elizabethtown, Pa. LEBANON COUNTY. Samuel P. Moyer, Myerstown, Pa. M. D. M. Batdorff, Myerstown, Pa. LEHIGH COUNTY. N. C. Beachy, Allentown, Pa. LUZERNE COUNTY. W. H. Lanyan, Hazleton, Pa. Geo. W. Long, Sweet Valley, Pa. H. M. Rogers, Dallas, Pa. McKEAN COUNTY. F. S. Palmer, Bradford, Pa. MONROE COUNTY. L. D. Hilenberger, E. Stroudsburg, Pa. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. John Reig, Jenkintown, Pa. Benj. Connell, Hoyt, Pa. A. E. Wohlert, Merion, Pa. NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. T. S. Headman, Seidersville, Pa. Dominico Sebastino, Roseto, Pa. NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. H. F. Frank, Montandon, Pa. Jos. Harris & Bro., Shamokin, Pa. : PHILADELPHIA COUNTY. Moore & Simon, Philadelphia, Pa. Henry F. Michel Co., Philadelphia, Pa. J. R. Giffen, 1826 No. Willington Street, Hosea Waterer, Philadeiphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Johnson Seed Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Wm. Henry Maule, Philadelphia, Pa. Herbert Inman, 2419 College Avenue, Walter P. Stokes, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Walter J. Keller, Pottsville, Pa. IDs ISL Shean, iSeieisss 12e), W. O. Snyder, Minersville, Pa. SUSQUEHANNA COUNTY. J. H. Tiffany, Hopbottom, Pa. TIOGA COUNTY. Arthur Edwards, Elkland, Pa. E. H. Wheaton, Knoxville, Pa. 152 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. UNION COUNTY. J. G. Oberdorf, Mifflinburg, Pa. WYOMING COUNTY. E. A. Nye, Eatonville, Pa. A. Ross, North Mehoopany, Pa. Russell Bros., North Mehoopany, Pa. YORK COUNTY. Cc. H. Snyder, York, Pa. Henry Everhart, Manchester, Pa. djs lal dbhiboykee,, SAoidie, 122k OHIO. Jones & Vernon, Troy, Miama county, Myers Bros. & Co., Wilmot, Stark Ohio. county, Ohio. NURSERY INSPECTION. Report of Nursery Inspection in Pennsylvania. During the past year the inspection of nurseries has been pushed with more than usual vigor, during both the summer season and the winter. This is the second year that we have inspected nurseries during the wintertime, and the results are found to be so beneficial that it is determined to continue this fea- ture of the inspection. The summer inspection commences the first of August and is continued until all the nurseries of the State are thoroughly inspected, which is generally until about the middle of September. However careful and conscientious the Inspector may be at the time of inspection, it is impossibie to find all the scale insects that may be concealed beneath green leaves and buds during the summer inspection, and also there is great danger that the scale may spread after this inspection is finished and infest nursery stock which was clean at the time it was inspected. In order to be certain to find the San José Scale and other tree pests, the February inspection is made when the trees are not in leaf, and there is a better opportunity to inspect them thoroughly and see that they are in proper condition for spring sales. The inspections have been made with greater care than ever before, and the nurserymen themselves have commended it and commented upon the thoroughness with which the present force of inspectors are doing their work. The results are gratifying to all parties concerned. When the nursery inspection was first undertaken, some of the nurserymen were opposed to it for the reason that they thought it was interfering with their rights and property, and that they should be permitted to sell the nur- sery stock grown on their own land if the infestation came by means for which they were not responsible. They now fully understand that to stay in the business permanently and continued to make sales, they must of necessity sell good stock in good condition and satisfy customers. Thus they have become enthusiastic supporters of a very rigid system of nursery inspection. The greatest evil threatening nursery stock in this State has been infested trees or shrubbery in the vicinity of nurseries, and the great danger of the San José Scale spreading readily from such trees to the nursery stock. Sev- eral cases of nursery infestation by such means were found by our inspectors a few years ago, and this justified the movement on our part to force the owners to rid their trees of such dangerous pests. As a consequence, last summer we gave considerable attention to inspecting trees and shrubs on premises in the vicinity of nurseries, and notified the owners that their prop- erty must be treated by certain means or it would be our duty to treat it or destroy it in order to get rid of the scale threatening the nurseries, nursery stock and neighbors. We are much gratified to report that in every case prompt remedial action was taken by the owners, and the results are very gratifying to all parties concerned. Nurserymen report that they have had during the past season far less infestation from scale from surrounding premises than ever before, which we believe is attributable to this method. Where trees are found infested in a nursery this State requires the destruc- tion of all those that are found infested by San José Scale, and the fumi- gation of all others from that nursery before they can be sold or shipped. There has been considerable complaint made against fumigation, some persons claiming that it injured their trees, but we know of a series of fumigation experiments which proved that three times the required dosage of one ounce of the Cyanide of Potassium to one hundred cubic feet of space resulted in no injury whatever to the trees or cuttings. It is by all means best to have nursery stock fumigated at the nursery before shipping, whether it be found infested or not. The reports adverse to fumigation have mostly come from persons who wished to be excused from the trouble of insuring, by this method, the freedom of their trees from pests. It is against the law to ship any nursery stock, of varieties subject to attack by San José Scale, into this State from any other state or country without certificates both of inspection and fumigation being attached to each package, bale or bundle in the shipment. Persons who have an opportunity are invited No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153 to aid us in the protection of our fruit growers and farmers by watching for incoming packages at railroad stations, express Offices, ete., which may not bear tags certifying both inspection and fumigation, as required by our State law. Reports of such infringement should be sent at once to the Secretary of Agriculture, with details of the facts of the case, with the name of the shipper as well as the consignee, and the railroad or express company carrying the shipment. It is likewise illegal to sell, ship or transport any nursery stock, for any distance whatever in this State, without said stock having attached thereto a certificate of inspection, showing when and by whom it was inspected, and if it has been fumigated, a certificate or statement of fumigation must likewise be attached. Purchasers are advised to reject all shipments not tagged or labelled in accordance with these statements, and notify this office of observed infringements of the law. The following is a list of the nurseries inspected and licensed in the State of Pennsylvania, giving the name, address, and area of each: ADAMS COUNTY. Name. Place. Acres. IMR Ger DAUR REES dain cetisic cre crsie ie Cele) ote shoes Ga ENSIDCES = | "te.ssrercisvecs cies vole be-elewt creas al PAS CONIEISS fae Suictars eos clejcie weie'e selele eieve.ccureve Getty sDures. Viens oliow ene cine anes 3 GHANMIESE dee VVASONGN cas sissies scialciele we creles Mn mim as buUre sac. sicrertsemisc cisrctecioe 3 AUPE CUDON On tea Najcniceieniacieniac ilies MODK MDEIMES'< inceicicere howite ee saisidlee cis 3 ATE eee Tee os. cr ssetererece ave eles leieie = pis lereraie lees Moris SPRINGS. facia aceeeiecetecleerine 2 (OwwilGie Ge ISleNeljome Woe le eGo seoeo nn cae Aicomcone Wi lbhaeiaiCllert Ween gaaanooaoassacclG] 3 ALLEGHENY COUNTY. PIIOREINALESOIY. (COL sticieieies oo eleleiecicustes a sie's i SprimZG@ales, acer sissevueisisisfalsiclovsteineisisss 33 \G. R. Elliot, Diamond Market, ........ PGES DIGS: cae ine oe tiseolottie eek sioeee 1 Mark E. Head, 230 Rogers Ave., ........ TB GUILE VildGRE cere ccienicictzreciavsiojeroeeloueis siavetet ete yy John W. Jordon, .....-.....seesee essen es Millvale ecto ce merccien eae niaciecsiectse yy BEAVER COUNTY. AVEC Ka PESOS) toe ot aisteleiei-lniel lelere sireielsle (ele yeis/eisls GAVE foc siecle syriay stele ejsyelerersnsleverste s'sl DODD OOS On OComnte NGS EN Ys oe iajers sic)ois stole «1s.o.stcvelagetersistoieierers 18 MELO IMLe Vue aisles a steieljalsisiala siekela1e)*elelsiol« INVUGUISEDY:, © Bosal cicle ine clere fe clude Darelarsketsiacctels 3 “YN. dig QheGeGly Sa.ckooncincoann uepondonebooueG lelotennorel, seoacadcooqcn nobogouedouc 7 EVA SEU EE Ul valaarc wiayainlo tivielere = sleisiele.oiai8 cvere\ereve FEV OTE WVIO OG Sta airev cielo esieterel clerseyeletoiateiciers 3 *Joseph and Charles Engle, R. D. No.2. Beaver ...........2-0-- ces cesesseoes 14 cre @ al MeseOeh, JR IDE Nhe Ie Conoaadcenonde IScrA VS COUN IS Wobetosoccadeodnbocuad 8 *hinoch Hingle, R. D. No. 1, s......3.. -. IB GACT cboteicere ctersistceisisisie © teoleveracolersieine / BEDFORD COUNTY. PACTS UAV AT LES Ilhan lefetaeralo) eteretetal eiste'e erevcverievelee ee INivaaa IBEW acing cco boonooodaUdoG DOCS 2 BERKS COUNTY. \Waiviaramiela L2900s, geocosdoosonnoonadTe Cooemol RONSON, naoocedGoocoudoucoodendoud % BUTLER COUNTY. IPWERcer DD LOSe pieeeitee selec eels ers einicieiee) sie) EDULCI CT: | Yslelele/clnjetalnleiuivieivin) v\uielejeleislieie.e/aleei¢ 6 BLAIR COUNTY. if, Je BOwGEIEy “oocabondoccusodsos70cnp cd0do INIGIWSV oy rls sia ticle ereislccva/eteratere ovelehereferelmeiete % BUCKS COUNTY. MIAO VETE sy iecicte is ictetste/ciereler Sratet veh Si steferers Oe, SHSTIVELT = atbcveneretorohsiecstetesieveiokes oustorsierecotelsiaisiels 3 lelchaliaiy Jet Nbaa(sio5 Que eladansoaooe eo nnoeoeboon Lickel} da\=r | BobqenacdodonoCuDUGOoKG Aine? LsI@TeaVES UME S coguoncgadeo coucooGnodudKD INFERNO, se ciudondos coco adusaooonog ae 5 ID}, Ikeinyebaaan, eel (On Aanoacodccacdocusuben JeToKhiOls Soncadeuoded.ccocdo of abomoomEHo 2 FDhe WwW 2 Mioon Co., -.-.-. lachetavarettejetotels WikoimenSallle, Gosovouea cooodcedaeonooe 200 Si, Chaigointe Seansrcodsccoadanbenooocpanoucdl WGI EKG. Sooaceansoocscpmooduoucnd 50 1D, Ae NGO elE Gopgeodonovgduoonded Gooeod Richlandtown, ........ Beigin eieinisisisiers 1 (SRS ADRs FR IDA UNION aly Ze eo eo coccudG SHOP ANY, BoaccoododoocoDnOUN0OD anes | Tacop HY Krout, Ro IDO INO. 1) cost. en. IPG lca si@uimenacisieree cers Mitanneeecteciel MNS TOT et *Growers of berry and small fruit plants only. 154 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHESTER COUNTY. Off. Doc. Name. Place. Acres SMO TAIS NUE SET EO Wes sc sacs. eee acces ELA VeErlOrd se Min cis.si:e sects oceres eee 5 TOhnGG ae GATGNen- sec cit een ee eee Villar INOVae cocec see cece: ene i Phila. Hedge Co., 817 Arcade Building,. Philadelphia or Wayne, .......... 5 THOS HIM SIS OCULES, bets Ataanet sates tie eae eee INGwtown Square sop. o- oceeee ace 5 JosepheEe Brinton wesseacecc te secrete Camp Grounds. ee eee eee yy ERIE COUNTY. Ho Vn) NEGINMES 55 coc4 soos coomoboevdenG aC INOKCh SWast;,/ 0. cass saci ste eerie 3 ZOLtOn LOS os crasicshasic ee ee eee eee North pMiast > 35 .roes oe eee 1 et Go AYO TIES) 55. craters erelae etoile ere coisa erste INorthisBast< ectiecaes nese eee 5 SDS Bostwick: 6) ‘Sami. sass bc cseeeee PERIL Gye MINS Wi8, =. 5a sievacotad sSnre ate eo 5 2M CE eile yt. Dt nINOugumeee ame sien mae INOTEnAWASE, (iticcicinsia oe cece ape 4% PAT ut eOYONTIL SS > steheiece neers pets amor eee North Hast sien s tots pane eee 3 WR De tsicdiicl Matec Daioh Ge yaa on seo as DOnthisH ist soir 1. e ain eee 3% eben ACN ONE cre tispatenanyastecis Grea eRe enCenae North Hastst cnc: enc seer il Aes TOOKS:) Etea De INOst Ls a eect ere Corry, OES SOI Tee Sao 3 pee Oe) MY Nm dias eugisrre Golesestecie oon ere aren Gairards a edenresincrcemak oo ore ee 1% eC se alo te ss tolsGresascais ios aestere ee AV OMAN sae Xe accuses IO Roa OS See YY, tele [OBR 2x5) 68 toh pa Rares guy es) Fs Plateal, 1. cen ttrise ss a nosis cee cen oe wy . FAYETTE COUNTY. eR SECM es hes SOM «.": Mawes here a eet Ne Malsontowil>cicn.cc eee oe Pacechanetey: | FRANKLIN COUNTY, (Geo pHa Wilt GMORESLET) jue clinic cteicessitciee Iie ATE O Sr 82S erakc eine temereeane 1 ELM Ey pELCR OU. «csies cide cis aesle Oeote aetiak eels Waynesboro, cts.cecste eee ee % *Growers of berry and small fruit plants only, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155 JUNIATA COUNTY. Name. Place. Acres RPT, SIGUING ES saiciefevens o,sisicisraeie,sicreeataeiciewe MeC wile um se Malls, | sriesosiaciscvsrensere 2 tle CCUM. fiarciscciel sisters coe exclave wcsie eid bs DEVIC TUETET Ey clara tarcte levee. a's Sevcie sts iia eis 5 BABWRIePPESATILCS cra) cicic a 'sss1015)0 Sre.s's,s'eeise a cree eaie VIET G OSU TA Me caret coveberomerstats ofetole averovernere 5 LACKAWANNA COUNTY. BEC COLMG RET COLVIN cclac c sereatye cae -c-cerswres MP PN UO Sra alscvertravers., caveie wa icle, a celeron 2 Peale, INIOL ER UD ss er's.0 0 odie e wicis,e ec ie o.00 ie GLC TUT eicyarawicre si055 cele ests cite oe ates 1 John W. Shepherd, 945 Clay Ave. ..... PCIERIGO MS aes vias Gd sce aio ae a eietoRio eee 4 SHMMCT OI FRIGCHALTGS). sate eacc «0,20, e010, 0100s ES HGUMTONITN Le tc eccuayereirais scarauere eeeintios cine uy LANCASTER COUNTY. PUREE EEE Gre TN LO) cade cicada aie: Sac Sears arararere orale VETTE CUR? mers heen a annie cai arate cet 6 TOPE TOMBET Diao ty satchanivis, acs hada Ae pavers Metetoeais 1 ORAL Asie ace rCinee oC eRe cack aati re ee % EAC IS TUN CON:, cts 'ajeiclnie ete leiaiisieing «nian sss (Cloliaicinke Wats sao elo bane acter ouric hataioe 20 RV erie SOLE OD 5. 50'aie; o.ons% letsreieneis 10)0 wialslate’ s ste, cis; aie Eee noe MieCalls: Merryn, cos. seen oe NEYO EL OTe ro 1 aera, nysica/er aps rsdarsnsvaualolare s'eca:ave(otare MELT CAS WEI, aeteare terarerste nts a si mcetsyer aia alate eters 5 VES OME MEELGLY.,.. crave) wala area lais siecle cuaterave ove levers’ VIEGAS Os cea ar ttarorasiotee wisi eie are io cnc net al Cray mloaUShey Ei Eh eID Y, ce cls cccinee seins iGMGASEOT S. -car seenc ers /avasusvaiotiars 6-50 (aa eee 2 eevee LudOtaéaslO.. pete n NOs Ly Sri. <0). Wiatnheaniecsss ts GA ne ter on eee 20 PenviGeos Elerr. se. BS Di NOst, ots eee. ARATE CRS COM to ole. s 0s, values Taf Sal deveyals owe lake 3 ieee TemmIVULISS OI fs ciclel sais, sv ave dine aes eimarale er PHANG ASUS arcs, cn cr etaiae oY fei diale eieiniaeeste 2 EMU cyt SI GAD OLS talopaic cir eieckaeiae ae eral aks'ons o IDG AZ| STB MELO a Oe aria ane OS COIG Gece marae 1 Eve ase TS iz OO es io a Sanseievejarsid-orate a ce /pierele sw 2 MERIAL S CCI arent pefoeretr cists ercsie nse tine tito 3 rani As ULE, siccosc eset 5 aah aoe aves ANCASTER TOR NS oa mre, js lee rate Sosare core uy VE YVCT Oi SOM swircts aise > sree o els teleus dice SrerGaieeiee Wallowa SERCCEs! Ro sisias cvesinnroanin oles 2 LAWRENCE COUNTY. eV Ver ELVES. wht I! UN ios 2 c.ccce oS cele cutee GHD OUI Bieter nave arte tatasauae selma Serstovorsnoicte 1 EDATRC ZAMMIT O Sc Male drotore auras, ae ava. ols s eictenivwidia ves, ate ING Wa Ca Sble res tes ccciee alee. Gere nevecsae % NERY eV OOLC) mr tips cs asi sieie also seles sw eveaciate aleve ING We (CASELG octet. carne dow atemeerne 1 TD) ie ARISING RA WAS ANAC ocooor oo Cue aeeecg ton New SWilmin 2 tom | o> 2e.0.06 vss acjetsierse VW LEHIGH COUNTY. Nias ero. ssonnSOn. State. iv. ce... ci PANIRE MEOW ara Sasa esave score Stereo crete eer sre 30 ESRC UCI me EOLDINC) | "elalarsreletetaiciere, sieves: sleiGyait vite COOMEHS DUG Pay oat ooh aceiesivincrcloriee 5) LUZERNE COUNTY. NaN TSI, 5 Sis. wlnveye. 0 rein elaileielefepere.cimreie: Giars.¢ WADE Cm EDA OM sors. cianareynleveresererets, bien /eierenere (Handles cnly native ornamental shrubs.) MSS pV Ae NMA SECT: hh. w crertejersicie seieet reise ain) | WEL KOS = ESAT PC aan orcs cveaiersiaptiaiare iereve,otts 1 LYCOMING COUNTY. IBevGNGens BTOSn, sc ; : No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 187 thought, that the quantities of matters yielded to solvents in a short time by coarse sands and fine clays would be governed by the difference in the respective sums total of the superficial areas of their particles. The difference between sands and clays in the diam- eters of their particles is, indeed, far greater than most suppose. Thus Whitney found in an ounce of pine barren sand 1.7 billion par- ticles, with 15.4 square feet of total surface; while a fine limestone clay contained 690,000,000,000 particles, with 1783 square feet of total surface. But the matter is not to be so simply dealth with. For, in the first place, the composition of the clays and sands of the humid region is not the same. The sands are largely coarse grains of nearly pure quartz or silica, and Longbridge found that particles*over 1-1000-inch in diameter derived from a sandy soil, gave up nothing whatever to acid. Clays, on the other hand, are largely composed of very fine particles, consisting not only of kaolin, or pure china clay, but also of a very great variety of mineral com- pounds, including many that are quite readily decomposed by acid. It is found needful, in judging of the probable fertility of a soil from its analysis, to take into account the total weight of material useful to the crop, and for this purpose the weight of the soil in the volume occupied by the principal root system is adopted as a basis of computation. A cubic foot of air-dry loam, representing the plow depth (eight inches) on the Experiment Station farm, weighs sixty-eight pounds, while an equal volume of sand weighs 110 to 120 pounds, or nearly twice as much. Moreover, crop roots extend more widely and deeply in sandy soils than in more compact lands. Hilgard found, indeed, by a very interesting experiment, that a compact adobe soil through which roots extended but a short dis- tance yielded, upon dilution with pure quartz sand, a much more extended root system and a heavier crop up to the point when the diluent sand exceeded 80 per cent. by weight of the soil mixture. In the preparation of. soils for analysis, it is the general custom to exclude all stones and gravel, in fact, everything that will not pass a sieve with meshes of one-fiftieth inch (0.5 millimeter). The state of combination in which the acid-soluble constituents exist in the soil greatly affect their availability, and while we are unable from the results of the analysis by use of strong acid to determine with certainty the exact nature of the original combina- tions. we can by consideration of the proportions of the dissolved constituents to one another gain upon this point some notions of general value. In particular, it must be observed that if soil be well supplied with lime carbonate, the potash, nitrogen and phos- phoric acid are more available than when the lime carbonate is de- ficient; whereas, with a large proportion of alumina, or lime hydrate, the phosphoric acid is probably but slightly available. As the result of extensive analyses of European soils. together with a study of their several crop-producing powers, Maercker has compiled the fol- lowing schedule of ratings for soils, according to their percentage composition in terms of their principal plant food constituents. 188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. PRACTICAL RATING OF SOILS BY PLANT-FOOD PERCENT- AGES, ACCORDING TO PROF. MAERCKER, HALLE STA- TION, GERMANY. Lime. . cl 3) © . Grade of Soil. iS fi 3 ; S = a ie S n nS S a > i) par) ro) a G fe) a = Gs] Ay fy ie) mn ! Below 0.05 | Below 0.05 | Below .10 | Below 0.05—0.15 .05— .10 10— .25 .10— 0.15—0.25 -10— .15 -25— .50 .15— 0.25—0.40 -15— .25 -50—1.00 -20— Above 0.40 | Above .25 | Above 1.00 | Above 15 -20 30 Total nitrogen. -05 Below 05 05— .10 -10— .15 1b— .25 ‘30 | Above .25 These ratings agree well with American experience outside of the arid regions. I give below the results of analyses by strong acid of a number of Pennsylvania soils, as respects the constituents of most interest to us: LIMESTONE SOILS. . Hagerstown Loam, Donegal, Lan- caster co.: . Conestoga Loam, Rocky Spring, Lancaster co.: RORED Te avian) ciclate giele'winieciels/siafets sleteiere Sup Sollee eects tiemecisrencincts 3 . Nittany Valley, Limestone ‘‘Sil Loam,’’ State College, ............ . Limestone Clay, Morrison’s Cove, CU LOLA MCUs cmc rwisriseiseiecisais nce sit OTHER SOILS. . Iron Bearing Clay, Edgely (Arch- BAM PROCK)H Hicisieiescicis tein’ ciel otaieie . Micaceous Clay, Haverford, Dela- WATE COs, sateen c dectiane cee anemotioens . Norfolk Gravelly Loam, Marietta, iPass Alexander, seo wAbscode4d ehodsoncohsddo Garber, IN. of (Mariettay -icciere sien . River Loam, Wysox, Bradford co.: BULface, | ccccerens ielave/aiwaieiotele rs eiorciere SuUB=sOlbs oie we cclcepiecics oriseetatelsiosthe . Norfolk Silt Loam, Blanchard, CEMETENCON) ewicleiscinccmentetemmaeivetine . “Glacial Loam,’’ Scrubgrass town- Ship, VENANZO COs, oe acecesce acne PENN SANDY LOAM. . Mastersonville (Level upland), PLUSSCrM(GentlesSlOpe) in cmscteemcseis/sine . Halderman (Gentle slope), 55 . Olewinder (Foot of steep slope), .. . Burkholder (near top of gentle slope). SHIPEA CGH selene cmiaistenierininistsiesieicloicis'e s SUD=SOllemeeectcstate nictarim steeteteisiosteesieraire Range P. S. Loam: SSP ACER E) eo craketenp caicle oials\slein t's asic 3 In Fine Material. Pay = =] = 3 Ga ; 5 aS rs r= a = ov o i= pe = tS) tos) 3 oJ ; ry 5 E i > a2 a F 3 sg |g @: oy 2 o oo 2e ae 2 ae i ke ° ao oO & co) oY oe 0° om) cee Ce) Gm 2 6) am A =) Ay 4 4 11.4 62 61 e250 eo .110 13.2 67 62 1.19 1.77 094 18.8 67 41 205 |, 5 pes le eee i 16.0 a6 % 1.93 180 (052 Mek aae? .34 26 .35 124 116 50.0 .805 29 44 =140;4| ee eee Par eee .28 122 Sil .140 .136 ean 501 * 392 AS4 L072 Uleas ete pee oe ‘11 150 1362 <46)) 2, seceee ea aa .39 52 35 .260 .062 aS Stes 155 137 21 1250 058 12.0 .33 £29 45 Bt 7a eer ke 2 40.0 127 .08 .19 S002 :4 see canes 5.5 21 FIST, 280 {028i sxateeee 6.8 121 #1347 380 015 7166 11.3 126 1214 208 1012 .073 9.0 1364 874 116 076 .096 13.0 £15 .830 150 AOD | Becpone 3 13.0 175 210 -17¢ 7 meet xd 5.5-13.0| .15-.36 | .197-.874 | .116-.380 | .07-.140 l........ No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 189 i] 2 In Fine Material. ro 3 8 3 5 I $ = r=} I rs} = g 3 3 8 g 3 © ‘ | 5 kK - < : rey tte Salle ©: ae: x o Term expires 1911 R. H. Thomas, Jr., Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County, ....Term expires 1912 Appointed by the State Poultry Association. Tas DONG VAIS a crcntere esac eteeralerstasecsioi otal Parertiare tarsi shotows «%e Philadelphia, Elected by County Agricultural Societies. Term expires. INDOOR. “Goonaso0g0De CORO AST WWiGldNer,. eccerecicl Arendtsvilley sos soecciseescoes ne 1909 ANTE SETI, woe cielcisernielele dis Sh LBs be eG SecroGocsce imperial: HDi Now eee 1909 IATINSEPONE. salsicieec)sieieiels S:S: Blyholder; jasc... INGAIE foes cinta ciacictniac calosioine televere ohe 1911 RS CAVICIS Veet cre-lolela/ele/alol=(nlrielalaleloi> olel+l-\elsiafeelsiater= Delaware, .....-se--e0- R. M. Heyburn, ...... AWN pa gaanonocOpecuaMoGda coos 1911 IDS, Sagdsooooscocponco od Gora ME Whore hn, Gaoan St. Mary’s, aoe fe Sra se ayeleieveetaterele 1911 Hrie, -...- Es aravetercie civ nisieretay clevers|eione ciate cleine are sslesiclelelatetelarttlolehstefeleve(elevetelcterorals(eKeleisieNatop-tokeleiei=telaterLorsTele FOAYVOLTC, occ cc cincc einen ac osicw cieieivies nie wc) ie) sinienieie se s/o1s)eie\e ole]ejeie(e \elnim)*/0)=\e)=is/ei=i=)=[=)=]= =) =15)918 atari NQTESEs 6 o08 <7 ofcicinv inl cisicie,ielcic,e/siotelsieie) siole sie okela) ssveolelolsis¥eisfeleis/e1s\e/slelejnfelslale)sinisistelalsialcteletolsl=aiohelafoletts Branklin, se. ccc Boond leas, 124 MeO Soaun5s MENA II “o5ccpoodsocaadcedu00106 1911 Ith woyo, Gasdaaodoood coon BJ5 1s 1eewedesdstop els Saingone MeConnellsburg, ............. 1910 GYEeNe, ..ccce----eeeeee N. M. Biddle, ........- Carmichaelsin mert-teleteiteerialel-iette 1910 Huntingdon, ..........Geo. G. Hutchison, ...Warrior’s Mark, .............. 1909 Indiana, .....e..--. Aono ey MVM ENALS Boooseodualobihey Sooggandpoddosooroaaud 1910 Jefferson, .....--.+-- Sood esse 184 (OMe, Gooonoleoohaipllls, +h5agacassunsa0g 0004 1910 eUitAYAL ACA, ieiclolslsiel DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 351 sometimes not as much, but they are fleshy. The same thing is true in animals. They run to flesh, and they do it on less feed than some of the others. While I admit that you might be able to put this flesh on the dairy cow, I contend that you can do so on the beef steer with less feed. If you are going to start in with the calf, I should like that calf to come in the fall of the year—in October or November. There are two or three reasons for this. True, you will have his dam to keep during the winter, but I am going to suppose that he is going to nurse his own dam. If he cannot do this, and you have milch cows, take them, and give him the warm milk, and you may raise him in that way; or, if he cannot nurse the cow, simply give him milk that has been warmed, and you may raise him that way, but in my judgment you cannot raise him as well as if he nurses his dam, or some other good milch cow. So far as I know, there is only one thing that is better for the calf than milk, and that is more milk. I have never given the calf after he comes and learns how to handle it himself, any help in feeding. I like to have him go in the barn at the start; it gets him used to it—and you Pennsylvania peo- ple have good barns—and you can be with him every day, and he becomes accustomed to you, and becomes gentle. He becomes ac- customed to watch you, and you can see what he is doing. After he gets so that he can eat, I like to give him a little shredded corn on a shelf where he can easily reach it. If there are three or four of these little fellows together, all the better. I give them just a table spoonfull or two, for-the three of them, and then let them nurse twice a day. You will find that the cows are much easier to milk afterwards, and will give you more milk, if you keep her in the barn, and let the little fellows go in there morning and evening and nurse. If you let her go out in the pasture with him, she will run, and half her milk will be wasted, and she will not do so well after- wards. Then I would like these little calves kept in a nice, roomy, light pen, not back in the dark. Then he should take water often, and go out every day. It cannot hurt beef cattle to get out into the air. In fact, the finest cattle we have, the International Prize Cattle, spend most of their time outside in the air. I believe that one of the trou- bles of tuberculosis cattle is due to the fact that we do not allow them out in the air enough. This pen should be light and airy. Then let these little fellows get on as quickly as they can. It should be thoroughly understood that the first five hundred pounds is the cheapest you put on him, and the second five hundred is the second cheapest, while the last five hundred pounds is the highest priced of all. Now, when he comes in the fall, be really does not cost much besides his milk; perhaps it costs a little more to feed his mother, but your calf gets very little high priced feed. Then when spring comes, you find him ready to go out to pasture, and feed himself on grass. The second six months are the second cheapest, because he will be ready to feed himself in pasture. If he comes in the spring, the first six months he feeds on milk, and the second six months he feeds in the barn on the highest priced feed you can give him— the protein. So I would say that the first thousand pounds, which he will weigh in possibly twelve months, probably fourteen or fifteen, are the cheapest if he is born in the fall. In my judgment, the calf that comes in the fall is the cheapest calf. 352 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Now, again, in the growing of beef cattle, it is not necessary ts have a closed barn, such as you must have with dairy breeds, as many of you know. After my calves are six months old, or more, I would prefer to have them in a pen open toward the south; closed on three sides if you can have it that way;andthenhavethem feed right out there in the pen. This is the ideal way, in my judg- men, to feed steers right out there in the pen. if that calf has any particular trend, you can see it, and will soon !earn to know it,andas a matter of fact, that calf will probablybe what youmakehim the first six or eight months. I do not believe it necessary to carry stockers. You hear it said that it is, but I do not agree with those who say so, and after all, you simply have their word for it. You do not want an animal that does nothing. You want a steer that will be born to-day, and go to work to-morrow, and work until he goes to the block; then you have a steer that is doing something for you. That is a Steer that is worth having, and when you see one that can not do it, the sooner you get rid of him the better it will be. Now, I think that one of the troubles in the steer feeding busi- ness is that we have been practicing too much the teaching of critics, and following experimental methods. A few years ago it was de- clared the way to feed steers was to husk the corn, and then buy some high priced feed to mix with it, and go to a whole lot of trouble and expense. It can be done and it will make good steers. There is no doubt about that. I think, however, that you will find condi- tions here very much like in the west,—that it costs money to husk the corn and grind it up and feed it to the steers. It is adding about one-third of the cost of the corn to it, and you do not receive anything like one-third more value in results. Indeed, it is not shown that you have added much to the feeding value, if anything. I remember distinctly, some six or eighi years ago, advocating the return to the older and simpler methods before the Illinois Live- stock Breeders’ Association, and I don’t know when I have had as brisk a currying down as [ received there that day at the hands of some of those—what shall I call them, scientific farmers?—if these learned men here will pardon me, I will let it stand. They said it was too much like an old fogy way, but I want to say to you that the Illinois Experiment Station has been following some of these methods, and they have found out that the old fogy ways were the best after all. They found they did not get any better results by feeding broken corn than they did by feeding in the old fashioned way, the corn in box with the fodder. I admit that you will gain a little more, apparently by the other method, but if you will follow out the case, you will find that in the end you have lost especially when corn is not too high priced, and even with corn as high as it has been this year, it is poor economy, in my judgment, to grind that corn and shred that fodder. You must remember it takes time to feed in that way, and then it costs to get the corn ground. With us it costs 5c per hundred. Then you have to add the cost of the ma- chinery. At least this is the case with us farmers in Ohio, and I don’t think it is different in Pennsylvania. So I don’t think they can establish that it pays to feed cattle in this way, or that it is a better method than feeding the cattle in open pens where the man can watch them feeding, and become acquainted with them. INo. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 353 To the man who goes into the work thoroughly, and right, there is money in cattle breeding. I would not advise the theorist to try it. Theory does not achieve the same results as hard, practical work and knowledge. If you are in the work for success, and are willing to work for it, success will come to you, if you like the work. I don’t believe that any man succeeds, as a rule, in a business he has no liking for. There should be a natural liking for the business, and a determination to succeed. ‘then he will set out and experiment and improve, and he will keep a record of his methods, and when he has found one that succeeds with him, he will keep it. Now, there are many small farmers in Pennsylvania, as in Ohio, where it seems strange to me that a man does not keep a few beef cattle round his farm. There is always a good deal of feed around the farm that is of no particular value, and which these cattle would thrive on. Out in Ohio this year, for instance, we have a good deal of soft corn, for which there is no market, but beef cattle will eat it, and put on flesh on it. Now you may not get quite as good a gain on it, as on the other kind, but it would be a waste to you, and they put on flesh, and thrive on it. Now, you will have something like that every year, that will practically go to waste on the farm, that he could turn into a few beef cattle, raising four, or five, or six of them, that would bring in a nice return. And in connection with these beef cattle, it is well to keep a few hogs, which can be fed on the shocked and broken corn that would otherwise go to waste, and in figuring the profit on your steers, it is also necessary to include the profit on your hogs. Now, the question is often asked, “Can you give us facts and fig- ures to show this?” and I will say to you very frankly that I am not prepared to do so, but I can refer you to a lot of men who are mak- ing money by these operations, and I can refer you to a lot of farms that are getting rich by this process, not simply holding their own, but getting rich. I said to you earlier in the evening, that we have skimmed the surface of our farms, and gone west, and gone west, and gone west. Now, we have got to come back, and put back into our ground some of the richness we have skimmed off. Now, we have to put the fertility back to our land, and if you are going to grow grain there, there is no better way*than by putting on that land some live stock. Nothing better has been found. Now, if you are a dairyman, well and good, but if you have no dairy market, and need to fertilize your land, I know of no better method than to start in beef growing; it is one of the best methods of fertilizing and im- proving farms that can be found. Now, I want to say only one other thing. If you start in the cat- tle growing business, you will naturally want high class stock, and the man that is a success at growing beef cattle, or cattle for any other purpose, will usually be a high class man. If you see a high class animal, you will see a high class man round somewhere; he will be a success, and he will breed the best animals that can be put on the market, and he will know his business. 23—6—1907. 353 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REPORT OF THE ORNIYHOLOGIST. By PROF. H, A SURFACE, Harrisburg. Off. Doc. During the past year the corrrespondence by your Ornithologist, concerning birds by which was directly traceable to his position with this honorable 3oard, has not been very great, but the correspon- dence and receipts of specimens of birds in his office of Economic Zoologist has been considerable and worthy of note here. The list of specials of which specimens were received or inquiries made dur- ing the year 1907 is as follows American Bittern—2 specimens. American Goldfinch or Thistle Bird—1 specimen. American Goshawk or Northern Hen Hawk. Several specimens received last fall and before that time practically none received. This shows there was then a flight of them to the South. Barn Owl—1 specimen. Brunnich’s Murre—1 specimen. Birds—Notes on Arrivals. Observations. How to Preserve Birds. shooting birds. Not killed by spray liquids. Fall migrations. Foreigners Blackbirds, injuring English Walnuts. How to get rid of Blackbirds. Bluebirds—4 specimens. Blue Heron—2 specimens. ° Bluejays—4 specimens. Broad-winged Hawk—1 specimen. Canary—1 specimen. Carolina Rail—1 specimen. Catbird—2 specimens. Cedar Bird—i specimen. Cedar Waxwing—3 specimens. Chickadee—1 specimen. Chipping Sparrow—3 specimens. Crossbill—6 specimens, Crows—8 specimens. Dipper—1 specimen. Duck Hawk—1 specimen. Hagle, Bald—i1 specimen. English Sparrow, suppression of—2 specimens. Flicker—3 specimens. Grebe—1 specimen. Grebe, Horned—2 specimens. Green Heron—2 specimens. Grosbeak, Cardinal—l specimen. Grosbeak, Pine—4 specimens, Hawk. One specimen killed 19 birds. Protection of Hawks. Barn. Young Hawk—1 specimen. Hawk, Cooper’s—1 specimen. Hawk, Red-shouldered—4 specimens. Specimen in No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 355 Hawk, Red-tailed—l1 specimen. Hawk, Sharp-shinned—5 specimens. Hermit Thrush—1 specimen. Hooded Merganser—1 specimen, Junco or Snow Bird (Siate-Colored Junco)—1 specimen. Kingfisher—1 specimen, Lark, Meadow Lark—1 specimen. Logger-headed Shrike—l specimen. Long-eared Owl—1 specimen. Marsh Hawk—2 specimens. Maryland Yellow-throat—1 specimen. Murre—1 specimen. Night Hawk—1 specimen. Nuthatch—1 specimen. Oriole—1 specimen, Osprey—l1 specimen. Oven Bird—s specimens. Owl, Screech—2 specimens. Owl, Grey Screech Owl eating a White-winged Crossbill—2 specimens. Owl, Great-horned; this species devoured a Screech Owl. Protection of—3 specimens. Pheasants, Breeding Meal Worms for Food of—1 specimen. Owl, Barred—1 specimen. Pigeon, Wild, inquiries concerning. Red Bird. Red-breasted Merganser. Red-winged Blackbird—2 specimens. Robin feeding upon Cutworms—1 specimen. Robin charmed by Blacksnake. Rose-breasted Grosbeak—1 specimen. Ruby-throated Hummingbird—2 specimens. Sapsucker, Red-headed. Scarlet Tanager—2 specimens. Short-tailed Shrew—2 specimens. Song Sparrow—)5 specimens. Sparrow Hawk—3 specimens. Sparrow, Java. Vesper Sparrow Whip-poor-will. White-breasted Nuthatch—1 specimen. Woodpecker boring in solid wood. Woodthrush—1 specimen. Wren. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher—1 specimen. Yellow Warbler. 1 specimen. Our records show that there were several specimens of the Amer- ican Goshawk or Northern Hen Hawk received last fall, and before that time there were practically none. This shows that there was a southward flight of them from the northern counties which they in- habit and where they breed and spend the summer. This is one of the birds that is not protected by law in Pennsylvania, although it is rare and only a winter migrant. 356 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. We have received further reports concerning Blackbirds injuring English Walnuts by puncturing them while they are soft and grow- ing upon the trees. As reported last year, their purpose in making this injury is not known to us. ' A great deal of our correspondence has beea upon the subject of the English Sparrow, due to a bill introduced in our State Legisla- ture by Hon. William Barnhart, providing for a careful and accurate investigation of the economic features and habits of this bird and the methods of destroying it if found advisable, and the publication of a special bulletin upon this subject, also appropriating one thou- sand dollars ($1,000) for this purpose. It is thought its failure to pass the Legislature was due to the provision calling for “investiga- tions” of the Sparrow, thus giving him a fair chance to be tried. It is our opinion that had it called for the extermination of the Sparrow, it would have received favorable action by the Legisla- ture, but the important question would then come as to the methods of exterminating the English Sparrow in a way that would prove safe, effective, and not too expensive. Various methods would have to be devised and tested, and we fear that after all is said and done we must acknowledge the presence of this nuisance of the feathered tribe as a necessary evil that can not be abated. One correspondent wrote us that he had succeeded in poisoning the English Sparrow and destroying it in his region by the use of poisoned millet seed. He fed the birds on untreated seeds until they became accustomed to them,and after a few days soaked some millet seed in water with a very slight touch of strychnine added, and then dried them and mixed one part of these poisoned seeds with nine parts of unpoisoned seeds. The birds ate this mixture without sus- picion and were killed by it. He said he found wheat grains too large to be readily swallowed by the English Sparrow without it having to taste the bitterness of the strychnine and become suspi- cious of the material as a food. This is a suggestion worthy of the action of persons desiring to kill the English Sparrow and thus avoid loss by its ravages and driving away our native birds. It should be remembered that poisoned grain of any kind must be placed where it will not be found and eaten by poultry. The last Legislature also saw the introduction of a bill providing for making the Flicker a Game Bird. This was championed by a representative from one of our eastern counties, but upon the ap- pearance of your Ornithologist before the honorable Committee on Agriculture, by invitation of said Committee, and his speaking in behalf of the Flicker. showing that it is a beneficial bird and should be preserved, the bill fortunately died in committee. The Screech Owl fortunately is becoming more abundant in some portions of our State, as popular sentiment is increasing for its pro- tection, and it is permitted to nest and remain in hollow trees and posts and other available places in boroughs. As it increases in number the English Sparrow and mice, upon which it chiefly feeds, decrease perceptibly. We have recently had a very gratifying re- port from Coatesville, Pa., confirming this statement. The Screech Owl is among the chief enemies of house mice and the English Sparrow, and we hope to see it faithfully protected around build- ings and in villages where it should become much more abundant. No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 357 One of our peculiar records is the finding of a Screech Owl in the stomach of a Great-horned Owl. It is well known that owls are sometimes cannibals. During last spring we had a very interesting experiment with the Robins apparently pulling cabbage near Harrisburg. The account of this was published in our July Bulletin and attracted a great deal of attention. It is as follows: ROBINS DESTROY WIREWORMS. Difference Between Observation and Interpretation. It frequently happens that certain facts are observed definitely and consequently can not and should not be denied, but the inter- pretation is such that might lead to quite erroneous conclusions, and even evil results. One of the most important duties of the teacher of Nature Study or any branch of Natural History is to give training not only of the minute observation of facts, conditions and phe- nomena, but also their own interpretation and practical applica- tion. An important case illustrating the difference between interpreta- tion and observation is seen in that of a truck grower near Harris- burg, who recently observed Robins at work in his cabbage field, apparently pulling the cabbage plants in numbers, and he at once shot quite a number of the birds. When brought to trial by the Game Commissioner, he acknowledged having shot the birds because they were destroying his property in pulling the cabbage plants, and testified that he had seen them take the plants in their bills, pull them up and throw them aside. He was not certain that they ate any part of the plant nor anything near the plant, and it might have been thought that they were doing it only for mischief. Doubting such an unusual occurrence as Robins pulling plants for the purpose of destroying them or without some definite and doubtless bene- ficial end in view, a representative of the office of the Economic Zoologist went with the Game Commissioner to the truck field where the cabbage was growing, and there they saw, indeed Robins in considerable numbers hopping over the ground, and often stopping to pick up objects, and even scratching in the ground with their bills, and then eating something. They were particularly busy quite near the cabbage plants, and a number of plants were seen lying on the ground beside the hills, wilted and dying. A careful exam- ination revealed the fact that the plants had been cut off rather than pulled out, and in at least one case the Robin was seen to throw aside one of these plants, which had been cut off but was yet standing in its hole in the ground. Around the foot of the plants and just beneath the surface of the soil worms were to be found by the hundreds. It was found that the wireworms had cut the cabbage plants, and the Robins were busily engaged destroying these very injurious pests for which there is practically no remedy, after they appear, and of which there are far too few enemies. The facts were that the truck grower observed the Robins at work around his cabbage plants, and perhaps occasionally lifting out some 358 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. that had been cut off by wireworms, and he jumped to the conclusion that the Robins were pulling his plants, and proceeded to shoot his most beneficial friends. The correct interpretation was that the plants were cut off by pests for which there is no practical remedy at this time of year, and the Robins were feeding extensively on those pests, but as some of the plants remained in the ground where the wire worms were to be found, although cut off and dying, the birds found them in their way and threw them aside. It is doubtful if the killing of the birds was justified under such circumstances, even with the positive and conscientious belief that they were doing damage. It was the duty of the truck grower to ascertain the facts of the case and act intelligently upon them, fully as much as it was his duty or privilege to protect his crops. Details of the above case are published for the sake of emphasiz- ing the importance of correctly interpretating what is to be observed in Nature, and acting most intelligently and properly. It is gener- ally wrong interpretation of observed facts which leads to the com- mon popular errors concerning Natura! History subjects rather than mere fabrication of false belief. For example, the popularerroneous idea that there is a Horn Snake with a poisonous sting in its tail appears to be founded upon the observed fact that the House Snake or Milk Snake has a tail that is rather hard and pointed and from the observation of this, the story of the Horn Snake appears to have grown. It is to be hoped that readers will join in aiding the work of the Economic Zoologist to ascertain and publish the truth in Nature. There has been a great deal of complaint concerning foreigners shooting birds. It appears that in the Old Country even the smallest birds are shot and trapped for food, and foreigners do not learn to respect our laws in this regard. The Game Commissioner has had a great deal of trouble in attempting to enforce the laws for protect- ing birds among foreigners, especially in the mining region. His efforts are commendable and good results are seen. We have received inquiries concerning spray liquids killing birds, and have replied to the effect that we believe this never results. The only way in which poison could be taken or such results could occur would be by the birds eating insects that have been poisoned by feeding upon foliage holding arsenical insecticides or eating poisoned fruits. As birds do not eat dead insects this can not occur as one of the undesirable results of spraying. Something has been said concerning the introduction of Pheasants in this country. This is commendable and could no doubt be made successful. The Pheasant in its habits can be considered as inter- mediate between the Ruffed Grouse or our common game bird com- monly but wrongly called the “Pheasant” and the domesticated Guinea. It would thrive along the edge of thickets and in partially. open pastures, in practically the same places as the Quail preferred when it was abundant in this State. It is a beautiful bird, insecti- vorous and seed-eating in its feeding habits, and might become one of our important game birds. It has been successfully introduced along the western coast of the United States, and we know of its breeding undomesticated in the State of New York. We would recommend it as a bird to propagate and introduce in this State. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359 The reduction of the number of Quail by severe weather during the past two years has been quite per ceptible. The Quail is one of our most valuable insectivorous birds, being destructive to potato beetles, grass-hoppers and other obnoxious insects. It is also an important destroyer of weed seeds. For this reason we earnestly recommend the endorsement of legislation proposed by our State Grange at its last Annual Meeting, calling for a closed season of five years for the Quail or Bob White. Concerning the Game Laws of the State of Pennsylvania we should offer a paragraph: The law at present provides bounties upon certain animals as follows: For each wildcat, four dollars; for each fox, two dollars; for each weasel and mink, one dollar. We agree with the publications of the Biological Bureau of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to the effect that bounties are not justifiable, cost too much, and do not bring the desired results. If creatures are sufficiently obnoxious to demand the efforts of man- kind in exterminating them this will be done, bounty or no bounty. All species of birds are protected by law in this State at all times excepting the Bluejay, English Sparrow, European Starling, the Kingfisher, Cooper’s Hawk, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Goshawk, Duck Hawk, Pigeon Hawk, Great Horned Owl, Barred Owl, the Crow and the Raven, and the game birds which are to be shot only during their respective open seasons, and which are named by our State law as the Quail, Ruffed Grouse, Prairie Chicken, Imported Pheasant, Wild Turkey, Wild Pigeon, Dove, Reed Bird, Rail, Blackbird, Sand- piper, Tatler, Curlew or any Shorebird, Wilson Snipe (Jack Snipe), Upland or Grass Plover, Coot or Mud Hen, ,and Water Fowl known as Duck, Goose, Brant, Swan and Grebe. We can not see the justifi- cation in having the Dove, Blackbird, Coot or Mud Hen and Grebe upon the list of game birds, as the first named is the only one that is edible, and the others would be shot only for useless “sport.” The law provides, fortunately, au an absolutely closed period upon the Wild Pigeon until April 2 22, 1915. However, it is our opinion that at that date it will be found, unfortunately, that there will be none of these very interesting birds in our State. The Audobon Society is growing stronger both in Pennsylvania and in the United States and is doing good work in bird protection and in creating and maintaining public sentiment in this regard. In the Report for Pennsylvania by the State Secretary, Miss E. W. Fisher, which was published in “Bird Lore,” Volume IX, No. 6, for November and December, 1907, is the following: “<* * * The business of reorganizing the Society on this perma- nent basis represented most of the ‘new work’ done this spring, but the old activities were still kept up. Twelve circulating libraries were kept moving in the State, and a number of school children and children in societies, such as ‘Bands of Mercy,’ ete., have signed the Audobon Pledge and received certificates of associate membership. “The increase of the public sentiment for bird protection has been quite marked during the past year in this State, largely due to the good work done by the State Zoologist, and the Audobon literature distribution in schools. Indeed, it is to the intelligent work of the public school teachers who take up the subject that the Audobon society owes some of its best results in the country districts. 360 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. “The society hopes to follow up its organization this winter with several public meetings, where illustrated talks will be given by those prominent in bird protection and ornithology (which seems still to be one of the most successful ways of reaching the general public), and by special work among the schools.” : Considerable literature has come to our desk. One of the most commendable was Bulletin No. 30, by the Biological Survey, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, entitled “Birds of California in Relation to the Frait Industry.” This consists of one hundred pages with five plates and will prove of considerable interest to bird students. We regret to be obliged to chronicle the suspension of a valued and interesting publication known as “Birds and All Na- ture,’ by the Nature Publishing Company, of Chicago, as this pic- tured objects in natural colors, and was commendable in its popular instruction. The Ornithologist of your Board has prepared a set of colored slides of birds and occasionally gives popular lectures on this subject, the last having been as recent as last Friday night to a church audience in Harrisburg. We recommend further activi- ties in bird protection and intelligent legislation along this line. Several reports have reached us concerning the increase of the English Starling and the damage done by this bird, which appears to be in its habits and haunts or place of living intermediate be- tween the Blackbird and the English Sparrow. We regret its intro- duction into this country, and recommend its destruction. It ap- pears to be a grain eater and fruit eater without much value as an insect killer. We here show specimens of the same, with the hope that it will be more readily recognized than from descriptions. These specimens were kindly loaned for this purpose by Dr. William Deutcher, of the American Museum of Natural History, who is president of the American Association of Audobon Societies. The Starling resembles a brownish blackbird with white specks or small spots on the back, but its long-drawn whistling note enables it at once to be distinguished from any blackbird found i in the State. REPORT OF GEOLOGIST NO. 1. Soils, Forestry and Practical Geology. By DR. ISAAC A. HARVEY, Lock Haven, Pa. Upon assurance that I might be indulged in some digression from the usual and routine or conventional form of report, I venture to submit some thoughts, in a cursory way, on Soils, Forestry and cer- tain aspects of Practical Geology, as it affects the material interests of the farmer. In the past year, I have received very few inquiries relative to the various subjects, which, in my province as an Economic Geologist, are of direct import or concern to the farming community; but I have been engaged, largely, in the development of mineral prop- erties, and assume that it is entirely proper to avoid any technical No. 3. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 361 discussion, awaiting opportunity, therefor, perchance, in the future, or leaving the same to the gentlemen, who, as specialists, have had more direct and actual experience in these matters, as relating to Agriculture or Practical Farming. I oftimes observe, however, the varying qualities, diverse origin and apparent composition of soils, as I make investigations through various portions of the State and in many counties, and it is a query with me, what experiment may determine as to their use or adaptability for special or general cul- tivation; that is, in the several shifting stages of deposit as de- rived by erosive processes from the most recent to the most remote geological formations, exposed in the State, with their diverse chem- ical constitution or structure. It seems to me, that the work of the analyst or chemist, alone, will solve the true genesis of Soils and their actual utility and adaptability; in connection, also, with con- tinuous experiment. From the head waters, the springs or fountain heads, of our rivers, and, especially, in the coal measures, I have, in- cidentally, observed the detritus, the debris and the alluvium, pro- duced by erosion, weathering and the slow disintegration, from which our soils are derived, with their components of Silicia, Alum- ina, Lime, Carbon, with traces of Tron, Soda, Potash, Magnesia and other elements, for the most part mechanical and inert, and yet how much is soluble, as these soils, apart from their vegetable matter, are produced by the action of water and the atmosphere, and all of the chemical elements are not entirely inactive. Following the course of the various streams, or tributaries, and of our rivers, their entire length, from the Coal measures, through thesuccessive forma- tions, to the Gneissic or Azoic Rocks, as exposed, and including sand- stone, shale, slate, limestone, clays and the other deposits of nock and minerals, represented by the numbers, from I to XIV, of our State Geological Survey, with some even more recent as well as re- mote strata; the differentiation of soils, whether as alluvium or permanent deposit, would be an interesting and useful study, and by the application of chemistry and experiment, thereto, some new facts may be derived that will contribute, more directly, to their practical availability. I have thought much on this subject, while making a study of the geological aspects of the several counties, and have wondered what the outcome would be, if the composition of these soils, from the source of the rivers to the shores of the sea, would be divulged or determined. For instance, the superior crops of buckwheat, in cer- tain districts which will hardly produce other grains so well, and the excellent growth of vegetables on the hills of the northwest counties, defective in some cereal crops or growth, and. indeed, surpassing in some respects, the product of the lower counties, are suggestive of some queries and experimentation which may reveal other important facts, that will be a direct guide to the farmer in the use of these varying soils, and enable him, more certainly and intelligently, to cultivate the same. But, to my mind, a more ur- gent and insistent subject and one of more import directly to the farmer, is the preservation and restoration of the forests—our tiin- ber and trees; for what farm is a home without woodland, and what so much enlivens the hill valley, mountain or plain, as trees,— abundant timber, in its native or even its cultivated production or growth. Deforestation is desolation, and without trees we are with- 24 362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. out a certain inspiration, a resort, a sylvan retreat, which in its pristine beauty, was wont to lift us, sensibly iito higher thought and nobler spirit. We are nearer to and almost in touch with, the infinite, so certainly as we are in the forest,—the wilderness; and never quite so free from our own evil fancies, rancors and enmities, as we are in the native woodland or in the mountains with their varied growths of Oak, Pine, Chestnut, Fir, Ash and the many other beautiful trees. We are never so free from care and the anxieties that beset us in business life or in the marts of trade, as when we leave our busy attairs and go among the trees. It seems to me that no one, either in respect to his material benefit and actual happiness, should be more interested in, or more devoted to, forestry than the farmer, and the prevalent destruction of forests, regardless of economy in a material or financial sense, or in its moral bearings, is hardly short of vandalism and does not have that regard for those that come after us, which every consideration of kindness and foresight for them should certainly prompt or inspire. It is a clear proposition to my mind, and a truth, that nature, if pro- tected, supported, encouraged and aided, will supply every genera- tion with adequate timber, from the lands already denuded, and it is the insistent duty of all citizens to observe that dictum and give nature and the native trees a chance. The State’s purchase of lands for a nominal price, is a step in the right direction and these areas, in thirty-five or forty years, will afford vast quantities of saw and structural timber for all uses. True, one single year of growth, on a given tract, would hardly show, to.the casual observer, any percep- tible gain or value; but, in three or four decades, with the trees safe from fire and carefully guarded from other sources of destruc- tion, the results would astonish any one who would figure the actual aggregate value, that would thereby be produced, in trees of varying growths and kinds. Do your part and nature will do the rest; and I am sure that the study of forestry, with its direct advantages to all, will appeal to your good sense and become, increasingly and absorbingly, a subject of actual interest and of energetic effort on your part and in the right direction. ; While the soil of the surface and the growth thereon, whether of tree, fruit or grain, is of great import, and, apparently, of the most value to the farmer, I apprehend, that the deposits, unknown and undiscovered, that lie beneath the surface, are, in many counties, of quite as much, and, in many instances, of decidedly more, actual interest, and economic and commercial value to the tillers of the soil. The minerals on his farm or unseated lands, whether coal, clay, iron ore, limestone or cement, are just as absolutely and en- tirely his property as the soil on the surface, the timber thereon, or the grain in his barn; and this argues, pertinently, to me, the importance and the direct advantage to the farmer of acquiring some knowledge of Practical or Economic Geology; especially, the aspects and the strata, thereof, that are exposed, in part, or may be found upon his own property and the formations in his own im- mediate district or county. It is true——and I know whereof I af firm,—that ten thousand farmers,—and, indeed, a multiple of that number,—have been dispoiled of their valuable mineral deposits, de- frauded of their coal, clay, iron ore, limestone, and what not, owing to the fact that they were deficient in knowledge of the geological No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 363 surroundings and the mining aspects or mineral deposits at home, and were thereby easily deceived, relative to the actual presence or value of the same. The Geological Survey, from 1874 or 75 to 1895, was extensive and far reaching in itsdesign,effortsand publications, and every county and district, so called, received a measure, if not a modicum, of attention and study, and a report, thereon, contain- ing as much detailed and descriptive geology as was possible under the conditions attached and the means provided. But the appro- priation of three quarters of a million of dollars, was really not more than a bagatelle; enough only for the real initiative of a complete and perfect Geological Survey and such as the importance of the State demanded and its citizen land owners deserve. The successive Legislatures, doubtless, with a proper spirit, but without the re- motest conception of the actual work reqaired or appreciation of its value and importance, in a commercial and utilitarian sense, made such meagre provision or allowance of money, that it was impossible for Prof. Lesley, great and capable as he was and a master mind in geology, to secure, in all instances, the most efficient experience and ability that the conditions required; and much of the work was done, hastily, and under such limitations of time and means, that the out- come, in many instances, was a misfortune and a calamity, I may say,—the undoing of a vast number of land owners who relied on such reports and maps, as were thus published, for guidance and information and which the several assistants of the survey, though well equipped, were fully aware could not be a certain or reliable guide in all localities, relative to the coal and other mineral de- posits. My own experience was typical. In 58 or 60 days, I sketch- ed the formations of two important coal counties, containing over 1,100,000 acres; while justice to these two counties, and to myself, indicated, that T should have had a “full” year for the construction of the map of each county. It was not possible to give a correct col- oring of the coal areas and other formations, in so short a period, and with only $1,200 to defray all of the expenses, incident to the fiela work and completion of the said two maps. One most deplorable result of this defective work,—and I do not reflect upon the ability or integrity of any assistant engaged on the survey,—was, that vast areas of coal and clay lands were not included in the basins, as described in the reports or defined by the maps, ‘or the actual height of measures was not indicated or the scope of the same accu- rately depicted; and, in a score of counties, the expert, or underling, employed by some autocrat of the coal trade or other designing speculator, found it most convenient and easy to dupe or mislead the farmer, or other land owner, by referring to the Geological Sur- vey of his county, or the map and report thereon, and belittling his mineral deposits or denying their presence, on his lands, entirely, when the said expert knew that such minerals were there and of greater or less value. onneobcandadcsonAndEnbes don 48 109 | 174 (GFIGRGMEL, - sosedodacasooncngbu Odendahsanes conaeooD NGosscuE co bebonabeocoosocubounod 60 119 | 166 WIDE) TEER. cod ocoboone coobeosonse avons bo aob oodocbenonceooeedacsenorontwodaEe 28 83 165 With our present methods of farming and knowledge of agricul- tural science in general, we must, for some time at least, in order to obtain the highest possible results, figure on that at least half of the needed nitrogen will have to be applied in the form of bought fer- tilizers to most of our oldest or longest cultivated soils. Sources of Nitrogen Available for Fertilizers:—The chief sub- stances used are Chili saltpeter (nitrate of soda), sulphate of am- monia, bone and guano. Of these, sulphate of ammonia is a by-prod- uct in the lighting gas and coke manufacture. The guano beds are the accumulated droppings of birds, and are found on the coast and islands in certain localities in the southern oceans, but the supply of this fertilizer is now practically exhausted. Chili saltpeter is found in beds in the mountainous coast of Peru and Chili, South America. Here the crude salt is mined, purified and prepared for the market. Enormous quantities of this Chili saltpeter has been exported during the last thirty years, as can be learned from the following figures, quoted from a publication issued 1906 by the Norwegian Ni- trate Manufacturing Co. The ton referred to- 1,000 kiligrams or about 2,205 pounds. Tons, Tons.~ In 1860 the export WAS ........eeeeee 68,500 | In 1890 the export was ...........6.- 1,025, 000 In 1870 the export WAS ......seeeeeee 182,000 | In 1900 the export was ..,,.....-.+6- 1,453,000 In 1880 the export WAS .e.yeessseeeee 225,000 ' In 1903 the CXpOrt WGS vesceeeeseeees 1, 606, 000 27 410 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The estimated worth ofthe last mentioned quantity was about seventy five million dollars. DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHILI SALTPETER EXPORTED IN THE YEAR 1905. Tons Tons To Germany (direct), ............-... 399. 786;| "TO. Sweden, cs srcmwissietese.)= «cisictaiatniplaioiaie 22,896 To Great Britain (partly reshipped To South Africa, sistaie/acdorre ocala .etalere wage 21,574 tol) Germany) se tiem cciesieem ieee siti eieietera 386,584 | To Sandwich Islands, mais ssisleleloaaae 15, 226 TPO TANCES vewslela snelaletelinintela(siaincieaieisinars 222,824] To China and Japan, aietelapereetaial claret ms 15,372 To 2S: Ata BAstecoast) ie qmccums 247,847, | Lo Daneman, se ceasseaakieaacininl mania 12,090 To Ws 1S. JAS, WestCoast, fej cccleninns 34,500 | To Sustres aie vatoiuintareie mieiciarcreta/frare toetetenia 7,590 MOET OUANIG terete ww sie ciaesisistclereietetetsietala Cy GON) MWe Seki Sacccmoobaqsoosoasosocoonticdd 6,070 POMBE CLL IIMS beeteamicleteloletsisivreiataiateintataisistele 69,598 | To Seitz, wlafera ae eielacee we erainie erelaiets 2,346 ITORUEALY: piscicasine i seiecisc ecltsleistertettetisnts S82916 it LO NOL Wa yp eeminehintelacie risisleisieisicleic(eieieistete 707 According to the computations of Prof. Dr. Otto N. Witt, Berlin, 1-5 of the Chili saltpeter is used for industrial purposes, and 4-5 of it in agriculture. There is no nitrate rock formation, nor are there any natural stores of nitrogen compounds from which to draw, except these ni- trate beds in South America, unless we include the newly found de- posits of nitrates in California. These deposits are in the south east section, in San Bernardo county, extending across the line into Inyo county, and the beds mark the old shore-lines and beaches which indicate the boundary of Death Valley as it was during the Eocene times. Deposits are found containing from seven to sixty- one per cent. nitrate, and may be extensively enough to be of na- tional interest. Since the nitrate beds are in a sense only washed out manure heaps from sea birds, or animal remains, they are of necessity local- ized and of definite and limited size. New beds of nitrate are not being formed anywhere so as to be of any real value to the next com- ing generations, and it is therefore easy enough to see the inevi- table result—the supply of nitrates must sooner or later became exhausted—and what then? At the present rate of export of the Sodium Nitrate (Chili salt- peter F. W. Vergara (Chem. Ind. 1904 p. 29) has calculated that the nitrate beds will be exhausted by year 1923, only 16 more years, and should we even double the time it must surely take place during the present generation. In view of this fact, that the largest source of fertilizer nitrogen supply is giving out, we can readily understand why the nitrogen question has become such a vital one for the scientific men every- where, indeed, it has been so for a number of years. The agriculturists and agricultural chemists have been asking: How shall the farmer get nitrogen enough for his crops in the fu- ture? Knowing that the air we breathe contains 79 per cent. nit- rogen gas, it was very natural to look to this enormous, inexhausti- ble, supply and seek for means and methods whereby it could be made available to plants. Trials were made with plants to find out whether they themselves could make use of this nitrogen. Boussingault in the early fifties, 1851-1855, conducted experiments which indicated that plants could not assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, and the same conclusion was reached by Lawes, Gilbert and Pugh, through their elaborate experiments 1857-1858. But the investigations did not stop with these experiments, they were continued with different species of plants under varied con- ditions, and as a result, in the middle of the eighties, Hellriegel and No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 411 Wilfarth could call attention to the fact that the legumes possessed the power to make use of atmospheric nitrogen and therefore to store up nitrogen in their tissues. This fact has since been investi- gated thoroughly by many scientists, and it is now known to be brought about by living organisms—bacteria—which are the cause of the root nodules of the legumes in which they live, grow and mul- tiply, building up atmospheric nitrogen in themselves into organic compounds. ‘‘hese compounds later on are used by the legume plant which acts as the host for the tiny bacteria. This is the socalled Legume Nodule Theory. Besides the bacteria living together with legumes, the power of other bacteria in the soil to gather nitrogen is also a problem under investigation. This nitrogen gathering phenomenon, which is observed in cer: tain kinds of plants only, although it does not in any way cover the demand for nitrogen on the farm has been, and is, especially since it is fairly thoroughly understood, a great blessing to the agri- culturist and agriculture. While this knowledge has helped the farmer and in thousands of instances been the direct cause of pros- perity on the farm, it did not directly help the technical man any. Other scientists, however, besides those directly interested in agri- culture have been at work on the nitrogen problem, and of late years several attempts have been made to manufacture nitric acid and other nitrogen compounds from the atmospheric nitrogen on a large scale by means of electricity, but the efforts were not crowned with real practical success until within these last three or four years. That atmospheric nitrogen could be oxidized to nitric acid was mentioned by Henry Cavendish, as long ago as 1786, who had made the observation that nitrogen mixed with sufficient oxygen would be oxidized during large electrical. discharges causing high rise in tem- perature. In 1781 he had also observed that, in burning hydrogen, nitric acid also was formed. Priestly also made similar observa- tions, about that time, in regard to the formation of nitric acid by strong electrical discharges, but it was left for our present time to apply that knowledge and make it of real practical value. In 1892 Crookes made experiments in the line indicated by Cavendish, but it was especially after the experiments of Lord Raleigh in 1897 were completed, in which the quantity of nitric acid obtained bore a fa- vorable relation to the amount of energy used, that the question was again taken up with renewed vigor in different countries. Thus, in 1900, Dougal and Howles made the attempt to manufacture nitric acid. In 1902 Kowalsky and Moszicki operated in Switzerland using an alternating current of 50,000 volts. At the same time Muthmann and Hofer were making trials in Germany. In United States a company was organized under the name of “The Atmos- pheric Products Company” with a capital of one million dollars, and which built a factory for the purpose of utilizing the power of the Niagara. This company, also known as the Lovejoy and Bradley company, used 10,000 volts direct current aros, and by this process could produce 70 per cent. nitric acid. The efficiency of the appara- tus, that is, the output of the nitric acid per killowatt year power was good, and the acid was produced at a cost of a little less than 1.6 cent per pound for power or energy, using a current generated by Niagara water power at twenty dollars per year kilowatt. But 412 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. the machinery was too costly to keep up to make it a paying invest- ment, and in 1904 it failed and the attempt was abandoned. Pirot and Gay in France made attempts to bind the atmospheric nitro- gen on a large scale in 1903 but failed in reaching practical results. In Germany about the same time, 1903, the firm of Siemens and Halske in Berlin began operations, adopting Frank’s method which consists in allowing pure nitrogen to act on alkali earth carbides. Calcium carbide, for instance, when heated moderately absorbs nit- rugen forming a compound known as Calcium Cyanamid, also called “Lime Nitrogen” in commerce. This salt decomposes quickly in the soil to ammonia, etc., and has proven to be a good fertilizer, in some cases equal to Chili saltpeter, but whether by this method it shall be possible to produce the nitrogen compounds at low enough cost to be considered a practical success remains to be seen, or whether the cyanide salt can be used under all conditions, or whether it is harmless to plants at various stages of development. Frank and Caro began experiments 1895 for preparation of car- bides with a view to the manufacture of cyanides. First Barium, later Calcium, was used as the base, but instead of cyanide being produced, the product was the barium of calcium cyanamid (written BaCN, and CaCN,) which yielded cyanides on fusion with alkali salts. Heated with water under high pressure calcium carbonate and ammonia were formed according to the following chemical equation: CaCN,+3H,O—CaCO+2 NH,. The better grade amids contained 14 to 32 per cent. nitrogen. By dissolving the cyan- amide in water and crystalizing in the cold a dicyanamide (CN*H’)’ with 66 per cent. nitrogen is formed. This Frank’s method has been operated cheapest in Italy where cheap water power is available. The latest and undoubtedly the most promising, and practically successful method in operation for oxidizing the atmospheric nitro- gen, is the Birkeland and Eyde method now in operation at Notod- den, Norway. The oxidation of the nitrogen is done in an are pro- duced by an alternating electric current of a very high voltage— 5,000 volts—and a frequency of 50 periods per second. It is the pe- culiar structure or shape of the arc flame which gives it a great pow- er for oxidizing nitrogen, and which phenomenon was observed by Birkeland and Eyde. It is the efficiency due to this peculiar shaped flame which makes it possible to utilize such arcs for the oxidation of the free nitrogen at low enough cost to make it pay commercially. The arc is namely made to flatten out into a thin disc-like flame by passing it through the field of a powerful direct current magnet, and it is theuse of this arc flame for chemically uniting nitrogen and oxygen that has been patented and is now successfully used at the place mentioned. The electrodes are thin walled copper tubes about 1.5 ¢.m. diameter, and through which flows a current of water. The points of these electrodes come within 6 to 8 m.m. of each other, and the ends of the magnet come perpendicular to the electrodes, and a few inches apart. It is because of the action of the magnets, as well as the water flowing through the electrodes, that the latter are not melted in the high heat formed, but can carry the current for sey- eral days and nights before they need to be renewed. The magnet prevents short circuiting at the electrodes. The reason why an arc of this disk-like shape is better and more efficient than the ares used by Lovejoy and Bradley, and others, is, that it presents more heating surface with the same power than No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 413 any other. For it is a question of how much gas can actually come in contact with the flame in a given time and be heated to the re- quired temperature. The oven in which this arc-flame is generated has the shape of a cheese standing on edge, and is of considerable Size, since the flame, formed by the electric current already men- tioned, is six feet in diameter. On the other hand the flame is ex- tremely thin (only a couple centimeters thick) so that while the inner chamber is a little over six feet one way, it is only a couple inches the other way. Around the flame is firebrick containing air chan- nels and perforations through which the air current is forced into the flame, and is again collected into an outlet located close to the inlet opening. The air as it leaves the oven is highly colored on ac- count of the nitrogen tetroxide (NO,) fumes which are formed when the air leaves the oven. This thin arc flame has a temperature of about 3,000°C., but the gases as they leave the oven have a temper- ature of about 700°C. Air passes through the oven at the rate of 25,000 liters a minute, that is, in the three ovens at Notodden 75,000 liters (about 75,000 quarts) air are treated each minute. At 3,200 degrees, absolute temperature, according to “Nernst,” the formation of 5 per cent. nitric oxide (NO), by volume, should be possible. These ovens were tested with the following results: Dur- ing several consecutive days and nights the gases leaving the oven were found to have a temperature of 700° C., and the nitric acid (HNO,) obtained per liter gas, reduced to O° and 760 m.m. pressure, was 30 milligrams. This corresponds to 1.06 per cent. nitric oxide by volume in the gas, which is equivalent to 4.58 per cent. nitric oxide (NO) by volume in the gas while it is exposed to the are flame. At the high temperature of the arc flame only nitric oxide is form- ed, the temperature is too high for nitrogen tetroxide (NO,), and the nitrogen trioxide (N,O,) to exist. The nitric oxide which is formed and is present in the air as it leaves the oven must be oxi- dized to higher oxides. This oxidation takes place of its own ac- cord in the presence of air (NO+O=—NO.,), and the nitrogen tetrox- ide in the presence of water is changed into nitric and nitric acids, as shown by the following equation: 2 NO,+H,O—HNO,+ HNO,. At the existing high temperature the nitrous acid is decomposed into nitric tetroxide, nitric oxide and water thus: 2HNO,—=NO,+NO +H:O, and these residual gases must again be changed into nitric acid. A residue of gases is therefore always present. Method of Changing the Nitric Oxide (NO) into the Marketable Products.—When the gas mixture leaves the oven it has a tempera- ture of between 600 and 700° C. The hot gases, in order to utilize the heat they carry, are conducted through a steam boiler generat- ing steam to be used later in the process. Here the gases are cooled down to about 200° C., and are next led through a cooling apparatus where they are reduced in temperature to about 50° C. From this cooling apparatus the gases enter a large iron tower or cylinder, called “oxidation cylinder,” which is coated on the inside with a paint preparation which resists the acid. This cylinder holds about 12 cubic meters (about 15 cubic yards) and therefore gives the air a little time to oxidize; it being changed about 6 times a minute. Next the gas mixture passes in the absorption system which is com- posed of stone towers 2X2X10 meters inside diameter. There are 414 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. two absorption systems in parallel at the factory. Each row or system is composed of two granite and two sandstone towers filled with quarts which is being drenched, or kept moist, by slowly trickling water, which takes up most of the nitric acid present in the air current. A fifth tower in each system or series is filled with ordinary bricks, which are kept moist with milk of lime. This lime takes up the rest of the nitric and nitrous acid gases, and forms calcium nitrate and calcium nitrite. By a special arrangement of containers at the top and bottom of the towers, the acid liquid from tower number 4 is pumped to num- ber 3, from 3 to 2, and so on, so that the strongest acid is in tower number 1. From there it is removed, having a strength of about 50 per cent. acid, and conducted to a row of open granite vats, where it is stored until needed for further treatment. A portion of this acid is used for breaking up the nitrite which accompanies the nitrate of lime in the fifth tower. By addition of nitric acid to the lime mass, containing both nitrate and nitrite of lime, in a closed vessel, the nitrites are broken up and the acid radicle set free and driven back to absorbers again. The reaction which takes place is as follows: Ca (NO,).+2 HNO,—Ca (NO,),+H,O+NO,-+ NO. The lime solution containing the pure calcium nitrate, plus nitric acid, is placed in other vats, mixed with the other acid and netural- ized by adding limestone. This neutralized mass is then evaporat- ed in iron vessels, down to a boiling point of 145° C., which is equivalent to a 75 to 80 per cent. concentration of calcium nitrate, or about 13.5 per cent. nitrogen in the mass. When this point of concentration is reached, it is poured into iron cylinders of about 200 liters (about 50 gallons) capacity and cooled. The solution solidifies into a pourous, easily pulverized mass which is ground up, packed in paper lined wooded boxes, and is then ready for the mar- ket. If the neutralized solution is concentrated to a boiling point of 120° C. it will crystallize, and the crystals, freed from ‘the mother liquid by centrifugal force, are the pure calcium nitrate (Ca(NO,),.—4H,O), the new nitrogen fertilizer. This salt can be made into a basic salt, with excess of lime, havy- ing 8 to 9 per cent. nitrogen. This basic salt is not so hygroscopic but remains dry in the air, and is therefore undoubtedly more con- venient for fertilizing purposes than the crystallized nitrate. But the other peculiar form of nitrate, containing about 13.5 per cent. nitrogen as already mentioned, is also less hygroscopic than the crystallized salt, can be handled and sown by machinery, and it is in this form that the new fertilizer appears in the market. By using sodium hydrate in the last absorption tower, instead of lime hy- drate, a mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite is obtained, and 80 to 90 per cent. of the salt formed may be nitrite which will crystallize out almost pure. Thus a very valuable substance, Na- NO,, may be obtained as a by product. This sodium nitrite is used in making azocoloring stuff. The sodiunf nitrate can also be ob- tained from nitrate by melting it together with lead, according to the following reaction, NaNO,+Pb==-NaNO,+PbO. The nitrogen can also be recovered from the sodium hydrate solution by treating it electrolytically. According to Cassel, the nitrates and nitrites both form ammonia which is driven over by boiling, and is caught in nitric acid thus forming ammonium nitrate. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 415 Cost of Production and Capacity of the Establishment.—The Fac- tory at Notodden, not far from Skien, Norway, was opened May 2, 1905, and has three electrical ovens each using 600 to 700 kilowatt current as being the most economical, although they can work with 1,000 killowatts each. The electric power is obtained from the pow- er station at the waterfall Tinfos, where there is for industrial pur- poses a three phase generator of about 2,000 kilowatt capacity, and with a voltage of 5,000 between the phases. According to Dr. O. N. Witt, the cost per horse power per year at Notodden is about $3.00, or $4.02 per kilowatt, and that the possible production is 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lbs.) water free nitric acid per kilowatt year. The average daily output, however, is reckoned to be 1,500 kilograms (8,300 lbs.) water free nitric acid. Comparing the cost of production at Notodden with that of the Lovejoy aud Bradley Co., at Niagara we have: At Notodden one kilogram year power—$4.02. When 2,000 kilowatts are used the daily production of nitric acid is 3,300 lbs. (1,500 kgs.), or in otber words, 600 lbs. water free acid are produced per kilowatt year at a cost of 4.02 dollars. One pound water free acid, according to that, costs 0.67 cent for power of production, and one pound 70 per cent. acid about half that amount. It is estimated that, at Niagara, it costs the Lovejoy and Bradley Co. 1.6 cent for power for one pound 70 per cent. nitric acid produced, when the kilowatt per year was 20.00 dollars. Besides having cheaper power at Notodden, than at Niagara, the machinery and apparatus are less costly in the Birke- land and Eyde method than in the Lovejoy and Bradley one, hence the success of the former process. This new fertilizer which is called Calcium nitrate, also Lime ni- trate, is not to be confounded with the substance called “Lime nit- rogen” which is calcium cyanamid. The fertilizing quality of the calcium nitrate has been tested in different countries as Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and France, by both pot and field ex- periments. The results of the experiments show that this nitro- gen fertilizer is all that could possibly be expected of it. Its fer- tilizing value, pound for pound of nitrogen, was found to be equal to that of Chili saltpeter. In a number of cases where the soil was poor in lime it even surpassed the Chili saltpeter, and this is only reasonable to expect on account of the lime it added to the soil. A few experiments showed less increase in yield for the lime nitrate than for Chili saltpeter. It was tried with oats, barley, hay, beets, mustard, potatoes and other crops on a great variety of soils. If any particular kind of plants did show a greater liking for this materia] than the others, it was the mustard which in nearly every case gave much greater yield with calcium nitrate than with Chili saltpeter. It can now be said: The nitrogen problem has been successfully solved, it remains only to develop large enough and numerous fac- tories to supply the needed quantity. 416 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. RESOLUTIONS RESPECTING PROF. GEO. C. BUTZ. WHEREAS: Prof. George C. Butz, whose untimely death occurred at State College on December 14, 1907, reminds us of the uncer- tainty of life, and to be also ready, while we bow in humble submis- sion to Him whose ways are past finding out: RESOLVED: That in the death of Prof. George C. Butz the Board of Agriculture has lost a valuable specialist, as Apiarist, whose reports were of great value to us and the State at large. We admired him for his faithfulness to duty to the Board, his friendly manner and cheerful disposition. The State has lost a valuable Institute lecturer, whose work was greatly appreciated throughout the State, because of his knowledge of horticulture and floriculture, and his work in fruit growing. The College has lost a valuable Professor, whose work in teaching, bulletins and investigations, were valuable to the student body, as well as to the State at large, and we shall not soon see his like again. RESOLVED: That a copy of these Resolutions be sent to his family, and that they be spread upon the minutes of this meeting of the Board. RESOLUTIONS RESPECTING WILLIAM H. BROSIUS. WHEREAS: God, in His wise providence, has seen fit to call to higher work our brother and fellow members in the State Board of Agriculture, Hon. William H. Brosius, member from Lancaster County. RESOLVED, THEREFORE: that we bow in humble submission to Him who docth all things well, and deeply sympathize with the family and friends of the deceased, and thereby express our sorrow in the loss we have sustained, and extend our sympathy to those bereft of a dear one. RESOLVED: That a copy of these Resolutions be sent to the family of the deceased, and also be spread upon upon the minutes of the Board. RESOLUTIONS REPECTING R. H. THOMAS. WHEREAS, Death has removed from us a veteran member of this Board (by appointment of the Governor), Col. Robert H. Thomas, of Mechanicsburg, Pa., THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED: that in the death of Col. Thomas this Board has lost a member who when in health and strength, was a vigorous and fearless defender of the rights of the No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 417 farmer, and an educator of great experience and force, and one whose influence was ever exerted to extend our power and efficiency. RESOLVED: That our smypathy be extended to his bereaved family and friends. RESOLVED: That a copy of these Resolutions be sent to the bereaved family and be spread upon the minutes of the Board. RESOLUTIONS RESPECTING FREDERICK JAEKEL. Having learned of the death of Frederick Jaekel, member of this Board from Blair County, who died January 19, 1908, we desire to express our appreciation of the valuable services Mr. Jaekel has rendered to this Board, and to the Agriculture of the State. Mr. Jaekel was kind and affable in disposition and manner, and was therefore a favorite among those associated with him. In his death this board has lost an efficient member, and his community and the Commonwealth have lost a good citizen. We extend to the immediate friends and family of the deceased our heartfelt sympathy and direct that this tribute be spread upon the Journal of Proceedings, and that a copy be sent to the family of the deceased. (Signed) J. A. HERR, MATTHEW RODGERS, J. NEWTON GLOVER, Committee. HORSE BREEDING IN PENNSYLVANIA. By DR. CARL W. GAY, Philadelphia. The substance of what I have to say regarding this subject of horse breeding in Pennsylvania is simply this: Is it to our advantage to breed more and better horses in Pennsylvania? Now, my posi- tion in relation to this subject is somewhat unique. I hold a position created by the Pennsylvania Legislature, which is intended to encourage horse breeding in this state. The first question that presents itself is, is it worth while to encourage horse breeding. Now, you must remember this: The work has already three instruments behind it to urge it on; the first is, the Breeders’ Association; the second, the bill passed by the Legislature, and signed by the Governor, and the third, the creation of the position I hold, and my acceptance of it shows you what I believe in regard to the matter. Now, what I have to say to you tonight is not to instruct you what to do, but I am here more in the search of information than anything else. With these three agencies of which I have spoken to help the work along, is it worth while to encourage horse breed- ing in Pennsylvania? It would be very improper for me, a stranger in the State, and so much your junior in years, to come here and 27—6—1907. 418 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. tell you what to do, but I hope by what I have to say to excite a little discussion, and get your views. ‘The stallion law that has been passed will not be able to accomplish anything without your co- operation, and I am here to try to enlist it. In the first place, we know that there is only one state that has more horses than Pennsylvania, and that is New York, but when we take the United States’ Hand Book, taking horses by counties, you find that Pennsylvania stands twelfth. Why is this? Because the larger proportion of our horses is in the cities. The proportion on the farms is so much smaller. There are eleven states that have more horses on the farm, and only one that has more in the cities. Now, horses in the country may be taken as the source of supply; horses in the cities may be taken as the basis of consumption. See the vast difference between consumption and supply here! See the great opening for the horse breeder here! We hear a great deal about home protective tariffs, and we see it carried out in other lines; but I don’t know of any line to which it could be more profit- ably applied than to keeping in the state the money that is annually spent on horses, and letting other states take care of their own products. The United States Department of Agriculture has compiled the average prices of the Omaha market from 1901 to 1906, taking the three standard horses, the coach horse, the draft horse, and the road horse—the draft horse leading in numbers; he has held closely to the average price of $150 as a minimum, and $295 as a maximum; the coach horse, less in numbers, minimum, $300, maximum, $750; road horses, $150 minimum, $375 maximum. This, it seems to me, simply shows that the horse market has been stable; that the prices it has shown within the last six years have been constant. Now, I could give you statistics that would show an average increase. In this state the average price is $109; this is an increase, because it is the average paid for farm horses. For instance, in Texas, which was formerly second, but is now third (fowa is second, and Omaha first) the price has dropped. And here is the reason: there is no hay or grass for good pasture. A few years ago New York was one of the greatest hay producing states in the Union, and I think it is so yet. You put the average hay crop, and the aver- age price of hay in two columns, and I think you will find them good wealth. The average New York farms would not pay for the buildings on them. Pennsylvania land, so far as the pasture is concerned, rises in value in proportion to the pasture. So eminent an authority as Sir Walter Bilbee of England, says that the lime- stone soil is of the greatest importance to the breeder. You take the Irish horses, especially the Irish hack horse; we all know what he is, and he is the product of the limestone. He is light and agile, and finely finished. The coarsest horses are produced on corn soil. Tllinois leads in the production of corn, and it has the highest priced corn of any state, but its pasture produces the coarsest horses. When you talk about feeding and fattening horses for the market, then corn is a valuable factor in that discussion. So with the sheep land. I think that in the matter of pasture we can classify reasonably. Mr. Bradfute spoke this afternoon of the ideal, and I think it is well always to have that in view, and since I Lae been in the State I have tried to get an expression on that point. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 419 I find in doing the county fairs that there is very often a mistake made in the classification. In some fairs there has been no attempt at classification, and in some there was in use the classification adopted by the State Breeders’ Association, but the entries were not properly classified. It is a frequent thing to see horses that should have been classified under one head, in the other class; of course in the class they were they would not get a ribbon, whereas if they had been in their proper class they would have been repre- sentatives of their kind. Now, in this regard another thing. In one of the counties a man showed horses, and he was very much displeased that they did not win a ribbon; he said he had been breeding this kind of horses for thirty years, and didn’t want any one to tell him about horses. Now, the facts were these: he had a certain breed of horses, which had certain characteristics, which the breeders had been trying to eliminate for the past thirty years, and had nearly succeeded in eliminating... Now, the point was this: he had kept out of touch with the market for thirty years, and had lost sight of the standards, and he had the same horses today that he had thirty years ago, without a single improvement. Instead of keeping in touch with the market, and thoroughly conforming to it, he kept on breeding in his own way, and today his horses are not up to the standard that the market wants. If you have any market close to you, you will not sell any horses, no matter how good, unless you keep in touch with that market, and find out just what its standards are. The markets of today recognize five grades—four classes and a misfit. The first is the draught horse, weighing from 1,600 to 2,000 pounds, the type is adapted for movement of the greatest possible loads, and not expected to move those loads very fast. Second, the coach horses, adapted for carriage work in the cities; third, general driver, and fourth, saddle horses. Now, the question arises, it seems to me, “which is the most profitable type for us to devote our energies to?” With most farmers the ordinary draught horse is the one preferred. Draught horses can be bred very well to do the ordinary farm work. You must raise the horses on the farm, and you should have the mares, and then you have the results to produce this class. But here comes in the question of variation in breeding, one of the most trying things a breeder has to contend with. We know the old maxim “like begets like,” and the breeder often reasons on this basis only to be disappointed. He has reason to look for more than a good average, and he gets less than a good average. Now, if you will take a hundred draught colts, and com- pare them with any other kind, and you will find that they are more nearly what the breeder wants than any other kind of horses will be. They are generally put to breeding earlier, or if not that, they are put to work as two year old fillies. We don’t do both. If we don’t care to breed these colts, we make half horses of them; that is, we make them do half a day’s work. It won’t hurt them to work a little. Then, if you have left any stumpy ground, or anything else that may cause injuries, this class is much less apt to become injured than any other class, and even if they are injured, the injury is less than the other class or classes. Then there is always a market for this class of horses. There is no great demand in move- ment, but there is always a market for the good, steady draught 420 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. horse. These, it seems to me, are five very good reasons for the breeding of draught horses. No man on the Allegheny mountains should try to breed draught horses. They can better be grown where everything is succulent, and a second crop of pasture for them. There is no horse in the market for which there is such a steady demand as for the coach horse. In times of depression like this, there is no demand for draughi horses. When business is not there, the draught horse is not wanted. In coach horses the chief difficulty seems to be to find a pair that will be harmonious in every par- ticular. Only people who have tried this can tell, and this, I think, explains ‘the difference between what is first paid for the horse, and the price at which he is finally sold. I have been trying for three months to get a coach pair, and I have gone the length and breadth of the State to look at many pairs, without finding what I was looking for. Most of these people thought they had exactly what would fill the requirements, but it only shows the great lack of information on the part of the farmer. Now, if a man has the proper fences, and does not work his mares too hard, and knows the standard of a good coach horse, this is the kind for which there is a steady demand at good prices. Now, the next type I am afraid to discuss, for fear of being misunderstood. A horseman said to me last night that the trotter is the curse of every county that he has ever been taken into. I want to ask you how many men you know who have succeeded in making money as breeders of trotters? It is a rich man’s business. When a man says they are farmer’s horses, he doesn’t know what he is talking about. They require too much finish, and too much hot blood to be of any use on the farm. The average man can use anything from a wagon horse, to a high class coach horse, but he does not want to handle stable horses. Up at State College a few weeks ago, the question was asked why, if the farmers in the West could make money on the stable horse, the farmers in the East could not do the same thing? Now, it seems to me that the answer is this. In the West weight is the standard. The precedent was established in 1851 in Ohio, and it was weight ever since. Two years previous (in 1849) in New York State was bred the first Hamiltonian sire, and he set the standard for speed in the East, so that today in the West weight is the standard; they breed horses that will weigh 3,200 pounds, and a few that will weigh 4,000 pounds; in the East, speed is the standard; this speed was set at 2.10, or something like that, and we have been trying to maintain or improve on that ever since. Draught horses are the product of the West, where weight is the standard; the speed horse is the craze with us, and that is the reason every farmer thinks he must go to breeding trotters. A man recently made the statement to me that New York is a veterinary hospital for sprains, ringbone, Spavin and kindred diseases. They are not due to one generation, but it is the result of breeding these fine horses from one generation to another. They take the finely finished, hot-blodded speedy horse, and hitch him to the grocery wagon, and drive him with a heavy load over the mountainous roads of New York, and this ring-boned, spavined animal is the result, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 421 Now that we have some idea of the correct type or types, How shall we get them? The first thing is the introduction of pure blood, and a gradual grading up to the ideal. If you doubt the efficiency of this, go into the Pan-handle district of Texas; ten or twelve years ago it would have been difficult to find anything differ- ent from what the packing houses designated as “cutters” and “canners.” But since then Col. Slaughter and others have taken to Texas bulls that cost over $5,000 a piece. He first graded the cows on the ranches to this $5,000 bull, and then the calves are brought back to another $5,000 bull making them three-quarters pure bred. Now, it seems to me that this same rule will apply to Pennsylvania today, grading up and grading up to a higher stan- dard from one generation to another. Now, in order to accomplish this, the first thing to do is for the men who own the mares to pay more when he goes to horses. The man who owns the horse will tell you, and with reason, that he can not afford to pay two thousand dollars for his horse, and then bring him here for a fee of ten dollars, and yet, that is all the average man is willing to pay. Now, it seems to me that that man should be willing to pay more for a better horse. He is getting the benefit of it in the grade of half pure blood that will raise the standard of his horses. I would like to hear this question of the grade thoroughly discussed. You have a law now in force in this state in reference to licensing the stallion. I don’t know whether that law is as thoroughly under- stood as it should be. I get a great many letters in reference to it. For instance, I have a letter from a man in one of the North- eastern counties of the State, in which he says, “I have a horse that cost me $2,500; I ask $25 for service; my neighbor has a horse that he did not give anything for, and he asks $4.00 fee. Yet people are more willing to pay the $4.00 fee than to patronize my horse.” Now, we are telling this man and that man what a grade horse is, and why we use him, that it is the key to the situation; that by means of it we propose to raise the standard of our horses. If I were to select a sire for my horse, I believe one of the first things I would look to is listed fees, and the first one I would investigate is the one with the highest fee within my means. I do not mean to say that a man is justified in paying a hundred dollar fee, but anything at ten dollars or over. Why, take the ten dollar fee: you are getting resulis that you can multiply by ten times ten dol- lars, and you are getting pretty near reaping a profit on that horse when he becomes a grade. And J believe that you can take every dollar you pay less than ten, and multiply it by ten, and it will represent the loss to you on that horse. Nox, in regard to this grade, why should we discriminate against him? I will eliminate one class of grade horses. In fact, there is only one kind of grade horse that I would consider: that is the horse that has stood in the community and has demonstrated his ability as a breeder. If he has demonstrated his capacity to get good grade sons, then I would not say anything against him, but there is no guarantee goes with him. Here comes in this principle of variation again. The horse that is only partially of superior blood may reproduce his inferior strain and characteristics in his progeny just as easily as he will the qualities that come to him 422 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. from the other side. Now, the difference between grade and pure bred is simply this: the pure bred is a reproduction of the same good qualities from one generation to another, and you know what he is going to do; with the grade you have you have no assurance as to what he is going todo. Now, Mr. Bradfute about a year ago gave a definition of pedigree that I have never forgotten. It was simply this: that pedigree is a composite picture of ancestry. Now, as com- posite picture is one made of many. Now, if you have a pedigree, it is not only of the names, but of the type and characteristics of the ancestors, and where the ancestry is of a clear type, it is the picture of an individual. In the other breed you have a picture in which the individual predominates; it shows a little of the one side, and a little of the other. It is not a clear picture. Now, if you take these pictures at the same time, and under the same con- ditions, the pure breed will show the type and characteristics of the ancestry from which he has been bred while the other will not show up clearly. A clean pedigree will make a clean picture. The purebred has been re-inforced along that one particular type sixty- four times, and he becomes the expression of the type to which he has been bred. He simply leads the same physical life that has come down to him directly through the preceding generations, and whet I see a pure bred horse, I am sure of uniformity. The next thing to consider in a horse is soundness. Hock is one of the commonest forms of weakness in a horse. Very many horses are ali right in every way, only weak in one leg, and the only way to eliminate this unsoundness is to take that horse out of the list of the breeders. I should qualify this, though, by saying here- ditary unsoundness. Some of you may have known cases of un- soundness that, as the horsemen say, don’t belong to the horse. A horse may receive a bruise or an injury, the results of which are noticeable in him, but which he will not transmit to his progeny; it is when that unsoundness becomes hereditary that we must eliminate it if we want to improve the breed of our horses. There is a great deal of misunderstanding in regard to the law as it relates to this very matter. I will take it up point by point, for I am assuming you are interested, and want this information. The law requires that every horse, whose services are offered to the public, must be enrolled with the State Livestock Sanitary Board. It does not mean in the Prothonotary’s office. That comes later. The first thing to do is to have him enrolled with the State Live- stock Sanitary Board, which then issues a license to the owner of _ the animal. These licenses are made out in three forms: they desig- nate the horse as pure bred; as grade, or miscellaneous bred. When a man wants a license he must submit the pedigree of the horse, or the certificate from the association the horse is in. Now, a great many men don’t like to surrender these pedigrees or certifi- cates, because they cost them from three to five dollars, and they are not sure that they will get them back. You will get them back in as good order as you sent them. The thing for you to do is to send them by registered letter. This will show you that we re- ceived them, and we will guarantee to send them back in the same condition we received them. Now, if you can’t show this pedigree, then your horse is called a grade. There is great disappointment among many owners that the grade is included at all; I receive a No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 423 great many letters making complaint of this, but, gentlemen, don’t you see that we cannot cover everything at once in the law? This act was simply a start, and we hope to improve it from time to time, making such amendments as are shown to be proper, until we have the law as we want it. Out in Wisconsin—this law is based on their law—there have been numerous amendments in the two years it has been in force. Things cannot be done in too radical a manner. Don’t criticize the law for its imperfections yet; it has only gotten a start, and will be taken care of later. Now, regarding the matter of the elimination of the unsound horse: when a horse is to be offered for public service, and the owner wants a license from the State Livestock Sanitary Board, his application must, as I said, be accompanied by the pedigree or cer- tificate from the Association in which the horse is, and also by the certificate of a veterinary surgeon, or if that is not possible, by the owner’s affidavit that the horse is free from all unsoundness. You may say we are running great risks in accepting the owners’ affidavit, but you will notice that the form of the affidavit uses the words, “after diligent inquiry,” and in the large majority of these cases the owner is honest in what he swears to; if he is not, we are very apt to learn it in some way very soon, and he makes himself liable to prosecution. Then, too, there are not many of these horses. There is another type of superior horses, to which a certificate of approval is issued. This is in the manner of France, where they pay a subsidy for certain types of horses, and in cases where a horse is of superior type, and yet does not come under the subsidy act, he is given a certificate of approval. It is a high recommenda- tion to breeders of the excellence of these horses. There will not be many of these certificates. It does eliminate the unsound horse, but it does not eliminate the grade horse who has demonstrated his superiority. It designates just what the horse is, and it is taken for granted that the man who presented him for license is honest; that he presented him in the right light, and will do what is right. Now, this is the law as it is in force at the present time. Now, to come back to our subject, “Is it worth while to encourage horse breeding in Pennsylvania,” I would simply say this: the figures seem to warrant it. I will not repeat them, but will only say that I spent a little time with the horsemen in Philadelphia last night, in order to get prices to use here to-night. There are many men, I was told, who would rather buy a horse in Pennsylvania than any- where else, but they have not got the horses. “Why not?” I said. He said “they have not the stock, nor the blood. You may wonder why I buy my horses in Kentucky; I will tell you; they can guar- antee their horses there; they know what they are breeding; here in Pennsylvania we have no guarantee.” The conclusion, then would be simply this: it would be worth our while to encourage horse breeding in this state, impressing on the breeders first of all to breed in conformity to the market demands for these horses, and then breed a certain class of horses. If you will read the market quotations on horses, you will find that the lowest priced horse is the unclassified horse. So it seems to me that the first thing to do is to get our horses properly classified, and then intro- duce pure blood, until we get our standard up to the market de- mands; then there will be no trouble to find the market. 424 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROW- ERS ASSOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY, HELD DECEMBER 18, 1907. COMMERCIAL APPLE GROWING FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A NEW YORK GROWER. By Mr. T. B. WILSON. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen.—I can say with Mr. Scoon that I thank you for the invitation extended to us to be with you. We, I think, are about as you are, we are looking for in- formation and it is certain that there is no one man that is capable of giving it all to anybody. I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the fruit growing business is in its infancy. What I have to say to you here, I am afraid don’t bear ail together on your conditions. It seems to me that your conditions are diiferent from ours in many ways. What I have to say is from the standpoint of a Western New York fruit grower, and where it differs from your methods and your ex- perience, I hope you wili jot it down, or if you prefer to ask ques- tions any time during my address, it will not throw we out, and any questions I am able to answer when I get through I will try to do it. Mr. Scoon said that he is sorry to see that there are so few young people here. I think he learned that especially from being at our New York meetings. I wish we could induce the young people to attend the sessions more than they do. Mr. Scoon has two boys and is going to induce one of them to stick to the farm, but the other is not. All the boys can’t stay on the farm. If they did the cities would go to the bad. There are probably a great many things in this world that a young man can engage in to make inore money than fruit growing, but he cannot obtain more so- cial pleasure, and real life, from any other business. There are reasons enough for anyone to follow it. I don’t know of anything better than fruit growing to develope knowledge, and love of nature. We all have been very careless about observing common things. We do not observe things as a botanist or a plant student would. and do not see one-half the things they would see. We should study, observe and profit thereby. Now, in talking of things from the standpoint of the Western New York grower, I will begin at the beginning and go to the end in a short, minute way and try to cover a few of the points. We all have our different views, but we begin first, by locating our soil. The soil conditions make such a difference in the kind of apples No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 425 we are going to grow. In some localities they can raise Northern Spies profitably in another locality they can raise some other variety to better advantage. These things we have to decide for ourselves. We cannot trust the professors from the university to tell us, unless they have investigated that particular soil. These are conditions which come up against the practical man, and are for him to decide. The Baldwin is the commercial apple of to-day in our State. We select as good a lot as we have on_the farm, pre- ferably a clover sod, and prepare it thoroughly. We should prepare it as thoroughly as for a crop of potatoes or corn, and select and plant the tree in the fall. We plant our trees about forty feet apart. It is not too wide and the way I have been planting in recent years is to plant the row next the fence first, set this row twenty feet from the fence and the trees forty feet apart in the row. When planting the next row, set trees just half way between the trees in the first row, planting each row alternately. The rows are thirty-seven feet apart, thus bringing the trees forty-two feet apart on the angle. while in the rows they are forty feet apart. I put a row of stakes close to the. fence, all around the field the right distance apart for each row. Then, if you can see across the field, sight across the field from one stake on one side to the op- posite stake on the other side, and have a man place a stake in the middle of the field, and in that way put a row of stakes through the middle of the field, each way. Then from either quarter of the field, you have two stakes to go by, in both directions, and do not have a stake to move, in either digging the holes or for setting the cECe: Be careful after you have planted six or eight trees not to look back to see is they are straight in the row, for you will find them varying a little from one side to the other. The last tree set may be one inch out of the way. If you go back and move it straight with the row and set another tree with the stake, you will find this one out of line with the row also. If you will leave them as they set and go according to the stakes, and stakes only, the row will be about straight when finished. Even if one tree is one or two inches out of the way, it don’t make much difference, but if you pay atten- tion of your stakes and not the trees, your trees will line in every angle in the orchard. Now in planting, we set the trees only about as deep as they were in the nursery rows. I prefer to plant them in the fall, even in our climate if we can. If we do not get them planted in the fall, we plant them in the spring as early as we can work the ground nicely. In selecting trees, a great many men make the mistake of buy- ing from agents who buy second grade trees from nurseries. They try to save all they can in buying and if they get a pretty decent tree they will buy a number of trees for six cents rather than pay twelve for a number one. Six cents is a very smal! amount for a fruit tree that we expect to be worth a hundred dollars in future years. When I am selecting trees to plant, I go through a nursery and select the trees that I want, and if the nurseryman don’t charge more than double, I will be glad to pay it. I select good, thrifty growing trees—all Spy if I can get them. 28 426 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. If possible have them planted the same day they are dug, or as soon after as is possible, and cut all broken roots smooth be- fore planting. In the fall of the year following I top work all of my trees by setting buds of the kinds I want. I top work them for this reason: you can go into almost any orchard in Western New York and find a fireat difference in the apples of the same variety. You may find six or eight different types. Take the Greening, you will find a flat Greening, you will find a round Greening, you will find a red checked Greening, ete. You can seleet just the kind you have a fancy for from the trees in your own orchard that you know to be a good variety. We have a Rhode Island Greening that when mature is large in size and a good winter apple, solid and firm with a red blush, and those are the Greenings which I prefer. I should have stated when recommending budding, that it might pos- sibly be safer to wait two or three years and then graft. It is very hard to get the bud started in our country. We have the bud moth, which destroy the buds. You will find where you slit the bark for the bud, it makes a place where the egg can be laid, and the first bud the moth comes to when it hatches in the spring, is almost certain to be the one that you don’t want him to get. I select trees from the nurseries that have a central stem and set three buds in each tree. I find that the best plan is to have the trees all gone over two or three times early in the spring, when the buds start, and the moth pinched off and I have learned that if you take a pin while you are going over the tree and push under the bark where it was slit for the insertion of the bud, you will fetch them out, or destroy the egg. After the buds are started about three inches, you cut off the top of the limp just above the best bud and remove the other buds. Set all three buds in the centre limb of the tree, on the last year’s wood, so the bud that is left to make the tree will be straight and as nearly straight above the main stem of the tree as possible After the bud has made its year’s growth you can go and head the tree back just where you see fit and the limbs that the top is made from, have grown solid. I have known orchards that were not top ’ worked to spread right open, and so it is with the bud, it doesn’t set quite so firm as the’natural growth from the natural bud. You get all the top from that one stem. Now in budding the orchard I have adopted the plan of not budding more than one consecutive row of the same kind of apple. If I want three or four kinds of apples I would bud them in alter- nate rows. Prof. Waite made a study of this years ago, and he was convinced that it made a difference in apples and pears as to the cross fertilization in the row. You get it in that way and you have an entire row of the same kind of apples across the field which is no disadvantage in picking time. We follow up the culti vation of the orchard for ten or twelve years, and we prefer to have some cultivated crop like corn, beans, potatoes or cabbage, and in each of these crops we fertilize very heavily and get as much growth in the first ten or twelve years as possible. We do not get much of a crop of apples until they are ten or twelve years old. and from Northern Spy not before they are sixteen or eighteen No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 427 years old. By top working, I should have said, that we get apples a little earlier. We have had two and one-half bushels at eight years of age, on top worked trees. After a tree gets to bearing and bears as it should do, it does not make a very heavy growth. If we in. duce the growth of the trees too much after they come into bearing we will get a large growth of wood and it will not mature fruit buds. Therefore it makes wood and not fruit. We want the fruit We have to be a little careful about that. Now with me after the orchard gets into bearing, I seed it down and leave it seeded. I have said that I don’t cultivate an orchard after it once gets into bearing. Ours is situated on a ridge that is underlayed with slate rock and the slate rock is within two feet of the surface in some places, and is full of water. We cannot get in the rock over three feet when digging for water. Dr. Jordan told me that if I ever made the statement in public that I did not cultivate, we would shake me up for it. He said I do cultivate. Well now, I don’t plough my orchard, but I have hogs in my orchard, and they root. and that is the only cultivation that my orchards get, although they get barnyard manure every other year, and it is going to be a ques tion with me whether I will have to cultivate to maintain those or. chards, for I do not have enough manure. I am satisfied that 1 cannot cultivate all the time for it induces so much growth of wood that we cannot mature fruit buds. Picking. When it comes to the picking, we have had all kind of schemes devised, but we still have to pick them by hand, and of all arrangements I have yet seen for picking apples, there is nothing like a common grain bag with a walnut or a stone tied in the corners with a strap fastened to go over the shoulders, or a phosphate sack instead of a strap is easier on the shoulders. We pick all of our apples by this method. Now in my talk a little later on I have made arrangements to speak to you about co-operative work, but I will tell you what we can do at present. The dealers have changed their mode of buying and the bulk of the apples are now sold on a basis of tree run. We put them right into barrels without facing, and take them immediately to the storehouse. Many of the apples this year were bought in that way, otherwise we picked them into bar- rels and took them into the barns and set them there with the head out. On a rainy day we sort them. We have been in_ the habit of putting into the No. 1 barrel all apples which measure two and one-fourth inches or more, with a fair color and some green fruit if good size. All other sound fruit down to two inches are packed as No. 2’s. Those below two inches go to the cider mill All the apples were packed and if they were not sold as soon as they were packed they were put into the storehouse. One of our store- houses holds about 1,000 barrels, another storehouse at the station will store about 7,000 barrels. Those storehouses are kept under my control until the apples are disposed of, and I will] not sell my apples unless I rent the storehouse. Buyers often buy the fruit so they can control the storage. If we don’t get a sufficient price for the apples, we will put them into the storehouse and sort them ourselves 428 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Four or five men will work the entire winter in sorting them, and we sort them well. Make a strictly first class grade of apples, re. gardless of what it cost you. We have exported a great many of our apples to the old country. We were among the first exporters in Western New York, and had a very profitable business for sev- eral years, but there is a great deal of competition. But there is still a good trade for thoroughly sorted apples and it pays to sort well. The Tompkins County King is a first rate apple, but it never produces as many barrels to the tree as the Baldwin; but they are very saleable, and bring a good price. One year it hap- pened that there was a shortage in Tompkins County King apples, and the English market was good. My father posted a notice that he would pay twenty or forty cents a barrel more than other dealers were paying, and he got all there were of that variety within a radius of four or five miles, in all 875 barrels. We bought them for No. 1 apples. They were all put into the storehouse and resorted. Every apple repacked was perfect and over two and one-half inches in size. We took out of those 875 barrels, 275 barrels of No. 2 fruit, put the 600 barrels of No. 1’s on the cars and shipped them to Liverpool. The Liverpool quotations were $4.00 a barrel for Tomp- kins County Kings. We had to compete with the Canadian apples, which have always outsold the New York State apples, and yet because of fancy pack, we were paid $6.00 per barrel for the 600 barrels, or $2.00 above the market. We packed the balance and shipped to Baltimore unbranded. There was some rot to come out of the No. 2, but we came out even on the 275 barrels and made a nice profit on the No. 1. This shows what thorough sorting will do. Mr. Eldon. How do you spray them? That depends somewhat on the season. I spray three times, once just before the blossoms come out, and once just after the blossoms go off, and then just about two weeks later, and we some- times have to make a spray between the two last sprays. After the blossoms fall all the apples are on the tree, upside down. There are four little leaves at the blow end of the apple, that are opened right out when the blossoms fall, and we try to get our poison in at this time, and it is foolish to spray after these leaves close. The last spray is more practically for the leaf blight and the fungus on the apple. Yhe time differs in neighboring orchards. Some- times there will be a few days between the fall of the blossoms in one orchard and that of another right across the fence. Don’t go to the almanac, but watch when the leaves are open, but after the leaves close up you can wait two weeks, possibly, if it is dry, three weeks after the bloom goes off will answer for third spray. In spraying, we have been using five pounds of blue vitriol and one one- fourth pound of Paris green to fifty gallons of water. We use now a power sprayer. I am not advertising any particular sprayer. [ am using the Deyo Sprayer, made in Binghampton, New York, but there are other sprayers just as good. It is run by a two and one- half horse power gasoline engine mounted on a wide-wheeled wagon. The gasoline engine is on the back part of the wagon. We have a two hundred gallon tank, and our proportions are made in accord- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 429 ance with the 200 gallons. Of late we have been using less copper sulphate. There have been conditions where I used 5 pounds of sulphate to fifty gallons of water, and injured the foliage. If there came a shower of rain and we went out to spray before the water was dried off the leaves, some damage would result. It seems to have some chemical action in such a way that when we spray just after a rain the damage is done to the foliage at that time. There in danger in using copper sulphate too strong. Three pounds to fifty gallons of water is about the right propoytion. We use Paris green in the spray used before the blossoms open to kill bud moth. We have a home-made tower on the wagon from which spraying is done. Some companies are now making these towers of steel ten to twelve feet high. Now, in all our spraying, from one year to the other, and we have been at it for a good many years, I think we work down to finer nozzles each year, so that they throw the spray into a fine mist, so that you can see a rainbow at any time when the sun shines. We cannot spray against the wind with such a fine spray, so that if the wind is in the west we spray the west side and let the spray drive over the rows of trees, and spray the other side of the trees when the wind changes. By using a fine nozzle, it will take less spray material. We don’t care to put enough of this ma terial on a tree so that it will run off. Just as soon as you have enough on a tree so that it will run off, there won’t half as much copper sulphate dry on the leaf. We use a “Mistry” nozzle, made by the Gould Manufacturing Company. We find that 200 gallons goes farther and does more good by using fine nozzles than when we tried to spray with coarser nozzles and less power. Question. Do you find that apples bruise when picked into barrels and hauled into barn for subsequent sorting? MR. WILSON: Yes, but there is less loss, than when placed on piles in orchard. Piling always dulls the color and they must go over the sorting table anyhow. EK. P. GARRETTSON: What age trees do you plant? MR. WILSON: Two years old. Question. How high do you head them? MR. WILSON: About shoulder high. I think it would be a ser- ious mistake to head trees too low if it were not for the San Jose Scale. DR. MAYER: How would it do to wrap raffia about the buds to exclude bud moth? MR. WILSON: We do use raffia, but it must be cut off about three weeks after budding, to prevent binding buds and preventing growth. DR. MAYER: We place a broad band of raffia above the bud and find it keeps moth from depositing eggs in the crevice made in slipping buds. d PRESIDENT ELDON: What stock do you selcet for planting? MR. WILSON: We prefer Northern Spies. They have good roots are good growers and make good unions. Stark is our second choice, 430 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. PRESIDENT ELDON: Is your stock root-grafted or budded? MR. WILSON: They are usually grafted. C. J. TYSON: Do you not think it would be an advantage in picking to have rows in pairs rather than single rows of a variety? MR. WILSON: Yes, when picking directly to sorting table. When picking into barrels as we do it, it is best to have a row of two be- tween of a different kind, as men do not talk so much, and there is more competition to see which row will be finished first. J. W. PRICKETT: Do you select varieties for this inter-plaating with a view to their time of bloom, so as to provide for cross fer- tilization. MR. WILSON: No, not especially but I plant Baldwin Greening and Hubbardston Nonesuch which work good together. Question. Is there any advantage in planting trees deep so as to withstand the wind? MR. WILSON: We are not troubled at all with trees tipping out by the wind. z PRESIDENT ELDON: What kind of tools do you use for cultiva- tion? . MR. WILSON: Common cultivators, gang plow, cutaway harrow and Baker harness. MR. WERTZ: Does not the Baker harness hurt the horses? MR. WILSON: No, not when properly adjusted. One of our men prefers to use it for ordinary plowing. I always insist that if one of my men bark a tree they must attend to it before they eat a meal; cover it with wax or something, to keep the air out. Question. When do you remove the hogs from the orchard? Are they in there when you are picking the apples? MR. WILSON: We take them out just as soon as the fruit is ma- tured enough to make good evaporating stock. Question. How many hogs do you keep in your orchards? MR. WILSON: Not too many. Not over three or four to each acre. Question. Do the hogs work all over the orchard? MR. WILSON: They work over the orchard about as we do with the manure. A tree that has apples on this year will not touch. They work under one which bore fruit last season. Question. Do you use any commercial fertilizer on your orchard? MR. WILSON: No, we could never see any beneficial results. C. 8. GRIEST: How close together do you plant your trees? MR. WILSON: Forty feet. I have one orchard that was planted in 1869, thirty-three feet apart, and three years ago we cut out half of those trees. Question. How old do you expect your trees to get? MR. WILSON: About 100 years. Question. Do you ever head them back? MR. WILSON: Most of these old trees are dead at the heart and it would likely be impossible to head them successfully. Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 431 Question. Where do you aim to start the first limbs? MR. WILSON: About shoulder high. The limbs will come down to the ground when loaded. In my sixten or eighteen year orchard we have picked as many apples by standing on the ground as there were left on the tree. W. H. BLACK: Have you tried alcoholic vapor as a preservative of fruit? MR. WILSON: No, I think it has not proved of any value. F. H. PETERS: Do you use any artificial heat? MR. WILSON: No, we have no need for heat. A large bulk of apples together developes plenty of heat. Our sole concern is to keep temperature down and we do that by a system of ventilation. J. W. PRICKETT: What is the cost of building storage? MR. WILSON: Our house, 40x60, two stories, cost $2,200.00. Question. How is your storage constructed? MR. WILSON: It is built of concrete, two stories of twelve feet each. The walls of lower story are two feet thick. Those of upper story are twenty inches, thus forming an internal jog of four inches to receive ends of joist, which bear second floor. These joist are further supported by two lines of girders, each carried by four heavy posts, thus dividing the basement into five sections of twelve feet each. The basement is under ground for about half its height and each section is ventilated by external concrete flues which ex tend from floor level, where they penetrate to inside of walls, to surface of ground outside. The basement is further provided for ingress of air by means of five lines of fifteen-inch sewer pipes, which are laid in the earth forming basement floor. These run longitudinally from one end of building and curve upward to level of floor at their inner ends, terminating, one in the center of each quarter of the floor and one in the exact center of the basement The second story Iwalls are lined on four-inch studding which stand on the jog mentioned above, and this four-inch space back of lining all around the room furnishes egress for air from base- ment to loft of building and thence to outer air through vents in roof, covers being provided for these vents so as to control ventila tion. The barrels are piled up seven high, and the building holds 7,000 barrels. We used 5 parts sand and gravel, and 1 part cement in making concrete for this building, and also used a lot of field stones. These stones were placed in form, being careful that thev - did not lie within an inch of form, and then covered with a slush of the concrete mixture. Enough two-inch plank were provided to make a course one foot high around entire building, both outside and inside, and we always aimed to lay a foot each day and raised the planks next morning, ready for another course. 432 ae: ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. CHERRIES AND PEARS. By MR. C. K. SCOON, Geneva, N. Y. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen—I realized yesterday right away that Mr. Wilson had a great advantage over me in his subject and I began to think that I had rather an uphill task. I just want to tell you, rather in an offhand way, of my experience, and if any of you ever want to grow cherries or pears you will havea little of one man’s experience, at least my experience in cherries There are two main varieties of sour cherries, the white juice cherry and the dark juice cherry. The Early Richmond cherry is not a desirable variety at all. It is a small cherry, mostly pit and juice and not much meat. With us it used to be considered a very dis puted topic as to what is the proper stock to use and there are var ious opinions. I was brought up to believe that Mazzard stock war by far the best for sour cherries. It is almost impossible for the nurserymen to secure good trees from Mazzard stock. They usu ally prefer to graft on Mahaleb stock as they take better upon it and the stocks are cheaper. About ten years ago, I planted one block of trees by them selves, part of Mazzard stock and part of Mahaleb, and on my soil the result was very marked. The Mahaleb bore earlier, but over bore. The fruit was small and inferior. The tree did not made the growth and lacked the hardiness of the Mazzard block. The dif. ference in these two blocks was very preceptible. Anybody going along the road could see where one variety began and the other left off. Mr. Willard tells me that will not hold true on all kinds of soil. My soil is gravely loam. I am going to give you some reasons why I like to grow sour cherries, and one reason is the beauty of the snowy blossoms Unlike the apple, it blossoms before the leaves start. I go out into my orchard and look up at the wealth of bloom. It is one of the most beautiful sights you can imagine. Looking down along the rows it seems like a mountain of snow, and I go right into the midst of it and look up at the bees at their work and enjoy the delightful perfume. nD Fall, 1904. Qtr hadodpgdodetocoabasacseacocssogccddaDou aaconreucusosocgdaG 256 22.53 21.82 Rock-and-potash, Bistets 68 14.92 15.89 Dissolved bone, . == 6 27.77 24.94 Ground bone, ........ 38 27.97 27.02 Dissolved ruck, 45 14.09 13.89 REND RIM BCC eam ereterristeyoiete ae. slave fal avers oats cian wiovola cyeiet ecainiste ave ain oisiayofatete otal. tareiereeisy= 374 25.60 24.63 Rock-and-potash, Dissolved bone, Ground bone, Dissolved rock, 82 15.49 | 16.01 | 3 22.70 23.83 an 26.72 29.08 4 Fall, 1905. Completes O 90 2S 5 So oa Za a | & | n fo | = Dissolved’ bone: bIACKF ict. ices cis ccpealstsiiaiche te avert 3 16.74 11.95 3.06 1.73 DISS Olwie Gly HOT, © vic ate, cen wat wre mii craie wlecepa deco eStart ea 11 15.09 4.64 4.59 5.86 Dissolved ‘rock phosphate: « \.:c2cascsmsceeeioctenee meaner 8s | 15.19 8.97 4.52 1.70 71905 figures. *Also contains 1.90 per cent. nitrogen. Cost per pound of Fertilizer Constituents.—With the composition of these raw materials and their price per ton, hundred weight, or other unit of meas- ure as a basis, the wholesale cost per pound of the valuable constituents can be readily calculated. In many cases the ammoniates are quoted “per unit of ammonia,” the term unit being equivalent to per cent.; in goods sold by the ton of 2,000 lbs., the unit is equal to 20 lbs., and 20 lbs. of ammonia contain 16.47 lbs. of nitrogen. In the case of refuse bone-bla¢k, unacidulated, the mean, 28.25 per cent. of phosphoric acid, is assumed to represent the average material on the market. Phosphate rock is sold by the ton of 2,240 lbs., and on the basis of the bone phosphate of lime it contains, with drawbacks for injurious constituents. Bone-phosphate of Iime contains 45.8 per cent. of phosphoric acid; therefore, each per cent. of bone phosphate in a long ton is equivalent to 22.4 lbs., and contains 10.26 lbs., of phosphoric acid. In the wholseale trade, dried blood, azotine, concentrated tankage and hoof meals are usually sold on the basis of ammonia, disregarding the phosphoric acid present. Insoluble phosphoric acid in dissolved rock is likewise omitted from consid- eration, contracts being based solely upon the “available” phosphoric acid; nor in rock phosphates is any claim made for the small quantities of nitrogen and potash they contain, nor in dissolved bone for the potash present, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 537 Under these conditions, the wholesale cost per pound in New York of the val- uable constituents of such materials as furnish but a single fertilizing element, these materials being assumed to be in the state of preparation and in the packing in which the manufacturer purchased them, are given in the following table; also a figure representing a fair retail price at the factory, the materials having undergone no change in treatment or packing and the allowance for ex- penses and profit in retailing being 20 per cent. Wholesale Cost Per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents. (New York.) I. Ingredients Supplying One Constituent. | | 5 : | 3 8 z | a it | 5 o a 8 | = | > he ao.: Material, = | 2 2 | 8 are Og is, | 2 $ 5, | S 2 28, a f) o | & Ss as S) Eo aes { fejutPobovens=}. Cie tboaheato) ol Ae COORD DOOACROTOC CHHCCCrAGOOTOR CE | INSU AQ) US ed SHAOERRRAOOE ARE RaAO| 15.26 | 18.31 INGER ALGO he SOG A sg ieitertcctciee | 5 neAscy » | a | & tS 2e ‘s} a oo ~ w no 3S aS & | n CS on s S| <6 ie) is 6) 5 ie EVO UPD OOM CS) tere cere eiatetelal ete ale tatolat lal pet otelatetsinjersistatetele pieisinietleresz tenis ((Nitrogent se. acer ccaen 17.20 20.64 | Phosphoric acigh wa. 98 1.18 (OpiopPveel IONE Soan SooodpaonqacAbodSo Sdeese aes Jaodoo soi sour [aeons SAoacoreben 25.52 30.62 Phosphorie acid, ... 1.45 1.74 J ! | Valuation in Neighboring States. It is desirable, from all points of view, that the schedules of valuation throughout a district in which similar markut conditions prevail, should differ as little as possible. It has been our practice in the past, to conform our schedule to that adopted after very careful cooperative study of market condi- tions for each year, by the New England States and New Jersey, except where the peculiar conditions of our markets have made the valuations diverge too largely from the actual selling prices, as in the case of ground bone and dis- solved rock phosphates. The schedules for these States for 1905 and 1906 are as follows: Trade Values Adopted by the New England States and New Jersey. Par Cents Per Pound. | oS i Su | =0 o | | $2 | | rid | os) Bu | fo} } 2s ee : ER s 5 as = | = | a Nitrogen: Ir ammonia SAIS, 1.3).0'25:o ctemacis cieler vin ciclo sleletalals teletadtafoterepieve Tereretcietete | 17% 17% 100 re PTET 5 asic faye te’s pao 5.5/5" sia, ssoos nate alee tetale et oslo elas Clanton oa 16% 184% 112.1 Invdry.and \finesround fishy. cea. cseisnesee anes te eeereacraeieene 18% 20% 110.8 Tnvemeat) bldod, and - COMbI Bra seine ce mice eicimieie ne steal anes es 9.92 11.44 14.68 15.41 21.43 Solubles: Mer WCent: ccm wecke seo ucheeceae vk sels cie 4.32 Get) 5.46 GAPALS lieder ate te ates RGVELLedsM Der GEIL leith selects Ha csitisevecele 3.83 4.54 5.97 AV GG atoieiee errs eASoOluUble; A PERy Cents memernie selecivekiavies (clea vaiandeeae isi 1.31 3.25 Gib etevctayaerese Ipotashernericent..ecnn peeneeereetereonesiscsnsseonce sci 4.53 313 «|b Ooaete Atoll bn basncooH Il Soconeead ING tro Sens MSL AMCEN bean voce se eae eciawinclsioters aos wisierres owen oe NET. |Poagboosas MAD) Sfestelererelsies| 3.35 Mechanical analyses of bone: PAIS), NG Sood bo oS Seer Se HOC ODOC ORB RDS eC H COE SEOSESESaaeal cciasocecod | iroexadoun Pacnooocdcy taractoncces| 75 (CORT, ctoasdobboaur basbsdeGusonnes hontan rae PoonHaDe ras Neoovodtce, | poucoooadal hHadosanoelionoddd 5o7 25 Comimercialievaluatione dcjeocsseceascise censuses once 26.83 16.50 25.08 14.82 29.64 AVOLARGRAGULID SPI CON tes ccleriaie syle. «ciclo sareqsieieleancininy« chelsiereietoye 24.60 16.94 22.28 14.04 31.55 Commercial value of samples where selling price | ES NVASCEM CAINE, ie sicerenisiercialsccvasievereteren Sia kateal ere etesetere ec tseeNe > | 26.84 16.53 25.08 | 14.72 29.64 | | The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composition observed this season, including only those cases in which it amounted to two-tenths per cent., or more, were as follows: Summary of Instances of Deficiency From Guaranty. | 1 g | = : S a 5 g = te) o Q aH 2 E oD 3 fa) [o) (2) | 'e) ioe Deficient in four constituents. 5 fog Mets cote Deficient in three constituents, 12 4 Deficient in two constituents, 41 14 Deficient intone VCOnStitwe4nks ecsermiacutasierd ie selec siete 111 27 Total number of samples in which deficiencies | 167 | 45 occur, | o A 5 S 2 2 a] Lo} ao oO re > oO ° w n A ray Lge Beste’. itajeeeraeie icici af 1 1 1 | 8 Ground bone. 542 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The cases of deficiency noted during the past ten seasons in goods as com- pared with their guaranties expressed in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows: Percentage of Deficiency 1902-1906. a. | | H | | | : : s : E a |/2/e/8]/2| 2 | 2/8) g {8 3 - = : = ead a : = a o to oo to to = iB ene he eshgl Nee: a is} eo ales S| B |e se dai] ieee eee fovea iota & | a{/ef{[afle|@f}e | a] & | a a ee Complete: ‘fertilizers: 2550.9,.00) eee | 36.7 | 37.5 | 37.9 | 39.5 ; 49.2; 35.3 | 37.5.| 45.4 | 39.5 39.4 Dissolved) (bone). isese cee aos Jee | 50.0 | 83.3 | 63.6 * | 50.0 [100.0 | 66.6 | 50.0 | 28.5 16.6 Rock and potash c: iacsos cose. tee 43.5 | 32.9 | 43.2 | 50.7 | soe 30.9 | 33.0 | 42.4 | 40.0 | 48.7 Dissolved) mocks, sa -ncec cence eens | 8.9 | 23.2 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 11.1 9.3 | 10.0 | 28.8 | 25.6 19.5 Ground (bones As5c.60.06 oiec meen ene ia - One edoca wl seers | 36.3 36.8 | 40.0 | 31.4 | 49.0 | 14.7 18.5 All classes except miscellaneous, | 33.2 | 35.1 | 44.7 peese 41.4! 32.8 | 31.4 | 43.8 | 35.8 | 36.1 *Only two samples analyzed for which no guarantees are reported. jOnly two samples analyzed for which guarantees are recorded. A comparison of the average composition of all samples of complete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average of the corresponding guar- anties, for several seasons past including those of this season follow: Average Composition and Guaranty Compared. rf Dent) i Ciena i S o 2 Ay = é | ° £ E 3 fo) u ° 3 fp © bo. Ep fe oo vo >A PO 4 < nee : Fall, 1902. | Phosphoric acid: Total, ae. siea:e.eteletnte: sip ini im aie a’ atecbis: Sierdkeahe ote yayelevaceve foci ts ietesl clears) aie ere etev erate oROTELNG olla ccIeie aR ete aoe 12.58 11.40 Available, 9.95 9.29 POLASH Or aascos ncn c ae eee 2.69 2.60 INTER ORO, «85 sissies osesnitie ss casci Ne CONES eae ee ee ore ar er Uy 1.55 Pi reel Spring, 1903 os acid: Total, 2 ae Sialoisie ove relate ' (ain (o;aye orale je alrepehelereeicictalcte Sretel tate Lelereere a calcinie ie ei nereaTar sa iets ele eraioe ee rettietees 11.90 10.67 AVAUADIC, | -'s.sia:s.0c:dsiaicisloe ale Se soe ee oe ee ea oe ee ae eae eee ee 9.36 8.73 POLASHR Gemctnsocccms ie ata: aleielelaioiarelelsiatarete slegete mister roetaleate niaiotote cle sie inrelalelarewsiniereteate aieio ate ererarereiicts 3.85 3.63 INAGROB EM! aie iaice ors cies was siete sce Some ee eo eee eee eee ne eee 1.58 1.61 Bere ; Fall, 1903. Osphorie acid: Total, Te siya ee “peso cccdocoeopacocogacaHor | 10.76 9.65 Available, | 8.84 | 8.13 Potashe ieee. : 4.09 3.90 BOS 0) 4-5 «8 Ree eMC eee Cee mem acne eee eee Heo aeicbon ance Abbocusaenccdcbaoaden 1.33 1.29 ay ee "i Spring, 1904 oO D ig - | BEB oe Soe vcs ce vets wes 0h docs a ca ee ee | 10.24 $.32 sole. \»n\a/o\e)0ia)a/a\s 6: s1s)e\eie,e\e'eis)b\areieale’o a sinieiateldiel Sielsretels evetalaoretuteter etelatelsve oiciaiersiaveiatais | 8.27 7.87 dia sleisfe se siwieias ajeaieisio ete tote t RR eek ee Een ees anatase aaneee 4.09 | 3.90 Reterasctoaisats see Wane Metnisysistre teen sid sipie cle aieln eam tame eee Ne sberpacbecdenadacns 1.58 1.55 PEsccborl # Fall, 1904. osphoric acid: Total, lereisieate aietaictntaie siete oIvia oleincietinereten isc ete oie aayhie hoya le shatoretaieteeceieebler tiers tine Exralsiefeie nictartanes 10.49 9.72 PSV DIG re meer oc icleseloisle vlan tee ctoreiah ae cee or ee we Svee ek oeee Seeses ieee wen anee 8.59 7.70 IPOLASRNe a iesnces ist etalcceleisiets niet mtereinete : 2.87 2.81 Nitrogen. icc cisses motetateyeieiels (o's. cere etaateince C we 1.25 1.0 Phosphoric acid: LOLA aerects tects Sane Snoddoaadecap ad Scoeodnacio ; 10.16 9.42 Available, ....... J y 8.50 7.92 TPOLASH i lacie seeino cata naen esabeass ad . 4.55 4.22 Nitrogen, ....... ae ae 1.61 1.58 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 543 Average Composition and Guaranty Compared—Continued. = ale S [neta as) Ay 5) a > ° = ea SI 8 5 a0 ao ov oo bo. a sag ey Yo > ro < oH Fall, 1905. Phosphoric acid: EMCEE 0 Gi Saroe ONG OUCU COD OSU MOD ACCOR RTS D GE OUCAC OSE SAOHO OTOP OTpantnc CHCnRO ECE Sanarten 10.63 | 9.62 ASTER REDL Goer cetareteeiciets cleteicls lelattce case eratcieie sioeinreisicceasbe cielo ein inicie clowisiclec Wisisleremicictiosreeneremar 8.72 | 8.13 ISDE}, “eongscosbcodrnar OomoEdoO sso 209 OB do sdoon dab OUpDrEdo suoC ULE ODpracbooonadbupepoonaDE 2.90 | 2.42 INTER OR Ti apemcetearelelorat ey sereiotcie ie raiste'ssevetticl ele reohetcietetetalousrarcwiamicsientareroaare nia ore mele cae Sefee eee nen 1.26 | 1.20 Spring, 1906. | Phosphoric acid: HB) BT bon GAG OOO CeAOS ANE SERCnE COD SU ELISA ECR D BCHE RS ATO Sain IOCAee BETIS ER ERG Aa ariciaa neer eras 9.73 | 9.21 JANET 0) Gh ngage auDREs ene Dea SoOCOC ROCHE SOD LOSE OD BMrA Cn CEE CAC one Ante Ee ies ratte 7.88 | 7.77 DE) 2) oe Serb Gone Oe ae ABUT DOCG CCR EO LSRIS TE aE RoR COTE 6 San TRS nE oe aera oe ene Sa 4.21 | 3.95 INPRERTE CR GOO STO OO SH SUOD OCCUR OLA GONE AAPA OO Ot HOO Batnd GHC aC cS SHREHOrSO bn CH arene 1.57 | 1.53 Fall, 1906. Phosphoric acid: PEO CEU aia alarctar siete otess aia 5 sieielat sy ofa’s chose inl onereles es sio\onaseisialalererane afet ousictas ica] — at ay Aaa a ; = ad Complete fertilizers: i | E SL OOD 5S Po rehrd Se i tore ot alevot ete oie letebsieaiare ste ei ol tetaietaiaors e cictctors cite Giniaceacesnwereaccaknnt aa ee Ne 266 71 7 43 34 MGiStuge Mery COMb.- Wiclcre cae suc susictine ee a ee 10.10 | 10.66 7.92 9.86 4.73 Phosphorie acid: | MOtal Sper COM ts aivas taieu pdelsione sou oceone tae eene 10.48 11.61 15.26 15.23 | 22.00 Soluble per? Centy« vccsoceee Soe eee eee 4.24 | 5.29 bette. 8.62 aah Reverted per cent.) jainccteaeotcas ceeees eee 4.09 | 4.88 5.10 4:93 “ck Seabee Insoluble= per: Gents; Fh cecwacco stews co eeiems aoe mee 2.15 | 1.44 5.05 1 GS aileerstacaetenee Potash; pers Cente, cc sccssccnaaeee red succes seen 557 el 8 ATi Pear on thd oe ie Lasreyele wena Nitrozen; ner cents «css cont teeenn cone oes lt 2 eee ee DOR a||Soenaaeee 2.26 Mechanical analyses of bone: ® Fine, Coarse, Commercial valuation, The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composition observed this season, including only those cases in which it amounted to two-tenths per cent. or more, were as follows: Summary of Instances of Deficiency From Guaranty. uw = ; iS a | = wo P] EUR SNe = 3 2 B a 2 z a ° 2 = iB 3 ee 2 2 a 2 3 ie ee % B 2 rs H 5 Ae ea a Cisre i lier wks A tile “8A o t Deficient pin: Tour Onstituents, va... sede cane cores acicend Pomceite eke ttige, eae cal (Oa easton EEE een eee eerie Deficient inwehree> constituents, Gaesueo.b see oe eee 11 De Nie Meaetalatace’ oll tenia mtst hla tata een ra are “6 Deicient in two (coustitventss a lccs-eees-2e heen 35 A leanne 3 il Beiciont sim onoe.cconstituent: ccs seece soos nase cee H 59 22 | 2 8 4 Total number of samples in which deficiencies BECATI Mahe oe chen rant ae aicies Fas eee EMS RRL a ad | Un 105 28 2 i 5 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 547 The cases of deficiency noted during the past ten seasons in goods as com- pared with their guaranties expressed in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows: Percentage of Deficiency 1902-1906. | Hes 3 3 2 S a ior ee os = 3 = _ = 1s a 2 ee) SP egtce eg Peg |, Sole we las & aS | a | & = a =e aN | ress tu ee | es = > = 2) = u = 3 os a 2 ss 2 Ss n & n | & | “a & | m | &#}] wm & Complete, fFeErtiiZers, seco cas cece ‘| 40.0 | 86.7 | 37.5 7.9 | 39.5 49.2 35.3 | 37.5 | 45.4 39.5 DISSGlVEM@obOne wy. sKcasuemoeclsniseecen *100.0 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 63.6 ¥ | 50.0 | $100.0 | 66.6 | 50.0 | 28.5 Rock Fands POpapiye aces sores oases | 30.3 | 43.5 | 32.9 | 43.2 | 50.7 | 35.3 30.9 | 33.0 | 42.4 | 40.0 Dissolvedsrocks secure csc cares eewece ee | 15.2 | 8.9 | 23.2 | 20.0 | 20.0} 11.1 | 9.3 | 10.0 | 28.8 | 25.6 Grounds OMe Merink «cesta eos wictelsecresicies feeliie eae |isauee tes certs | 86.3 | 36.8 | 40.0 | 31.4 | 49.0 | 14.7 All classes except miscellaneous, ..,; 34.2 | 33.2 | 35.1 44.7 | 39.6 | 41.4 82.8 | 31.4 | 43.8 | 35.8 *Only two samples analyzed. jOnly two samples analyzed for which no guarantees are reported. tOnly two samples analyzed for which guarantees are recorded. 548 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. A comparison of the average composition of all samples of complete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average of the corresponding guar- anties, for several seasons past including those of this season follows: Average Composition and Guaranty Compared. BRAS : | te rs] | 7) i) a 3 = A Doe: 2 g : : e to ' oly i Ee caer Bas) < <4 Spring, 1902. Phosphoric acid: = | PROSE Oo hia oles uraimtaleleraye’a'm: nian ate arm usaieafataie coat erate whale, revsleleteloleterate rota cotslara ia laore Ri atainLs oketatetelotarsietciets totais 10.80 9.29 Available, 8.25 7.82 Potash, 3.90 3.66 Nitrogen, 1.62 | 1.58 } Phosphorie acid: | J 10 GNU Ae TC DEP SOcarGo Scric aemorormancricto cro int aacrioonenechon ucdcooncucas jnoocde 12.58 11.40 CRNA EMPD LES we wis Kiesler xalenyasata arotcie epetcl dvoece Wiele Ulerata eae NS ae cease etatOh a wlatitor sow tattle bale fe eto eaietey eee 9.95 9.29 130] 22 BS) «eae oe See a an ER OR ma eC RE ee em Se ee en earn Py SETE Cuma AS aOr 2.69 | 2.60 IN UPOS SMa: Wie .cats wie. diere sve a: s/orereraa «ote tic ava a staterthele oversea meetin so pana otuavereto ornlala iota re Rielle a ecaveveletetaeLtaeeatere 1.57 | 1.55 Spring, 1903. Phosphoric acid: | FRR GEN SY Sas capssa 5 sacs lornta tecaccieiz 7 ta jaiasals asc gstazacalapard cuyets fare OR ampere, etatate/cvsels ahereleszscebei’ao=/ate cicierosasdial olacstage 11.90 10.67 Available, 9.36 8.73 POtapD Ay canoe acc econ eves 3.85 3.63 INTHE SOT S ew areeers i -eissctarelnca, ces sshicls otatyin's) sin(ececaieval xl ainic meee ae Ieee eel ieremic iste ier ccimectencceere 1.58 1.61 Phosphoric acid: FROLALS icsclasieieisie GOOG CSUN SOCIO OHO O OCD ABTICOE CO Oe WO Or Minn SORC A OOOAT AOD Ob RUDRNCOR Sr. 10.76 | 9.65 LEVER UU ETOYS a 'c.6 orn. cpupe oye osys (6 2a. ateseeiare lose leveud ere. nin aie ose ore) cate wie tte tes Eanes Rratene eetehio Ves fw wie as) enter tier 8.84 | 8.13 PO PERS ais rato etoiare: 2 Geis ta'a aesas ates aiake,atetnls aseible loceta ten Us se taba aiataa toe Wh etate tate ate steal tat tte etaane anes eae ae 4.09 3.90 INVA VO BINS ie ho yc n 5's ate e at esas Go aiatp cwtissateca = aude ote seleie are a Tare ew wlll ela te ese Pare eins Sit oaks tate PERG stays et eget ate 1.33 1.29 Spring, 1204. Phosphoric acid: FRREEGULG oe sinc chavajel atasare,a/a.p\oTeie eUajoter sts? Miets tats Ib ae sapere Fie lat le fot ee nea feta cta ata ote itary, os ote ee etait in ee 10.24 9.32 Available, 8.27 7.87 IPOtdsh yy maccesodctemenceer 4.09 3.90 INTER ORCI SW aio or s:0i0\> wie ieiviclpuivivin aleve O.cla)e eel wiereia eter ieitn aena) iene ah teinie se ain omelolereter ofp oleh eines ep tster ote lee aieians 1.58 1.55 Fall, i904. Phosphoric acid: = POtAL, ae wiaG cs caissieion a elew dialelopee ce clsloyarcereeee aieeeiornsereteree wide sviciciecw ayayers ys (6 ix sis wie sialon vemiaiauvsyern l= o MieeSrbraietecaee eave icicle es ler erate Aenean gatas aera inet late 8.59 7.7 PPGEASIE eS eiaiste ra. as, ojala «ibaa olinacore eae Gra m/ninaaya. elsroerace lo neladtatanats Giereho lc eMtacs act reclenrriahe wine tere maton eee emete 2.87 2.81 INTEL OSTA era Fas vicss bio Xe cs5sovd erere o1m/eat otpiChel a aya ave, obate Tniahb te averereheheleratey stave avevel ie sisiel are ieroVete ale iay erate tials ere TOT 1.25 1.29 Spring, 1905. Phosphoric acid: | PTR EET S = 'S Soeyators.ateeo: ai o\are ereja 's bavinto: yo /asusa ores aise iMaT eT ye SOR UNG Reckcherstazere cisle soola aisle taiaiereteve staicre: ia Complete fertilizers: | 1902, Spring, 24.10 25.33 1.25 Pent PERV RH 1.48 1903, 24.57 | 24.15 =) PUG hen PRT he .79 1904, | 24,28 24.99 | hil he otese 22.53 | aril 1905, 24.63 | 25.60 | .97 21.39 | 22.35 | .96 1906, 23.55 | 24.76 | 1.21 21.87 | 22.99 | 1.12 Dissolved bone: | | | 1902, Spring, | 16.50 | 17.35 | 85 ’ Fall, 25.30 | 27.08 | 1.78 1903, Spring, Galo |) = Sane | SER) Fall, 23.67 24.57 | -90 1904, Spring, (81060: | 526048 |) = B98 Fall, 24,94 27.77 | 2.83 1905, Spring, 23°88 |) 9270 158 Fall, 24.78 25.85 Tiers 1906, Spring, 24.40 22.65 —1.75 Fall, | 22.06 25.33 | 3.27 Rock and potash: 1902, Spring, Fall, 1903, Spring, Fall, 1904, Spring, Fall, 1905, Spring, Dissolved rock: 1902, Spring, Fall, 1903, Spring, Fall, 1904, Spring, Fall, 1905, Spring, Fall, 1906, Spring, Fall, Ground bone: 1902, Spring, Fall, 1903, Spring, Fall, 1904, Spring, 1905, Spring, 1906, Spring, OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 6. COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. STATE LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD. OFFICERS FOR 1908. PRESIDENT. Hon. Edwin ‘8S. Stuart, Governor. VICE PRESIDENT. James Foust, Dairy and Food Commissioner. TREASURER. Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture. SECRETARY. Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian. PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. FOUNDED 1827. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1908. —— PRESIDENT. James W. Paul, Jr. VICE PRESIDENTS. James M. Rhodes, Edward Le Boutillier, Henry F. Michell, Dr. George Goebel. TREASURER. S. W. Keith. SECRETARY. David Rust, Horticultural Hall, Broad Street, below Locust, Philadelphia. ( 551) 552 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY. Stewardson Brown. PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Dr. Persifer Frazer. PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY. Dr. Henry Skinner, PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY. Dr. Ida A. Keller. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Robt. C. Lippincott, Robert Craig, Rudolph BHllis, Dr. J. Cheston Morris, John W. Pepper, John McCleary, Edw. A. Schmidt. D. Robt. Huey, Wm. Fowler. MEMBER OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Edwin Lonsdale. HOUSE COMMITTEE. William F. Dreer, James M, Rhodes. C. Hartman Kuhn, LIBRARIAN. David Rust. THE PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY UNION. OFFICERS FOR 1908. PRESIDENT. W. E. PERHAM, Niagara. VICE PRESIDENT. J. G. REIST, Mount Joy. SECRETARY. PROF. H. E. VAN NORMAN, State College. TREASURER. M. BE. REEDER, Muncy. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. J. H. REICHERT, Scranton, M. P. SHOEMAKER, Greensburg. E. E. JONES, Harford. L. D. May, Granville. H. B. RICHARD, Easton. W. D. MARSHALL, Lyndell. Off. Doc. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 6. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND EXPERIMENT STATION. 1907-1908. ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. HON. JOHN A. WOODWARD, Chairman, Howard. H. V. WHITE, Esq., Bloomsburg. WILLIAM F. HILL, Esq., Huntingdon. . GABRIEL HIESTER, Esq., Harrisburg. M. E. CONARD, M. D., Westgrove. THE EXECUTIVE OF THE COLLEGE. FACULTY. EDWIN EARLE SPARKS, PH. D., President. Judson Perry Welsh, Ph. D., D. Sc., Dean of the Colleges and Registrar. Thomas Forsythe Hunt, D. Agr., D. Sc., Dean and Director. William A. Buckhout, M. D., D. Sc., Professor of Botany. William Frear, Ph. D., Professor of Experimental Agricultural Chemistry and Vice Director of the Experiment Station. Henry Prentiss Armsby, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Animal Nutrition. Hubert Everett Van Norman, B. §8., Professor of Dairy Husbandry. Alva Agee, Professor of Agricultural Extension and Secretary of Faculty of the School of Agriculture and Experiment Station. John W. Gilmore, M. S. A., Professor of Agronomy. Hugh P. Baker, M. F., Professor of Forestry. Charles L. Penny, A. M., Professor of Agricultural Chemistry. Ralph L. Watts, M. S., Professor of Horticulture. Thomas I. Mairs, M. S., Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry and Super- intendent of Correspondence Courses. John P. Stewart, M.S. A., Assistant Professor of Experimental Horticulture. William C. Patterson, Superintendent of Farms. Miss Julia Catherine Gray, Librarian and Clerk. *Bailey E. Brown, M. 8., Assistant Professor of Agronomy. M. S. McDowell, M. S., Assistant Professor of Experimental Agricultural Chem- istry. Miss Elizabeth B. Meek, M. S., Assistant Professor of Bacteriology. H. R. Fulton, M. A., Assistant Professor of Botany. Charles F. Shaw, B. §8., Instructor in Agronomy. J. W. Clark, Instructor in Poultry Husbandry. C. W. Larsen, B. S. A., Instructor in Dairy Husbandry. J. Plummer Pillsbury, Assistant in Horticulture. John W. White, B. S., Assistant Chemist. Guy C. Given, B. S., Assistant Chemist. C. L. Goodling, B. S., Assistant in Dairy Husbandry. H. P. Fishburn, M. A., Assistant Chemist. W. H. Tomhave, B. S., Assistant in Animal Husbandry. W. R. White, B. S., Assistant in Correspondence Courses. Miss Margaret B. MacDonald, Ph. D., Assistant in Agricultural Chemistry. R. B. Deemer, B. S., Assistant Chemist. Charles F. Noll, B. S. A., Assistant in Experimental Agronomy. ———————_, Assistant in Forestry. Frank P. Knoll, Assistant in Buttermaking. Harry D. Edmiston, Laboratory Assistant. *Assigned by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture. ( 553 ) 36 554 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. OTHER INSTRUCTORS. George Gilbert Pond, M. A., Ph.-D., Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories. John Price Jackson, M. E., E. E., Professor of Electrical Engineering. Joseph M. Willard, B. A., Professor of Mathematics. Fred Lewis Pattee, M. A., Professor of the English Language and Literature. M. Edward Wadsworth, M. A., Professor of Mining and Geology. Elton D. Walker, B. S., Professor of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering. Carl D. Fehr, M. A., Professor of German, Irving L. Foster, M. A., Professor of the Romance Languages. Perley Orman Ray, M. A., Professor of History and Political Science. William M. Hay, Captain 10th Cavalry, U. S. A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Victor T. Wilson, M. E., Professor of Engineering Drawing. J. Franklin Meyer, M. A., Ph. D., Professor of Physics. Anna E. Redifer, Assistant Professor of Industrial Art and Design. Arthur J. Wood, M. E., Assistant Professor of Experimental Engineering. John H. Frizzell, B. A., Assistant Professor of English and Oratory. Wilbur Ross McConnell, M. S., Assistant Professor of Zoology. Although the School of Agriculture and Experiment Station is a single insti- tution for administrative purposes, its work, as its name indicates, naturally falls into two fields, viz.: Research and Instruction. Its purpose is both to in- crease knowledge relating to agriculture and to diffuse knowledge. While the Institute of Animal Nutrition is a separate agency of research, it is a part of the effort of the Pennsylvania State College to promote agriculture. Telegraph, postoffice, railroad and express station, State College, Centre county, Pa. Telephone connection. The bulletins of the Station will be mailed regularly, free of charge, to all residents of the State who request it, so far as the supply will permit. Ad- dress Director of Experiment Station, State College, Centre county, Pa. Visitors will be welcomed at all times and given every opportunity to inspect the Station and all its Departments. INSTITUTION OF ANIMAL NUTRITION. A Research Department Devoted to Scientific Investigations in Animal Nutrition OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS. Henry Prentiss Armsby, Ph. D., LL. D., Director. Jons August Fries, M. S., First Assistant. Winfred Waite Braman, M. S. *Frederick Waldemar Christensen, M. S. §Fred Silver Putney, M. S. Robert Arthur Licthenthaeler, M. 8. °Walter Hoge McIntire, B. S. yDonald Cameron Cochrane, B. S. §§John W. Calvin, B. S. 8§Roy C. Jones, B. S. Levi Segner, Laboratory Assistant. Alice Jones, Stenographer and Computer. *Absent on leave. §To July 1, 1908. °To July 1, 1908. 7From July 1, 1908. §§From August 1, 1908. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 6. OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE GRANGE, 1907-1908. Master, W. F. Hill, Huntingdon, Huntingdon county. Overseer, S. S. Blyholder, Neale, Armstrong county. Lecturer, E. B. Dorsett, Mansfield, Tioga county. Steward, Theo. Kline, Lake Ariel, Wayne county. Assistant Steward, J. C. Gifford, Harbor Creek, Erie county. Chaplain, Rev. J. W. Johnson, New Milford, Susquehanna county. Treasurer, S. E. Nivin, Landenberg, Chester county. Secretary, J. T. Ailman, Thompsontown, Juniata county. Gatekeeper, Wallace Chase, Fall Brook, Tioga county. Ceres, Mrs. Anna Port, Dalton, Lackawanna county. Pomona, Mrs. Hannah McK. Lyons, Lincoln University, Chester county. Flora, Mrs. T. S. Dale, State College, Centre county. L. A. S., Mary D. Howden, Coryville. McKean county. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. I. Frank Chandler, Toughkenamon, Chester county. Wm. Armstrong, Alderson, Luzerne county. Chas. H. Dildine, Rohrsburg, Columbia county. FINANCE COMMITTEE, D. B. McWilliams, Burnham, Mifflin county. S. B. Brown, Sulphur Springs, Bedford county. J. A. Herr, Millhall, Clinton county. ( 555 ) ( 556 ) OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 6. INDEX BY AUTHORS. A Page. AGEE, ALVA, Where crop yields are curtailed by lack of phosphoric acid and lime in ELC OM rise ctelaratotateta (sia evelain aiaiciwielntefofevalelalaichaleleiwiete aise tsiwya)elateta)e/aisiavele/a\siels’s(oiatele/aleletacaintele efetat«latersss,¢/eie sist ataverslersterate 200 133, ES BEAR EER Gc HANG EAECA Ts) JDAUNE Hs PAC MATT PACVOSSS Cn clajcivclele its sie are oc siaierom a tainalneced den c1aeishieaideiy oud, ce 298 BOYER, J. F., Report of Committee on Fruit and Fruit-Culture, ........... pa sigsoleislane viawrie™ oysssierala's 5 StapiomerOp SO CIOS VV ALE ore, cc\co saiq sare tsidiaraels cian ayeceen’suionis wie rece naee se Oe isieees 6 eens 6 FRESE SAL COMMMATISON; © 0\x/+(o'oir\a\015 w'alsia/o ot /aleatle «Carn eee ee Ne eS) s vie vinarors wale memarmaae mantles oie 6 ERNE MEODA COOP GLOD) ie cle wie aiele ois, «l= o'esjcinle w efcharelb ole Se Tapio /ole/e IO eiin ace Wiaie sic 1s e\mpaician vielett Te Save Bie eiuibrestereeare 7 PARE M SINE CTE SESS 1c eractiaressicia.c\e'e'elocviv o's acole ayple atte 3/5, arse vereiicie MMR eTe o/aVeia hs oye|p afala/oe a Wis oledejse wlejoie- crore snatetbrayeo55.6 8 METALEES GUTEUTC, gisscictess)ois/u/e/o'eie.cinlois «oe siea ie slosh so orate 67m Seidla a aslnvsie anieisisente aide att a deicie wieie Says,c chr 9 MEIC Ee APO OMT Fe aye ois/ WHE “Mext 2h ahicds sic orem acioetae esta cons eter cuneate et iene ce eects Agriculture Inssecondary, SCHOOLS 0 - cate. siete niet alsiovonet F., Report of Committee on Wertilizers, .......0c-ccssesscsesceeeoes SEEDS, ROBERT §S., Observations and comments of institutes from a _lecturer’s standpoint, ........ SOIC SOL CO RAEI Ei ce SoS OCISEISELECAIC CTI STICIORODIEI RET IC atic On cis: tmae erro STEWART, PROF. J. P., Modern treatment of the apple orchard, ...............eseeeeeees SOMOS DNASes OL POU NS ULV aaa LUNE te Ie TO WIE: cco ceed oes: cve ojoreisse/o e's ieia'a)s, 6 s.a}einia/g.eSiave. slo eto neers SOV eke. Geoloryrres elALeGn tO ASTICUIEUTE., oo jcc liesasis ve c.ctle cee acl noew He oleae eta meens STUART, GOVERNOR EDWIN S., An address, SURFACE, PROF. H. A. (Economic Zoologist): BEES ENO EG Reomrcte te ete rater greoetancle ates ates aintaletiayeWl ateledeloneici cio, o/<1o,«cainsa's ayateresbiveissatelwinte sin cates wel aisle nas cnt orate ole etera’s. Sle wa AS OAC ONAMTCT CLA UST TEM CNA av. ices wie war> scrap MPRA eV TNIO wove Wilo wa nlaingie Gumee Sede twee sales MeamMOnslracionaOLCHALGSn vals snseeseln sce et eee REINS cet aioe e bokes ones amehee er cees ONAN TIT STFC CULT iB oe tasers. sis coin nis cso vers cusiver ere lons hula Bin aterm ata vsie vars oh orara ie eiae ston selen sie eaala Ge bie ele laiare te PEROT PME LEE LOA ENG eg. asics «15 (57n ticlalatolaya Puraiteateeate ate ere alana els ala erelate farms aieleierajaial artes etaraeisiale mieneisieaiheeae PPPS ORV MPLS TICCEL OM ae terete ya cose Gas ioiave aie: orci (ocaho'wiatecofe eiermie tone ie nia enertie ie arava susie) svaretalatale aera aioe okemne Skate cs eae ROME Es AS) WNLOMOIOLISE.) mre teins eric hlarieleiarlais eciag mee clniaiaiciewsiz: af als.om aaivlete stulerefe ein uia Riana ezine RepOre! a5) Ornitholorist., 2 nc.cvcn saaote cut etiacse soiecsee. 9 OA Oe SA ity Sa eMart ees inifevhistories: of Some COmmom Orchard ANSECES, see fees ccles cc cdi onicisios cain cme ohonenmenees clase oes TOME MAC SSOP CMO L See Ravaisrerooiefoctetetarcisla(ehetetarete sbclate (a octet lerales sisters. a v/aie ta estolohaveta we bisiace Maia eiNoIeorEO Ee Demonstration orchards, TOWER, DR. E. E., How Federal meat inspection is conducted, .............eceecseceeces AEP EDs mney Etame Am COre a ECL lec @ GUL C ATION sia eyalsperste(e ay erse a oicreais aie nteca tue) tioie afnieleiele utsieislalvisigiasisisisiarei aaa siare atao TYSON, EDWIN C., Report of Fruit Growers’ Association of Adams County, ........ Vv. VAN NORMAN, PROF. H. E., On what does the quality of butter depend? .............. VOORHEES, PROF. E. B., Natural agencies in soil improvement, .................0e000000% W. WAM Be MetS DISCaSeSpOrmOrchand "Crees: ANd) LIIUIESS © t)elcrje:clero«10\s/ rite etic ler loletoleie ls ol «/aietolalateloleratatei<'ptp/a)aintnlenatalet stale 83 Vinegar law of Pennsylvania, «ass teccer om nk. clemealstbval am ae'eln aie arclelofercre ule ole eisibiala Ugstestaln atelavele ame ttenie 85 investigation Of Ol6OmAr are ey teicvereisie/areictains miotelorey sinvelaalele cetalesertatetaraiatelaserebedeiate Peanietenaietalo teste tateeataneta 87 ifsbot hover teal atapeeNsloeVeyohie umn eaanirmetniae TODS ArNCO AU DAE mbeCsr annoGaonmondduc decacnensocuepocnconcses: 105 Statement of prosecutions, 107 Dairying, PrOBTeESS iN 5c e,csc eens cee x stele aivlo\ewerale alors o\als ara slalnlo’aielets Sete \escleteinial ares eleiate etale falsiala/o\aYaia/ai=) a sioreie inte 92 ERE DOLE: OMG, 5% cieiaks\c.e/eisioiininin ore njstene asi ctelevs vstatel eras cjeetole ss clalateteretaimieysie ela io ies shale wicla meta ietels tie beitie es Ses ete ore ete 288 Possibilities: (of “small sary eee tasters mm ere lofeieaseiala emia ateicle n ocsiele' = statniet atest otal eretetnteteTe et cialotelsiatain tai erate 344 Department of Agriculture, official list, 1 Report: OL SCCrELAIY:, © wajcieteetsieie\ tales wlecelasele) eratala rao ovelatere «loin elete cferekele lore afeletetetotasatelarela' leiopeiaiel=/oteietatetedstatalelatetsts 3 Report, of Marmers, MMstitutes) DIreCtorey amc cereale aie ate wialetel ate leteta etter tates staterstct letters : 23 Report of Dairy and -NWood Commissioner’ sacs.cc.cameocene coe ie Coke eee oeee a chefa wicks 57 Report of Veterinarian, 110 Report of Weonomic “Boologist,. iis vie Hop mtonACoobanocosacond Dwarf versus Standard trees, 2.0 sriscaeterianare ciclteveciolelerlslalelasatarsle:«tatetsle oie/are eteletersleveletsie re erste eee eon PVA NPE OLS «aie ieicsis's wieererelaiatsvaveve,sielave,c\gteve arurenntetele loistenbolele aretobteeiniets ot cieinieie.ctu ie eelele le ete oe feretomterolaiane ele eratalersreiatere Adaptation’ Of -Soil) sto" VATICLY 5) iewiclirstei- Sacctciatars sl etcsercto weal ake iol eteyshal atarolelalar ie arctareeened tale ate sveteee OPM Marieties .of fruity Sue sested 5 aicisrete sole crasoiotate aicdolo rate wie aleieteteietatevetesaisdetots oj ateie'= aiotetaiarator Jule ctatetevereteterevelsietoreys DEG MONSETACIOM “OL5 0 sielets ayatatoseiars 61910 arctatetalavareie) ale l= te nia che im siateretoret ote eielnovleeeaeralo rie oyslaie ls Me Pecreetoteniore teeters eaters IPULPOSE Of ASMONSELALLON, | 2...) ois wistevore wleietejodivlett o ctatarcla wielonaveldia ctelorateielemiaysis le nitions comet lgtaeiet ee isteietatavae IDIBEASCS (OT PMENGES pere.cictecie sia sis eicis}s ie cicielale)oisiarstoantoistate eteuatsieioleiets eel atare araieiete Gan ataoroooodAcie ose nonang ae Life history (of InsectSy sc. deck aise ok vmncs ems sa siaineurwieare casei Boing Cua wObS Stood apaobosonacsoc Peaches, “how, to raise: and Markets 5-2. vs ance cei eisiaratew oes eiaiwceinistersrs eo ellctewictarcisioinieltttete state eioeinieeioteniate ETI SE OTA? OL. Tolcsc.crois'atele'o tore nls wiessie'e eis cia\e. orn, camel ctatcinle Cis veTole a hevere Wareiaratale talatotaToieteleiereceieicin ieinle ei Metsie inten tetebeietet tet aiste SIEVTIOS VOL, | ce raicietstete ie else fcete/aieie cele laleyare e:a/ere els ainin\s(aittate cere te ain ateists/olerelere,sislotalatepetals tain terermt cioteYere aietcietersterstaeatetae tle EFOMe) MATKERNE = secre etine saa ae PED GRECO on tia so, Sec AGOCBrICoaDOT Arc onnY caneoracbocogucabincate 1Die(cyo cb t=)=16(0 Be RESO OCR DDD EO COC CUOD.o UO UOOMRBOCHOOO CHOCO RBH OC SOnD IROoUce LapaNcos onicAUOnanoOneScar Wiehe less bay=" Ore Warp prs cnacos nO dd Sobre Joo AGROe te Bedoubesccucsaasccosconancacotmonossndbosoconboodr ~ IDES GSP ais enon adn coo bobenSosnocanabono Tw. Sedsa0 Sur SdOnUn ne OnDAaDNec SHDN OD OUNU cp in so nabaaasooestnS Peachvorchards; VOCa@ttom: Of). casters sare cisrsreeierstaceters eceia nvorale rete toler stels wia\e’ oral aVeyoy sieve (o)a\e\elolera'eVoteioie;e wia)a'e = arele/aale 188 EPOSIE COL PLAY SAESAED TA) acre re retc vote avare, oycthiers otis oie sero cto atoveyaie er cteys aielaya; states wie\eVs a)eicis clcie‘sia.s eyarereiela/Slereia.aet etaroe 188 LLG. Gitta, UG, conegopnig vo cdan son dadap oc odndo 0d 20 [cu DOS IMC OO GOO DCO OOnACOnE CO ac OOTaeeerncc ace 189 Sateen puOuet ac espe lative miOnmiates seteiste eicia/enaseieler sinieiae/arein a'elatainievarata sioje'aiaie@ <5 Se 5 eyeve ety y ia aT t, D5 P52505 a4 + ara tat tte tits OCDE OBS Padi? 3) 35 < 5 34 43 art + >) ° aa ates Ss aistegele oar) i 2 +4, Poe ke ne, re Ve Te Kas @ steh< < < ao < » ?, >) * + i) oJ 45 * * 4 Ps] Mel ¢. Ps 44 a 5 eeisiPy * =) + “8 whale + 2 4-54 4 } < - 44.7, idiot ts 4 e7et 53 ) 436, ay y 43a: 47 t4 4 opel Aste 43 2 2 i sd *, 4 Ss 4 3 age J 4. 44449 “43 a 4 »; tatatatet Teds )ss434 aap tie te * ag te fats J 2 eae < ” 485 te 4t Be t0 *. 44 PRBS GMA Pes Neve. ata y! aly lala! lose" ple anion G ree ee 7, rr ry TT TN eT ey & Vey yer yey ey verre ey errs v VEY eye Be i Key ee 8. Un Eb aE Dame l Fok a” tiyey SFY et 5 ee ees EE Laer eye ( » Fel sity” ~~ es ye try woe ale! ee tye eee Ce eee ae vy uy dal wire + re eT , a eat ea CPC Meta ie tele oe Mae ae es x) eee) tess Ore